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-557001885935437006 | Periodic table | Periodic table - wikipedia Periodic table Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the table used in chemistry and physics . For other uses , see Periodic table ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on the Periodic table Periodic table forms ( show ) 18 - column large cells 32 - column ( large cells ) Alternative forms Janet 's left step Beyond period 7 Fricke large cells Pyykkö Periodic table history ( show ) Dmitri Mendeleev predictions Discovery of elements Naming & etymology for places for scientists controversies ( in East Asia ) Systematic element names Sets of elements By periodic table structure ( show ) Groups ( 1 -- 18 ) 1 ( alkali metals ) 2 ( alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( pnictogens ) 16 ( chalcogens ) 17 ( halogens ) 18 ( noble gases ) Periods ( 1 -- 7 ... ) 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks ( s , p , d , f , ... ) Atomic orbitals Aufbau principle By metallic classification ( show ) Metals alkali alkaline earth transition post-transition lanthanide actinide ( superactinide ) Metalloids dividing metals & nonmetals Nonmetals reactive nonmetals noble gases By other characteristics ( show ) Coinage metals Platinum - group metals Precious metals Refractory metals Heavy metals Light metals Native metals Noble metals Main - group elements Rare - earth elements Transuranium , transplutonium elements Major , minor & trans - actinides Elements List of chemical elements ( show ) by abundance ( in human body ) by atomic properties by isotope stability by annual production by symbol Properties of elements ( show ) Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity configuration Electronegativity ( Allen , Pauling ) Goldschmidt classification Nutrition Valence Data pages for elements ( show ) Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity / configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity / of fusion / of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity / expansion coefficient Vapor pressure Book Category Chemistry Portal The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements , ordered by their atomic number , electron configuration , and recurring chemical properties , whose adopted structure shows periodic trends . Generally , within one row ( period ) the elements are metals on the left , and non-metals on the right , with the elements having similar chemical behaviours being placed in the same column . Table rows are commonly called periods and columns are called groups . Six groups have accepted names as well as assigned numbers : for example , group 17 elements are halogens ; and group 18 are noble gases . Also displayed are four simple rectangular areas or blocks associated with the filling of different atomic orbitals . Importantly , the organization of the periodic table can be utilized to derive relationships between various element properties , but also predicted chemical properties and behaviours of undiscovered or newly synthesized elements . Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev was first to publish a recognizable periodic table in 1869 , developed mainly to illustrate periodic trends of the then - known elements . He also predicted some properties of unidentified elements that were expected to fill gaps within this table . Most of his forecasts proved to be correct . Mendeleev 's idea has been slowly expanded and refined with the discovery or synthesis of further new elements and by developing new theoretical models to explain chemical behaviour . The modern periodic table now provides a useful framework for analyzing chemical reactions , and continues to be widely adopted in chemistry , nuclear physics and other sciences . All elements ranging from atomic numbers 1 ( hydrogen ) to 118 ( oganesson ) have been either discovered or synthesized , completing the first seven rows of the periodic table . The first 98 elements exist naturally , although some are found only in trace amounts and were synthesized in laboratories before being found in nature . Atomic numbers for elements 99 to 118 have only been synthesized in laboratories or nuclear reactors . The synthesis of elements having higher atomic numbers is currently being pursued : these elements would begin an eighth row , and theoretical work has been done to suggest possible appearances for this extension . Numerous synthetic radionuclides of naturally occurring elements have also been produced in laboratories . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Grouping methods 2.1 Groups 2.2 Periods 2.3 Blocks 2.4 Metals , metalloids and nonmetals 3 Periodic trends and patterns 3.1 Electron configuration 3.2 Atomic radii 3.3 Ionization energy 3.4 Electronegativity 3.5 Electron affinity 3.6 Metallic character 3.7 Linking or bridging groups 4 History 4.1 First systemization attempts 4.2 Mendeleev 's table 4.3 Second version and further development 5 Different periodic tables 5.1 The long - or 32 - column table 5.2 Tables with different structures 6 Open questions and controversies 6.1 Placement of hydrogen and helium 6.2 Group 3 and its elements in periods 6 and 7 6.2. 1 Lanthanum and actinium 6.2. 2 Lutetium and lawrencium 6.2. 3 Lanthanides and actinides 6.3 Groups included in the transition metals 6.4 Elements with unknown chemical properties 6.5 Further periodic table extensions 6.6 Element with the highest possible atomic number 6.7 Optimal form 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Overview For a more detailed periodic table , see Periodic table ( large cells ) . hide Periodic table Group 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Pnictogens Chalcogens Halogens Noble gases Period Hydrogen 1H 7000100800000000000 ♠ 1.008 Helium 2He 7000400260000000000 ♠ 4.0026 Lithium 3Li 7000694000000000000 ♠ 6.94 Beryllium 4Be 7000901220000000000 ♠ 9.0122 Boron 5B 7001108100000000000 ♠ 10.81 Carbon 6C 7001120110000000000 ♠ 12.011 Nitrogen 7N 7001140070000000000 ♠ 14.007 Oxygen 8O 7001159990000000000 ♠ 15.999 Fluorine 9F 7001189980000000000 ♠ 18.998 Neon 10 Ne 7001201800000000000 ♠ 20.180 Sodium 11 Na 7001229899999999999 ♠ 22.990 Magnesium 12 Mg 7001243050000000000 ♠ 24.305 Aluminium 13 Al 7001269820000000000 ♠ 26.982 Silicon 14 Si 7001280850000000000 ♠ 28.085 Phosphorus 15 P 7001309740000000000 ♠ 30.974 Sulfur 16 S 7001320600000000000 ♠ 32.06 Chlorine 17 Cl 7001354500000000000 ♠ 35.45 Argon 18 Ar 7001399480000000000 ♠ 39.948 Potassium 19 K 7001390980000000000 ♠ 39.098 Calcium 20 Ca 7001400780000000000 ♠ 40.078 Scandium 21 Sc 7001449560000000000 ♠ 44.956 Titanium 22 Ti 7001478670000000000 ♠ 47.867 Vanadium 23 V 7001509420000000000 ♠ 50.942 Chromium 24 Cr 7001519960000000000 ♠ 51.996 Manganese 25 Mn 7001549380000000000 ♠ 54.938 Iron 26 Fe 7001558450000000000 ♠ 55.845 Cobalt 27 Co 7001589330000000000 ♠ 58.933 Nickel 28 Ni 7001586930000000000 ♠ 58.693 Copper 29 Cu 7001635460000000000 ♠ 63.546 Zinc 30 Zn 7001653800000000000 ♠ 65.38 Gallium 31 Ga 7001697230000000000 ♠ 69.723 Germanium 32 Ge 7001726300000000000 ♠ 72.630 Arsenic 33 As 7001749220000000000 ♠ 74.922 Selenium 34 Se 7001789710000000000 ♠ 78.971 Bromine 35 Br 7001799040000000000 ♠ 79.904 Krypton 36 Kr 7001837980000000000 ♠ 83.798 5 Rubidium 37 Rb 7001854680000000000 ♠ 85.468 Strontium 38 Sr 7001876200000000000 ♠ 87.62 Yttrium 39 Y 7001889060000000000 ♠ 88.906 Zirconium 40 Zr 7001912240000000000 ♠ 91.224 Niobium 41 Nb 7001929060000000000 ♠ 92.906 Molybdenum 42 Mo 7001959500000000000 ♠ 95.95 Technetium 43 Tc ( 98 ) Ruthenium 44 Ru 7002101070000000000 ♠ 101.07 Rhodium 45 Rh 7002102910000000000 ♠ 102.91 Palladium 46 Pd 7002106420000000000 ♠ 106.42 Silver 47 Ag 7002107870000000000 ♠ 107.87 Cadmium 48 Cd 7002112410000000000 ♠ 112.41 Indium 49 In 7002114820000000000 ♠ 114.82 Tin 50 Sn 7002118710000000000 ♠ 118.71 Antimony 51 Sb 7002121760000000000 ♠ 121.76 Tellurium 52 Te 7002127600000000000 ♠ 127.60 Iodine 53 I 7002126900000000000 ♠ 126.90 Xenon 54 Xe 7002131289999999999 ♠ 131.29 6 Caesium 55 Cs 7002132910000000000 ♠ 132.91 Barium 56 Ba 7002137330000000000 ♠ 137.33 Lanthanum 57 La 7002138910000000000 ♠ 138.91 Hafnium 72 Hf 7002178490000000000 ♠ 178.49 Tantalum 73 Ta 7002180950000000000 ♠ 180.95 Tungsten 74 W 7002183840000000000 ♠ 183.84 Rhenium 75 Re 7002186210000000000 ♠ 186.21 Osmium 76 Os 7002190230000000000 ♠ 190.23 Iridium 77 Ir 7002192220000000000 ♠ 192.22 Platinum 78 Pt 7002195080000000000 ♠ 195.08 Gold 79 Au 7002196970000000000 ♠ 196.97 Mercury 80 Hg 7002200590000000000 ♠ 200.59 Thallium 81 Tl 7002204380000000000 ♠ 204.38 Lead 82 Pb 7002207200000000000 ♠ 207.2 Bismuth 83 Bi 7002208980000000000 ♠ 208.98 Polonium 84 Po ( 209 ) Astatine 85 At ( 210 ) Radon 86 Rn ( 222 ) 7 Francium 87 Fr ( 223 ) Radium 88 Ra ( 226 ) Actinium 89 Ac ( 227 ) Rutherfordium 104 Rf ( 267 ) Dubnium 105 Db ( 268 ) Seaborgium 106 Sg ( 269 ) Bohrium 107 Bh ( 270 ) Hassium 108 Hs ( 270 ) Meitnerium 109 Mt ( 278 ) Darmstadtium 110 Ds ( 281 ) Roentgenium 111 Rg ( 282 ) Copernicium 112 Cn ( 285 ) Nihonium 113 Nh ( 286 ) Flerovium 114 Fl ( 289 ) Moscovium 115 Mc ( 290 ) Livermorium 116 Lv ( 293 ) Tennessine 117 Ts ( 294 ) Oganesson 118 Og ( 294 ) Cerium 58 Ce 7002140120000000000 ♠ 140.12 Praseodymium 59 Pr 7002140910000000000 ♠ 140.91 Neodymium 60 Nd 7002144240000000000 ♠ 144.24 Promethium 61 Pm ( 145 ) Samarium 62 Sm 7002150360000000000 ♠ 150.36 Europium 63 Eu 7002151960000000000 ♠ 151.96 Gadolinium 64 Gd 7002157250000000000 ♠ 157.25 Terbium 65 Tb 7002158930000000000 ♠ 158.93 Dysprosium 66 Dy 7002162500000000000 ♠ 162.50 Holmium 67 Ho 7002164930000000000 ♠ 164.93 Erbium 68 Er 7002167260000000000 ♠ 167.26 Thulium 69 Tm 7002168930000000000 ♠ 168.93 Ytterbium 70 Yb 7002173050000000000 ♠ 173.05 Lutetium 71 Lu 7002174970000000000 ♠ 174.97 Thorium 90 Th 7002232040000000000 ♠ 232.04 Protactinium 91 Pa 7002231040000000000 ♠ 231.04 Uranium 92 U 7002238030000000000 ♠ 238.03 Neptunium 93 Np ( 237 ) Plutonium 94 Pu ( 244 ) Americium 95 Am ( 243 ) Curium 96 Cm ( 247 ) Berkelium 97 Bk ( 247 ) Californium 98 Cf ( 251 ) Einsteinium 99 Es ( 252 ) Fermium 100 Fm ( 257 ) Mendelevium 101 Md ( 258 ) Nobelium 102 No ( 259 ) Lawrencium 103 Lr ( 266 ) 1 ( red ) = Gas 3 ( black ) = Solid 80 ( green ) = Liquid 109 ( gray ) = Unknown Color of the atomic number shows state of matter ( at 0 ° C and 1 atm ) Primordial From decay Synthetic Border shows natural occurrence of the element Standard atomic weight ( A ) Ca : 7001400780000000000 ♠ 40.078 -- Formal short value , rounded ( no uncertainty ) Po : ( 209 ) -- mass number of the most stable isotope Background color shows subcategory in the metal -- metalloid -- nonmetal trend : Metal Metalloid Nonmetal Unknown chemical properties Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - transition metal Reactive nonmetal Noble gas Each chemical element has a unique atomic number ( Z ) representing the number of protons in its nucleus . Most elements have differing numbers of neutrons among different atoms , with these variants being referred to as isotopes . For example , carbon has three naturally occurring isotopes : all of its atoms have six protons and most have six neutrons as well , but about one per cent have seven neutrons , and a very small fraction have eight neutrons . Isotopes are never separated in the periodic table ; they are always grouped together under a single element . Elements with no stable isotopes have the atomic masses of their most stable isotopes , where such masses are shown , listed in parentheses . In the standard periodic table , the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number Z ( the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom ) . A new row ( period ) is started when a new electron shell has its first electron . Columns ( groups ) are determined by the electron configuration of the atom ; elements with the same number of electrons in a particular subshell fall into the same columns ( e.g. oxygen and selenium are in the same column because they both have four electrons in the outermost p - subshell ) . Elements with similar chemical properties generally fall into the same group in the periodic table , although in the f - block , and to some respect in the d - block , the elements in the same period tend to have similar properties , as well . Thus , it is relatively easy to predict the chemical properties of an element if one knows the properties of the elements around it . As of 2016 , the periodic table has 118 confirmed elements , from element 1 ( hydrogen ) to 118 ( oganesson ) . Elements 113 , 115 , 117 and 118 , the most recent discoveries , were officially confirmed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) in December 2015 . Their proposed names , nihonium ( Nh ) , moscovium ( Mc ) , tennessine ( Ts ) and oganesson ( Og ) respectively , were announced by the IUPAC in June 2016 and made official in November 2016 . The first 94 elements occur naturally ; the remaining 24 , americium to oganesson ( 95 -- 118 ) , occur only when synthesized in laboratories . Of the 94 naturally occurring elements , 83 are primordial and 11 occur only in decay chains of primordial elements . No element heavier than einsteinium ( element 99 ) has ever been observed in macroscopic quantities in its pure form , nor has astatine ( element 85 ) ; francium ( element 87 ) has been only photographed in the form of light emitted from microscopic quantities ( 300,000 atoms ) . Grouping methods Groups Main article : Group ( periodic table ) A group or family is a vertical column in the periodic table . Groups usually have more significant periodic trends than periods and blocks , explained below . Modern quantum mechanical theories of atomic structure explain group trends by proposing that elements within the same group generally have the same electron configurations in their valence shell . Consequently , elements in the same group tend to have a shared chemistry and exhibit a clear trend in properties with increasing atomic number . In some parts of the periodic table , such as the d - block and the f - block , horizontal similarities can be as important as , or more pronounced than , vertical similarities . Under an international naming convention , the groups are numbered numerically from 1 to 18 from the leftmost column ( the alkali metals ) to the rightmost column ( the noble gases ) . Previously , they were known by roman numerals . In America , the roman numerals were followed by either an `` A '' if the group was in the s - or p - block , or a `` B '' if the group was in the d - block . The roman numerals used correspond to the last digit of today 's naming convention ( e.g. the group 4 elements were group IVB , and the group 14 elements were group IVA ) . In Europe , the lettering was similar , except that `` A '' was used if the group was before group 10 , and `` B '' was used for groups including and after group 10 . In addition , groups 8 , 9 and 10 used to be treated as one triple - sized group , known collectively in both notations as group VIII . In 1988 , the new IUPAC naming system was put into use , and the old group names were deprecated . Some of these groups have been given trivial ( unsystematic ) names , as seen in the table below , although some are rarely used . Groups 3 -- 10 have no trivial names and are referred to simply by their group numbers or by the name of the first member of their group ( such as `` the scandium group '' for group 3 ) , since they display fewer similarities and / or vertical trends . Elements in the same group tend to show patterns in atomic radius , ionization energy , and electronegativity . From top to bottom in a group , the atomic radii of the elements increase . Since there are more filled energy levels , valence electrons are found farther from the nucleus . From the top , each successive element has a lower ionization energy because it is easier to remove an electron since the atoms are less tightly bound . Similarly , a group has a top - to - bottom decrease in electronegativity due to an increasing distance between valence electrons and the nucleus . There are exceptions to these trends : for example , in group 11 , electronegativity increases farther down the group . hide Groups in the Periodic table IUPAC group 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Mendeleev ( I -- VIII ) IA II A III B IV B VB VI B VII B VIII B IB II B III B IV B VB VI B VII B CAS ( US , A-B-A ) IA IIA IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA old IUPAC ( Europe , A-B ) IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIII B IB IIB IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB 0 Trivial name Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Coinage metals Triels Tetrels Pnictogens Chalcogens Halogens Noble gases Name by element Lithium group Beryllium group Scandium group Titanium group Vanadium group Chromium group Manganese group Iron group Cobalt group Nickel group Copper group Zinc group Boron group Carbon group Nitrogen group Oxygen group Fluorine group Helium or Neon group Period 1 He Period 2 Li Be O Ne Period 3 Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Period 4 Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Period 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe Period 6 Cs Ba La Ce -- Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Period 7 Fr Ra Ac Th -- Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Group 3 has scandium ( Sc ) and yttrium ( Y ) . For the rest of the group , sources differ as either being ( 1 ) lutetium ( Lu ) and lawrencium ( Lr ) , or ( 2 ) lanthanum ( La ) and actinium ( Ac ) , or ( 3 ) the whole set of 15 + 15 lanthanides and actinides . IUPAC has initiated a project to standardize the definition as either ( 1 ) Sc , Y , Lu and Lr , or ( 2 ) Sc , Y , La and Ac . Group 18 , the noble gases , were not discovered at the time of Mendeleev 's original table . Later ( 1902 ) , Mendeleev accepted the evidence for their existence , and they could be placed in a new `` group 0 '' , consistently and without breaking the periodic table principle . Group name as recommended by IUPAC . Hydrogen ( H ) , while placed in group 1 , is not considered to be part of the alkali metals . Periods Main article : Period ( periodic table ) A period is a horizontal row in the periodic table . Although groups generally have more significant periodic trends , there are regions where horizontal trends are more significant than vertical group trends , such as the f - block , where the lanthanides and actinides form two substantial horizontal series of elements . Elements in the same period show trends in atomic radius , ionization energy , electron affinity , and electronegativity . Moving left to right across a period , atomic radius usually decreases . This occurs because each successive element has an added proton and electron , which causes the electron to be drawn closer to the nucleus . This decrease in atomic radius also causes the ionization energy to increase when moving from left to right across a period . The more tightly bound an element is , the more energy is required to remove an electron . Electronegativity increases in the same manner as ionization energy because of the pull exerted on the electrons by the nucleus . Electron affinity also shows a slight trend across a period . Metals ( left side of a period ) generally have a lower electron affinity than nonmetals ( right side of a period ) , with the exception of the noble gases . Blocks Main article : Block ( periodic table ) Left to right : s - , f - , d - , p - block in the periodic table Specific regions of the periodic table can be referred to as blocks in recognition of the sequence in which the electron shells of the elements are filled . Each block is named according to the subshell in which the `` last '' electron notionally resides . The s - block comprises the first two groups ( alkali metals and alkaline earth metals ) as well as hydrogen and helium . The p - block comprises the last six groups , which are groups 13 to 18 in IUPAC group numbering ( 3A to 8A in American group numbering ) and contains , among other elements , all of the metalloids . The d - block comprises groups 3 to 12 ( or 3B to 2B in American group numbering ) and contains all of the transition metals . The f - block , often offset below the rest of the periodic table , has no group numbers and comprises lanthanides and actinides . Metals , metalloids and nonmetals Metals , metalloids , nonmetals , and elements with unknown chemical properties in the periodic table . Sources disagree on the classification of some of these elements . According to their shared physical and chemical properties , the elements can be classified into the major categories of metals , metalloids and nonmetals . Metals are generally shiny , highly conducting solids that form alloys with one another and salt - like ionic compounds with nonmetals ( other than noble gases ) . A majority of nonmetals are coloured or colourless insulating gases ; nonmetals that form compounds with other nonmetals , feature covalent bonding . In between metals and nonmetals are metalloids , which have intermediate or mixed properties . Metal and nonmetals can be further classified into subcategories that show a gradation from metallic to non-metallic properties , when going left to right in the rows . The metals may be subdivided into the highly reactive alkali metals , through the less reactive alkaline earth metals , lanthanides and actinides , via the archetypal transition metals , and ending in the physically and chemically weak post-transition metals . Nonmetals may be simply subdivided into the polyatomic nonmetals , being nearer to the metalloids and show some incipient metallic character ; the essentially nonmetallic diatomic nonmetals , nonmetallic and the almost completely inert , monatomic noble gases . Specialized groupings such as refractory metals and noble metals , are examples of subsets of transition metals , also known and occasionally denoted . Placing elements into categories and subcategories based just on shared properties is imperfect . There is a large disparity of properties within each category with notable overlaps at the boundaries , as is the case with most classification schemes . Beryllium , for example , is classified as an alkaline earth metal although its amphoteric chemistry and tendency to mostly form covalent compounds are both attributes of a chemically weak or post-transition metal . Radon is classified as a nonmetallic noble gas yet has some cationic chemistry that is characteristic of metals . Other classification schemes are possible such as the division of the elements into mineralogical occurrence categories , or crystalline structures . Categorizing the elements in this fashion dates back to at least 1869 when Hinrichs wrote that simple boundary lines could be placed on the periodic table to show elements having shared properties , such as metals , nonmetals , or gaseous elements . Periodic trends and patterns Main article : Periodic trends Electron configuration Main article : Electronic configuration Approximate order in which shells and subshells are arranged by increasing energy according to the Madelung rule The electron configuration or organisation of electrons orbiting neutral atoms shows a recurring pattern or periodicity . The electrons occupy a series of electron shells ( numbered 1 , 2 , and so on ) . Each shell consists of one or more subshells ( named s , p , d , f and g ) . As atomic number increases , electrons progressively fill these shells and subshells more or less according to the Madelung rule or energy ordering rule , as shown in the diagram . The electron configuration for neon , for example , is 1s 2s 2p . With an atomic number of ten , neon has two electrons in the first shell , and eight electrons in the second shell ; there are two electrons in the s subshell and six in the p subshell . In periodic table terms , the first time an electron occupies a new shell corresponds to the start of each new period , these positions being occupied by hydrogen and the alkali metals . Periodic table trends ( arrows show an increase ) Since the properties of an element are mostly determined by its electron configuration , the properties of the elements likewise show recurring patterns or periodic behaviour , some examples of which are shown in the diagrams below for atomic radii , ionization energy and electron affinity . It is this periodicity of properties , manifestations of which were noticed well before the underlying theory was developed , that led to the establishment of the periodic law ( the properties of the elements recur at varying intervals ) and the formulation of the first periodic tables . Atomic radii Main article : Atomic radius Atomic number plotted against atomic radius Atomic radii vary in a predictable and explainable manner across the periodic table . For instance , the radii generally decrease along each period of the table , from the alkali metals to the noble gases ; and increase down each group . The radius increases sharply between the noble gas at the end of each period and the alkali metal at the beginning of the next period . These trends of the atomic radii ( and of various other chemical and physical properties of the elements ) can be explained by the electron shell theory of the atom ; they provided important evidence for the development and confirmation of quantum theory . The electrons in the 4f - subshell , which is progressively filled across the lanthanide series , are not particularly effective at shielding the increasing nuclear charge from the sub-shells further out . The elements immediately following the lanthanides have atomic radii that are smaller than would be expected and that are almost identical to the atomic radii of the elements immediately above them . Hence hafnium has virtually the same atomic radius ( and chemistry ) as zirconium , and tantalum has an atomic radius similar to niobium , and so forth . This is known as the lanthanide contraction . The effect of the lanthanide contraction is noticeable up to platinum ( element 78 ) , after which it is masked by a relativistic effect known as the inert pair effect . The d - block contraction , which is a similar effect between the d - block and p - block , is less pronounced than the lanthanide contraction but arises from a similar cause . Ionization energy Ionization energy : each period begins at a minimum for the alkali metals , and ends at a maximum for the noble gases Main article : Ionization energy The first ionization energy is the energy it takes to remove one electron from an atom , the second ionization energy is the energy it takes to remove a second electron from the atom , and so on . For a given atom , successive ionization energies increase with the degree of ionization . For magnesium as an example , the first ionization energy is 738 kJ / mol and the second is 1450 kJ / mol . Electrons in the closer orbitals experience greater forces of electrostatic attraction ; thus , their removal requires increasingly more energy . Ionization energy becomes greater up and to the right of the periodic table . Large jumps in the successive molar ionization energies occur when removing an electron from a noble gas ( complete electron shell ) configuration . For magnesium again , the first two molar ionization energies of magnesium given above correspond to removing the two 3s electrons , and the third ionization energy is a much larger 7730 kJ / mol , for the removal of a 2p electron from the very stable neon - like configuration of Mg . Similar jumps occur in the ionization energies of other third - row atoms . Electronegativity Main article : Electronegativity Graph showing increasing electronegativity with growing number of selected groups Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons . An atom 's electronegativity is affected by both its atomic number and the distance between the valence electrons and the nucleus . The higher its electronegativity , the more an element attracts electrons . It was first proposed by Linus Pauling in 1932 . In general , electronegativity increases on passing from left to right along a period , and decreases on descending a group . Hence , fluorine is the most electronegative of the elements , while caesium is the least , at least of those elements for which substantial data is available . There are some exceptions to this general rule . Gallium and germanium have higher electronegativities than aluminium and silicon respectively because of the d - block contraction . Elements of the fourth period immediately after the first row of the transition metals have unusually small atomic radii because the 3d - electrons are not effective at shielding the increased nuclear charge , and smaller atomic size correlates with higher electronegativity . The anomalously high electronegativity of lead , particularly when compared to thallium and bismuth , appears to be an artifact of data selection and data availability . Methods of calculation other than the Pauling method show the normal periodic trends for these elements . Electron affinity Main article : Electron affinity Dependence of electron affinity on atomic number . Values generally increase across each period , culminating with the halogens before decreasing precipitously with the noble gases . Examples of localized peaks seen in hydrogen , the alkali metals and the group 11 elements are caused by a tendency to complete the s - shell ( with the 6s shell of gold being further stabilized by relativistic effects and the presence of a filled 4f sub shell ) . Examples of localized troughs seen in the alkaline earth metals , and nitrogen , phosphorus , manganese and rhenium are caused by filled s - shells , or half - filled p - or d - shells . The electron affinity of an atom is the amount of energy released when an electron is added to a neutral atom to form a negative ion . Although electron affinity varies greatly , some patterns emerge . Generally , nonmetals have more positive electron affinity values than metals . Chlorine most strongly attracts an extra electron . The electron affinities of the noble gases have not been measured conclusively , so they may or may not have slightly negative values . Electron affinity generally increases across a period . This is caused by the filling of the valence shell of the atom ; a group 17 atom releases more energy than a group 1 atom on gaining an electron because it obtains a filled valence shell and is therefore more stable . A trend of decreasing electron affinity going down groups would be expected . The additional electron will be entering an orbital farther away from the nucleus . As such this electron would be less attracted to the nucleus and would release less energy when added . In going down a group , around one - third of elements are anomalous , with heavier elements having higher electron affinities than their next lighter congenors . Largely , this is due to the poor shielding by d and f electrons . A uniform decrease in electron affinity only applies to group 1 atoms . Metallic character The lower the values of ionization energy , electronegativity and electron affinity , the more metallic character the element has . Conversely , nonmetallic character increases with higher values of these properties . Given the periodic trends of these three properties , metallic character tends to decrease going across a period ( or row ) and , with some irregularities ( mostly ) due to poor screening of the nucleus by d and f electrons , and relativistic effects , tends to increase going down a group ( or column or family ) . Thus , the most metallic elements ( such as caesium and francium ) are found at the bottom left of traditional periodic tables and the most nonmetallic elements ( oxygen , fluorine , chlorine ) at the top right . The combination of horizontal and vertical trends in metallic character explains the stair - shaped dividing line between metals and nonmetals found on some periodic tables , and the practice of sometimes categorizing several elements adjacent to that line , or elements adjacent to those elements , as metalloids . Linking or bridging groups Sc , Y , La , Ac , Lu , Lr , Cu , Ag , Au , Zn , Cd , Hg , He , Ne , Ar , Kr , Xe , Rn Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury ( element ) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson 32 - column periodic table showing , from left to right , the location of group 3 ; lutetium and lawrencium ; groups 11 -- 12 ; and the noble gases From left to right across the four blocks of the long - or 32 - column form of the periodic table are a series of linking or bridging groups of elements , located approximately between each block . These groups , like the metalloids , show properties in between , or that are a mixture of , groups to either side . Chemically , the group 3 elements , scandium , yttrium , lanthanum and actinium behave largely like the alkaline earth metals or , more generally , s block metals but have some of the physical properties of d block transition metals . Lutetium and lawrencium , at the end of the end of the f block , may constitute another linking or bridging group . Lutetium behaves chemically as a lanthanide but shows a mix of lanthanide and transition metal physical properties . Lawrencium , as an analogue of lutetium , would presumable display like characteristics . The coinage metals in group 11 ( copper , silver , and gold ) are chemically capable of acting as either transition metals or main group metals . The volatile group 12 metals , zinc , cadmium and mercury are sometimes regarded as linking the d block to the p block . Notionally they are d block elements but they have few transition metal properties and are more like their p block neighbors in group 13 . The relatively inert noble gases , in group 18 , bridge the most reactive groups of elements in the periodic table -- the halogens in group 17 and the alkali metals in group 1 . History Main article : History of the periodic table First systemization attempts The discovery of the elements mapped to significant periodic table development dates ( pre - , per - and post - ) In 1789 , Antoine Lavoisier published a list of 33 chemical elements , grouping them into gases , metals , nonmetals , and earths . Chemists spent the following century searching for a more precise classification scheme . In 1829 , Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner observed that many of the elements could be grouped into triads based on their chemical properties . Lithium , sodium , and potassium , for example , were grouped together in a triad as soft , reactive metals . Döbereiner also observed that , when arranged by atomic weight , the second member of each triad was roughly the average of the first and the third ; this became known as the Law of Triads . German chemist Leopold Gmelin worked with this system , and by 1843 he had identified ten triads , three groups of four , and one group of five . Jean - Baptiste Dumas published work in 1857 describing relationships between various groups of metals . Although various chemists were able to identify relationships between small groups of elements , they had yet to build one scheme that encompassed them all . In 1857 , German chemist August Kekulé observed that carbon often has four other atoms bonded to it . Methane , for example , has one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms . This concept eventually became known as valency ; different elements bond with different numbers of atoms . In 1862 , Alexandre - Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois , a French geologist , published an early form of periodic table , which he called the telluric helix or screw . He was the first person to notice the periodicity of the elements . With the elements arranged in a spiral on a cylinder by order of increasing atomic weight , de Chancourtois showed that elements with similar properties seemed to occur at regular intervals . His chart included some ions and compounds in addition to elements . His paper also used geological rather than chemical terms and did not include a diagram ; as a result , it received little attention until the work of Dmitri Mendeleev . In 1864 , Julius Lothar Meyer , a German chemist , published a table with 44 elements arranged by valency . The table showed that elements with similar properties often shared the same valency . Concurrently , English chemist William Odling published an arrangement of 57 elements , ordered on the basis of their atomic weights . With some irregularities and gaps , he noticed what appeared to be a periodicity of atomic weights among the elements and that this accorded with `` their usually received groupings '' . Odling alluded to the idea of a periodic law but did not pursue it . He subsequently proposed ( in 1870 ) a valence - based classification of the elements . Newlands ' periodic table , as presented to the Chemical Society in 1866 , and based on the law of octaves English chemist John Newlands produced a series of papers from 1863 to 1866 noting that when the elements were listed in order of increasing atomic weight , similar physical and chemical properties recurred at intervals of eight ; he likened such periodicity to the octaves of music . This so termed Law of Octaves was ridiculed by Newlands ' contemporaries , and the Chemical Society refused to publish his work . Newlands was nonetheless able to draft a table of the elements and used it to predict the existence of missing elements , such as germanium . The Chemical Society only acknowledged the significance of his discoveries five years after they credited Mendeleev . In 1867 , Gustavus Hinrichs , a Danish born academic chemist based in America , published a spiral periodic system based on atomic spectra and weights , and chemical similarities . His work was regarded as idiosyncratic , ostentatious and labyrinthine and this may have militated against its recognition and acceptance . Mendeleev 's table Dmitri Mendeleev , watercolour by Ilya Repin Mendeleev 's periodic table from his book An Attempt Towards a Chemical Conception of the Ether A version of Mendeleev 's 1869 periodic table : An experiment on a system of elements based on their atomic weights and chemical similarities . This early arrangement presents the periods vertically , and the groups horizontally . Russian chemistry professor Dmitri Mendeleev and German chemist Julius Lothar Meyer independently published their periodic tables in 1869 and 1870 , respectively . Mendeleev 's table was his first published version ; that of Meyer was an expanded version of his ( Meyer 's ) table of 1864 . They both constructed their tables by listing the elements in rows or columns in order of atomic weight and starting a new row or column when the characteristics of the elements began to repeat . The recognition and acceptance afforded to Mendeleev 's table came from two decisions he made . The first was to leave gaps in the table when it seemed that the corresponding element had not yet been discovered . Mendeleev was not the first chemist to do so , but he was the first to be recognized as using the trends in his periodic table to predict the properties of those missing elements , such as gallium and germanium . The second decision was to occasionally ignore the order suggested by the atomic weights and switch adjacent elements , such as tellurium and iodine , to better classify them into chemical families . Mendeleev published in 1869 , using atomic weight to organize the elements , information determinable to fair precision in his time . Atomic weight worked well enough to allow Mendeleev to accurately predict the properties of missing elements . Following the discovery , in 1911 , by Ernest Rutherford of the atomic nucleus , it was proposed that the integer count of the nuclear charge is identical to the sequential place of each element in the periodic table . In 1913 , Henry Moseley using X-ray spectroscopy confirmed this proposal experimentally . Moseley determined the value of the nuclear charge of each element , and showed that Mendeleev 's ordering actually places the elements in sequential order by nuclear charge . Nuclear charge is identical to proton count , and determines the value of the atomic number ( Z ) of each element . Using atomic number gives a definitive , integer - based sequence for the elements . Moseley predicted , in 1913 , that the only elements still missing between aluminium ( Z = 13 ) and gold ( Z = 79 ) were Z = 43 , 61 , 72 , and 75 , all of which were later discovered . The atomic number is the absolute definition of an element , and gives a factual basis for the ordering of the periodic table . The periodic table is used to predict the properties of new synthetic elements before they are produced and studied . Second version and further development Mendeleev 's 1871 periodic table with eight groups of elements . Dashes represented elements unknown in 1871 . Eight - column form of periodic table , updated with all elements discovered to 2016 In 1871 , Mendeleev published his periodic table in a new form , with groups of similar elements arranged in columns rather than in rows , and those columns numbered I to VIII corresponding with the element 's oxidation state . He also gave detailed predictions for the properties of elements he had earlier noted were missing , but should exist . These gaps were subsequently filled as chemists discovered additional naturally occurring elements . It is often stated that the last naturally occurring element to be discovered was francium ( referred to by Mendeleev as eka - caesium ) in 1939 . Plutonium , produced synthetically in 1940 , was identified in trace quantities as a naturally occurring element in 1971 . The popular periodic table layout , also known as the common or standard form ( as shown at various other points in this article ) , is attributable to Horace Groves Deming . In 1923 , Deming , an American chemist , published short ( Mendeleev style ) and medium ( 18 - column ) form periodic tables . Merck and Company prepared a handout form of Deming 's 18 - column medium table , in 1928 , which was widely circulated in American schools . By the 1930s Deming 's table was appearing in handbooks and encyclopaedias of chemistry . It was also distributed for many years by the Sargent - Welch Scientific Company . With the development of modern quantum mechanical theories of electron configurations within atoms , it became apparent that each period ( row ) in the table corresponded to the filling of a quantum shell of electrons . Larger atoms have more electron sub-shells , so later tables have required progressively longer periods . Glenn T. Seaborg , in 1945 , suggested a new periodic table showing the actinides as belonging to a second f - block series . In 1945 , Glenn Seaborg , an American scientist , made the suggestion that the actinide elements , like the lanthanides , were filling an f sub-level . Before this time the actinides were thought to be forming a fourth d - block row . Seaborg 's colleagues advised him not to publish such a radical suggestion as it would most likely ruin his career . As Seaborg considered he did not then have a career to bring into disrepute , he published anyway . Seaborg 's suggestion was found to be correct and he subsequently went on to win the 1951 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work in synthesizing actinide elements . Although minute quantities of some transuranic elements occur naturally , they were all first discovered in laboratories . Their production has expanded the periodic table significantly , the first of these being neptunium , synthesized in 1939 . Because many of the transuranic elements are highly unstable and decay quickly , they are challenging to detect and characterize when produced . There have been controversies concerning the acceptance of competing discovery claims for some elements , requiring independent review to determine which party has priority , and hence naming rights . In 2010 , a joint Russia -- US collaboration at Dubna , Moscow Oblast , Russia , claimed to have synthesized six atoms of tennessine ( element 117 ) , making it the most recently claimed discovery . It , along with nihonium ( element 113 ) , moscovium ( element 115 ) , and oganesson ( element 118 ) , are the four most recently named elements , whose names all became official on 28 November 2016 . Different periodic tables The long - or 32 - column table The periodic table in 32 - column format The modern periodic table is sometimes expanded into its long or 32 - column form by reinstating the footnoted f - block elements into their natural position between the s - and d - blocks . Unlike the 18 - column form this arrangement results in `` no interruptions in the sequence of increasing atomic numbers '' . The relationship of the f - block to the other blocks of the periodic table also becomes easier to see . Jensen advocates a form of table with 32 columns on the grounds that the lanthanides and actinides are otherwise relegated in the minds of students as dull , unimportant elements that can be quarantined and ignored . Despite these advantages the 32 - column form is generally avoided by editors on account of its undue rectangular ratio ( compared to a book page ratio ) , and the familiarity of chemists with the modern form ( as introduced by Seaborg ) . Tables with different structures Main article : Alternative periodic tables Within 100 years of the appearance of Mendeleev 's table in 1869 it has been estimated that around 700 different periodic table versions were published . As well as numerous rectangular variations , other periodic table formats have been shaped , for example , like a circle , cube , cylinder , building , spiral , lemniscate , octagonal prism , pyramid , sphere , or triangle . Such alternatives are often developed to highlight or emphasize chemical or physical properties of the elements that are not as apparent in traditional periodic tables . Theodor Benfey 's spiral periodic table A popular alternative structure is that of Theodor Benfey ( 1960 ) . The elements are arranged in a continuous spiral , with hydrogen at the centre and the transition metals , lanthanides , and actinides occupying peninsulas . Most periodic tables are two - dimensional ; three - dimensional tables are known to as far back as at least 1862 ( pre-dating Mendeleev 's two - dimensional table of 1869 ) . More recent examples include Courtines ' Periodic Classification ( 1925 ) , Wringley 's Lamina System ( 1949 ) , Giguère 's Periodic helix ( 1965 ) and Dufour 's Periodic Tree ( 1996 ) . Going one further , Stowe 's Physicist 's Periodic Table ( 1989 ) has been described as being four - dimensional ( having three spatial dimensions and one colour dimension ) . The various forms of periodic tables can be thought of as lying on a chemistry -- physics continuum . Towards the chemistry end of the continuum can be found , as an example , Rayner - Canham 's `` unruly '' Inorganic Chemist 's Periodic Table ( 2002 ) , which emphasizes trends and patterns , and unusual chemical relationships and properties . Near the physics end of the continuum is Janet 's Left - Step Periodic Table ( 1928 ) . This has a structure that shows a closer connection to the order of electron - shell filling and , by association , quantum mechanics . A somewhat similar approach has been taken by Alper , albeit criticized by Eric Scerri as disregarding the need to display chemical and physical periodicity . Somewhere in the middle of the continuum is the ubiquitous common or standard form of periodic table . This is regarded as better expressing empirical trends in physical state , electrical and thermal conductivity , and oxidation numbers , and other properties easily inferred from traditional techniques of the chemical laboratory . Its popularity is thought to be a result of this layout having a good balance of features in terms of ease of construction and size , and its depiction of atomic order and periodic trends . hide Left - step periodic table ( by Charles Janet ) f f f f f f f f f f f f f f d d d d d d d d d d p p p p p p s s 1s He 2s Li Be 2p 3s O Ne Na Mg 3p 4s Al Si Cl Ar Ca 3d 4p 5s Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr 4d 5p 6s Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba 4f 5d 6p 7s La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra 5f 6d 7p 8s Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og 119 120 f - block d - block p - block s - block This form of periodic table is more congruent with the order in which electron shells are ideally filled according to the Madelung rule , as shown in the accompanying sequence in the left margin ( read from top to bottom , left to right ) . In reality , the filling of electron shells is characterized by a number of irregularities . Open questions and controversies Placement of hydrogen and helium Simply following electron configurations , hydrogen ( electronic configuration 1s ) and helium ( 1s ) should be placed in groups 1 and 2 , above lithium ( 1s 2s ) and beryllium ( 1s 2s ) . While such a placement is common for hydrogen , it is rarely used for helium outside of the context of electron configurations : When the noble gases ( then called `` inert gases '' ) were first discovered around 1900 , they were known as `` group 0 '' , reflecting no chemical reactivity of these elements known at that point , and helium was placed on the top of that group , as it did share the extreme chemical inertness seen throughout the group . As the group changed its formal number , many authors continued to assign helium directly above neon , in group 18 ; one of the examples of such placing is the current IUPAC table . Hydrogen 's chemical properties are not very close to those of the alkali metals , which occupy group 1 . On this basis it is sometimes placed elsewhere . A common alternative is at the top of group 17 given hydrogen 's strictly univalent and largely non-metallic chemistry , and the strictly univalent and non-metallic chemistry of fluorine ( the element otherwise at the top of group 17 ) . Sometimes , to show hydrogen has properties corresponding to both those of the alkali metals and the halogens , it is shown at the top of the two columns simultaneously . Another suggestion is above carbon in group 14 : placed that way , it fits well into the trends of increasing ionization potential values and electron affinity values , and is not too far from the electronegativity trend , even though hydrogen can not show the tetravalence characteristic of the heavier group 14 elements . Finally , hydrogen is sometimes placed separately from any group ; this is based on how general properties of hydrogen differ from that of any group . The other period 1 element , helium , is sometimes placed separately from any group as well . The property that distinguishes helium from the rest of the noble gases ( even though the extraordinary inertness of helium is extremely close to that of neon and argon ) is that in its closed electron shell , helium has only two electrons in the outermost electron orbital , while the rest of the noble gases have eight . Group 3 and its elements in periods 6 and 7 Although scandium and yttrium are always the first two elements in group 3 , the identity of the next two elements is not completely settled . They are commonly lanthanum and actinium , and less often lutetium and lawrencium . The two variants originate from historical difficulties in placing the lanthanides in the periodic table , and arguments as to where the f block elements start and end . It has been claimed that such arguments are proof that , `` it is a mistake to break the ( periodic ) system into sharply delimited blocks '' . A third variant shows the two positions below yttrium as being occupied by the lanthanides and the actinides . Chemical and physical arguments have been made in support of lutetium and lawrencium but the majority of authors seem unconvinced . Most working chemists are not aware there is any controversy . In December 2015 an IUPAC project was established to make a recommendation on the matter . Lanthanum and actinium La and Ac below Y Lanthanum and actinium are commonly depicted as the remaining group 3 members . It has been suggested that this layout originated in the 1940s , with the appearance of periodic tables relying on the electron configurations of the elements and the notion of the differentiating electron . The configurations of caesium , barium and lanthanum are ( Xe ) 6s , ( Xe ) 6s and ( Xe ) 5d 6s . Lanthanum thus has a 5d differentiating electron and this establishes it `` in group 3 as the first member of the d - block for period 6 '' . A consistent set of electron configurations is then seen in group 3 : scandium ( Ar ) 3d 4s , yttrium ( Kr ) 4d 5s and lanthanum ( Xe ) 5d 6s . Still in period 6 , ytterbium was assigned an electron configuration of ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s and lutetium ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s , `` resulting in a 4f differentiating electron for lutetium and firmly establishing it as the last member of the f - block for period 6 '' . Later spectroscopic work found that the electron configuration of ytterbium was in fact ( Xe ) 4f 6s . This meant that ytterbium and lutetium -- the latter with ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s -- both had 14 f - electrons , `` resulting in a d - rather than an f - differentiating electron '' for lutetium and making it an `` equally valid candidate '' with ( Xe ) 5d 6s lanthanum , for the group 3 periodic table position below yttrium . Lanthanum has the advantage of incumbency since the 5d electron appears for the first time in its structure whereas it appears for the third time in lutetium , having also made a brief second appearance in gadolinium . In terms of chemical behaviour , and trends going down group 3 for properties such as melting point , electronegativity and ionic radius , scandium , yttrium , lanthanum and actinium are similar to their group 1 -- 2 counterparts . In this variant , the number of f electrons in the most common ( trivalent ) ions of the f - block elements consistently matches their position in the f - block . For example , the f - electron counts for the trivalent ions of the first three f - block elements are Ce 1 , Pr 2 and Nd 3 . Lutetium and lawrencium Lu and Lr below Y In other tables , lutetium and lawrencium are the remaining group 3 members . Early techniques for chemically separating scandium , yttrium and lutetium relied on the fact that these elements occurred together in the so - called `` yttrium group '' whereas La and Ac occurred together in the `` cerium group '' . Accordingly , lutetium rather than lanthanum was assigned to group 3 by some chemists in the 1920s and 30s . Several physicists in the 1950s and ' 60s favoured lutetium , in light of a comparison of several of its physical properties with those of lanthanum . This arrangement , in which lanthanum is the first member of the f - block , is disputed by some authors since lanthanum lacks any f - electrons . It has been argued that this is not valid concern given other periodic table anomalies -- thorium , for example , has no f - electrons yet is part of the f - block . As for lawrencium , its gas phase atomic electron configuration was confirmed in 2015 as ( Rn ) 5f 7s 7p . Such a configuration represents another periodic table anomaly , regardless of whether lawrencium is located in the f - block or the d - block , as the only potentially applicable p - block position has been reserved for nihonium with its predicted configuration of ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s 7p . Chemically , scandium , yttrium and lutetium ( and presumably lawrencium ) behave like trivalent versions of the group 1 -- 2 metals . On the other hand , trends going down the group for properties such as melting point , electronegativity and ionic radius , are similar to those found among their group 4 -- 8 counterparts . In this variant , the number of f electrons in the gaseous forms of the f - block atoms usually matches their position in the f - block . For example , the f - electron counts for the first five f - block elements are La 0 , Ce 1 , Pr 3 , Nd 4 and Pm 5 . Lanthanides and actinides Markers below Y A few authors position all thirty lanthanides and actinides in the two positions below yttrium ( usually via footnote markers ) . This variant emphasizes similarities in the chemistry of the 15 lanthanide elements ( La -- Lu ) , possibly at the expense of ambiguity as to which elements occupy the two group 3 positions below yttrium , and a 15 - column wide f block ( there can only be 14 elements in any row of the f block ) . Groups included in the transition metals The definition of a transition metal , as given by IUPAC , is an element whose atom has an incomplete d sub-shell , or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub-shell . By this definition all of the elements in groups 3 -- 11 are transition metals . The IUPAC definition therefore excludes group 12 , comprising zinc , cadmium and mercury , from the transition metals category . Some chemists treat the categories `` d - block elements '' and `` transition metals '' interchangeably , thereby including groups 3 -- 12 among the transition metals . In this instance the group 12 elements are treated as a special case of transition metal in which the d electrons are not ordinarily involved in chemical bonding . The 2007 report of mercury ( IV ) fluoride ( HgF ) , a compound in which mercury would use its d electrons for bonding , has prompted some commentators to suggest that mercury can be regarded as a transition metal . Other commentators , such as Jensen , have argued that the formation of a compound like HgF can occur only under highly abnormal conditions ; indeed , its existence is currently disputed . As such , mercury could not be regarded as a transition metal by any reasonable interpretation of the ordinary meaning of the term . Still other chemists further exclude the group 3 elements from the definition of a transition metal . They do so on the basis that the group 3 elements do not form any ions having a partially occupied d shell and do not therefore exhibit any properties characteristic of transition metal chemistry . In this case , only groups 4 -- 11 are regarded as transition metals . Though the group 3 elements show few of the characteristic chemical properties of the transition metals , they do show some of their characteristic physical properties ( on account of the presence in each atom of a single d electron ) . Elements with unknown chemical properties Although all elements up to oganesson have been discovered , of the elements above hassium ( element 108 ) , only copernicium ( element 112 ) , nihonium ( element 113 ) , and flerovium ( element 114 ) have known chemical properties , and only for copernicium is there enough evidence for a conclusive categorisation at present . The other elements may behave differently from what would be predicted by extrapolation , due to relativistic effects ; for example , flerovium has been predicted to possibly exhibit some noble - gas - like properties , even though it is currently placed in the carbon group . The current experimental evidence still leaves open the question of whether flerovium behaves more like a metal or a noble gas . Further periodic table extensions Main article : Extended periodic table Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury ( element ) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson Ununennium Unbinilium Unbiunium Unquadquadium Unquadpentium Unquadhexium Unquadseptium Unquadoctium Unquadennium Unpentnilium Unpentunium Unpentbium Unpenttrium Unpentquadium Unpentpentium Unpenthexium Unpentseptium Unpentoctium Unpentennium Unhexnilium Unhexunium Unhexbium Unhextrium Unhexquadium Unhexpentium Unhexhexium Unhexseptium Unhexoctium Unhexennium Unseptnilium Unseptunium Unseptbium Unbibium Unbitrium Unbiquadium Unbipentium Unbihexium Unbiseptium Unbioctium Unbiennium Untrinilium Untriunium Untribium Untritrium Untriquadium Untripentium Untrihexium Untriseptium Untrioctium Untriennium Unquadnilium Unquadunium Unquadbium Unquadtrium Periodic table with eight rows , extended to element 172 It is unclear whether new elements will continue the pattern of the current periodic table as period 8 , or require further adaptations or adjustments . Seaborg expected the eighth period to follow the previously established pattern exactly , so that it would include a two - element s - block for elements 119 and 120 , a new g - block for the next 18 elements , and 30 additional elements continuing the current f - , d - , and p - blocks , culminating in element 168 , the next noble gas . More recently , physicists such as Pekka Pyykkö have theorized that these additional elements do not follow the Madelung rule , which predicts how electron shells are filled and thus affects the appearance of the present periodic table . There are currently several competing theoretical models for the placement of the elements of atomic number less than or equal to 172 . In all of these it is element 172 , rather than element 168 , that emerges as the next noble gas after oganesson , although these must be regarded as speculative as no complete calculations have been done beyond element 122 . Element with the highest possible atomic number The number of possible elements is not known . A very early suggestion made by Elliot Adams in 1911 , and based on the arrangement of elements in each horizontal periodic table row , was that elements of atomic weight greater than circa 256 ( which would equate to between elements 99 and 100 in modern - day terms ) did not exist . A higher -- more recent -- estimate is that the periodic table may end soon after the island of stability , which is expected to centre around element 126 , as the extension of the periodic and nuclides tables is restricted by proton and neutron drip lines . Other predictions of an end to the periodic table include at element 128 by John Emsley , at element 137 by Richard Feynman , and at element 155 by Albert Khazan . Bohr model The Bohr model exhibits difficulty for atoms with atomic number greater than 137 , as any element with an atomic number greater than 137 would require 1s electrons to be travelling faster than c , the speed of light . Hence the non-relativistic Bohr model is inaccurate when applied to such an element . Relativistic Dirac equation The relativistic Dirac equation has problems for elements with more than 137 protons . For such elements , the wave function of the Dirac ground state is oscillatory rather than bound , and there is no gap between the positive and negative energy spectra , as in the Klein paradox . More accurate calculations taking into account the effects of the finite size of the nucleus indicate that the binding energy first exceeds the limit for elements with more than 173 protons . For heavier elements , if the innermost orbital ( 1s ) is not filled , the electric field of the nucleus will pull an electron out of the vacuum , resulting in the spontaneous emission of a positron . This does not happen if the innermost orbital is filled , so that element 173 is not necessarily the end of the periodic table . Optimal form The many different forms of periodic table have prompted the question of whether there is an optimal or definitive form of periodic table . The answer to this question is thought to depend on whether the chemical periodicity seen to occur among the elements has an underlying truth , effectively hard - wired into the universe , or if any such periodicity is instead the product of subjective human interpretation , contingent upon the circumstances , beliefs and predilections of human observers . An objective basis for chemical periodicity would settle the questions about the location of hydrogen and helium , and the composition of group 3 . Such an underlying truth , if it exists , is thought to have not yet been discovered . In its absence , the many different forms of periodic table can be regarded as variations on the theme of chemical periodicity , each of which explores and emphasizes different aspects , properties , perspectives and relationships of and among the elements . See also Chemistry portal Book : Periodic table Abundance of the chemical elements Atomic electron configuration table Element collecting List of chemical elements List of periodic table - related articles Names for sets of chemical elements Standard model Table of nuclides Template : Spectral lines of the elements The Mystery of Matter : Search for the Elements ( PBS film ) Timeline of chemical element discoveries Notes Jump up ^ The elements discovered initially by synthesis and later in nature are technetium ( Z = 43 ) , promethium ( 61 ) , astatine ( 85 ) , neptunium ( 93 ) , plutonium ( 94 ) , americium ( 95 ) , curium ( 96 ) , berkelium ( 97 ) and californium ( 98 ) . Jump up ^ An element zero ( i.e. a substance composed purely of neutrons ) , is included in a few alternate presentations , for example , in the Chemical Galaxy . Jump up ^ There is an inconsistency and some irregularities in this convention . Thus , helium is shown in the p - block but is actually an s - block element , and ( for example ) the d - subshell in the d - block is actually filled by the time group 11 is reached , rather than group 12 . Jump up ^ The noble gases , astatine , francium , and all elements heavier than americium were left out as there is no data for them . Jump up ^ While fluorine is the most electronegative of the elements under the Pauling scale , neon is the most electronegative element under other scales , such as the Allen scale . Jump up ^ While Lr is thought to have p rather than d electron in its ground - state electron configuration , and would therefore be expected to be volatile metal capable of forming a + 1 cation in solution , no evidence of either of these properties has been able to be obtained despite experimental attempts to do so . It was originally expected to have ad electron in its electron configuration and this may still be the case for metallic lawrencium , whereas gas phase atomic lawrencium is very likely thought to have ap electron . Jump up ^ An antecedent of Deming 's 18 - column table may be seen in Adams ' 16 - column Periodic Table of 1911 . Adams omits the rare earths and the `` radioactive elements '' ( i.e. the actinides ) from the main body of his table and instead shows them as being `` careted in only to save space '' ( rare earths between Ba and eka - Yt ; radioactive elements between eka - Te and eka - I ) . See : Elliot Q.A. ( 1911 ) . `` A modification of the periodic table '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 33 ( 5 ) : 684 -- 688 ( 687 ) . Jump up ^ A second extra-long periodic table row , to accommodate known and undiscovered elements with an atomic weight greater than bismuth ( thorium , protactinium and uranium , for example ) , had been postulated as far back as 1892 . Most investigators considered that these elements were analogues of the third series transition elements , hafnium , tantalum and tungsten . The existence of a second inner transition series , in the form of the actinides , was not accepted until similarities with the electron structures of the lanthanides had been established . See : van Spronsen , J.W. ( 1969 ) . The periodic system of chemical elements . Amsterdam : Elsevier . p. 315 -- 316 , ISBN 0 - 444 - 40776 - 6 . Jump up ^ See The Internet database of periodic tables for depictions of these kinds of variants . Jump up ^ But for the existence of the lanthanides the composition of group 3 would not have been a source of any special interest , since scandium , yttrium , lanthanum and actinium exhibit the same gradual change in properties as do calcium , strontium , barium and radium in group 2 . Jump up ^ The detachment of the lanthanides from the main body of the periodic table has been attributed to the Czech chemist Bohuslav Brauner who , in 1902 , allocated all of them ( `` Ce etc . '' ) to one position in group 4 , below zirconium . This arrangement was referred to as the `` asteroid hypothesis '' , in analogy to asteroids occupying a single orbit in the solar system . Before this time the lanthanides were generally ( and unsuccessfully ) placed throughout groups I to VIII of the older 8 - column form of periodic table . Although predecessors of Brauner 's 1902 arrangement are recorded from as early as 1895 , he is known to have referred to the `` chemistry of asteroids '' in an 1881 letter to Mendeleev . Other authors assigned all of the lanthanides to either group 3 , groups 3 and 4 , or groups 2 , 3 and 4 . In 1922 Niels Bohr continued the detachment process by locating the lanthanides between the s - and d - blocks . In 1949 Glenn T. Seaborg ( re ) introduced the form of periodic table that is popular today , in which the lanthanides and actinides appear as footnotes . Seaborg first published his table in a classified report dated 1944 . It was published again by him in 1945 in Chemical and Engineering News , and in the years up to 1949 several authors commented on , and generally agreed with , Seaborg 's proposal . In that year he noted that the best method for presenting the actinides seemed to be by positioning them below , and as analogues of , the lanthanides . See : Thyssen P. and Binnemans K. ( 2011 ) . `` Accommodation of the Rare Earths in the Periodic Table : A Historical Analysis '' . In K.A. Gschneider Jr. ( ed ) . Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of the Rare Earths. 41 . Amsterdam : Elsevier , pp. 1 -- 94 ; Seaborg G.T. ( 1994 ) . Origin of the Actinide Concept ' . In K.A. Gschneider Jr. ( ed ) . Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of the Rare Earths. 18 . Amsterdam : Elsevier , pp. 1 -- 27 . Jump up ^ For examples of this table see Atkins et al. ( 2006 ) . Shriver & Atkins Inorganic Chemistry ( 4th ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press Myers et al. ( 2004 ) . Holt Chemistry . Orlando : Holt , Rinehart & Winston Chang R. ( 2000 ) . Essential Chemistry ( 2nd ed . ) . Boston : McGraw - Hill Jump up ^ For examples of the group 3 = Sc - Y - Lu - Lr table see Rayner - Canham G. & Overton T. ( 2013 ) . Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry ( 6th ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman and Company Brown et al. ( 2009 ) . Chemistry : The Central Science ( 11th ed . ) . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey : Pearson Education Moore et al. ( 1978 ) . Chemistry . Tokyo : McGraw - Hill Kogakusha Jump up ^ The phenomenon of different separation groups is caused by increasing basicity with increasing radius , and does not constitute a fundamental reason to show Lu , rather than La , below Y . Thus , among the Group 2 alkaline earth metals , Mg ( less basic ) belongs in the `` soluble group '' and Ca , Sr and Ba ( more basic ) occur in the `` ammonium carbonate group '' . Nevertheless , Mg , Ca , Sr and Ba are routinely collocated in Group 2 of the periodic table . See : Moeller et al. ( 1989 ) . Chemistry with Inorganic Qualitative Analysis ( 3rd ed . ) . SanDiego : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich , pp. 955 -- 956 , 958 . Jump up ^ Even if metallic lawrencium has a p electron , simple modelling studies suggest it will behave like a lanthanide , as do the rest of the late actinides . Jump up ^ For examples of the group 3 = Ln and An table see Housecroft C.E. & Sharpe A.G. ( 2008 ) . Inorganic Chemistry ( 3rd ed . ) . Harlow : Pearson Education Halliday et al. ( 2005 ) . Fundamentals of Physics ( 7th ed . ) . Hoboken , NewJersey : John Wiley & Sons Nebergall et . al. ( 1980 ) . General Chemistry ( 6th ed . ) . Lexington : D.C. Heath and Company Jump up ^ Karol ( 2002 , p. 63 ) contends that gravitational effects would become significant when atomic numbers become astronomically large , thereby overcoming other super-massive nuclei instability phenomena , and that neutron stars ( with atomic numbers on the order of 10 ) can arguably be regarded as representing the heaviest known elements in the universe . See : Karol P.J. ( 2002 ) . `` The Mendeleev -- Seaborg periodic table : Through Z = 1138 and beyond '' . Journal of Chemical Education 79 ( 1 ) : 60 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Scerri , one of the foremost authorities on the history of the periodic table , favoured the concept of an optimal form of periodic table but has recently changed his mind and now supports the value of a plurality of periodic tables . References Jump up ^ `` Chemistry : Four elements added to periodic table '' . BBC News . 4 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ St. Fleur , Nicholas ( 1 December 2016 ) . `` Four New Names Officially Added to the Periodic Table of Elements '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on 14 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Emsley , J. ( 2011 ) . Nature 's Building Blocks : An A-Z Guide to the Elements ( New ed . ) . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 960563 - 7 . Jump up ^ Meija , J. ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` Atomic weights of the elements 2013 ( IUPAC Technical Report ) '' . Pure and Applied Chemistry . 88 ( 3 ) : 265 -- 91 . doi : 10.1515 / pac - 2015 - 0305 . Jump up ^ IUPAC 2016 , Table 2 , 3 combined ; uncertainty removed . Jump up ^ Greenwood & Earnshaw , pp. 24 -- 27 Jump up ^ Gray , p. 6 Jump up ^ CNN , Ashley Strickland . `` New elements on the periodic table are named '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery and assignment of elements with atomic numbers 113 , 115 , 117 and 118 '' . International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry . 30 December 2015 . Archived from the original on 13 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hello , Nihonium . Scientists Name 4 New Elements On The Periodic Table '' . NPR.org . Archived from the original on 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Koppenol , W.H. ( 2002 ) . `` Naming of New Elements ( IUPAC Recommendations 2002 ) '' ( PDF ) . Pure and Applied Chemistry . 74 ( 5 ) : 787 -- 791 . doi : 10.1351 / pac200274050787 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 31 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Silva , Robert J. ( 2006 ) . `` Fermium , Mendelevium , Nobelium and Lawrencium '' . In Morss , L.R. ; Edelstein , N.M. ; Fuger , J. The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements ( 3rd ed . ) . Dordrecht , The Netherlands : Springer Science + Business Media . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 3555 - 1 . Jump up ^ Scerri 2007 , p. 24 Jump up ^ Messler , R.W. ( 2010 ) . The essence of materials for engineers . 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The Journal of Biological Physics and Chemistry . 10 ( 2 ) : 74 -- 80 . doi : 10.4024 / 43AL09F. jbpc. 10.02 . ^ Jump up to : Scerri , E. ( 2012 ) . `` Some comments on the recently proposed periodic table featuring elements ordered by their subshells '' . Journal of Biological Physics and Chemistry . 12 ( 2 ) : 69 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Bent , H.A. ; Weinhold , F. ( 2007 ) . `` Supporting information : News from the periodic table : An introduction to `` Periodicity symbols , tables , and models for higher - order valency and donor -- acceptor kinships '' `` . Journal of Chemical Education . 84 ( 7 ) : 3 -- 4 . doi : 10.1021 / ed084p1145 . Jump up ^ Francl , M. ( May 2009 ) . `` Table manners '' ( PDF ) . Nature Chemistry . 1 ( 2 ) : 97 -- 98 . Bibcode : 2009NatCh ... 1 ... 97F . doi : 10.1038 / nchem. 183 . PMID 21378810 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ IUPAC ( 1 May 2013 ) . `` IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements '' ( PDF ) . iupac.org . IUPAC . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 22 August 2015 . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Seaborg , G. ( 1945 ) . `` The chemical and radioactive properties of the heavy elements '' . Chemical English Newspaper. 23 ( 23 ) : 2190 -- 2193 . Jump up ^ Cronyn , M.W. ( August 2003 ) . `` The Proper Place for Hydrogen in the Periodic Table '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 80 ( 8 ) : 947 -- 951 . Bibcode : 2003JChEd ... 80 ... 947C . doi : 10.1021 / ed080p947 . Jump up ^ Greenwood & Earnshaw , throughout the book Jump up ^ Lewars , Errol G. ( 5 December 2008 ) . Modeling Marvels : Computational Anticipation of Novel Molecules . Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 69 -- 71 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 6973 - 4 . Archived from the original on 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Thyssen , P. ; Binnemans , K. ( 2011 ) . Gschneidner Jr. , K.A. ; Bünzli , J-C. G ; Vecharsky , Bünzli , eds . Accommodation of the Rare Earths in the Periodic Table : A Historical Analysis . Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths. 41 . Amsterdam : Elsevier . pp. 1 -- 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 53590 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hevesy , G. ( 1929 ) . Redkie zemeli s tochki zreniya stroeniya atoma ( Rare earths from the point of view of structure of atom ) ( cited in Trifonov 1970 , p. 188 ) ( in Russian ) . Leningrad : NKhTI . Jump up ^ Stewart , P.J. ( 2008 ) . `` The Flyleaf Table : An Alternative '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 85 ( 11 ) : 1490 . Bibcode : 2008JChEd ... 85.1490 S . doi : 10.1021 / ed085p1490 . Jump up ^ Thyssen , P. ; Binnemanns , K. ( 2011 ) . `` 1 : Accommodation of the rare earths in the periodic table : A historical analysis '' . In Gschneidner Jr. , K.A. ; Büzli , J-C. J. ; Pecharsky , V.K. Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths. 41 . Amsterdam : Elsevier . pp. 80 -- 81 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 53590 - 0 . Jump up ^ Keeler , J. ; Wothers , P. ( 2014 ) . Chemical Structure and Reactivity : An Integrated Approach . Oxford : Oxford University . p. 259 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 960413 - 5 . Jump up ^ Scerri , E. ( 2012 ) . `` Mendeleev 's Periodic Table Is Finally Completed and What To Do about Group 3 ? '' . Chemistry International . 34 ( 4 ) . doi : 10.1515 / ci. 2012.34. 4.28 . Archived from the original on 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Castelvecchi , D. ( 8 April 2015 ) . `` Exotic atom struggles to find its place in the periodic table '' . Nature News . Archived from the original on 5 October 2015 . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The constitution of group 3 of the periodic table '' . IUPAC. 2015 . Archived from the original on 5 July 2016 . Retrieved 30 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Emsley , J. ( 2011 ) . Nature 's Building Blocks ( new ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University . p. 651 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 960563 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : William B. Jensen ( 1982 ) . `` The Positions of Lanthanum ( Actinium ) and Lutetium ( Lawrencium ) in the Periodic Table '' . J. Chem. Educ. 59 ( 8 ) : 634 -- 636 . Bibcode : 1982JChEd ... 59 ... 634J . doi : 10.1021 / ed059p634 . Jump up ^ Trifonov , D.N. ( 1970 ) . Rare - earth elements and their position in the periodic system ( translated from Russian ) . New Delhi : Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre . pp. 201 -- 202 . Jump up ^ Greenwood , N.N. ; Harrington , T.J. ( 1973 ) . The chemistry of the transition elements . Oxford : Clarendon Press . p. 50 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 855435 - 4 . Jump up ^ Aylward , G. ; Findlay , T. ( 2008 ) . SI chemical data ( 6th ed . ) . Milton , Queensland : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 81638 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wiberg , N. ( 2001 ) . Inorganic Chemistry . San Diego : Academic Press . p. 119 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 352651 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wulfsberg , G. ( 2006 ) . `` Periodic table : Trends in the properties of the elements '' . Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry . New York : John Wiley & Sons . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 86210 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Cotton , S. ( 2007 ) . Lanthanide and Actinide Chemistry . Chichester : John Wiley & Sons . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 01006 - 8 . Jump up ^ Scerri , E. ( 2015 ) . `` Five ideas in chemical education that must die -- part five '' . educationinchemistryblog . Royal Society of Chemistry . Archived from the original on 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . It is high time that the idea of group 3 consisting of Sc , Y , La and Ac is abandoned Jump up ^ Jensen , W.B. ( 2015 ) . `` Some Comments on the Position of Lawrencium in the Periodic Table '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 20 Sep 2015 . Jump up ^ Xu , W-H. ; Pyykkö , P. ( 2016 ) . `` Is the chemistry of lawrencium peculiar ? '' . Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 18 ( 26 ) : 17351 -- 17355 . Bibcode : 2016PCCP ... 1817351X . doi : 10.1039 / C6CP02706G . Jump up ^ King , R.B. ( 1995 ) . Inorganic Chemistry of Main Group Elements . New York : Wiley - VCH . p. 289 . ISBN 1 - 56081 - 679 - 1 . Jump up ^ IUPAC , Compendium of Chemical Terminology , 2nd ed. ( the `` Gold Book '' ) ( 1997 ) . Online corrected version : ( 2006 -- ) `` transition element '' . Jump up ^ Xuefang , W. ; Andrews , L. ; Riedel , S. ; Kaupp , M. ( 2007 ) . `` Mercury Is a Transition Metal : The First Experimental Evidence for HgF '' . Angew . Chem. Int . Ed . 46 ( 44 ) : 8371 -- 8375 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 200703710 . PMID 17899620 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , W.B. ( 2008 ) . `` Is Mercury Now a Transition Element ? '' . J. Chem. Educ. 85 ( 9 ) : 1182 -- 1183 . Bibcode : 2008JChEd ... 85.1182 J . doi : 10.1021 / ed085p1182 . Jump up ^ Rayner - Canham , G. ; Overton , T. Descriptive inorganic chemistry ( 4th ed . ) . New York : WH Freeman . pp. 484 -- 485 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 8963 - 9 . Jump up ^ Schändel , M. ( 2003 ) . The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements . Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers . p. 277 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 1250 - 0 . Jump up ^ Yakushev , Alexander ; Eichler , Robert ( 2016 ) . Gas - phase chemistry of element 114 , flerovium ( PDF ) . Nobel Symposium NS160 -- Chemistry and Physics of Heavy and Superheavy Elements . doi : 10.1051 / epjconf / 201613107003 . Jump up ^ Fricke , B. ; Greiner , W. ; Waber , J.T. ( 1971 ) . `` The continuation of the periodic table up to Z = 172 . The chemistry of superheavy elements '' . Theoretica chimica acta . Springer - Verlag. 21 ( 3 ) : 235 -- 260 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01172015 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Frazier , K. ( 1978 ) . `` Superheavy Elements '' . Science News . 113 ( 15 ) : 236 -- 238 . doi : 10.2307 / 3963006 . JSTOR 3963006 . Jump up ^ Pyykkö , P. ( 2011 ) . `` A suggested periodic table up to Z ≤ 172 , based on Dirac -- Fock calculations on atoms and ions '' . Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 13 ( 1 ) : 161 -- 168 . Bibcode : 2011PCCP ... 13 ... 161P . doi : 10.1039 / c0cp01575j . PMID 20967377 . Jump up ^ Elliot , Q.A. ( 1911 ) . `` A modification of the periodic table '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 33 ( 5 ) : 684 -- 688 ( 688 ) . doi : 10.1021 / ja02218a004 . Jump up ^ Seaborg , G. ( c. 2006 ) . `` transuranium element ( chemical element ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 30 November 2010 . Retrieved 16 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Cwiok , S. ; Heenen , P. - H. ; Nazarewicz , W. ( 2005 ) . `` Shape coexistence and triaxiality in the superheavy nuclei '' . Nature . 433 ( 7027 ) : 705 -- 9 . Bibcode : 2005Natur. 433 ... 705C . doi : 10.1038 / nature03336 . PMID 15716943 . ^ Jump up to : Ball , P. ( November 2010 ) . `` Would Element 137 Really Spell the End of the Periodic Table ? Philip Ball Examines the Evidence '' . Chemistry World . Royal Society of Chemistry . Archived from the original on 21 October 2012 . Retrieved 30 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Eisberg , R. ; Resnick , R. ( 1985 ) . Quantum Physics of Atoms , Molecules , Solids , Nuclei and Particles . Wiley . Jump up ^ Bjorken , J.D. ; Drell , S.D. ( 1964 ) . Relativistic Quantum Mechanics . McGraw - Hill . Jump up ^ Greiner , W. ; Schramm , S. ( 2008 ) . `` Resource Letter QEDV - 1 : The QED vacuum '' . American Journal of Physics. 76 ( 6 ) : 509 . doi : 10.1119 / 1.2820395. , and references therein . ^ Jump up to : Scerri , Eric ( 9 August 2013 ) . `` Is there an optimal periodic table and other bigger questions in the philosophy of science '' . ericscerri23.blogspot.com.au . Eric Scerri . Archived from the original on 13 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Sella , Andrea ( 7 August 2013 ) . `` An elementary history lesson '' . New Scientist ( 2929 ) . Archived from the original on 3 July 2016 . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Bibliography Ball , P. ( 2002 ) . The Ingredients : A Guided Tour of the Elements . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 284100 - 9 . Chang , R. ( 2002 ) . Chemistry ( 7th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill Higher Education . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 284100 - 1 . Gray , T. ( 2009 ) . The Elements : A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe . New York : Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57912 - 814 - 2 . Greenwood , N.N. ; Earnshaw , A. ( 1984 ) . Chemistry of the Elements . Oxford : Pergamon Press . ISBN 0 - 08 - 022057 - 6 . Huheey , J.E. ; Keiter , E.A. ; Keiter , R.L. Principles of structure and reactivity ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Harper Collins College Publishers . ISBN 0 - 06 - 042995 - X . Moore , J.T. ( 2003 ) . Chemistry For Dummies . For Dummies ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Wiley Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7645 - 5430 - 8 . Scerri , E. ( 2007 ) . The periodic table : Its story and its significance . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 530573 - 6 . Scerri , E. ( 2011 ) . The periodic table : A very short introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 958249 - 5 . Venable , F.P. ( 1896 ) . The Development of the Periodic Law . Easton , Pennsylvania : Chemical Publishing Company . OCLC 776059614 . 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"A period is a horizontal row in the periodic table. Although groups generally have more significant periodic trends, there are regions where horizontal trends are more significant than vertical group trends, such as the f-block, where the lanthanides and actinides form two substantial horizontal series of elements.[23]"
] | [
"period"
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-8518361270860576462 | List of WWE Intercontinental Champions | List of WWE Intercontinental Champions - wikipedia List of WWE Intercontinental Champions Jump to : navigation , search Seven - time and current champion The Miz The WWE Intercontinental Championship is a professional wrestling championship contested in and owned by the American promotion WWE on the Raw brand . The title was introduced into WWE in 1979 , which was known as the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) at the time . Pat Patterson , holder of the WWF North American Heavyweight Championship , was awarded the title ( with the kayfabe explanation that he won a tournament in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil and unified the North American and South American titles ) . The Intercontinental Championship has been called the second most important championship in the company , after the WWE Championship . It has been active in WWE for the second longest period , but is the third oldest active title , behind the WWE Championship ( 1963 ) and the United States Championship ( 1975 ) , the latter of which was acquired from World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) in 2001 . In 2002 , the WWF was renamed to World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) , and the championship was renamed as the WWE Intercontinental Championship . As a result of the 2017 WWE Superstar Shake - up , it is exclusively contested on the Raw brand . Overall , there have been 78 different Intercontinental Champions . Chris Jericho holds the record for the most reigns with nine , The Honky Tonk Man holds the longest reign at 454 days . Only three more wrestlers -- Pedro Morales , Don Muraco , and Randy Savage -- have held the championship for a continuous reign of more than a year . The current champion is The Miz , who is in his seventh reign . He won the championship by defeating Dean Ambrose at Extreme Rules in Baltimore , Maryland on June 4 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Title history 1.1 Names 1.2 Reigns 2 Combined reigns 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Title history ( edit ) Names ( edit ) Name Years WWF Intercontinental ( Heavyweight ) Championship September 1 , 1979 -- May 6 , 2002 WWE Intercontinental Championship May 6 , 2002 -- October 20 , 2002 ; May 18 , 2003 -- present Reigns ( edit ) As of September 18 , 2017 . Reign The reign number for the specific champion listed Location The city in which the title was won Event The event promoted by the respective promotion in which the title was won † Indicates the reign is not recognized by WWE + Indicates the current reign is changing daily No . Wrestler Reign Date Days held Location Event Notes Ref . Pat Patterson 000000001979 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 1979 7002233000000000000 ♠ 233 Rio de Janeiro , Brazil -- Patterson became the first champion as a result of defeating Ted DiBiase to win the WWF North American Heavyweight Championship on June 19 , 1979 in Allentown , Pennsylvania , and defeating Johnny Rodz in a fictional tournament final in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil to unify the North American Heavyweight Championship with the fictional South American Heavyweight Championship to create the WWF Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship . Ken Patera 000000001980 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 1980 7002231000000000000 ♠ 231 New York , NY House show Pedro Morales 000000001980 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1980 7002194000000000000 ♠ 194 New York , NY House show Don Muraco 000000001981 - 06 - 20 - 0000 June 20 , 1981 7002156000000000000 ♠ 156 Philadelphia , PA House show 5 Pedro Morales 000000001981 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 1981 7002425000000000000 ♠ 425 New York , NY House show 6 Don Muraco 000000001983 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1983 7002385000000000000 ♠ 385 New York , NY House show 7 Tito Santana 000000001984 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 1984 7002226000000000000 ♠ 226 Boston , MA House show 8 Greg Valentine 000000001984 - 09 - 24 - 0000 September 24 , 1984 7002285000000000000 ♠ 285 London , ON Maple Leaf Wrestling Aired on tape delay on October 13 , 1984 . 9 Tito Santana 000000001985 - 07 - 06 - 0000 July 6 , 1985 7002217000000000000 ♠ 217 Baltimore , MD House show This was a steel cage match . 10 Randy Savage 000000001986 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 1986 7002414000000000000 ♠ 414 Boston , MA House show 11 Ricky Steamboat 000000001987 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 1987 7001650000000000000 ♠ 65 Pontiac , MI WrestleMania III 12 The Honky Tonk Man 000000001987 - 06 - 02 - 0000 June 2 , 1987 7002454000000000000 ♠ 454 Buffalo , NY Superstars of Wrestling Aired on tape delay on June 13 , 1987 . By mid-1988 , the title was renamed the WWF Intercontinental Championship . 13 The Ultimate Warrior 000000001988 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 1988 7002216000000000000 ♠ 216 New York , NY SummerSlam 14 Rick Rude 000000001989 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 1989 7002148000000000000 ♠ 148 Atlantic City , NJ WrestleMania V 15 The Ultimate Warrior 000000001989 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28 , 1989 7002216000000000000 ♠ 216 East Rutherford , NJ SummerSlam -- Vacated -- 000000001990 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 1990 -- Toronto , ON WrestleMania VI The title was vacated when The Ultimate Warrior defeated Hulk Hogan for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship . 16 Mr. Perfect 000000001990 - 04 - 23 - 0000 April 23 , 1990 7002126000000000000 ♠ 126 Austin , TX Superstars of Wrestling Defeated Tito Santana in a tournament final for the vacant title . Aired on tape delay on May 19 , 1990 . 17 The Texas Tornado 000000001990 - 08 - 27 - 0000 August 27 , 1990 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 Philadelphia , PA SummerSlam 18 Mr. Perfect 000000001990 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 1990 7002280000000000000 ♠ 280 Rochester , NY Superstars of Wrestling Aired on tape delay on December 15 , 1990 . 19 Bret Hart 000000001991 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 , 1991 7002144000000000000 ♠ 144 New York , NY SummerSlam 20 The Mountie 000000001992 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1992 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Springfield , MA House show 21 Roddy Piper 000000001992 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 1992 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 Albany , NY Royal Rumble 22 Bret Hart 000000001992 - 04 - 05 - 0000 April 5 , 1992 7002146000000000000 ♠ 146 Indianapolis , IN WrestleMania VIII 23 The British Bulldog 000000001992 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 1992 7001590000000000000 ♠ 59 London , England SummerSlam 24 Shawn Michaels 000000001992 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 1992 7002202000000000000 ♠ 202 Terre Haute , IN Saturday Night 's Main Event Aired on tape delay on November 14 , 1992 . 25 Marty Jannetty 000000001993 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 1993 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 New York , NY Raw 26 Shawn Michaels 000000001993 - 06 - 06 - 0000 June 6 , 1993 7002113000000000000 ♠ 113 Albany , NY House show -- Vacated -- 000000001993 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 1993 -- -- -- Shawn Michaels was stripped of the title for failing to defend it within 30 days . In reality , Michaels was suspended for testing positive for steroids . 27 Razor Ramon 000000001993 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 1993 7002198000000000000 ♠ 198 New Haven , CT Raw Ramon and Rick Martel were the final two participants in a battle royal , in which the last two would face off the next week for the vacant title ; Ramon won the match which aired on tape delay on October 11 , 1993 . However , Michaels returned in November 1993 , claiming to be the legitimate champion as nobody defeated him for the title ( though not recognized as such by WWF ) . Ramon went on to defeat Michaels in a ladder match on March 20 , 1994 at WrestleMania X to become the undisputed champion . 28 Diesel 000000001994 - 04 - 13 - 0000 April 13 , 1994 7002138000000000000 ♠ 138 Rochester , NY Superstars Aired on tape delay on April 30 , 1994 . 29 Razor Ramon 000000001994 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 1994 7002146000000000000 ♠ 146 Chicago , IL SummerSlam 30 Jeff Jarrett 000000001995 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1995 7001940000000000000 ♠ 94 Tampa , FL Royal Rumble -- Vacated -- 000000001995 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 1995 -- Moline , IL Action Zone Held up when match between Jeff Jarrett and Bob `` Spark Plug '' Holly ended in controversy . 31 Jeff Jarrett 000000001995 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 1995 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Moline , IL Action Zone Defeated Bob Holly in a rematch for the vacant title . Aired on tape delay on April 30 , 1995 . 32 Razor Ramon 000000001995 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 1995 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Montreal , QC House show This was a ladder match . WWE recognizes Ramon 's reign as lasting 3 days , ending on May 22 , 1995 . 33 Jeff Jarrett 000000001995 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21 , 1995 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 Trois - Rivières , QC House show WWE recognizes Jarrett 's reign as lasting 62 days , beginning on May 22 , 1995 . 34 Shawn Michaels 000000001995 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23 , 1995 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 Nashville , TN In Your House 2 : The Lumberjacks 35 Dean Douglas 000000001995 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 1995 < 1 Winnipeg , MB In Your House 4 : Great White North Won the title by forfeit due to Shawn Michaels being attacked outside a nightclub in Syracuse , NY on October 14 , 1995 . 36 Razor Ramon 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 37 Goldust 000000001996 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1996 7001710000000000000 ♠ 71 Fresno , CA Royal Rumble WWE recognizes Goldust 's reign as lasting 64 days , ending on March 25 , 1996 . -- Vacated -- 000000001996 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 1996 -- San Bernardino , CA Raw Held up when a title defense against Savio Vega ended in a no contest . Aired on tape delay on April 15 , 1996 . 38 Goldust 000000001996 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 1996 7001830000000000000 ♠ 83 San Bernardino , CA Raw Defeated Savio Vega in a rematch for the vacant title . Aired on tape delay on April 22 , 1996 . 39 Ahmed Johnson 000000001996 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 1996 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 Milwaukee , WI King of the Ring WWE recognizes Johnson 's reign as lasting 58 days , ending on August 19 , 1996 . -- Vacated -- 000000001996 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 , 1996 -- Seattle , WA Raw Ahmed Johnson forfeited the title after being attacked by the debuting Faarooq after winning an 11 - man battle royal . 40 Marc Mero 000000001996 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 1996 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Hershey , PA Raw Defeated Faarooq in a tournament final for the vacant title . 41 Hunter Hearst Helmsley 000000001996 - 10 - 21 - 0000 October 21 , 1996 7002115000000000000 ♠ 115 Fort Wayne , IN Raw 42 Rocky Maivia 000000001997 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1997 7001740000000000000 ♠ 74 Lowell , MA Raw 43 Owen Hart 000000001997 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 1997 7001970000000000000 ♠ 97 Omaha , NE Raw Is War 44 Stone Cold Steve Austin 000000001997 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 1997 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 East Rutherford , NJ SummerSlam WWE mistakenly lists Austin 's reign as lasting 64 days , ending on October 5 , 1997 . -- Vacated -- 000000001997 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 1997 -- -- -- Vacated due to a neck injury that Stone Cold Steve Austin suffered in winning the title . 45 Owen Hart 000000001997 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 1997 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 St. Louis , MO Badd Blood : In Your House Defeated Faarooq in a tournament final for the vacant title . 46 Stone Cold Steve Austin 000000001997 - 11 - 09 - 0000 November 9 , 1997 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 Montreal , QC Survivor Series 47 The Rock 000000001997 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1997 7002265000000000000 ♠ 265 Portland , ME Raw Is War Austin handed the championship belt to The Rock , who was formerly known as Rocky Maivia . 48 Triple H 000000001998 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 1998 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 New York , NY SummerSlam This was a ladder match . Triple H was formerly known as Hunter Hearst Helmsley . WWE mistakenly lists Triple H 's reign as lasting 44 days , ending on October 12 , 1998 . -- Vacated -- 000000001998 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 1998 -- -- -- Vacated due to injury . 49 Ken Shamrock 000000001998 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1998 7002125000000000000 ♠ 125 Uniondale , NY Raw Is War Defeated X-Pac in a tournament final for the vacant title . 50 Val Venis 000000001999 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 1999 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 Memphis , TN In Your House : St. Valentine 's Day Massacre Billy Gunn was the guest referee . 51 Road Dogg 000000001999 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 1999 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 San Jose , CA Raw Is War 52 Goldust 000000001999 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 1999 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 East Rutherford , NJ Raw Is War 53 The Godfather 000000001999 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 1999 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 Detroit , MI Raw Is War 54 Jeff Jarrett 000000001999 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 1999 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 Moline , IL Raw Is War WWE recognizes Jarrett 's reign as lasting 54 days , beginning on May 31 , 1999 , when the episode aired on tape delay . 55 Edge 000000001999 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 , 1999 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Toronto , ON House show 56 Jeff Jarrett 5 000000001999 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 1999 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffalo , NY Fully Loaded WWE recognizes Jarrett 's reign as lasting 1 day , ending on July 26 , 1999 . 57 D'Lo Brown 000000001999 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 1999 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 Columbus , OH Raw Is War This was a title for title match , where Brown also defended the European Championship . Brown became the first Eurocontinental Champion . Aired on tape delay on August 2 , 1999 . WWE recognizes Brown 's reign as lasting 27 days , beginning on July 26 , 1999 . 58 Jeff Jarrett 6 000000001999 - 08 - 22 - 0000 August 22 , 1999 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 Minneapolis , MN SummerSlam Jarrett also won the European Championship in the match to become the second Eurocontinental Champion . 59 Chyna 000000001999 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 1999 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 Cleveland , OH No Mercy This was a Good Housekeeping match . 60 Chris Jericho 000000001999 - 12 - 12 - 0000 December 12 , 1999 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Sunrise , FL Armageddon -- Chris Jericho and Chyna 000000002000 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2000 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Miami , FL Raw Is War On December 28 , 1999 ( aired December 30 , 1999 ) on SmackDown ! , a title match between Chyna and Jericho ended in a double pinfall ; as a result they were recognized as co-champions . WWE does n't recognize this period as an official reign as the title is considered vacant . 61 Chris Jericho 000000002000 - 01 - 23 - 0000 January 23 , 2000 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 New York , NY Royal Rumble Jericho defeated Chyna and Hardcore Holly in a triple threat match to become undisputed champion . 62 Kurt Angle 000000002000 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 2000 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Hartford , CT No Way Out Earlier that month , Angle had also won the European Championship . This win made Angle the third and final Eurocontinental Champion . 63 Chris Benoit 000000002000 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 2000 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Anaheim , CA WrestleMania 2000 This was a two - fall triple threat match , also involving Chris Jericho , in which Kurt Angle defended both championships . The person to get the first fall won the Intercontinental Championship and the person to score the second fall won the European Championship ; Benoit scored the first fall to win the Intercontinental Championship . WWE recognizes Benoit 's reign as lasting 32 days , ending on May 4 , 2000 , when the following episode aired on tape delay . They incorrectly list his reign as ending on May 22 , 2000 , and lasting 50 days . 64 Chris Jericho 000000002000 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2000 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Richmond , VA SmackDown ! WWE recognizes Jericho 's reign as lasting 5 days , beginning on May 4 , 2000 , when the episode aired on tape delay . 65 Chris Benoit 000000002000 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 2000 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 Uniondale , NY Raw Is War 66 Rikishi 000000002000 - 06 - 20 - 0000 June 20 , 2000 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Memphis , TN SmackDown ! WWE recognizes Rikishi 's reign as beginning on June 22 , 2000 and ending on July 6 , 2000 , both episodes of which aired on tape delay . 67 Val Venis 000000002000 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 2000 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 Fort Lauderdale , FL SmackDown ! WWE recognizes Venis 's reign as lasting 52 days , beginning on July 6 , 2000 , when the episode aired on tape delay . 68 Chyna 000000002000 - 08 - 27 - 0000 August 27 , 2000 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Raleigh , NC SummerSlam Won the title in a mixed tag team match that pitted Chyna and Eddie Guerrero against Val Venis and Trish Stratus ; Chyna pinned Trish to win Venis ' title . 69 Eddie Guerrero 000000002000 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4 , 2000 7001780000000000000 ♠ 78 Lexington , KY Raw Is War This was a triple threat match , also involving Kurt Angle . WWE recognizes Guerrero 's reign as lasting 80 days , ending on November 23 , 2000 , when the following episode aired on tape delay . 70 Billy Gunn 000000002000 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 2000 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 Sunrise , FL SmackDown ! WWE recognizes Gunn 's reign as lasting 17 days , beginning on November 23 , 2000 , when the episode aired on tape delay . 71 Chris Benoit 000000002000 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 2000 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Birmingham , AL Armageddon 72 Chris Jericho 000000002001 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2001 7001720000000000000 ♠ 72 New Orleans , LA Royal Rumble This was a ladder match . WWE recognizes Jericho 's reign as lasting 74 days , ending on April 5 , 2001 , when the following episode aired on tape delay . 73 Triple H 000000002001 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 2001 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Oklahoma City , OK SmackDown ! WWE recognizes Triple H 's reign as beginning on April 5 , 2001 and ending on April 12 , 2001 , both episodes of which aired on tape delay . 74 Jeff Hardy 000000002001 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 2001 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Philadelphia , PA SmackDown ! WWE recognizes Hardy 's reign as lasting 4 days , beginning on April 12 , 2001 , when the episode aired on tape delay . 75 Triple H 000000002001 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 2001 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Knoxville , TN Raw Is War 76 Kane 000000002001 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 2001 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 Sacramento , CA Judgment Day This was a chain match . WWE recognizes Kane 's reign as lasting 39 days , ending on June 28 , 2001 , when the following episode aired on tape delay . 77 Albert 000000002001 - 06 - 26 - 0000 June 26 , 2001 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 New York , NY SmackDown ! This was a no disqualification match . WWE recognizes Albert 's reign as lasting 25 days , beginning on June 28 , 2001 , when the episode aired on tape delay . 78 Lance Storm 000000002001 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23 , 2001 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Buffalo , NY Raw Is War 79 Edge 000000002001 - 08 - 19 - 0000 August 19 , 2001 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 San Jose , CA SummerSlam 80 Christian 000000002001 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 2001 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Pittsburgh , PA Unforgiven 81 Edge 000000002001 - 10 - 21 - 0000 October 21 , 2001 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 St. Louis , MO No Mercy This was a ladder match . 82 Test 000000002001 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2001 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Uniondale , NY Raw 83 Edge 000000002001 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2001 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 Greensboro , NC Survivor Series This was a title unification match , where Edge also defended the WCW United States Championship . The United States Championship was deactivated in favor of continuing the Intercontinental Championship . 84 William Regal 000000002002 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 2002 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 Atlanta , GA Royal Rumble 85 Rob Van Dam 000000002002 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2002 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Toronto , ON WrestleMania X8 On March 25 , the brand extension began , in which wrestlers and championships became exclusive to either the Raw or SmackDown ! brands , represented by the show of the same name . The title became exclusive to Raw when Van Dam was drafted to the Raw brand . 86 Eddie Guerrero 000000002002 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2002 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 Kansas City , MO Backlash On May 6 , 2002 , after the World Wrestling Federation was renamed `` World Wrestling Entertainment '' due to a lawsuit by the World Wide Fund for Nature , the title was subsequently renamed to WWE Intercontinental Championship . 87 Rob Van Dam 000000002002 - 05 - 27 - 0000 May 27 , 2002 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 Edmonton , AB Raw This was a ladder match . 88 Chris Benoit 000000002002 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 , 2002 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Greensboro , NC Raw The title became exclusive to SmackDown when Benoit defected to SmackDown on July 30 , 2002 . Aired on tape delay on August 1 , 2002 . WWE incorrectly list Benoit 's reign as ending on August 26 , 2002 , and lasting 28 days . 89 Rob Van Dam 000000002002 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 , 2002 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Uniondale , NY SummerSlam The title was returned to Raw due to Van Dam 's status as a Raw wrestler . WWE incorrectly list Van Dam 's reign as beginning on August 6 , 2002 , and lasting 41 days . 90 Chris Jericho 5 000000002002 - 09 - 16 - 0000 September 16 , 2002 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Denver , CO Raw 91 Kane 000000002002 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 2002 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Houston , TX Raw 92 Triple H 5 000000002002 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2002 < 1 North Little Rock , AR No Mercy This was a title unification match to unify the Intercontinental Championship with Triple H 's World Heavyweight Championship . -- Unified -- 000000002002 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2002 -- North Little Rock , AR No Mercy Unified with Triple H 's World Heavyweight Championship ; the Intercontinental Championship was deactivated . 93 Christian 000000002003 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2003 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 Charlotte , NC Judgment Day Co-General Manager Stone Cold Steve Austin reactivated the title . Christian won the revived title in a battle royal . 94 Booker T 000000002003 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 2003 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Montreal , QC Raw That same month the United States Championship was reactivated for the SmackDown brand as the Intercontinental title 's counterpart . 95 Christian 000000002003 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 2003 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 Des Moines , IA House show 96 Rob Van Dam 000000002003 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2003 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Rosemont , IL Raw This was a ladder match . 97 Chris Jericho 6 000000002003 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2003 < 1 Fayetteville , NC Raw 98 Rob Van Dam 5 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 This was a steel cage match . 99 Randy Orton 000000002003 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 2003 7002210000000000000 ♠ 210 Orlando , FL Armageddon Mick Foley was the guest referee . 100 Edge 5 000000002004 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2004 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 Hartford , CT Vengeance -- Vacated -- 000000002004 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2004 -- Wichita Falls , TX Raw Vacated due to injury . 101 Chris Jericho 7 000000002004 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 , 2004 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 Portland , OR Unforgiven Defeated Christian in a ladder match for the vacant title . 102 Shelton Benjamin 000000002004 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 2004 7002244000000000000 ♠ 244 Milwaukee , WI Taboo Tuesday Due to the stipulation of the event , fans could vote for who would face Chris Jericho for the title ; Benjamin had the most votes . WWE recognizes Benjamin 's reign as lasting 245 days . 103 Carlito 000000002005 - 06 - 20 - 0000 June 20 , 2005 7001900000000000000 ♠ 90 Phoenix , AZ Raw WWE incorrectly list Carlito 's reign as ending on September 19 , 2005 , and lasting 91 days . 104 Ric Flair 000000002005 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 2005 7002155000000000000 ♠ 155 Oklahoma City , OK Unforgiven WWE incorrectly list Flair 's reign as beginning on September 19 , 2005 , and lasting 154 days . 105 Shelton Benjamin 000000002006 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 2006 7001690000000000000 ♠ 69 Trenton , NJ Raw 106 Rob Van Dam 6 000000002006 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 2006 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Lexington , KY Backlash This was a title for contract match , where Van Dam also defended his Money in the Bank contract . 107 Shelton Benjamin 000000002006 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 2006 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 Lubbock , TX Raw This was a 3 - on - 2 handicap Texas tornado match , featuring Benjamin , Chris Masters , and Triple H against WWE Champion John Cena and Rob Van Dam , in which anyone who beat Cena or Van Dam would win their respective title ; Benjamin pinned Van Dam . 108 Johnny Nitro 000000002006 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 2006 7001990000000000000 ♠ 99 Charlotte , NC Vengeance This was a triple threat match , also involving Carlito . 109 Jeff Hardy 000000002006 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 2006 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Topeka , KS Raw 110 Johnny Nitro 000000002006 - 11 - 06 - 0000 November 6 , 2006 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Columbus , OH Raw This was a no disqualification match . 111 Jeff Hardy 000000002006 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2006 7001980000000000000 ♠ 98 Manchester , England Raw 112 Umaga 000000002007 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 2007 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 Bakersfield , CA Raw 113 Santino Marella 000000002007 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 2007 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 Milan , Italy Raw This was a No Holds Barred match . Santino was `` picked out of the audience '' by Vince McMahon . 114 Umaga 000000002007 - 07 - 02 - 0000 July 2 , 2007 7001610000000000000 ♠ 61 Dallas , TX Raw WWE recognizes Umaga 's reign as lasting 63 days , ending on September 3 , 2007 , when the following episode aired on tape delay . 115 Jeff Hardy 000000002007 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 2007 7002191000000000000 ♠ 191 Columbus , OH Raw WWE recognizes Hardy 's reign as lasting 190 days , beginning on September 3 , 2007 , when the episode aired on tape delay . 116 Chris Jericho 8 000000002008 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 2008 7002111000000000000 ♠ 111 Milwaukee , WI Raw 117 Kofi Kingston 000000002008 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2008 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 Dallas , TX Night of Champions 118 Santino Marella 000000002008 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 2008 7001850000000000000 ♠ 85 Indianapolis , IN SummerSlam Won the title in an intergender tag team match in which both the Intercontinental and Women 's Championship were on the line . The title was won when partner Beth Phoenix pinned Mickie James . 119 William Regal 000000002008 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2008 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 Manchester , England Raw 120 CM Punk 000000002009 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2009 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 Rosemont , IL Raw This was a no disqualification match . 121 John Bradshaw Layfield 000000002009 - 03 - 09 - 0000 March 9 , 2009 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Jacksonville , FL Raw 122 Rey Mysterio 000000002009 - 04 - 05 - 0000 April 5 , 2009 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 Houston , TX WrestleMania XXV The title became exclusive to SmackDown following the 2009 WWE draft . 123 Chris Jericho 9 000000002009 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2009 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 New Orleans , LA Extreme Rules This was a No Holds Barred match . 124 Rey Mysterio 000000002009 - 06 - 28 - 0000 June 28 , 2009 7001650000000000000 ♠ 65 Sacramento , CA The Bash This was a mask vs. title match . WWE recognizes Mysterio 's reign as lasting 68 days , ending on September 4 , 2009 , when the following episode aired on tape delay . 125 John Morrison 000000002009 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 2009 7002103000000000000 ♠ 103 Cleveland , OH SmackDown WWE recognizes Morrison 's reign as lasting 100 days , beginning on September 4 , 2009 , when the episode aired on tape delay . John Morrison was formerly known as Johnny Nitro . 126 Drew McIntyre 000000002009 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2009 7002161000000000000 ♠ 161 San Antonio , TX TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs On May 7 , 2010 , SmackDown General Manager Theodore Long suspended McIntyre and vacated the title . The following week on SmackDown , Kofi Kingston won a tournament to declare a new champion , but Vince McMahon reverted Long 's decision , nullifying Kingston 's win and continuing McIntyre 's . 127 Kofi Kingston 000000002010 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2010 7001660000000000000 ♠ 66 Detroit , MI Over the Limit WWE recognizes Kingston 's reign as lasting 75 days , ending on August 6 , 2010 , when the following episode aired on tape delay . 128 Dolph Ziggler 000000002010 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 2010 7002160000000000000 ♠ 160 Laredo , TX SmackDown WWE recognizes Ziggler 's reign as lasting 154 days , beginning on August 6 , 2010 , and ending on January 7 , 2011 , both episodes of which aired on tape delay . 129 Kofi Kingston 000000002011 - 01 - 04 - 0000 January 4 , 2011 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 Tucson , AZ SmackDown WWE recognizes Kingston 's reign as beginning on January 7 , 2011 and ending on March 25 , 2011 , both episodes of which aired on tape delay . 130 Wade Barrett 000000002011 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2011 7001890000000000000 ♠ 89 Columbus , OH SmackDown WWE recognizes Barrett 's reign as lasting 86 days , beginning on March 25 , 2011 , when the episode aired on tape delay . 131 Ezekiel Jackson 000000002011 - 06 - 19 - 0000 June 19 , 2011 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 Washington , D.C. Capitol Punishment WWE recognizes Jackson 's reign as lasting 54 days , ending on August 12 , 2011 , when the following episode aired on tape delay . 132 Cody Rhodes 000000002011 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 2011 7002236000000000000 ♠ 236 Sacramento , CA SmackDown WWE recognizes Rhodes 's reign as lasting 234 days , beginning on August 12 , 2011 , when the episode aired on tape delay . On August 29 , 2011 , the brand extension ended , allowing the Intercontinental Champion to appear on both Raw and SmackDown . 133 Big Show 000000002012 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 2012 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Miami Gardens , FL WrestleMania XXVIII 134 Cody Rhodes 000000002012 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 2012 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Rosemont , IL Extreme Rules This was a tables match . WWE recognizes Rhodes 's reign as lasting 22 days . 135 Christian 000000002012 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 2012 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 Raleigh , NC Over the Limit 136 The Miz 000000002012 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23 , 2012 7001850000000000000 ♠ 85 St. Louis , MO Raw 1000 137 Kofi Kingston 000000002012 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 2012 7001740000000000000 ♠ 74 Memphis , TN Main Event Aired on tape delay on October 17 , 2012 . WWE recognizes Kingston 's reign as lasting 75 days . 138 Wade Barrett 000000002012 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 2012 7001990000000000000 ♠ 99 Washington , D.C. Raw Aired on tape delay on December 31 , 2012 . 139 The Miz 000000002013 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 2013 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 East Rutherford , NJ WrestleMania 29 Match aired live on YouTube and WWE.com as part of the WrestleMania 29 pre-show . WWE recognizes The Miz 's reign as lasting 2 days . 140 Wade Barrett 000000002013 - 04 - 08 - 0000 April 8 , 2013 7001690000000000000 ♠ 69 East Rutherford , NJ Raw 141 Curtis Axel 000000002013 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2013 7002155000000000000 ♠ 155 Rosemont , IL Payback This was a triple threat match , also involving The Miz . WWE recognizes Axel 's reign as lasting 156 days . 142 Big E Langston 000000002013 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2013 7002167000000000000 ♠ 167 Nashville , TN Raw On February 12 , 2014 , Big E Langston 's ring name was shortened to Big E . 143 Bad News Barrett 000000002014 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2014 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 East Rutherford , NJ Extreme Rules Bad News Barrett was formerly known as Wade Barrett . WWE recognizes Barrett 's reign as lasting 58 days . -- Vacated -- 000000002014 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2014 -- Hartford , CT Raw Title vacated due to a shoulder injury . 144 The Miz 000000002014 - 07 - 20 - 0000 July 20 , 2014 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Tampa , FL Battleground This was a 19 - man battle royal . Miz last eliminated Dolph Ziggler to win the vacant title . 145 Dolph Ziggler 000000002014 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 2014 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Los Angeles , CA SummerSlam WWE recognizes Ziggler 's reign as lasting 36 days . 146 The Miz 000000002014 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2014 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Nashville , TN Night of Champions 147 Dolph Ziggler 000000002014 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 2014 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 Memphis , TN Raw WWE recognizes Ziggler 's reign as lasting 57 days . 148 Luke Harper 000000002014 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2014 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Roanoke , VA Raw 149 Dolph Ziggler 000000002014 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 2014 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Cleveland , OH TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs This was a ladder match . WWE recognizes Ziggler 's reign as lasting 23 days . 150 Bad News Barrett 5 000000002015 - 01 - 05 - 0000 January 5 , 2015 7001830000000000000 ♠ 83 Corpus Christi , TX Raw Dolph Ziggler originally retained his title against Barrett , but Director of Operations Kane made the match a two - out - of - three falls match , which Barrett won . 151 Daniel Bryan 000000002015 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2015 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 Santa Clara , CA WrestleMania 31 This was a seven - way ladder match , also involving Dean Ambrose , Dolph Ziggler , Luke Harper , R - Truth , and Stardust . WWE recognizes Bryan 's reign as lasting 44 days . -- Vacated -- 000000002015 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11 , 2015 -- Cincinnati , OH Raw Title vacated due to injury . 152 Ryback 000000002015 - 05 - 31 - 0000 May 31 , 2015 7002112000000000000 ♠ 112 Corpus Christi , TX Elimination Chamber This was an Elimination Chamber match for the vacant title , also involving Sheamus , Dolph Ziggler , Mark Henry , R - Truth , and King Barrett . 153 Kevin Owens 000000002015 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 2015 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 Houston , TX Night of Champions WWE recognizes Owens 's reign as lasting 85 days . 154 Dean Ambrose 000000002015 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2015 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 Boston , MA TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs 155 Kevin Owens 000000002016 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 2016 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 Anaheim , CA Raw This was a fatal five - way match , also involving Tyler Breeze , Stardust , and Dolph Ziggler . 156 Zack Ryder 000000002016 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 2016 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Arlington , TX WrestleMania 32 This was a seven - way ladder match , also involving Dolph Ziggler , Sami Zayn , Stardust , Sin Cara , and The Miz . WWE recognizes Ryder 's reign as lasting 2 days . 157 The Miz 5 000000002016 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2016 7002188000000000000 ♠ 188 Dallas , TX Raw The brand extension returned and the title became exclusive to the SmackDown brand following the 2016 WWE draft . 158 Dolph Ziggler 5 000000002016 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 2016 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 Sacramento , CA No Mercy This was a title vs. career match . 159 The Miz 6 000000002016 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2016 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 Wilkes - Barre , PA SmackDown 900 Live 160 Dean Ambrose 000000002017 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2017 7002152000000000000 ♠ 152 Jacksonville , FL SmackDown Live The title became exclusive to the Raw brand following the 2017 WWE Superstar Shake - up . 161 The Miz 7 000000002017 - 06 - 04 - 0000 June 4 , 2017 7002106000000000000 ♠ 106 + Baltimore , MD Extreme Rules If Ambrose was disqualified , he would have lost the title . Combined reigns ( edit ) Inaugural champion Pat Patterson Record nine - time champion Chris Jericho The Honky Tonk Man , whose 454 - day reign is the longest in history As of September 18 , 2017 . † Indicates the current champion Rank Wrestler No. of reigns Combined days Combined days recognized by WWE Morales , Pedro Pedro Morales 619 Muraco , Don Don Muraco 541 Miz ! The Miz † 7 458 + 459 + Honky , The Tonk Man ! The Honky Tonk Man 454 5 Santana , Tito Tito Santana 443 6 Razor Ramon ! Razor Ramon 437 438 7 Ultimate Warrior ! The Ultimate Warrior 432 8 Savage , Randy Randy Savage 414 9 Michaels , Shawn Shawn Michaels 406 Perfect ! Mr. Perfect 406 11 Barrett , Bad News ! Wade Barrett / Bad News Barrett 5 397 395 12 Benjamin , Shelton Shelton Benjamin 354 355 13 Rock ! Rocky Maivia / The Rock 339 14 Hardy , Jeff Jeff Hardy 330 327 15 Jericho , Chris Chris Jericho 9 318 319 16 Ziggler , Dolph Dolph Ziggler 5 310 307 17 Jarrett , Jeff Jeff Jarrett 6 298 290 18 Hart , Bret Bret Hart 290 19 Valentine , Greg Greg Valentine 285 20 Kingston , Kofi Kofi Kingston 266 276 21 Rhodes , Cody Cody Rhodes 257 256 22 Patterson , Pat Pat Patterson 233 23 Patera , Ken Ken Patera 231 24 Ambrose , Dean Dean Ambrose 216 25 Van Dam , Rob Rob Van Dam 6 211 26 Orton , Randy Randy Orton 210 27 Morrison , John ! Johnny Nitro / John Morrison 209 206 28 Triple H ! Hunter Hearst Helmsley / Triple H 5 196 200 29 Christian ! Christian 192 30 Edge ! Edge 5 171 31 Goldust ! Goldust 168 161 32 Big E ! Big E 167 33 Marella , Santino Santino Marella 162 34 McIntyre , Drew Drew McIntyre 161 35 Axel , Curtis Curtis Axel 155 156 Flair , Ric Ric Flair 155 37 Rude , Rick Rick Rude 148 38 Benoit , Chris Chris Benoit 142 144 39 Diesel ! Diesel 138 40 Owens , Kevin Kevin Owens 132 133 Hart , Owen Owen Hart 132 42 Mysterio , Rey Rey Mysterio 128 131 43 Regal , William William Regal 126 44 Shamrock , Ken Ken Shamrock 125 45 Umaga ! Umaga 117 119 46 Guerrero , Eddie Eddie Guerrero 114 116 47 Ryback ! Ryback 112 48 Carlito ! Carlito 90 49 Tornado , The Texas ! The Texas Tornado 84 50 Venis , Val Val Venis 83 81 51 Piper , Roddy Roddy Piper 77 52 Austin , Stone Cold Steve ! Stone Cold Steve Austin 65 93 Steamboat , Ricky Ricky Steamboat 65 54 Chyna ! Chyna 64 55 British Bulldog , The ! The British Bulldog 59 56 Kane ! Kane 57 59 57 Jackson , Ezekiel Ezekiel Jackson 51 54 58 Johnson , Ahmed Ahmed Johnson 50 58 59 CM Punk ! CM Punk 49 60 Bryan , Daniel Daniel Bryan 43 44 Godfather ! The Godfather 43 62 Angle , Kurt Kurt Angle 35 63 Booker T ! Booker T 34 64 Big Show ! Big Show 28 Mero , Marc Marc Mero 28 66 Albert ! Albert 27 25 Layfield , John Bradshaw ! John Bradshaw Layfield 27 Storm , Lance Lance Storm 27 Harper , Luke Luke Harper 27 70 Brown , D'Lo D'Lo Brown 26 27 71 Jannetty , Marty Marty Jannetty 20 72 Gunn , Billy Billy Gunn 19 17 73 Rikishi ! Rikishi 14 Road Dogg ! Road Dogg 14 75 Test ! Test 13 76 Mountie ! The Mountie 77 Ryder , Zack Zack Ryder 78 Douglas , Dean Dean Douglas < 1 See also ( edit ) Professional wrestling portal List of WWE Champions List of WWE Universal Champions List of WWE United States Champions List of WWE Raw Tag Team Champions List of WWE SmackDown Tag Team Champions List of WWE Raw Women 's Champions List of WWE SmackDown Women 's Champions List of current champions in WWE References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` IC Title origin '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pat Patterson 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Pat Patterson '' . Slam ! Wrestling . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Andy ( 2008 - 11 - 25 ) . `` Intercontinental title DVD a decent collection '' . Slam ! Wrestling . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` World Wrestling Federation Entertainment Drops The `` F '' To Emphasize the `` E '' for Entertainment `` . WWE. 2002 - 05 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` WWE Intercontinental Title '' . Wrestling-titles.com . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` WWE Intercontinental Championship history '' . WWE . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Patera 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Pedro Morales ' first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Don Muraco 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Pedro Morales ' second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 03 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Don Muraco 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Tito Santana 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Greg Valentine 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Tito Santana 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Randy Savage 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Ricky Steamboat 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` WWF Superstars results '' . Wrestling Information Archive . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Honky Tonk Man 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Ultimate Warrior 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Rude 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Ultimate Warrior 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Perfect 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Tornado 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Perfect 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Bret Hart 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Mountie 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Intercontinental Championship - Roddy Piper '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Intercontinental Championship - Bret Hart '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The British Bulldog 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday Night 's Main Event results '' . Wrestling Supercards and Tournaments . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Michaels ' first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Marty Jannetty 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Michaels ' second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ ( Michaels & Feigenbaum 2005 , p. 182 ) ; DVD Heartbreak & Triumph : The Shawn Michaels Story . ^ Jump up to : `` Razor Ramon 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` WWF Monday Night RAW results , 1993 '' . Wrestling Information Archive . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Diesel 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Razor Ramon 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Jarrett 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jeff Jarrett 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Razor Ramon 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Jarrett 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Michaels ' third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Dean Douglas ' first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Razor Ramon 's fourth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Goldust 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` WWF Monday Night RAW results , 1996 '' . Wrestling Information Archive . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Goldust 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ahmed Johnson 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Marc Mero 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Triple H 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Rock 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Owen Hart 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steve Austin 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` World Wrestling Entertainment Intercontinental Championship history '' . CompleteWWE.com . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Owen Hart 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Blood results '' . Wrestling Supercards and Tournaments . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Austin 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Rock 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Triple H 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Shamrock 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` WWF Raw is War results , 1998 '' . Wrestling Information Archive . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Val Venis ' first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Miscellaneous 1990s PPV results '' . Wrestling Supercards and Tournaments . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Road Dogg 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Goldust 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Godfather 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Jarrett 's fourth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Edge 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Jarrett 's fifth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` D'Lo Brown 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Jarrett 's sixth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Chyna 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` No Mercy official results '' . WWE . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Jericho 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chris Jericho 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Benoit 's first reign '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Jericho 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Benoit 's second reign '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Rikishi 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Val Venis ' second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Chyna 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Guerrero 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Gunn 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Benoit 's third reign '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Jericho 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Triple H 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Hardy 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Triple H 's fourth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Kane 's first reign '' . WWE.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Judgment Day official results '' . WWE.com . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Albert 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Lance Storm 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Edge 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Christian 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Edge 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Test 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Edge 's fourth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` William Regal 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Van Dam 's first reign '' . WWE . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie 's reign WWE '' . CompleteWWE.com . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Guerrero 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Van Dam 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Benoit 's fourth reign '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : McAvennie , Michael ( 2003 ) . `` WWE The Yearbook : 2003 Edition '' . Pocket Books . Jump up ^ `` Rob Van Dam 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Jericho 's fifth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Kane 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Triple H 's fifth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Christian 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Booker T 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Christian 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Van Dam 's fourth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Jericho 's sixth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Van Dam 's fifth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Randy Orton 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Edge 's fifth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Jericho 's seventh reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Shelton Benjamin 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Carlito 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Ric Flair 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Shelton Benjamin 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Van Dam 's sixth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Shelton Benjamin 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Nitro 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Hardy 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Nitro 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Hardy 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Umaga 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Santino Marella 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Umaga 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Hardy 's fourth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( 2012 - 09 - 03 ) . `` WWE Raw Flashback Series - 5 yrs . ago ( 09 - 03 - 07 ) : Umaga vs. Hardy , Umaga vs. Triple H , week before McMahon `` illegitimate son '' reveal `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Jericho 's eighth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Kofi Kingston 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Santino Marella 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` William Regal 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` CM Punk 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` JBL 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Mysterio 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Jericho 's ninth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Rey Mysterio 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` John Morrison 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Drew McIntyre 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Kofi Kingston 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Dolph Ziggler 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Kofi Kingston 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Benjamin ( 22 March 2011 ) . `` WWE News : Smackdown spoilers 3 / 25 - Quick Smackdown results for Friday 's show including a significant development '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved 23 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ezekiel Jackson 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Cody Rhodes 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Big Show 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Michael Burdick ( April 23 , 2012 ) . `` Intercontinental Champion Big Show vs. Cody Rhodes '' . WWE . Jump up ^ Giannini , Alex ( 20 May 2012 ) . `` Christian def . Intercontinental Champion Cody Rhodes '' . WWE . Retrieved 21 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Miz 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Kofi Kingston 's fourth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Wade Barrett 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Miz 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Wade Barrett 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Curtis Axel 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Big E Langston 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Bad News Barrett 's fourth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam ( June 30 , 2014 ) . `` Bad News Barrett update , Intercontinental title vacated '' . WrestleView . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Miz 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Dolph Ziggler 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Miz 's fourth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Dolph Ziggler 's third reign '' . WWE . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( 2014 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Caldwell 's WWE Raw results 11 / 17 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of live Raw - final Survivor Series hype , main event Contract Signing , new IC champion , more `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Dolph Ziggler 's fourth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Bad News Barrett 's fifth reign '' . WWE . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Bryan 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony ( 2015 - 05 - 11 ) . `` Daniel Bryan relinquished the Intercontinental Championship '' . WWE . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Ryback 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Owens ' first reign '' . WWE . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Dean Ambrose 's first reign '' . WWE . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Owens ' second reign '' . WWE . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James . `` 4 / 3 WrestleMania 32 PPV Results -- CALDWELL 's Complete Live Report on Main PPV '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James . `` 4 / 4 WWE Raw Results -- CALDWELL 's Complete Report on post-WM32 '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . 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External links ( edit ) Official WWE Intercontinental Championship Title History Wrestling-Titles.com : Intercontinental Championship Current championships in WWE Championships Raw Universal ( reigns ) Intercontinental ( reigns ) Women 's ( reigns ) Cruiserweight ( reigns ) Tag Team ( reigns ) SmackDown WWE ( reigns ) United States ( reigns ) Women 's ( reigns ) Tag Team ( reigns ) NXT NXT ( reigns ) United Kingdom ( reigns ) Women 's ( reigns ) Tag Team ( reigns ) Accomplishments André the Giant Memorial Trophy Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic Triple Crown Grand Slam King of the Ring Money in the Bank Royal Rumble Slammy Award WWE tournaments Former championships WWE Intercontinental Champions Pat Patterson Ken Patera Pedro Morales Don Muraco Tito Santana Greg Valentine Randy Savage Ricky Steamboat The Honky Tonk Man The Ultimate Warrior Rick Rude Mr. Perfect The Texas Tornado Bret Hart The Mountie Roddy Piper The British Bulldog Shawn Michaels Marty Jannetty Razor Ramon Diesel Jeff Jarrett Dean Douglas Goldust Ahmed Johnson Marc Mero Hunter Hearst Helmsley / Triple H Rocky Maivia / The Rock Owen Hart Stone Cold Steve Austin Ken Shamrock Val Venis Road Dogg The Godfather Edge D'Lo Brown Chyna Chris Jericho Kurt Angle Chris Benoit Rikishi Eddie Guerrero Billy Gunn Jeff Hardy Kane Albert Lance Storm Christian Test William Regal Rob Van Dam Booker T Randy Orton Shelton Benjamin Carlito Ric Flair Johnny Nitro / John Morrison Umaga Santino Marella Kofi Kingston CM Punk John `` Bradshaw '' Layfield Rey Mysterio Drew McIntyre Dolph Ziggler Wade Barrett / Bad News Barrett Ezekiel Jackson Cody Rhodes Big Show The Miz ( current ) Curtis Axel Big E Langston Luke Harper Daniel Bryan Ryback Kevin Owens Dean Ambrose Zack Ryder Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_WWE_Intercontinental_Champions&oldid=801208443 '' Categories : WWE championships Professional wrestling champion lists Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Français Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 09 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the longest reigning wwe intercontinental champion | [
"Overall, there have been 78 different Intercontinental Champions. Chris Jericho holds the record for the most reigns with nine, The Honky Tonk Man holds the longest reign at 454 days. Only three more wrestlers – Pedro Morales, Don Muraco, and Randy Savage – have held the championship for a continuous reign of more than a year. The current champion is The Miz, who is in his seventh reign. He won the championship by defeating Dean Ambrose at Extreme Rules in Baltimore, Maryland on June 4, 2017."
] | [
"The Honky Tonk Man"
] |
-1684587227477882737 | Kane County Cougars | Kane County Cougars - wikipedia Kane County Cougars Kane County Cougars Founded in 1991 Geneva , Illinois Team logo Cap insignia Class - level Current Class - A Minor league affiliations League Midwest League ( 1991 -- present ) Division Western Division Major league affiliations Current Arizona Diamondbacks ( 2015 -- present ) Previous Chicago Cubs ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Kansas City Royals ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Oakland Athletics ( 2003 -- 2010 ) Florida Marlins ( 1993 -- 2002 ) Baltimore Orioles ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Minor league titles League titles ( 2 ) 2001 2014 Division titles ( 4 ) 2001 2006 2014 Team data Nickname Kane County Cougars Previous names Wausau Timbers ( 1975 -- 1990 ) Decatur Commodores ( 1952 -- 1974 ) Ballpark Northwestern Medicine Field Previous parks Athletic Park ( Wausau , WI ) Fans Field ( Decatur , IL ) Manager Blake Lalli General Manager Curtis Haug Kane County Cougars , playing the Wisconsin Timber Rattlers at Fox Cities Stadium on June 9 , 2006 . The Kane County Cougars are a Class A Minor League Baseball team , affiliated with the Arizona Diamondbacks , that plays in the Midwest League . Their home games are played at Northwestern Medicine Field in Geneva , Illinois , about 35 miles ( 56 km ) west of Chicago . Contents ( hide ) 1 Team History 2 Playoffs 3 Mascots 4 Roster 5 Team affiliations 6 Notable alumni 7 References 8 External links Team history ( edit ) The Midwest League came to Kane County in 1991 when the Wausau Timbers relocated to Geneva , IL . The Wausau ( 1975 - 1990 ) Midwest League franchise was previously based in Decatur , Illinois ( 1952 -- 74 ) . The team has been known as the Cougars since moving to Kane County . They were affiliated with the Baltimore Orioles in 1991 and 1992 , with the Florida Marlins from 1993 to 2002 , the Oakland Athletics from 2003 until 2010 , the Kansas City Royals for the 2011 and 2012 seasons , and the Chicago Cubs for the 2013 and 2014 seasons before affiliating with the Arizona Diamondbacks in 2015 . As a Marlins farm team some key contributors to the 2003 World Series championship team played in Kane County on their way to the big leagues . Miguel Cabrera has had a notable career and 2003 Series MVP Josh Beckett played for the Cougars in 2000 , while Dontrelle Willis had the league 's best winning percentage and earned run average in 2002 . The Cougars play their home games at Northwestern Medicine Field , built in 1991 . The franchise attendance record of 523,222 was set in 2001 . The Cougars are perennially among the league leaders in attendance . On July 20 , 2013 the Cougars became the first Class A team to attract 10 million fans . Nancy Faust , after 40 years with the Chicago White Sox , was the stadium organist for selected Cougar home games until her retirement after the 2015 season . Playoffs ( edit ) Season Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals 1991 - L , 2 - 0 , Madison - - - - - - - - - - 1995 L , 2 - 1 , West Michigan - - - - - W , 2 - 0 , Wisconsin W , 2 - 0 , Cedar Rapids L , 3 - 2 , Lansing 1998 - - - 1999 W , 2 - 1 , Quad Cities L , 2 - 0 , Burlington - 2000 L , 2 - 1 , Wisconsin - - 2001 W , 2 - 0 , Beloit W , 2 - 0 , Wisconsin W , 1 - 0 , South Bend 2002 - - - 2003 L , 2 - 1 , Clinton - - W , 2 - 1 , Peoria W , 2 - 0 , Clinton L , 3 - 2 , West Michigan 2005 - - - 2006 W , 2 - 1 , Quad Cities W , 2 - 0 , Beloit L , 3 - 1 , West Michigan 2007 - - - 2008 L , 2 - 0 , Burlington - - 2009 L , 2 - 0 , Burlington - - W , 2 - 1 , Quad Cities L , 2 - 1 , Clinton - 2011 W , 2 - 1 , Burlington L , 2 - 0 , Quad Cities - 2012 L , 2 - 0 , Fort Wayne - - 2013 - - - 2014 W , 2 - 0 , Wisconsin W , 2 - 0 , Cedar Rapids W , 3 - 0 , Lake County 2015 L , 2 - 0 , Peoria - - 2016 - - - 2017 L , 2 - 0 , Cedar Rapids - - Mascots ( edit ) The team 's mascots are Ozzie T. Cougar and his sister Annie T. Cougar . Roster ( edit ) Kane County Cougars roster Players Coaches / Other Pitchers 11 Abraham Almonte 23 Jeff Bain 9 Cole Bartlett -- Cal Becker ‡ 36 Jhoan Duran 7 Erbert Gonzalez -- Carlos Hernandez 22 Mack Lemieux 32 Jayson McKinley 30 Rafael Pujols 18 Brian Shaffer 38 Cole Stapler 12 Juan Torres 44 Breckin Williams 45 Jake Winston Catchers 10 Jose Herrera 6 Tim Susnara Infielders 3 Jasrado Chisholm 1 Jancarlos Cintron 8 Luis Lara 19 Eudy Ramos 2 Yan Sanchez 29 Yoel Yanqui Outfielders 17 Ernie De La Trinidad 14 Eduardo Diaz 33 Ryan Grotjohn 5 Gabriel Maciel 14 Luis Silverio Manager 15 Blake Lalli Coaches 24 Carlos Mesa 13 Rich Sauveur ( pitching ) 16 Rick Short ( hitting ) 7 - day disabled list * On Arizona Diamondbacks 40 - man roster # Rehab assignment ∞ Reserve list ‡ Restricted list § Suspended list † Temporary inactive list Roster updated July 1 , 2018 Transactions → More rosters : MiLB Midwest League → Arizona Diamondbacks minor league players Team affiliations ( edit ) Level Team League Location Major League Arizona Diamondbacks National League Phoenix , Arizona AAA Reno Aces Pacific Coast League Reno , Nevada AA Mobile BayBears Southern League Mobile , Alabama Advanced A Visalia Rawhide California League Visalia , California Kane County Cougars Midwest League Geneva , Illinois Short Season A Hillsboro Hops Northwest League Hillsboro , Oregon Rookie Missoula Osprey Pioneer League Missoula , Montana Notable alumni ( edit ) Notable franchise alumni with the Decatur Commodores and the Wausau Timbers : Miguel Cabrera ( 2001 ) 10 x MLB All - Star ; 4 × AL Batting Champion ( 2011 -- 2013 , 2015 ) ; 2 × AL Home Run Leader ( 2008 , 2012 ) ; 2 × AL RBI Leader ( 2010 , 2012 ) ; 2 × AL MVP ( 2012 , 2013 ) ; 2012 AL Triple Crown Dontrelle Willis ( 2002 ) 2 x MLB All - Star ; 2003 NL Rookie of the Year Huston Street ( 2004 ) 2 x MLB All - Star ; 2005 AL Rookie of the Year Andrew Bailey ( 2007 ) 2 x MLB All - Star ; 2009 AL Rookie of the Year Mark Grudzielanek ( 2015 , MGR ) MLB All - Star Scott Baker ( 2013 ) Shawn Camp ( 2013 ) Mark Johnson ( 2013 - 14 , MGR ) Ryan Sweeney ( 2013 - 14 ) Luis Valbuena ( 2013 ) Yordano Ventura ( 2011 ) Vance Wilson ( 2011 , MGR ) Tyson Ross ( 2008 ) MLB All - Star Trevor Cahill ( 2007 ) MLB All - Star Sean Doolittle ( 2007 ) Jeff Gray ( 2006 ) Cliff Pennington ( 2005 ) Ryan Webb ( 2005 ) Dallas Braden ( 2004 ) John Baker ( 2003 ) Joe Blanton ( 2003 ) Nelson Cruz ( 2003 ) 4 x MLB All - Star ; 2011 ALCS MVP ; 2014 MLB Home Run Leader Andre Ethier ( 2003 ) 2 x MLB All - Star Adrian Gonzalez ( 2001 ) 5 x MLB All - Star ; 2014 NL RBI Leader Josh Willingham ( 2001 ) Josh Beckett ( 2000 ) 3 x MLB All - Star ; 2003 World Series MVP ; 2007 ALCS MVP ; 2007 MLB Wins Leader Russ Morman ( 2000 - 01 , MGR ) Josh Wilson ( 2000 ) Nate Robertson ( 1999 - 2000 ) Claudio Vargas ( 1999 ) Rick Renteria ( 1999 , MGR ) A.J. Burnett ( 1998 ) MLB All - Star ; 2008 AL Strikeout Leader Scott Podsednik ( 1997 ) MLB All - Star ; 2004 NL Stolen Base Leader Ryan Dempster ( 1996 ) 2 x MLB All - Star Alex Gonzalez ( 1996 ) Mark Kotsay ( 1996 ) Randy Winn ( 1996 ) MLB All - Star Luis Castillo ( 1995 ) 3 x GG ; 3 x MLB All - Star ; 2 x NL Stolen Base Leader ( 2000 , 2002 ) Ryan Jackson ( 1995 ) Brian Meadows ( 1995 ) Antonio Alfonseca ( 1994 ) 2000 NL Saves Leader Félix Heredia ( 1994 ) Kevin Millar ( 1994 ) Hector Carrasco ( 1993 ) Charles Johnson ( 1993 ) 4 x GG ; 2 x MLB All - Star Mike Redmond ( 1993 - 94 ) Édgar Rentería ( 1993 ) 2 x GG ; 5 x MLB All - Star ; 2010 World Series MVP Carlos Tosca ( 1993 , MGR ) Alex Ochoa ( 1992 ) Joel Youngblood ( 1992 , MGR ) MLB All - Star Joe Borowski ( 1991 ) Tom Martin ( 1991 ) Brad Pennington ( 1991 ) Gregg Zaun ( 1991 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.milb.com/milb/info/classifications.jsp Jump up ^ `` Cougars Announce Affiliation With Arizona Diamondbacks '' . Kane County Cougars . September 24 , 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi Jump up ^ http://atmilb.com/2f0ZmkD Jump up ^ http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-07-22/news/ct-tl-geneva-10-millionth-cougar-20130725_1_elfstrom-general-manager-curtis-haug-minor-league-baseball Jump up ^ `` New - Look Ozzie T. Cougar -- ' Coolest Cougar ' in Kane County ? '' . Kane County Connects . February 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Annie T. Cougar Is Baseball Team 's Newest Mascot '' . Suburban Chronicle . June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Major League Cougars Kane County Cougars Roster '' . Kane County Cougars . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kane County Cougars . Kane County Cougars web site The Baseball Cube - Kane County Cougars Historical Statistics Arizona Diamondbacks Established in 1998 Based in Phoenix , Arizona Franchise History Expansion Expansion draft Records No - hitters Players Owners and executives Managers Broadcasters Seasons Opening Day starters First - round draft picks Ballparks Chase Field Spring training : Tucson Electric Park Salt River Fields at Talking Stick Culture Baxter the Bobcat D - backs Luchador The Last Night of the Yankee Dynasty Lore Randy Johnson 's perfect game Key personnel Owner : Ken Kendrick President and CEO : Derrick Hall General Manager : Mike Hazen Manager : Torey Lovullo World Series championships ( 1 ) 2001 National League pennants ( 1 ) 2001 Division titles ( 5 ) 1999 2001 2002 2007 2011 Wild Card berths ( 1 ) 2017 Minor league affiliates AAA : Reno Aces AA : Jackson Generals A Adv. : Visalia Rawhide A : Kane County Cougars Short A : Hillsboro Hops Rookie Adv : Missoula Osprey Rookie : AZL Diamondbacks DSL Diamondbacks 1 DSL Diamondbacks 2 Broadcasting Television Fox Sports Arizona Radio KMVP - FM KTAR ( AM ) Arizona Diamondbacks Radio Networks Broadcasters Steve Berthiaume Greg Schulte Bob Brenly Tom Candiotti Seasons ( 21 ) 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Midwest League Eastern Division Bowling Green Hot Rods Dayton Dragons Fort Wayne TinCaps Great Lakes Loons Lake County Captains Lansing Lugnuts South Bend Cubs West Michigan Whitecaps Western Division Beloit Snappers Burlington Bees Cedar Rapids Kernels Clinton LumberKings Kane County Cougars Peoria Chiefs Quad Cities River Bandits Wisconsin Timber Rattlers Defunct teams Battle Creek Yankees Danville Dodgers Danville Warriors Decatur Commodores Dubuque Packers Kenosha Twins Keokuk Cardinals Keokuk Dodgers Kokomo Dodgers Madison Muskies Madison Hatters Michigan Battle Cats Michigan City White Caps Midwest Dodgers Paris Lakers Quincy Cubs Quincy Gems Rockford Cubbies Rockford Expos Rockford Reds Rockford Royals Southwest Michigan Devil Rays Springfield Cardinals Waterloo Diamonds Waterloo Hawks Waterloo Indians Wausau Mets Wausau Timbers Wisconsin Rapids Twins Champions Rosters Sports teams based in the Chicago metropolitan area Baseball MLB Chicago Cubs Chicago White Sox MWL Kane County Cougars AA Chicago Dogs Gary SouthShore RailCats FL Joliet Slammers Schaumburg Boomers Windy City ThunderBolts MCL DuPage County Hounds Joliet Admirals NWI Oilmen Southland Vikings PL DuPage Drones Basketball NBA Chicago Bulls WNBA Chicago Sky G League Windy City Bulls ABA Chicago Fury Chicago Steam Libertyville VIpers Football NFL Chicago Bears WFA Chicago Force LFL Chicago Bliss Hockey NHL Chicago Blackhawks AHL Chicago Wolves USHL Chicago Steel Lacrosse CILL Chicago Outlaws MCLC Chicago Lacrosse Club Chitown Lacrosse Club Lincoln Park Lacrosse Club Windy City Lacrosse Club Roller derby USARS Chicago Red Hots WFTDA Chicago Outfit Roller Derby Windy City Rollers Rugby RSL Chicago Griffins RFC Chicago Lions RFC Soccer MLS Chicago Fire NWSL Chicago Red Stars PDL Chicago FC United Indoor soccer M2 Chicago Mustangs Softball NPF Chicago Bandits Australian rules football USAFL Chicago Swans College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) Chicago State Cougars DePaul Blue Demons Loyola Ramblers Northern Illinois Huskies Northwestern Wildcats UIC Flames Valparaiso Crusaders College athletics ( NCAA Division II ) Lewis Flyers Sports teams based in Illinois Baseball MLB Chicago Cubs Chicago White Sox MWL Kane County Cougars Peoria Chiefs FL Gateway Grizzlies Joliet Slammers Normal CornBelters Schaumburg Boomers Southern Illinois Miners Windy City ThunderBolts NWL Rockford Rivets PL Danville Dans Quincy Gems Springfield Sliders Basketball NBA Chicago Bulls WNBA Chicago Sky G League Windy City Bulls ABA Chicago Fury Chicago Steam Libertyville Vipers Windy City Groove IBA Kankakee County Soldiers Rockford Riverdawgs Windy City Blazers MPBA Champaign Swarm Chicago Force Pontiac 66ers Windy City Groove Football NFL Chicago Bears CIF Quad City Steamwheelers Ind Bloomington Edge , Chicago Falcons LFL Chicago Bliss Hockey NHL Chicago Blackhawks AHL Chicago Wolves Rockford IceHogs SPHL Peoria Rivermen FHL Danville Dashers USHL Central Illinois Flying Aces Chicago Steel NAHL Springfield Jr . Blues Inline hockey MLRH Chicago Carnage Roller derby USARS Chicago Red Hots WFTDA Chicago Outfit Roller Derby McLean County MissFits Rockford Rage Southern Illinois Roller Girls Twin City Derby Girls Windy City Rollers Rugby RSL Chicago Griffins RFC Chicago Lions RFC MRFU Rowdies Rugby Football Club Springfield Celts Rugby Club Soccer MLS Chicago Fire PDL Chicago Fire U-23 NPSL Quad City Eagles PLA Aurora Borealis SC RWB Adria NWSL Chicago Red Stars WPSL Chicago Red Stars Reserves Indoor soccer M2 Chicago Mustangs Softball NPF Chicago Bandits Ultimate AUDL Chicago Wildfire College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) Bradley Braves Chicago State Cougars DePaul Blue Demons Eastern Illinois Panthers Illinois Fighting Illini Illinois State Redbirds Loyola Ramblers Northern Illinois Huskies Northwestern Wildcats SIU Edwardsville Cougars Southern Illinois Salukis UIC Flames Western Illinois Leathernecks College athletics ( NCAA Division II ) Lewis Flyers McKendree Bearcats Quincy Hawks UIS Prairie Stars Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kane_County_Cougars&oldid=846352904 '' Categories : Sports clubs established in 1991 Midwest League teams Sports in Kane County , Illinois Professional baseball teams in Illinois Geneva , Illinois Arizona Diamondbacks minor league affiliates Chicago Cubs minor league affiliates Kansas City Royals minor league affiliates Oakland Athletics minor league affiliates Miami Marlins minor league affiliates Baltimore Orioles minor league affiliates Baseball teams in Chicago 1991 establishments in Illinois Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 06 : 11 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who are the kane county cougars affiliated with | [
"The Kane County Cougars are a Class A Minor League Baseball team, affiliated with the Arizona Diamondbacks,[2] that plays in the Midwest League. Their home games are played at Northwestern Medicine Field in Geneva, Illinois, about 35 miles (56 km) west of Chicago.\n"
] | [
"Arizona Diamondbacks"
] |
2525455413835606389 | Super Dancer | Super dancer - Wikipedia Super dancer Jump to : navigation , search Super Dancer Dance Ka Kal Genre Dance Reality Created by Ashish Golwalkar Ranjeet Thakur Ujjwal Anand Arvind Rao Presented by Rithvik Dhanjani Paritosh Tripathi Judges Shilpa Shetty Kundra Geeta Kapoor Anurag Basu Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of seasons 02 Production Producer ( s ) Ranjeet Thakur Hemant Ruprell Location ( s ) Mumbai , India Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 45 minutes approx . Production company ( s ) Frames Productions Distributor Sony Pictures Networks Release Original network Sony Entertainment Television Sony Entertainment Television Asia Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release 10 September 2016 -- Present External links Website Super Dancer is an Indian Hindi kids dance reality television series , which airs on Sony Entertainment Television and Sony Entertainment Television Asia. The winner of season 1 of this series is Ditya Bhande. The series is produced by Ranjeet Thakur and Hemant Ruprell for their production house Frames Productions . The show was won By Ditya Bhande and choreographer Ruel Dausan.me anshu Singh be super dancer chapter 3 me Ana chata hu my number 7970080239 please muja moka do me Bhopal me rata hu please . Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept 2 Season 1 2.1 Participants 2.2 Power Card Entry 3 Season 2 3.1 Participants 3.2 Power Card Entry 3.3 Robo Girl Trend 3.4 5 - Year Old Dancers 3.5 Season 4 References Concept ( edit ) The show Super Dancer - Dance Ka Kal aims to find a kid prodigy who has the potential to be the future of dance . The kids are aged between 4 and 13 years of age . They are not only required to have 3Ds of dancing - Desire , Discipline and Determination - but also should be a keen learner , adaptable to all dance styles and circumstances and should be a passionate dancer with a unique personality . This show is an ideal opportunity for every kid to hone their talent and dancing skills . After the initial auditions and mega auditions , 12 Super Dancers are selected to be competing for the title of Dance Ka Kal ( future of dance ) . They are each paired with one choreographer ( Super Guru ) who has a unique style similar to theirs . These Super Gurus train them , choreograph acts for them and also perform with them . The Super Dancers perform on Saturdays and along with their choreographers on Sunday . The performances are voted by the audience every week on the website or the SonyLiv App . On the basis of the number of votes , one kid is being eliminated every week . Season 1 ( edit ) Participants ( edit ) Contestant From Choreographer Notes Ditya Sagar Bhande Mumbai Ruel Dausan WINNER Dipali Borkar Pune Sonali Kar Finalist Masoom Narzary Guwahati Palden Lama Mawroh Finalist Yogesh Sharma Mathura Vaibhav Ghughe Finalist Laxman Kumbhar Raipur Paul Marshal Finalist Eliminated on 23 October 2016 Power Card entry on 30 October 2016 Siddhanth Damedhar Aurangabad Shyam Yadav Eliminated on 23 October 2016 Power Card entry on 30 October 2016 Eliminated on 26 November 2016 Ashis Das Guwahati Lipsa Acharya Eliminated on 19 November 2016 Ananya Choksi Raipur Amrita Maitra Eliminated on 12 November 2016 Varsha Mishra Agra Nishant Bhat Eliminated on 16 October 2016 Harsh Prajapati Jaipur Anuja Eliminated on 16 October 2016 Mahi Soni Chattarpur Sneha Kapoor Eliminated on 9 October 2016 Lakshay Sinha Malda Biki Das Eliminated Power Card Entry ( edit ) Five contestants - Laxman Kumbhar , Siddhanth Damedhar ( both of whom were eliminated from the show earlier ) , Lakshay Sinha ( who could n't perform earlier in the competition due to his injury ) , Tiyash Saha & Harsh Dhara ( both standby contestants ) were called back on 30 October 2016 to gain a Power Card Entry into the competition . The judges chose Laxman Kumbhar & Siddhanth Damedhar and they Re-entered the competition . Winner Ditya Sagar Bhande from Mumbai won the first season of Super dancer . Her choreographer was Ruel Dausan . Season 2 ( edit ) Participants ( edit ) Contestant From Choreographer Notes Bishal Sharma Jorhat , Assam Vaibhav Ghuge Ritik Diwaker Kanpur , Uttar Pradesh Pratik Ramesh Utekar Akash Thapa Dehradun , Uttarakhand Vivek Chachere Shagun Singh Bhilai , Chhattisgarh Aishwarya Radhakrishnan Vaishnavi Prajapati Panipat , Haryana Manan Sachdeva Power card entry on 26th November 2017 Akash Mitra Patna , Bihar Rishikaysh Jogadaand Power card entrant ( Eliminated on 25 February 2018 ) Muskan Sharma Indore , Madhya Pradesh Paul Marshal Eliminated on 11th February 2018 Mishti Sinha Ahmednagar , Maharashtra Omkar Shinde Palden Lama Mawroh Eliminated on 12 November 2017 Power card entry on 26th November 2017 Eliminated on 26th January 2018 Arushi Saxena Ludhiana , Punjab Nishant Bhat Eliminated on 14 January 2018 Vivek Jogdande Aurangabad , Maharashtra Ruel Dausan Varindani Eliminated on 19th November 2017 Jyoti Ranjan Sahu Bhubaneswar , Odisha Anuradha Iyengar Eliminated on 19 November 2017 Abir Rahman Kolkata , West Bengal Sonali Kar Eliminated on 12 November 2017 Kunal Jyoti Rabha Guwahati , Assam Palden Lama Mawroh Eliminated on 29 October 2017 Chandresh Delwar Indore , Madhya Pradesh Khushboo Gupta Eliminated on 29 October 2017 Power Card Entry ( edit ) Three contestants , Vaishnavi Prajapati from Panipat with her Super Guru Manan , Akash Mitra from Patna with his Super Guru Rishikesh Jogdand and Mishti Sinha from Ahmednagar with her Super Guru Palden Lama Mowroh took a return on Power Card Entry . With top 9 , voting started . For almost 6 weeks at a stretch , there was not a single elimination on the show . Firstly , Arushi Saxena ( known as all rounder of the show ) had to leave the show by normal elimination and provided the show Super 8 . Mishti Sinha had to bid goodbye to the show due to an injury in her leg . Doctors suggested her to have respite and show got Super 7 . Robo girl trend ( edit ) Muskan Sharma termed as `` robotic girl '' of the show had set a trend of perfect indomitable robotics . She pursued such a different and tough dance form making many persons her fan . She performed robotics with contemporary and salsa which gave her a distinct look . Appreciated , she was said as trendsetter by shilpa shetty as the incredible girl invigorated and emboldened many other girls to chase robotics . Her Super Guru Paul always tried to present a message in her dance in which they were invincible . But voted less till super 7 , she was eliminated . 5 - year old Dancers ( edit ) Akash mitra is an amazing child on the show . He is always indifferent to all the situations and is termed as `` God Ka Favourite Bachcha '' . With his Super Guru Rishikesh , this 5 year old showcase his talent in many styles . He is majorly seen in feud with his friend Vaishnavi . Vaishnavi is a 5 year old talented girl on the show who gets tickled easily . Judges were shocked when they come to know about her handicapped but willing mentor . She and her Super Guru Manan does simple but effective acts on the stage without getting encumbered . Season ( edit ) Tellyserialwiki , Super Dancer Season 2 : Winner Name 2018 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sony 's four new shows from different genres '' . Indian Television . 14 May 2016 . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Super Dancer Official Site '' . superdancer.sonyliv.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 23 . Super Dancer Season 1 Season 2 Judges Shilpa Shetty Geeta Kapoor Anurag Basu Presenters Paritosh Tripathi Rithvik Dhanjani Jay Bhanushali Finalists Contestants Ditya Bhande ( Winner ) Masoom Narzary Dipali Borkar Yogesh Sharma Laxman Kumbhar Choreographers Ruel Dausan Varindani ( Winner ) Palden Lama Mawroh Sonali Kar Vaibhav Ghuge Paul Marshal Cardoz Current broadcasts on Sony Entertainment Television India Mystery CID Crime Patrol Dial 100 Crime Patrol Satark Reality and comedy The Drama Company Super Dancer Drama Ek Deewaana Tha Haasil Rishta Likhenge Hum Naya Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai History and mythology Mere Sai Porus Prithvi Vallabh - Itihaas Bhi , Rahasya Bhi Vighnaharta Ganesha List of former shows Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Dancer&oldid=828205239 '' Categories : 2010s Indian television series 2016 Indian television series debuts Hindi - language television programs Indian dance television shows Indian reality television series Television shows set in Mumbai Sony Entertainment Television series Hidden categories : Use Indian English from May 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from May 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 04 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has eliminated from super dancer chapter 2 | [
"\n\nContestant\nFrom\nChoreographer\nNotes\n\n\n\nBishal Sharma\nJorhat, Assam\nVaibhav Ghuge\n\n\n\nRitik Diwaker\nKanpur, Uttar Pradesh\nPratik Ramesh Utekar\n\n\n\nAkash Thapa\nDehradun, Uttarakhand\nVivek Chachere\n\n\n\nShagun Singh\nBhilai, Chhattisgarh\nAishwarya Radhakrishnan\n\n\n\nVaishnavi Prajapati\nPanipat,Haryana\nManan Sachdeva\nPower card entry on 26th November 2017\n\n\nAkash Mitra\nPatna, Bihar\nRishikaysh Jogadaand\nPower card entrant (Eliminated on 25 February 2018)\n\n\nMuskan Sharma\nIndore, Madhya Pradesh\nPaul Marshal\nEliminated on 11th February 2018\n\n\nMishti Sinha\nAhmednagar, Maharashtra\nOmkar Shinde\nPalden Lama Mawroh\n\nEliminated on 12 November 2017\nPower card entry on 26th November 2017\nEliminated on 26th January 2018\n\n\n\nArushi Saxena\nLudhiana, Punjab\nNishant Bhat\nEliminated on 14 January 2018\n\n\nVivek Jogdande\nAurangabad, Maharashtra\nRuel Dausan Varindani\nEliminated on 19th November 2017\n\n\nJyoti Ranjan Sahu\nBhubaneswar, Odisha\nAnuradha Iyengar\nEliminated on 19 November 2017\n\n\nAbir Rahman\nKolkata, West Bengal\nSonali Kar\nEliminated on 12 November 2017\n\n\nKunal Jyoti Rabha\nGuwahati, Assam\nPalden Lama Mawroh\nEliminated on 29 October 2017\n\n\nChandresh Delwar\nIndore, Madhya Pradesh\nKhushboo Gupta\nEliminated on 29 October 2017\n\n",
"\n\nContestant\nFrom\nChoreographer\nNotes\n\n\n\nBishal Sharma\nJorhat, Assam\nVaibhav Ghuge\n\n\n\nRitik Diwaker\nKanpur, Uttar Pradesh\nPratik Ramesh Utekar\n\n\n\nAkash Thapa\nDehradun, Uttarakhand\nVivek Chachere\n\n\n\nShagun Singh\nBhilai, Chhattisgarh\nAishwarya Radhakrishnan\n\n\n\nVaishnavi Prajapati\nPanipat,Haryana\nManan Sachdeva\nPower card entry on 26th November 2017\n\n\nAkash Mitra\nPatna, Bihar\nRishikaysh Jogadaand\nPower card entrant (Eliminated on 25 February 2018)\n\n\nMuskan Sharma\nIndore, Madhya Pradesh\nPaul Marshal\nEliminated on 11th February 2018\n\n\nMishti Sinha\nAhmednagar, Maharashtra\nOmkar Shinde\nPalden Lama Mawroh\n\nEliminated on 12 November 2017\nPower card entry on 26th November 2017\nEliminated on 26th January 2018\n\n\n\nArushi Saxena\nLudhiana, Punjab\nNishant Bhat\nEliminated on 14 January 2018\n\n\nVivek Jogdande\nAurangabad, Maharashtra\nRuel Dausan Varindani\nEliminated on 19th November 2017\n\n\nJyoti Ranjan Sahu\nBhubaneswar, Odisha\nAnuradha Iyengar\nEliminated on 19 November 2017\n\n\nAbir Rahman\nKolkata, West Bengal\nSonali Kar\nEliminated on 12 November 2017\n\n\nKunal Jyoti Rabha\nGuwahati, Assam\nPalden Lama Mawroh\nEliminated on 29 October 2017\n\n\nChandresh Delwar\nIndore, Madhya Pradesh\nKhushboo Gupta\nEliminated on 29 October 2017\n\n",
"\n\nContestant\nFrom\nChoreographer\nNotes\n\n\n\nBishal Sharma\nJorhat, Assam\nVaibhav Ghuge\n\n\n\nRitik Diwaker\nKanpur, Uttar Pradesh\nPratik Ramesh Utekar\n\n\n\nAkash Thapa\nDehradun, Uttarakhand\nVivek Chachere\n\n\n\nShagun Singh\nBhilai, Chhattisgarh\nAishwarya Radhakrishnan\n\n\n\nVaishnavi Prajapati\nPanipat,Haryana\nManan Sachdeva\nPower card entry on 26th November 2017\n\n\nAkash Mitra\nPatna, Bihar\nRishikaysh Jogadaand\nPower card entrant (Eliminated on 25 February 2018)\n\n\nMuskan Sharma\nIndore, Madhya Pradesh\nPaul Marshal\nEliminated on 11th February 2018\n\n\nMishti Sinha\nAhmednagar, Maharashtra\nOmkar Shinde\nPalden Lama Mawroh\n\nEliminated on 12 November 2017\nPower card entry on 26th November 2017\nEliminated on 26th January 2018\n\n\n\nArushi Saxena\nLudhiana, Punjab\nNishant Bhat\nEliminated on 14 January 2018\n\n\nVivek Jogdande\nAurangabad, Maharashtra\nRuel Dausan Varindani\nEliminated on 19th November 2017\n\n\nJyoti Ranjan Sahu\nBhubaneswar, Odisha\nAnuradha Iyengar\nEliminated on 19 November 2017\n\n\nAbir Rahman\nKolkata, West Bengal\nSonali Kar\nEliminated on 12 November 2017\n\n\nKunal Jyoti Rabha\nGuwahati, Assam\nPalden Lama Mawroh\nEliminated on 29 October 2017\n\n\nChandresh Delwar\nIndore, Madhya Pradesh\nKhushboo Gupta\nEliminated on 29 October 2017\n\n",
"\n\nContestant\nFrom\nChoreographer\nNotes\n\n\n\nBishal Sharma\nJorhat, Assam\nVaibhav Ghuge\n\n\n\nRitik Diwaker\nKanpur, Uttar Pradesh\nPratik Ramesh Utekar\n\n\n\nAkash Thapa\nDehradun, Uttarakhand\nVivek Chachere\n\n\n\nShagun Singh\nBhilai, Chhattisgarh\nAishwarya Radhakrishnan\n\n\n\nVaishnavi Prajapati\nPanipat,Haryana\nManan Sachdeva\nPower card entry on 26th November 2017\n\n\nAkash Mitra\nPatna, Bihar\nRishikaysh Jogadaand\nPower card entrant (Eliminated on 25 February 2018)\n\n\nMuskan Sharma\nIndore, Madhya Pradesh\nPaul Marshal\nEliminated on 11th February 2018\n\n\nMishti Sinha\nAhmednagar, Maharashtra\nOmkar Shinde\nPalden Lama Mawroh\n\nEliminated on 12 November 2017\nPower card entry on 26th November 2017\nEliminated on 26th January 2018\n\n\n\nArushi Saxena\nLudhiana, Punjab\nNishant Bhat\nEliminated on 14 January 2018\n\n\nVivek Jogdande\nAurangabad, Maharashtra\nRuel Dausan Varindani\nEliminated on 19th November 2017\n\n\nJyoti Ranjan Sahu\nBhubaneswar, Odisha\nAnuradha Iyengar\nEliminated on 19 November 2017\n\n\nAbir Rahman\nKolkata, West Bengal\nSonali Kar\nEliminated on 12 November 2017\n\n\nKunal Jyoti Rabha\nGuwahati, Assam\nPalden Lama Mawroh\nEliminated on 29 October 2017\n\n\nChandresh Delwar\nIndore, Madhya Pradesh\nKhushboo Gupta\nEliminated on 29 October 2017\n\n",
"\n\nContestant\nFrom\nChoreographer\nNotes\n\n\n\nBishal Sharma\nJorhat, Assam\nVaibhav Ghuge\n\n\n\nRitik Diwaker\nKanpur, Uttar Pradesh\nPratik Ramesh Utekar\n\n\n\nAkash Thapa\nDehradun, Uttarakhand\nVivek Chachere\n\n\n\nShagun Singh\nBhilai, Chhattisgarh\nAishwarya Radhakrishnan\n\n\n\nVaishnavi Prajapati\nPanipat,Haryana\nManan Sachdeva\nPower card entry on 26th November 2017\n\n\nAkash Mitra\nPatna, Bihar\nRishikaysh Jogadaand\nPower card entrant (Eliminated on 25 February 2018)\n\n\nMuskan Sharma\nIndore, Madhya Pradesh\nPaul Marshal\nEliminated on 11th February 2018\n\n\nMishti Sinha\nAhmednagar, Maharashtra\nOmkar Shinde\nPalden Lama Mawroh\n\nEliminated on 12 November 2017\nPower card entry on 26th November 2017\nEliminated on 26th January 2018\n\n\n\nArushi Saxena\nLudhiana, Punjab\nNishant Bhat\nEliminated on 14 January 2018\n\n\nVivek Jogdande\nAurangabad, Maharashtra\nRuel Dausan Varindani\nEliminated on 19th November 2017\n\n\nJyoti Ranjan Sahu\nBhubaneswar, Odisha\nAnuradha Iyengar\nEliminated on 19 November 2017\n\n\nAbir Rahman\nKolkata, West Bengal\nSonali Kar\nEliminated on 12 November 2017\n\n\nKunal Jyoti Rabha\nGuwahati, Assam\nPalden Lama Mawroh\nEliminated on 29 October 2017\n\n\nChandresh Delwar\nIndore, Madhya Pradesh\nKhushboo Gupta\nEliminated on 29 October 2017\n\n",
"\n\nContestant\nFrom\nChoreographer\nNotes\n\n\n\nBishal Sharma\nJorhat, Assam\nVaibhav Ghuge\n\n\n\nRitik Diwaker\nKanpur, Uttar Pradesh\nPratik Ramesh Utekar\n\n\n\nAkash Thapa\nDehradun, Uttarakhand\nVivek Chachere\n\n\n\nShagun Singh\nBhilai, Chhattisgarh\nAishwarya Radhakrishnan\n\n\n\nVaishnavi Prajapati\nPanipat,Haryana\nManan Sachdeva\nPower card entry on 26th November 2017\n\n\nAkash Mitra\nPatna, Bihar\nRishikaysh Jogadaand\nPower card entrant (Eliminated on 25 February 2018)\n\n\nMuskan Sharma\nIndore, Madhya Pradesh\nPaul Marshal\nEliminated on 11th February 2018\n\n\nMishti Sinha\nAhmednagar, Maharashtra\nOmkar Shinde\nPalden Lama Mawroh\n\nEliminated on 12 November 2017\nPower card entry on 26th November 2017\nEliminated on 26th January 2018\n\n\n\nArushi Saxena\nLudhiana, Punjab\nNishant Bhat\nEliminated on 14 January 2018\n\n\nVivek Jogdande\nAurangabad, Maharashtra\nRuel Dausan Varindani\nEliminated on 19th November 2017\n\n\nJyoti Ranjan Sahu\nBhubaneswar, Odisha\nAnuradha Iyengar\nEliminated on 19 November 2017\n\n\nAbir Rahman\nKolkata, West Bengal\nSonali Kar\nEliminated on 12 November 2017\n\n\nKunal Jyoti Rabha\nGuwahati, Assam\nPalden Lama Mawroh\nEliminated on 29 October 2017\n\n\nChandresh Delwar\nIndore, Madhya Pradesh\nKhushboo Gupta\nEliminated on 29 October 2017\n\n",
"\n\nContestant\nFrom\nChoreographer\nNotes\n\n\n\nBishal Sharma\nJorhat, Assam\nVaibhav Ghuge\n\n\n\nRitik Diwaker\nKanpur, Uttar Pradesh\nPratik Ramesh Utekar\n\n\n\nAkash Thapa\nDehradun, Uttarakhand\nVivek Chachere\n\n\n\nShagun Singh\nBhilai, Chhattisgarh\nAishwarya Radhakrishnan\n\n\n\nVaishnavi Prajapati\nPanipat,Haryana\nManan Sachdeva\nPower card entry on 26th November 2017\n\n\nAkash Mitra\nPatna, Bihar\nRishikaysh Jogadaand\nPower card entrant (Eliminated on 25 February 2018)\n\n\nMuskan Sharma\nIndore, Madhya Pradesh\nPaul Marshal\nEliminated on 11th February 2018\n\n\nMishti Sinha\nAhmednagar, Maharashtra\nOmkar Shinde\nPalden Lama Mawroh\n\nEliminated on 12 November 2017\nPower card entry on 26th November 2017\nEliminated on 26th January 2018\n\n\n\nArushi Saxena\nLudhiana, Punjab\nNishant Bhat\nEliminated on 14 January 2018\n\n\nVivek Jogdande\nAurangabad, Maharashtra\nRuel Dausan Varindani\nEliminated on 19th November 2017\n\n\nJyoti Ranjan Sahu\nBhubaneswar, Odisha\nAnuradha Iyengar\nEliminated on 19 November 2017\n\n\nAbir Rahman\nKolkata, West Bengal\nSonali Kar\nEliminated on 12 November 2017\n\n\nKunal Jyoti Rabha\nGuwahati, Assam\nPalden Lama Mawroh\nEliminated on 29 October 2017\n\n\nChandresh Delwar\nIndore, Madhya Pradesh\nKhushboo Gupta\nEliminated on 29 October 2017\n\n",
"\n\nContestant\nFrom\nChoreographer\nNotes\n\n\n\nBishal Sharma\nJorhat, Assam\nVaibhav Ghuge\n\n\n\nRitik Diwaker\nKanpur, Uttar Pradesh\nPratik Ramesh Utekar\n\n\n\nAkash Thapa\nDehradun, Uttarakhand\nVivek Chachere\n\n\n\nShagun Singh\nBhilai, Chhattisgarh\nAishwarya Radhakrishnan\n\n\n\nVaishnavi Prajapati\nPanipat,Haryana\nManan Sachdeva\nPower card entry on 26th November 2017\n\n\nAkash Mitra\nPatna, Bihar\nRishikaysh Jogadaand\nPower card entrant (Eliminated on 25 February 2018)\n\n\nMuskan Sharma\nIndore, Madhya Pradesh\nPaul Marshal\nEliminated on 11th February 2018\n\n\nMishti Sinha\nAhmednagar, Maharashtra\nOmkar Shinde\nPalden Lama Mawroh\n\nEliminated on 12 November 2017\nPower card entry on 26th November 2017\nEliminated on 26th January 2018\n\n\n\nArushi Saxena\nLudhiana, Punjab\nNishant Bhat\nEliminated on 14 January 2018\n\n\nVivek Jogdande\nAurangabad, Maharashtra\nRuel Dausan Varindani\nEliminated on 19th November 2017\n\n\nJyoti Ranjan Sahu\nBhubaneswar, Odisha\nAnuradha Iyengar\nEliminated on 19 November 2017\n\n\nAbir Rahman\nKolkata, West Bengal\nSonali Kar\nEliminated on 12 November 2017\n\n\nKunal Jyoti Rabha\nGuwahati, Assam\nPalden Lama Mawroh\nEliminated on 29 October 2017\n\n\nChandresh Delwar\nIndore, Madhya Pradesh\nKhushboo Gupta\nEliminated on 29 October 2017\n\n",
"\n\nContestant\nFrom\nChoreographer\nNotes\n\n\n\nBishal Sharma\nJorhat, Assam\nVaibhav Ghuge\n\n\n\nRitik Diwaker\nKanpur, Uttar Pradesh\nPratik Ramesh Utekar\n\n\n\nAkash Thapa\nDehradun, Uttarakhand\nVivek Chachere\n\n\n\nShagun Singh\nBhilai, Chhattisgarh\nAishwarya Radhakrishnan\n\n\n\nVaishnavi Prajapati\nPanipat,Haryana\nManan Sachdeva\nPower card entry on 26th November 2017\n\n\nAkash Mitra\nPatna, Bihar\nRishikaysh Jogadaand\nPower card entrant (Eliminated on 25 February 2018)\n\n\nMuskan Sharma\nIndore, Madhya Pradesh\nPaul Marshal\nEliminated on 11th February 2018\n\n\nMishti Sinha\nAhmednagar, Maharashtra\nOmkar Shinde\nPalden Lama Mawroh\n\nEliminated on 12 November 2017\nPower card entry on 26th November 2017\nEliminated on 26th January 2018\n\n\n\nArushi Saxena\nLudhiana, Punjab\nNishant Bhat\nEliminated on 14 January 2018\n\n\nVivek Jogdande\nAurangabad, Maharashtra\nRuel Dausan Varindani\nEliminated on 19th November 2017\n\n\nJyoti Ranjan Sahu\nBhubaneswar, Odisha\nAnuradha Iyengar\nEliminated on 19 November 2017\n\n\nAbir Rahman\nKolkata, West Bengal\nSonali Kar\nEliminated on 12 November 2017\n\n\nKunal Jyoti Rabha\nGuwahati, Assam\nPalden Lama Mawroh\nEliminated on 29 October 2017\n\n\nChandresh Delwar\nIndore, Madhya Pradesh\nKhushboo Gupta\nEliminated on 29 October 2017\n\n"
] | [
"Akash Mitra",
"Muskan Sharma",
"Mishti Sinha",
"Arushi Saxena",
"Vivek Jogdande",
"Jyoti Ranjan Sahu",
"Abir Rahman",
"Kunal Jyoti Rabha",
"Chandresh Delwar"
] |
-5997022144508741812 | Interview with the Vampire | Interview with the Vampire - wikipedia Interview with the Vampire Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel . For the film , see Interview with the Vampire ( film ) . `` Théâtre des Vampires '' redirects here . For the extreme gothic metal band , see Theatres des Vampires . Interview with the Vampire First edition cover Author Anne Rice Country United States Language English Series The Vampire Chronicles Genre Gothic , horror , vampire Published May 5 , 1976 Publisher Knopf Media type Print ( hardcover , paperback ) Pages 371 ( hardcover ) 342 ( paperback ) ISBN 0 - 394 - 49821 - 6 OCLC 2132415 Followed by The Vampire Lestat Interview with the Vampire is a debut gothic horror and vampire novel by American author Anne Rice , published in 1976 . Based on a short story Rice wrote around 1968 , the novel centers on vampire Louis de Pointe du Lac , who tells the story of his life to a reporter . Rice composed the novel shortly after the death of her young daughter Michelle , who served as an inspiration for the child - vampire character Claudia . Though initially the subject of mixed critical reception , the book was followed by a large number of widely popular sequels , collectively known as The Vampire Chronicles . A film adaptation was released in 1994 , starring Brad Pitt and Tom Cruise , and the novel has been adapted as a comic three times . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Background and publication 3 Adaptations 3.1 Film 3.2 Comics 4 References and notes 4.1 Notes 4.2 References 5 External links Plot summary ( edit ) A vampire named Louis tells his 200 - year - long life story to a reporter referred to simply as `` the boy '' ( the character 's name is revealed to be Daniel Molloy in The Queen of the Damned ) . In 1791 , Louis is a young indigo plantation owner living south of New Orleans . Distraught by the death of his pious brother , he seeks death in any way possible . Louis is approached by a vampire named Lestat de Lioncourt , who desires Louis ' company . Lestat turns Louis into a vampire and the two become immortal companions . Lestat spends time feeding off the local plantation slaves while Louis , who finds it morally repugnant to murder humans to survive , feeds from animals . Louis and Lestat are forced to leave when Louis ' slaves begin to fear the monsters with which they live and instigate an uprising . Louis sets his own plantation aflame ; he and Lestat exterminate the plantation slaves to keep word from spreading about vampires living in Louisiana . Gradually , Louis bends under Lestat 's influence and begins feeding from humans . He slowly comes to terms with his vampire nature , but also becomes increasingly repulsed by what he perceives as Lestat 's total lack of compassion for the humans he preys upon . Escaping to New Orleans , Louis feeds off a plague - ridden , 5 - year - old girl , whom he finds next to the corpse of her mother . Louis begins to think of leaving Lestat and going his own way . Fearing this , Lestat then turns the girl into a vampire `` daughter '' for them , to give Louis a reason to stay . She is then given the name Claudia . Louis is initially horrified that Lestat has turned a child into a vampire , but soon begins to care for Claudia . Claudia takes to killing easily , but she begins to realize over time she can never grow up ; her mind matures into that of an intelligent , assertive woman , but her body remains that of a young girl . Claudia blames Lestat for her condition and , after 60 years of living with him , she hatches a plot to kill Lestat by poisoning him and cutting his throat . Claudia and Louis then dump his body into a nearby swamp . As Louis and Claudia prepare to flee to Europe , Lestat appears , having recovered from Claudia 's attack , and attacks them in turn . Louis sets fire to their home and barely escapes with Claudia , leaving a furious Lestat to be consumed by the flames . Arriving in Europe , Louis and Claudia seek out more of their kind . They travel throughout eastern Europe first and do indeed encounter vampires , but these vampires appear to be nothing more than mindless animated corpses . It is only when they reach Paris that they encounter vampires like themselves -- specifically , the 400 - year - old vampire Armand and his coven at the Théâtre des Vampires . Inhabiting an ancient theater , Armand and his vampire coven disguise themselves as humans and feed on live , terrified humans in mock - plays before a live human audience ( who think the killings are merely a very realistic performance ) . Claudia is repulsed by these vampires and what she considers to be their cheap theatrics , but Louis and Armand are drawn to each other . Convinced that Louis will leave her for Armand , Claudia convinces Louis to turn a Parisian doll maker , Madeleine , into a vampire to serve as a replacement companion . Louis , Madeleine and Claudia live together for a brief time , but all three are abducted one night by the Theatre vampires . Lestat has arrived , having survived the fire in New Orleans . His accusations against Louis and Claudia result in Louis being locked in a coffin to starve , while Claudia and Madeleine are locked in an open courtyard . Armand arrives and releases Louis from the coffin , but Madeleine and Claudia are burned to death by the rising sun . A devastated Louis finds the ashen remains of Claudia and Madeleine . He returns to the Theatre late the following night , burning it to the ground and killing all the vampires inside , leaving with Armand . Together , the two travel across Europe for several years , but Louis never fully recovers from Claudia 's death , and the emotional connection between himself and Armand quickly dissolves . Tired of the Old World , Louis returns to New Orleans in the early 20th century . Living as a loner , he feeds off any humans who cross his path , but lives in the shadows , never creating another companion for himself . Telling the boy of one last encounter with Lestat in New Orleans in the 1920s , Louis ends his tale ; after 200 years , he is weary of immortality and of all the pain and suffering to which he has had to bear witness . The boy , however , seeing only the great powers granted to a vampire , begs to be made into a vampire himself . Angry that his interviewer learned nothing from his story , Louis refuses , attacking the boy and vanishing without a trace . The boy then leaves to track down Lestat in the hopes that he can give him immortality . Background and publication ( edit ) In 1970 , while Anne Rice was attending a graduate program in Creative Writing at San Francisco State University , her daughter Michelle , then about four years old , was diagnosed with acute granulocytic leukemia . Michelle died of the illness about two years later , and Rice fell into a deep depression , turning to alcohol in order to cope . Later reviewers and commentators identified Michelle as an inspiration for the character of Claudia . In 1973 , while still grieving the loss of her daughter , Rice began reworking a previously written short story , which she had written in 1968 or 1969 . Thirty pages long , the short story was written from the interviewer 's perspective . She decided to expand `` Interview with the Vampire '' into a novel at the encouragement of one of her husband 's students , who enjoyed her writing . It took her five weeks to complete the 338 - page novel : she did research on vampires during the day and often wrote during the night . After completing the novel and following many rejections from publishers , Rice developed obsessive -- compulsive disorder ( OCD ) . She became obsessed with germs , thinking that she contaminated everything she touched , engaged in frequent and obsessive hand washing and obsessively checked locks on windows and doors . Of this period , Rice says , `` What you see when you 're in that state is every single flaw in our hygiene and you ca n't control it and you go crazy . '' In August 1974 , Rice attended the Squaw Valley Writer 's Conference at Squaw Valley , conducted by writer Ray Nelson . While at the conference , she met her future literary agent , Phyllis Seidel . In October 1974 , Seidel sold the publishing rights to Interview with the Vampire to Alfred A. Knopf for a $12,000 advance of the hardcover rights , at a time when most new authors were receiving $2,000 advances . Interview with the Vampire was published in May 1976 . In 1977 , the Rices traveled to both Europe and Egypt for the first time . Upon its release , Interview with the Vampire received mixed reviews from critics . A reviewer for the St. Louis Post-Dispatch gave the book a positive review , describing the prose as `` hypnotically poetic in tone , rich in sensory imagery , '' while other reviews were more negative . `` To pretend that it has any purpose beyond suckling eroticism is rank hypocrisy , '' wrote Edith Milton of The New Republic . As of February 2008 , the novel had sold 8 million copies worldwide . The book spawned a total of eleven sequels , collectively known as The Vampire Chronicles , and the spin - off series New Tales of the Vampires . The first sequel , The Vampire Lestat , was published in 1985 and sold more than 75,000 copies in its first printing , garnering largely favorable reviews . 1988 's The Queen of the Damned improved on Lestat 's numbers , receiving an initial hardcover run of 405,000 and topping the New York Times Best Seller list . Rice 's vampire books share a fictional universe with her series Lives of the Mayfair Witches and the novel The Mummy , or Ramses the Damned . Adaptations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Main article : Interview with the Vampire ( film ) The film rights to Interview were at times controlled by Paramount Pictures , Lorimar , and Warner Bros. , the distributor of the film , before The Geffen Film Company acquired the rights . Director Neil Jordan rewrote Rice 's first draft of the screenplay , though she received sole credit . Brad Pitt starred as Louis , Tom Cruise starred as Lestat , Antonio Banderas co-starred as Armand , as did a young Kirsten Dunst as the child vampire Claudia . Most of the movie 's shooting had been completed by October 1993 , and all that remained were the few scenes involving the interviewer that would then be inserted at various points throughout the film . Production of those scenes was put on hold for a few weeks whilst River Phoenix , who had been cast as the interviewer , finished working on the film Dark Blood . Phoenix died from an overdose later that month , and Christian Slater was then cast as the interviewer Molloy . Slater donated his entire salary to Earth Save and Earth Trust , two of Phoenix 's favorite charities . The film was released in November 1994 to generally positive critical reaction , and received Academy Award nominations for Best Art Direction and Best Original Score . Dunst was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress for her role in the film . Rice had initially voiced her objections to the casting of Cruise as Lestat , preferring Rutger Hauer for the role . After seeing the film , however , she voiced her support for the film , saying , `` That Tom did make Lestat work was something I could not see in a crystal ball . It 's to his credit that he proved me wrong . '' In August 2014 , Universal Pictures and Imagine Entertainment acquired the motion picture rights to the entire Vampire Chronicles series , with producers Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci signed to helm the potential film franchise . The deal also included a screenplay for The Tale of the Body Thief ( 1992 ) adapted by Christopher Rice . In May 2016 , writer - director Josh Boone posted a photo on Instagram of the cover a script written by him and Jill Killington . Titled Interview with the Vampire , it is based on the novel of the same name and its sequel , The Vampire Lestat . However , in November 2016 Universal did not renew the contract , and the film and television rights reverted to Rice , who began developing the Vampire Chronicles into a television series with Christopher . Comics ( edit ) Innovation Comics published a twelve - issue comic book adaptation of Interview with the Vampire in 1992 , following up on adaptations of The Vampire Lestat and The Queen of the Damned . A Japanese manga adaptation by Udou Shinohara was published in 1994 by Tokuma Shoten . It was also serialized in both Animage and Chara magazines . In 2012 , the graphic novel Interview with the Vampire : Claudia 's Story was published by Yen Press , retelling much of the original novel from the point of view of child vampire Claudia . References and notes ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Biographer Katherine Ramsland gives two dates for the short story : 1968 in the text , and 1969 in her timeline of Rice 's life . Michael Riley 's timeline lists the year as 1969 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Anne Rice 's Imagination May Roam Among Vampires and Erotica , but Her Heart Is Right at Home '' by Joyce Wadler , Johnny Greene , People , 12 / 5 / 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Small talk : Anne Rice '' Anna Metcalfe , Financial Times ( London ) , November 15 , 2010 Jump up ^ Ramsland 1991 , pp. 112 -- 113 Jump up ^ `` Anne Rice '' . Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2004 . Retrieved 20 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Husband , Stuart ( November 2 , 2008 ) . `` Anne Rice : interview with the vampire writer '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ramsland , Katherine ( 1991 ) . Prism of the Night : A Biography of Anne Rice . New York : Penguin Group . pp. 140 -- 151 . ISBN 0 - 525 - 93370 - 0 . OCLC 23733745 . ^ Jump up to : Ramsland , Katherine ( 1991 ) . Prism of the Night : A Biography of Anne Rice . New York : Penguin Group . p. 355 . ISBN 0 - 525 - 93370 - 0 . OCLC 23733745 . Jump up ^ Riley , Michael ( 1996 ) . Conversations with Anne Rice : An Intimate , Enlightening Portrait of Her Life And Work . New York : Ballantine Books . p. xv . ISBN 0 - 345 - 39636 - 7 . OCLC 34562839 . Jump up ^ Ramsland 1991 , pp. 157 -- 158 Jump up ^ `` Richard Lupoff 's Book Week '' , Algol 17 , 1977 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Ramsland 1991 , pp. 159 -- 160 Jump up ^ `` Anne Rice Biography '' . www.thebiographychannel.co.uk . AETN UK . Retrieved 22 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ferraro , Susan . `` Novels You Can Sink Your Teeth Into '' . The New York Times Magazine . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 5 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Anne Rice And Jesus Save Lestat : But Can Vampires Accept Christ Into Their Undead Lives ? / / Current TV '' . Current.com . Retrieved 17 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Guiley , Rosemary Ellen ( 2004 ) . The Encyclopedia of Vampires , Werewolves and Other Monsters . Checkmark Books . p. 163 . ISBN 978 - 0816046850 . ^ Jump up to : Rice , Anne ( 1994 ) . `` From Anne Rice : On the film , Interview with the Vampire '' . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan Gilbey ( 2003 - 11 - 05 ) . `` Ryan Gilbey on the legacy of River Phoenix Film '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Vera H-C Chan ( 2011 - 09 - 15 ) . `` The Misery of Brad Pitt Movie Talk -- Yahoo ! Movies '' . Movies.yahoo.com . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Allin , Olivia ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` River Phoenix 's final film ' Dark Blood ' to debut at Netherlands Film Festival '' . On the Red Carpet . Retrieved 5 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ( UK ) : `` Christian Slater '' `` . The Biography Channel . Retrieved 20 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Christian Slater . Gadsden Times . November 18 , 1993 Jump up ^ `` Christian Slater -- Slater 's Mother Makes Emotional Appeal To Press -- Contactmusic News '' . Contactmusic.com . Retrieved 18 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Grove , Lloyd ( 2005 - 04 - 19 ) . `` Plea For Christian Charity -- New York Daily News '' . Articles.nydailynews.com . Retrieved 18 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with the Vampire '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 25 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 67th Academy Awards ( 1995 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 5 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` HFPA -- Awards Search '' . Golden Globes Official Website . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hello Magazine Profile -- Kirsten Dunst '' . Hello . Hello ! Ltd . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 7 , 2014 ) . `` Anne Rice 's Vampire Chronicles Takes Flight at Universal '' . Variety . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gallagher , Brian ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Interview with the Vampire Remake Script Is Finished '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Evry , Max ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Josh Boone Revealed to be at Work on Interview with the Vampire Remake '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Mike ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` New Mutants Director Offers Interview With The Vampire Update '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rice , Anne ( 27 November 2016 ) . `` Anne Rice statement on her Official Facebook Fan Page '' . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anne Rice Is Bringing Her Vampire Chronicles to Television '' . Vanity Fair . 27 November 2016 . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . External links ( edit ) Interview with the Vampire at Anne Rice 's official website Interview with the Vampire on Open Library at the Internet Archive ( hide ) The Vampire Chronicles by Anne Rice Novels Interview with the Vampire ( 1976 ) The Vampire Lestat ( 1985 ) The Queen of the Damned ( 1988 ) The Tale of the Body Thief ( 1992 ) Memnoch the Devil ( 1995 ) The Vampire Armand ( 1998 ) Merrick ( 2000 ) Blood and Gold ( 2001 ) Blackwood Farm ( 2002 ) Blood Canticle ( 2003 ) Prince Lestat ( 2014 ) Prince Lestat and the Realms of Atlantis ( 2016 ) New Tales of the Vampires Pandora ( 1998 ) Vittorio the Vampire ( 1999 ) Film adaptations Interview with the Vampire ( 1994 ) Queen of the Damned ( 2002 ) Musical adaptations Lestat ( 2006 ) Characters Lestat de Lioncourt Aaron Lightner Armand Claudia Daniel Molloy Jesse Reeves Khayman Louis de Pointe du Lac Maharet and Mekare Marius de Romanus Nicolas de Lenfent Santiago Talamasca Caste List of characters Related works Lives of the Mayfair Witches ( 1990 -- 1994 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interview_with_the_Vampire&oldid=783103745 '' Categories : 1976 American novels 1970s fantasy novels Alfred A. Knopf books American fantasy novels adapted into films American vampire novels Debut novels American gothic novels American horror novels Novels by Anne Rice Novels set in New Orleans Novels set in Paris The Vampire Chronicles novels Vampire novels 1791 in fiction Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Open Library ID different from Wikidata Articles with Open Library links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Кыргызча Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 May 2017 , at 04 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was interview with a vampire first published | [
"\nInterview with the Vampire\n\n\nFirst edition cover\n\n\n\nAuthor\nAnne Rice\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nSeries\nThe Vampire Chronicles\n\n\nGenre\nGothic, horror, vampire\n\n\nPublished\nMay 5, 1976\n\n\nPublisher\nKnopf\n\n\nMedia type\nPrint (hardcover, paperback)\n\n\nPages\n371 (hardcover)\n342 (paperback)\n\n\nISBN\n0-394-49821-6\n\n\nOCLC\n2132415\n\n\nFollowed by\nThe Vampire Lestat\n\n"
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"May 5, 1976"
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5900851367691171040 | Flag of Venezuela | Flag of Venezuela - wikipedia Flag of Venezuela Jump to : navigation , search Venezuela Use State and war flag , state and naval ensign Proportion 2 : 3 Adopted March 12 , 2006 Design A horizontal tricolor of yellow , blue and red with the National Coat of Arms on the upper hoist - side of the yellow band and an arc of eight white five - pointed stars centered on the blue band . Variant flag of Venezuela Use Civil flag and ensign Proportion 2 : 3 Adopted March 12 , 2006 Design A horizontal tricolor of yellow , blue and red with an arc of eight white five - pointed stars centered on the blue band . Variant flag of Venezuela Use Naval Jack The current flag of Venezuela was introduced in 2006 . The basic design includes a horizontal tricolor of yellow , blue , and red , dating to the original flag introduced in 1811 , in the Venezuelan War of Independence . Further modifications have involved including a set of stars , multiple changes to the placement and number of stars and inclusion of an optional coat of arms at the upper - left corner . Contents ( hide ) 1 Original flag 2 Colors and symbolism 3 19th - century changes 4 1954 changes 5 2006 changes 6 Customs and regulations 6.1 Folding the flag 7 Flag anthem 8 Student Oath to the Flag 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Original flag ( edit ) Detail of The Battle of Carabobo ( 1887 ) by Martín Tovar y Tovar The flag is essentially the one designed by Francisco de Miranda for his unsuccessful 1806 expedition to liberate Venezuela and later adopted by the National Congress of 1811 . It consisted of three equal horizontal stripes of yellow , blue and red . Miranda 's flag is also the inspiration for the flags of Colombia and Ecuador . This original design was first flown on March 12 , 1806 at Jacmel , Haiti as Miranda 's expedition prepared to make the final leg of its voyage to Venezuela . The flag was first flown over Venezuelan soil at La Vela de Coro , on August 3 . Until August 3 , 2006 , Flag Day was celebrated in Venezuela on March 12 . Since 2006 it has been celebrated on August 3 . Miranda gave at least two sources of inspiration for his flag . In a letter written to Count Semyon Vorontsov in 1792 , Miranda stated that the colors were based on a theory of primary colors given to him by the German writer and philosopher Johann Wolfgang von Goethe . Miranda described a late - night conversation he had with Goethe at a party in Weimar during the winter of 1785 . Fascinated with Miranda 's account of his exploits in the United States Revolutionary War and his travels throughout the Americas and Europe , Goethe told him that , `` Your destiny is to create in your land a place where primary colors are not distorted . '' He proceeded to clarify what he meant by this : `` First he explained to me the way the iris transforms light into the three primary colors ( ... ) then he proved to me why yellow is the most warm , noble and closest to ( white ) light ; why blue is that mix of excitement and serenity , a distance that evokes shadows ; and why red is the exaltation of yellow and blue , the synthesis , the vanishing of light into shadow . It is not that the world is made of yellows , blues and reds ; it is that in this manner , as if in an infinite combination of these three colors , we human beings see it . ( ... ) A country starts out from a name and a flag , and it then becomes them , just as a man fulfils his destiny . '' After Miranda later designed his flag based on this conversation , he happily recalled seeing a fresco by Lazzaro Tavarone in the Palazzo Belimbau in Genoa that depicted Christopher Columbus unfurling a similar - colored flag in Veragua during his fourth voyage . In his military diary , Miranda gave another source of inspiration : the yellow , blue and red standard of the Burgers ' Guard ( Bürgerwache ) of Hamburg , which he also saw during his travels in Germany . The idea of the flag is documented in his 1801 plan for an army to liberate Spanish America , which he submitted unsuccessfully to the British cabinet . In it Miranda requested the materials for `` ten flags , whose colours shall be red , yellow and blue , in three zones . '' The symbolism traditionally ascribed to the colors are that the yellow band stands for the wealth of the land , the red for courage , and the blue for the independence from Spain , or `` golden '' America separated from bloody Spain by the deep blue sea . Colors and symbolism ( edit ) The official colors Scheme Yellow Blue Red Pantone 116 287 186 RGB ( hex ) 252 - 209 - 22 ( # FCD116 ) 0 - 56 - 147 ( # 003893 ) 206 - 17 - 38 ( # CE1126 ) CMYK C0 - M17. 1 - Y91. 3 - K0 C100 - M61. 9 - Y0 - K42. 4 C0 - M91. 7 - Y81. 6 - K19. 2 According to the current interpretation , the colors signify : Yellow : Represents the riches of the country , the wealth of Venezuelan soil , gold , sovereignty , harmony , justice and agriculture , as well as the Sun , the source of Light . Blue : represents the seas on Venezuela 's shores , the rivers that run through , and the sky above . Red : represents the blood spilled for Venezuela 's independence . 19th - century changes ( edit ) During the first half of the 19th century , seven stars were added to the flag to represent the seven signatories to the Venezuelan declaration of independence , being the provinces of Caracas , Cumaná , Barcelona , Barinas , Margarita , Mérida , and Trujillo . Flag of Venezuela ( 1810 -- 1812 ) Flag of Venezuela ( 1813 - 1814 ) Flag of Venezuela ( 1817 -- 1819 ) Flag of Venezuela ( 1830 -- 1836 ) Flag of Venezuela ( 1836 -- 1859 ) Flag of Venezuela ( 1859 ) Flag of Venezuela ( 1859 -- 1863 ) Flag of Venezuela ( 1863 -- 1905 ) Flag of Venezuela ( 1905 -- 1930 ) After the Guayana campaign , Simón Bolívar added an eighth star to the national flag ( the so - called Flag of Angostura ) in representation of the newly freed province . Bolívar issued the following decree : Simón Bolívar . Supreme Leader of the Republic and Captain - in - chief of the Armies of Venezuela and Nueva Granada . Since the number of provinces that compose the Republic of Venezuela has increased with the number of stars on that the Venezuelan national flag has one more star as a symbol of the province of Guayana , in this way , from now on there will be eight stars on the flag . Signed by me , and stamped with the country 's official stamp in the government palace in the city of Angostura , November 20 , 1817 . Simón Bolívar . 1954 changes ( edit ) 7 - star Flag of Venezuela , in use 1930 -- 1954 . The Law of the National Flag , Coat of Arms and Anthem added the Coat of Arms to the flag on February 19 , 1954 . The coat of arms was not incorporated into the Civil or Maritime Flag , which is intended for non-governmental purposes , such as civilian use , merchant craft , and international sports competition . 2006 changes ( edit ) 7 - star Flag of Venezuela with coat of arms , in use 1954 -- 2006 . Since 2006 it has used by some of the opposition parties . In 2006 the President of Venezuela Hugo Chávez announced plans to add an eighth star to the flag of Venezuela to bring about a much belated fulfillment to Bolívar 's 1817 decree . The eighth star represents the Guayana Province , one of the Provinces of Venezuela at the time of the declaration of independence . The changes also include a white horse galloping left instead of right , a bow and arrow representing Venezuela 's indigenous people and a machete to represent the labor of workers . Although the new flag was approved by the Venezuelan government , opposition spokesperson Óscar Pérez stated that they would not use the new flag . Customs and regulations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) As with most other national flags , the Venezuelan flag should be flown every day by the legally registered public institutions from 7 a.m. until 6 p.m. Private institutions , businesses and citizens should fly the flag on national holidays or on days determined by the National Executive . Institutions which should fly the flag by obligation are : The Federal Legislative Palace , when the National Assembly is in session and buildings in which a legislative council is being held , Public national , state and municipal offices on national holidays and other days determined by special resolution of the relevant authorities , Embassies , legations , consulates and other national agencies abroad , on national holidays or when required by the protocol of the host nation , Miraflores Palace , the building of the office of the President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela , daily , Buildings of the Armed Forces , fortresses and other military buildings , as determined by law and pertinent regulations , Venezuelan merchant ships , using the civil ensign , since they operate in a civil capacity . There is currently no regulation as to the dimensions of the flag , its use inside private or public institutions or by the public in general , its form and protocol . The conventions that currently exist have been freely determined . Nevertheless , educational institutions currently follow a protocol modeled on the regulations issued for the armed forces for use in raising the flag on special days . Out of respect for the flag , popular culture holds that upon raising the flag , the national anthem should be played and all present should stand still , straight , with closed hands at the sides and without any headgear . Folding the flag ( edit ) Although there is no official regulation on the manner in which the flag should be folded , there is , as in other countries , a procedure with widespread acceptance in schools , scout groups and military institutions . Its origins are not known , but there are several possibilities , such as the adoption of the custom from other nations of the region , such as the United States , in which this singular way of folding a flag originated . In the Venezuelan case , there are two ways of folding the flag depending on whether it is a civil or state flag . For the state flag , the flag is lowered and taken to the place where it will be folded . It is then held at all four corners by at least two people . The red stripe is folded over the blue and then the yellow over the red , so that the yellow stripe and the national arms are on top and the blue stripe with stars on the bottom . The flag is then folded under in a triangular manner from the fly to the hoist such that at the end the remaining material is tucked into the last fold and the resulting triangle is all yellow with the national arms . For the civil flag , the flag is also lowered in the same manner as above but the yellow stripe is folded first over the blue one , then the red one over the yellow stripe , with the blue stripe and stars facing down . The flag is then folded over in a triangular manner so that the resulting triangle is only blue with stars . Flag anthem ( edit ) The flag has its own anthem , which was composed in 1889 with music by Francisco Araldi and lyrics by Zolessi Geronimo , which reads : Himno de la Bandera Spanish English Verse I Oh , Bandera del pueblo Caribe vivo foco de luz y de honor en tus pliegues mi patria se exhibe grande en gloria y rica en valor . Oh , flag of the Caribbean people Living focus of light and honor in your folds my homeland is shown great in glory and rich in valour . Verse II Difundiste por cumbres y llanos la epopeya de la libertad y dejaste sobre ambos océanos los relumbres de la heroicidad . You spread throughout peaks and plains the epic of freedom and left on both oceans shining flashes of heroism . Verse III Venezuela la hermosa y pujante en sus brazos la gloria te alzó y en tu seno de amor palpitante ocho estrellas de vida encendió . Venezuela , the beautiful and thriving in its arms glory has raised you and in your breast of throbbing love eight stars of life have been lit Student oath to the flag ( edit ) Similarly , a Flag Oath has also been written for students to be said on August 3 , which is as follows : Spanish English ¡ Bandera Mía ! ¡ Mi Patria eres tú ! Y la Patria es la tierra : ¡ Venezuela ! Es el Llano , son los Andes , es el Mar que nos rodea . Es la Selva y sus riquezas . Son sus ríos . Son sus hombres , sus mujeres y sus niños . Es su música . Es la Lengua Castellana en que te hablamos . Es la Historia que es Bolívar . ¡ Son mis padres , mis hermanos , mis amigos , mis maestros ! . Aquí vengo reverente , El cariño , el respeto y la adhesión que te debemos ¡ Porque eres , mi Bandera , todo eso ! Y eres más . Te prometo , cada día , ser mejor : Estudiar con dedicación . Ser honesto y capaz . Contribuir a tu grandeza Y elevar , hasta el cielo , Esas franjas amarilla , azul y roja ¡ Y entregarle ocho estrellas que le faltan ! My Flag ! My Fatherland you are ! And the Fatherland is the land : Venezuela ! It 's the Plains , the Andes , and the sea that surrounds us . It 's the rainforest and its virtues . It 's its rivers . AIt 's their men , women and children . It 's its music . It is the Spanish language with which we speak to you . It is the history that is Bolivar . They are my parents , my brothers , my friends , my teachers ! . Here I come in reverence , The love , respect and commitment we owe you Because you 're my banner , all that ! And you are more . I promise you , every day , to be better : Studying with dedication . Being honest and capable . To contribute to your greatness And raise up to the sky , Those stripes of yellow , blue and red And give it the eight stars it 's missing ! This is followed by the following pledge for those in schools : Spanish English Pledge to the National Flag Maestro : ¡ Joven venezolano que de la Bandera has hecho una imagen de la Patria ! ¡ Has hecho una promesa ! ¿ Juras cumplirla ? Estudiantes : ¡ Juramos ! Pledge to the National Flag Teacher : Young Venezuelans , this Flag holds before you an image of the Fatherland ! And it has a promise ! Do you swear to fulfill it ? Students : Yes , we pledge ! Versions of this oath and pledge are used for the National Armed Forces of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and the Policia Nacional Bolivariana , but in this case , only the pledge is used during graduation and passing out parades . See also ( edit ) List of flags of Venezuela Flag of Gran Colombia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Serpa Erazo , Jorge ( summary of Ricardo Silva Romero 's ) , `` La Bandera del Mundo . '' Pañol de la Historia . Part 1 , Section 1 ( July 30 , 2004 ) . ISSN 1900 - 3447 . Retrieved on December 2 , 2008 Jump up ^ Dousdebés , Pedro Julio , `` Las insignias de Colombia , '' Boletín de historia y antigüedades , August 1937 , 462 , cited in Nelson González Ortega , `` Formación de la iconografía nacional en Colombia : una lectura semiótico - social , '' Revista de Estudios Colombianos , No. 16 ( 1996 ) , 20 . Jump up ^ Miranda , Francisco ; Salcedo - Bastardo , Rodríguez de Alonso ( 1978 ) . Colombeia : Primera parte : Miranda , súbdito español , 1750 -- 1780 . 1 . Caracas : Ediciones de la Presidencia de la República . p. 80 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 499 - 5163 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Bandera de Venezuela '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morsbach , Greg ( March 13 , 2006 ) . `` New Venezuela flag divides nation '' . BBC News . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Venezuela . Venezuela at Flags of the World Venezuela Historical flag Ley de Bandera , Escudo , e Himno Nacionales -- Law of the National Flag , Coat of Arms and Anthem . BBC Report on change of flag National symbols of Venezuela National flag ( list ) Coat of arms National anthem ( list ) National flower National tree National bird Flags of South America Sovereign states Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands National flags and coats of arms National flags Sovereign states Dependent territories Timeline National coats of arms Sovereign states Dependent territories Heraldry portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Venezuela&oldid=810631047 '' Categories : National symbols of Venezuela Flags of Venezuela Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use mdy dates from August 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Pangasinan Polski Português Русский Scots Shqip Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 13 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what does the colors of the venezuelan flag mean | [
"Miranda gave at least two sources of inspiration for his flag. In a letter written to Count Semyon Vorontsov in 1792, Miranda stated that the colors were based on a theory of primary colors given to him by the German writer and philosopher Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Miranda described a late-night conversation he had with Goethe at a party in Weimar during the winter of 1785. Fascinated with Miranda's account of his exploits in the United States Revolutionary War and his travels throughout the Americas and Europe, Goethe told him that, \"Your destiny is to create in your land a place where primary colors are not distorted.” He proceeded to clarify what he meant by this:"
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"based on a theory of primary colors"
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4598371973362053090 | FA Cup | FA Cup - wikipedia FA Cup Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see FA Cup ( disambiguation ) . FA Cup Organising body The Football Association Founded 1871 ; 146 years ago ( 1871 ) Region England Wales Number of teams 736 ( 2016 -- 17 ) Qualifier for UEFA Europa League Domestic cup ( s ) FA Community Shield Current champions Arsenal ( 13th title ) Most successful club ( s ) Arsenal ( 13 titles ) Television broadcasters BBC Sport BT Sport Website FA Cup 2017 -- 18 FA Cup The FA Cup , known officially as The Football Association Challenge Cup , is an annual knockout football competition in men 's domestic English football . First played during the 1871 -- 72 season , it is the oldest association football competition in the world . It is organised by and named after The Football Association ( The FA ) . For sponsorship reasons , from 2015 through to 2018 it is also known as The Emirates FA Cup . A concurrent women 's tournament is also held , the FA Women 's Cup . The competition is open to any eligible club down to Level 10 of the English football league system -- all 92 professional clubs in the Premier League ( Level 1 ) and the English Football League ( Levels 2 to 4 ) , and several hundred `` non-league '' teams in Steps 1 to 6 of the National League System ( Levels 5 to 10 ) . A record 763 clubs competed in 2011 -- 12 . The tournament consists of 12 randomly drawn rounds followed by the semi-finals and the final . Entrants are not seeded , although a system of byes based on league level ensures higher ranked teams enter in later rounds -- the minimum number of games needed to win the competition ranges from six to fourteen . The first six rounds are the Qualifying Competition , from which 32 teams progress to the first round of the Competition Proper , meeting the first of the 48 professional teams from Leagues One and Two . The last entrants are the Premier League and Championship clubs , into the draw for the Third Round Proper . In the modern era , only one non-league team has ever reached the quarter - finals , and teams below Level 2 have never reached the final . As a result , as well as who wins , significant focus is given to those `` minnows '' ( smaller teams ) who progress furthest , especially if they achieve an unlikely `` giant - killing '' victory . Winners receive the FA Cup trophy , of which there have been two designs and five actual cups ; the latest is a 2014 replica of the second design , introduced in 1911 . Winners also qualify for the Europa League and a place in the FA Community Shield match . Arsenal are the current holders , having beaten Chelsea 2 -- 1 in the 2017 final to win the cup for the 13th time in their history and become the tournament 's most successful club . Arsenal 's Arsène Wenger is the most successful manager in the competition with seven finals won . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Eligibility 3 Competition format 3.1 Overview 3.2 Schedule 3.3 The draw 3.4 Tiebreaking 4 Qualification for subsequent competitions 4.1 European football 4.2 FA Community Shield 5 Venues 5.1 Competition rounds 5.2 Semi-finals 5.3 Final 5.4 Artificial turf 6 Trophy 6.1 Original design 6.1. 1 1871 original 6.1. 2 1895 replica 6.2 Current design 6.2. 1 1911 original 6.2. 2 1992 replica 6.2. 3 2014 replica 7 Medals 8 Sponsorship 9 Records and statistics 9.1 Final 9.1. 1 Team 9.1. 2 Individual 9.2 All rounds 10 Cup runs and giant killings 10.1 Early years 10.2 Non-league giant killings 10.3 Non-league cup runs 10.4 Giant killings between league clubs 11 Winners and finalists 11.1 Consecutive winners 11.2 Winning managers 11.3 Doubles / Trebles 11.4 Outside England 11.5 Outside the top division 12 Media coverage 12.1 Domestic broadcasters 12.2 Overseas broadcasters 13 References 13.1 Notes 14 External links History ( edit ) See also : History of the FA Cup Harry Hampton scores one of his two goals in the 1905 FA Cup Final where Aston Villa defeated Newcastle United In 1863 , the newly founded Football Association ( the FA ) published the Laws of the Game of Association Football , unifying the various different rules in use before then . On 20 July 1871 , in the offices of The Sportsman newspaper , the FA Secretary C.W. Alcock proposed to the FA committee that `` it is desirable that a Challenge Cup should be established in connection with the Association for which all clubs belonging to the Association should be invited to compete '' . The inaugural FA Cup tournament kicked off in November 1871 . After thirteen games in all , Wanderers were crowned the winners in the final , on 16 March 1872 . Wanderers retained the trophy the following year . The modern cup was beginning to be established by the 1888 -- 89 season , when qualifying rounds were introduced . Following the 1914 -- 15 edition , the competition was suspended due to the First World War , and did not resume until 1919 -- 20 . The 1922 -- 23 competition saw the first final to be played in the newly opened Wembley Stadium ( known at the time as the Empire Stadium ) . Due to the outbreak of World War II , the competition was not played between the 1938 -- 39 and 1945 -- 46 editions . Due to the wartime breaks , the competition did not celebrate its centenary year until 1980 -- 81 ; fittingly the final featured a goal by Ricky Villa which was later voted the greatest goal ever scored at Wembley Stadium , but has since been replaced by Steven Gerrard . Having previously featured replays , the modern day practice of ensuring the semi-final and final matches finish on the day , was introduced from 2000 onwards . Redevelopment of Wembley saw the final played outside of England for the first time , the 2001 -- 2006 finals being played at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff . The final returned to Wembley in 2007 , followed by the semi-finals from 2008 . Eligibility ( edit ) The competition is open to any club down to Level 10 of the English football league system which meets the eligibility criteria . All clubs in the top four levels ( the Premier League and the three divisions of the Football League ) are automatically eligible . Clubs in the next six levels ( non-league football ) are also eligible provided they have played in either the FA Cup , FA Trophy or FA Vase competitions in the previous season . Newly formed clubs , such as F.C. United of Manchester in 2005 -- 06 and also 2006 -- 07 , may not therefore play in the FA Cup in their first season . All clubs entering the competition must also have a suitable stadium . It is very rare for top clubs to miss the competition , although it can happen in exceptional circumstances . Manchester United did not defend their title in 1999 -- 2000 , as they were already in the inaugural Club World Championship . The club stated that entering both tournaments would overload their fixture schedule and make it more difficult to defend their Champions League and Premier League titles . The club claimed that they did not want to devalue the FA Cup by fielding a weaker side . The move benefited United as they received a two - week break and won the 1999 -- 2000 league title by an 18 - point margin , although they did not progress past the group stage of the Club World Championship . The withdrawal from the FA Cup , however , drew considerable criticism as this weakened the tournament 's prestige and Sir Alex Ferguson later admitted his regret regarding their handling of the situation . Welsh sides that play in English leagues are eligible , although since the creation of the League of Wales there are only six clubs remaining : Cardiff City ( the only non-English team to win the tournament , in 1927 ) , Swansea City , Newport County , Wrexham , Merthyr Town and Colwyn Bay . In the early years other teams from Wales , Ireland and Scotland also took part in the competition , with Glasgow side Queen 's Park losing the final to Blackburn Rovers in 1884 and 1885 before being barred from entering by the Scottish Football Association . In the 2013 -- 14 season the first Channel Island club entered the competition when Guernsey F.C. competed for the first time . The number of entrants has increased greatly in recent years . In the 2004 -- 05 season , 660 clubs entered the competition , beating the long - standing record of 656 from the 1921 -- 22 season . In 2005 -- 06 this increased to 674 entrants , in 2006 -- 07 to 687 , in 2007 -- 08 to 731 clubs , and for the 2008 -- 09 and 2009 -- 10 competitions it reached 762 . The number has varied slightly but remained roughly stable since then , with 759 clubs participating in 2010 -- 11 , a record 763 in 2011 -- 12 , 758 for 2012 -- 13 , 737 for 2013 -- 14 and 736 for 2014 -- 15 . By comparison , the other major English domestic cup , the League Cup , involves only the 92 members of the Premier League and Football League . Competition format ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) Beginning in August , the competition proceeds as a knockout tournament throughout , consisting of twelve rounds , a semi-final and then a final , in May . A system of byes ensures clubs above Level 9 and 10 enter the competition at later stages . There is no seeding , the fixtures in each round being determined by a random draw . Prior to the quarter - finals , fixtures ending in a tie are replayed once only . The first six rounds are qualifiers , with the draws organised on a regional basis . The next six rounds are the `` proper '' rounds where all clubs are in one draw . Schedule ( edit ) Entrants from the bottom two levels ( 9 and 10 ) begin the competition in the Extra Preliminary Round . Clubs from higher levels are then added in later rounds , as per the table below . The months in which rounds are played are traditional , with exact dates subject to each year 's calendar . Round New entrants at this round Month No of matches Qualifying Competition Extra-Preliminary Round Level 9 and 10 clubs August 184 Preliminary Round Level 8 clubs 160 First Round Level 7 clubs September 116 Second Round Level 6 clubs 80 Third Round none October 40 Fourth Round Level 5 clubs 32 Competition Proper First Round Level 3 and 4 clubs November 40 Second Round none December 20 Third Round Level 1 and 2 clubs January 32 Fourth Round none 16 Fifth Round February 8 Quarter - finals March Semi-Finals April Final May The qualifying rounds are regionalised to reduce the travel costs for smaller non-league sides . The first and second proper rounds were also previously split into Northern and Southern sections , but this practice was ended after the 1997 -- 98 competition . The final is normally held the Saturday after the Premier League season finishes in May . The only seasons in recent times when this pattern was not followed were 1999 -- 2000 , when most rounds were played a few weeks earlier than normal as an experiment , and 2010 -- 11 and 2012 -- 13 when the FA Cup Final was played before the Premier League season had finished , to allow Wembley Stadium to be ready for the UEFA Champions League final , as well as in 2011 -- 12 to allow England time to prepare for that summer 's European Championships . The draw ( edit ) The draws for the Extra-Preliminary , Preliminary , and First Qualifying Rounds used to all occur at the same time . Thereafter , the draw for each subsequent round is not made until after the scheduled dates for the previous round , meaning that in the case of replays , clubs will often know their future opponents in advance . This season 2016 / 17 the draw for the 1st qualifying round was drawn at a later date as per previous season 's later rounds . The draw for each of the proper rounds is broadcast live on television , usually taking place at the conclusion of live coverage of one of the games of the previous round . Public interest is particularly high during the draw for the third round , which is where the top - ranked teams are added to the draw . Tiebreaking ( edit ) In rounds up to and including the fifth round proper , fixtures resulting in a draw ( after normal time ) go to a replay , played at the venue of the away team , at a later date ; if that replay is still tied , the winner is settled by a period of extra time , and if still necessary , a penalty shootout . Since 2016 -- 17 , ties are settled on the day from the quarter - finals onwards , using extra time and penalties . Until 1990 -- 91 , further replays would be played until one team was victorious . Some ties took as many as six matches to settle ; in their 1975 campaign , Fulham played a total of 12 games over six rounds , which remains the most games played by a team to reach a final . Replays were traditionally played three or four days after the original game , but from 1991 -- 92 they were staged at least 10 days later on police advice for the rounds proper . This led to penalty shoot - outs being introduced , the first of which came on 26 November 1991 when Rotherham United eliminated Scunthorpe United . From 1980 -- 81 to 1998 -- 99 , the semi-finals went to extra time on the day if the score after 90 minutes was a draw . If the score was still level after extra time , the match would go to a replay . Replays for the semi-finals were scrapped for 1999 -- 2000 , the last semi-final to go into a replay was in 1998 -- 99 when Manchester United beat Arsenal 2 -- 1 after extra time . The first game had ended in a 0 -- 0 draw . The first FA Cup Final to go to extra time and a replay was the 1875 final , between the Royal Engineers and the Old Etonians . The initial tie finished 1 -- 1 but the Royal Engineers won the replay 2 -- 0 in normal time . The last replayed final was the 1993 FA Cup Final , when Arsenal and Sheffield Wednesday fought a 1 -- 1 draw . The replay saw Arsenal win the FA Cup , 2 -- 1 after extra time . The last quarter - final to go to a replay was Manchester United vs West Ham United in the 2015 -- 16 FA Cup . The original game at Old Trafford ended in a 1 -- 1 draw , while Manchester United won the replay at the Boleyn Ground , 2 -- 1 . It was also the last FA Cup game ever played at the Boleyn Ground . Qualification for subsequent competitions ( edit ) European Football ( edit ) The FA Cup winners qualify for the following season 's UEFA Europa League ( formerly named the UEFA Cup ; from its launch in 1960 until 1998 , they entered the now - defunct UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup instead ) . This European place applies even if the team is relegated or is not in the English top flight . In the past , if the FA Cup winning team also qualified for the following season 's Champions League or Europa League through their league position , then the losing FA Cup finalist were given this European berth instead . FA Cup winners enter the Europa League at the group stage . Losing finalists , if they have n't qualified for Europe via the league , began earlier , at the play - off or third qualifying round stage . From the 2015 -- 16 UEFA Europa League season , however , UEFA does not allow the runners - up to qualify for the Europa League through the competition . If the winner -- and until 2015 , the runner - up -- has already qualified for Europe through their league position ( with the exception of the UEFA Cup until 1998 ) , the FA Cup berth is then given to the highest - place team in the league who has not yet qualified . FA Community Shield ( edit ) The FA Cup winners also qualify for the following season 's single - match FA Community Shield , the traditional season opener played against the previous season 's Premier League champions ( or the Premier League runners - up if the FA Cup winners also won the league -- the double ) . Venues ( edit ) Since 2007 the FA Cup Final has been held at Wembley Stadium , on the site of the previous stadium which hosted it from 1923 to 2000 . Fixtures in the 12 rounds of the competition are usually played at the home ground of one of the two teams . The semi-finals and final are played at a neutral venue -- the rebuilt Wembley Stadium ( since 2008 and 2007 respectively ) . Competition rounds ( edit ) In the matches for the twelve competition rounds , the team who plays at home is decided when the fixtures are drawn -- simply the first team drawn out for each fixture . Occasionally games may have to be moved to other grounds due to other events taking place , security reasons or a ground not being suitable to host popular teams . In the event of a draw , the replay is played at the ground of the team who originally played away from home . In the days when multiple replays were possible , the second replay ( and any further replays ) were played at neutral grounds . The clubs involved could alternatively agree to toss for home advantage in the second replay . Semi-finals ( edit ) The semi-finals have been played exclusively at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium since 2008 , one year after it opened and after it had already hosted a final ( in 2007 ) . For the first decade of the competition , the Kennington Oval was used as the semi-final venue . In the period between this first decade and the reopening of Wembley , semi-finals were played at high - capacity neutral venues around England ; usually the home grounds of teams not involved in that semi-final , chosen to be roughly equidistant between the two teams for fairness of travel . The top three most used venues in this period were Villa Park in Birmingham ( 55 times ) , Hillsborough in Sheffield ( 34 times ) and Old Trafford in Manchester ( 23 times ) . The original Wembley Stadium was also used seven times for semi-final , between 1991 and 2000 ( the last held there ) , but not always for fixtures featuring London teams . In 2005 , both were held at the Millennium Stadium . In 2003 the FA took the decision to permanently use the new Wembley for semi-finals to recoup debts in financing the new stadium . This was controversial , with the move seen as both unfair to fans of teams located far from London , as well as taking some of the prestige away from a Wembley final . In defending the move , the FA has also cited the extra capacity Wembley offers , although the 2013 fixture between Millwall and Wigan led to the unprecedented step of placing 6,000 tickets on sale to neutral fans after the game failed to sell out . A fan poll by The Guardian in 2013 found 86 % opposition to Wembley semi-finals . Final ( edit ) The final has been played at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium since it opened , in 2007 . The rebuilding process meant that between 2001 and 2006 they were hosted at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff in Wales . Prior to rebuilding , the final was hosted by the original Wembley Stadium since it opened in 1923 ( being originally named the Empire Stadium ) . One exception to this 78 year series of Empire Stadium finals ( including five replays ) was the 1970 replay between Leeds and Chelsea , held at Old Trafford in Manchester . In the 51 years prior to the Empire Stadium opening , the final ( including 8 replays ) was held in a variety of locations , predominantly in London , and mainly at the Kennington Oval and then Crystal Palace . It was played 22 times at The Oval ( the inaugural competition in 1872 , and then all but two times until 1892 ) . After The Oval , Crystal Palace hosted 21 finals from 1895 to 1914 , broken up by 4 four replays elsewhere . The other London venues were Stamford Bridge from 1920 to 1922 ( the last three finals before the move to Empire Stadium ) ; and the University of Oxford 's Lillie Bridge in Fulham for the second ever final , in 1873 . The other venues used sparingly in this period were all outside of London , as follows : Racecourse Ground , Derby ( 1886 ) Fallowfield Stadium , Manchester ( 1893 ) Goodison Park , Liverpool ( 1894 ) Burnden Park , Bolton ( 1901 replay ) Old Trafford , Manchester ( 1911 replay ) Goodison Park ( 1910 replay ) Bramall Lane , Sheffield ( 1912 replay ) Old Trafford ( 1915 ) Artificial Turf ( edit ) The FA permitted artificial turf ( 3G ) pitches in all rounds of the competition from the 2014 -- 15 edition and beyond . Under the 2015 -- 16 rules , the pitch must be of FIFA One Star quality , or Two Star for ties if they involve one of the 92 professional clubs . This followed approval two years previously for their use in the qualifying rounds only -- if a team with a 3G pitch progressed to the competition proper , they had to switch their tie to the ground of another eligible entrant with a natural grass pitch . Having been strong proponents of the surface , the first match in the proper rounds to be played on a 3G surface was a televised first round replay at Maidstone United 's Gallagher Stadium on 20 November 2015 . Trophy ( edit ) The eventual winners of the competition receive the FA Cup ; it is only loaned to the club by the FA , under the current ( 2015 -- 16 ) rules it must be returned by March 1 , or earlier if given seven days ' notice . Traditionally , the holders had the Cup until the following year 's presentation , although more recently the trophy has been taken on publicity tours by the FA in between finals . King George V presents the FA Cup trophy to Tommy Boyle of Burnley F.C. , April 1914 The trophy comes in three parts -- the cup itself , plus a lid and a base . There have been two designs of trophy in use , but five physical trophies have been presented . The original trophy , known as the `` little tin idol '' , was 18 inches high and made by Martin , Hall & Co . It was stolen in 1895 and never recovered , and so was replaced by an exact replica , used until 1910 . The FA decided to change the design after the 1909 winners , Manchester United , made their own replica , leading the FA to realise they did not own the copyright . This new , larger design was by Fattorini and Sons , and was used from 1911 . In order to preserve this original , from 1992 it was replaced by an exact replica , although this had to be replaced after just over two decades , after showing wear and tear from being handled more than in previous eras . This third replica , first used in 2014 , was built heavier to withstand the increased handling . Of the four surviving trophies , only the 1895 replica has entered private ownership . The name of the winning team is engraved on the silver band around the base as soon as the final has finished , in order to be ready in time for the presentation ceremony . This means the engraver has just five minutes to perform a task which would take 20 under normal conditions , although time is saved by engraving the year on during the match , and sketching the presumed winner . During the final , the trophy is decorated with ribbons in the colours of both finalists , with the loser 's ribbons being removed at the end of the game . The tradition of tying ribbons started after Tottenham Hotspur won the 1901 FA Cup Final and the wife of a Spurs director decided to tie blue and white ribbons to the handles of the cup . Traditionally , at Wembley finals , the presentation is made at the Royal Box , with players , led by the captain , mounting a staircase to a gangway in front of the box and returning by a second staircase on the other side of the box . At Cardiff the presentation was made on a podium on the pitch . The tradition of presenting the trophy immediately after the game did not start until the 1882 final ; after the first final in 1872 the trophy was not presented to the winners , Wanderers , until a reception held four weeks later in the Pall Mall Restaurant in London . Under the original rules , the trophy was to be permanently presented to any club which won the competition three times , although when inaugural winners Wanderers achieved this feat by the 1876 final , the rules were changed by FA Secretary CW Alcock ( who was also captain of Wanderers in their first victory ) . Original design ( edit ) 1871 original ( edit ) The first trophy , the ' little tin idol ' , was made by Martin , Hall & Co at a cost of £ 20 It was stolen from a Birmingham shoe shop window belonging to William Shillcock while held by Aston Villa on 11 September 1895 and was never seen again . Despite a £ 10 reward for information , the crime was never solved . As it happened while it was in their care , the FA fined Villa £ 25 to pay for a replacement . Just over 60 years later , 80 year old career criminal Henry ( Harry ) James Burge claimed to have committed the theft , confessing to a newspaper , with the story being published in the Sunday Pictorial newspaper on 23 February 1958 . He claimed to have carried out the robbery with two other men , although when discrepancies with a contemporaneous report in the Birmingham Post newspaper ( the crime pre-dated written police reports ) in his account of the means of entry and other items stolen , detectives decided there was no realistic possibility of a conviction and the case was closed . Burge claimed the cup had been melted down to make counterfeit half - crown coins , which matched known intelligence of the time , in which stolen silver was being used to forge coins which were then laundered through betting shops at a local racecourse , although Burge had no past history of forgery in a record of 42 previous convictions for which he had spent 42 years in prison . He had been further imprisoned in 1957 for seven years for theft from cars . Released in 1961 , he died in 1964 . 1895 replica ( edit ) The second FA Cup trophy , used between 1896 and 1910 . After being rendered obsolete by the redesign , the 1895 replica was presented in 1910 to the FA 's long - serving president Lord Kinnaird . Kinnaird died in 1923 , and his family kept it in their possession , out of view , until putting it up for auction in 2005 . It was duly sold at Christie 's auction house on 19 May 2005 for £ 420,000 ( £ 478,400 including auction fees and taxes ) . The sale price set a new world record for a piece of football memorabilia , surpassing the £ 254,000 paid for the Jules Rimet World Cup Trophy in 1997 . The successful bidder was David Gold , the then joint chairman of Birmingham City ; claiming the FA and government were doing nothing proactive to ensure the trophy remained in the country , Gold stated his purchase was motivated by wanting to save it for the nation . Accordingly , Gold presented the trophy to the National Football Museum in Preston on 20 April 2006 , where it went on immediate public display . It later moved with the museum to its new location in Manchester . In November 2012 , it was ceremonially presented to Royal Engineers , after they beat Wanderers 7 -- 1 in a charity replay of the first FA Cup final . Current design ( edit ) 1911 original ( edit ) The redesigned trophy first used in 1911 was larger at 61.5 cm ( 24.2 inches ) high , and was designed and manufactured by Fattorini 's of Bradford , coincidentally being won by Bradford City in its first outing . On the 27 March 2016 episode of the BBC television program Antiques Roadshow , this trophy was valued at £ 1 million by expert Alastair Dickenson , although he suggested that , due to the design featuring depictions of grapes and vines , it may not have been specifically produced for the FA , but was instead an off the shelf design originally meant to be a wine or champagne cooler . A smaller , but otherwise identical replica was also made by Fattorini , the North Wales Coast FA Cup trophy , and is contested annually by members of that regional Association . 1992 replica ( edit ) The current design of the FA Cup ( 1992 replica pictured ) The 1992 replica was made by Toye , Kenning and Spencer . A copy of this trophy was also produced , in case anything happened to the primary trophy . 2014 replica ( edit ) The 2014 replica was made by Thomas Lyte , handcrafted in sterling 925 silver over 250 hours . A weight increase to increase durability has taken it to 6.3 kilograms ( 14 lb ) . Medals ( edit ) Each club in the final receives 30 winners or runners - up medals to be distributed among players , staff , and officials . In 1914 Burnley won the cup and received unique medals incorrectly struck as `` English Cup Winners '' . One is displayed at Turf Moor , within the 1914 collection . Sponsorship ( edit ) Pre-match ceremony of 2010 FA Cup Final showing sponsorship by E. ON See also : English football sponsorship Since the start of the 1994 -- 95 season , the FA Cup has been sponsored . However , to protect the identity of the competition , the sponsored name has always included ' The FA Cup ' in addition to the sponsor 's name , unlike sponsorship deals for the League Cup where the word ' cup ' is preceded by only the sponsor 's name . Sponsorship deals run for four years , though -- as in the case of E. ON -- one - year extensions may be agreed . Emirates airline is the sponsor from 2015 to 2018 , renaming the competition as ' The Emirates FA Cup ' , unlike previous editions , which included ' The FA Cup in association with E. ON ' and ' The FA Cup with Budweiser ' . Period Sponsor Name 1871 / 72 -- 1993 / 94 No main sponsor The FA Cup 1994 / 95 -- 1997 / 98 Littlewoods Pools The FA Cup sponsored by Littlewoods 1998 / 99 -- 2001 / 02 AXA The AXA - Sponsored FA Cup 2002 / 03 -- 2005 / 06 No main sponsor The FA Cup 2006 / 07 -- 2010 / 11 E. ON The FA Cup sponsored by E. ON 2011 / 12 -- 2013 / 14 Budweiser The FA Cup with Budweiser 2014 / 15 No main sponsor The FA Cup 2015 / 16 -- 2017 / 18 Emirates The Emirates FA Cup From August 2006 to 2013 , Umbro supplied match balls for all FA Cup matches . Since March 2013 , Nike has supplied the official match ball . Records and statistics ( edit ) See also : Football records in England Final ( edit ) Team ( edit ) Most wins : 13 : Arsenal ( 1930 , 1936 , 1950 , 1971 , 1979 , 1993 , 1998 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 ) Most consecutive wins : 3 , joint record : Wanderers ( 1876 , 1877 , 1878 ) Blackburn Rovers , ( 1884 , 1885 , 1886 ) Most appearances in a final : 20 : Arsenal ( 1927 , 1930 , 1932 , 1936 , 1950 , 1952 , 1971 , 1972 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1993 , 1998 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 ) Most Final appearances without ever winning : 4 , Leicester City ( 1949 , 1961 , 1963 , 1969 ) Most Final appearances without ever losing : 5 , Wanderers ( 1872 , 1873 , 1876 , 1877 , 1878 ) Most Final appearances without losing ( Streak ) : 7 , Tottenham Hotspur ( 1901 , 1921 , 1961 , 1962 , 1967 , 1981 , 1982 ) Biggest win : 6 goals : Bury 6 -- 0 Derby County , ( 1903 ) Most goals in a final : 7 : Blackburn Rovers 6 -- 1 Sheffield Wednesday ( 1890 ) Blackpool 4 -- 3 Bolton Wanderers ( 1953 ) Most goals by a losing side : 3 : Bolton Wanderers : Lost 3 -- 4 against Blackpool ( 1953 ) West Ham United : Drew 3 -- 3 but lost in a penalty shootout against Liverpool ( 2006 ) Most defeats : 8 , Everton ( 1893 , 1897 , 1907 , 1968 , 1985 , 1986 , 1989 , 2009 ) Individual ( edit ) Ian Rush , the former Liverpool striker and record goalscorer in FA Cup final history Ashley Cole won a record seven FA Cup Finals Most wins by player : 7 , Ashley Cole ( Arsenal ) ( 2002 , 2003 , 2005 ) & ( Chelsea ) ( 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2012 ) Most wins by manager : 7 , Arsène Wenger ( Arsenal ) ( 1998 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 ) , Most appearances : 9 , Arthur Kinnaird ( Wanderers ) ( 1872 -- 73 , 1874 -- 75 , 1875 -- 76 , 1876 -- 77 , 1877 -- 78 ) & ( Old Etonians ) ( 1878 -- 79 , 1880 -- 81 , 1881 -- 82 , 1882 -- 83 ) Most goals ( one final ) : 3 , Billy Townley ( Blackburn Rovers ) ( 1890 ) , James Logan ( Notts County ) ( 1894 ) & Stan Mortensen ( Blackpool ) ( 1953 ) Most goals ( all finals ) : 5 , Ian Rush ( Liverpool ) ( 2 in 1986 , 2 in 1989 , 1 in 1992 ) Most finals scored in : 4 , Didier Drogba ( Chelsea ) ( 1 each in 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2012 ) Youngest FA Cup finalist : Curtis Weston ( Millwall ) , 17 years and 119 days ( 2004 ) Youngest player to score in an FA Cup Final : Norman Whiteside ( Manchester United ) , 18 years and 19 days ( 1983 ) Oldest player : Billy Hampson ( Newcastle United ) , 41 years and 257 days ( 1924 ) All rounds ( edit ) Biggest win : Preston North End 26 -- 0 Hyde ( First Round , 15 October 1887 ) Biggest away win : Clapton 0 -- 14 Nottingham Forest ( First Round , 17 January 1891 ) Highest attendance at Wembley : 126,047 ( official ) up to 300,000 ( estimate ) at the `` White Horse Final '' ( Bolton Wanderers v. West Ham United , 28 April 1923 ) Most clubs competing for trophy in a season : 763 ( 2011 -- 12 ) Longest tie : 660 minutes ( 6 matches in total ) , Oxford City v. Alvechurch ( Fourth Qualifying Round , November 6 / 9 / 15 / 17 / 20 / 22 1971 ; Alvechurch won the sixth match 1 -- 0 ) Longest penalty shootout : 20 penalties each , Tunbridge Wells v. Littlehampton Town ( Preliminary Round Replay , 31 August 2005 ; Tunbridge Wells won 16 -- 15 ) Most rounds played in a season : 9 , for : Brighton & Hove Albion ( 1932 -- 33 : 1st -- 4th Qualifying Rounds , 1st -- 5th Rounds ) New Brighton ( 1956 -- 57 : Preliminary , 1st -- 4th Qualifying Rounds , 1st -- 4th Rounds ) Blyth Spartans ( 1977 -- 78 : 1st -- 4th Qualifying Rounds , 1st -- 5th Rounds ) Harlow Town ( 1979 -- 80 : Preliminary , 1st -- 4th Qualifying Rounds , 1st -- 4th Rounds ) Most games played in a season : 13 , Bideford ( 1973 -- 74 : one First Qualifying , two Second Qualifying , five Third Qualifying , four Fourth Qualifying and one First Round ) Fastest goal : 4 seconds , Gareth Morris ( for Ashton United v. Skelmersdale United , 1st Qualifying Round , 17 September 2001 ) Most consecutive games without defeat : 22 , Blackburn Rovers ( First Round , 1884 through Second round , replay , 1886 . Won two FA Cups . ) Most consecutive games without defeat : ( Excluding defeat by penalty shoot - out ) 29 , Chelsea ( Third Round Proper , 2009 through Fourth Round Proper , replay , 2013 . Won three FA Cups . ) Fastest hat - trick : 2 min 20 sec , Andy Locke ( for Nantwich Town v. Droylsden , Preliminary Round , August 1995 ) Most career goals : 49 , Henry `` Harry '' Cursham ( for Notts County in 12 tournaments from 1877 -- 78 to 1888 -- 89 ) . Most goals by a player in a single FA Cup season : 19 , Jimmy Ross ( for Preston North End , 1887 -- 88 . Preston outscored opponents 50 -- 5 over 7 matches , including `` Biggest win '' shown above . ) . Most goals by a player in a single FA Cup game : 9 , Ted MacDougall ( for AFC Bournemouth in 11 -- 0 defeat of Margate , First Round Proper , 20 November 1971 ) Scoreline : Two examples of teams scoring 7 goals and not winning -- Dulwich Hamlet 8 -- 7 St Albans City ( Fourth Qualifying Round Replay , 22 November 1922 ) , and Dulwich Hamlet 7 -- 7 Wealdstone ( Fourth Qualifying Round , 16 November 1929 ) . Youngest player : Andy Awford , 15 years and 88 days ( for Worcester City v. Boreham Wood , 3rd Qualifying Round , 10 October 1987 ) , Youngest goalscorer : Sean Cato , 16 years and 25 days ( for Barrow Town v. Rothwell Town , Preliminary Round , 3 September 2011 ) Youngest goalscorer ( proper rounds ) : George Williams , 16 years and 66 days ( for Milton Keynes Dons v. Nantwich Town , First Round Proper , 12 November 2011 ) Cup runs and giant killings ( edit ) The possibility of unlikely victories in the earlier rounds of the competition , where lower ranked teams beat higher placed opposition in what is known as a `` giant killing '' , is much anticipated by the public . Such upsets are considered an integral part of the tradition and prestige of the competition , and the attention gained by giant - killing teams can be as great as that for winners of the cup . Almost every club in the League Pyramid has a fondly remembered giant - killing act in its history . It is considered particularly newsworthy when a top Premier League team suffers an upset defeat , or where the giant - killer is a non-league club , i.e. from outside the professional levels of The Football League . One analysis of four years of FA Cup results showed that it was 99.85 per cent likely that at least one team would beat one from its next higher division in a given year . The probability drops to 48.8 per cent for a two - division gap , and 39.28 per cent for a three - division gap . Early years ( edit ) The Football League was founded in 1888 , 16 years after the first FA Cup competition . Since the creation of The Football League , Tottenham Hotspur is the only non-league `` giant - killer '' to win the Cup , taking the 1901 FA Cup with a victory over reigning league runners - up Sheffield United : although at that time , there were only two divisions and 36 clubs in the Football League , and Spurs were champions of the next strongest football league -- the Southern League and probably already good enough for the First Division ( as was shown when they joined the Second Division in 1908 and immediately won promotion to the First . ) Only two other actual non-League clubs have even reached the final since the founding of the League : Sheffield Wednesday in 1890 ( champions of the Football Alliance , a rival league which was already effectively the Second Division , which it formally became in 1892 -- Wednesday being let straight into the First Division ) , and Southampton in 1900 and 1902 ( in which years they were also Southern League champions , proving the strength of that league : again , they were probably of equivalent standard to a First Division club at the time , but Southampton 's form subsequently faded and they did not join the League till 1920 and the formation of the Third Division . ) Non-league giant killings ( edit ) The most recent examples of a non-league team ( Levels 5 to 10 ) beating a Level 1 opponent are National League side Lincoln City 's away victory over Premier League side Burnley in the 2016 -- 17 FA Cup and Conference Premier side Luton Town 's away victory over Level 1 Premier League 's Norwich City in the 2012 -- 13 Fourth Round Proper . Prior to that game , the last time a non-league side defeated a Level 1 club was in 1989 when Sutton United claimed a 2 -- 1 victory at home over Coventry City , who had won the FA Cup less than two years prior . In the 1971 -- 72 FA Cup , a non-league side achieved a Level 1 giant killing that was voted `` best FA Cup tie ever '' in a 2007 poll by The Observer newspaper . Non-league Hereford United was trailing First Division Newcastle United 0 -- 1 with less than seven minutes left in the Third Round Proper replay , when Hereford 's Ronnie Radford scored the equalizer -- a goal still shown regularly when FA Cup fixtures are broadcast . Hereford finished the shocking comeback by defeating Newcastle 2 -- 1 in the match . Some small clubs gain a reputation for being `` cup specialists '' after two or more giant killing feats within a few years . Yeovil Town holds the record for the most victories over league opposition as a non-league team , having recorded 20 wins through the years before it achieved promotion into The Football League . The record for a club which has never entered The Football League is held by Altrincham , with 16 wins against league teams . Non-league Cup runs ( edit ) See also : List of non-league clubs in the Fifth Round of the FA Cup since 1945 For non-league teams , reaching the Third Round Proper -- where all Level 1 sides now enter -- is considered a major achievement . In the 2008 -- 09 FA Cup , a record nine non-league teams achieved this feat . As of the 2016 -- 17 season , only nine non-league teams have reached the Fifth Round Proper ( final 16 ) since 1945 , and only Lincoln City have progressed to the Sixth Round ( final 8 ) , during the 2016 -- 17 edition of the tournament . Chasetown , while playing at Level 8 of English football during the 2007 -- 08 competition , are the lowest - ranked team to ever play in the Third Round Proper ( final 64 , of 731 teams entered that season ) . Chasetown was then a member of the Southern League Division One Midlands ( a lower level within the Southern Football League ) , when they lost to Football League Championship ( Level 2 ) team Cardiff City , the eventual FA Cup runners - up that year . Their success earned the lowly organisation over £ 60,000 in prize money . Giant killings between League clubs ( edit ) In games between league sides , one of the most notable results was the 1992 victory by Wrexham , 92nd / last in the previous season 's league , over reigning league champion Arsenal . Another similar shock was when Shrewsbury Town beat Everton 2 -- 1 in 2003 . Everton finished 7th in The Premier League and Shrewsbury Town were relegated to the Football Conference that same season . Winners and finalists ( edit ) Main article : FA Cup Final See also : List of FA Cup finals Consecutive winners ( edit ) Four clubs have won consecutive FA Cups on more than one occasion : Wanderers ( 1872 , 1873 and 1876 , 1877 , 1878 ) , Blackburn Rovers ( 1884 , 1885 , 1886 and 1890 , 1891 ) , Tottenham Hotspur ( 1961 , 1962 and 1981 , 1982 ) and Arsenal ( 2002 , 2003 and 2014 , 2015 ) . Winning managers ( edit ) See also : List of FA Cup winning managers The record for most winner 's medals for a manager is held by Arsène Wenger , who has won seven titles with Arsenal ( 1998 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 ) . Doubles / trebles ( edit ) Seven clubs have won the FA Cup as part of a League and Cup double , namely Preston North End ( 1889 ) , Aston Villa ( 1897 ) , Tottenham Hotspur ( 1961 ) , Arsenal ( 1971 , 1998 , 2002 ) , Liverpool ( 1986 ) , Manchester United ( 1994 , 1996 , 1999 ) and Chelsea ( 2010 ) . In 1993 , Arsenal became the first side to win both the FA Cup and the League Cup in the same season when they beat Sheffield Wednesday 2 -- 1 in both finals . Liverpool ( in 2001 ) and Chelsea ( in 2007 ) have since repeated this feat . In 2012 , Chelsea accomplished a different cup double consisting of the FA Cup and the 2012 Champions League . In 1998 -- 99 , Manchester United added the 1999 Champions League title to their league and cup double to complete a unique Treble . Two years later , in 2000 -- 01 , Liverpool won the FA Cup , League Cup and UEFA Cup to complete a cup treble . An English Treble has never been achieved . Outside England ( edit ) The FA Cup has only been won by a non-English team once . Cardiff City achieved this in 1927 when they beat Arsenal in the final at Wembley . They had previously made it to the final only to lose to Sheffield United in 1925 and lost another final to Portsmouth in 2008 . Cardiff City is also the only team to win the national cups of two different countries in the same season , having also won the Welsh Cup in 1927 . The Scottish team Queen 's Park reached and lost the final in both 1884 and 1885 . Outside the top Division ( edit ) Since the creation of the Football League in 1888 , the final has never been contested by two teams from outside the top division , and there have only been eight winners who were not in the top flight : Notts County ( 1894 ) ; Tottenham Hotspur ( 1901 ) ; Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 1908 ) ; Barnsley ( 1912 ) ; West Bromwich Albion ( 1931 ) ; Sunderland ( 1973 ) , Southampton ( 1976 ) and West Ham United ( 1980 ) . With the exception of Tottenham , these clubs were all playing in the second tier ( the old Second Division ) -- Tottenham were playing in the Southern League and were only elected to the Football League in 1908 , meaning they are the only non-League winners of the FA Cup since the League 's creation . Other than Tottenham 's victory , only 24 finalists have come from outside English football 's top tier , with a record of 7 wins and 17 runners - up : and none at all from the third tier or lower , Southampton ( 1902 , then in the Southern League ) being the last finalist from outside the top two tiers . Sunderland 's win in 1973 was considered a major upset , having beaten Leeds United who finished third in the top flight that season . Uniquely , in 2008 three of the four semi-finalists ( Barnsley , Cardiff City and West Bromwich ) were from outside the top division , although the eventual winner was the last remaining top - flight team , Portsmouth . West Bromwich ( 1931 ) are the only team to have won the FA Cup and earned promotion to the top flight in the same season ; whereas Wigan Athletic ( 2013 ) are the only team to have won the Cup and been relegated from the top flight in the same season . Media coverage ( edit ) Domestic broadcasters ( edit ) See also : English football on television The FA Cup Final is one of 10 events reserved for live broadcast on UK terrestrial television under the Ofcom Code on Sports and Other Listed and Designated Events . In the early years of coverage the BBC had exclusive radio coverage with a picture of the pitch marked in the Radio Times with numbered squares to help the listener follow the match on the radio . The first FA Cup Final on Radio was in 1926 between Bolton Wanderers and Manchester City but this was only broadcast in Manchester , the first national final on BBC Radio was between Arsenal and Cardiff in 1927 . The first final on BBC Television was in 1937 in a match which featured Sunderland and Preston North End but this was not televised in full . The following season 's final between Preston and Huddersfield was covered in full by the BBC . When ITV was formed in 1955 they shared final coverage with the BBC in one of the only club matches shown live on television , during the 1970s and 1980s coverage became more elaborate with BBC and ITV trying to steal viewers from the others by starting coverage earlier and earlier some starting as early as 9 a.m. which was six hours before kick off . Nowadays , this continues with Setanta and ESPN having all - day broadcasts from Wembley , but terrestrial TV coverage usually begins two hours before kick off . The sharing of rights between BBC and ITV continued from 1955 to 1988 , when ITV lost coverage to the new Sports Channel which later became Sky Sports . From 1988 to 1997 , the BBC and Sky Sports had coverage of the FA Cup , the BBC had highlights on Match of the Day and usually one match per round while Sky had the same deal . From 1997 to 2001 , ITV and Sky shared live coverage with both having two matches per round and BBC continuing with highlights on Match of the Day . From 2002 to 2008 , BBC and Sky again shared coverage with BBC having two or three matches per round and Sky having one or two . From 2008 -- 09 to 2013 -- 14 , FA Cup matches are shown live by ITV across England and Wales , with UTV broadcasting to Northern Ireland but STV refusing to show them . ITV shows 16 FA Cup games per season , including the first pick of live matches from each of the first to sixth rounds of the competition , plus one semi-final exclusively live . The final is also shown live on ITV . Under the same 2008 contract , Setanta Sports showed three games and one replay in each round from round three to five , two quarter - finals , one semi-final and the final . The channel also broadcast ITV 's matches exclusively to Scotland , after the ITV franchise holder in Scotland , STV , decided not to broadcast FA Cup games . Setanta entered administration in June 2009 and as a result the FA terminated Setanta 's deal to broadcast FA - sanctioned competitions and England internationals . As a result of Setanta going out of business ITV showed the competition exclusively in the 2009 -- 10 season with between three and four matches per round , all quarter finals , semi-finals and final live as the FA could not find a pay TV broadcaster in time . ESPN bought the competition for the 2010 -- 11 to 2012 -- 13 season and during this time Rebecca Lowe became the first woman to host the FA Cup Final in the UK . In October 2009 , The FA announced that ITV would show an additional match in the First and Second Rounds on ITV , with one replay match shown on ITV4 . One match and one replay match from the first two rounds will broadcast on The FA website for free , in a similar situation to the 2010 World Cup Qualifier between Ukraine and England . The 2009 -- 10 First Round match between Oldham Athletic and Leeds United was the first FA Cup match to be streamed online live . Many expected BSkyB to make a bid to show some of the remaining FA Cup games for the remainder of the 2009 -- 10 season which would include a semi-final and shared rights to the final . ESPN took over the package Setanta held for the FA Cup from the 2010 -- 11 season . The 2011 final was also shown live on Sky 3D in addition to ESPN ( who provided the 3D coverage for Sky 3D ) and ITV . Following the sale of ESPN 's UK and Ireland channels to BT , ESPN 's rights package transferred to BT Sport from the 2013 -- 14 season . BBC Radio 5 Live and Talksport provides radio coverage including several full live commentaries per round , with additional commentaries broadcast on BBC Local Radio . Until the 2008 -- 09 season , the BBC and Sky Sports shared television coverage , with the BBC showing three matches in the earlier rounds . Some analysts argued the decision to move away from the Sky and , in particular , the BBC undermined the FA Cup in the eyes of the public . The early rounds of the 2008 -- 09 competition were covered for the first time by ITV 's online service , ITV Local . The first match of the competition , between Wantage Town and Brading Town , was broadcast live online . Highlights of eight games of each round were broadcast as catch up on ITV Local . Since ITV Local closed , this coverage did not continue . ITV lost the rights to the FA Cup beginning with the 2014 -- 15 FA Cup , terrestrial rights will return to BBC Sport , with the final being shown on BBC One while BT Sport hold the pay TV rights . Under this deal , the BBC will show around the same number of games as ITV and still having the first pick for each round . Matches involving Welsh clubs are sometimes exclusively broadcast on Welsh language channel S4C , which is also available to view across the rest of the United Kingdom on satellite and cable television , and through the channel 's website . A similar arrangement is shared with BBC Cymru Wales from 2014 -- 15 , potentially giving the BBC an extra match per round . Overseas broadcasters ( edit ) See also : List of FA Cup broadcasters The FA sells overseas rights separately from the domestic contract . Territory Current broadcaster ( s ) Former broadcaster ( s ) Australia First Round to the Semi-finals are broadcast exclusively by ESPN Australia ; final co-broadcast with SBS . Due to Australian anti-siphoning laws , the FA Cup Final is on a list of sporting events , that must first be offered to national television broadcasters and commercial free - to - air television broadcasters before rights can be acquired by a subscription television broadcaster . Africa Supersport , since 2015 -- 16 Albania Tring Sport , since 2009 -- 10 Belgium Eleven Sports Network , since 2015 -- 2016 Prime , 2008 -- 09 -- 2011 -- 12 Canada Sportsnet World , since 2011 -- 12 Setanta Sports , 2008 -- 09 -- 2010 -- 11 Denmark SBS Discovery Channel ( Kanal 5 , 6'eren , 7'eren ) , since 2012 -- 13 France beIN Sport , since 2012 -- 13 Canal+ , 2007 -- 08 , France Télévisions , 2008 -- 09 -- 2011 -- 12 India Sony Six & Sony ESPN , since 2012 -- 13 Italy Fox Sports , since 2013 -- 14 SKY Italia , 2003 -- 04 -- 2011 -- 12 , Mediaset Premium , 2012 -- 13 Netherlands FOX Sports , since 2010 -- 11 Russia Match TV , since 2015 -- 16 Spain Teledeporte , since 2016 -- 17 Movistar+ , 2008 -- 2012 Sweden TV10 , since 2013 -- 14 United States From 2012 -- 13 , Fox Sports will feature FA Cup games split between Fox Sports 1 , Fox Sports 2 , Fox Soccer Plus and the broadcast Fox network , with the Final being on Fox . English football portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The oldest Cup competetion ( sic ) in the world is at the fourth round stage , while Tottenham Hotspur are in Premier League action . Raidió Teilifís Éireann . Retrieved 22 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The rules of The FA Cup for season 2015 -- 16 '' . The Football Association . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Collett , Mike ( 2003 ) . The Complete Record of The FA Cup . p. 878 . ISBN 1 - 899807 - 19 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup final : The greatest goal from the last 50 years voted by you '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 's FA Cup catastrophe '' . BBC News . 27 July 2000 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` I regret Manchester United 's FA Cup pull - out : Fergie '' . The Belfast Telegraph . 3 December 2009 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Staniforth , Tommy ( 29 October 1999 ) . `` United underline Cup withdrawal '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Guernsey Press ( 30 April 2013 ) . `` Lions in FA Cup '' . www.thisisguernsy.com . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` No Replays in the 2017 Emirates FA Cup Quarter - Finals '' . www.thefa.com . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 6 March 2011 ) . `` Tarnished FA Cup needs a Manchester derby 's drama '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 12 May 2011 ) . `` No escape for 2012 FA Cup final from date clash with Premier League '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Hammers nail Fulham '' . The Football Association . Archived from the original on 5 January 2013 . Retrieved 5 March 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Penalty shoot - out makes English FA Cup history '' . New Straits Press . Kuala Lumpur . 28 November 1991 . p. 44 . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashenden , Mark ( 26 May 2016 ) . `` FA Cup quarter - final replays to be scrapped from next season '' . Sky Sports . Sky UK . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Who qualifies to play in Europe ? '' . Archived from the original on 7 September 2012 . Retrieved 24 January 2013 . Premier League , 3 May 2012 Jump up ^ `` UEFA Direct '' ( PDF ) . UEFA Magazine . October 2013 . Retrieved 27 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup : Greg Dyke says semi-finals will stay at Wembley '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Football supporters hail FA Cup semi-final decision '' . Football Supporters ' Federation . Archived from the original on 8 February 2007 . Retrieved 8 February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Paul ( 11 April 2013 ) . `` FA Cup semi-finals : should they be played at Wembley ? -- poll '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Nurse , Howard ( 19 October 2006 ) . `` Wembley Stadium to open next year '' . BBC News . Retrieved 17 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 3G pitches allowed in all rounds of FA Cup from 2014 -- 15 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Artificial pitches given go - ahead for FA Cup qualifying rounds '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maidstone United 2 -- 1 Stevenage '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` FA Cup reborn for 2014 final as new trophy is cast '' . BBC News . BBC News . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` FA Cup given top Antiques Roadshow value of more than £ 1m '' . BBC News . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Birmingham City boss buys FA Cup '' . BBC . 21 May 2005 . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emmet Smith -- FA Cup engraver '' . The Guardian . 12 May 2007 . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Association , The Football . `` Up for the Cup ! Historic FA Cup on Display at Stoke Park '' . www.surreyfa.com . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Lennox , Doug ( 1 June 2009 ) . Now You Know Soccer . Dundurn . ISBN 9781770706132 . Jump up ^ Donnelley , Paul ( 4 October 2010 ) . Firsts , Lasts & Onlys of Football : Presenting the most amazing football facts from the last 160 years . Octopus . p. 1878 . ISBN 9780600622543 . Jump up ^ Brown , Paul ( 29 May 2013 ) . The Victorian Football Miscellany . Superelastic . p. 63 . ISBN 9780956227058 . Jump up ^ `` The Trophies '' . The Football Association . Archived from the original on 25 June 2014 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Unsolved : Did this OAP really steal the famous FA Cup ? '' . Birmingham Mail . Trinity Mirror Midlands. 13 May 2010 . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oldest FA Cup presented to museum '' . BBC . 20 April 2006 . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Al - Samarrai , Riath ( 7 November 2012 ) . `` Engineers steamroll Wanderers 7 -- 1 in repeat of first ever FA Cup final at The Oval ... 140 years after the original '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Toye trophies page '' . Archived from the original on 22 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Godfrey , Mark . `` The history of the FA Cup trophy '' . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RULES OF THE FA CHALLENGE CUP COMPETITION '' . The Football Association . p. 23 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup medal is back at Turf Moor '' . www.burnleyexpress.net . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` FA Cup get first title sponsor following deal with Emirates Airline '' . BBC Sport. 30 May 2015 . Retrieved 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` F.A. Cup Soccer Gets A Sponsor '' . The New York Times . 2 September 1994 . Retrieved 10 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Axa wins FA Cup '' . BBC News . 23 July 1998 . Retrieved 10 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FA announces new Cup sponsorship '' . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NotFound '' . Archived from the original on 16 September 2010 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Budweiser up for Cup in £ 8m a year deal '' . The Sun . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ DailyMail ( 12 April 2013 ) . `` First look at new FA Cup ball , making its debut in this weekend 's semi-finals '' . 12 April 2013 . London . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Mr FA Cup : England star Cole has won the competition an incredible SEVEN times '' . Daily Mail . 7 January 2013 . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Barber , David ( 3 February 2010 ) . `` Fastest Cup hat - trick '' . The FA . Retrieved 4 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup Heroes '' . The Football Association . Archived from the original on 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . Jump up ^ 20 November -- Mac o ' Nine Tales , On This Football Day . Jump up ^ `` Gills ' Freeman makes Cup history '' . BBC Sport. 12 November 2007 . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Teenager breaks FA Cup record on his debut '' . Loughborough Echo. 10 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The harder they fall '' . ESPN.co.uk . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Giant - killing not a tall order in FA Cup '' . The Times . 8 January 2005 . Archived from the original on 5 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Morshead , Sam ( 6 January 2017 ) . `` Liverpool have suffered more FA Cup giant - killings than any other Premier League side : Why Plymouth should be encouraged ahead of their Anfield trip '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ BBC Sport , 26 January 2013 Jump up ^ `` It 'll never happen '' . The Observer . Guardian News and Media . 28 January 2007 . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TheFA.com -- Twenty to tackle answers '' . 23 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 23 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Kessel , Anna ( 3 January 2009 ) . `` Non-league presence in third round of FA Cup breaks all - time record '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ask Albert -- Number 8 '' . BBC News . 7 December 2000 . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Burnley 0 -- 1 Lincoln City '' . BBC News . 18 February 2017 . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Chasetown 1 -- 3 Cardiff . Jump up ^ Magee , Andrew ( 30 May 2015 ) . `` Arsene Wenger 's sixth FA Cup win draws him level with the most important man in Aston Villa 's history ... George Ramsay '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TheFA.com -- Shocks do happen '' . The Football Association . Archived from the original on 5 March 2005 . Retrieved 6 April 2005 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup semi-final draw 2008 '' . BBC Sport. 10 March 2008 . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FA face Setanta shortfall '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 23 June 2009 . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup to be broadcast Free - to - Air '' . Archived from the original on 27 October 2009 . Retrieved 27 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Latics to face Leeds in Cup '' . Retrieved 27 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup and England TV rights up for grabs as Setanta falls into administration and prepares to disappear from our screens '' . Daily Mail . London . 23 June 2009 . Retrieved 30 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 7 December 2009 ) . `` ESPN secures rights to show FA Cup matches from next season '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 30 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN 's 3D coverage of 2011 FA Cup Final to be available on Sky 3D '' . Sky TV . London . Retrieved 26 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BT Group acquires ESPN 's UK and Ireland television channels business '' ( Press release ) . BT Group . 25 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2013 . Retrieved 25 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Sale , Charles ( 2 September 2009 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : E. ON opt against extending FA Cup sponsorship deal '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` Watch The FA Cup online '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Cup tie live online '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` BBC to show live matches from 2014 -- 15 season '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` S4C to broadcast live coverage of Wrexham 's FA Cup clash '' . S4C . Sianel Pedwar Cymru. 2 November 2011 . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wrexham v Stevenage or Maidstone live on BBC Wales '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 13 November 2014 . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teledeporte emite la Emirates FA Cup '' . RTVE.es. 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Harris , Christopher ( 13 December 2013 ) . `` FOX to Broadcast FA Cup Final and Arsenal - Spurs FA Cup Match on Over-the - Air Network '' . World Soccer Talk . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Since 1920 , when the Football League expanded to three divisions , no club from outside the top two divisions has reached the final . Since 1914 , when QPR reached the fourth round proper ( the last eight / quarter - final stage ) , the only non-league club to have reached that stage is Lincoln City in 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to FA Cup . The FA Cup Archive -- England 's official Football Association site , all results with dates , including all qualifying rounds The official FA Cup website Thomas Fattorini Ltd. makers of the 1911 FA Cup -- manufacturers of the 1911 FA Cup and other sporting trophies FA Cup going under the hammer -- BBC News story on the sale of the second trophy FA Supporters -- Independent FA Cup Supporters Club FA Cup Seasons 1871 -- 72 1872 -- 73 1873 -- 74 1874 -- 75 1875 -- 76 1876 -- 77 1877 -- 78 1878 -- 79 1879 -- 80 1880 -- 81 1881 -- 82 1882 -- 83 1883 -- 84 1884 -- 85 1885 -- 86 1886 -- 87 1887 -- 88 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 1900 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Qualifying rounds 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 1900 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Finals 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1992 1993 2001 2017 History Trophy List of finals Third - 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Scottish Cup List of football matches between British national teams List of football matches between British clubs in UEFA competitions International Football Association Board England -- Scotland football rivalry England National team English Football League The FA Footballing history National team history Premier League FA Cup EFL Cup Scotland National team The SFA Footballing history National team history Scottish Professional Football League Scottish Cup Scottish League Cup Wales National team FAW National team history Welsh Premier League Welsh Cup Welsh League Cup Northern Ireland National team IFA National team history Northern Ireland Football League Irish Cup Northern Ireland League Cup Records England Northern Ireland Scotland UEFA members national football cups Current Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Defunct Czechoslovakia East Germany Serbia and Montenegro USSR Yugoslavia Non-UEFA Vatican City Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FA_Cup&oldid=807317255 '' Categories : FA Cup Recurring sporting events established in 1871 Football cup competitions in England National association football cups 1871 establishments in England Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from November 2015 Use dmy dates from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - 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"\n\nRound[2]\nNew entrants at this round[2]\nMonth\nNo of matches\n\n\nQualifying Competition[2]\n\n\nExtra-Preliminary Round\nLevel 9 and 10 clubs\nAugust\n184\n\n\nPreliminary Round\nLevel 8 clubs\n160\n\n\nFirst Round\nLevel 7 clubs\nSeptember\n116\n\n\nSecond Round\nLevel 6 clubs\n80\n\n\nThird Round\nnone\nOctober\n40\n\n\nFourth Round\nLevel 5 clubs\n32\n\n\nCompetition Proper[2]\n\n\nFirst Round\nLevel 3 and 4 clubs\nNovember\n40\n\n\nSecond Round\nnone\nDecember\n20\n\n\nThird Round\nLevel 1 and 2 clubs\nJanuary\n32\n\n\nFourth Round\nnone\n16\n\n\nFifth Round\nFebruary\n8\n\n\nQuarter-finals\nMarch\n4\n\n\nSemi-Finals\nApril\n2\n\n\nFinal\nMay\n1\n\n"
] | [
"January"
] |
3080805686159904749 | Wet Hot American Summer | Wet Hot American Summer - wikipedia Wet Hot American Summer Jump to : navigation , search Wet Hot American Summer Theatrical release poster Directed by David Wain Produced by Howard Bernstein Written by David Wain Michael Showalter Starring Janeane Garofalo David Hyde Pierce Molly Shannon Paul Rudd Christopher Meloni Michael Showalter Music by Theodore Shapiro Craig Wedren Cinematography Ben Weinstein Edited by Meg Reticker Production company Eureka Pictures North Coast Group Distributed by USA Films Release date July 27 , 2001 ( 2001 - 07 - 27 ) ( New York City ) Running time 97 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $1.8 million Box office $295,206 ( United States ) Wet Hot American Summer is a 2001 American satirical comedy film directed by David Wain from a screenplay written by Wain and Michael Showalter . The film features an ensemble cast , including Janeane Garofalo , David Hyde Pierce , Molly Shannon , Paul Rudd , Christopher Meloni , Michael Showalter ( and various other members of MTV 's sketch comedy group The State ) , Elizabeth Banks , Ken Marino , Michael Ian Black , Bradley Cooper , Amy Poehler , Zak Orth , and A.D. Miles . The film takes place during the last full day at a fictional summer camp in 1981 , and spoofs the sex comedies aimed at teen audiences of that era . The film was a critical and commercial failure , but has since developed a cult following , as many of its cast members have gone on to high - profile work . Netflix released an eight - episode prequel series starring most of the film 's original cast on July 31 , 2015 . An eight - episode sequel series , set ten years after the original film , was released on August 4 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Background 3.2 Development 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 3.5 Songs in the film 4 Release 5 Reception 6 Home media 7 Follow - ups 8 Legacy 8.1 Anniversary celebrations 8.2 Undeveloped TV series 8.3 Documentary 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1981 , Camp Firewood , a summer camp located near Waterville , Maine , is preparing for its last day of camp . Counselors have one last chance to have a romantic encounter with another person at Camp Firewood . The summer culminates in a talent show . Beth ( Janeane Garofalo ) , the camp director , struggles to keep her counselors in order -- and her campers alive -- while falling in love with Henry ( David Hyde Pierce ) , an astrophysics associate professor at Colby College . Henry has to devise a plan to save the camp from a piece of NASA 's Skylab , which is falling to Earth . Coop ( Michael Showalter ) has a crush on Katie ( Marguerite Moreau ) , his fellow counselor , but has to pry her away from her rebellious , obnoxious , and obviously unfaithful boyfriend , Andy ( Paul Rudd ) . Only Gene ( Christopher Meloni ) , the shell - shocked Vietnam war veteran and camp chef , can help Coop win Katie -- with some help from a talking can of mixed vegetables ( voiced by H. Jon Benjamin ) . All the while , Gary ( A.D. Miles ) , Gene 's unfortunately chosen apprentice , and J.J. ( Zak Orth ) attempt to figure out why McKinley ( Michael Ian Black ) has n't been with a woman , the reason being that McKinley is in love with Ben ( Bradley Cooper ) , whom he marries in a ceremony in the lake ; Victor ( Ken Marino ) attempts to lose his virginity with the resident loose - girl Abby ( Marisa Ryan ) ; and Susie ( Amy Poehler ) and Ben attempt to produce and choreograph the greatest talent show Camp Firewood has ever seen . Cast ( edit ) Janeane Garofalo as Beth David Hyde Pierce as Professor Henry Newman Molly Shannon as Gail von Kleinenstein Paul Rudd as Andy Christopher Meloni as Gene Michael Showalter as Gerald `` Coop '' Cooperberg / Alan Shemper Marguerite Moreau as Katie Finnerty Ken Marino as Victor Pulak Michael Ian Black as McKinley Zak Orth as J.J. A.D. Miles as Gary Amy Poehler as Susie Bradley Cooper as Ben Marisa Ryan as Abby Bernstein Kevin Sussman as Steve Elizabeth Banks as Lindsay Joe Lo Truglio as Neil Gideon Jacobs as Aaron Judah Friedlander as Ron Von Kleinenstein H. Jon Benjamin as a Can of Mixed Vegetables Production ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The film is based on the experiences Wain had while attending Camp Modin , a Jewish camp , located in Belgrade , Maine , and Showalter had at Camp Mohawk in the Berkshires in Cheshire , Massachusetts . During one scene , the counselors take a trip into Waterville , Maine , which is not far from the camp . It is also a parody of , and homage to , other films about summer camp such as Meatballs ( 1979 ) , Sleepaway Camp ( 1983 ) , and Indian Summer ( 1993 ) . According to Wain , they wanted to make a film structured like films such as Nashville , Dazed and Confused and Do the Right Thing -- `` films that take place in one contained time period that have lots of different characters . '' Development ( edit ) The film 's financing took three years to assemble ; in a June 2011 interview , Wain revealed the film 's budget was $1.8 million ; he noted that during the 2001 Sundance Film Festival , the film had been promoted as costing $5 million , in an attempt to attract a better offer from a distributor . Because of the film 's relatively small budget , the cast was paid very little ; Paul Rudd has stated that he is uncertain that he received any compensation at all for the film . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography lasted 28 days , and , according to director David Wain , it rained on every day of shooting . Exterior shots were filmed when possible , sometimes under covers or umbrellas , but some scenes were moved indoors instead . In many interior scenes , rain seen outside turns into sun as soon as characters step outside . Due to the cold , the actors ' breath can be seen in some outdoor scenes . The film was shot at Camp Towanda in Honesdale , Pennsylvania . Music ( edit ) As the film is set in the early 1980s , the film 's soundtrack features songs from many popular bands of the era , most notably Jefferson Starship , Rick Springfield , Loverboy , and KISS . Songs in the film ( edit ) `` Jane '' by Jefferson Starship `` Juke Box Hero '' by Foreigner `` Backwards from Three '' by Craig Wedren and Theodore Shapiro `` Wet Hot American Summer '' by Craig Wedren `` Love is Alright Tonight '' by Rick Springfield `` Danny 's Song '' by Loggins & Messina `` Turn Me Loose '' by Loverboy `` Beth '' by Kiss `` Day By Day '' from Godspell `` Harden My Heart '' by Quarterflash `` Higher and Higher '' by Craig Wedren and Theodore Shapiro `` When It 's Over '' by Loverboy `` Wet Hot American Dream '' by Peter Salett `` Summer in America '' by Mr. Blue & Chubb Rock Release ( edit ) Wet Hot American Summer premiered at the 2001 Sundance Film Festival , where it was screened four times to sold - out crowds , though it failed to attract a distributor . Months later , USA Films offered the filmmakers $100,000 for the film , with virtually no participation for the filmmakers , an offer the film 's investors accepted . It premiered in New York City on July 27 , 2001 , then received a theatrical release limited to fewer than 30 cities . Reception ( edit ) Wet Hot American Summer received mostly negative reviews from critics . Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 32 % , based on 66 reviews , with the site 's critical consensus reading , `` As comedy , Wet Hot American Summer is a slapdash , fragmented affair that misses more often than hits . As parody , it fails because it attempts to satirize something ridiculous and self - parodying in itself . '' Metacritic gives the film a score of 42 out of 100 , based on 24 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Roger Ebert rated the film with one star out of four . His review took the form of a tongue - in - cheek parody of Allan Sherman 's `` Hello Muddah , Hello Fadduh '' . In contrast , Entertainment Weekly 's Owen Gleiberman awarded the film an `` A '' and named it as one of the ten best films of the year . Newsweek 's David Ansen also lauded it , calling it a `` gloriously silly romp '' that `` made me laugh harder than any other movie this summer . Make that this year . '' Numerous other critics have praised the film as a witty pop satire and it has gone on to achieve a cult following . Actress Kristen Bell stated on NPR on September 2 , 2012 , that this was her favorite film of all time , having watched it `` hundreds of times '' . NPR host Jesse Thorn said on the April 29 , 2014 , episode of Bullseye , `` When someone has an open enough heart to accept this silliness - and that 's what it 's about for me , an open heart - if someone 's heart is open to Wet Hot American Summer , they love it . And that 's when I know that me and them , we 've got an unbreakable bond . Together forever . Like camp counselors . '' Home media ( edit ) The film was released in both VHS and DVD formats on January 15 , 2002 . In 2011 , Wain tried to convince Universal Studios to do either a 10th anniversary home video re-release with extra features , or perhaps a Blu - ray release , but Universal rejected the idea . The film was released on Blu - ray on May 12 , 2015 . Follow - ups ( edit ) See also : Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp and Wet Hot American Summer : Ten Years Later The film is followed by two Netflix series with one serving as a prequel and one as a sequel . The prequel , First Day of Camp , was released on July 31 , 2015 , while the sequel , Ten Years Later , was released on August 4 , 2017 . Legacy ( edit ) Anniversary celebrations ( edit ) Events were held around the country to celebrate the film 's 10 - year anniversary in 2011 and 2012 , including a screening of the film in Boston , an art show in Santa Monica of works inspired by the film with a reception hosted by Wain , a screening at the Los Angeles Film School with a Q&A with Wain , a midnight screening in Cleveland , Ohio , a 10th anniversary celebration event with the members of Stella in Brooklyn , and a reading of the script at the San Francisco Comedy Festival with much of the original cast . Undeveloped TV series ( edit ) During an interview with Variety , Wain and Showalter confirmed that they wrote a pilot to Fox for a possible TV series based on the film . Wain described the series as a `` 22 - minute Fox sitcom with commercials and nothing Rated R , so it was a little bit odd . '' The pilot was not picked up for a series . Documentary ( edit ) Alongside the prequel series , a making - of documentary , Hurricane of Fun : The Making of Wet Hot , was released on Netflix on July 24 , 2015 , consisting of behind - the - scenes interviews and footage shot during the filming of the movie . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jeff Goldsmith ( 2011 - 06 - 17 ) . `` David Wain -- Wet Hot American Summer '' . Q&A with Jeff Goldsmith ( Podcast ) . Blogger / Liberated Syndication . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 23 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Wet Hot American Summer ( 2001 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Tobias , Scott ( 2008 - 06 - 11 ) . `` The New Cult Canon : Wet Hot American Summer '' . The AV Club . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Rumpus '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Scheer , Paul ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Sleepaway Camp , episode # 48 of How Did This Get Made ? '' . Earwolf . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Wet Hot American Summer '' . Sundance Institute . Archives . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( July 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Wet Hot American Summer ' : The crazy story behind the cult classic '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Full Credit List '' . Wet Hot American Summer official website . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wet Hot history '' . Wet Hot American Summer official website . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Wet Hot American Summer ( 2001 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Wet Hot American Summer ( 2001 ) '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Wet Hot American Summer '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Roger Ebert Reviews . 2001 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Review '' . Wet Hot American Summer official website . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Bullseye with Jesse Thorn : Jim Rash , Bob Saget , Jessica St. Clair and Lennon Parham '' . Maximum Fun. 2014 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` From Universal Pictures Home Entertainment : Wet Hot American Summer - UNIVERSAL CITY , Calif. , April 13 , 2015 / PRNewswire / '' . Prnewswire.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp : Season 1 '' . Jump up ^ `` Netflix is going back to camp with Wet Hot American Summer : Ten Years Later '' . April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coolidge Corner Theatre -- Wet Hot American Summer '' . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Wet Hot American Summer 6.10. 11 -- 6.29. 11 '' . Nao Live . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Wet Hot American Summer 10th Anniversary Q&A Screening with co-writer / director David Wain ! '' . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Arcade Staff ( 2011 - 06 - 03 ) . `` Cult movie classics get big - screen showings '' . The Morning Journal . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( 2011 - 08 - 02 ) . `` Wet Hot American Summer 10th anniversary : David Wain , Michael Showalter , and Joe Lo Truglio remember their days at Camp Firewood '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Cast Of Wet Hot American Summer Reunited At SF Sketchfest '' . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Seabaugh , Julie ( July 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Wet Hot American Summer ' : Oral History Details False Starts , Faking Camp Firewood '' . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Wet Hot American Summer Official website Wet Hot American Summer on IMDb Wet Hot American Summer at Box Office Mojo Wet Hot American Summer at Rotten Tomatoes Wet Hot American Summer at Metacritic ( hide ) Films directed by David Wain Wet Hot American Summer ( 2001 ) The Ten ( 2007 ) Role Models ( 2008 ) Wanderlust ( 2012 ) They Came Together ( 2014 ) A Futile and Stupid Gesture ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wet_Hot_American_Summer&oldid=797449626 '' Categories : 2001 films English - language films 2000s LGBT - related films 2000s romantic comedy films American films American independent films American LGBT - related films American romantic comedy films American satirical films American sex comedy films American teen comedy films Directorial debut films Films about Jews and Judaism Films adapted into television programs Films directed by David Wain Films set in Maine Films set in 1981 Films shot in Pennsylvania Honesdale , Pennsylvania Summer camps in films Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Use mdy dates from June 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2017 , at 03 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does wet hot american summer take place | [
"In 1981, Camp Firewood, a summer camp located near Waterville, Maine, is preparing for its last day of camp. Counselors have one last chance to have a romantic encounter with another person at Camp Firewood. The summer culminates in a talent show."
] | [
"Camp Firewood, a summer camp located near Waterville, Maine"
] |
-6479873059272537133 | World population | World population - wikipedia World population Jump to : navigation , search An editor has expressed concern that this article may have a number of irrelevant citations . Please help improve this article by verifying these references and challenge any that are not reliable or do not support the article . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) World population estimates from 1800 to 2100 , based on `` high '' , `` medium '' and `` low '' United Nations projections in 2015 and UN historical estimates for pre-1950 data Population growth graph generated with data supplied by World Bank , via Google World population percentage by country In demographics , the world population is the total number of humans currently living , and was estimated to have reached 7.62 billion as of May 2018 . World population has experienced continuous growth since the end of the Great Famine of 1315 -- 17 and the Black Death in 1350 , when it was near 370 million . The highest population growth rates -- global population increases above 1.8 % per year -- occurred between 1955 and 1975 , peaking to 2.06 % between 1965 and 1970 . The growth rate has declined to 1.18 % between 2010 and 2015 and is projected to decline further in the course of the 21st century . Total annual births were highest in the late 1980s at about 139 million , and as of 2011 were expected to remain essentially constant at a level of 135 million , while deaths numbered 56 million per year and were expected to increase to 80 million per year by 2040 . The median age of the world 's population was estimated to be 30.4 years in 2018 . World population ( millions , UN estimates ) # Top ten most populous countries 2000 2015 2030 * China * 1,270 1,376 1,416 India 1,053 1,311 1,528 United States 283 322 356 Indonesia 212 258 295 5 Brazil 176 208 229 6 Pakistan 138 189 245 7 Nigeria 123 182 263 8 Bangladesh 131 161 186 9 Russia 146 146 149 10 Mexico 103 127 148 World total 6,127 7,349 8,501 Notes : China = excludes Hong Kong and Macau 2030 = Medium variant Contents ( hide ) 1 Population by region 1.1 Population by continent 2 History 2.1 Antiquity and Middle Ages 2.2 Modern era 2.3 Milestones by the billions 3 Global demographics 4 Largest populations by country 4.1 Most densely populated countries 5 Fluctuation 5.1 Population growth by region 5.2 Past population 5.3 Projections 6 Mathematical approximations 6.1 Years for world population to double 7 Overpopulation 7.1 Predictions of scarcity 7.2 Environmental impacts 7.3 Population control 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Population by region ( edit ) Six of the Earth 's seven continents are permanently inhabited on a large scale . Asia is the most populous continent , with its 4.54 billion inhabitants accounting for 60 % of the world population . The world 's two most populated countries , China and India , together constitute about 37 % of the world 's population . Africa is the second most populated continent , with around 1.28 billion people , or 16 % of the world 's population . Europe 's 742 million people make up 10 % of the world 's population as of 2018 , while the Latin American and Caribbean regions are home to around 651 million ( 9 % ) . Northern America , primarily consisting of the United States and Canada , has a population of around 363 million ( 5 % ) , and Oceania , the least - populated region , has about 41 million inhabitants ( 0.5 % ) . Though it is not permanently inhabited by any fixed population , Antarctica has a small , fluctuating international population based mainly in polar science stations . This population tends to rise in the summer months and decrease significantly in winter , as visiting researchers return to their home countries . Population by continent ( edit ) Population by continent ( 2016 estimates ) Continent Density ( inhabitants / km ) Population ( millions ) Most populous country Most populous city ( metropolitan area ) Asia 96.4 4,436 1,382,300,000 - China 35,676,000 / 13,634,685 - Greater Tokyo Area / Tokyo Metropolis Africa 36.7 1,216 0186,987,000 - Nigeria 21,000,000 - Lagos Europe 72.9 738 0145,939,000 - Russia ; approx. 112 million in Europe ) 17,100,000 / 12,228,685 - Moscow urban area / Moscow North America 22.9 579 0324,991,600 - United States 23,723,696 / 8,537,673 - New York Metropolitan Area / New York City South America 22.8 422 0209,567,000 - Brazil 27,640,577 / 11,316,149 - Metro Area / São Paulo City Oceania 4.5 39.9 0024,458,800 - Australia 5,005,400 - Sydney Antarctica 0.0003 ( varies ) 0.004 in summer ( non-permanent , varies ) N / A 1,200 ( non-permanent , varies ) - McMurdo Station History ( edit ) See also : World population estimates and History of the world Estimates of world population by their nature are an aspect of modernity , possible only since the Age of Discovery . Early estimates for the population of the world date to the 17th century : William Petty in 1682 estimated world population at 320 million ( modern estimates ranging close to twice this number ) ; by the late 18th century , estimates ranged close to one billion ( consistent with modern estimates ) . More refined estimates , broken down by continents , were published in the first half of the 19th century , at 600 to 1000 million in the early 1800s and at 800 to 1000 million in the 1840s . Antiquity and Middle ages ( edit ) Main articles : Classical demography and Medieval demography Estimates of the population of the world at the time agriculture emerged in around 10,000 BC have ranged between 1 million and 15 million . Even earlier , genetic evidence suggests humans may have gone through a population bottleneck of between 1,000 and 10,000 people about 70,000 BC , according to the Toba catastrophe theory . By contrast , it is estimated that around 50 -- 60 million people lived in the combined eastern and western Roman Empire in the 4th century AD . The Plague of Justinian , which first emerged during the reign of the Roman emperor Justinian , caused Europe 's population to drop by around 50 % between the 6th and 8th centuries AD . The population of Europe was more than 70 million in 1340 . The Black Death pandemic of the 14th century may have reduced the world 's population from an estimated 450 million in 1340 to between 350 and 375 million in 1400 ; it took 200 years for population figures to recover . The population of China decreased from 123 million in 1200 to 65 million in 1393 , presumably due to a combination of Mongol invasions , famine , and plague . Starting in AD 2 , the Han Dynasty of ancient China kept consistent family registers in order to properly assess the poll taxes and labor service duties of each household . In that year , the population of Western Han was recorded as 57,671,400 individuals in 12,366,470 households , decreasing to 47,566,772 individuals in 9,348,227 households by AD 146 , towards the End of the Han Dynasty . At the founding of the Ming Dynasty in 1368 , China 's population was reported to be close to 60 million ; toward the end of the dynasty in 1644 , it may have approached 150 million . England 's population reached an estimated 5.6 million in 1650 , up from an estimated 2.6 million in 1500 . New crops that were brought to Asia and Europe from the Americas by Portuguese and Spanish colonists in the 16th century are believed to have contributed to population growth . Since their introduction to Africa by Portuguese traders in the 16th century , maize and cassava have similarly replaced traditional African crops as the most important staple food crops grown on the continent . The pre-Columbian North American population probably numbered somewhere between 2 million and 18 million . Encounters between European explorers and populations in the rest of the world often introduced local epidemics of extraordinary virulence . According to the most extreme scholarly claims , as many as 90 % of the Native American population of the New World died due to Old World diseases such as smallpox , measles and influenza . Over the centuries , the Europeans had developed high degrees of immunity to these diseases , while the indigenous peoples had no such immunity . Modern era ( edit ) Map showing urban areas with at least one million inhabitants in 2006 . Only 3 % of the world 's population lived in urban areas in 1800 ; this proportion had risen to 47 % by 2000 , and reached 50.5 % by 2010 . By 2050 , the proportion may reach 70 % . During the European Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions , the life expectancy of children increased dramatically . The percentage of the children born in London who died before the age of five decreased from 74.5 % in 1730 -- 1749 to 31.8 % in 1810 -- 1829 . Between 1700 and 1900 , Europe 's population increased from about 100 million to over 400 million . Altogether , the areas populated by people of European descent comprised 36 % of the world 's population in 1900 . Population growth in the West became more rapid after the introduction of vaccination and other improvements in medicine and sanitation . Improved material conditions led to the population of Britain increasing from 10 million to 40 million in the 19th century . The population of the United Kingdom reached 60 million in 2006 . The United States saw its population grow from around 5.3 million in 1800 to 106 million in 1920 , exceeding 307 million in 2010 . The first half of the 20th century in Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of major wars , famines and other disasters which caused large - scale population losses ( approximately 60 million excess deaths ) . After the collapse of the Soviet Union , Russia 's population declined significantly -- from 150 million in 1991 to 143 million in 2012 -- but by 2013 this decline appeared to have halted . Many countries in the developing world have experienced extremely rapid population growth since the early 20th century , due to economic development and improvements in public health . China 's population rose from approximately 430 million in 1850 to 580 million in 1953 , and now stands at over 1.3 billion . The population of the Indian subcontinent , which was about 125 million in 1750 , increased to 389 million in 1941 ; today , India , Pakistan and Bangladesh are collectively home to about 1.63 billion people . Java had about 5 million inhabitants in 1815 ; its present - day successor , Indonesia , now has a population of over 140 million . In just one hundred years , the population of Brazil decupled ( x10 ) , from about 17 million in 1900 , or about 1 % of the world population in that year , to about 176 million in 2000 , or almost 3 % of the global population in the very early 21st century . Mexico 's population grew from 13.6 million in 1900 to about 112 million in 2010 . Between the 1920s and 2000s , Kenya 's population grew from 2.9 million to 37 million . Milestones by the billions ( edit ) Main article : World population milestones World population milestones in billions Population 5 6 7 8 9 Year 1804 1927 1960 1999 2011 2024 2042 Years elapsed -- -- 123 33 14 13 12 12 13 18 It is estimated that the world population reached one billion for the first time in 1804 . It was another 123 years before it reached two billion in 1927 , but it took only 33 years to reach three billion in 1960 . Thereafter , the global population reached four billion in 1974 , five billion in 1987 , six billion in 1999 and , according to the United States Census Bureau , seven billion in March 2012 . The United Nations , however , estimated that the world population reached seven billion in October 2011 . According to current projections , the global population will reach eight billion by 2024 , and will likely reach around nine billion by 2042 . Alternative scenarios for 2050 range from a low of 7.4 billion to a high of more than 10.6 billion . Projected figures vary depending on underlying statistical assumptions and the variables used in projection calculations , especially the fertility variable . Long - range predictions to 2150 range from a population decline to 3.2 billion in the `` low scenario '' , to `` high scenarios '' of 24.8 billion . One extreme scenario predicted a massive increase to 256 billion by 2150 , assuming the global fertility rate remained at its 1995 level of 3.04 children per woman ; however , by 2010 the global fertility rate had declined to 2.52 . There is no estimation for the exact day or month the world 's population surpassed one or two billion . The points at which it reached three and four billion were not officially noted , but the International Database of the United States Census Bureau placed them in July 1959 and April 1974 respectively . The United Nations did determine , and commemorate , the `` Day of 5 Billion '' on July 11 , 1987 , and the `` Day of 6 Billion '' on October 12 , 1999 . The Population Division of the United Nations declared the `` Day of 7 Billion '' to be October 31 , 2011 . Global Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of the world 2012 map showing average life expectancy by country in years . In 2012 , the World Health Organization estimated the average global life expectancy as 70.5 years . 80 + 77.5 + 75 + 72.5 + 70 + 67.5 + 65 + 60 + 55 + 50 + 45 + 40 + less than 40 As of 2012 , the global sex ratio is approximately 1.01 males to 1 female . The greater number of men is possibly due to the significant sex imbalances evident in the Indian and Chinese populations . Approximately 26.3 % of the global population is aged under 15 , while 65.9 % is aged 15 -- 64 and 7.9 % is aged 65 or over . The median age of the world 's population was estimated to be 29.7 years in 2014 , and is expected to rise to 37.9 years by 2050 . According to the World Health Organization , the global average life expectancy is 70.5 years as of 2012 , with women living an average of 73 years and men approximately 68 years . In 2010 , the global fertility rate was estimated at 2.52 children per woman . In June 2012 , British researchers calculated the total weight of Earth 's human population as approximately 287 million tonnes , with the average person weighing around 62 kilograms ( 137 lb ) . The CIA estimated nominal 2013 gross world product at US $74.31 trillion , giving an annual global per capita figure of around US $10,500 . Around 1.29 billion people ( 18.4 % of the world population ) live in extreme poverty , subsisting on less than US $1.25 per day ; approximately 870 million people ( 12.25 % ) are undernourished. 83 % of the world 's over-15s are considered literate . In June 2014 , there were around 3.03 billion global Internet users , constituting 42.3 % of the world population . The Han Chinese are the world 's largest single ethnic group , constituting over 19 % of the global population in 2011 . The world 's most - spoken first languages are Mandarin Chinese ( spoken by 12.44 % of the world 's population ) , Spanish ( 4.85 % ) , English ( 4.83 % ) , Arabic ( 3.25 % ) and Hindustani ( 2.68 % ) . The world 's largest religion is Christianity , whose adherents account for 31 % of the global population ; Islam is the second - largest religion , accounting for 24.1 % , and Hinduism the third , accounting for 13.78 % . In 2005 , around 16 % of the global population were reported to be non-religious . Largest populations by country ( edit ) Further information : List of countries and dependencies by population A map of world population in 2014 10 most populous countries Rank Country / Territory Population Date Approx. % of world population Source China 1,390,900,000 May 14 , 2018 18.2 % India 1,331,710,000 May 14 , 2018 17.5 % United States 327,131,000 May 14 , 2018 4.29 % Indonesia 261,600,000 October 31 , 2016 3.43 % 5 Pakistan 211,565,000 May 14 , 2018 2.78 % 6 Brazil 209,046,000 May 14 , 2018 2.74 % 7 Nigeria 188,500,000 October 31 , 2016 2.47 % 8 Bangladesh 164,496,000 May 14 , 2018 2.16 % 9 Russia 146,773,226 June 1 , 2017 1.93 % 10 Japan 126,670,000 September 1 , 2017 1.66 % Approximately 4.3 billion people live in these ten countries , representing around 58 % of the world 's population as of March 2016 . Approximately 3.7 billion people , or half of the world population , live in the six most populous countries . Most densely populated countries ( edit ) Further information : List of countries and dependencies by population density The tables below list the world 's most densely populated countries , both in absolute terms and in comparison to their total populations . Population density ( people per km ) map of the world in 1994 . Red and pink areas denote regions of highest population density . 10 most densely populated countries ( with population above 5 million ) Rank Country Population Area ( km ) Density ( Pop . per km ) Singapore 5,612,300 710 7,905 Bangladesh 164,500,000 143,998 1,142 Taiwan 23,562,318 36,190 651 South Korea 51,446,201 99,538 517 5 Lebanon 6,082,000 10,452 582 6 Rwanda 11,809,295 26,338 448 7 Netherlands 17,220,000 41,526 415 8 Haiti 10,911,819 27,065 403 9 India 1,331,710,000 3,287,240 405 10 Israel 8,850,000 22,072 401 Countries ranking highly in both total population ( more than 20 million people ) and population density ( more than 250 people per square kilometer ) : Rank Country Population Area ( km ) Density ( Pop . per km ) Notes India 1,331,710,000 3,287,240 405 Growing population Pakistan 211,570,000 803,940 263 Rapidly growing population Bangladesh 164,500,000 143,998 1,142 Rapidly growing population Japan 126,670,000 377,873 335 Declining population 5 Philippines 105,870,000 300,000 353 Growing population 6 Vietnam 93,700,000 331,689 282 Growing population 7 United Kingdom 65,648,100 243,610 269 Slowly growing population 8 South Korea 51,446,201 99,538 517 Slowly growing population 9 Taiwan 23,562,318 36,190 651 Steady population 10 Sri Lanka 21,444,000 65,610 327 Growing population Fluctuation ( edit ) Main articles : World population growth , Population growth , and Projections of population growth Estimates of population evolution in different continents between 1950 and 2050 , according to the United Nations . The vertical axis is logarithmic and is in millions of people . Population size fluctuates at differing rates in differing regions . Nonetheless , population growth is the long - standing trend on all inhabited continents , as well as in most individual states . During the 20th century , the global population saw its greatest increase in known history , rising from about 1.6 billion in 1900 to over 6 billion in 2000 . A number of factors contributed to this increase , including the lessening of the mortality rate in many countries by improved sanitation and medical advances , and a massive increase in agricultural productivity attributed to the Green Revolution . In 2000 , the United Nations estimated that the world 's population was growing at an annual rate of 1.14 % ( equivalent to around 75 million people ) , down from a peak of 88 million per year in 1989 . By 2000 , there were approximately ten times as many people on Earth as there had been in 1700 . Globally , the population growth rate has been steadily declining from its peak of 2.19 % in 1963 , but growth remains high in Latin America , the Middle East , and Sub-Saharan Africa . A world map showing global variations in fertility rate per woman , according to the CIA World Factbook 's 2015 data . 7 -- 8 children 6 -- 7 children 5 -- 6 children 4 -- 5 children 3 -- 4 children 2 -- 3 children 1 -- 2 children 0 -- 1 children During the 2010s , Japan and some countries in Europe began to encounter negative population growth ( i.e. a net decrease in population over time ) , due to sub-replacement fertility rates . In 2006 , the United Nations stated that the rate of population growth was visibly diminishing due to the ongoing global demographic transition . If this trend continues , the rate of growth may diminish to zero by 2050 , concurrent with a world population plateau of 9.2 billion . However , this is only one of many estimates published by the UN ; in 2009 , UN population projections for 2050 ranged between around 8 billion and 10.5 billion . An alternative scenario is given by the statistician Jorgen Randers , who argues that traditional projections insufficiently take into account the downward impact of global urbanization on fertility . Randers ' `` most likely scenario '' reveals a peak in the world population in the early 2040s at about 8.1 billion people , followed by decline . Adrian Raftery , a University of Washington professor of statistics and of sociology , states that `` there 's a 70 percent probability the world population will not stabilize this century . Population , which had sort of fallen off the world 's agenda , remains a very important issue . '' Estimated world population figures , 10,000 BC -- AD 2000 Estimated world population figures , 10,000 BC -- AD 2000 ( in log y scale ) World population figures , 1950 -- 2000 Estimated global growth rates , 1950 -- 2050 Estimated and projected populations of the world and its continents ( except Antarctica ) from 1950 to 2100 . The shaded regions correspond to the range of projections by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs . Population growth by region ( edit ) Main article : World population growth Further information : Total fertility rate and Birth rate The table below shows historical and predicted regional population figures in millions . The availability of historical population figures varies by region . World historical and predicted populations ( in millions ) Region 1500 1600 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 1999 2008 2012 2050 2150 World 585 660 710 791 978 1,262 1,650 2,521 6,008 6,707 6,896 7,052 9,725 9,746 Africa 86 114 106 106 107 111 133 221 783 973 1,022 1,052 2,478 2,308 Asia 282 350 411 502 635 809 947 1,402 3,700 4,054 4,164 4,250 5,267 5,561 Europe 168 170 178 190 203 276 408 547 675 732 738 740 734 517 Latin America 40 20 10 16 24 38 74 167 508 577 590 603 784 912 North America 6 7 26 82 172 312 337 345 351 433 398 Oceania 6 13 30 34 37 38 57 51 World historical and predicted populations by percentage distribution Region 1500 1600 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 1999 2008 2012 2050 2150 World 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Africa 14.7 17.3 14.9 13.4 10.9 8.8 8.1 8.8 13.0 14.5 14.8 15.2 25.48 23.7 Asia 48.2 53.0 57.9 63.5 64.9 64.1 57.4 55.6 61.6 60.4 60.4 60.3 54.16 57.1 Europe 28.7 25.8 25.1 20.6 20.8 21.9 24.7 21.7 11.2 10.9 10.7 10.5 7.55 5.3 Latin America 6.8 3.0 1.4 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.5 6.6 8.5 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.06 9.4 North America 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.7 2.1 5.0 6.8 5.2 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.45 4.1 Oceania 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.59 0.5 Past population ( edit ) The following table gives estimates , in millions , of population in the past . The data for 1750 to 1900 are from the UN report `` The World at Six Billion '' whereas the data from 1950 to 2015 are from a UN data sheet . Year World Africa Asia Europe Latin America & Carib . North America Oceania Notes 70,000 BC < 0.015 0 0 10,000 BC 8000 BC 5 6500 BC 5 5000 BC 5 4000 BC 7 3000 BC 14 2000 BC 27 1000 BC 50 7 33 9 500 BC 100 14 66 16 AD 1 200 23 141 28 1000 400 70 269 50 8 1500 458 86 243 84 39 1600 580 114 339 111 10 1700 682 106 436 125 10 1750 791 106 502 163 16 1800 1,000 107 656 203 24 7 1850 1,262 111 809 276 38 26 1900 1,650 133 947 408 74 82 6 1950 2,525 229 1,394 549 169 172 12.7 1955 2,758 254 1,534 577 193 187 14.2 1960 3,018 285 1,687 606 221 204 15.8 1965 3,322 322 1,875 635 254 219 17.5 1970 3,682 366 2,120 657 288 231 19.7 4,061 416 2,378 677 326 242 21.5 1980 4,440 478 2,626 694 365 254 23.0 1985 4,853 550 2,897 708 406 267 24.9 5,310 632 3,202 721 447 281 27.0 1995 5,735 720 3,475 728 487 296 29.1 2000 6,127 814 3,714 726 527 314 31.1 2005 6,520 920 3,945 729 564 329 33.4 6,930 1,044 4,170 735 600 344 36.4 2015 7,349 1,186 4,393 738 634 358 39.3 Using the above figures , the change in population from 2010 to 2015 was : World : + 420 million Africa : + 142 million Asia : + 223 million Europe : + 3 million Latin America and Caribbean : + 35 million Northern America : + 14 million Oceania : + 2.9 million ^ Jump up to : Northern America comprises the northern-most countries and territories of North America : Canada , the United States , Greenland , Bermuda , and St. Pierre and Miquelon . Latin America comprises Mexico , Central America , the Caribbean , and South America . Projections ( edit ) Main articles : World population estimates and Projections of population growth Long - term global population growth is difficult to predict . The United Nations and the US Census Bureau both give different estimates -- according to the UN , the world population reached seven billion in late 2011 , while the USCB asserted that this occurred in March 2012 . The UN has issued multiple projections of future world population , based on different assumptions . From 2000 to 2005 , the UN consistently revised these projections downward , until the 2006 revision , issued on March 14 , 2007 , revised the 2050 mid-range estimate upwards by 273 million . Average global birth rates are declining fast , but vary greatly between developed countries ( where birth rates are often at or below replacement levels ) and developing countries ( where birth rates typically remain high ) . Different ethnicities also display varying birth rates . Death rates can change rapidly due to disease epidemics , wars and other mass catastrophes , or advances in medicine . 2012 United projections show a continued increase in population in the near future with a steady decline in population growth rate ; the global population is expected to reach between 8.3 and 10.9 billion by 2050 . 2003 UN Population Division population projections for the year 2150 range between 3.2 and 24.8 billion . One of many independent mathematical models supports the lower estimate , while a 2014 estimate forecasts between 9.3 and 12.6 billion in 2100 , and continued growth thereafter . Some analysts have questioned the sustainability of further world population growth , highlighting the growing pressures on the environment , global food supplies , and energy resources . UN ( medium variant -- 2012 revision ) and US Census Bureau ( June 2015 ) estimates Year UN est . ( millions ) Difference USCB est . ( millions ) Difference 2005 6,514 -- 6,473 -- 6,916 402 6,866 393 2015 7,324 408 7,256 390 2020 7,717 393 7,643 380 2025 8,083 366 8,007 363 2030 8,425 342 8,341 334 2035 8,743 318 8,646 306 2040 9,039 296 8,926 280 2045 9,308 269 9,180 254 2050 9,551 243 9,408 228 UN 2012 estimates and medium variant projections ( in millions ) Year World Asia Africa Europe Latin America / Caribbean Northern America Oceania 6,916 4,165 ( 60.2 % ) 1,031 ( 14.9 % ) 740 ( 10.7 % ) 596 ( 8.6 % ) 347 ( 5.0 % ) 37 ( 0.5 % ) 2015 7,324 4,385 ( 59.9 % ) 1,166 ( 15.9 % ) 743 ( 10.1 % ) 630 ( 8.6 % ) 361 ( 4.9 % ) 39 ( 0.5 % ) 2020 7,717 4,582 ( 59.4 % ) 1,312 ( 17.0 % ) 744 ( 9.6 % ) 662 ( 8.6 % ) 376 ( 4.9 % ) 42 ( 0.5 % ) 2025 8,083 4,749 ( 58.8 % ) 1,468 ( 18.2 % ) 741 ( 9.2 % ) 691 ( 8.5 % ) 390 ( 4.8 % ) 45 ( 0.6 % ) 2030 8,425 4,887 ( 58.0 % ) 1,634 ( 19.4 % ) 736 ( 8.7 % ) 717 ( 8.5 % ) 403 ( 4.8 % ) 47 ( 0.6 % ) 2035 8,743 4,997 ( 57.2 % ) 1,812 ( 20.7 % ) 730 ( 8.3 % ) 739 ( 8.5 % ) 415 ( 4.8 % ) 50 ( 0.6 % ) 2040 9,039 5,080 ( 56.2 % ) 1,999 ( 22.1 % ) 724 ( 8.0 % ) 757 ( 8.4 % ) 426 ( 4.8 % ) 52 ( 0.6 % ) 2045 9,308 5,136 ( 55.2 % ) 2,194 ( 23.6 % ) 717 ( 7.7 % ) 771 ( 8.3 % ) 436 ( 4.7 % ) 55 ( 0.6 % ) 2050 9,551 5,164 ( 54.1 % ) 2,393 ( 25.1 % ) 709 ( 7.4 % ) 782 ( 8.2 % ) 446 ( 4.7 % ) 57 ( 0.6 % ) 2055 9,766 5,168 ( 52.9 % ) 2,595 ( 26.6 % ) 700 ( 7.2 % ) 788 ( 8.1 % ) 456 ( 4.7 % ) 59 ( 0.6 % ) 2060 9,957 5,152 ( 51.7 % ) 2,797 ( 28.1 % ) 691 ( 6.9 % ) 791 ( 7.9 % ) 465 ( 4.7 % ) 61 ( 0.6 % ) 2065 10,127 5,120 ( 50.6 % ) 2,998 ( 29.6 % ) 681 ( 6.7 % ) 791 ( 7.8 % ) 474 ( 4.7 % ) 63 ( 0.6 % ) 2070 10,277 5,075 ( 49.4 % ) 3,195 ( 31.1 % ) 673 ( 6.5 % ) 788 ( 7.6 % ) 482 ( 4.7 % ) 64 ( 0.6 % ) 2075 10,409 5,019 ( 48.2 % ) 3,387 ( 32.5 % ) 665 ( 6.4 % ) 783 ( 7.5 % ) 490 ( 4.7 % ) 66 ( 0.6 % ) 2080 10,524 4,957 ( 47.1 % ) 3,570 ( 33.9 % ) 659 ( 6.3 % ) 776 ( 7.4 % ) 496 ( 4.7 % ) 67 ( 0.6 % ) 2085 10,626 4,894 ( 46.1 % ) 3,742 ( 35.2 % ) 653 ( 6.1 % ) 767 ( 7.2 % ) 502 ( 4.7 % ) 68 ( 0.6 % ) 2090 10,717 4,833 ( 45.1 % ) 3,903 ( 36.4 % ) 649 ( 6.1 % ) 757 ( 7.1 % ) 506 ( 4.7 % ) 69 ( 0.6 % ) 2095 10,794 4,773 ( 44.2 % ) 4,051 ( 37.6 % ) 644 ( 6.0 % ) 747 ( 6.9 % ) 510 ( 4.7 % ) 69 ( 0.6 % ) 2100 10,854 4,712 ( 43.4 % ) 4,185 ( 38.6 % ) 639 ( 5.9 % ) 736 ( 6.8 % ) 513 ( 4.7 % ) 70 ( 0.6 % ) Mathematical approximations ( edit ) In 1975 , Sebastian von Hoerner proposed a formula for population growth which represented hyperbolic growth with an infinite population in 2025 . The hyperbolic growth of the world population observed until the 1970s was later correlated to a non-linear second order positive feedback between demographic growth and technological development . This feedback can be described as follows : technological advance → increase in the carrying capacity of land for people → demographic growth → more people → more potential inventors → acceleration of technological advance → accelerating growth of the carrying capacity → faster population growth → accelerating growth of the number of potential inventors → faster technological advance → hence , the faster growth of the Earth 's carrying capacity for people , and so on . The transition from hyperbolic growth to slower rates of growth is related to the demographic transition . According to the Russian demographer Sergey Kapitsa , the world population grew between 67,000 BC and 1965 according to the following formula : N = C τ arccot T 0 − T τ ( \ displaystyle N = ( \ frac ( C ) ( \ tau ) ) \ operatorname ( arccot ) ( \ frac ( T_ ( 0 ) - T ) ( \ tau ) ) ) where N is current population T is the current year C = ( 1.86 ± 0.01 ) 10 T = 2007 ± 1 τ ( \ displaystyle \ tau ) = 42 ± 1 Years for world population to double ( edit ) According to linear interpolation and extrapolation of UNDESA population estimates , the world population has doubled , or will double , in the years listed in the tables below ( with two different starting points ) . During the 2nd millennium , each doubling took roughly half as long as the previous doubling , fitting the hyperbolic growth model mentioned above . However , after 2024 , it is unlikely that there will be another doubling of the global population in the 21st century . Historic chart showing the periods of time the world population has taken to double , from 1700 to 2000 Starting at 500 million Population ( in billions ) 0.5 8 Year 1500 1804 1927 2024 Years elapsed 304 123 47 50 Starting at 375 million Population ( in billions ) 0.375 0.75 1.5 6 Year 1171 1715 1881 1960 1999 Years elapsed 544 166 79 39 Overpopulation ( edit ) Main articles : Human overpopulation and Malthusian catastrophe Predictions of scarcity ( edit ) Greater Los Angeles lies on a coastal mediterranean savannah with a small watershed that is able to support at most one million people on its own water ; as of 2015 , the area has a population of over 18 million . Researchers predict that similar cases of resource scarcity will grow more common as the world population increases . In his 1798 work An Essay on the Principle of Population , the British scholar Thomas Malthus incorrectly predicted that continued population growth would exhaust the global food supply by the mid-19th century . Malthus wrote the essay to refute what he considered the unattainable utopian ideas of William Godwin and Marquis de Condorcet , as presented in Political Justice and The Future Progress of the Human Mind . In 1968 , Paul R. Ehrlich reprised Malthus ' argument in The Population Bomb , predicting that mass global famine would occur in the 1970s and 1980s . The predictions of Ehrlich and other neo-Malthusians were vigorously challenged by a number of economists , notably Julian Lincoln Simon , and advances in agriculture , collectively known as the Green Revolution , forestalled any potential global famine in the late 20th century . Between 1950 and 1984 , as the Green Revolution transformed agriculture around the world , grain production increased by over 250 % . The world population has grown by over four billion since the beginning of the Green Revolution , but food production has so far kept pace with population growth . Most scholars believe that , without the Revolution , there would be greater levels of famine and malnutrition than the UN presently documents . However , neo-Malthusians point out that fossil fuels provided the energy for the Green Revolution , in the form of natural gas - derived fertilizers , oil - derived pesticides , and hydrocarbon - fueled irrigation , and that many crops have become so genetically uniform that a crop failure in any one country could potentially have global repercussions . In 2004 , a meta - analysis of 70 quantitative studies estimating a sustainable limit to the world population generated a meta - estimate of 7.7 billion people . In May 2008 , the price of grain was pushed up severely by the increased cultivation of biofuels , the increase of world oil prices to over $140 per barrel ( $880 / m ) , global population growth , the effects of climate change , the loss of agricultural land to residential and industrial development , and growing consumer demand in the population centres of China and India . Food riots subsequently occurred in some countries . However , oil prices then fell sharply . Resource demands are expected to ease as population growth declines , but it is unclear whether mass food wastage and rising living standards in developing countries will once again create resource shortages . David Pimentel , professor of ecology and agriculture at Cornell University , estimates that the sustainable agricultural carrying capacity for the United States is about 200 million people ; its population as of 2015 is over 300 million . In 2009 , the UK government 's chief scientific advisor , Professor John Beddington , warned that growing populations , falling energy reserves and food shortages would create a `` perfect storm '' of shortages of food , water , and energy by 2030 . According to a 2009 report by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation ( FAO ) , the world will have to produce 70 % more food by 2050 to feed a projected extra 2.3 billion people . The observed figures for 2007 showed an actual increase in absolute numbers of undernourished people in the world , with 923 million undernourished in 2007 , versus 832 million in 1995 . The 2009 FAO estimates showed an even more dramatic increase , to 1.02 billion . Environmental impacts ( edit ) See also : Human impact on the environment Illegal slash - and - burn agriculture in Madagascar , 2010 A number of scientists have argued that the current global population expansion and accompanying increase in resource consumption threatens the world 's ecosystem . The InterAcademy Panel Statement on Population Growth , which was ratified by 58 member national academies in 1994 , states that `` unprecedented '' population growth aggravates many environmental problems , including rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide , global warming , and pollution . Indeed , some analysts claim that overpopulation 's most serious impact is its effect on the environment . The situation has continued to worsen , as at the time of the 1994 IAP statement , the world population stood at 5.5 billion and lower - bound scenarios predicted a peak of 7.8 billion by 2050 , a number that current estimates state will be reached in the late 2020s . Scientists contend that human overpopulation , continued human population growth and overconsumption , particularly by the wealthy , are the primary drivers of mass species extinction . By 2050 population growth , along with profligate consumption , could result in oceans containing more plastic than fish by weight . In November 2017 , a statement by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries asserted that rapid human population growth is the `` primary driver behind many ecological and even societal threats . '' A July 2017 study published in Environmental Research Letters argued that the most significant way individuals could mitigate their own carbon footprint is to have fewer children , followed by living without a vehicle , forgoing air travel and adopting a plant - based diet . Population control ( edit ) Main article : Human population planning India is predicted to overtake China as the world 's most populous country by 2022 . Human population control is the practice of intervening to alter the rate of population growth . Historically , human population control has been implemented by limiting a region 's birth rate , by voluntary contraception or by government mandate . It has been undertaken as a response to factors including high or increasing levels of poverty , environmental concerns , and religious reasons . The use of abortion in some population control strategies has caused controversy , with religious organizations such as the Roman Catholic Church explicitly opposing any intervention in the human reproductive process . The University of Nebraska publication Green Illusions argues that population control to alleviate environmental pressures need not be coercive . It states that `` Women who are educated , economically engaged , and in control of their own bodies can enjoy the freedom of bearing children at their own pace , which happens to be a rate that is appropriate for the aggregate ecological endowment of our planet . '' The book Fatal Misconception by Matthew Connelly similarly points to the importance of supporting the rights of women in bringing population levels down over time . See also ( edit ) Anthropocene Birth control Coastal population growth Demographic transition Depopulation Doomsday argument Family planning Food security Megacity Natalism One - child policy Population boom Population Matters , population control think tank and campaign group Population Reference Bureau , population demographics and annual World Population Data Sheet Two - child policy World 's largest cities Lists : List of countries and dependencies by population List of urban areas by population List of population concern organizations List of countries by fertility rate List of countries by future population ( United Nations , medium fertility variant ) List of countries by past and future population List of countries by population in 1900 List of countries by population density List of countries by population growth rate Lists of organisms by population -- for non-human global populations List of religious populations Historical : Historical censuses Historical demography Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Excluding its Special Administrative Regions ( SARs ) of Hong Kong and Macau . Jump up ^ Including Central America and the Caribbean . Jump up ^ The Antarctic Treaty System limits the nature of national claims in Antarctica . Of the territorial claims in Antarctica , the Ross Dependency has the largest population . Jump up ^ Figure refers to Mainland China only . It excludes Taiwan and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . Jump up ^ Figure including Crimea and Sevastopol . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World Population Clock : 7.6 Billion People ( 2017 ) - Worldometers '' . www.worldometers.info . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Jean - Noël Biraben ( 1980 ) , `` An Essay Concerning Mankind 's Evolution '' . Population , Selected Papers . Vol. 4 . pp. 1 -- 13 . Original paper in French : ( b ) Jean - Noël Biraben ( 1979 ). `` Essai sur l'évolution du nombre des hommes '' . Population . Vol. 34 ( no . 1 ) . pp. 13 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations '' . esa.un.org . 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Archived from the original on September 4 , 2011 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official estimate ( including Crimea and Sevastopol ) '' . GKS.ru . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan population '' . Official Japan Statistics Bureau . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hackett , C. ( 11 July 2014 ) . `` Which six countries hold half the world 's population ? '' . Pew Research Center . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Demetriou , Danielle ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` Japan 's population suffers biggest fall in history '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The limits of a Green Revolution ? '' . BBC News . March 29 , 2007 . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Green Revolution '' . Energybulletin.net . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2008 . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Population to 2300 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs . 2004 . Retrieved June 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` International Programs '' . USCB . January 7 , 2009 . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ron Nielsen ( 2006 ) . The Little Green Handbook . New York : Picador . ISBN 0 - 312 - 42581 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 report highlights '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UN population estimates and projections , database query , August 2009 '' . United Nations . March 11 , 2009 . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Randers , Jorgen ( 2012 ) . 2052 : A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years . Vermont : Chelsea Green Publishing . p. 62 . Jump up ^ World population to keep growing this century , hit 11 billion by 2100 . UWToday . September 18 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects : The 2008 Revision '' ( PDF ) . Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat . June 2009 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The World at Six Billion '' . United Nations . October 12 , 1999 . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Population Growth over Human History '' . University of Michigan . January 4 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Figures include the former Soviet countries in Europe . Caselli , Graziella ; Gillaume Wunsch ; Jacques Vallin ( December 20 , 2005 ) . Demography : Analysis and Synthesis , Four Volume Set : A Treatise in Population . Academic Press . p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 765660 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` UN report -- 2004 data '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects The 2015 Revision '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` The World at Six Billion '' . UN Population Division . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . , Table 2 Jump up ^ Fewer than 15,000 individuals , according to the Toba catastrophe theory , though this theory has been criticized by some scientists . See : `` Toba super-volcano catastrophe idea `` dismissed '' `` . BBC News . April 30 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ An approximation based on figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau 's Historical Estimates of World Population ; see also * Kremer , Michael ( 1993 ) . `` Population Growth and Technological Change : One Million B.C. to 1990 '' . The Quarterly Journal of Economics . 108 ( 3 ) : 681 -- 716 . doi : 10.2307 / 2118405 . JSTOR 2118405 . Jump up ^ An approximation based on figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau 's Total Midyear Population for the World : 1950 - 2050 Jump up ^ `` Notes on the World POPClock and World Vital Events '' . US Census Bureau . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects , the 2012 Revision -- `` Low variant '' and `` High variant '' values `` . UN. 2012 . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World population projected to reach 9.6 billion by 2050 -- UN report '' . UN News Centre . June 14 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A model predicts that the world 's populations will stop growing in 2050 '' . ScienceDaily.com. April 4 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carrington , Damien ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` World population to hit 12bn in 2100 -- with 70 % chance of continuous rise '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gerland , P. ; Raftery , A.E. ; Ev Ikova , H. ; Li , N. ; Gu , D. ; Spoorenberg , T. ; Alkema , L. ; Fosdick , B.K. ; Chunn , J. ; Lalic , N. ; Bay , G. ; Buettner , T. ; Heilig , G.K. ; Wilmoth , J. ( September 14 , 2014 ) . `` World population stabilization unlikely this century '' . Science . AAAS. 346 ( 6206 ) : 234 -- 7 . Bibcode : 2014Sci ... 346 ... 234G . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1257469 . ISSN 1095 - 9203 . PMC 4230924 . PMID 25301627 . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter P. Rogers ; Kazi F. Jalal & John A. Boyd ( 2008 ) . An Introduction To Sustainable Development . Earthscan via Google Books . p. 53 . ISBN 9781849770477 . ^ Jump up to : `` Overpopulation 's Real Victim Will Be the Environment '' . TIME . October 26 , 2011 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zehner , Ozzie ( 2012 ) . Green Illusions . Lincoln and London : University of Nebraska Press . pp. 187 -- 331 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects : The 2012 Revision '' ( XLS ) . Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat . June 2013 . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Population -- Total Midyear Population for the World : 1950 -- 2050 '' . Census.gov . July 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sebastien von Hoerner ( 1975 ) . `` Population Explosion and Interstellar Expansion '' . Journal of the British Interplanetary Society ( 28 ) : 691 -- 712 . Jump up ^ Introduction to Social Macrodynamics . Andrey Korotayev et al . For a rigorous mathematical analysis of this issue , see `` A Compact Mathematical Model of the World System Economic and Demographic Growth , 1 CE -- 1973 CE '' . Jump up ^ Kapitsa , Sergei P. ( 1996 ) . `` The phenomenological theory of world population growth '' . Physics - Uspekhi. 39 ( 1 ) : 57 -- 71 . doi : 10.1070 / pu1996v039n01abeh000127 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Lutz , Wolfgang ; Sanderson , Warren ; Scherbov , Sergei ( 1997 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Doubling of world population unlikely '' . Nature . 387 ( 6635 ) : 803 -- 805 . doi : 10.1038 / 42935 . PMID 9194559 . 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BioScience. 54 ( 3 ) : 195 . doi : 10.1641 / 0006 - 3568 ( 2004 ) 054 ( 0195 : RTLTWP ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 0006 - 3568 . Jump up ^ `` The global grain bubble '' . Christian Science Monitor . January 18 , 2008 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ James Randerson , science correspondent ( March 7 , 2008 ) . `` Food crisis will take hold before climate change , warns chief scientist '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ John Vidal , environment editor ( November 3 , 2007 ) . `` Global food crisis looms as climate change and fuel shortages bite '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Walsoft ( February 22 , 2008 ) . `` Experts : Global Food Shortages Could ' Continue for Decades ' '' . Marketoracle.co.uk . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Moya K. Mason . `` Has Urbanization Caused a Loss to Agricultural Land ? '' . Moyak.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . 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North Atlantic Treaty Organization Scientific Affairs Division / Springer . p. 411 . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 6351 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Global crisis ' to strike by 2030 '' . BBC News . March 19 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Global food production will have to increase 70 % for additional 2.3 billion people by 2050 '' . Finfacts.com . September 24 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The State of Food Insecurity in the World , 2008 : High food prices and food security -- threats and opportunities '' . UN Food and Agriculture Organization -- Economic and Social Development Department . 2008 . p. 2 . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One sixth of humanity undernourished -- more than ever before '' . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . 2009 . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ecological Debt Day '' . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2008 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Planetary Boundaries : Specials '' . Nature . September 23 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IAP ( login required ) '' . InterAcademies.net . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2010 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pimm , S.L. ; Jenkins , C.N. ; Abell , R. ; Brooks , T.M. ; Gittleman , J.L. ; Joppa , L.N. ; Raven , P.H. ; Roberts , C.M. ; Sexton , J.O. ( 30 May 2014 ) . `` The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction , distribution , and protection '' ( PDF ) . Science . 344 ( 6187 ) : 1246752 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1246752 . PMID 24876501 . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . The overarching driver of species extinction is human population growth and increasing per capita consumption . Jump up ^ Ceballos , Gerardo ; Ehrlich , Paul R. ; Barnosky , Anthony D. ; García , Andrés ; Pringle , Robert M. ; Palmer , Todd M. ( 2015 ) . `` Accelerated modern human -- induced species losses : Entering the sixth mass extinction '' . Science Advances. 1 ( 5 ) : e1400253 . Bibcode : 2015SciA ... 1E0253C . doi : 10.1126 / sciadv. 1400253 . ^ Jump up to : Sutter , John D. ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` How to stop the sixth mass extinction '' . CNN . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ceballos , Gerardo ; Ehrlich , Paul R ; Dirzo , Rodolfo ( 23 May 2017 ) . `` Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines '' . PNAS. 114 : 201704949 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1704949114 . PMC 5544311 . PMID 28696295 . Much less frequently mentioned are , however , the ultimate drivers of those immediate causes of biotic destruction , namely , human overpopulation and continued population growth , and overconsumption , especially by the rich . These drivers , all of which trace to the fiction that perpetual growth can occur on a finite planet , are themselves increasing rapidly . Jump up ^ Ripple WJ , Wolf C , Newsome TM , Galetti M , Alamgir M , Crist E , Mahmoud MI , Laurance WF ( 13 November 2017 ) . `` World Scientists ' Warning to Humanity : A Second Notice '' . BioScience . doi : 10.1093 / biosci / bix125 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Sid ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` The best way to reduce your carbon footprint is one the government is n't telling you about '' . Science . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Some population control programs , such as China 's one - child policy , entail the use of forced late - term abortions , sparking domestic anger and international condemnation : `` China one - child policy leads to forced abortions , mothers ' deaths '' . Los Angeles Times . June 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fighting poverty to build peace '' . Vatican . January 1 , 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zehmer , Ozzie ( 2012 ) . Green lllusions . Lincoln and London : University of Nebraska . p. 188 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Matthew ( 2008 ) . Fatal Misconception : The Struggle to Control World Population . Harvard University Press via Google Books . ISBN 9780674029835 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to World population statistics . Further reading Cohen , Joel E. ( 1995 ) . How Many People Can The Earth Support ? . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 31495 - 2 . `` World Population Prospects , the 2012 Revision '' . United Nations Population Division . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . `` World Population Prospects , the 2010 Revision '' . United Nations Population Division . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . `` World Population History Graph '' World population graph 10000 BC - AD 1950 . `` Symptoms of The Global Demographic Decline '' . Demographia.ru . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . World Factbook 2012 . US Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . `` The World in Balance '' ( transcript ) . Two - part PBS Nova on world population . April 20 , 2004 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . `` The Environmental Politics of Population and Overpopulation '' . University of California , Berkeley . 2012 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . `` Global population : Faces of the future '' . The Economist . June 22 , 2013 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . `` Creating new life -- and other ways to feed the world '' . BBC . July 23 , 2013 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . World Population Growth ( Oct 2016 ) , Esteban Ortiz - Ospina and Max Roser , OurWorldInData.org Organizations Optimum Population Trust The Day of 6 Billion and 7 Billion -- Official homepages maintained by UNFPA Population Reference Bureau -- News and issues related to population Berlin Institute for Population and Development Statistics and maps HiveGroup.com -- World population statistics presented in a treemap interface PopulationLabs.com -- World population map and graph PopulationData.net -- Information and maps about populations around the world GeoHive.com -- World statistics including population and future predictions Win.tue.nl -- World countries mapped by population size World-statistics.org -- World statistics including population and projections Population clocks U.S. and World Population Clock ( US Census Bureau ) People in the world Global human population Major topics Biocapacity Optimum population Overpopulation Malthusian catastrophe Population Population ethics Population momentum Sustainable development Women 's reproductive rights Zero population growth Biological and related topics Family planning Pledge two or fewer Human population planning One - child policy Two - child policy Population biology Population decline Population density Physiological density Population dynamics Population growth Population model Population pyramid Projections of population growth Human impact on the environment Deforestation Desalination Desertification Environmental impact of agriculture of aviation of biodiesel of concrete of electricity generation of the energy industry of fishing of irrigation of mining of off - roading of oil shale industry of palm oil of paper of the petroleum industry of reservoirs of shipping of war Industrialisation Land degradation Land reclamation Overconsumption Pollution Quarrying Urbanization Loss of green belts Urban sprawl Waste Water scarcity Overdrafting Population ecology Carrying capacity Deep ecology Earth 's energy budget Food security Habitat destruction I = P × A × T Malthusian growth model Overshoot ( population ) World energy consumption World energy resources World3 model Literature A Modest Proposal Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind , Peopling of Countries , etc . An Essay on the Principle of Population `` How Much Land Does a Man Need ? '' Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth Population Control : Real Costs , Illusory Benefits The Limits to Growth The Population Bomb The Skeptical Environmentalist The Ultimate Resource Publications Population and Environment Population and Development Review Lists Population and housing censuses by country Metropolitan areas by population Population milestone babies Events and organizations 7 Billion Actions International Conference on Population and Development Population Action International Population Connection Population Matters Population Research Institute United Nations Population Fund Voluntary Human Extinction Movement World Population Day World Population Foundation Related topics Classic Maya collapse Fertility and intelligence Green Revolution Holocene extinction Migration Commons Human overpopulation Human activities with impact on the environment Human migration Articles related to the world 's population Human impact on the environment General Anthropocene Environmental issues List of issues Human impact Impact assessment Planetary boundaries Causes Agriculture fishing irrigation meat production palm oil Energy industry biofuels biodiesel coal electricity generation nuclear power oil shale petroleum reservoirs wind power Genetic pollution Industrialization Land use Manufacturing cleaning agents concrete plastics nanotechnology paint paper pesticides pharmaceuticals and personal care Mining Overdrafting Overfishing Overgrazing Overexploitation Overpopulation Particulates Pollution Quarrying Reservoirs Tourism Transport aviation roads shipping Urbanization urban sprawl war Effects Biodiversity threats Biodiversity loss Climate change Global warming Runaway climate change Coral reefs Deforestation Defaunation Desertification Ecocide Erosion Environmental degradation Freshwater cycle Habitat destruction Holocene extinction Nitrogen cycle Land degradation Land surface effects on climate Loss of green belts Phosphorus cycle Ocean acidification Ozone depletion Resource depletion Water degradation Water scarcity Mitigation Birth control Cleaner production Climate change mitigation Climate engineering Ecological engineering Environmental engineering Environmental mitigation Industrial ecology Mitigation banking Organic farming Reforestation urban Restoration ecology Sustainable consumption Waste minimization Commons Category by country assessment mitigation Lists of countries by population statistics Global Current population Current population ( United Nations ) ( Sub - 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"Six of the Earth's seven continents are permanently inhabited on a large scale. Asia is the most populous continent, with its 4.54 billion inhabitants accounting for 60% of the world population. The world's two most populated countries, China and India, together constitute about 37% of the world's population. Africa is the second most populated continent, with around 1.28 billion people, or 16% of the world's population. Europe's 742 million people make up 10% of the world's population as of 2018, while the Latin American and Caribbean regions are home to around 651 million (9%). Northern America, primarily consisting of the United States and Canada, has a population of around 363 million (5%), and Oceania, the least-populated region, has about 41 million inhabitants (0.5%).[9] Though it is not permanently inhabited by any fixed population, Antarctica has a small, fluctuating international population based mainly in polar science stations. This population tends to rise in the summer months and decrease significantly in winter, as visiting researchers return to their home countries.[10]"
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"60%"
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8430654881570985428 | History of South Africa | History of South Africa - Wikipedia History of South Africa Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the History of South Africa General periods Before 1652 1652 -- 1815 1815 -- 1910 1910 -- 1948 1948 -- 1994 Since 1994 Specific themes Economy Military Politics Religion Slavery Inventions See also Years Timeline ( nl ) South Africa portal Part of a series on the Culture of South Africa History People Languages ( show ) Afrikaans English Ndebele Northern Sotho Sotho Swazi Tswana Tsonga Venda Xhosa Zulu Cuisine Festivals ( show ) Public holidays Religion Art Literature ( show ) Writers Poets Music and performing arts ( show ) Music Media ( show ) Television Cinema Sport Monuments ( show ) World Heritage Sites Symbols ( show ) Flag Coat of arms South Africa portal Historical states in present - day South Africa before 1600 ( show ) Kingdom of Mapungubwe ( 1050 -- 1270 ) Kingdom of Mutapa ( 1430 -- 1760 ) 1600 -- 1700 ( show ) Dutch Cape Colony ( 1652 -- 1795 ) 1700 -- 1800 ( show ) Mthethwa Paramountcy ( ca . 1780 -- 1817 ) Ndwandwe ( ca . 1780 -- 1817 ) Swellendam ( 1795 ) Graaff - Reinet ( 1795 -- 96 ) Cape Colony ( 1795 -- 1802 ) 1800 -- 1850 ( show ) Dutch Cape Colony ( 1802 -- 06 ) Cape Colony ( 1806 -- 1910 ) Waterboer 's Land ( 1813 -- 71 ) Zulu Kingdom ( 1818 -- 97 ) Adam Kok 's Land ( 1825 -- 61 ) Winburg ( 1836 -- 44 ) Potchefstroom ( 1837 -- 48 ) Natalia Republic ( 1839 -- 43 ) 1850 -- 1875 ( show ) South African Republic ( 1852 -- 1902 ) Orange Free State ( 1854 -- 1902 ) Republic of Utrecht ( 1854 -- 58 ) Lydenburg Republic ( 1856 -- 60 ) Griqualand East ( 1861 -- 79 ) Griqualand West ( 1870 -- 80 ) Diggers ' Republic ( 1870 - 71 ) 1875 -- 1900 ( show ) Stellaland ( 1882 -- 85 ) Goshen ( 1882 -- 83 ) Nieuw Republiek ( 1884 -- 88 ) Klein Vrystaat ( 1886 -- 91 ) 1900 -- present ( show ) Cape Colony ( 1652 -- 1910 ) Union of South Africa ( 1910 -- 61 ) Transkei ( 1976 -- 94 ) Bophuthatswana ( 1977 -- 94 ) Venda ( 1979 -- 94 ) Ciskei ( 1981 -- 94 ) Republic of South Africa ( 1961 -- present ) South Africa portal Bartolomeu Dias Statue of Bartolomeu Dias at the High Commission of South Africa in London . He was the first European navigator to sail around the southernmost tip of Africa . Republic of South Africa flag Use Civil and state flag , civil and state ensign Design The flag of Republic of South Africa was adopted on 27 April 1994 . It replaced the flag that had been used since 1928 , and was chosen to represent multiculturalism and ethnic diversity in the country 's new , post-apartheid democratic society . The first humans are believed to have inhabited South Africa more than 100,000 years ago . The historical record of this ethnically diverse country is generally divided into five distinct periods : the pre-colonial era , the colonial era , the post-colonial and apartheid era , and the post-apartheid era . Much of this history , particularly of the colonial and post-colonial eras , is characterised by clashes of culture , violent territorial disputes between European settlers and indigenous people , dispossession and repression , and other racial and political tensions . The discoveries of diamonds and gold in the nineteenth century had a profound effect on the fortunes of the region , propelling it onto the world stage and introducing a shift away from an exclusively agrarian - based economy towards industrialisation and the development of urban infrastructure . The discoveries also led to new conflicts culminating in open warfare between the Boer settlers and the British Empire , fought essentially for control over the nascent South African mining industry . Following the defeat of the Boers in the Anglo - Boer or South African War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) , the Union of South Africa was created as a dominion of the British Empire in terms of the South Africa Act 1909 , which amalgamated the four previously separate British colonies : Cape Colony , Natal Colony , Transvaal Colony and Orange River Colony . The country became a self - governing nation state within the British Empire , in 1934 following enactment of the Status of the Union Act . The dominion came to an end on 31 May 1961 as the consequence of a 1960 referendum , which legitimised the country becoming a sovereign state named Republic of South Africa . A republican constitution was adopted . From 1948 - 1994 , South African politics were dominated by Afrikaner nationalism . Racial segregation and white minority rule known officially as apartheid came into existence in 1960 , and become an official law of segregation when South Africa became a republic , an Afrikaans word meaning `` separateness '' . It was an extension of segregationist legislation enacted in 1960 . On 27 April 1994 , after decades of armed struggle and international opposition to apartheid , during which military and political support was provided primarily by the Soviet Union to the non-racial African National Congress ( ANC ) , the ANC achieved victory in the country 's first democratic election in which all races could vote . Since then , the African National Congress has dominated the politics of South Africa , in an uneasy alliance with the South African Communist Party and the Congress of South African Trade Unions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history ( before 1652 ) 1.1 Prehistory 1.2 San and Khoikhoi 1.3 Bantu people 1.4 Early European exploration 1.4. 1 Portuguese role 1.4. 2 Dutch role 2 Dutch colonisation ( 1652 -- 1815 ) 3 British colonisation , Mfecane and Boer Republics ( 1815 - 1910 ) 3.1 British at the Cape 3.2 European exploration of the interior 3.3 Zulu militarism and expansionism 3.4 Boer people and republics 3.4. 1 South African Republic 3.4. 2 Free State Republic 3.4. 3 Natalia 3.5 Cape Colony 3.6 Natal 3.7 Griqua people 3.8 Cape Frontier Wars 3.8. 1 Wars against the Xhosa 3.8. 2 Wars against the Zulu 3.8. 3 Wars with the Basotho 3.8. 4 Wars with the Ndebele 3.8. 5 Wars with the Bapedi 3.9 Discovery of diamonds 3.10 Discovery of gold 3.11 First Anglo - Boer War 3.12 Second Anglo - Boer War 4 Union of South Africa ( 1910 - 1948 ) 4.1 First World War 4.2 Second World War 4.2. 1 Pro-German and pro-Nazi attitudes 5 Apartheid era ( 1948 - 1994 ) 5.1 Apartheid legislation 5.2 UN embargo 5.3 Extra-judicial killings 5.4 Military operations in frontline states 5.5 Resistance to apartheid 6 Post-apartheid period ( 1994 - present ) 6.1 Emigration , debt burden and poverty 6.2 Xenophobia 6.3 Post-apartheid heads of state 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Early History ( before 1652 ) ( edit ) Main article : Early history of South Africa Prehistory ( edit ) Scientists researching the periods before written historical records were made have established that the territory of what is now referred to generically as South Africa have established that it is one of the important centers of human evolution . It was inhabited by Australopithecines since at least 2.5 million years ago . Modern human settlement occurred around 125,000 years ago in the Middle Stone Age , as shown by archaeological discoveries at Klasies River Caves . The first human habitation is associated with a DNA group originating in a northwestern area of southern Africa and still prevalent in the indigenous Khoisan ( Khoi and San ) . Southern Africa was reached later by the migration of the ethnically different , dark - skinned , Bantu - speaking or African people originating in the northwestern region of southern Africa during the early centuries AD . At the Blombos cave Professor Raymond Dart discovered the skull of a 2.51 million year old Taung Child in 1924 , the first example of Australopithecus africanus ever found . Following in Dart 's footsteps Robert Broom discovered a new much more robust hominid in 1938 Paranthropus robustus at Kromdraai , and in 1947 uncovered several more examples of Australopithecus africanus at Sterkfontein . In further research at the Blombos cave in 2002 , stones were discovered engraved with grid or cross-hatch patterns , dated to some 70,000 years ago . This has been interpreted as the earliest example ever discovered of abstract art or symbolic art created by Homo sapiens . Many more species of early hominid have come to light in recent decades . The oldest is Little Foot , a collection of footbones of an unknown hominid between 2.2 and 3.3 million years old , discovered at Sterkfontein by Ronald J. Clarke . An important recent find was that of 1.9 million year old Australopithecus sediba , discovered in 2008 . In 2015 , the discovery near Johannesburg of a previously unknown species of Homo was announced , named Homo naledi . It has been described as one of the most important paleontological discoveries in modern times . San and Khoikhoi ( edit ) Khoisan men demonstrating how to start a fire by rubbing sticks together . The descendants of the Middle Paleolithic populations are thought to be the aboriginal San and Khoikhoi tribes . The settlement of southern Africa by the ancestors of the Khoisan corresponds to the earliest separation of the extant Homo sapiens populations altogether , associated in genetic science with what is described in scientific terms as matrilinear haplogroup L0 ( mtDNA ) and patrilinear haplogroup A ( Y - DNA ) , originating in a northwestern area of southern Africa . The San and Khoikhoi are grouped under the term Khoisan , and are essentially distinguished only by their respective occupations . Whereas the San were hunter - gathers , the Khoikhoi were pastoral herders . Archaeological discoveries of livestock bones on the Cape Peninsula indicate that the Khoikhoi began to settle there by about 2000 years ago . In the late 15th and early 16th centuries , Portuguese mariners , who were the first Europeans at the Cape , encountered pastoral Khoikhoi with livestock . Later , English and Dutch seafarers in the late 16th and 17th centuries exchanged metals for cattle and sheep with the Khoikhoi . The conventional view is that availability of livestock was one reason why , in the mid-17th century , the Dutch East India Company established a staging post where the port city of Cape Town is today situated . The initial origin of the Khoikhoi remains uncertain . The establishment of the staging post by the Dutch East India Company at the Cape in 1652 soon brought the Khoikhoi into conflict with Dutch settlers over land ownership . Cattle rustling and livestock theft ensued , with the Khoikhoi being ultimately expelled from the peninsula by force , after a succession of wars . The first Khoikhoi - Dutch War broke out in 1659 , the second in 1673 , and the third 1674 -- 1677 . By the time of their defeat and expulsion from the Cape Peninsula and surrounding districts , the Khoikhoi population was decimated by a smallpox epidemic , against which the Khoikhoi had no natural resistance or indigenous medicines . The disease had been brought to the Cape by Dutch sailors . Bantu people ( edit ) Further information : Bantu migrations The Bantu expansion was one of the major demographic movements in human prehistory , sweeping much of the African continent during the 2nd and 1st millennia BC . Bantu - speaking communities would have reached southern Africa from the Congo basin by the early centuries AD . The advancing Bantu encroached on the Khoikhoi territory , forcing the original inhabitants of the region to move to more arid areas . Some of the migrant groups , ancestral to today 's Nguni peoples ( the Zulu , Xhosa , Swazi , and Ndebele ) , preferred to live near the eastern coast of what is present - day South Africa . Others , now known as the Sotho -- Tswana peoples ( Tswana , Pedi , and Sotho ) , settled in the interior on the plateau known as the Highveld , while today 's Venda , Lemba , and Shangaan - Tsonga peoples made their homes in the north - eastern areas of present - day South Africa . Looking out over the floodplains of the Luvuvhu River ( right ) and the Limpopo River ( far distance and left ) The Kingdom of Mapungubwe , which was located near the northern border of present - day South Africa , at the confluence of the Limpopo and Shashe rivers adjacent to present - day Zimbabwe and Botswana , was the first indigenous kingdom in southern Africa between AD 900 and 1300 . It developed into the largest kingdom in the sub-continent before it was abandoned because of climatic changes in the 14th century . Smiths created objects of iron , copper and gold both for local decorative use and for foreign trade . The kingdom controlled trade through the east African ports to Arabia , India and China , and throughout southern Africa , making it wealthy through the exchange of gold and ivory for imports such as Chinese porcelain and Persian glass beads . Specifics of the contact between Bantu - speakers and the indigenous Khoisan ethnic group remain largely unresearched , although linguistic proof of some assimilation exists , as several southern Bantu languages ( notably Xhosa and Zulu ) incorporate many click consonants of the Khoisan languages . The assimilation is not dissimilar to that of the European settlers , who adapted and assimilated the Dutch , Flemish , German and Malay languages into the Dutch patois of Afrikaans . Early European exploration ( edit ) Portuguese role ( edit ) See also : Portugal in the Age of Discovery , Discovery of the sea route to India , Bartolomeu Dias , Vasco da Gama , and Portuguese Empire The Portuguese mariner Bartolomeu Dias was the first European to explore the coastline of South Africa in 1488 , while attempting to discover a trade route to the Far East via the southernmost cape of South Africa , which he named Cabo das Tormentas , meaning Cape of Storms . In November 1497 , a fleet of Portuguese ships under the command of the Portuguese mariner Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope . By 16 December , the fleet had passed the Great Fish River on the east coast of South Africa , where Dias had earlier turned back . Da Gama gave the name Natal to the coast he was passing , which in Portuguese means Christmas . Da Gama 's fleet proceeded northwards to Zanzibar and later sailed eastwards , eventually reaching India and thereby opening the Cape Route between Europe and Asia . Dutch role ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2017 ) See also : Dutch Republic in the Age of Discovery , Maritime history of the Dutch East India Company , Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) , First Dutch Expedition to Indonesia , Second Dutch Expedition to Indonesia , Brouwer Route , and Jan Huyghen van Linschoten The Dutch East India Company ( Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC ) was a major force behind the Golden Age of Dutch exploration ( ca . 1590s -- 1720s ) and Netherlandish cartography ( ca . 1570s -- 1670s ) . Dutch colonisation ( 1652 -- 1815 ) ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2017 ) Main article : Dutch Cape Colony See also : History of South Africa ( 1652 -- 1815 ) , Economic history of South Africa , Military history of South Africa , Khoikhoi -- Dutch Wars , Dutch Empire , Maritime history of the Dutch East India Company , Military history of the Dutch East India Company , and Dutch Republic in the Age of Discovery See also : History of Cape Town , Stellenbosch , Swellendam , Graaff - Reinet , Franschhoek , Huguenots in South Africa , Boer Nationalism , Dorsland Trek , South African wine , Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa , Afrikaner Calvinism , Cape Dutch , and Cape Dutch architecture Jan van Riebeeck , first Commander of the Dutch East India Company colony The Dutch East India Company ( in the Dutch of the day : Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie , or VOC ) decided to establish a permanent settlement at the Cape . The VOC , one of the major European trading houses sailing the spice route to the East , had no intention of colonising the area , instead wanting only to establish a secure base camp where passing ships could shelter and be serviced , and where hungry sailors could stock up on fresh supplies of meat , fruit , and vegetables . To this end , a small VOC expedition under the command of Jan van Riebeeck reached Table Bay on 6 April 1652 . The VOC had settled at the Cape in order to supply their trading ships . As the Khoikhoi were not agricultural farmers , there was no food to trade for at the Cape and the VOC had to import Dutch farmers to establish farms to supply the passing ships as well as to supply the growing VOC settlement . The small initial group of free burghers , as these farmers were known , steadily increased in number and began to expand their farms further north and east into the territory of the Khoikhoi . The free burghers were ex-VOC soldiers and gardeners , who were unable to return to Holland when their contracts were completed with the VOC . The statue of Jan van Riebeeck , the founder of Cape Town , in Heerengracht Street . The majority of burghers had Dutch ancestry and belonged to the Dutch Reformed Church , but there were also some Germans . who often happened to be Lutherans . In 1688 , the Dutch and the Germans were joined by French Huguenots , who were Calvinist Protestants fleeing religious persecution in France under its Catholic ruler , King Louis XIV . Van Riebeeck considered it impolitic to enslave the local Khoi and San aboriginals , so the VOC began to import large numbers of slaves , primarily from the Dutch colonies in Indonesia . Eventually , van Riebeeck and the VOC began to make indentured servants out of the Khoikhoi and the San . The offspring from miscegenation between the Dutch settlers and the Khoi - San and Malay slaves became known officially as the Cape Coloureds and the Cape Malays , respectively . A significant number of the offspring from the white and slave unions were absorbed into the local proto - Afrikaans speaking white population . The racially mixed genealogical origins of many so - called `` white '' South Africans have been traced to interracial unions at the Cape between the European occupying population and imported Asian and African slaves , the indigenous Khoi and San , and their vari - hued offspring . Simon van der Stel , the first Governor of the Dutch settlement , famous for his development of the lucrative South African wine industry , was himself of mixed race - origin . British colonisation , mfecane and Boer republics ( 1815 - 1910 ) ( edit ) British at the Cape ( edit ) Main articles : British Cape Colony and History of South Africa ( 1815 - 1910 ) The Rhodes Colossus -- Cecil Rhodes spanning `` Cape to Cairo '' In 1787 , shortly before the French Revolution , a faction within the politics of the Dutch Republic known as the Patriot Party attempted to overthrow the regime of stadtholder William V. Though the revolt was crushed , it was resurrected after the French invasion of the Netherlands in 1794 / 1795 which resulted in the stadtholder fleeing the country . The Patriot revolutionaries then proclaimed the Batavian Republic , which was closely allied to revolutionary France . In response , the stadtholder , who had taken up residence in England , issued the Kew Letters , ordering colonial governors to surrender to the British . The British then seized the Cape in 1795 to prevent it from falling into French hands . The Cape was relinquished back to the Dutch in 1803 . In 1805 , the British inherited the Cape as a prize during the Napoleonic Wars , again seizing the Cape from the French controlled Kingdom of Holland which had replaced the Batavian Republic . Like the Dutch before them , the British initially had little interest in the Cape Colony , other than as a strategically located port . The Cape Articles of Capitulation of 1806 allowed the colony to retain `` all their rights and privileges which they have enjoyed hitherto '' , and this launched South Africa on a divergent course from the rest of the British Empire , allowing the continuance of Roman - Dutch law . British sovereignty of the area was recognised at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 , the Dutch accepting a payment of 6 million pounds for the colony . As one of their first tasks they outlawed the use of the Dutch language in 1806 with the view of converting the European settlers to the British language and culture . This had the effect of forcing more of the Dutch colonists to move ( or trek ) away from British administrative reach . Much later , in 1820 the British authorities persuaded about 5,000 middle - class British immigrants ( most of them `` in trade '' ) to leave Great Britain . Many of the 1820 Settlers eventually settled in Grahamstown and Port Elizabeth . British policy with regard to South Africa would vacillate with successive governments , but the overarching imperative throughout the 19th century was to protect the strategic trade route to India while incurring as little expense as possible within the colony . This aim was complicated by border conflicts with the Boers , who soon developed a distaste for British authority . European exploration of the interior ( edit ) Colonel Robert Jacob Gordon of the Dutch East India Company was the first European to explore parts of the interior while commanding the Dutch garrison at the renamed Cape of Good Hope , from 1780 to 1795 . The four expeditions Gordon undertook between 1777 and 1786 are recorded in a series of several hundred drawings known collectively as the Gordon Atlas , as well as in his journals , which were only discovered in 1964 . Early relations between the European settlers and the Xhosa , the first Bantu peoples they met when they ventured inward , were peaceful . However , there was competition for land , and this tension led to skirmishes in the form of cattle raids from 1779 . The British explorers David Livingstone and William Oswell , setting out from a mission station in the northern Cape Colony , are believed to have been the first white men to cross the Kalahari desert in 1849 . The Royal Geographical Society later awarded Livingstone a gold medal for his discovery of Lake Ngami in the desert . Zulu militarism and expansionism ( edit ) Main articles : Zulu people and Difaqane This map illustrates the rise of the Zulu Empire under Shaka ( 1816 -- 1828 ) in present - day South Africa . The rise of the Zulu Empire under Shaka forced other chiefdoms and clans to flee across a wide area of southern Africa . Clans fleeing the Zulu war zone included the Soshangane , Zwangendaba , Ndebele , Hlubi , Ngwane , and the Mfengu . A number of clans were caught between the Zulu Empire and advancing Voortrekkers and British Empire such as the Xhosa . The Zulu people are part of the Nguni tribe and were originally a minor clan in what is today northern KwaZulu - Natal , founded ca . 1709 by Zulu kaNtombela . The 1820s saw a time of immense upheaval relating to the military expansion of the Zulu Kingdom , which replaced the original African clan system with kingdoms . Sotho - speakers know this period as the difaqane ( `` forced migration '' ) ; Zulu - speakers call it the mfecane ( `` crushing '' ) . Various theories have been advanced for the causes of the difaqane , ranging from ecological factors to competition in the ivory trade . Another theory attributes the epicentre of Zulu violence to the slave trade out of Delgoa Bay in Mozambique situated to the north of Zululand . According to this theory , Portuguese slavers had been driven southwards because of increased naval activity during the Napoleonic wars ; it was the rush of refugees away from the encroaching slavers that precipitated violent instability in the region . In 1818 , Nguni tribes in Zululand became a militaristic kingdom under the driving force of Shaka kaSenzangakhona , son of the chief of the Zulu clan . Shaka built large armies , breaking from clan tradition by placing the armies under the control of his own officers rather than of hereditary chiefs . He then set out on a massive programme of expansion , killing or enslaving those who resisted in the territories he conquered . His impis ( warrior regiments ) were rigorously disciplined : failure in battle meant death . Shaka Zulu in traditional Zulu military garb Peoples in the path of Shaka 's armies moved out of his way , becoming in their turn aggressors against their neighbours . This wave of displacement spread throughout southern Africa and beyond . It also accelerated the formation of several new nation - states , notably those of the Sotho ( present - day Lesotho ) and of the Swazi ( now Swaziland ) . In 1828 Shaka was killed by his half - brothers Dingaan and Umhlangana . The weaker and less - skilled Dingaan became king , relaxing military discipline while continuing the despotism . Dingaan also attempted to establish relations with the British traders on the Natal coast , but events had started to unfold that would see the demise of Zulu independence . Boer people and republics ( edit ) Main article : Boer Republics After 1806 , a number of Dutch - speaking inhabitants of the Cape Colony trekked inland , first in small groups . Eventually , in the 1830s , large numbers of Boers migrated in what came to be known as the Great Trek . Among the initial reasons for their leaving the Cape colony were the English language rule . Religion was a very important aspect of the settlers culture and the bible and church services were in Dutch . Similarly , schools , justice and trade up to the arrival of the British , were all managed in the Dutch language . The language law caused friction , distrust and dissatisfaction . An account of the first trekboers Another reason for Dutch - speaking white farmers trekking away from the Cape was the abolition of slavery by the British government on Emancipation Day , 1 December 1838 . The farmers complained they could not replace the labour of their slaves without losing an excessive amount of money . The farmers had invested large amounts of capital in slaves . Owners who had purchased slaves on credit or put them up as surety against loans faced financial ruin . Britain had allocated the sum of 1 200 000 British Pounds as compensation to the Dutch settlers , on condition the Dutch farmers had to lodge their claims in Britain as well as the fact that the value of the slaves was many times the allocated amount . This caused further dissatisfaction among the Dutch settlers . The settlers , incorrectly , believed that the Cape Colony administration had taken the money due to them as payment for freeing their slaves . Those settlers who were allocated money could only claim it in Britain in person or through an agent . The commission charged by agents was the same as the payment for one slave , thus those settlers only claiming for one slave would receive nothing . South African Republic ( edit ) Main article : South African Republic Flag of the South African Republic , often referred to as the Vierkleur ( meaning four - coloured ) The South African Republic ( Dutch : Zuid - Afrikaansche Republiek or ZAR , not to be confused with the much later Republic of South Africa ) , is often referred to as The Transvaal and sometimes as the Republic of Transvaal . It was an independent and internationally recognised nation - state in southern Africa from 1852 to 1902 . Independent sovereignty of the republic was formally recognised by Great Britain with the signing of the Sand River Convention on 17 January 1852 . The republic , under the premiership of Paul Kruger , defeated British forces in the First Boer War and remained independent until the end of the Second Boer War on 31 May 1902 , when it was forced to surrender to the British . The territory of the South African Republic became known after this war as the Transvaal Colony . Free State Republic ( edit ) Main article : Orange Free State Flag of the Republic of the Orange Free State The independent Boer republic of Orange Free State evolved from colonial Britain 's Orange River Sovereignty , enforced by the presence of British troops , which lasted from 1848 to 1854 in the territory between the Orange and Vaal rivers , named Transorange . Britain , due to the military burden imposed on it by the Crimean War in Europe , then withdrew its troops from the territory in 1854 , when the territory along with other areas in the region was claimed by the Boers as an independent Boer republic , which they named the Orange Free State . In March 1858 , after land disputes , cattle rustling and a series of raids and counter-raids , the Orange Free State declared war on the Basotho kingdom , which it failed to defeat . A succession of wars were conducted between the Boers and the Basotho for the next 10 years . The name Orange Free State was again changed to the Orange River Colony , created by Britain after the latter occupied it in 1900 and then annexed it in 1902 during the Second Boer War . The colony , with an estimated population of less than 400,000 in 1904 ceased to exist in 1910 , when it was absorbed into the Union of South Africa as the Orange Free State Province . Natalia ( edit ) Main article : Natalia Republic Natalia was a short - lived Boer republic established in 1839 by Boer voortrekkers emigrating from the Cape Colony . In 1824 a party of 25 men under British Lieutenant FG Farewell arrived from the Cape Colony and established a settlement on the northern shore of the Bay of Natal , which would later become the port of Durban , so named after Sir Benjamin d'Urban , a governor of the Cape Colony . Boer voortrekkers in 1838 established the Republic of Natalia in the surrounding region , with its capital at Pietermaritzburg . On the night of 23 / 24 May 1842 British colonial forces attacked the voortrekker camp at Congella . The attack failed , with British forces then retreating back to Durban , which the Boers besieged . A local trader Dick King and his servant Ndongeni , who later became folk heroes , were able to escape the blockade and ride to Grahamstown , a distance of 600 km ( 372.82 miles ) in 14 days to raise British reinforcements . The reinforcements arrived in Durban 20 days later ; the siege was broken and the voortrekkers retreated . The Boers accepted British annexation in 1844 . Many of the Natalia Boers who refused to acknowledge British rule trekked over the Drakensberg mountains to settle in the Orange Free State and Transvaal republics . Cape Colony ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : Cape Colony and Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope Sir Harry Smith , British governor and high commissioner of the Cape Colony , 1847 -- 1852 Between 1847 and 1854 , Sir Harry Smith , governor and high commissioner of the Cape Colony , annexed territories far to the north of original British and Dutch settlement . Smith 's expansion of the Cape Colony resulted in conflict with disaffected Boers in the Orange River Sovereignty who in 1848 mounted an abortive rebellion at Boomplaats , where the Boers were defeated by a detachment of the Cape Mounted Rifles . Annexation also precipitated a war between British colonial forces and the indigenous Xhosa nation in 1850 , in the eastern coastal region . Starting from the mid-1800s , the Cape of Good Hope , which was then the largest state in southern Africa , began moving towards greater independence from Britain . In 1854 , it was granted its first locally elected legislature , the Cape Parliament . In 1872 , after a long political struggle , it attained responsible government with a locally accountable executive and Prime Minister . The Cape nonetheless remained nominally part of the British Empire , even though it was self - governing in practice . The Cape Colony was unusual in southern Africa in that its laws prohibited any discrimination on the basis of race and , unlike the Boer republics , elections were held according to the non-racial Cape Qualified Franchise system , whereby suffrage qualifications applied universally , regardless of race . Initially , a period of strong economic growth and social development ensued . However , an ill - informed British attempt to force the states of southern Africa into a British federation led to inter-ethnic tensions and the First Boer War . Meanwhile , the discovery of diamonds around Kimberley and gold in the Transvaal led to a later return to instability , particularly because they fueled the rise to power of the ambitious colonialist Cecil Rhodes . As Cape Prime Minister , Rhodes curtailed the multi-racial franchise , and his expansionist policies set the stage for the Second Boer War . Natal ( edit ) Main article : Colony of Natal By the end of 1847 , following annexation by Britain of the former Boer republic of Natalia , nearly all the Boers had left their former republic , which the British renamed Natal . The role of the Boer settlers was replaced by subsidised British immigrants of whom 5,000 arrived between 1849 and 1851 . Indian indentured labourers arriving in Durban for the first time Indian slaves from the Dutch colonies had been introduced into the Cape area of South Africa by the Dutch settlers in 1654 . By 1860 , with slavery having been abolished in 1834 , and after the annexation of Natal as a British colony in 1843 , the British colonialists in Natal ( now kwaZulu - Natal ) turned to India to resolve a labour shortage . Men of the local Zulu warrior nation were refusing to adopt the servile position of labourers . In that year , the SS Truro arrived in Durban harbour with over 300 Indians on board . Over the next 50 years , 150,000 more indentured Indian servants and labourers arrived , as well as numerous free `` passenger Indians '' , building the base for what would become the largest Indian community outside India . By 1893 , when the lawyer and social activist Mahatma Gandhi arrived in Durban , Indians outnumbered whites in Natal . The civil rights struggle of Gandhi 's Natal Indian Congress failed ; until the 1994 advent of democracy , Indians in South Africa were subject to most of the discriminatory laws that applied to all non-white inhabitants of the country . Griqua people ( edit ) Main article : Griqua people By the late 1700s , the Cape Colony population had grown to include a large number of mixed - race so - called `` coloureds '' who were the offspring of extensive miscegenation between white , male Dutch settlers , Khoikhoi females , and female slaves imported from Dutch colonies in the East . Members of this mixed - race community formed the core of what was to become the Griqua people . Under the leadership of a former slave named Adam Kok , these `` coloureds '' or Basters ( meaning Bastards ) as they were named by the Dutch , started trekking northward into the interior , through what is today named Northern Cape Province . The trek of the Griquas to escape the influence of the Cape Colony has been described as `` one of the great epics of the 19th century . '' They were joined on their long journey by a number of San and Khoikhoi aboriginals , local African tribesmen , and also some white renegades . Around 1800 , they started crossing the northern frontier formed by the Orange River , arriving ultimately in an uninhabited area , which they named Griqualand . In 1825 , a faction of the Griqua people was induced by Dr John Philip , superintendent of the London Missionary Society in Southern Africa , to relocate to a place called Philippolis , a mission station for the San , several hundred miles southeast of Griqualand . Philip 's intention was for the Griquas to protect the missionary station there against banditti in the region , and as a bulwark against the northward movement of white settlers from the Cape Colony . Friction between the Griquas and the settlers over land rights resulted in British troops being sent to the region in 1845 . It marked the beginning of nine years of British intervention in the affairs of the region , which the British named Transorange . Nicolaas Waterboer who ruled Griqualand from 1852 to 1896 In 1861 , to avoid the imminent prospect of either being colonised by the Cape Colony or coming into conflict with the expanding Boer Republic of Orange Free State , most of the Philippolis Griquas embarked on a further trek . They moved about 500 miles eastward , over the Quathlamba ( today known as the Drakensberg mountain range ) , settling ultimately in an area officially designated as `` Nomansland '' , which the Griquas renamed Griqualand East . East Griqualand was subsequently annexed by Britain in 1874 and incorporated into the Cape Colony in 1879 . The original Griqualand , north of the Orange River , was annexed by Britain 's Cape Colony and renamed Griqualand West after the discovery in 1871 of the world 's richest deposit of diamonds at Kimberley , so named after the British Colonial Secretary , Earl Kimberley . Although no formally surveyed boundaries existed , Griqua leader Nicolaas Waterboer claimed the diamond fields were situated on land belonging to the Griquas . The Boer republics of Transvaal and the Orange Free State also vied for ownership of the land , but Britain , being the preeminent force in the region , won control over the disputed territory . In 1878 , Waterboer led an unsuccessful rebellion against the colonial authorities , for which he was arrested and briefly exiled . Cape frontier wars ( edit ) In early South Africa , European notions of national boundaries and land ownership had no counterparts in African political culture . To the local African chieftains , customary tribute in the form of horses and cattle represented acceptance by the reigning chief of land use under his authority . To both the Boer and the British settlers , the same form of tribute was believed to constitute purchase and permanent ownership of the land under independent authority . As British and Boer settlers started establishing permanent farms after trekking across the country in search of prime agricultural land , they encountered resistance from the local Bantu people who had originally migrated southwards from central Africa hundreds of years earlier . The consequent frontier wars were officially referred to by the British colonial authorities as the `` Kaffir '' wars . It has been suggested by at least one historian that the early tribal societies of what is today South Africa were defeated not only by the superior weapons of the settlers , `` but also by their own backwardness and disunity . '' Too , the increasing economic involvement of the British in southern Africa from the 1820s , and especially following the discovery of first diamonds at Kimberley and gold in the Transvaal , resulted in pressure for land and African labour , and led to increasingly tense relations with African states . Wars against the Xhosa ( edit ) In the southeastern part of the country , the Boers and the Xhosa clashed along the Great Fish River , and in 1779 the first of nine frontier wars erupted . For nearly 100 years subsequently , the Xhosa fought the settlers sporadically , first the Boers or Afrikaners and later the British . In the Fourth Frontier War , which lasted from 1811 to 1812 , the British forced the Xhosa back across the Great Fish River and established forts along this boundary . Map of South Africa showing the primary Xhosa language area in green In 1818 differences between two Xhosa leaders , Ndlambe and Ngqika , ended in Ngqika 's defeat , but the British continued to recognise Ngqika as the paramount chief . He appealed to the British for help against Ndlambe , who retaliated in 1819 during the Fifth Frontier War by attacking the British colonial town of Grahamstown . The Xhosa prophet Nxele emerged at this time and led the Xhosa armies in several attacks . He was subsequently captured and imprisoned on Robben Island . After this war the British attempted unsuccessfully to declare the area between the Great Fish and the Keiskamma rivers neutral territory . More fighting took place , until eventually all Xhosa territories were incorporated into the Cape Colony . Wars against the Zulu ( edit ) King Cetshwayo photograph ( ca. 1875 ) In the eastern part of what is today South Africa , in the region named Natalia by the Boer trekkers , the latter negotiated an agreement with Zulu King Dingane kaSenzangakhona allowing the Boers to settle in part of the then Zulu kingdom . Cattle rustling ensued and a party of Boers under the leadership of Piet Retief was massacred . The Boers retaliated at the Ncome River on 16 December 1838 , when they killed about three thousand Zulu warriors in a clash known historically as the Battle of Blood River . In the later annexation of the Zulu kingdom by imperial Britain , an Anglo - Zulu War was fought in 1879 . Following Lord Carnarvon 's successful introduction of federation in Canada , it was thought that similar political effort , coupled with military campaigns , might succeed with the African kingdoms , tribal areas and Boer republics in South Africa . In 1874 , Sir Henry Bartle Frere was sent to South Africa as High Commissioner for the British Empire to bring such plans into being . Among the obstacles were the presence of the independent states of the South African Republic and the Kingdom of Zululand and its army . Frere , on his own initiative , without the approval of the British government and with the intent of instigating a war with the Zulu , had presented an ultimatum on 11 December 1878 , to the Zulu king Cetshwayo with which the Zulu king could not comply . Bartle Frere then sent Lord Chelmsford to invade Zululand . The war is notable for several particularly bloody battles , including an overwhelming victory by the Zulu at the Battle of Isandlwana , as well as for being a landmark in the timeline of imperialism in the region . Britain 's eventual defeat of the Zulus , marking the end of the Zulu nation 's independence , was accomplished with the assistance of Zulu collaborators who harboured cultural and political resentments against centralised Zulu authority . The British then set about establishing large sugar plantations in the area today named KwaZulu - Natal Province . Wars with the Basotho ( edit ) From the 1830s onwards , numbers of white settlers from the Cape Colony crossed the Orange River and started arriving in the fertile southern part of territory known as the Lower Caledon Valley , which was occupied by Basotho cattle herders under the authority of the Basotho founding monarch Moshoeshoe I. In 1845 , a treaty was signed between the British colonialists and Moshoeshoe , which recognised white settlement in the area . No firm boundaries were drawn between the area of white settlement and Moshoeshoe 's kingdom , which led to border clashes . Moshoeshoe was under the impression he was loaning grazing land to the settlers in accordance with African precepts of occupation rather than ownership , while the settlers believed they had been granted permanent land rights . Afrikaner settlers in particular were loathe to live under Moshoesoe 's authority and among Africans . The British , who at that time controlled the area between the Orange and Vaal Rivers called the Orange River Sovereignty , decided a discernible boundary was necessary and proclaimed a line named the Warden Line , dividing the area between British and Basotho territories . This led to conflict between the Basotho and the British , who were defeated by Moshoeshoe 's warriors at the battle of Viervoet in 1851 . King Moshoeshoe with his advisors As punishment to the Basotho , the governor and commander - in - chief of the Cape Colony , Sir George Cathcart , deployed troops to the Mohokare River ; Moshoeshoe was ordered to pay a fine . When he did not pay the fine in full , a battle broke out on the Berea Plateau in 1852 , where the British suffered heavy losses . In 1854 , the British handed over the territory to the Boers through the signing of the Sand River Convention . This territory and others in the region then became the Republic of the Orange Free State . A succession of wars followed from 1858 to 1868 between the Basotho kingdom and the Boer republic of Orange Free State . In the battles that followed , the Orange Free State tried unsuccessfully to capture Moshoeshoe 's mountain stronghold at Thaba Bosiu , while the Sotho conducted raids in Free State territories . Both sides adopted scorched - earth tactics , with large swathes of pasturage and cropland being destroyed . Faced with starvation , Moshoeshoe signed a peace treaty on 15 October 1858 , though crucial boundary issues remained unresolved . War broke out again in 1865 . After an unsuccessful appeal for aid from the British Empire , Moshoeshoe signed the 1866 treaty of Thaba Bosiu , with the Basotho ceding substantial territory to the Orange Free State . On 12 March 1868 , the British parliament declared the Basotho Kingdom a British protectorate and part of the British Empire . Open hostilities ceased between the Orange Free State and the Basotho . The country was subsequently named Basutoland and is presently named Lesotho . Wars with the Ndebele ( edit ) Boer voortrekkers depicted in an early artist 's rendition In 1836 , when Boer voortrekkers ( meaning advance trekkers ) arrived in the northwestern part of present - day South Africa , they came into conflict with a Ndebele sub-group that the settlers named `` Matabele '' , under chief Mzilikazi . A series of battles ensued , in which Mzilikazi was eventually defeated . He withdrew from the area and led his people northwards to what would later become the Matabele region of Southern Rhodesia ( now Zimbabwe ) . Other members of the Ndebele ethnic language group in different areas of the region similarly came into conflict with the Voortrekkers , notably in the area that would later become the Northern Transvaal . In September 1854 , 28 Boers accused of cattle rustling were killed in three separate incidents by an alliance of the Ndebele chiefdoms of Mokopane and Mankopane . Mokopane and his followers , anticipating retaliation by the settlers , retreated into the mountain caves known as Gwasa , ( or Makapansgat in Afrikaans ) . In late October , Boer commandos supported by local Kgatla tribal collaborators laid siege to the caves . By the end of the siege , about three weeks later , Mokopane and between 1,000 and 3,000 people had died in the caves . The survivors were captured and allegedly enslaved . Wars with the Bapedi ( edit ) The Bapedi wars , also known as the Sekukuni wars , consisted of three separate campaigns fought between 1876 and 1879 against the Bapedi under their reigning monarch King Sekukuni , in the northeastern region known as Sekukuniland , bordering on Swaziland . The wars were an outcome of constant friction between the Bapedi and the Boers , who claimed that Bapedi carrying arms were continually stealing livestock , whilst the Bapedi claimed that neighbouring Boer settlers stole children to be forced into farm labour . Further friction was caused by the refusal of Sekukuni to allow prospectors to search for gold in territory he considered to be sovereign and independent under his authority . The First Sekukuni War of 1876 was conducted by the Boers , and the two separate campaigns of the Second Sekukuni War of 1878 / 1879 were conducted by the British . During the final campaign , Sekukuni ( also spelled Sekhukhune ) and members of his entourage took refuge in a mountain cave where he was cut off from food and water . He eventually surrendered to a combined deputation of Boer and British forces on December 2 , 1879 . Sekukuni , members of his family and some Bapedi generals were subsequently imprisoned in Pretoria for two years , with Sekukuniland becoming part of the Transvaal Republic . No gold was ever discovered in the annexed territory . Discovery of diamonds ( edit ) Cecil John Rhodes , co-founder of De Beers Consolidated Mines at Kimberley The first diamond discoveries between 1866 and 1867 were alluvial , on the southern banks of the Orange River . By 1869 , diamonds were found at some distance from any stream or river , in hard rock called blue ground , later called kimberlite , after the mining town of Kimberley where the diamond diggings were concentrated . The diggings were located in an area of vague boundaries and disputed land ownership . Claimants to the site included the South African ( Transvaal ) Republic , the Orange Free State Republic , and the mixed - race Griqua nation under Nicolaas Waterboer . Cape Colony Governor Sir Henry Barkly persuaded all claimants to submit themselves to a decision of an arbitrator and so Robert W Keate , Lieutenant - Governor of Natal was asked to arbitrate . Keate awarded ownership to the Griquas . Waterboer , fearing conflict with the Boer republic of Orange Free State , subsequently asked for and received British protection . Griqualand then became a separate Crown Colony renamed Griqualand West in 1871 , with a Lieutenant - General and legislative council . The Crown Colony of Griqualand West was annexed into the Cape Colony in 1877 , enacted into law in 1880 . No material benefits accrued to the Griquas as a result of either colonisation or annexation ; they did not receive any share of the diamond wealth generated at Kimberley . The Griqua community became subsequently dissimulated . By the 1870s and 1880s the mines at Kimberley were producing 95 % of the world 's diamonds . The widening search for gold and other resources were financed by the wealth produced and the practical experience gained at Kimberley . Revenue accruing to the Cape Colony from the Kimberley diamond diggings enabled the Cape Colony to be granted responsible government status in 1872 , since it was no longer dependent on the British Treasury and hence allowing it to be fully self - governing in similar fashion to the federation of Canada , New Zealand and some of the Australian states . The wealth derived from Kimberley diamond mining , having effectively tripled the customs revenue of the Cape Colony from 1871 to 1875 , also doubled its population , and allowed it to expand its boundaries and railways to the north . In 1888 , British imperialist Cecil John Rhodes co-founded De Beers Consolidated Mines at Kimberley , after buying up and amalgamating the individual claims with finance provided by the Rothschild dynasty . Abundant , cheap African labour was central to the success of Kimberley diamond mining , as it would later also be to the success of gold mining on the Witwatersrand . It has been suggested in some academic circles that the wealth produced at Kimberley was a significant factor influencing the Scramble for Africa , in which European powers had by 1902 competed with each other in drawing arbitrary boundaries across almost the entire continent and dividing it among themselves . Discovery of gold ( edit ) Main article : Witwatersrand Gold Rush Johannesburg before gold mining transformed it into a bustling modern city Although many tales abound , there is no conclusive evidence as to who first discovered gold or the manner in which it was originally discovered in the late 19th Century on the Witwatersrand ( meaning White Waters Ridge ) of the Transvaal . The discovery of gold in February 1886 at a farm called Langlaagte on the Witwatersrand in particular precipitated a gold rush by prospectors and fortune seekers from all over the world . Except in rare outcrops , however , the main gold deposits had over many years become covered gradually by thousands of feet of hard rock . Finding and extracting the deposits far below the ground called for the capital and engineering skills that would soon result in the deep - level mines of the Witwatersrand producing a quarter of the world 's gold , with the `` instant city '' of Johannesburg arising astride the main Witwatersrand gold reef . Within two years of gold being discovered on the Witwatersrand , four mining finance houses had been established . The first was formed by Hermann Eckstein in 1887 , eventually becoming Rand Mines . Cecil Rhodes and Charles Rudd followed , with their Gold Fields of South Africa company . Rhodes and Rudd had earlier made fortunes from diamond mining at Kimberley . In 1895 there was an investment boom in Witwatersrand gold - mining shares . The precious metal that underpinned international trade would dominate South African exports for decades to come . Of the leading 25 foreign industrialists who were instrumental in opening up deep level mining operations at the Witwatersrand gold fields , 15 were Jewish , 11 of the total were from Germany or Austria , and nine of that latter category were also Jewish . The commercial opportunities opened by the discovery of gold attracted many other people of European Jewish origin . The Jewish population of South Africa in 1880 numbered approximately 4,000 ; by 1914 it had grown to more than 40,000 , mostly migrants from Lithuania . The working environment of the mines , meanwhile , as one historian has described it , was `` dangerous , brutal and onerous '' , and therefor unpopular among local black Africans . Recruitment of black labour began to prove difficult , even with an offer of improved wages . In mid-1903 there remained barely half of the 90,000 black labourers who had been employed in the industry in mid-1899 . The decision was made to start importing Chinese indentured labourers who were prepared to work for far less wages than local African labourers . The first 1,000 indentured Chinese labourers arrived in June 1904 . By January 1907 , 53,000 Chinese labourers were working in the gold mines . First Anglo - Boer War ( edit ) Main article : First Boer War This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Regional geography during the period of the Anglo - Boer wars ; the South African Republic / Transvaal ( green ) , with the Orange Free State ( orange ) , the British Cape Colony ( blue ) , and Natalia Republic ( red ) The Transvaal Boer republic was forcefully annexed by Britain in 1877 , during Britain 's attempt to consolidate the states of southern Africa under British rule . Long - standing Boer resentment turned into full - blown rebellion in the Transvaal and the first Anglo - Boer War , also known as the Boer Insurrection , broke out in 1880 . The conflict ended almost as soon as it began with a decisive Boer victory at Battle of Majuba Hill ( 27 February 1881 ) . The republic regained its independence as the Zuid - Afrikaansche Republiek ( `` South African Republic '' ) , or ZAR . Paul Kruger , one of the leaders of the uprising , became President of the ZAR in 1883 . Meanwhile , the British , who viewed their defeat at Majuba as an aberration , forged ahead with their desire to federate the Southern African colonies and republics . They saw this as the best way to come to terms with the fact of a white Afrikaner majority , as well as to promote their larger strategic interests in the area . The cause of the Anglo - Boer wars has been attributed to a contest over which nation would control and benefit most from the Witwatersrand gold mines . The enormous wealth of the mines was in the hands of European `` Randlords '' overseeing the mainly British foreign managers , mining foremen , engineers and technical specialists , characterised by the Boers as uitlander , meaning aliens . The `` aliens '' objected to being denied parliamentary representation and the right to vote , and they complained also of bureaucratic government delays in the issuing of licenses and permits , and general administrative incompetence on the part of the government . In 1895 , a column of mercenaries in the employ of Cecil John Rhodes ' Rhodesian - based Charter Company and led by Captain Leander Starr Jameson had entered the ZAR with the intention of sparking an uprising on the Witwatersrand and installing a British administration there . The armed incursion became known as the Jameson Raid . It ended when the invading column was ambushed and captured by Boer commandos . President Kruger suspected the insurgency had received at least the tacit approval of the Cape Colony government under the premiership of Cecil John Rhodes , and that Kruger 's South African Republic faced imminent danger . Kruger reacted by forming an alliance with the neighbouring Boer republic of Orange Free State . This did not prevent the outbreak of a Second Anglo - Boer war . Second Anglo - Boer War ( edit ) Main article : Second Boer War Emily Hobhouse campaigned against the appalling conditions of the British concentrations in South Africa , thus influencing British public opinion against the war . Renewed tensions between Britain and the Boers peaked in 1899 when the British demanded voting rights for the 60,000 foreign whites on the Witwatersrand . Until that point , President Paul Kruger 's government had excluded all foreigners from the franchise . Kruger rejected the British demand and called for the withdrawal of British troops from the borders of the South African Republic . When the British refused , Kruger declared war . This Second Anglo - Boer War , also known as the South African War lasted longer than the first , with British troops being supplemented by colonial troops from Southern Rhodesia , Canada , India , Australia and New Zealand . It has been estimated that the total number of British and colonial troops deployed in South Africa during the war outnumbered the population of the two Boer Republics by more than 150,000 . By June 1900 , Pretoria , the last of the major Boer towns , had surrendered . Yet resistance by Boer bittereinders ( meaning those who would fight to the bitter end ) continued for two more years with guerrilla warfare , which the British met in turn with scorched earth tactics . The Boers kept on fighting . The British suffragette Emily Hobhouse visited British concentration camps in South Africa and produced a report condemning the appalling conditions there . By 1902 , 26,000 Boer women and children had died of disease and neglect in the camps . The Anglo - Boer War affected all race groups in South Africa . Black people were conscripted or otherwise coerced by both sides into working for them either as combatants or non-combatants to sustain the respective war efforts of both the Boers and the British . The official statistics of blacks killed in action are inaccurate . Most of the bodies were dumped in unmarked graves . It has , however , been verified that 17,182 black people died mainly of diseases in the Cape concentration camps alone , but this figure is not accepted historically as a true reflection of the overall numbers . Concentration camp superintendents did not always record the deaths of black inmates in the camps . From the outset of hostilities in October 1899 to the signing of peace on 31 May 1902 the war claimed the lives of 22,000 imperial soldiers and 7,000 republican fighters . In terms of the peace agreement known as the Treaty of Vereeniging , the Boer republics acknowledged British sovereignty , while the British in turn committed themselves to reconstruction of the areas under their control . Union of South Africa ( 1910 - 1948 ) ( edit ) Main article : History of South Africa ( 1910 -- 48 ) Main article : Union of South Africa This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Union Buildings , government administrative centre , Pretoria , circa 1925 During the years immediately following the Anglo - Boer wars , Britain set about unifying the four colonies including the former Boer republics into a single self - governed country called the Union of South Africa . This was accomplished after several years of negotiations , when the South Africa Act 1909 consolidated the Cape Colony , Natal , Transvaal , and Orange Free State into one nation . Under the provisions of the act , the Union became an independent Dominion of the British Empire , governed under a form of constitutional monarchy , with the British monarch represented by a Governor - General . Prosecutions before the courts of the Union of South Africa were instituted in the name of the Crown and government officials served in the name of the Crown . The British High Commission territories of Basutoland ( now Lesotho ) , and Bechuanaland ( now Botswana ) , Swaziland continued under direct rule from Britain . Among other harsh segregationist laws , including denial of voting rights to black people , the Union parliament enacted the 1913 Natives ' Land Act , which earmarked only eight percent of South Africa 's available land for black occupancy . White people , who constituted 20 percent of the population , held 90 percent of the land . The Land Act would form a cornerstone of legalised racial discrimination for the next nine decades . Daniel François Malan , National Party leader from 1934 -- 1953 General Louis Botha headed the first government of the new Union , with General Jan Smuts as his deputy . Their South African National Party , later known as the South African Party or SAP , followed a generally pro-British , white - unity line . The more radical Boers split away under the leadership of General Barry Hertzog , forming the National Party ( NP ) in 1914 . The National Party championed Afrikaner interests , advocating separate development for the two white groups , and independence from Britain . Dissatisfaction with British influence in the Union 's affairs reached a climax in September 1914 , when impoverished Boers , anti-British Boers and bitter - enders launched a rebellion . The rebellion was suppressed , and at least one officer was sentenced to death and executed by firing squad . In 1924 the Afrikaner - dominated National Party came to power in a coalition government with the Labour Party . Afrikaans , previously regarded as a low - level Dutch patois , replaced Dutch as an official language of the Union . English and Dutch became the two official languages in 1925 . The Union of South Africa came to an end after a referendum on 5 October 1960 , during which , a majority of white South Africans voted in favour of unilateral withdrawal from the British Commonwealth and the establishment of a Republic of South Africa . First World War ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : Jan Smuts and Military history of South Africa The British Empire is red on the map , at its zenith in 1919 . ( India highlighted in purple . ) South Africa , bottom centre , lies between both halves of the Empire . At the outbreak of World War I , South Africa joined Great Britain and the Allies against the German Empire . Both Prime Minister Louis Botha and Defence Minister Jan Smuts , were former Second Boer War generals who had previously fought against the British , but they now became active and respected members of the Imperial War Cabinet . Elements of the South African Army refused to fight against the Germans and along with other opponents of the government ; they rose in an open revolt known as the Maritz Rebellion . The government declared martial law on 14 October 1914 , and forces loyal to the government under the command of generals Louis Botha and Jan Smuts defeated the rebellion . The rebel leaders were prosecuted , fined heavily and sentenced to imprisonment ranging from six to seven years . Nearly 250,000 South Africans served in the South African military units supporting the Allies during World War I . This included 43,000 in German South West Africa and 30,000 on the Western Front . An estimated 3,000 South Africans also joined the Royal Flying Corps . The total South African casualties during the war was about 18,600 . South Africa assisted the Allied war effort by capturing the two German colonies of German West Africa and German East Africa , as well as participating in battles in Western Europe and the Middle East . In July 1916 , four battalions of the South African Brigade attached to the 9th Scottish Division suffered 766 fatalities among the approximately 3,150 South African soldiers who fought in the Battle of Delville Wood , France , . It was the most costly action fought by the South African Brigade on the Western Front . The dead outnumbered the wounded by four to one . Generals Smuts ( right ) and Botha were members of the British Imperial War Cabinet during World War I . Public opinion in South Africa split along racial and ethnic lines . The British elements strongly supported the war , and formed by far the largest military component . Likewise the Indian element ( led by Mahatma Gandhi ) generally supported the war effort . Afrikaners were split , with some like Botha and Smuts taking a prominent leadership role in the British war effort . This position was rejected by many rural Afrikaners who supported the Maritz Rebellion . The trade union movement was divided . Many urban blacks supported the war expecting it would raise their status in society . Others said it was not relevant to the struggle for their rights . The Coloured element was generally supportive and many served in a Coloured Corps in East Africa and France , also hoping to better themselves after the war . 25,000 Black South Africans were recruited at the request of the British War Cabinet to serve as non-combatant labourers in the South African Native Labour Contingent ( SANLC ) . 21,000 of them were deployed to France as stevedores at French ports , where they were housed in segregated compounds . A total of 616 men from the Fifth Battalion of the SANLC drowned on 21 February 1917 when the troopship SS Mendi , on which they were being transported to France , collided with another vessel near the Isle of Wight . The Mendi disaster was one of South Africa 's worst tragedies of the Great War , second perhaps only to the Battle of Delville Wood . The South African government issued no war service medal to the black servicemen and the special medal issued by King George V to `` native troops '' that served the Empire , the British War Medal in bronze , was disallowed and not issued to the SANLC . Black and mixed - race South Africans who had supported the war were embittered when post-war South Africa saw no easing of white domination and racial segregation . South Africa 's main economic role was as the country that supplied two - thirds of gold production in the British Empire , most of the remainder coming from Australia . When the war began , Bank of England officials worked with the government of South Africa to block any gold shipments to Germany , and force the mine owners to sell only to the British Treasury , at prices set by the Treasury . This facilitated purchases of munitions and food in the United States and neutral countries . Second World War ( edit ) Simon 's Town harbour and naval base in South Africa was used by the Allies during World War II . During World War II , South Africa 's ports and harbours , such as at Cape Town , Durban , and Simon 's Town , were important strategic assets to the British Royal Navy . South Africa 's top - secret Special Signals Service played a significant role in the early development and deployment of radio detection and ranging ( radar ) technology used in protecting the vital coastal shipping route around southern Africa . By August 1945 , South African Air Force aircraft in conjunction with British and Dutch aircraft stationed in South Africa had intercepted 17 enemy ships , assisted in the rescue of 437 survivors of sunken ships , attacked 26 of the 36 enemy submarines operating the vicinity of the South African coast , and flown 15,000 coastal patrol sorties . About 334,000 South Africans volunteered for full - time military service in support of the Allies abroad . Nearly 9,000 were killed in action . On 21 June 1942 nearly 10,000 South African soldiers , representing one - third of the entire South African force in the field , were taken prisoner by German Field Marshal Rommel 's forces in the fall of Tobruk , Libya . A number of South African fighter pilots served with distinction in the Royal Air Force during the Battle of Britain , including Group Captain Adolph `` Sailor '' Malan who led 74 Squadron and established a record of personally destroying 27 enemy aircraft . General Jan Smuts was the only important non-British general whose advice was constantly sought by Britain 's war - time Prime Minister Winston Churchill . Smuts was invited to the Imperial War Cabinet in 1939 as the most senior South African in favour of war . On 28 May 1941 , Smuts was appointed a Field Marshal of the British Army , becoming the first South African to hold that rank . When the war ended , Smuts represented South Africa in San Francisco at the drafting of the United Nations Charter in May 1945 . Just as he had done in 1919 , Smuts urged the delegates to create a powerful international body to preserve peace ; he was determined that , unlike the League of Nations , the UN would have teeth . Smuts also signed the Paris Peace Treaty , resolving the peace in Europe , thus becoming the only signatory of both the treaty ending the First World War , and that which ended the Second . Pro-German and pro-Nazi attitudes ( edit ) After the suppression of the abortive , pro-German Maritz Rebellion during the South African World War I campaign against German South West Africa in 1914 , the South African rebel General Manie Maritz escaped to Spain . He returned in 1923 , and continued working in the Union of South Africa as a German Spy for the Third Reich . In 1896 , the German Kaiser Kaiser Wilhelm had enraged Britain by sending congratulations to Boer republican leader Paul Kruger after Kruger 's commandos captured a column of British South Africa Company soldiers engaged in an armed incursion and abortive insurrection , known historically as the Jameson Raid , into Boer territory . Germany was the primary supplier of weapons to the Boers during the subsequent Anglo - Boer war . Kaiser Wilhelm 's government arranged for the two Boer Republics to purchase modern breech - loading Mauser rifles and millions of smokeless gunpowder cartridges . Germany 's Ludwig Loewe company , later known as Deutsche Waffen - und Munitionfabriken , delivered 55,000 of these rifles to the Boers in 1896 . The early - 1940s saw the pro-Nazi Ossewa Brandwag ( OB ) movement become half - a-million strong , including future prime minister John Vorster and Hendrik van den Bergh , the future head of police intelligence . The anti-semitic Boerenasie ( Boer Nation ) and other similar groups soon joined them . When the war ended , the OB was one of the anti-parliamentary groups absorbed into the National Party . Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging insignia The South African Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging or AWB ( meaning Afrikaner Resistance Movement ) , a militant neo-Nazi , mainly Afrikaner white supremacist movement that arose in the 1970s , and was active until the mid-1990s , openly used a flag that closely resembled the swastika . In the early to mid-1990s , the AWB attempted unsuccessfully through various acts of public violence and intimidation to derail the country 's transition to democracy . After the country 's first multiracial democratic elections in 1994 , a number of terrorist bomb blasts were linked to the AWB . On 11 March 1994 , several hundred AWB members formed part of an armed right - wing force that invaded the nominally independent `` homeland '' territory of Bophuthatswana , in a failed attempt to prop up its unpopular , conservative leader Chief Lucas Mangope . The AWB leader Eugène Terre'Blanche was murdered by farm workers on 3 April 2010 . A majority of politically moderate Afrikaners were pragmatic and did not support the AWB 's extremism . Apartheid era ( 1948 - 1994 ) ( edit ) Main article : Apartheid in South Africa Apartheid legislation ( edit ) `` For use by white persons '' -- sign from the apartheid era Racist legislation during the apartheid era was a continuation and extension of discriminatory and segregationist laws forming a continuum that had commenced in 1856 , under Dutch rule in the Cape and continued throughout the country under British colonialism . From 1948 , successive National Party administrations formalised and extended the existing system of racial discrimination and denial of human rights into the legal system of apartheid , which lasted until 1991 . A key act of legislation during this time was the Homeland Citizens Act of 1970 . This act augmented the Native Land Act of 1913 through the establishment of so - called `` homelands '' or `` reserves '' . It authorised the forced evictions of thousands of African people from urban centres in South Africa and South West Africa ( now Namibia ) to what became described colloquially as `` Bantustans '' or the `` original homes '' , as they were officially referred to , of the black tribes of South Africa . The same legislation applied also to South West Africa over which South Africa had continued after World War I to exercise a disputed League of Nations mandate . Apartheid apologists attempted to justify the `` homelands '' policy by citing the 1947 partition of India , when the British had done much the same thing without arousing international condemnation . Map of the black homelands in South Africa at the end of apartheid in 1994 Although many important events occurred during this period , apartheid remained the central pivot around which most of the historical issues of this period revolved , including violent conflict and the militarisation of South African society . By 1987 , total military expenditure amounted to about 28 % of the national budget . In the aftermath of the 1976 Soweto uprising and the security clampdown that accompanied it , Joint Management Centres ( JMCs ) operating in at least 34 State - designated `` high - risk '' areas became the key element in a National Security Management System . The police and military who controlled the JMCs by the mid-1980s were endowed with influence in decision - making at every level , from the Cabinet down to local government . UN embargo ( edit ) On 16 December 1966 , United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2202 A ( XXI ) identified apartheid as a `` crime against humanity '' . The Apartheid Convention , as it came to be known , was adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 1973 with 91 member states voting in favour , four against ( Portugal , South Africa , the United Kingdom and the United States ) and 26 abstentions . The convention came into force on 18 July 1976 . On 23 October 1984 the UN Security Council endorsed this formal determination . The convention declared that apartheid was both unlawful and criminal because it violated the Charter of the United Nations . The General Assembly had already suspended South Africa from the UN organisation on 12 November 1974 . On 4 November 1977 , the Security Council imposed a mandatory arms embargo in terms of Resolution 181 calling upon all States to cease the sale and shipment of arms , ammunition and military vehicles to South Africa . The country would only be readmitted to the UN in 1994 following its transition to democracy . Apartheid South Africa reacted to the UN arms embargo by strengthening its military ties with Israel , and establishing its own arms manufacturing industry : with the help of Israel . Four hundred M - 113A1 armoured personnel carriers , and 106mm recoilless rifles manufactured in the United States were delivered to South Africa via Israel . Extrajudicial killings ( edit ) In the mid-1980s , police and army death squads conducted state - sponsored assassinations of dissidents and activists . By mid-1987 the Human Rights Commission knew of at least 140 political assassinations in the country , while about 200 people died at the hands of South African agents in neighbouring states . The exact numbers of all the victims may never be known . Strict censorship disallowed journalists from reporting , filming or photographing such incidents , while the government ran its own covert disinformation programme that provided distorted accounts of the extrajudicial killings . At the same time , State - sponsored vigilante groups carried out violent attacks on communities and community leaders associated with resistance to apartheid . The attacks were then falsely attributed by the government to `` black - on - black '' or factional violence within the communities . The Truth and Reconciliation Commission ( TRC ) would later establish that a covert , informal network of former or still serving army and police operatives , frequently acting in conjunction with extreme right - wing elements , was involved in actions that could be construed as fomenting violence and which resulted in gross human rights violations , including random and targeted killings . Between 1960 - 1994 , according to statistics from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission , the Inkatha Freedom Party was responsible for 4,500 deaths , South African Police 2,700 , and the ANC about 1,300 . In early 2002 , a planned military coup by a white supremacist movement known as the Boeremag ( Boer Force ) was foiled by the South African police . Two dozen conspirators including senior South African Army officers were arrested on charges of treason and murder , after a bomb explosion in Soweto . The effectiveness of the police in foiling the planned coup strengthened public perceptions that the democratic order was irreversible . The TRC , at the conclusion of its mandate in 2004 , handed over a list of 300 names of alleged perpetrators to the National Prosecuting Authority ( NPA ) for investigation and prosecution by the NPA 's Priority Crimes Litigation Unit . Less than a handful of prosecutions were ever pursued . Military operations in Frontline states ( edit ) See also : South African Border War and Angolan Civil War South African security forces during the latter part of the apartheid era , had a policy of destabilising neighbouring states supporting opposition movements , conducting sabotage operations and attacking ANC bases and places of refuge for exiles in those states . These states , forming a regional alliance of southern African states , were named collectively as the Frontline States : Angola , Botswana , Lesotho , Mozambique , Swaziland , Tanzania , Zambia and , from 1980 , Zimbabwe . South African troops in Angola In early - November 1975 , immediately after Portugal granted independence to its former African colony of Angola , civil war broke out between the rival UNITA and MPLA movements . In order to prevent UNITA 's collapse and cement the rule of a friendly government , South Africa intervened on 23 October , sending between 1,500 and 2,000 troops from Namibia into southern Angola in order to fight the MPLA . In response to the South African intervention , Cuba sent 18,000 soldiers as part of a large - scale military intervention nicknamed Operation Carlota in support of the MPLA . Cuba had initially provided the MPLA with 230 military advisers prior to the South African intervention . The Cuban intervention was decisive in helping reverse SADF and UNITA advances and cement MPLA rule in Angola . More than a decade later 36,000 Cuban troops were deployed throughout the country helping providing support for MPLA 's fight with UNITA . The civil war in Angola resulted in 550,000 - 1,250,000 deaths in total mostly from famine . Most of the deaths occurred between 1992 and 1993 , after South African and Cuban involvement had ended . Direct war damage in Angola alone amounted to over $17,000,000,000 in the period 1980 - 88 . Loss of farm production amounted to a further $1,000,000,000 . Between 1975 and 1988 , the SADF continued to stage massive conventional raids into Angola and Zambia to eliminate PLAN 's forward operating bases across the border from Namibia as well as provide support for UNITA . A controversial bombing and airborne assault conducted by 200 South African paratroopers on 4 May 1978 at Cassinga in southern Angola , resulted in around 700 South West Africans being killed , including PLAN millitants and a large number of women and children . Colonel Jan Breytenbach , the South African parachute battalion commander , claimed it was `` recognised in Western military circles as the most successful airborne assault since World War II . '' The Angolan government described the target of the attack as a refugee camp . The United Nations Security Council on 6 May 1978 condemned South Africa for the attack . On 23 August 1981 South African troops again launched an incursion into Angola with collaboration and encouragement provided by the American Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) . The Angolan army , in resisting what it perceived as a South African invasion , was supported by a combination of Cuban forces and PLAN and ANC guerrillas , all armed with weapons supplied by the Soviet Union . The apartheid - era South African military and political intelligence services , for their part , worked closely with American , British and West German secret services throughout the Cold War . Both South Africa and Cuba claimed victory at the decisive battle of Cuito Cuanavale , which have been described as `` the fiercest in Africa since World War II '' . However , the South African military had lost air superiority and its technological advantage , largely due to an international arms embargo against the country . South African involvement in Angola ended formally after the signing of a United Nations - brokered agreement known as the New York Accords between the governments of Angola , Cuba and South Africa , resulting in the withdrawal of all foreign troops from Angola and also South Africa 's withdrawal from South West Africa ( now Namibia ) , which the UN regarded as illegally occupied since 1966 . South Africa in the 1980s also provided logistical and other covert support to Resistência Nacional Moçambicana ( RENAMO ) rebels , in neighbouring Mozambique fighting the FRELIMO - run government during the Mozambique Civil War , and it launched cross-border raids into Lesotho , Swaziland and Botswana , killing or capturing a number of South African exiles . The civil war in Mozambique resulted in an estimated 1,000,000 deaths from violence and famine . Resistance to apartheid ( edit ) Painting of the Sharpeville massacre of March 1960 Organised resistance to Afrikaner nationalism was not confined exclusively to activists of the oppressed , dark - skinned population . A movement known as the Torch Commando was formed in the 1950s , led by white war veterans who had fought fascism in Europe and North Africa during World War II , only to find fascism on the rise in South Africa when they returned home . With 250,000 paid - up members at the height of its existence , it was the largest white protest movement in the country 's history . By 1952 , the brief flame of mass - based white radicalism was extinguished , when the Torch Commando disbanded due to government legislation under the Suppression of Communism Act , 1950 . Some members of the Torch Commando subsequently became leading figures in the armed wing of the banned African National Congress . From the 1940s to the 1960s , anti-apartheid resistance within the country took the form mainly of passive resistance , influenced in part by the pacifist ideology of Mahatma Gandhi . After the March 1960 massacre of 69 peaceful demonstrators at Sharpeville , and the subsequent declaration of a state of emergency , and the banning of anti-apartheid parties including the African National Congress ( ANC ) , the Pan-Africanist Congress ( PAC ) , and the Communist Party of South Africa , the focus of national resistance turned to armed struggle and underground activity . The armed wing of the ANC , Umkhonto weSizwe ( abbreviation MK , meaning Spear of the Nation ) claimed moral legitimacy for the resort to violence on the grounds of necessary defence and just war . From the 1960s onwards until 1989 , MK carried out numerous acts of sabotage and attacks on military and police personnel . The Truth and Reconciliation Commission noted in 2003 that , despite the ANC 's stated policy of attacking only military and police targets , `` the majority of casualties of MK operations were civilians . '' The national liberation movement was divided in the early 1960s when an `` Africanist '' faction within the ANC objected to an alliance between the ANC and the Communist Party of South Africa . Leaders of the Communist Party of South Africa were mostly white . The Africanists broke away from the ANC to form the Pan-Africanist Congress and its military wing named Poqo , which became active mainly in the Cape provinces . During the early - 1990s , Poqo was renamed Azanian People 's Liberation Army ( APLA ) . Its underground cells conducted armed robberies to raise funds and obtain weapons and vehicles . Civilians were killed or injured in many of these robberies . In 1993 , attacks on white civilian targets in public places increased . APLA denied the attacks were racist in character , claiming that the attacks were directed against the apartheid government as all whites , according to the PAC , were complicit in the policy of apartheid . An attack on a Christian church in Cape Town in 1993 , left eleven people dead and 58 injured . Hundreds of students and others who fled to neighbouring countries , especially Botswana , to avoid arrest after the Soweto uprising of 16 June 1976 , provided a fertile recruiting ground for the military wings of both the ANC and PAC . The uprising had been precipitated by Government legislation forcing African students to accept Afrikaans as the official medium for tuition . with support from the wider Black Consciousness Movement . The uprising spread throughout the country . By the time it was finally quelled , hundreds of protesters had been shot dead with many more wounded or arrested by police . A non-racial United Democratic Front ( UDF ) coalition of about 400 civic , church , student , trade union and other organisations emerged in 1983 . At its peak in 1987 , the UDF had some 700 affiliates and about 3,000,000 members . It pursued a non-violent strategy known as `` ungovernability '' including rent boycotts , student protests , and strike campaigns . A strong relationship existed between the African National Congress ( ANC ) and the UDF , based on the shared mission statement of the Freedom Charter . Following restrictions placed on its activities , the UDF was replaced in 1988 by the Mass Democratic Movement , a loose and amorphous alliance of anti-apartheid groups that had no permanent structure , making it difficult for the government to place a ban on its activities . A total of 130 political prisoners were hanged on the gallows of Pretoria Central Prison between 1960 and 1990 . The prisoners were mainly members of the Pan Africanist Congress and United Democratic Front . Post-apartheid period ( 1994 - present ) ( edit ) Main article : History of South Africa ( 1994 -- present ) Frederik de Klerk and Nelson Mandela , two of the driving forces in ending apartheid The dissolution of the Soviet Union in the late - 1980s meant the African National Congress ( ANC ) in alliance with the South African Communist Party , could no longer depend on the Soviet Union for weaponry and political support . It also meant the apartheid government could no longer link apartheid and its purported legitimacy to the protection of Christian values and civilisation in the face of the rooi gevaar , meaning `` red danger '' or the threat of communism . Both sides were forced to the negotiating table , with the result that in June 1991 , all apartheid laws were finally rescinded - opening the way for the country 's first multiracial democratic elections three years later . It was the culmination of mounting local and international opposition to apartheid in the 1980s , including the armed struggle , widespread civil unrest , economic and cultural sanctions by the international community , and pressure from the anti-apartheid movement around the world , State President FW de Klerk announced the lifting of the ban on the African National Congress , the Pan Africanist Congress and the South African Communist Party , as well as the release of political prisoner Nelson Mandela on 2 February 1990 , after twenty - seven years in prison . In a referendum held on 17 March 1992 , the white electorate voted 68 % in favour of democracy . After lengthy negotiations under the auspices of the Convention for a Democratic South Africa ( CODESA ) , a draft constitution was published on 26 July 1993 , containing concessions towards all sides : a federal system of regional legislatures , equal voting - rights regardless of race , and a bicameral legislature . From 26 -- 29 April 1994 , the South African population voted in the first universal suffrage general elections . The African National Congress won , well ahead of the governing National Party and the Inkatha Freedom Party . The Democratic Party and Pan Africanist Congress , among others , formed a parliamentary opposition in the country 's first non-racial parliament . Nelson Mandela was elected as President on 9 May 1994 and formed a Government of National Unity , consisting of the ANC , the National Party and Inkatha . On 10 May 1994 Mandela was inaugurated as South Africa 's new President in Pretoria with Thabo Mbeki and F.W. De Klerk as his vice-presidents . The Government of National Unity lapsed at the end of the first parliament sitting in 1999 , with the ANC becoming the sole party in power while maintaining a strategic alliance with the Congress of South African Trade Unions ( COSATU ) and the South African Communist Party . After considerable debate , and following submissions from advocacy groups , individuals and ordinary citizens , the Parliament enacted a new Constitution and Bill of Rights in 1996 . The death penalty was abolished , land reform and redistribution policies were introduced , and equitable labour laws legislated . Emigration , debt burden and poverty ( edit ) The immediate post-apartheid period was marked by an exodus of skilled , white South Africans amid safety concerns . The South African Institute of Race Relations estimated in 2008 that 800,000 or more white people had emigrated since 1995 , out of the approximately 4,000,000 who were in South Africa when apartheid formally ended the year before . Large white South African diasporas , both English - and Afrikaans - speaking , sprouted in Australia , New Zealand , North America , and especially in the UK to which around 550,000 South Africans emigrated . The apartheid government had declared a moratorium on foreign debt repayments in the mid-1980s , when it declared a state of emergency in the face of escalating civil unrest . With the formal end of apartheid in 1994 , the new democratic government was saddled with an onerous foreign debt amounting to 86,700,000,000 rands ( $14,000,000,000 at then current exchange rates ) accrued by the former apartheid regime . The cash - strapped post-apartheid government was obliged to repay this debt or else face a credit downgrading by foreign financial institutions . The debt was finally settled in September 2001 . A further financial burden was imposed on the new post-apartheid government through its obligation to provide antiretroviral ( ARV ) treatment to impoverished victims of the HIV / AIDS epidemic sweeping the country . South Africa had the highest prevalence of HIV / AIDS compared to any other country in the world , with 5,600,000 people afflicted by the disease and 270,000 HIV - related deaths were recorded in 2011 . By that time , more than 2,000,000 children were orphaned due to the epidemic . The provision of ARV treatment resulted in 100,000 fewer AIDS - related deaths in 2011 than in 2005 . Church on Green Market Square in Cape Town , South Africa with a banner memorialising the Marikana massacre Migrant labour remained a fundamental aspect of the South African mining industry , which employed half a million mostly black miners . Labour unrest in the industry resulted in a massacre in mid-August 2012 , when anti-riot police shot dead 34 striking miners and wounded many more in what is known as the Marikana massacre . The incident was widely criticised by the public , civil society organisations and religious leaders . The migrant labour system was identified as a primary cause of the unrest . Multi-national mining corporations including Anglo - American Corporation , Lonmin , and Anglo Platinum , were accused of failing to address the enduring legacies of apartheid . By 2014 , around 47 % of mostly black South Africans continued to live in poverty , making it one of the most unequal countries in the world . Widespread dissatisfaction with the slow pace of socio - economic transformation , government incompetence and maladministration , and other public grievances in the post-apartheid era , precipitated many violent protest demonstrations . In 2007 , less than half the protests were associated with some form of violence , compared with 2014 , when almost 80 % of protests involved violence on the part of the participants or the authorities . The slow pace of transformation also fomented tensions within the tripartite alliance between the ANC , the Communist Party and the Congress of South African Trade Unions . The ANC had risen to power on the strength of a socialist agenda embodied in a Freedom Charter , which was intended to form the basis of ANC social , economic and political policies . The Charter decreed that `` the national wealth of our country , the heritage of South Africans , shall be restored to the people ; the mineral wealth beneath the soil , the banks and monopoly industry shall be transferred to the ownership of the people '' . ANC icon Nelson Mandela , asserted in a statement released on 25 January 1990 : `` The nationalisation of the mines , banks and monopoly industries is the policy of the ANC , and a change or modification of our views in this regard is inconceivable . '' But , after the ANC 's electoral victory in 1994 , the eradication of mass poverty through nationalisation was never implemented . The ANC - led government , in a historic reversal of policy , adopted neoliberalism instead . A wealth tax on the super-rich to fund developmental projects was set aside , while domestic and international corporations , enriched by apartheid , were excused from any financial reparations . Large corporations were allowed to shift their main listings abroad . According to a leading South African economics expert , the government 's concessions to big business represented `` treacherous decisions that ( will ) haunt South Africa for generations to come '' . Xenophobia ( edit ) The post-apartheid period has been marked by numerous outbreaks of xenophobic attacks against foreign migrants and asylum seekers from various conflict zones in Africa . An academic study conducted in 2006 , found that South Africans showed levels of xenophobia greater than anywhere else in the world . The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) found that competition over jobs , business opportunities , public services and housing gave rise to tension among refugees , asylum seekers , migrants and host communities , identified as a main cause of the xenophobic violence . South Africa received more than 207,000 individual asylum applications in 2008 and a further 222,300 in 2009 , representing nearly a four-fold rise in both years over the levels seen in 2007 . These refugees and asylum seekers originated mainly from Zimbabwe , Burundi , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Rwanda , Eritrea , Ethiopia and Somalia . Post-apartheid heads of State ( edit ) Under the post-apartheid Constitution the president is head of both state and government . The president is elected by the National Assembly and serves a term that expires at the next general election ; a president may serve a maximum of two terms . In the event of a vacancy the Deputy President serves as Acting President . President Term of office Political party # Portrait Name Took office Left office Duration Nelson Mandela ( 1918 -- 2013 ) 10 May 1994 16 June 1999 5 years , 37 days African National Congress Thabo Mbeki ( 1942 -- ) 16 June 1999 24 September 2008 ( Resigned ) 9 years , 100 days African National Congress Kgalema Motlanthe ( 1949 -- ) 25 September 2008 9 May 2009 226 days African National Congress Jacob Zuma ( 1942 -- ) 9 May 2009 Incumbent 7003310400000000000 ♠ 8 years , 182 days ( as of 7 November 2017 ) African National Congress See also ( edit ) History of Africa Scramble for Africa History of Cape Colony History of Johannesburg History of the Northern Cape History of South African wine List of Presidents of South Africa List of Prime Ministers of South Africa List of heads of state of South Africa List of South Africa - related topics Military history of South Africa Politics of South Africa Timeline of liberal parties in South Africa Years in South Africa History of cities in South Africa : Cape Town history and timeline Durban history and timeline Johannesburg history and timeline Pietermaritzburg history and timeline Port Elizabeth history and timeline Pretoria history and timeline References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bert Woodhouse , The Rock Art of the Golden Gate and Clarens Districts , Johannesburg : Waterman 1996 , p. 34 -- ( citing report by Professor C van Riet Lowe and Dr DJH Visser , published in 1955 by government Department of Mines ) . 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Jump up ^ SA History.org Slavery in South Africa Accessed 23 April 2015 Jump up ^ Hermann Giliomee , The Afrikaners : Biography of a people , London : Hurst 2012 , pp. 110 -- 17 , ISBN 1849041482 Accessed 23 June 2015 Jump up ^ Kruger , Paul ( 1902 ) . Memoirs of Paul Kruger . Canada : George R Morang and Co. p. 3 . Jump up ^ Eybers ( 1917 ) . Select_constitutional_documents_illustrating_South_African_history_1795 - 1910 . pp. 357 -- 359 . Jump up ^ Boereafrikana.com Geskiedenis . Accessed 6 June 2015 Jump up ^ Cameron , T. ( ed ) An Illustrated History of South Africa . Johannesburg : Jonathan Ball Publishers , 1986 , pp. 137 , 138 , 143 , 147 -- 9 , 169 . ISBN 0715390511 Jump up ^ Openlibrary.org , Census of the British empire , 1906 , p. 169 . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . Jump up ^ George McCall Theal , History of the Boers in South Africa , 3rd ed . Cape Town : Struik 1973 , pp 156 -- 165 . ISBN 0869770365 Jump up ^ The Voortrekkers : A history of the Voortrekkers Great Trek 1835 -- 1845 , Voortrekkers leave Natal Accessed 17 June 2015 Jump up ^ Karel Schoeman ( ed ) , The British Presence in the Transorange 1845 -- 1854 , Human & Rosseau , Cape Town , 1992 , p. 22 - 25 ISBN 0 - 7981 - 2965 - 4 Jump up ^ Piers Brendon , Decline and Fall of the British Empire , New York : Knopf 2007 , page 98 . Jump up ^ Neil Parsons ( 1993 ) . A New History of Southern Africa . Macmillan , London . ISBN 0333570103 . 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London : 1900 . p. 186 Jump up ^ George McCall Theal , History of South Africa Since September 1795 , Cambridge University Press , 2010 , p. 99 Jump up ^ Brian Roberts , Kimberley , Turbulent City , Cape Town : David Philips 1976 ISBN 0949968625 Jump up ^ George McCall Theal , `` Discovery of diamonds and its consequences '' , in History of South Africa from 1795 to 1872 , Vol. IV , London : Allen & Unwin 1919 , pp. 331 Jump up ^ EJ Verwey : New Dictionary of South African Biography , Vol I , Human Sciences and Research ( HSRC ) Press , Pretoria : 1995 Jump up ^ Paul Germond , Chronicles of Basutoland , Morija ( Lesotho ) : Morija Sesuto Books , 1967 , p. 144f , 252 - 53 Jump up ^ Elizabeth Eldredge , A South African Kingdom , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1993 , p. 48 - 9 , ISBN 052144067X Jump up ^ A Lerumo , Fifty Fighting Years : The Communist Party of South Africa 1921 -- 1971 , London : 1971 , p. 3 . Accessed 12 June 2015 Jump up ^ Noel Mostert , Frontiers : The Epic of South Africa 's Creation and the Tragedy of the Xhosa People , London : Pimlico , 1993 ISBN 0 - 7126 - 5584 - 0 Jump up ^ Ngubane , Jordan K. An African Explains Apartheid . New York : Praeger , 1970 . pp. 40 -- 41 Jump up ^ Donald R Morris , The Washing of the Spears , London : Cardinal , 1973 , p. 148 - 50 ISBN 0 351 17400 1 Jump up ^ Dacob Dlamini , `` Jacob Zuma a spawn of collaborators trying to right old wrongs '' , Rand Daily Mail , 30 July 2015 . Accessed 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ David B Coplan , Unconquered Territory : Narrating the Caledon Valley , Journal of African Cultural Studies , Vol 13 , No 2 , December 2000 , p. 192 Jump up ^ Information department , Government of Lesotho , About Lesotho . Accessed 1 May 2015 Jump up ^ Roger B Beck , History of South Africa , Greenwood Press , Westport , Connecticut 2000 , p. 74 ISBN 0 - 313 - 30730 - X Jump up ^ George McCall Theal , History of South Africa , Vol IV , `` War with the Basuto '' , London : Allen & Unwin , 1919 , p. 225 - 79 Jump up ^ Beck 2000 , p. 74 Jump up ^ James S Olson , Robert S Shadle ( eds . ) Historical Dictionary of the British Empire , Greenwood Press : Westport , Connecticut 1996 , p. 118 ISBN 0 - 313 - 27917 - 9 Jump up ^ A history of the Voortrekkers Great Trek 1835 -- 1845 , Mzilikazi . Accessed 15 May 2015 Jump up ^ Isabel Hofmeyr , We Spend Our Years as a Tale that is Told : Oral Historical Narrative in a South African Chiefdom . Witwatersrand University Press , Johannesburg : 1993 , pp. 109 -- 111 Jump up ^ HW Kinsey , `` The Sekukuni Wars '' , South African Military History Journal , Vol 2 No 5 -- June 1973 . Accessed 28 June 2015 Jump up ^ SA History Online , King Sekhukhune . Accessed 29 June 2015 Jump up ^ Dougie Oakes , Illustrated History of South Africa : The Real Story , Reader 's Digest : Cape Town 1992 , p. 166 ISBN 9781874912279 Jump up ^ Oakes ( 1992 ) , p. 168 Jump up ^ Colin Newbury , `` Technology , Capital , and Consolidation : The Performance of De Beers Mining Company Limited , 1880 -- 1889 '' , Business History Review , Vol 61 , Issue 1 Spring 1987 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Newbury ( 1987 ) , p. 4 Jump up ^ Gearge McCall Theal , History of South Africa : 1975 to 1872 , Vol IV , London : Allen & Unwin 1919 , pp. 224 -- 5 Jump up ^ Diamond Museum , Cape Town , History of Diamonds . Accessed 1 June 2015 Jump up ^ John Lang , Bullion Johannesburg : Men , Mines and the Challenge of Conflict , Johannesburg : Jonathan Ball 1986 , pp. 7 -- 8 ISBN 086850 130 1 Jump up ^ Thomas Pakenham , The Scramble for Africa , Johannesburg : Jonathan Ball 1991 , p. 46 ISBN 0 - 947464 - 47 - 6 Jump up ^ Newbury ( 1987 ) , p. 1 citing D Hobart Houghton and Jennifer Dagut ( eds ) , Source Material on the South African Economy 1860 -- 1970 , Vol I , Cape Town : 1972 , pp. 290,346 Jump up ^ Cornelius William de Kiewiet , A History of South Africa , Social and Economic , London : Oxford University Press , 1957 , p. 96 Jump up ^ Newbury ( 1987 ) , p. 3 Jump up ^ Christopher Oldstone - Moore , The Imperialist Venture , Wright State University . Accessed 24 May 2015 Jump up ^ Stacey Greer , South African Diamond Mines 1970s , University of California , Davis . 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Jump up ^ Denys Reitz , Adrift on the Open Veld : The Anglo - Boer War and its Aftermath , Cape Town : Stormberg 1999 , p. 215 - 228 , ISBN 0 - 620 - 24380 - 5 Jump up ^ Standaard Afrikaans ( PDF ) . Abel Coetzee . Afrikaner Pers. 1948 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Delville Wood Memorial , The Battle of Delville Wood , 1916 Accessed 7 August 2015 Jump up ^ BP Willan , `` The South African Native Labour Contingent , 1916 -- 1918 '' . Journal of African History , No 19 Vol 1 , 1978 , pp. 61 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Delville Wood Memorial Sinking of the Mendi . 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Jump up ^ SA History.org Segregationist legislation 1856 -- 1913 Accessed 4 May 2015 Jump up ^ Brian Bunting , Rise of the South African Reich , Chapter Nine , `` South Africa 's Nuremberg Laws '' Jump up ^ Susan Mathieson and David Atwell , `` Between Ethnicity and Nationhood : Shaka Day and the Struggle over Zuluness in post-Apartheid South Africa '' in Multicultural States : Rethinking Difference and Identity edited by David Bennett ISBN 0 - 415 - 12159 - 0 ( Routledge UK , 1998 ) p. 122 Jump up ^ Mark Swilling & Mark Phillips , `` State power in the 1980s : from total strategy to counter revolutionary warfare '' , in Jacklyn Cock & Laurie Nathan ( eds ) War and Society : The Militarisation of South Africa , Cape Town : David Philip , pp. 5 , 145 -- 8 ISBN 0 - 86486 - 115 - X Jump up ^ Desiree Hansson , `` Changes in counter-revolutionary state strategy in the decade 1979 - 89 '' , in Desiree Hansson and Dirk van Zyl Smit ( eds . ) , Towards Justice ? : Crime and state control in South Africa , Cape Town : Oxford University Press 1990 , pp. 45 -- 50 ISBN 0 19 570579 3 Jump up ^ John Dugard , Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid , New York : UN Office of Legal Affairs , 2013 . Accessed 26 July 2015 Jump up ^ United Nations , `` Partner in the Struggle against Apartheid '' . Accessed 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Beit - Hallahmi , The Israeli Connection : Whom Israel arms and why , London : IB Tauris 1998 , pp. 108 -- 174 ISBN 1 - 85043 - 069 - 1 Jump up ^ International Defence and Aid Fund , The Apartheid War Machine , London 1980 . Jump up ^ Truth and Reconciliation Commission ( 1998 ) , Findings in respect of the state and its allies : findings 82 , 100 c , 100 f , 101 , 102 pages 213 , 219 , 223 , 224 -- Quote : `` Evidence placed before the Commission indicates , however , that from the late - 1970s , senior politicians -- as well as police , national intelligence and defence force leaders -- developed a strategy to deal with opposition to the government . This entailed , among other actions , the unlawful killing , within and beyond South Africa , of people whom they perceived as posing a significant challenge to the state 's authority . '' Jump up ^ Patrick Laurence , Death Squads : Apartheid 's secret weapon , London : Penguin 1990 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Richard Leonard , South Africa at War , Chapter six : `` The propaganda war '' , Johannesburg : Donker , 1983 , pp. 161 -- 197 ISBN 0 - 86852 - 093 - 4 Jump up ^ Truth and Reconciliation Commission ( 1998 ) , Findings on the role of allies of the state , pages 227 -- 238 Jump up ^ Peter Harris , `` The role of rightwing vigilantes in South Africa '' , in States of Terror , Catholic Institute of International Relations , London : 1989 , pp. 2 -- 3 ISBN 1 - 85287 - 019 - 2 Jump up ^ Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report , Vol. 6 , Section 4 Appendix : The `` Third Force '' , 2003 , p. 584 Jump up ^ Volume Five -- Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report Jump up ^ Institute of Security Studies , Monograph No. 81 Jump up ^ Ranjeni Munusamy , Unfinished business of the TRC , Daily Maverick 23 March 2013 . Accessed 23 April 2015 . 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( 1986 ) , Fidel : A Biography of Fidel Castro , New York City : Dodd , Mead & Company , pp. 281 , 284 -- 287 . Jump up ^ Wilson Center Digital Archives , International History Declassified , Archive of the Cuban Armed Forces . Accessed 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Inge Tvedten , Angola : Struggle for Peace and Reconstruction Jump up ^ SIPRI Yearbook : Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Jump up ^ Victoria Brittain , Hidden Lives , Hidden Deaths : South Africa 's crippling of a continent , London : Faber 1990 , p. 2 ISBN 0571142168 Jump up ^ Clayton , Anthony ( 1999 ) . Frontiersmen : Warfare in Africa since 1950 . Philadelphia : UCL Press , Limited . pp. 120 -- 124 . ISBN 978 - 1857285253 . Jump up ^ Jan Breytenbach , They Live by the Sword : 32 Battalion , South Africa 's Foreign Legion , Johannesburg : Lemur 1990 , p. 180 ISBN 0620148705 Jump up ^ UN Security Council , Resolution 435 Jump up ^ Cambridge Journals , Review of Stockwell , In Search of Enemies accessed 27 April 2015 Jump up ^ John Stockwell , In Search of Enemies , London : Futura , 1979 pp. 193 -- 96 , 228 -- 29 , 214 , 241 ISBN 0 7088 1647 9 Jump up ^ Anthony Egan , Review of `` The Hidden Thread : Russia and South Africa in the Soviet Era '' by Irina Filatova & Apollon Davidson , Focus : Journal of the Helen Suzman Foundation , issue 70 , October 2013 Jump up ^ Horace Campbell , `` Siege of Cuito Cuanavale '' Current African Issues No. 10 , Scandinavian Institute of African Studies , Uppsala , Sweden , pp. 22 -- 6 Accessed 27 April 2015 Jump up ^ Phyllis Johnson & David Martin , Apartheid Terrorism : The destabilisation report , Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 1989 , p. 122 ISBN 0253331331 Jump up ^ UN General Assembly , res n ° 2154 ( XXI ) , 17 November 1966 . Available at http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/21/ares21.htm ( Recovered October 1 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ United Nations , UN Resolution 435 of 1978 Accessed 1 May 2015 Jump up ^ B Turok ( ed ) , Witness from the Frontline : Aggression and resistance in southern Africa , London : Institute for African Alternatives , 1990 ISBN 1 870425 12X Jump up ^ Edgerton , Robert B , Africa 's armies : from honor to infamy : a history from 1791 to the present ( 2002 ) p. 109 Jump up ^ `` B&J '' : Jacob Bercovitch and Richard Jackson , International Conflict : A Chronological Encyclopedia of Conflicts and Their Management 1945 - 1995 ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Sunday Times ( Johannesburg ) , Insight section . 1 November 1998 Jump up ^ Sibiso Ndlovu ( ed . ) The Turn to Armed Resistance . University of South Africa ( Unisa ) Press , Pretoria , Chapter 2 , Vol 2 , 2001 Jump up ^ Padraig O'Malley , Umkhonto weSizwe ( MK ) Operations Report , Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory , Johannesburg . Accessed 25 April 2015 Jump up ^ South African Department of Justice , 4 Further submissions and response by the African National Congress to questions raised by the Commission for Truth and Reconciliation , 12 May 1997 Jump up ^ South African Press Association ( SAPA ) , `` ANC killed mostly civilians '' , 21 March 2003 . Accessed 18 October 2015 Jump up ^ Apartheid Museum , Johannesburg Resistance to Apartheid Accessed 26 April 2015 Jump up ^ South African Broadcasting Corporation and South African History Archive , Truth Commission Special Report : APLA attacks . Accessed 26 April 2015 Jump up ^ Gregory Houston and Bernard Magubane , `` ANC Political Underground in the 1970s '' , in The Road to Democracy , Pretoria : South African Democracy Education Trust , Vol 2 , p. 381 , Accessed 4 May 2015 Jump up ^ Giliomee , Hermann ( 2003 ) , The Rise and Possible Demise of Afrikaans as a Public Language ( PDF ) , Cape Town : PRAESA , retrieved 1 May 2015 Jump up ^ SA History.org Soweto uprising casualties Accessed 1 May 2015 Jump up ^ Daily Dispatch , `` UDF unites Apartheid divides '' , 7 January 2000 . Accessed 28 March 2016 Jump up ^ Padraig O'malley , `` Mass Democratic Movement '' Nelson Mandela Foundation . Accessed 29 March 2016 Jump up ^ News24.com Remains of hanged prisoners to be exhumed . Accessed 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Vladimir Shubin , The Hot `` Cold War '' : The USSR in Southern Africa , London : Pluto Press 2008 . ISBN 978 0745324722 Jump up ^ United Nations Yearbook 1992 Apartheid laws rescinded UN Dept of Public Information , Accessed 3 May 2015 Jump up ^ African Elections Database . Accessed 9 May 2015 Jump up ^ The Economist , `` White flight from South Africa '' 25 September 2008 . Accessed 18 July 2015 Jump up ^ The Economist , South Africa 's Debt Unforgivable , 22 April 1999 . Accessed 11 June 2015 Jump up ^ Fin24.com , Apartheid debt settled 3 September 2001 . Accessed 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Aids Foundation of South Africa . Accessed 24 September 2015 Jump up ^ Saks , David ( 24 August 2012 ) . `` Rabbi Goldstein , as part of NIFC - SA , reaches out to Lonmin victims '' ( PDF ) . SA Jewish Report . p. 3 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Financial Times , `` South African mining stuck in the past '' . Accessed 9 May 2015 Jump up ^ James L Gibson , `` Apartheid 's Long Shadow '' , Foreign Affairs , March / April 2015 . Accessed 27 July 2015 Jump up ^ DM Powell , M O'Donovan and J De Visser , Civic Protests Barometer 2007 -- 2014 , Cape Town : Community Law Centre , University of Western Cape , 2015 . Accessed 9 May 2015 Jump up ^ Independent Online , `` Spat within tripartite alliance runs deep '' , 14 November 2004 . Accessed 12 October 2015 Jump up ^ African National Congress , `` ANC policy '' . Accessed 25 October 2015 . Archived 14 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Freedom Charter , adopted 26 June 1955 Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed 17 September 2015 Jump up ^ Mail & Guardian , `` We will nationalise -- Mandela '' , 26 January 1990 . Accessed 21 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Ashwin Desai , `` Neoliberalism and resistance in South Africa '' , Monthly Review , Volume 54 , Issue 08 , January 2003 . Accessed 18 September 2015 Jump up ^ Solomon Johannes Terreblanche , Lost in Transformation , Johannesburg : KMM Review Publishing , 2012 , ISBN 0620537256 , quoted in Ronnie Kasrils , `` How the ANC 's Faustian pact sold out South Africa 's poorest '' , The Guardian 24 June 2013 . Accessed 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Crush ( ed ) , The Perfect Storm : Realities of Xenophobia in Contemporary South Africa , Southern African Migration Project , University of Cape Town & Queen 's University , Canada , 2006 , p. 1 Jump up ^ UNHCR , UNHCR Global Appeal 2011 - South Africa Jump up ^ UNHCR , 2011 UNHCR country operations profile - South Africa Political history of South Africa Defunct polities Kingdom of Mapungubwe ( c. 1075 -- c. 1220 ) Dutch Cape Colony ( 1652 -- 1806 ) Mthethwa Paramountcy ( c. 1780 -- 1817 ) Ndwandwe Kingdom ( c. 1780 -- 1819 ) Cape Colony ( 1795 -- 1910 ) Zulu Kingdom ( 1816 -- 97 ) Natalia Republic ( 1839 -- 43 ) Natal Colony ( 1843 -- 1910 ) Orange Free State ( 1854 -- 1902 ) South African Republic ( 1856 -- 1902 ) Griqualand East ( 1861 -- 79 ) Griqualand West ( 1870 -- 73 ) Goshen ( 1882 -- 83 ) Stellaland ( 1882 -- 85 ) Nieuwe Republiek ( 1884 -- 88 ) Upingtonia ( 1885 -- 87 ) Klein Vrystaat ( 1886 -- 91 ) Orange River Colony ( 1902 -- 10 ) Transvaal Colony ( 1902 -- 10 ) Union of South Africa ( 1910 -- 61 ) Transkei ( 1976 -- 94 ) Bophuthatswana ( 1977 -- 94 ) Venda ( 1979 -- 94 ) Ciskei ( 1981 -- 94 ) Events 1652 -- 1815 Dutch settlement French Huguenot settlement Khoikhoi -- Dutch Wars Xhosa Wars Battle of Muizenberg Battle of Blaauwberg Anglo - Dutch Treaty of 1814 1815 -- 1910 Mfecane 1820 Settlers Great Trek Boer Republics Transvaal Civil War Mineral Revolution Witwatersrand Gold Rush South African Wars South Africa Act 1909 1910 -- 1948 Maritz Rebellion Rand Rebellion Great Depression 1946 African Mine Workers ' Union strike Bantustans Apartheid era 1948 general election Apartheid legislation Pass laws Internal resistance Coloured - vote constitutional crisis Defiance Campaign Congress of the People Freedom Charter Women 's March 1956 1957 Alexandra bus boycott Sharpeville massacre 1960 republic referendum International isolation Academic boycott Disinvestment Sporting boycott Olympics Rugby union Rivonia Trial Tar Baby Option Durban Moment Border War Israeli alliance Israel -- South Africa Agreement Soweto Uprising Weapons of mass destruction Project Coast Constructive engagement Church Street bombing 1983 constitutional reform referendum Rubicon speech Dakar Conference Third Force CODESA 1992 apartheid referendum Saint James Church massacre Bophuthatswana crisis Shell House massacre Post-apartheid 1994 general election Government of National Unity Reconstruction and Development Programme Truth and Reconciliation Commission Arms Deal Floor crossing Soweto bombings African Renaissance Xenophobia Marikana massacre 2012 Western Cape farm workers ' strike Nkandlagate 2014 platinum strike # RhodesMustFall protests # FeesMustFall student protests Tshwane riots Langa Massacre Political culture African nationalism Afrikaner Calvinism Afrikaner nationalism Azania Baasskap Boerehaat Black Consciousness Movement Day of the Vow Greater South Africa Honorary whites Rooi gevaar Slavery Swart gevaar Uitlander Volkstaat Defunct organisations Civic and political organisations Afrikaner Bond Afrikaner Broederbond Afrikaner Party AITUP APO AVF BPC Black Sash CDA CTEG COD Congress Alliance COSG CP Dominion Party DP ( 1973 -- 1977 ) DP ( 1989 -- 2000 ) DPP ECC FA FD Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners GNP Het Volk HNP IDASA ID IP ISL Jeugkrag Johannesburg Reform Committee Labour Party ( 1910 -- 1958 ) Labour Party ( 1969 -- 1994 ) Liberal Party ( 1953 -- 1968 ) NA NCP NIC NLP NNP NP NPP NRP NUSAS PFP Progressive Party ( Cape Colony ) Progressive Party PRP Radio Freedom Reform Party SABP SADECO SAIC SASO SAYCO SAYRCO South African Party ( Cape Colony ) South African Party ( 1911 -- 1934 ) South African Party ( 1977 -- 1980 ) TNIP Torch Commando UFP United Party Unionist Party Volksparty Workers Party WOSA Trade unions and social movements APF BCM BLATU CNETU CTSWU FCWU FNETU FOSATU ICU IWW MUSA NEUM NURHS PAWE SAAPAWU SACTU SAIF SARHU SATUC Die Spoorbund UDF Umkosi Wezintaba Paramilitary and terrorist organisations APLA ARM BBB Boeremag Greyshirts MK Ossewabrandwag Orde van die Dood SANF Histories of political parties African National Congress Democratic Alliance Pan Africanist Congress of Azania Category Further reading ( edit ) Beinart , William . Twentieth - Century South Africa . Oxford University Press . 2001 . Beck , Roger S. History of South Africa , Greenwood Press , Westport CT : 2000 Blignaut , Charl . `` Untold History with a Historiography : A Review of Scholarship on Afrikaner Women in South African History . '' South African Historical Journal 65.4 ( 2013 ) : 596 - 617 . Bunting , Brian . Rise of the South African Reich First published by Penguin Africa Library 1964 , revised 1969 . Christopher , A.J. The Atlas of Changing South Africa . 2000 . 216 pages . ISBN 0 - 415 - 21178 - 6 . Deegan , Heather . The Politics of the New South Africa . 2000 . 256 pages . ISBN 0 - 582 - 38227 - 0 . Elbourne , Elizabeth . Blood Ground : Colonialism , Missions , and the Contest for Christianity in the Cape Colony and Britain , 1799 -- 1853 . McGill - Queen 's University Press . December 2002 . 560 pages . ISBN 0 - 7735 - 2229 - 8 . Hamilton , Carolyn and Bernard K. Mbenga , eds . The Cambridge History of South Africa : Volume 1 : From Early Times to 1885 ( 2009 ) excerpt Hetherington , Penelope . `` Women in South Africa : the historiography in English . '' The International Journal of African Historical Studies 26 # 2 ( 1993 ) : 241 - 269 . Hrbek , Ivan ( cs ) ( 1981 ) . `` Written sources from the fifteenth century onwards '' . In J. Ki - Zerbo . Methodology and African Prehistory . General History of Africa . 1 . UNESCO . pp. 121 -- 124 . ISBN 0435948075 . Republic of South Africa CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Johnson , R.W. South Africa 's Brave New World : The Beloved Country Since the End of Apartheid ( Overlook Press ; 2011 ) 702 pages ; a history since 1994 Joyce , Peter . The Making of a Nation South Africa 's Road to Freedom , Zebra Press , 2004 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 77007 - 312 - 8 Le Cordeur , Basil Alexander . The War of the Axe , 1847 : Correspondence between the governor of the Cape Colony , Sir Henry Pottinger , and the commander of the British forces at the Cape , Sir George Berkeley , and others . Brenthurst Press . 1981 . 287 pages . ISBN 0 - 909079 - 14 - 5 . Mabin , Alan . Recession and its aftermath : The Cape Colony in the eighteen eighties . University of the Witwatersrand , African Studies Institute . 1983 . 27 pages . Meiring , Hannes . Early Johannesburg , Its Buildings and People , Human & Rousseau , 1986 , 143 pages , ISBN 0 - 7981 - 1456 - 8 Mitchell , Laura . Belongings : Property , Family , and Identity in Colonial South Africa : An Exploration of Frontiers , 1725 - c. 1830 . Columbia University Press , 2008.Gutenberg-e.org Pakenham , Thomas . The Boer War , Weidenfeld and Nicolson , London 1979 , ISBN 9780349104669 Rosenthal , Eric . Gold ! Gold ! Gold ! The Johannesburg Gold Rush , AD . Donker , 1970 , ISBN 0 - 949937 - 64 - 9 Ross , Robert , and David Anderson . Status and Respectability in the Cape Colony , 1750 -- 1870 : A Tragedy of Manners . Cambridge University Press . 1999 . 220 pages . ISBN 0 - 521 - 62122 - 4 . Ross , Robert , Anne Kelk Mager and Bill Nasson , eds . The Cambridge History of South Africa : Volume 2 since 1885 ( 2011 ) excerpt Theal , George McCall . History of the Boers in South Africa ; Or , the Wanderings and Wars of the Emigrant Farmers from Their Leaving the Cape Colony to the Acknowledgment of Their Independence by Great Britain . Greenwood Press . 28 February 1970 . 392 pages . ISBN 0 - 8371 - 1661 - 9 . Thompson , Leonard . A History of South Africa , Third Edition . Yale University Press . 2001 . 384 pages . ISBN 0 - 300 - 08776 - 4 . Tomlinson , Richard , et al. Emerging Johannesburg : Perspectives on the Postapartheid City . 2003 . 336 pages . ISBN 0 - 415 - 93559 - 8 . Van Der Merwe , P.J. , and Roger B. Beck . The Migrant Farmer in the History of the Cape Colony . Ohio University Press . 1995 . 333 pages . ISBN 0 - 8214 - 1090 - 3 . Welsh , Frank . South Africa : A Narrative History . Kodansha America . 1 February 1999 . 606 pages . ISBN 1 - 56836 - 258 - 7 . Worden , Nigel . Making of Modern South Africa : Conquest , Segregation and Apartheid. 2000 . 194 pages . ISBN 0 - 631 - 21661 - 8 . External links ( edit ) South African History Archive Democratic Development in South Africa from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives South African History Online SouthAfrica.info . Accessed 12 February 2005 . South Africa Government Online . Accessed 20 February 2005 . Dr Cyril Hromník on research into ancient history of Africa -- an article written by Maré Mouton . Bearer of an Ideal -- a public - release document of the Afrikanerbond ( formerly Afrikaner Broederbond ) : think - tank which influenced policies of separate development in South Africa Full text of the UN convention South Africa , 10 years later from US National Public Radio `` History : Useful links '' . LibGuides . University of KwaZulu - Natal Libraries . `` Registry '' . Archivalplatform.org . Rondebosch . ( Directory of South African archival and memory institutions and organisations ) Links to related articles South Africa articles History Timeline ( nl ) Years Early history Cape Colony Orange Free State Transvaal First Boer War Second Boer War Great Depression World War II Apartheid Border War Since 1994 By topic Economy Military Geography Districts Earthquakes Estuaries Forests Islands Lakes Mountain ranges Municipalities National parks Populated places Provinces Rivers Wildlife Politics Constitution Courts Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights Law Parliament Political parties President State security and intelligence Minister Co-ordinating committee ( NICC ) Intelligence agency ( NIA ) Communications centre ( NCC ) Communications security ( COMSEC ) Secret Service ( SASS ) Intelligence academy ( SANAI ) Law enforcement Department of Police Police Service Criminal intelligence ( SAPS ) Special Task Force National Intervention Unit NFDD Municipal Police Independent Complaints Directorate Department of Correctional Services Biometrics use Military Department of Defence Defence Force Air Force Army Navy Military Health Service Special Forces Commando System Intelligence Economy Agriculture Communications Economic history Energy Foreign trade Mining industry Rand ( currency ) Stock exchange Taxation Tourism Trade unions Transportation Water and sanitation Society Crime Education Feminism Health Healthcare Immigration Intersex Languages LGBT Racism Religion Sexual violence Social movements Xenophobia Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Flag HIV / AIDS Homelessness Literature Media Music Public holidays Sports Demographics Asian Indian Chinese Bantu Ndebele Pedi Sotho Swazi Tsonga Tswana Venda Xhosa Zulu Coloured Cape Coloured Cape Malay Griqua Khoisan White Afrikaner British Outline Index Category Portal Years in South Africa ( 1910 -- present ) Pre-1910 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 History of Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla / ( see also plazas de soberanía ) ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Western Sahara Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_South_Africa&oldid=809154001 '' Categories : History of South Africa Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use South African English from May 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in South African English Use dmy dates from May 2011 Interlanguage link template link number Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles to be expanded from May 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles needing additional references from April 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from May 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Asturianu Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Shqip SiSwati Suomi Svenska Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 12 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did british rule end in south africa | [
"Following the defeat of the Boers in the Anglo-Boer or South African War (1899–1902), the Union of South Africa was created as a dominion of the British Empire in terms of the South Africa Act 1909, which amalgamated the four previously separate British colonies: Cape Colony, Natal Colony, Transvaal Colony and Orange River Colony. The country became a self-governing nation state within the British Empire, in 1934 following enactment of the Status of the Union Act. The dominion came to an end on 31 May 1961 as the consequence of a 1960 referendum, which legitimised the country becoming a sovereign state named Republic of South Africa. A republican constitution was adopted."
] | [
"31 May 1961"
] |
-284334224882713769 | US Airways Flight 1549 | US Airways Flight 1549 - Wikipedia US Airways Flight 1549 Jump to : navigation , search US Airways Flight 1549 Evacuation of US Airways Flight 1549 as it floats on the Hudson River Accident Date January 15 , 2009 Summary Controlled ditching after multiple large bird strikes Site Hudson River in the Manhattan borough of New York City , opposite Weehawken , New Jersey ( near Port Imperial ) 40 ° 46 ′ 10 '' N 74 ° 00 ′ 17 '' W / 40.7695 ° N 74.0046 ° W / 40.7695 ; - 74.0046 Coordinates : 40 ° 46 ′ 10 '' N 74 ° 00 ′ 17 '' W / 40.7695 ° N 74.0046 ° W / 40.7695 ; - 74.0046 Aircraft Aircraft type Airbus A320 - 214 Operator US Airways Registration N106US Flight origin LaGuardia Airport , New York City Stopover Charlotte Douglas International Airport , Charlotte , North Carolina Destination Seattle -- Tacoma International Airport , Seattle , Washington Passengers 150 Crew 5 Fatalities 0 Injuries 100 ( 95 minor , 5 serious ) Survivors 155 ( all ) US Airways Flight 1549 was an Airbus A320 - 214 which , in the climbout after takeoff from New York City 's LaGuardia Airport on January 15 , 2009 , struck a flock of Canada geese just northeast of the George Washington Bridge and consequently lost all engine power . Unable to reach any airport , pilots Chesley Sullenberger and Jeffrey Skiles glided the plane to a ditching in the Hudson River off Midtown Manhattan . All 155 people aboard were rescued by nearby boats and there were few serious injuries . The accident came to be known as the `` Miracle on the Hudson '' , and a National Transportation Safety Board official described it as `` the most successful ditching in aviation history . '' The Board rejected the notion that the pilot could have avoided ditching by returning to LaGuardia or diverting to nearby Teterboro Airport . The pilots and flight attendants were awarded the Master 's Medal of the Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators in recognition of their `` heroic and unique aviation achievement '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Accident 2.1 Takeoff and bird strike 2.2 Ditching and evacuation 2.3 Rescue 3 Aftermath 4 Investigation 5 Crew awards and honors 6 Media and popular culture 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links 10.1 US Airways press releases 10.2 Other links Background ( edit ) N106US at LaGuardia in 2001 On January 15 , 2009 , US Airways Flight 1549 with call sign ' CACTUS 1549 ' was scheduled to fly from New York City 's LaGuardia Airport ( LGA ) to Charlotte Douglas ( CLT ) , with direct onward service to Seattle -- Tacoma International Airport . The aircraft was an Airbus A320 - 214 powered by two GE Aviation / Snecma - designed CFM56 - 5B4 / P turbofan engines . The pilot in command was 57 - year - old Chesley B. `` Sully '' Sullenberger , a former fighter pilot who had been an airline pilot since leaving the United States Air Force in 1980 . At the time , he had logged 19,663 total flight hours , including 4,765 in an A320 ; he was also a glider pilot and expert on aviation safety . First officer Jeffrey B. Skiles , 49 , had accrued 15,643 career flight hours , but this was his first Airbus A320 assignment since qualifying to fly it . There were 150 passengers and three flight attendants aboard . Accident ( edit ) Takeoff and bird strike ( edit ) LaGuardia Runway 4 departure . New York TRACON audio Air traffic control audio from about time of bird strike until ditching ( 3 : 10 long ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . The flight was cleared for takeoff to the northeast from LaGuardia 's Runway 4 at 3 : 24 : 56 pm Eastern Standard Time ( 20 : 24 : 56 UTC ) . With Skiles in control , the crew made its first report after becoming airborne at 3 : 25 : 51 as being at 700 feet ( 210 m ) and climbing . The weather at 2 : 51 p.m. was 10 miles ( 16 km ) visibility with broken clouds at 3,700 feet ( 1,100 m ) , wind 8 knots ( 15 km / h ; 9.2 mph ) from 290 ° ; an hour later it was few clouds at 4,200 feet ( 1,300 m ) , wind 9 knots ( 17 km / h ; 10 mph ) from 310 ° . At 3 : 26 : 37 Sullenberger remarked to Skiles : `` What a view of the Hudson today . '' Flight path flown ( red ) . Alternative trajectories to Teterboro ( blue ) and back toward La Guardia ( purple ) were simulated for the investigation . At 3 : 27 : 11 the plane struck a flock of Canada geese at an altitude of 2,818 feet ( 859 m ) about 4.5 miles ( 7.2 km ) north - northwest of LaGuardia . The pilots ' view was filled with the large birds ; passengers and crew heard very loud bangs and saw flames from the engines , followed by silence and an odor of fuel . Realizing that both engines had shut down , Sullenberger took control while Skiles worked the checklist for engine restart . The aircraft slowed but continued to climb for a further 19 seconds , reaching about 3,060 feet ( 930 m ) at an airspeed of about 185 knots ( 343 km / h ; 213 mph ) , then began a glide descent , accelerating to 210 knots ( 390 km / h ; 240 mph ) at 3 : 28 : 10 as it descended through 1,650 feet ( 500 m ) . At 3 : 27 : 33 , Sullenberger radioed a mayday call to New York Terminal Radar Approach Control ( TRACON ) : `` ... this is Cactus 1539 ( sic -- correct call sign was Cactus 1549 ) , hit birds . We 've lost thrust on both engines . We 're turning back towards LaGuardia '' . Air traffic controller Patrick Harten told LaGuardia 's tower to hold all departures , and directed Sullenberger back to Runway 13 . Sullenberger responded , `` Unable '' . Sullenberger asked controllers for landing options in New Jersey , mentioning Teterboro Airport . Permission was given for Teterboro 's Runway 1 , but Sullenberger responded : `` We ca n't do it ... We 're gon na be in the Hudson '' . The aircraft passed less than 900 feet ( 270 m ) above the George Washington Bridge . Sullenberger commanded over the cabin address system , `` Brace for impact '' , and the flight attendants relayed the command to passengers . Meanwhile , air traffic controllers asked the Coast Guard to caution vessels in the Hudson and ask them to prepare to assist with rescue . Ditching and evacuation ( edit ) Play media Coast Guard video of crash and rescue . About ninety seconds later , at 3 : 31 pm , the plane made an unpowered ditching , descending southwards at about 125 knots ( 140 mph ; 230 km / h ) into the middle of the North River section of the Hudson tidal estuary , at 40 ° 46 ′ 10 '' N 74 ° 00 ′ 17 '' W / 40.7695 ° N 74.0046 ° W / 40.7695 ; - 74.0046 on the New York side of the state line , roughly opposite West 50th Street ( near the Intrepid Sea , Air & Space Museum ) in Manhattan and Port Imperial in Weehawken , New Jersey . Flight attendants compared the ditching to a `` hard landing '' with `` one impact , no bounce , then a gradual deceleration . '' The ebb tide then began to take the plane southward . Sullenberger opened the cockpit door and ordered evacuation . The crew began evacuating the passengers through the four overwing window exits and into an inflatable slide / raft deployed from the front right passenger door ( the front left slide failed to operate , so the manual inflation handle was pulled ) . A panicked passenger opened a rear door , which a flight attendant was unable to reseal . Water was also entering a hole in the fuselage and through cargo doors that had come open , so as the water rose the attendant urged passengers to move forward by climbing over seats . One passenger was in a wheelchair . Finally , Sullenberger walked the cabin twice to confirm it was empty . Play media Video beginning 20 minutes after ditching , with numerous ferries and rescue boats surrounding the aircraft . The air and water temperatures were about 19 ° F ( − 7 ° C ) and 41 ° F ( 5 ° C ) respectively . Some evacuees waited for rescue knee - deep in water on the partially submerged slides , some wearing life - vests . Others stood on the wings or , fearing an explosion , swam away from the plane . One passenger , after helping with the evacuation , found the wing so crowded that he jumped into the river and swam to a boat . Rescue ( edit ) Sullenberger had ditched near boats which facilitated rescue . NY Waterway ferries Thomas Jefferson and then Governor Thomas H. Kean both arrived within minutes and began taking people aboard using a Jason 's cradle . Sullenberger advised the ferry crews to rescue those on the wings first , as they were in more jeopardy than those on the slides , which detached to become life rafts . As the plane drifted , passengers on one slide , fearing that the boat would crush them , shouted for it to steer away . The last person was taken from the plane at 3 : 55 pm . About 140 New York City firefighters responded to nearby docks , as did police , helicopters , and various vessels and divers . Other agencies provided medical help on the Weehawken side of the river , where most passengers were taken . The half - sunken plane surrounded by boats . Aftermath ( edit ) The aircraft tied up alongside Battery Park City . There were five serious injuries , including a deep laceration in flight attendant Doreen Welsh 's leg . Seventy - eight people were treated , mostly for minor injuries and hypothermia , twenty - four passengers and two rescuers treated at hospitals , with two passengers kept overnight . One passenger now wears glasses because of jet fuel damaging his eyes . No pets were being carried on the flight . Each passenger later received a letter of apology , $5,000 in compensation for lost baggage ( and $5,000 more if they could demonstrate larger losses ) and refund of the ticket price . In May 2009 they received any belongings that had been recovered . In addition , they reported offers of $10,000 each in return for agreeing not to sue US Airways . Many passengers and rescuers later experienced post-traumatic stress symptoms such as sleeplessness , flashbacks , and panic attacks ; some began an email support group . Patrick Harten , the controller who had worked the flight , said that `` the hardest , most traumatic part of the entire event was when it was over '' , and that he was `` gripped by raw moments of shock and grief '' . In an effort to prevent similar accidents , officials captured and gassed 1,235 Canada geese at 17 locations across New York City in mid-2009 and coated 1,739 goose eggs with oil to smother the developing goslings . Investigation ( edit ) The plane being recovered from the river during the night of January 17 . The partially submerged plane was moored to a pier near the World Financial Center in Lower Manhattan , roughly 4 miles ( 6 km ) downstream from the ditching location . The left engine , detached by the ditching , was recovered from the riverbed . On January 17 the aircraft was barged to New Jersey . Feather found in left engine . The initial National Transportation Safety Board ( NTSB ) evaluation that the plane had lost thrust after a bird strike was confirmed by analysis of the cockpit voice and flight data recorders . Two days earlier the plane had experienced a less severe compressor stall , but the affected engine was restarted . A faulty temperature sensor was replaced , and inspection verified the engine had not been damaged in that incident . On January 21 , the NTSB found evidence of soft - body damage in the right engine along with organic debris including a feather . The left engine also evidenced soft body impact , with : `` dents on both the spinner and inlet lip of the engine cowling . Five booster inlet guide vanes are fractured and eight outlet guide vanes are missing . '' Both engines , missing large portions of their housings , were sent to the manufacturer for examination . On January 31 , the plane was moved to Kearny , New Jersey . The bird remains were later identified by DNA testing to be Canada geese , which typically weigh more than engines are designed to withstand ingesting . Because the plane was assembled in France the European Aviation Safety Agency ( the European counterpart of the FAA ) and the Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile ( the French counterpart of the NTSB ) joined the investigation , with technical assistance from Airbus Industrie and GE Aviation / Snecma , respectively the manufacturers of the airframe and the engines . The NTSB used flight simulators to test the possibility that the flight could have returned safely to LaGuardia or diverted to Teterboro ; only seven of the thirteen simulated returns to La Guardia succeeded , and only one of the two to Teterboro . Furthermore , the NTSB report called these simulations unrealistic : `` The immediate turn made by the pilots during the simulations did not reflect or account for real - world considerations . '' A further simulation , conducted with the pilot delayed by 35 seconds , crashed . In testimony before the NTSB , Sullenberger maintained that there had been no time to bring the plane to any airport , and that attempting to do so would likely have killed those onboard and more on the ground . The Board ultimately ruled that Sullenberger had made the correct decision , reasoning that the checklist for dual - engine failure is designed for higher altitudes , when pilots have more time to deal with the situation , and that while simulations showed that the plane might have just barely made it back to LaGuardia , those scenarios assumed an instant decision to do so , with no time allowed for assessing the situation . The NTSB concluded its investigation on May 4 , 2010 , identifying the probable cause as `` the ingestion of large birds into each engine , which resulted in an almost total loss of thrust in both engines . '' The final report credited the outcome to four factors : good decision - making and teamwork by the cockpit crew ( including decisions to immediately turn on the APU and to ditch in the Hudson ) ; the fact that the A320 is certified for extended overwater operation ( and hence carried life vests and additional raft / slides ) even though not required for that route ; the performance of the flight crew during the evacuation ; and the proximity of working vessels to the ditching site . Contributing factors were good visibility and a fast response from the ferry operators and emergency responders . The report also makes a range of recommendations to improve safety in such situations . N106US on display at Carolinas Aviation Museum . Author and pilot William Langewiesche asserted that insufficient credit was given to the A320 's fly - by - wire design , by which the pilot uses a side - stick to make control inputs to the flight control computers . The computers then impose adjustments and limits of their own to keep the plane stable , which the pilot can not override even in an emergency . This design allowed the pilots of Flight 1549 to concentrate on engine restart and deciding the course , without the burden of manually adjusting the glidepath to reduce the plane 's rate of descent . Sullenberger said that these computer - imposed limits also prevented him from achieving the optimum landing flare for the ditching , which would have softened the impact . In 2010 , the damaged plane ( excluding its engines ) was acquired for the Carolinas Aviation Museum in Charlotte , North Carolina , which held a reception on June 11 to commemorate the arrival in Charlotte of the plane 's body , with Sullenberger as keynote speaker and the passengers invited . Crew awards and honors ( edit ) The reactions of all members of the crew , the split second decision making and the handling of this emergency and evacuation was `` text book '' and an example to us all . To have safely executed this emergency ditching and evacuation , with the loss of no lives , is a heroic and unique aviation achievement . -- Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators citation An NTSB board member called the ditching `` the most successful ... in aviation history . These people knew what they were supposed to do and they did it and as a result , no lives were lost . '' The crew , especially Sullenberger , was praised , notably by New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg and New York State Governor David Paterson , who said : `` We had a Miracle on 34th Street . I believe now we have had a Miracle on the Hudson . '' U.S. President George W. Bush said he was `` inspired by the skill and heroism of the flight crew , '' and praised the emergency responders and volunteers . President - elect Barack Obama said that everyone was proud of Sullenberger 's `` heroic and graceful job in landing the damaged aircraft . '' He thanked the crew , whom he invited to his inauguration five days later . The Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators awarded the crew a Master 's Medal on January 22 , 2009 ; this is awarded only rarely , for outstanding aviation achievements at the discretion of the Master of the Guild . New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg presented the crew with the Keys to the City , and Sullenberger with a replacement copy of a library book lost on the flight , Sidney Dekker 's Just Culture : Balancing Safety and Accountability . Rescuers received Certificates of Honor . The crew received a standing ovation at the Super Bowl XLIII on February 1 , 2009 , and Sullenberger threw out the first pitch at the 2009 Major League Baseball season for the San Francisco Giants . His Giants ' jersey was inscribed with the name `` Sully '' and the number 155 -- the count of people aboard the plane . On July 28 , passengers Dave Sanderson and Barry Leonard organized a thank you luncheon for emergency responders from Hudson County , New Jersey , on the shores of Palisades Medical Center in North Bergen , New Jersey , where 57 passengers had been brought following their rescue . Present were members of the U.S. Coast Guard , North Hudson Regional Fire and Rescue , NY Waterway Ferries , the American Red Cross , Weehawken Volunteer First Aid , the Weehawken Police Department , West New York E.M.S. , North Bergen E.M.S. , the Hudson County Office of Emergency Management , the New Jersey E.M.S. Task Force , the Guttenberg Police Department , McCabe Ambulance , the Harrison Police Department , and doctors and nurses who treated survivors . Sullenberger was named Grand Marshal for the 2010 Tournament of Roses Parade in Pasadena , California . In August 2010 , Jeppesen issued an approach plate titled `` Hudson Miracle APCH , '' dedicated to the five crew of Flight 1549 and annotated `` Presented with Pride and Gratitude from your friends at Jeppesen . '' Sullenberger retired on March 3 , 2010 , after thirty years with US Airways and its predecessor , Pacific Southwest Airlines . At the end of his final flight he was reunited with Skiles and a number of the passengers from Flight 1549 . Media and popular Culture ( edit ) The accident was recorded by several closed - circuit television cameras . Various television reports and documentaries produced soon afterwards contained extensive video of the ditching and rescue , and recorded interviews with the aircrew , passengers , rescuers , and other key participants . These included : On February 8 , 2009 , the CBS program 60 Minutes broadcast three segments that included interviews with the aircrew as well as their reunion with passengers . The program aired again on July 5 , 2009 . `` Flight 1549 : A Routine Takeoff Turns Ugly '' `` Flight 1549 : Saving 155 Souls In Minutes '' `` Flight 1549 : An Emotional Reunion '' On February 19 , 2009 , Channel 4 in the United Kingdom aired a documentary entitled The Miracle of the Hudson Plane Crash included personal accounts from passengers , rescuers , and witnesses . On February 21 , 2009 , KGO - TV in San Francisco broadcast an interview in the `` Face to Face '' series . Dan Ashley talked to Captain and Mrs. Sullenberger about their experiences during and since the accident . On March 4 , 2009 , the Discovery Channel broadcast a one - hour documentary entitled Hudson Plane Crash -- What Really Happened , with computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) animations of the flight , and interviews with passengers , crew , witnesses , rescuers , and aviation safety experts . On January 10 , 2010 , TLC aired a documentary entitled Brace For Impact , aired again on April 14 in Australia as Brace For Impact : Inside The Hudson Plane Crash . In March 2011 , Ric Elias , a front - row passenger shared his experience during a TED conference . Beginning in June 2011 , the University of North Carolina School of Filmmaking and Process Pictures , LLC worked with the Carolinas Aviation Museum to produce a documentary , which also looked at the impact of the incident on society . The crash was featured in the Discovery Channel ( Canada ) / National Geographic TV series Mayday on the episode Hudson Splash Down . It was also recreated in a National Geographic Channel TV special titled `` Miracle Landing on the Hudson , '' and in the United Kingdom for a Channel 5 special in 2011 . Garrison Keillor honored the entire flight crew by writing a song and performing it on his show , A Prairie Home Companion . The ditching is referenced in the song `` A Real Hero '' by College and Electric Youth , best known from the 2011 movie Drive . The lyrics of the second verse describe the water landing and the survival of the passengers and crew , as well as alluding to the freezing river . Sullenberger 's memoir , Highest Duty : My Search for What Really Matters was adapted into a feature film Sully : Miracle on the Hudson , directed by Clint Eastwood , with Tom Hanks as Sullenberger and Aaron Eckhart as co-pilot Jeff Skiles . It was released by Warner Bros. on September 9 , 2016 . See also ( edit ) New York City portal New Jersey portal Aviation portal 2000s portal List of airline flights that required gliding Garuda Indonesia Flight 421 , emergency landing on Bengawan Solo river after a dual engine flameout in 2002 Pan Am Flight 6 , successful no - lives - lost ditching of a Boeing 377 Stratocruiser in the Pacific Ocean , 1956 Caspian Airlines Flight 7908 , brought down by mechanical failure caused by bird strikes , killing 168 people Ryanair Flight 4102 , which was brought down by bird strikes Scandinavian Airlines Flight 751 , emergency landing in woodland north of Stockholm after dual engine overheating & failure and a brief low - altitude glide ; no fatalities TACA Flight 110 , landed on to a levee east of New Orleans International Airport after dual engine flameout ; no casualties The 1963 Aeroflot Tupolev Tu - 124 Neva river ditching , a planned landing in a river which resulted in no casualties Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A serious injury is defined as any injury that ( 1 ) requires hospitalization for more than 48 hours , starting within seven days from the date that the injury was received ; ( 2 ) results in a fracture of any bone , except simple fractures of fingers , toes , or the nose ; ( 3 ) causes severe hemorrhages or nerve , muscle , or tendon damage ; ( 4 ) involves any internal organ ; or ( 5 ) involves second - or third - degree burns or any burns affecting more than 5 percent of the body surface . A minor injury is defined as any injury that does not qualify as a fatal or serious injury . Jump up ^ AWE1549 , also designated under a Star Alliance codeshare agreement as United Airlines Flight 1919 UA1919 . Jump up ^ Delivered in 1999 , the plane , registered N106US , was one of 74 A320s then in service at US Airways . At the time of the accident its airframe had logged 16,299 flights totaling 25,241 flight hours ; and the engines 19,182 and 26,466 hours . The last `` A Check '' ( performed every 550 flight hours ) was passed on December 6 , 2008 , and the last C Check ( annual comprehensive inspection ) on April 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The engines are the primary source of electrical and hydraulic power for the aircraft flight control systems , but an auxiliary power unit ( APU ) can provide backup electrical power , and a ram air turbine ( RAT ) can be deployed into the airstream to provide backup hydraulic pressure and electrical power at certain speeds . Both the APU and RAT were operating as the plane descended onto the river . Jump up ^ The Airbus A320 has a control that closes valves and other openings in the fuselage , in order to slow flooding after a water landing , but the pilots did not activate it . Sullenberger later said this would have made little difference since the water impact tore substantial holes in the fuselage . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` US Airways Flight 1549 Update # 3 '' . US Airways ( Press release ) . January 15 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2009 . Retrieved January 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Aircraft Accident Report : Loss of Thrust in Both Engines After Encountering a Flock of Birds and Subsequent Ditching on the Hudson River : US Airways Flight 1549 ( PDF ) . National Transportation Safety Board ( Report ) . May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 49 CFR 830.2 '' . Code of Federal Regulations . October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Live Flight Track Log ( AWE1549 ) 15 - Jan - 2009 KLGA - KLGA '' . FlightAware . January 15 , 2009 . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` US Airways Flight 1549 Initial Report '' ( Press release ) . US Airways . January 15 , 2009 . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` US Airways Flight 1549 Update # 2 '' ( Press release ) . US Airways . January 15 , 2009 . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Olshan , Jeremy ; Livingston , Ikumulisa ( January 17 , 2009 ) . `` Quiet Air Hero Is Captain America '' . New York Post . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , Celia . `` US Airways Flight 1549 Crew receive prestigious Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators Award '' ( PDF ) . Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Factbox - Downed US Airways plane had 16,000 take - offs '' . Thomson Reuters . January 18 , 2009 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` N - Number Inquiry Results '' . Federal Aviation Administration . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` US Airways Flight 1549 Update # 7 '' . US Airways . January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved June 11 , 2009 -- via Business Wire . Jump up ^ Goldman , Russell ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` US Airways Hero Pilot Searched Plane Twice Before Leaving '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Mangan , Dan ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` Hero Pilots Disabled Plane to Safety '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Westfeldt , Amy ; Long , Colleen ; James , Susan ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` Hudson River Hero Is Ex-Air Force Fighter Pilot '' . TIME . Associated Press . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Family of copilot from Hudson River plane crash speaks '' . WCBD - TV . Charleston , South Carolina . January 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Forster , Stacy ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` Co-pilot braved frigid waters to retrieve vests for passengers '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Shiner , Linda ( February 18 , 2009 ) . `` Sully 's Tale '' . Air & Space . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` US Airways flight 1549 Airline releases crew information '' . US Airways . January 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2009 . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Airways # 1549 '' . FlightAware . January 15 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2009 . Retrieved January 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aircraft Accident Report '' ( PDF ) . National Transportation Safety Board . sec . meteorological information . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NTSB Report US Airways Flight 1549 Water Landing Hudson River January 15 , 2009 '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` US Airways Flight 1549 lifted out of river ; flight recorders head to D.C. '' NJ.com . Associated Press . January 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Flight 1549 Crew : Birds Filled Windshield '' . AVweb . January 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wald , Matthew L. ; Baker , Al ( January 18 , 2009 ) . `` 1549 to Tower : `` We 're Gonna End Up in the Hudson '' `` . The New York Times . p . A29 . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Trotta , Daniel ; Crawley , John ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` New York hails pilot who landed jetliner on river '' . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Turbofan Engine Malfunction Recognition and Response Final Report '' ( DOC ) . Federal Aviation Administration . July 17 , 2001 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Pasztor , Andy ; Carey , Susan ( January 20 , 2009 ) . `` Backup System Helped Pilot Control Jet '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wald , Matthew L. ( February 5 , 2009 ) . `` Was Flight 1549 's Pilot Fearful ? If So , His Voice Did n't Let On '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Sniffen , Michael J. ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` Pilot rejected 2 airport landings '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Associated Press . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2009 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lowy , Joan ; Sniffen , Michael J. ( February 24 , 2009 ) . `` Controller Thought Plane That Ditched Was Doomed '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2009 . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Neumeister , Larry ; Caruso , David B. ; Goldman , Adam ; Long , Colleen ( January 17 , 2009 ) . `` NTSB : Pilot landed in Hudson to avoid catastrophe '' . Fox News . Associated Press . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . It all happened so fast , the crew never threw the aircraft 's `` ditch switch , '' which seals off vents and holes in the fuselage to make it more seaworthy . ^ Jump up to : `` Memorandum : Full Transcript : Aircraft Accident , AWE1549 , New York City , NY , January 15 , 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Federal Aviation Administration . June 19 , 2009 . p. 4 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Mike ; Meserve , Jeanne ; Ahlers , Mike ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` Airplane crash - lands into Hudson River ; all aboard reported safe '' . CNN . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Fausset , Richard ; Muskal , Michael ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` US Airways investigation focuses on missing engines '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2009 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Belson , Ken ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` Updates From Plane Rescue in Hudson River '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McFadden , Robert D. ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` Pilot Is Hailed After Jetliner 's Icy Plunge '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Presenters : Katie Couric , Steve Kroft ( February 8 , 2009 ) . `` Hero pilot , Plane , Coldplay '' . 60 Minutes . Season 40 . Los Angeles . CBS . KCBS - TV . Jump up ^ McCartney , Scott ( March 25 , 2009 ) . `` It 's Sully , Do n't Hang Up '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ostrower , Jon ( January 17 , 2009 ) . `` The Airbus Ditching Button '' . Flight International . Reed Business Information . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Petri , Tom ( February 11 , 2009 ) . Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Aviation of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure ( PDF ) ( Report ) . U.S. House of Representatives . p. 69 . Jump up ^ Rockoff , Jonathan D. ; Holmes , Elisabeth ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` Pilot Lands Jet on Hudson , Saving All Aboard '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McLaughlin , Martin ( January 17 , 2009 ) . `` The world needed a hero . The pilot of the Hudson River air crash answered the call '' . The Scotsman . Edinburgh : Johnston Press . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2009 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Michael ; Buettner , Russ ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` After Splash , Nerves , Heroics and Comedy '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Curkin , Scott ; Monek , Bob ( January 17 , 2009 ) . `` Miracle on the Hudson River '' . WABC - TV . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Art . `` Hero on the Hudson : Five years later ' miracle ' survivor describes his experience for local audience '' . The Hudson Reporter . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Science Aids Hudson Rescue Workers '' . U.S. Department of Homeland Security . February 2009 . Jump up ^ Kindergan , Ashley ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` Young captain reacts like ' seasoned pro ' '' . NorthJersey.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pyle , Richard ( January 18 , 2009 ) . `` Commuter ferries to rescue in NYC crash landing '' . The Boston Globe . Associated Press . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2013 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Miracle of the Hudson Plane Crash '' . Channel 4 . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Langewiesche , William ( February 7 , 2010 ) . `` The miracle plane crash - landing on the Hudson River '' . The Sunday Times . London . Retrieved January 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Schuster , Karla ; Bleyer , Bill ; Chang , Sophia ; DeStefano , Anthony M. ; Lam , Chau ; Mason , Bill ; McGowan , Carl ; Parascandola , Rocco ; Strickler , Andrew ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` Commuter ferries , passengers aid in crash victim rescues '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 -- via Uniformed Firefighters Association . Jump up ^ Heightman , A.J. ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` Airplane Crash Showcases Emergency Readiness '' . Journal of Emergency Medical Services . Elsevier . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Michael ; Baker , Al ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` A Quick Rescue Kept Death Toll at Zero '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Applebome , Peter ( January 18 , 2009 ) . `` A Small Town 's Recurring Role as a Rescue Beacon '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Testament to Experienced Airline Flight Personnel Doing Their Jobs '' . Flight Attendant Medical Research Institute ( FAMRI ) . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pilot hailed for ' Hudson miracle ' '' . BBC News . January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Robert ; Block , Melissa ( February 12 , 2009 ) . `` Passengers Treated For Hypothermia '' . National Public Radio . All Things Considered . Retrieved January 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` DCA09MA026 '' . National Transportation Safety Board . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2009 . Retrieved March 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Feuer , Alan ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` Odd Sight , Well Worth a Walk in the Cold '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fahim , Kareem ( January 21 , 2009 ) . `` $5,000 to Each Passenger on Crashed Jet for Lost Bags '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A.I.G. Balks at Claims From Jet Ditching in Hudson '' . The New York Times . June 11 , 2009 . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McGeehan , Patrick ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` Passengers , Here Are Your Bags '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hewitt , Bill ; Egan , Nicole Weisenssee ; Herbst , Diane ; McGee , Tiffany ; Bass , Shermakaye ( February 23 , 2009 ) . `` Flight 1549 : The Right Stuff '' . People . pp. 60 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Liz ( February 24 , 2009 ) . `` Air Traffic Controller Tells Gripping Tale of Hudson Landing '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Akam , Simon ( October 4 , 2009 ) . `` For Culprits in Miracle on Hudson , the Flip Side of Glory '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Crews hoist plane 's engine from Hudson River '' . USA Today . Associated Press . January 23 , 2009 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Engine still attached to plane in Hudson , agency says '' . CNN . January 17 , 2009 . Retrieved January 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Crane pulls airliner from Hudson '' . BBC News . January 18 , 2009 . Retrieved January 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hudson jet 's wreckage moved to N.J '' . MSNBC . January 19 , 2009 . Retrieved January 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` US Airways Plane Crash - Lands in New York City 's Hudson River , Everyone Survives '' . Fox News . Associated Press . January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NTSB Sending Go team to New York City for Hudson River Airliner Accident '' . National Transportation Safety Board . January 15 , 2009 . Retrieved January 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Preliminary Accident Report '' . National Transportation Safety Board . January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Karen ; Epstein , Victor ; Weber , Harry ; Dearen , Jason ; Kesten , Lou ; Lowy , Joan ( January 19 , 2009 ) . `` Plane 's recorders lend support hero pilot 's story '' . The Herald - Dispatch . Huntington , West Virginia . Associated Press . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boudreau , Abbie ; Zamost , Scott ( January 19 , 2009 ) . `` Report on Earlier Flight 1549 Scare '' . CNN . Retrieved January 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NY crash jet had earlier problem '' . BBC News . January 20 , 2009 . Retrieved January 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Third Update on Investigation into Ditching of US Airways Jetliner into Hudson River '' . National Transportation Safety Board ( Press release ) . February 4 , 2009 . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Paddock , Barry ( January 21 , 2009 ) . `` Second engine of US Airways Flight 1549 that landed in Hudson River has been found '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NTSB Issues update on investigation into ditching of US Airways jetliner into Hudson River '' . National Transportation Safety Board ( Press release ) . January 21 , 2009 . Retrieved January 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Seeing a Lost Engine to the Surface '' . The New York Times . January 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Second Update on investigation of ditching of US Airways Jetliner into Hudson River '' . National Transportation Safety Board . January 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NTSB Confirms Birds In Engines Of Flight 1549 '' . NJ.com . Associated Press . February 4 , 2009 . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ICAO Annex 13 Appendix '' . Investigation Process Research Resources . Jump up ^ `` Accident , Weehawken - Hudson River , on 15 January 2009 , AIRBUS A320 , N106US '' . Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyse ( in French ) . January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved June 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Statement of EADS ( Airbus ) Re : US Airways Flight US 1549 Accident in New York ( La Guardia ) '' . EADS ( Airbus ) . January 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Loss of Thrust in Both Engines After Encountering a Flock of Birds and Subsequent Ditching on the Hudson River US Airways Flight 1549 Airbus A320 ‐ 214 , N106US Weehawken , New Jersey January 15 , 2009 '' ( PDF ) . National Transportation Safety Board . May 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crew Actions and Safety Equipment Credited with Saving Lives in US Airways 1549 Hudson River Ditching , NTSB Says '' . National Transportation Safety Board . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Dodd , Johnny ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` After the Miracle '' . People . pp. 87 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Paur , Jason ( May 5 , 2010 ) . `` Sullenberger Made the Right Move , Landing in the Hudson '' . Wired . Jump up ^ Yang , Carter ( May 4 , 2010 ) . `` NTSB : Sully Could Have Made it Back to LaGuardia '' . CBS News . Jump up ^ Sullenberger , Chesley ( June 19 , 2012 ) . Making a Difference ( video ) . Talks at Google . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spodak , Cassie ( January 22 , 2010 ) . `` ' Miracle on Hudson ' plane up for auction '' . CNN . Retrieved January 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` USAir Flt. 1549 Coming to Charlotte '' ( PDF ) . Contact : the Newsletter of the Carolinas Historic Aviation Commission . February 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Washburn , Mark ( June 12 , 2011 ) . `` Applauding the airliner on which lives changed '' . The Charlotte Observer . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2012 . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gast , Phil ( June 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' Miracle On The Hudson ' Plane Bound For NC '' . CNN . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Flight 1549 wings arrive in Charlotte '' . News 14 Carolina . September 15 , 2011 . Retrieved September 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Washburn , Mark ( June 29 , 2012 ) . `` Aviation Museum lands flight 1549 engines '' . The Charlotte Observer . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dorsey , Joe ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` The Miracle on the Hudson -- The Incredible Story of Captain `` Sully '' and US Airways Flight 1549 `` . Travel Thru History . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Naughton , Philippe ; Bone , James ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` Hero crash pilot Chesley Sullenberger offered key to city of New York '' . The Times . London . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2010 . Retrieved January 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rivera , Ray ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` In a Split Second , a Pilot Becomes a Hero Years in the Making '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Statement by the President on Plane Crash in New York City '' . Office of the Press Secretary , The White House ( Press release ) . January 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chesley B. Sully Sullenberger Praised By Obama '' . Huffington Post . January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved January 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seelye , Katharine Q. ( January 19 , 2009 ) . `` Obama Invites Flight 1549 Pilot and Crew to Inauguration '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor Bloomberg Presents Captain and Crew of US Airways Flight 1549 With Keys to the City '' . City of New York . February 9 , 2009 . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor Bloomberg and US Airways Chief Executive Officer Doug Parker Honor Civilian and Uniformed Rescuers from Flight 1549 '' . City of New York . January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved January 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hero pilot : Splash landing in Hudson ' surreal ' '' . USA Today . Associated Press . February 3 , 2009 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reid , John ( April 7 , 2009 ) . `` Mountain View school reunion at Giants ' opener '' . The Mercury News . Retrieved April 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Miracle on the Hudson ' survivors to return to waterfront '' . The Union City Reporter . July 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Tirella , Tricia ( August 2 , 2009 ) . `` A pat on the back '' . The Union City Reporter . Jump up ^ Hradecky , Simon . `` The Hudson Miracle Approach '' . Aviation Herald . Retrieved August 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Miracle on the Hudson ' pilot Chesley Sullenberger retires '' . Syracuse.com . Associated Press . March 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Simon , Tanya ; Radutzky , Michael ; Beecher , Lori ( February 8 , 2009 ) . `` Flight 1549 : A Routine Takeoff Turns Ugly '' . 60 Minutes . CBS News . Jump up ^ Radutzky , Michael ; Dubin , Jenny ( February 8 , 2009 ) . `` Flight 1549 : Saving 155 Souls In Minutes '' . 60 Minutes . CBS News . Jump up ^ Simon , Tanya ; Beecher , Lori ; Metz , Andrew ( February 8 , 2009 ) . `` Flight 1549 : An Emotional Reunion '' . 60 Minutes . CBS News . Jump up ^ `` Face to Face : Dan Ashley and the Sullenbergers '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hudson Plane Crash -- What Really Happened '' . Discovery Channel . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( April 7 , 2010 ) . `` Returning : The Force , Lewis . Airdate : Miracle at the Zoo , Hudson Plane Crash '' . TV Tonight . Jump up ^ Elias , Ric ( March 2011 ) . `` Ric Elias : Three things I learned while my plane crashed '' . TED . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Marla ( June 8 , 2011 ) . `` UNCSA film students are documenting move of ' Miracle on the Hudson ' plane to Charlotte museum '' . University of North Carolina School of the Arts . Jump up ^ `` Process Pictures involved with documentary chronicling the impact of Flight 1549 on America '' . Process Pictures . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hudson River Runway '' . Mayday . Season 11 . 2010 . Discovery Channel Canada / National Geographic Channel . Jump up ^ Miracle Landing on the Hudson . 2014 . National Geographic Channel . Jump up ^ `` Hudson River Landing '' . Air Crash. 2011 . Channel 5 ( UK ) . Jump up ^ Keillor , Garrison ( January 18 , 2009 ) . `` Post to the Host : US Airways Flight 1549 '' . A Prairie Home Companion . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( October 27 , 2011 ) . `` ' Drive ' Song Inspired by Captain Sully Sullenberger and ' Mad Max ' ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Clint Eastwood 's Next Movie Revealed : Capt . `` Sully '' Sullenberger Tale `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Aaron Eckhart Joins Tom Hanks in Sully Sullenberger Movie '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stone , Natalie ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Clint Eastwood 's ' Sully ' Gets Early Fall Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to US Airways Flight 1549 . US Airways Press releases ( edit ) `` US Airways Flight 1549 Initial Report '' . phx.corporate-ir.net . Tempe , Arizona . January 15 , 2009 `` Press Release : `` Press Release : US Airways Flight 1549 Update # 2 '' . phx.corporate-ir.net . Tempe , Arizona . January 15 , 2009 `` Press Release : US Airways Flight 1549 Update # 3 '' . phx.corporate-ir.net . Tempe , Arizona . January 15 , 2009 `` US Airways Flight 1549 Update # 7 '' . phx.corporate-ir.net . Tempe , Arizona . January 16 , 2009 `` US Airways Flight 1549 Update # 8 '' . phx.corporate-ir.net . Tempe , Arizona . January 16 , 2009 `` US Airways Update Regarding Crew of Flight 1549 '' . phx.corporate-ir.net . Tempe , Arizona . January 16 , 2009 Parker , Doug ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` US Airways CEO Doug Parker makes statement regarding flight 1549 '' . US Airways . Tempe , Arizona . January 16 , 2009 `` US Airways CEO Doug Parker Invited to Speak at Honor Ceremony Regarding Flight 1549 '' . phx.corporate-ir.net . Tempe , Arizona . January 16 , 2009 `` US Airways update regarding crew of flight 1549 '' . Tempe Arizona , January 19 , 2009 . Other links ( edit ) `` Information on the accident that occurred in New York on January 15 , 2009 '' . Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile . January 16 , 2009 . Krūms , Jānis ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` There 's a plane in the Hudson . I 'm on the ferry going to pick up the people . Crazy '' . TwitPic . `` US Airways 1549 ( AWE1549 ) , January 15 , 2009 '' . Federal Aviation Administration . March 2 , 2009 . exosphere3d ( November 12 , 2009 ) . `` Flight 1549 Alternate Audio , Multi-Perspective Composite Animation '' . YouTube . `` Cactus Flight 1549 Accident Reconstruction ( US Airways Animation ) '' . Exosphere3D . `` Analysis of Training for Emergency Water Landings Questions Assumptions , Inconsistencies '' ( PDF ) . Cabin Crew Safety . The Flight Safety Foundation . 33 ( 6 ) . November -- December 1998 . Retrieved February 10 , 2009 . `` Stress , Behavior , Training and Safety ( in Emergency Evacuation ) '' ( PDF ) . Cabin Crew Safety . The Flight Safety Foundation . 25 ( 3 ) . May -- June 1990 . Retrieved February 10 , 2009 . Corrigan , Douglas ( April 2011 ) . `` The Demise of the Airline Pilot '' . Culture Wars . Process Pictures , LLC ( 2012 ) . `` ' The Miracle on the Hudson ' Teaser '' . Vimeo . `` Hudson Miracle Approach Chart '' . Jeppesen . `` Photos of the Airbus '' . Airliners.net . Gould , Joe ( January 17 , 2009 ) . `` Stayed high & dry on my trip to N.C. '' Daily News . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what happened to the plane in the hudson | [
"In 2010, the damaged plane (excluding its engines)[91] was acquired for the Carolinas Aviation Museum in Charlotte, North Carolina,[92] which held a reception on June 11 to commemorate the arrival in Charlotte of the plane's body, with Sullenberger as keynote speaker and the passengers invited.[93][94][95][96]"
] | [
"acquired for the Carolinas Aviation Museum in Charlotte, North Carolina"
] |
-6702031255040326279 | Swine influenza | Swine influenza - wikipedia Swine influenza Jump to : navigation , search This article is about influenza viruses in pigs . For the 2009 outbreak , see 2009 flu pandemic . For the 2009 human virus , see Pandemic H1N1 / 09 virus . Swine flu Synonyms Pig influenza , swine flu , hog flu , pig flu Electron microscope image of the reassorted H1N1 influenza virus photographed at the CDC Influenza Laboratory . The viruses are 80 -- 120 nanometres in diameter . Specialty Infectious disease ( edit on Wikidata ) Swine influenza is an infection caused by any one of several types of swine influenza viruses . Swine influenza virus ( SIV ) or swine - origin influenza virus ( S - OIV ) is any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic in pigs . As of 2009 , the known SIV strains include influenza C and the subtypes of influenza A known as H1N1 , H1N2 , H2N1 , H3N1 , H3N2 , and H2N3 . The Swine flu was initially seen in humans in Mexico in 2009 , where the strand of the particular virus was a marriage of 3 types of strands . Six of the genes are very similar to the H1N2 influenza virus that was found in pigs around 2000 . Swine influenza virus is common throughout pig populations worldwide . Transmission of the virus from pigs to humans is not common and does not always lead to human flu , often resulting only in the production of antibodies in the blood . If transmission does cause human flu , it is called zoonotic swine flu . People with regular exposure to pigs are at increased risk of swine flu infection . Around the mid-20th century , identification of influenza subtypes became possible , allowing accurate diagnosis of transmission to humans . Since then , only 50 such transmissions have been confirmed . These strains of swine flu rarely pass from human to human . Symptoms of zoonotic swine flu in humans are similar to those of influenza and of influenza - like illness in general , namely chills , fever , sore throat , muscle pains , severe headache , coughing , weakness , shortness of breath , and general discomfort . In August 2010 , the World Health Organization declared the swine flu pandemic officially over . Cases of swine flu have been reported in India , with over 31,156 positive test cases and 1,841 deaths up to March 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 1.1 Swine 1.2 Humans 2 Virology 2.1 Transmission 2.1. 1 Between pigs 2.1. 2 To humans 2.1. 3 Interaction with avian H5N1 in pigs 2.2 Structure 2.2. 1 Classification 2.2. 2 Influenza C 2.2. 3 Influenza A 3 Diagnosis 4 Prevention 4.1 Swine 4.2 Humans 4.2. 1 Vaccination 4.3 Surveillance 5 Treatment 5.1 Swine 5.2 Humans 6 History 6.1 1918 pandemic 6.2 1976 U.S. outbreak 6.3 1988 U.S. outbreak 6.4 2007 Philippine outbreak 6.5 2009 Northern Ireland outbreak 6.6 2015 and 2017 India outbreaks 6.7 2015 Nepal outbreak 6.8 2016 Pakistan outbreak 6.9 2017 Maldives outbreak 6.10 H1N1 virus pandemic history 7 Notes 8 Further reading 9 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Swine ( edit ) In swine , an influenza infection produces fever , lethargy , sneezing , coughing , difficulty breathing and decreased appetite . In some cases the infection can cause abortion . Although mortality is usually low ( around 1 -- 4 % ) , the virus can produce weight loss and poor growth , causing economic loss to farmers . Infected pigs can lose up to 12 pounds of body weight over a three - to four - week period . Swine have receptors to which both avian and mammalian influenza viruses are able to bind to , which leads to the virus being able to evolve and mutate into different forms . Influenza A is responsible for infecting swine , and was first identified in the summer of 1918 . Pigs have often been seen as `` mixing vessels '' , which help to change and evolve strains of disease that are then passed on to other mammals , such as humans . Humans ( edit ) Main symptoms of swine flu in humans Direct transmission of a swine flu virus from pigs to humans is occasionally possible ( zoonotic swine flu ) . In all , 50 cases are known to have occurred since the first report in medical literature in 1958 , which have resulted in a total of six deaths . Of these six people , one was pregnant , one had leukemia , one had Hodgkin 's lymphoma and two were known to be previously healthy . Despite these apparently low numbers of infections , the true rate of infection may be higher , since most cases only cause a very mild disease , and will probably never be reported or diagnosed . Play media In this video , Dr. Joe Bresee , with CDC 's Influenza Division , describes the symptoms of swine flu and warning signs to look for that indicate the need for urgent medical attention . See also : See this video with subtitles on YouTube According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) , in humans the symptoms of the 2009 `` swine flu '' H1N1 virus are similar to those of influenza and of influenza - like illness in general . Symptoms include fever ; cough , sore throat , watery eyes , body aches , shortness of breath , headache , weight loss , chills , sneezing , runny nose , coughing , dizziness , abdominal pain , lack of appetite and fatigue . The 2009 outbreak has shown an increased percentage of patients reporting diarrhea and vomiting as well . The 2009 H1N1 virus is not zoonotic swine flu , as it is not transmitted from pigs to humans , but from person to person through airborne droplets . Because these symptoms are not specific to swine flu , a differential diagnosis of probable swine flu requires not only symptoms , but also a high likelihood of swine flu due to the person 's recent and past medical history . For example , during the 2009 swine flu outbreak in the United States , the CDC advised physicians to `` consider swine influenza infection in the differential diagnosis of patients with acute febrile respiratory illness who have either been in contact with persons with confirmed swine flu , or who were in one of the five U.S. states that have reported swine flu cases or in Mexico during the seven days preceding their illness onset . '' A diagnosis of confirmed swine flu requires laboratory testing of a respiratory sample ( a simple nose and throat swab ) . The most common cause of death is respiratory failure . Other causes of death are pneumonia ( leading to sepsis ) , high fever ( leading to neurological problems ) , dehydration ( from excessive vomiting and diarrhea ) , electrolyte imbalance and kidney failure . Fatalities are more likely in young children and the elderly . Virology ( edit ) Transmission ( edit ) Between pigs ( edit ) Influenza is quite common in pigs , with about half of breeding pigs having been exposed to the virus in the US . Antibodies to the virus are also common in pigs in other countries . The main route of transmission is through direct contact between infected and uninfected animals . These close contacts are particularly common during animal transport . Intensive farming may also increase the risk of transmission , as the pigs are raised in very close proximity to each other . The direct transfer of the virus probably occurs either by pigs touching noses , or through dried mucus . Airborne transmission through the aerosols produced by pigs coughing or sneezing are also an important means of infection . The virus usually spreads quickly through a herd , infecting all the pigs within just a few days . Transmission may also occur through wild animals , such as wild boar , which can spread the disease between farms . To humans ( edit ) People who work with poultry and swine , especially those with intense exposures , are at increased risk of zoonotic infection with influenza virus endemic in these animals , and constitute a population of human hosts in which zoonosis and reassortment can co-occur . Vaccination of these workers against influenza and surveillance for new influenza strains among this population may therefore be an important public health measure . Transmission of influenza from swine to humans who work with swine was documented in a small surveillance study performed in 2004 at the University of Iowa . This study , among others , forms the basis of a recommendation that people whose jobs involve handling poultry and swine be the focus of increased public health surveillance . Other professions at particular risk of infection are veterinarians and meat processing workers , although the risk of infection for both of these groups is lower than that of farm workers . Interaction with avian H5N1 in pigs ( edit ) Pigs are unusual as they can be infected with influenza strains that usually infect three different species : pigs , birds and humans . This makes pigs a host where influenza viruses might exchange genes , producing new and dangerous strains . Avian influenza virus H3N2 is endemic in pigs in China , and has been detected in pigs in Vietnam , increasing fears of the emergence of new variant strains . H3N2 evolved from H2N2 by antigenic shift . In August 2004 , researchers in China found H5N1 in pigs . Main symptoms of swine flu in swine These H5N1 infections may be quite common ; in a survey of 10 apparently healthy pigs housed near poultry farms in West Java , where avian flu had broken out , five of the pig samples contained the H5N1 virus . The Indonesian government has since found similar results in the same region . Additional tests of 150 pigs outside the area were negative . Structure ( edit ) The influenza virion is roughly spherical . It is an enveloped virus ; the outer layer is a lipid membrane which is taken from the host cell in which the virus multiplies . Inserted into the lipid membrane are `` spikes '' , which are proteins -- actually glycoproteins , because they consist of protein linked to sugars -- known as HA ( hemagglutinin ) and NA ( neuraminidase ) . These are the proteins that determine the subtype of influenza virus ( A / H1N1 , for example ) . The HA and NA are important in the immune response against the virus ; antibodies ( proteins made to combat infection ) against these spikes may protect against infection . The NA protein is the target of the antiviral drugs Relenza and Tamiflu . Also embedded in the lipid membrane is the M2 protein , which is the target of the antiviral adamantanes amantadine and rimantadine . Classification ( edit ) Of the three genera of influenza viruses that cause human flu , two also cause influenza in pigs , with influenza A being common in pigs and influenza C being rare . Influenza B has not been reported in pigs . Within influenza A and influenza C , the strains found in pigs and humans are largely distinct , although because of reassortment there have been transfers of genes among strains crossing swine , avian , and human species boundaries . Influenza C ( edit ) Influenza viruses infect both humans and pigs , but do not infect birds . Transmission between pigs and humans have occurred in the past . For example , influenza C caused small outbreaks of a mild form of influenza amongst children in Japan and California . Because of its limited host range and the lack of genetic diversity in influenza C , this form of influenza does not cause pandemics in humans . Influenza a ( edit ) Swine influenza is caused by influenza A subtypes H1N1 , H1N2 , H2N3 , H3N1 , and H3N2 . In pigs , four influenza A virus subtypes ( H1N1 , H1N2 , H3N2 and H7N9 ) are the most common strains worldwide . In the United States , the H1N1 subtype was exclusively prevalent among swine populations before 1998 ; however , since late August 1998 , H3N2 subtypes have been isolated from pigs . As of 2004 , H3N2 virus isolates in US swine and turkey stocks were triple reassortants , containing genes from human ( HA , NA , and PB1 ) , swine ( NS , NP , and M ) , and avian ( PB2 and PA ) lineages . In August 2012 , the Center for Disease Control and Prevention confirmed 145 human cases ( 113 in Indiana , 30 in Ohio , one in Hawaii and one in Illinois ) of H3N2v since July 2012 . The death of a 61 - year - old Madison County , Ohio woman is the first in the nation associated with a new swine flu strain . She contracted the illness after having contact with hogs at the Ross County Fair . Diagnosis ( edit ) Thermal scanning of passengers arriving at Singapore Changi airport The CDC recommends real - time PCR as the method of choice for diagnosing H1N1 . The oral or nasal fluid collection and RNA virus preserving filter paper card is commercially available . This method allows a specific diagnosis of novel influenza ( H1N1 ) as opposed to seasonal influenza . Near - patient point - of - care tests are in development . Prevention ( edit ) Prevention of swine influenza has three components : prevention in pigs , prevention of transmission to humans , and prevention of its spread among humans . Swine ( edit ) Methods of preventing the spread of influenza among swine include facility management , herd management , and vaccination ( ATCvet code : QI09AA03 ( WHO ) ) . Because much of the illness and death associated with swine flu involves secondary infection by other pathogens , control strategies that rely on vaccination may be insufficient . Control of swine influenza by vaccination has become more difficult in recent decades , as the evolution of the virus has resulted in inconsistent responses to traditional vaccines . Standard commercial swine flu vaccines are effective in controlling the infection when the virus strains match enough to have significant cross-protection , and custom ( autogenous ) vaccines made from the specific viruses isolated are created and used in the more difficult cases . Present vaccination strategies for SIV control and prevention in swine farms typically include the use of one of several bivalent SIV vaccines commercially available in the United States . Of the 97 recent H3N2 isolates examined , only 41 isolates had strong serologic cross-reactions with antiserum to three commercial SIV vaccines . Since the protective ability of influenza vaccines depends primarily on the closeness of the match between the vaccine virus and the epidemic virus , the presence of nonreactive H3N2 SIV variants suggests current commercial vaccines might not effectively protect pigs from infection with a majority of H3N2 viruses . The United States Department of Agriculture researchers say while pig vaccination keeps pigs from getting sick , it does not block infection or shedding of the virus . Facility management includes using disinfectants and ambient temperature to control viruses in the environment . They are unlikely to survive outside living cells for more than two weeks , except in cold ( but above freezing ) conditions , and are readily inactivated by disinfectants . Herd management includes not adding pigs carrying influenza to herds that have not been exposed to the virus . The virus survives in healthy carrier pigs for up to three months , and can be recovered from them between outbreaks . Carrier pigs are usually responsible for the introduction of SIV into previously uninfected herds and countries , so new animals should be quarantined . After an outbreak , as immunity in exposed pigs wanes , new outbreaks of the same strain can occur . Humans ( edit ) Prevention of pig - to - human transmission Swine can be infected by both avian and human flu strains of influenza , and therefore are hosts where the antigenic shifts can occur that create new influenza strains . The transmission from swine to humans is believed to occur mainly in swine farms , where farmers are in close contact with live pigs . Although strains of swine influenza are usually not able to infect humans , this may occasionally happen , so farmers and veterinarians are encouraged to use face masks when dealing with infected animals . The use of vaccines on swine to prevent their infection is a major method of limiting swine - to - human transmission . Risk factors that may contribute to swine - to - human transmission include smoking and , especially , not wearing gloves when working with sick animals , thereby increasing the likelihood of subsequent hand - to - eye , hand - to - nose or hand - to - mouth transmission . Prevention of human - to - human transmission Influenza spreads between humans when infected people cough or sneeze , then other people breathe in the virus or touch something with the virus on it and then touch their own face . `` Avoid touching your eyes , nose or mouth . Germs spread this way . '' Swine flu can not be spread by pork products , since the virus is not transmitted through food . The swine flu in humans is most contagious during the first five days of the illness , although some people , most commonly children , can remain contagious for up to ten days . Diagnosis can be made by sending a specimen , collected during the first five days , for analysis . Thermal imaging camera and screen , photographed in an airport terminal in Greece -- thermal imaging can detect elevated body temperature , one of the signs of the virus H1N1 ( swine influenza ) . Recommendations to prevent spread of the virus among humans include using standard infection control , which includes frequent washing of hands with soap and water or with alcohol - based hand sanitizers , especially after being out in public . Chance of transmission is also reduced by disinfecting household surfaces , which can be done effectively with a diluted chlorine bleach solution . Experts agree hand - washing can help prevent viral infections , including ordinary and the swine flu infections . Also , avoiding touching one 's eyes , nose or mouth with one 's hands helps to prevent the flu . Influenza can spread in coughs or sneezes , but an increasing body of evidence shows small droplets containing the virus can linger on tabletops , telephones and other surfaces and be transferred via the fingers to the eyes , nose or mouth . Alcohol - based gel or foam hand sanitizers work well to destroy viruses and bacteria . Anyone with flu - like symptoms , such as a sudden fever , cough or muscle aches , should stay away from work or public transportation , and should contact a doctor for advice . Social distancing , another tactic , is staying away from other people who might be infected , and can include avoiding large gatherings , spreading out a little at work , or perhaps staying home and lying low if an infection is spreading in a community . Public health and other responsible authorities have action plans which may request or require social distancing actions , depending on the severity of the outbreak . Vaccination ( edit ) Main article : 2009 flu pandemic vaccine Vaccines are available for different kinds of swine flu . The U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) approved the new swine flu vaccine for use in the United States on September 15 , 2009 . Studies by the National Institutes of Health show a single dose creates enough antibodies to protect against the virus within about 10 days . In the aftermath of the 2009 pandemic , several studies were conducted to see who received influenza vaccines . These studies show that whites are much more likely to be vaccinated for seasonal influenza and for the H1N1 strain than African Americans This could be due to several factors . Historically , there has been mistrust of vaccines and of the medical community from African Americans . Many African Americans do not believe vaccines or doctors to be effective . This mistrust stems from the exploitation of the African American communities during studies like the Tuskegee study . Additionally , vaccines are typically administered in clinics , hospitals , or doctor 's offices . Many people of lower socioeconomic status are less likely to receive vaccinations because they do not have health insurance . Surveillance ( edit ) Although there is no formal national surveillance system in the United States to determine what viruses are circulating in pigs , an informal surveillance network in the United States is part of a world surveillance network . Treatment ( edit ) Swine ( edit ) As swine influenza is rarely fatal to pigs , little treatment beyond rest and supportive care is required . Instead , veterinary efforts are focused on preventing the spread of the virus throughout the farm , or to other farms . Vaccination and animal management techniques are most important in these efforts . Antibiotics are also used to treat this disease , which although they have no effect against the influenza virus , do help prevent bacterial pneumonia and other secondary infections in influenza - weakened herds . Humans ( edit ) If a person becomes sick with swine flu , antiviral drugs can make the illness milder and make the patient feel better faster . They may also prevent serious flu complications . For treatment , antiviral drugs work best if started soon after getting sick ( within two days of symptoms ) . Beside antivirals , supportive care at home or in a hospital focuses on controlling fevers , relieving pain and maintaining fluid balance , as well as identifying and treating any secondary infections or other medical problems . The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends the use of oseltamivir ( Tamiflu ) or zanamivir ( Relenza ) for the treatment and / or prevention of infection with swine influenza viruses ; however , the majority of people infected with the virus make a full recovery without requiring medical attention or antiviral drugs . The virus isolated in the 2009 outbreak have been found resistant to amantadine and rimantadine . In the U.S. , on April 27 , 2009 , the FDA issued Emergency Use Authorizations to make available Relenza and Tamiflu antiviral drugs to treat the swine influenza virus in cases for which they are currently unapproved . The agency issued these EUAs to allow treatment of patients younger than the current approval allows and to allow the widespread distribution of the drugs , including by volunteers . History ( edit ) Swine influenza was first proposed to be a disease related to human flu during the 1918 flu pandemic , when pigs became ill at the same time as humans . The first identification of an influenza virus as a cause of disease in pigs occurred about ten years later , in 1930 . For the following 60 years , swine influenza strains were almost exclusively H1N1 . Then , between 1997 and 2002 , new strains of three different subtypes and five different genotypes emerged as causes of influenza among pigs in North America . In 1997 -- 1998 , H3N2 strains emerged . These strains , which include genes derived by reassortment from human , swine and avian viruses , have become a major cause of swine influenza in North America . Reassortment between H1N1 and H3N2 produced H1N2 . In 1999 in Canada , a strain of H4N6 crossed the species barrier from birds to pigs , but was contained on a single farm . The H1N1 form of swine flu is one of the descendants of the strain that caused the 1918 flu pandemic . As well as persisting in pigs , the descendants of the 1918 virus have also circulated in humans through the 20th century , contributing to the normal seasonal epidemics of influenza . However , direct transmission from pigs to humans is rare , with only 12 recorded cases in the U.S. since 2005 . Nevertheless , the retention of influenza strains in pigs after these strains have disappeared from the human population might make pigs a reservoir where influenza viruses could persist , later emerging to reinfect humans once human immunity to these strains has waned . Swine flu has been reported numerous times as a zoonosis in humans , usually with limited distribution , rarely with a widespread distribution . Outbreaks in swine are common and cause significant economic losses in industry , primarily by causing stunting and extended time to market . For example , this disease costs the British meat industry about £ 65 million every year . 1918 pandemic ( edit ) The 1918 flu pandemic in humans was associated with H1N1 and influenza appearing in pigs ; this may reflect a zoonosis either from swine to humans , or from humans to swine . Although it is not certain in which direction the virus was transferred , some evidence suggests , in this case , pigs caught the disease from humans . For instance , swine influenza was only noted as a new disease of pigs in 1918 , after the first large outbreaks of influenza amongst people . Although a recent phylogenetic analysis of more recent strains of influenza in humans , birds , animals , and many others and swine suggests the 1918 outbreak in humans followed a reassortment event within a mammal , the exact origin of the 1918 strain remains elusive . It is estimated that anywhere from 50 to 100 million people were killed worldwide . 1976 U.S. outbreak ( edit ) Main article : 1976 swine flu outbreak On February 5 , 1976 , a United States army recruit at Fort Dix said he felt tired and weak . He died the next day , and four of his fellow soldiers were later hospitalized . Two weeks after his death , health officials announced the cause of death was a new strain of swine flu . The strain , a variant of H1N1 , is known as A / New Jersey / 1976 ( H1N1 ) . It was detected only from January 19 to February 9 and did not spread beyond Fort Dix . U.S. President Ford receives a swine flu vaccination This new strain appeared to be closely related to the strain involved in the 1918 flu pandemic . Moreover , the ensuing increased surveillance uncovered another strain in circulation in the U.S. : A / Victoria / 75 ( H3N2 ) , which spread simultaneously , also caused illness , and persisted until March . Alarmed public health officials decided action must be taken to head off another major pandemic , and urged President Gerald Ford that every person in the U.S. be vaccinated for the disease . The vaccination program was plagued by delays and public relations problems . On October 1 , 1976 , immunizations began , and three senior citizens died soon after receiving their injections . This resulted in a media outcry that linked these deaths to the immunizations , despite the lack of any proof the vaccine was the cause . According to science writer Patrick Di Justo , however , by the time the truth was known -- that the deaths were not proven to be related to the vaccine -- it was too late . `` The government had long feared mass panic about swine flu -- now they feared mass panic about the swine flu vaccinations . '' This became a strong setback to the program . There were reports of Guillain -- Barré syndrome ( GBS ) , a paralyzing neuromuscular disorder , affecting some people who had received swine flu immunizations . Although whether a link exists is still not clear , this syndrome may be a side effect of influenza vaccines . As a result , Di Justo writes , `` the public refused to trust a government - operated health program that killed old people and crippled young people . '' In total , 48,161,019 Americans , or just over 22 % of the population , had been immunized by the time the National Influenza Immunization Program was effectively halted on December 16 , 1976 . Overall , there were 1098 cases of GBS recorded nationwide by CDC surveillance , 532 of which occurred after vaccination and 543 before vaccination . About one to two cases per 100,000 people of GBS occur every year , whether or not people have been vaccinated . The vaccination program seems to have increased this normal risk of developing GBS by about to one extra case per 100,000 vaccinations . Recompensation charges were filed for over 4,000 cases of severe vaccination damage , including 25 deaths , totalling US $3.5 billion , by 1979 . The CDC stated most studies on modern influenza vaccines have seen no link with GBS , Although one review gives an incidence of about one case per million vaccinations , a large study in China , reported in the New England Journal of Medicine , covering close to 100 million doses of H1N1 flu vaccine , found only 11 cases of GBS , which is lower than the normal rate of the disease in China : `` The risk - benefit ratio , which is what vaccines and everything in medicine is about , is overwhelmingly in favor of vaccination . '' 1988 U.S. outbreak ( edit ) In September 1988 , a swine flu virus killed one woman and infected others . A 32 - year - old woman , Barbara Ann Wieners , was eight months pregnant when she and her husband , Ed , became ill after visiting the hog barn at a county fair in Walworth County , Wisconsin . Barbara died eight days later , after developing pneumonia . The only pathogen identified was an H1N1 strain of swine influenza virus . Doctors were able to induce labor and deliver a healthy daughter before she died . Her husband recovered from his symptoms . Influenza - like illness ( ILI ) was reportedly widespread among the pigs exhibited at the fair . Of the 25 swine exhibitors aged 9 to 19 at the fair , 19 tested positive for antibodies to SIV , but no serious illnesses were seen . The virus was able to spread between people , since one to three health care personnel who had cared for the pregnant woman developed mild , influenza - like illnesses , and antibody tests suggested they had been infected with swine flu , but there was no community outbreak . In 1998 , swine flu was found in pigs in four U.S. states . Within a year , it had spread through pig populations across the United States . Scientists found this virus had originated in pigs as a recombinant form of flu strains from birds and humans . This outbreak confirmed that pigs can serve as a crucible where novel influenza viruses emerge as a result of the reassortment of genes from different strains . Genetic components of these 1998 triple - hybrid stains would later form six out of the eight viral gene segments in the 2009 flu outbreak . 2007 Philippine outbreak ( edit ) On August 20 , 2007 , Department of Agriculture officers investigated the outbreak of swine flu in Nueva Ecija and central Luzon , Philippines . The mortality rate is less than 10 % for swine flu , unless there are complications like hog cholera . On July 27 , 2007 , the Philippine National Meat Inspection Service ( NMIS ) raised a hog cholera `` red alert '' warning over Metro Manila and five regions of Luzon after the disease spread to backyard pig farms in Bulacan and Pampanga , even if these tested negative for the swine flu virus . 2009 Northern Ireland outbreak ( edit ) Since November 2009 , 14 deaths as a result of swine flu in Northern Ireland have been reported . The majority of the victims were reported to have pre-existing health conditions which had lowered their immunity . This closely corresponds to the 19 patients who had died in the year prior due to swine flu , where 18 of the 19 were determined to have lowered immune systems . Because of this , many mothers who have just given birth are strongly encouraged to get a flu shot because their immune systems are vulnerable . Also , studies have shown that people between the ages of 15 and 44 have the highest rate of infection . Although most people now recover , having any conditions that lower one 's immune system increases the risk of having the flu become potentially lethal . In Northern Ireland now , approximately 56 % of all people under 65 who are entitled to the vaccine have gotten the shot , and the outbreak is said to be under control . 2015 and 2017 India outbreaks ( edit ) Swine flu outbreaks were reported in India in late 2014 and early 2015 . As of March 19 , 2015 the disease has affected 31,151 people and claimed over 1,841 lives . The largest number of reported cases and deaths due to the disease occurred in the western part of India including states like Delhi , Madhya Pradesh , Rajasthan , and Gujarat . Researchers of MIT have claimed that the swine flu has mutated in India to a more virulent version with changes in Hemagglutinin protein . This has however been disputed by Indian researchers . There was another outbreak in India in 2017 . The states of Maharashtra and Gujarat were the most affected states . Gujarat high court has given Gujarat government instructions to control deaths by Swine Flu . Actor Aamir Khan and wife Kiran Rao were among the latest to be afflicted by swine flu . The couple spoke about their battle with the H1N1 virus via video conference at the Satyamev Jayate Water Cup event in Pune , which they had to skip due to ill - health . More than 1094 people died of Swine flu in India in year 2017 till 26 August 2017 . 2015 Nepal outbreak ( edit ) Swine flu outbreaks were reported in Nepal in the spring of 2015 . As of April 21 , 2015 the disease has claimed 26 lives in the most severely affected district , Jajarkot in Northwest Nepal . Cases were also detected in the districts of Kathmandu , Morang , Kaski , and Chitwan . As of 22 April 2015 the Nepal Ministry of Health reported that 2,498 people had been treated in Jajarkot , of whom 552 were believed to have swine flu , and acknowledged that the government 's response had been inadequate . The Jajarkot outbreak had just been declared an emergency when the April 2015 Nepal earthquake struck on 25 April 2015 , diverting all medical and emergency resources to quake - related rescue and recovery . 2016 Pakistan outbreak ( edit ) There were seven cases of Swine flu reported in Punjab province of Pakistan mainly in the city of Multan in January 2016. Cases of Swine Flu have also been reported in Lahore . 2017 Maldives outbreak ( edit ) As of 16 March 2017 , over a hundred confirmed cases of Swine flu and at least six deaths were reported in the Maldivian capital of Male ' and some other islands . Makeshift flu clinics were opened in Male ' . Schools , universities and colleges in the capital were closed , prison visitations suspended , several events cancelled , and all non-essential travel to other islands outside the capital was advised against by the HPA . An influenza vaccination program focussed on pregnant women was initiated soon after . An official visit by the Saudi King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud to the Maldives during his Asian tour was also cancelled last minute amidst fears over the outbreak of swine flu . H1N1 virus pandemic history ( edit ) A study conducted in 2008 , and published in the journal Nature , has managed to establish the evolutionary origin of the flu strain of swine origin ( S - OIV ) . The phylogenetic origin of the flu virus that caused the 2009 pandemics can be traced before 1918 . Around 1918 , the ancestral virus , of avian origin , crossed the species boundaries and infected humans as human H1N1 . The same phenomenon took place soon after in America , where the human virus was infecting pigs ; it led to the emergence of the H1N1 swine strain , which later became the classic swine flu . New events of reassortment were not reported until 1968 , when the avian strain H1N1 infected humans again ; this time the virus met the strain H2N2 , and the reassortment originated the strain H3N2 . This strain has remained as a stable flu strain until now . The mid-1970s were important for the evolution of flu strains . First , the re-emergence of the human H1N1 strain became a seasonal strain . Then , a small outbreak of swine H1N1 occurred in humans , and finally , the human H2N2 strain apparently became extinct . Around 1979 , the avian H1N1 strain infected pigs and gave rise to Euroasiatic swine flu and H1N1 Euroasiatic swine virus , which is still being transmitted in swine populations . The critical moment for the 2009 outbreak was between 1990 and 1993 . A triple reassortment event in a pig host of North American H1N1 swine virus , the human H3N2 virus and avian H1N1 virus generated the swine H1N2 strain . Finally , the last step in S - OIV history was in 2009 , when the virus H1N2 co-infected a human host at the same time as the Euroasiatic H1N1 swine strain . This led to the emergence of a new human H1N1 strain , which caused the 2009 pandemic . On June 11 , 2009 , the World Health Organization raised the worldwide pandemic alert level to Phase 6 for swine flu , which is the highest alert level . This alert level means that the swine flu had spread worldwide and there were cases of people with the virus in most countries . The pandemic level identifies the spread of the disease or virus and not necessarily the severity of the disease . Swine flu spread very rapidly worldwide due to its high human - to - human transmission rate and due to the frequency of air travel . In 2015 the instances of swine flu substantially increased to five year highs with over 10,000 cases reported and 660 deaths in India . The states reporting the highest number of cases and deaths are Rajasthan , Gujarat , Madhya Pradesh , Maharashtra , Delhi , and Telangana . The circulating strain of influenza being the same , unmutant strain that caused global pandemic in 2009 ( A H1N1 pdm 09 ) , the sudden spurt of the cases in the beginning of 2015 left the Indian government unexplained but concerned . Government instructed the affected states to investigate into the epidemiological reasons of such spurt in the states , and had detailed the advisory guidelines to all states . The guidelines are mainly for ( a ) description of A H1N1 for prompt identification , detection , and distinction from the symptoms of other similar infection such as common flu ( cold ) ( b ) categorization of screening of influenza A H1N1 cases , ( c ) clinical management protocol of Pandemic influenza A H1N1 , ( d ) providing home care , ( e ) collection of human sample . Besides , through the National Centre for Diseases Control ( NCDC ) , Directorate General of Health Services ( DGHS ) , Government of India ( GoI ) had placed a tender to procure 8 kits of Assay sets , 37 kits of one step RT - PCR kit , and 36 kits of viral RNA extraction kits . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ International Committee on onomy of Viruses . `` The Universal Virus Database , version 4 : Influenza A '' . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swine influenza '' . The Merck Veterinary Manual . 2008 . ISBN 1 - 4421 - 6742 - 4 . 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Retrieved 15 August 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/faq/en/index.html Jump up ^ `` Antiviral Drugs and Swine Influenza '' . Centers for Disease Control . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` FDA Authorizes Emergency Use of Influenza Medicines , Diagnostic Test in Response to Swine Flu Outbreak in Humans . FDA News , April 27 , 2009 '' . Fda.gov. 2009 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Knobler S , Mack A , Mahmoud A , Lemon S ( eds . ) . `` 1 : The Story of Influenza '' . The Threat of Pandemic Influenza : Are We Ready ? Workshop Summary ( 2005 ) . Washington , D.C. : The National Academies Press . p. 75 . ^ Jump up to : Olsen CW ( May 2002 ) . `` The emergence of novel swine influenza viruses in North America '' . Virus Research . 85 ( 2 ) : 199 -- 210 . doi : 10.1016 / S0168 - 1702 ( 02 ) 00027 - 8 . PMID 12034486 . Jump up ^ Boffey , Philip M. ( 5 September 1976 ) . `` Soft evidence and hard sell '' . New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Taubenberger JK , Morens DM ( 2006 ) . `` 1918 Influenza : the mother of all pandemics '' . Emerg Infect Dis. 12 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 22 . doi : 10.3201 / eid1201. 050979 . PMC 3291398 . PMID 16494711 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. pork groups urge hog farmers to reduce flu risk '' . Reuters. 26 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Heinen , P. ( 2003 ) . `` Swine influenza : a zoonosis '' . Veterinary Sciences Tomorrow : 1 -- 11 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Kay RM , Done SH , Paton DJ ( August 1994 ) . `` Effect of sequential porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome and swine influenza on the growth and performance of finishing pigs '' . Vet . Rec. 135 ( 9 ) : 199 -- 204 . doi : 10.1136 / vr. 135.9. 199 . PMID 7998380 . Jump up ^ Vana G , Westover KM ( June 2008 ) . `` Origin of the 1918 Spanish influenza virus : a comparative genomic analysis '' . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 47 ( 3 ) : 1100 -- 10 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2008.02. 003 . PMID 18353690 . Jump up ^ Antonovics J , Hood ME , Baker CH ( April 2006 ) . `` Molecular virology : was the 1918 flu avian in origin ? '' . Nature . 440 ( 7088 ) : E9 ; discussion E9 -- 10 . doi : 10.1038 / nature04824 . PMID 16641950 . Jump up ^ Patterson KD , Pyle GF ( 1991 ) . `` The geography and mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic '' . Bulletin of the History of Medicine . 65 ( 1 ) : 4 -- 21 . PMID 2021692 . ^ Jump up to : Gaydos JC , Top FH , Hodder RA , Russell PK ( January 2006 ) . `` Swine influenza a outbreak , Fort Dix , New Jersey , 1976 '' . Emerging Infectious Diseases . 12 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 8 . doi : 10.3201 / eid1201. 050965 . PMID 16494712 . Jump up ^ Schmeck , Harold M. ( March 25 , 1976 ) . `` Ford Urges Flu Campaign To Inoculate Entire U.S '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Richard E. Neustadt and Harvey V. Fineberg. ( 1978 ) . The Swine Flu Affair : Decision - Making on a Slippery Disease . National Academies Press . Jump up ^ `` The Last Great Swine Flu Epidemic '' , Salon.com , April 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Retailliau HF , Curtis AC , Storr G , Caesar G , Eddins DL , Hattwick MA ( March 1980 ) . `` Illness after influenza vaccination reported through a nationwide surveillance system , 1976 -- 1977 '' . American Journal of Epidemiology. 111 ( 3 ) : 270 -- 8 . PMID 7361749 . Jump up ^ `` Historical National Population Estimates : July 1 , 1900 to July 1 , 1999 '' . Washington D.C. : Population Division , U.S. Bureau of the Census . 2000 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Schonberger LB , Bregman DJ , Sullivan - Bolyai JZ , et al. ( August 1979 ) . `` Guillain -- Barre syndrome following vaccination in the National Influenza Immunization Program , United States , 1976 -- 1977 '' . American Journal of Epidemiology. 110 ( 2 ) : 105 -- 23 . doi : 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. aje. a112795 . PMID 463869 . ^ Jump up to : `` General Questions and Answers on Guillain -- Barré syndrome '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Swine Flu 1976 Swine flu ' debacle ' of 1976 is recalled -- Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com. 2009 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Haber P , Sejvar J , Mikaeloff Y , DeStefano F ( 2009 ) . `` Vaccines and Guillain -- Barré syndrome '' . Drug Safety . 32 ( 4 ) : 309 -- 23 . doi : 10.2165 / 00002018 - 200932040 - 00005 . PMID 19388722 . Jump up ^ Kaplan JE , Katona P , Hurwitz ES , Schonberger LB ( August 1982 ) . `` Guillain -- Barré syndrome in the United States , 1979 -- 1980 and 1980 -- 1981 . Lack of an association with influenza vaccination '' . JAMA. 248 ( 6 ) : 698 -- 700 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 248.6. 698 . PMID 7097920 . Jump up ^ Vellozzi C , Burwen DR , Dobardzic A , Ball R , Walton K , Haber P ( March 2009 ) . `` Safety of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines in adults : Background for pandemic influenza vaccine safety monitoring '' . Vaccine. 27 ( 15 ) : 2114 -- 2120 . doi : 10.1016 / j. vaccine. 2009.01. 125 . PMID 19356614 . Jump up ^ `` Last Year 's ( 2009 ) H1N1 Flu Vaccine Was Safe , Study Finds '' . Wunderground.com. 2011 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ McKinney WP , Volkert P , Kaufman J ( January 1990 ) . `` Fatal swine influenza pneumonia during late pregnancy '' . Archives of Internal Medicine . 150 ( 1 ) : 213 -- 5 . doi : 10.1001 / archinte. 150.1. 213 . PMID 2153372 . Jump up ^ Kimura K , Adlakha A , Simon PM ( March 1998 ) . `` Fatal case of swine influenza virus in an immunocompetent host '' . Mayo Clinic Proceedings . 73 ( 3 ) : 243 -- 5 . doi : 10.4065 / 73.3. 243 . PMID 9511782 . Jump up ^ `` Key Facts About Swine Flu ( CDC ) '' . Cdc.gov . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Wells DL , Hopfensperger DJ , Arden NH , et al. ( 1991 ) . `` Swine influenza virus infections . Transmission from ill pigs to humans at a Wisconsin agricultural fair and subsequent probable person - to - person transmission '' . JAMA. 265 ( 4 ) : 478 -- 81 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 265.4. 478 . PMID 1845913 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Desmon ( April 28 , 2009 ) . `` Expert : Swine flu virus more complex than typically seen '' . Baltimore Sun . Jump up ^ `` Dayquil is used to cure the Cold and flu '' . https://www.drugs.com . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ CDC Confirms Ties to Virus First Discovered in U.S. Pig Factories Archived August 23 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Video Segments 3 , 4 , 5 in Flu Factories : Tracing the Origins of the Swine Flu Pandemic Archived October 13 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Swine Flu Kept Stable Humans Untouched For 80 Years Archived July 26 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Triple Hybrid Mutant Pig - Bird - Human Crossbreed Virus Archived October 16 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ North Carolina , 1998 Ground Zero Archived October 16 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` DA probes reported swine flu ' outbreak ' in N. Ecija '' . Gmanews.tv . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Gov 't declares hog cholera alert in Luzon '' . Gmanews.tv . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` New mothers urged to get swine flu vaccine '' . BBC News . 2011 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Swine Flu Claims Over 1,700 Lives '' . NDTV.com. 15 March 2015 . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flu Roko : Has Indian swine flu changed to be more dangerous ? '' . fluroko.com . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maharashtra and Gujarat See Highest Number of Swine Flu Deaths '' . News18 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Control swine flu deaths : Gujarat high court to government - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Aamir Khan and Kiran Rao down with Swine Flu '' . Jump up ^ `` Swine flu kills over 1,000 Indians in 2017 , worst outbreak since 2009 - 10 '' . Moneycontrol . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` One more dies of swine flu in Jajarkot '' . nepalaawaj.com. 21 April 2015 . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lab Test on three samples from Jajarkot confirms swine flu '' . infonepal.com. 15 April 2015 . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swine flu outbreak kills 24 in Nepal '' . aa.com.tr. 22 April 2015 . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swine flu spreads across Punjab , 3 more patients identified in Multan - Pakistan - Dunya News '' . dunyanews.tv . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Makeshift flu clinics swamped as H1N1 cases rise to 82 - Maldives - Maldives Independent '' . maldivesindependent.com . Retrieved 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Woman dies in second H1N1 fatality as cases rise above 100 - Maldives - Maldives Independent '' . maldivesindependent.com . Retrieved 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Origins and evolutionary genomics of the 2009 swine - origin H1N1 influenza A epidemic : Article '' . Nature . 459 : 1122 -- 1125 . doi : 10.1038 / nature08182 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Choffnes , Eileen R. , Alison Mack , and David A. Relman . The Domestic and International Impacts of the 2009 - H1N1 Influenza a Pandemic : Global Challenges , Global Solutions : Workshop Summary . Washington , D.C. : National Academies , 2010 . Print . Jump up ^ `` Swine flu deaths soar past 660 '' . the hindu . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 swine flu toll at 485 , more than two-fold jump over 2014 '' . Economic Times . New Delhi . 2015 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Template : Ministry Of Health and Family Welfare , Government of India Jump up ^ ( ( National Centre for Diseases Control ( NCDC ) , Directorate General of Health Services ( DGHS ) , Government of India ( GoI ) . New Delhi . Tenders and Contracts . Tender Notice No. 6 - Stores / NCDC / Pandemic H1N1 Kits / 2014 - 15 . davp 17129 / 11 / 0008 / 1415. The Statesman 2015 February13 . Kolkata. , p. 05 . ) ) Further reading ( edit ) Alexander DJ ( October 1982 ) . `` Ecological aspects of influenza A viruses in animals and their relationship to human influenza : a review '' . Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine . 75 ( 10 ) : 799 -- 811 . PMC 1438138 . PMID 6752410 . Hampson AW , Mackenzie JS ( November 2006 ) . `` The influenza viruses '' . The Medical Journal of Australia . 185 ( 10 Suppl ) : S39 -- 43 . PMID 17115950 . Lipatov AS , Govorkova EA , Webby RJ , et al. ( September 2004 ) . `` Influenza : Emergence and Control '' . Journal of Virology. 78 ( 17 ) : 8951 -- 9 . doi : 10.1128 / JVI. 78.17. 8951 - 8959.2004 . PMC 506949 . PMID 15308692 . Van Reeth K ( 2007 ) . `` Avian and swine influenza viruses : our current understanding of the zoonotic risk '' . Veterinary Research . 38 ( 2 ) : 243 -- 60 . doi : 10.1051 / vetres : 2006062 . PMID 17257572 . Webster RG , Bean WJ , Gorman OT , Chambers TM , Kawaoka Y ( March 1992 ) . `` Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses '' . Microbiological Reviews . 56 ( 1 ) : 152 -- 79 . PMC 372859 . PMID 1579108 . Winkler WG ( October 1970 ) . `` Influenza in animals : its possible public health significance '' . Journal of Wildlife Diseases . 6 ( 4 ) : 239 -- 42 ; discussion 247 -- 8 . doi : 10.7589 / 0090 - 3558 - 6.4. 239 . PMID 16512120 . External links ( edit ) Classification V T D ICD - 10 : J09 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Swine flu . Wikinews has related news : Swine flu Official swine flu advice and latest information from the UK National Health Service 8 minute video answering common questions about the subject on fora.tv Swine flu charts and maps Numeric analysis and approximation of current active cases `` Swine Influenza '' disease card on World Organisation for Animal Health Worried about swine flu ? Then you should be terrified about the regular flu . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) -- Swine Flu Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy -- Novel H1N1 influenza resource list Pandemic Flu US Government Site World Health Organization ( WHO ) : Swine influenza Medical Encyclopedia Medline Plus : Swine Flu Health - EU portal EU response to influenza European Commission -- Public Health EU coordination on Pandemic ( H1N1 ) 2009 ( hide ) Influenza General topics Research Vaccine Treatment Genome sequencing Reassortment Superinfection Flu season Viruses Orthomyxoviridae Influenza A Influenza B Influenza C Influenza A virus subtypes H1N1 H1N2 H2N2 H2N3 H3N1 H3N2 H3N8 H5N1 H5N2 H5N3 H5N6 H5N8 H5N9 H6N1 H7N1 H7N2 H7N3 H7N4 H7N7 H7N9 H9N2 H10N7 H1N1 Pandemics 1918 ( `` Spanish flu '' ) 2009 ( `` swine flu '' ) Science 2009 A / H1N1 H5N1 Outbreaks Croatia ( 2005 ) India ( 2006 ) UK ( 2007 ) West Bengal ( 2008 ) Science Genetic structure Transmission and infection Global spread Vaccine clinical trials Human mortality Social impact Pandemic preparation Treatments Antiviral drugs Adamantane derivatives Amantadine Rimantadine Neuraminidase inhibitor Oseltamivir Laninamivir Peramivir Zanamivir Peramivir ( experimental ) Umifenovir Vaccines Live attenuated influenza vaccine Fluzone Pandemrix Pandemics and epidemics Pandemics `` Russian flu '' ( 1889 -- 1890 ) `` Spanish flu '' ( 1918 ) `` Asian flu '' `` Hong Kong flu '' ( 1968 ) `` Swine flu '' ( 2009 ) Epidemics `` Russian flu '' ( 1977 -- 1978 ) `` Fujian flu '' ( H3N2 ) Central Luzon H5N6 ( 2017 ) Non-human Mammals Canine Feline Equine 2007 Australian outbreak Swine Non-mammals Avian Fujian ( H5N1 ) Complications Acute bronchitis Bronchiolitis Croup Otitis media Pharyngitis Pneumonia Sinusitis Strep throat Related topics Influenza - like illness GND : 7679861 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swine_influenza&oldid=818171320 '' Categories : Animal virology Health disasters Swine diseases Influenza Pandemics Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 errors : external links Webarchive template wayback links Infobox medical condition ( new ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Afrikaans অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca Bamanankan বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deitsch Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kreyòl ayisyen ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Papiamentu پښتو Polski Português Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 00 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which of the animal is a carrier of h1n1 | [
"The H1N1 form of swine flu is one of the descendants of the strain that caused the 1918 flu pandemic.[64][65] As well as persisting in pigs, the descendants of the 1918 virus have also circulated in humans through the 20th century, contributing to the normal seasonal epidemics of influenza.[65] However, direct transmission from pigs to humans is rare, with only 12 recorded cases in the U.S. since 2005.[66] Nevertheless, the retention of influenza strains in pigs after these strains have disappeared from the human population might make pigs a reservoir where influenza viruses could persist, later emerging to reinfect humans once human immunity to these strains has waned.[67]"
] | [
"pigs"
] |
3276095040179314774 | Tricare | Tricare - Wikipedia Tricare Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Tricare logo Tricare ( styled TRICARE ) , formerly known as the Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services ( CHAMPUS ) , was a health care program of the United States Department of Defense Military Health System . Tricare provided civilian health benefits for U.S Armed Forces military personnel , military retirees , and their dependents , including some members of the Reserve Component . The Tricare program was managed by Tricare Management Activity ( TMA ) under the authority of the Assistant Secretary of Defense ( Health Affairs ) . Tricare was the civilian care component of the Military Health System , although historically it also included health care delivered in the military medical treatment facilities . On 1 October 2013 TMA disestablished and Tricare responsibility was transferred to the Defense Health Agency ( DHA ) which was established on the same day . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Tricare 's options 2.1 Tricare Standard 2.2 Tricare Extra 2.3 Tricare Prime 2.3. 1 US Family Health Plan 2.4 Tricare Reserve Select ( TRS ) 2.5 Tricare Reserve Retired ( TRR ) 2.6 Tricare for Life ( TFL ) 2.7 Tricare Young Adult ( TYA ) 2.8 Tricare Supplement 3 Program administration 3.1 Basic structure 3.2 Dental insurance 3.3 Health insurance 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Historically , health care for military personnel and their dependents was provided in military medical facilities as promised by the military , and through a referral system , by civilian medical personnel where military physicians were not available in a certain specialty , or when and where overcrowding of a military medical facility occurred . Active duty military personnel always have priority for care in military medical facilities . After World War II and the Korean War , especially with the growth in the standing forces of the U.S. military due to the Cold War , access to care in military facilities became increasingly unavailable for military retirees and the dependents of both active duty and retired military personnel due to resource constraints and growing demands on the system . It was at this time that the concept of `` space - available basis '' for military retirees and military dependents was first noted . To address this problem , Congress passed the Dependents Medical Care Act of 1956 and the Military Medical Benefits Amendments of 1966 . These acts allowed the Secretary of Defense to contract with civilian health care providers . This civilian health care program became known as the Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services ( CHAMPUS ) in 1966 . In the late 1980s , because of escalating costs , paperwork demands , and general beneficiary dissatisfaction , DoD initiated a series of demonstration projects . Under a program known as the CHAMPUS Reform Initiative ( CRI ) , a contractor provided both health care and administrative - related services , including claims processing . The CRI project was one of the first to introduce managed care features to the CHAMPUS program . Beneficiaries under CRI were offered three choices -- a health maintenance organization - like option called Tricare ( CHAMPUS ) Prime that required enrollment and offered enhanced benefits and low - cost shares , a preferred provider organization - like option called Tricare ( CHAMPUS ) Extra that required use of network providers in exchange for lower cost shares , and the standard CHAMPUS option that continued the freedom of choice in selecting providers but required higher cost shares and deductibles known as Tricare Standard . Although DOD 's initial intent under CRI was to award three competitively bid contracts covering six states , only one bid , made by Foundation Health Corporation ( now Health Net ) covering California and Hawaii , was received . Foundation delivered services under this contract between August 1988 and January 1994 . In late 1993 , in response to requirements in the DOD Appropriation Act for Fiscal Year 1994 , the DoD announced plans for implementing a nationwide managed care program for the MHS that would be completely implemented by May 1997 . Under this program , known as Tricare , the United States was divided into 12 health care regions . An administrative organization , the lead agent , was designated for each region and coordinated the health care needs of all military treatment facilities in the region . Under Tricare , seven managed care support contracts were awarded covering DOD 's 12 health care regions . Since then , Tricare has undergone several restructuring initiatives , including re-alignment of contract regions , Base Realignment and Closure , and the addition of `` Tricare for Life '' benefits in 2001 for those who are Medicare - eligible , and `` Tricare Reserve Select '' in 2005 . Tricare 's options ( edit ) Tricare Standard ( edit ) Tricare Standard provides a similar benefit to the original CHAMPUS program and is available to retirees from the Active Component , retirees from the Reserve Component age 60 or older , and their eligible family members . Tricare Standard is also available to Reservist and their family under the Tricare Reserve Select Component . Under Tricare Standard , beneficiaries can use any civilian health care provider that is payable under Tricare regulations . The beneficiary is responsible for payment of an annual deductible and coinsurance , and may be responsible for certain other out - of - pocket expenses . There is no enrollment fee for Tricare Standard . Tricare Extra ( edit ) Tricare Standard beneficiaries can elect to use the Tricare Extra option by using a civilian health care provider from within the regional contractor 's provider network . In this way , Tricare Extra represents a preferred provider organization ( PPO ) . When using Tricare Extra , the beneficiary 's coinsurance amount is reduced by at least five percentage points . There is no fee for use of the Tricare Extra benefit other than the coinsurance . Tricare Prime ( edit ) Tricare Prime is a health maintenance organization ( HMO ) style plan available to active duty personnel , retirees from the Active Component , retirees from the Reserve Component age 60 or older , and their eligible family members . Under Tricare Prime , beneficiaries must choose a primary care physician and obtain referrals and authorizations for specialty care . In return for these restrictions , beneficiaries are responsible only for small copayments for each visit ( retirees and their families only ) . There is an annual enrollment fee for Tricare Prime for military retirees and their family members . There is no enrollment fee for active duty military and their family members . The majority of Tricare PRIME enrollees must exclusively use the MTF ( Military Treatment Facility ) to receive their care , as long as the MTF has capacity . If the MTF does not have capacity , the commander of the MTF notifies the region 's contractor and the contractor 's provider network is used to supplement the MTF 's capacity . If the MTF regains capacity , the MTF reserves the right to move the beneficiaries back to receiving their care at the MTF in a process known as `` recapture . '' U.S. family health plan ( edit ) US Family Health Plan , a Tricare Prime - sponsored health plan option , is made available by nonprofit health care providers in the Northeast U.S. , Southeast Texas / Southwest Louisiana , and the Puget Sound region of Washington state . Tricare Reserve Select ( TRS ) ( edit ) Tricare Reserve Select is a premium - based health plan that active status qualified National Guard and Reserve members may purchase . The classification is sometimes referred to as Tricare Reserve Component ( RC ) . It requires a monthly premium and offers coverage similar to Tricare Standard and Extra for the military member and eligible family members . It has a partial premium cost sharing arrangement with DoD similar to civilian private or public sector employer plans , although typically at a lower cost than civilian plans . The program coverage is available worldwide to Selected Reserve ( SELRES ) members of both the Title 10 USC Federal Reserve Components ( Army Reserve , Navy Reserve , Air Force Reserve , Marine Corps Reserve ) , Title 14 USC Federal Reserve Component ( Coast Guard Reserve ) and the Title 32 National Guard ( Army National Guard and Air National Guard ) in a drill pay ( also known as `` paid '' ) status . As of February 2008 , retired Reserve Component personnel under the age of 60 , actively drilling Individual Ready Reserve ( IRR ) personnel in a non-paid status , or actively drilling Volunteer Training Unit ( VTU ) personnel in a non-paid status do not qualify for TRS . IRR and VTU members are eligible for reinstatement under TRS is they return to a SELRES status . Reserve Component personnel who are also Federal civil servants ( to include Army Reserve Technicians and Air Reserve Technicians ( ART ) in the Army Reserve , Army National Guard , Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard ) and eligible for the Federal Employee Health Benefit Program ( FEHBP ) are also excluded from TRS . Retired Reserve Component personnel and eligible dependent family members become eligible Tricare Standard , Tricare Extra or Tricare Prime on the service member 's 60th birthday in the same manner as Active Component retirees and their eligible dependents are eligible immediately upon retirement from active service . Qualification questions should be referred to Tricare . Tricare Reserve retired ( TRR ) ( edit ) Tricare Reserve Retired is a premium - based health plan that qualified retired members of the National Guard and Reserve under the age of 60 may purchase for themselves and eligible family members . Established in 2008 and opened for enrollment in 2010 , it is similar to Tricare Reserve Select ( TRS ) , but differs in that there is no premium cost - sharing with DoD as there is with TRS . As such , retired Reserve Component members who elect to purchase TRR must pay the full cost ( 100 % ) of the calculated premium plus an additional administrative fee . Payments could range as high as $900.00 a month . Although open to all eligible retired Reserve Component personnel under the age of 60 , the program 's principal focus is often perceived as being focused on recent Reserve Component retirees who are self - employed or otherwise ineligible for civilian employer provided / subsidized health insurance , especially those who were mobilized for full - time active duty service subsequent to 11 September 2001 in support of Operations Enduring Freedom , Enduring Freedom , Iraqi Freedom , New Dawn and / or Noble Eagle . Retired Reserve Component personnel who elect to participate in TRR will exit TRR when the service member reaches age 60 and he / she and their eligible dependent family members become eligible for the same Tricare Standard , Tricare Extra or Tricare Prime options as Active Component retirees and , in the case of Tricare Prime , at the same cost as Active Component retirees . Qualification questions should be referred to Tricare . Tricare for Life ( TFL ) ( edit ) Tricare for Life was first incorporated as part of the then - seven regional Managed Care Support Contracts of Tricare in May 2001 . The benefit was enacted by Congress in response to growing complaints from beneficiaries that as Medicare out of pocket costs increased a benefit was needed to pay these costs in lieu of Tricare retirees being required to purchase Medicare Supplemental Coverage to pay for prescriptions , physician and hospital dispensed drugs , cost shares and deductibles . Before Tricare for Life , Tricare beneficiaries immediately lost Tricare coverage upon attaining Medicare eligibility at age 65 , placing them at the same level of coverage as U.S. citizens who had never served full 20 to 30 - plus year careers in the armed forces . This included becoming Medicare eligible due to disability . Tricare for Life is designed to pay patient liability after Medicare payments . There is no enrollment necessary for Tricare for Life and to be eligible , members must be Tricare and Medicare Eligible and have purchased Medicare Part B coverage . An exception to the requirement for Part B coverage exists when the beneficiary that is Medicare eligible is the spouse of an Active Duty Service Member . In some instances Tricare for Life is primary payer when the services are normally a Tricare benefit but not covered by Medicare . This includes drug charges , when Medicare benefit limits are attained and services performed outside the United States or in a Veterans Affairs facility where Medicare does not pay . TFL does not pay patient liability for services that are not a Tricare benefit even though they may be paid by Medicare , such as chiropractic benefits . The policy limitations applying to Tricare also apply to TFL and must therefore be deemed medically necessary and skilled care . Custodial care therefore is not covered . In 2004 the Tricare for Life benefit was transferred from the individual regional Tricare contractors . Medical claims are processed by the national Tricare Dual Eligible Fiscal Intermediary Contractor ( TDEFIC - Wisconsin Physicians Service Insurance Corporation ) . Pharmacy claims are processed by the Tricare Pharmacy Contractor ( Express Scripts ) and Overseas TFL claims are processed by the Tricare Overseas Program Contractor ( as of September 2010 this will be International SOS using Wisconsin Physicians Service as their Fiscal Intermediary partner ) . Tricare Young Adult ( TYA ) ( edit ) Tricare Young Adult ( TYA ) is a premium - based health care plan available for purchase by qualified dependents who have aged out of Tricare at age 21 , or age 23 for full - time college students . Dependents are eligible if they are unmarried , not eligible for either Tricare coverage or their own employer - sponsored health care coverage , and their sponsor is Tricare eligible . Eligible dependents have the option to purchase Tricare Standard / Extra health coverage on a month - to - month basis . Purchased coverage includes medical and pharmacy benefits but does not include dental . A premium - based Tricare Prime benefit was to be available later in 2011 . The signing of the National Defense Authorization Act in January 2011 aligned Tricare with the provisions of the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , and led to the creation of TYA . Enrollment began on 1 May 2011 . Tricare supplement ( edit ) In addition to the Tricare options listed above , military retirees can opt for a Tricare supplement plan . Tricare supplement was designed to help military retirees and their families save money on unexpected out of pocket expenses that are not covered by Tricare . Out of pocket costs that may be alleviated by Tricare supplement can include specialists , surgeries , and hospital stays . The Tricare supplement plan can be beneficial for Tricare standard beneficiaries who are covered under a 75 / 25 plan that does not cover all expenses in the event of an unexpected illness or accident . Program administration ( edit ) The ultimate responsible organization for administration of Tricare is the U.S. Department of Defense Military Health System , which organized the Tricare Management Activity ( TMA ) . The Tricare Management Activity contracts with several large health insurance corporations to provide claims processing , customer service and other administrative functions to the Tricare program . Basic structure ( edit ) Currently , there are three regional Managed Care Support Contractors ( MCSCs ) , a Medicare / Tricare Dual Eligible Fiscal Intermediary Contractor ( TDEFIC ) , and a Tricare Pharmacy contractor , who administers both Mail Order Pharmacy ( TMOP ) and Retail Pharmacy ( TRRx ) programs . In addition several administrative contractors provide quality management , auditing , and statistical services . Dental Insurance ( edit ) TMA contracts and administers a couple of dental programs . United Concordia Dental -- as Tricare Dental Program ( TDP ) Delta Dental -- as Tricare Retiree Dental Program ( TRDP ) Health Insurance ( edit ) In 2004 , Tricare Management Activity re-aligned the previous twelve regions into three large regions , known as Tricare North , Tricare South , and Tricare West . Services in these regions are provided by : North -- Health Net Federal Services , LLC The North Region includes Connecticut , Delaware , the District of Columbia , Illinois , Indiana , Kentucky , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , Michigan , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , North Carolina , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont , Virginia , West Virginia , Wisconsin and portions of Iowa ( Rock Island Arsenal area ) , Missouri ( St. Louis area ) and Tennessee ( Ft. Campbell area ) . South -- Humana Military Healthcare Services , Inc . The South Region includes Alabama , Arkansas , Florida , Georgia , Louisiana , Mississippi , Oklahoma , South Carolina , Tennessee ( excluding the Ft. Campbell area ) and Texas ( excluding the El Paso area ) . West -- United Healthcare The West Region includes Alaska , Arizona , California , Colorado , Hawaii , Idaho , Iowa ( excluding Rock Island Arsenal area ) , Kansas , Minnesota , Missouri ( except the St. Louis area ) , Montana , Nebraska , Nevada , New Mexico , North Dakota , Oregon , South Dakota , Texas ( the southwestern corner , including El Paso ) , Utah , Washington and Wyoming . All medical claims are processed ( `` adjudicated '' ) by the following claims processing sub-contractors : North , South and West -- PGBA , LLC ( a subsidiary of BlueCross BlueShield of South Carolina ) Tricare Overseas claims and Tricare for Life -- Wisconsin Physicians Service Insurance Corporation In 2009 , the Tricare Overseas Program contract consolidated the following : Overseas enrollment Tricare Overseas claims processing Three area Tricare Service Center contracts Tricare Global Remote Overseas ( TGRO ) Tricare Puerto Rico Prime In October 2009 International SOS Assistance , Inc. was awarded the contract to provide comprehensive health care support services to the Department of Defense Tricare Overseas Program . See also ( edit ) Health insurance in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ What is Tricare ? Official website of the Tricare Management Activity Jump up ^ Defense Health Agency - About TMA Jump up ^ `` Task Force on the Future of Military Health Care : Final Report '' ( pdf ) . United States Department of Defense . 2007 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Defense Health Care : Despite Tricare Procurement Improvements , Problems Remain '' ( pdf ) . United States General Accounting Office . 1995 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Tricare Young Adult Retrieved April 2011 Jump up ^ New Tricare Program Offers Coverage for Young Adults Under 26 . Retrieved from http://tricare.mil/mediacenter/news.aspx?fid=706 . Jump up ^ Tricare Young Adult begins ; monthly premiums set Stars and Stripes , April 11 , 2011 Jump up ^ Horrell , Kate . `` Tricare Supplemental Insurance Military.com '' . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Official website TRICARE @ Google+ ( hide ) United States Armed Forces Book Portal MC AF CG MC AF CG PHS NOAA Navbox MC AF CG Leadership Commander - in - chief : President of the United States Secretary of Defense Deputy Secretary of Defense Secretary of Homeland Security Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Joint Chiefs of Staff : Chairman Vice Chairman United States Congress : Committees on Armed Services : Senate House Active duty four - star officers Highest ranking officers in history National Security Act of 1947 Goldwater -- Nichols Act Organization Service departments Department of Defense ( Secretary ) : Army ( Secretary ) Navy ( Secretary ) Air Force ( Secretary ) Department of Homeland Security ( Secretary ) : Coast Guard Branches Army ( Chief of Staff ) Marine Corps ( Commandant ) Navy ( Chief of Naval Operations ) Air Force ( Chief of Staff ) Coast Guard ( Commandant ) Reserve components Reserves : A MC N AF CG National Guard : A AF Civilian auxiliaries Military Auxiliary Radio System Merchant Marine Civil Air Patrol Coast Guard Auxiliary Unified Combatant Command Northern Central European Pacific Southern Africa Special Operations Strategic Transportation Structure United States Code Title 10 Title 14 Title 32 Title 50 The Pentagon Installations Units : A MC N AF CG Logistics Media Unit mottoes Operations and history Current deployments Conflicts Wars Timeline History : A MC N AF CG Colonial World War II Civil affairs African Americans Asian Americans Buddhist Americans Jewish Americans Muslim Americans Pakistani Americans Sikh Americans Historiography : A : 1 / 2 MC N AF Art : A AF Personnel Training MEPS ASVAB Recruit training : A MC N AF CG Officer candidate school : A MC N AF Warrant : A MC Service academies : A ( prep ) N ( prep ) AF ( prep ) CG Merchant Marine ROTC A : ECP MC / N AF Medical Other education Uniforms Uniforms : A MC N AF CG Awards & decorations : Inter-service A MC / N AF CG PHS NOAA Foreign International Devices Badges : Identification A MC N AF CG Ranks Enlisted : A MC N AF CG Warrant officers Officer : A MC N AF CG PHS NOAA Other Oath : Enlistment Office Creeds & Codes : Code of Conduct NCO A MC N AF CG Service numbers : A MC N AF CG Military Occupational Specialty / Rating / Air Force Specialty Code Pay Uniform Code of Military Justice Judge Advocate General 's Corps Military Health System / TRICARE Separation Veterans Affairs Conscription Chiefs of Chaplains : A MC N AF CG Equipment MC : vehicles weapons other AF CG Land Individual weapons Crew - served weapons Vehicles ( active ) Sea All watercraft Ships : A N ( active ) AF CG MSC NOAA Weapons : N CG Aircraft : N CG NOAA Reactors Air Aircraft World War I active Aircraft designation Missiles Helicopter arms Other Nuclear football Electronics ( designations ) Flags : A MC N AF CG Ensign Jack Guidons Food WMDs : Nuclear Biological Chemical Legend A = Army MC = Marine Corps N = Navy AF = Air Force CG = Coast Guard PHS = Public Health Service NOAA = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tricare&oldid=799587228 '' Categories : Military medicine in the United States Health in the United States United States Department of Defense 1956 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 16 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does tricare provide accident and health coverage to | [
"Tricare (styled TRICARE), formerly known as the Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services (CHAMPUS), was a health care program of the United States Department of Defense Military Health System.[1] Tricare provided civilian health benefits for U.S Armed Forces military personnel, military retirees, and their dependents, including some members of the Reserve Component. The Tricare program was managed by Tricare Management Activity (TMA) under the authority of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Health Affairs). Tricare was the civilian care component of the Military Health System, although historically it also included health care delivered in the military medical treatment facilities."
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"the United States Department of Defense Military Health System"
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6300762469123268173 | Nursing in Australia | Nursing in Australia - Wikipedia Nursing in Australia Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The lead section of this article may need to be rewritten . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . Use the lead layout guide to ensure the section follows Wikipedia 's norms and to be inclusive of all essential details . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Two trainee nurses operating a neonatal incubator in 2011 Nursing in Australia has evolved in training and regulation since the 19th century . Nurses are vital to the community . A career in nursing is challenging , while also rewarding as it involves helping sick individuals become healthy again . There are many ways of becoming a nurse in Australia , including TAFE or university courses . As there are many people in need of nurses nationwide , there are always jobs available for nurses . Nurses in Australia have many places they can work in , this includes hospitals and schools , with the opportunity to have flexible work hours . The salary of a nurse in Australia depends on what type of nurse they are and their years of experience . There are multiple career pathways one may follow within nursing such as paediatrics , intensive care , oncology , and emergency nursing . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Legal regulation 2.1 Types of nurses 2.2 Mandatory Registration Requirements for Nurses in Australia 3 Education 3.1 Professional titles 4 Salary 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) Prior to the transfer of nursing education to the university sector , nurses were trained on the job in a three - year course of theory and practice instruction in hospital nursing schools and on the wards commencing with a 6 - week preliminary training school ( PTS ) with the earliest accepted entry age being 17 years . First , second and third year student nurses were often distinguished by the number of stripes on their uniform caps and or belts . Hospital - based examinations were held each year and a successful pass meant progression to the next year and a fail meant a student nurse was cut , no second chances . Three years of student nursing culminated in final year exams . Student Nurses were paid employees of the parent hospital and there was no sick leave . If a student nurse missed time off through sick leave over the three years of training this time was added on to be worked at the end of the three years and if not worked a nurse was not allowed to graduate . Hospitals awarded distinctive badges and veils ( think the flying nun ) upon graduation . In addition , state registering authorities awarded a badge of registration . These were generally worn with pride on the uniform collars . A nurse examining children at a school in Queensland in 1946 As early as the 1930s , attempts were made to establish university credentialed nursing courses in Australia , most notably by then director of nursing at the Royal Melbourne Hospital and the University of Melbourne . As recently as the 1970s , Sandra Stacy , one of the first Australian nurses to attain a PhD enrolled in a school of anthropology to submit her thesis . In the late 1970s , the Royal College of Nursing Australia pioneered a course that became the Diploma of Applied Science ( Nursing ) , awarded by the Lincoln Institute in Melbourne and Cumberland College in Sydney . The transfer of nursing education to the university sector continued throughout the 1980s , and gradually hospital schools ceased operating . In the early 1990s , universities finally granted nursing education the same status as allied health , and granted bachelor degrees in nursing rather than diplomas for entry - level courses . The first move towards baccalaureate recognition was the development of the Bachelor of Applied Science ( Advanced Nursing ) , a post graduate degree that required registration as a registered nurse as a prerequisite to admission and completion of 16 units . This course is no longer offered , and has been superseded by the transition of `` post basic courses '' conducted by various hospitals as a form of in - service training to the tertiary sector . The College of Nursing still runs post graduate certificate courses for nurses in many specialities . The transfer of nursing education to the university sector from the hospital setting was the result of long - time efforts by leaders in Australian nursing . It was opposed by the medical hierarchy who viewed the development of highly trained professional nurses as a threat to their monopoly on the delivery of high - level health care . Many nurses themselves opposed the transfer on the grounds that `` hands on experience in hospitals '' would be lost . One underlying cause of the opposition was that of societal views toward appropriate gender roles : nursing as a `` female '' profession and medicine as a `` male '' profession . Historically , a `` double '' or `` triple certificated sister '' would have been a registered nurse who held general , midwifery , psychiatric , or other range of certificates . The post nominal `` RN ( DC ) '' or `` RN ( TC ) '' was used by some nurses to signify this attainment . Nurse practitioners are being introduced into the Australian healthcare community . It was only in December 2000 , that the first Nurse Practitioner was authorised to work in Australia . Since then there are approximately 700 practicing throughout Australia . To become a Nurse Practitioner you must firstly apply to the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia , NMBA . After applying to the NMBA you are then required to provide affirmation of the following to be considered : General registration as a nurse The required hours of experience in a leading practice , which is 3 years full - time within the space of the last 6 years A Masters degree which is from an approved provided Legal regulation ( edit ) As of 1 July 2010 , nurses are regulated by the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia , an agency under the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency ( AHPRA ) under the National Registration and Accreditation Scheme . The practice of nursing was previously governed by state and territorial nursing regulation authorities . The Australian Nursing and Midwifery Accreditation Council ( ANMAC ) was established in 1992 and works with these authorities to facilitate a national approach to nursing and midwifery regulation . Which has now been superseded by the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia ( NMBA ) . A Nurse Practitioner caring for a newborn Types of nurses ( edit ) Nurses fall into the following major categories : Nurse practitioner ( NP ) Registered nurse ( RN ) Enrolled nurse ( EN ) Assistant In nursing ( AIN ) Mandatory Registration Requirements for Nurses in Australia ( edit ) Before being able to work as a nurse you must become registered in Australia . There are specific registration requirements that all new applicants and applicants renewing their registration must meet : Criminal history check -- international as of the 4th of February 2015 Professional indemnity insurance arrangements English skills Continuation of professional development Recency of practice Education ( edit ) Registration as a registered nurse now requires a Bachelor of Nursing , considered the foundation for any future specialisation within nursing . Postgraduate diplomas provide further vocational training for specialist areas . Masters level courses are available in both research and course work streams ; a specialist course has been developed to provide preparation for registration as a nurse practitioner . Professional doctorates are also available . Australia has a long tradition of post-basic courses , usually of a six - month ( minor ) or twelve - month ( major ) duration , which included midwifery , maternal and child welfare , psychiatric , perioperative ( theatre nursing ) , intensive care , and coronary care in later years , as well as a myriad of other courses . They are now provided by the university sector as postgraduate diplomas or post graduate certificates , depending on the length and complexity . There are options available for hospital trained nurses to upgrade their qualifications to a Bachelor of Nursing ( post registration ) . However , most opt instead to undertake specialist courses such as a postgraduate diploma or certification in the area of their clinical interest . Enrolled nurses ( Endorsed ) complete a Diploma of Nursing and are trained in the `` technical and further education '' ( TAFE ) sector and also Universities , although still obtaining the same degree . Course length has been increased to 18 months to include a module that permits enrolled nurses to dispense oral medications , as well as perform intramuscular injections , subcutaneous injections , and intradermal injections when . Additional post-graduate certificates are offered . Diploma ( Endorsed ) and Certificate nurses can attend University to gain a Bachelor of Nursing in just 2 years , as their previous qualification allows most to enter at 2nd year . Professional titles ( edit ) The professional courtesy title `` sister '' has fallen into disuse and disapproval , even though it was formerly used by both male and female registered general nurses . The title `` nurse '' was used when addressing enrolled nurses . Salary ( edit ) The salary of a nurse depends on two factors : the type of nurse and the years of experience in the position . Nurse Practitioner : $118,419 to $123,629 Registered Nurse : $62,724 to $86,316 Endorsed Enrolled Nurse : $56,515 to $59,982 Assistant in Nursing : $52,228 to $57,182 The initial figure would be the commencing salary , then after years of experience the nurse could potentially receive the larger figure . The salary rates above are the most current rates in Australia , which are from the 1st of April 2016 . See also ( edit ) Nursing portal Australian College of Nursing Nurses and Midwives Tribunal , superseded complaints forum References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Salary '' . Government of Western Australia - Department of Health . 2016 . Jump up ^ Willett , Bridget ( 2008 ) . `` Careers in Nursing & Midwifery '' ( PDF ) . Graduate Careers Australia . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ MacLellan , Higgins & Levett - Jones , Lorna , Isabel & Tracy ( 2015 ) . `` Medical acceptance of the nurse practitioner role in Australia : A decade on : Nurse practitioner role in Australia '' . Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners. 27 ( 3 ) : 152 -- 159 . doi : 10.1002 / 2327 - 6924.12141 . Jump up ^ `` Neonatal Nurse Practitioner '' . Wikipedia . 2016 . Jump up ^ Cashin , Heartfield , Bryce , Devey , Buckley , Cox , Kerdo , Kelly , Thoms & Fisher , Andrew , Maria , Julianne , Lisa , Thomas , Darlene , Eleanor , John , Deb & Murray ( 2015 ) . `` Standards for practice for registered nurses in Australia '' . Collegian . doi : 10.1016 / j. colegn. 2016.03. 002 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Nurses and Midwives - Wage Rates '' ( PDF ) . Queensland Health Department of Education and Training . 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Chiarella , M. The Legal and Professional Status of Nursing . New York : Churchill Livingstone , 2002 . Dooley , G . The Transfer of Australian Nursing Education from Hospitals to Tertiary Institutions : An Annotated Bibliography . Bedford Park , S. Aust : South Australian College of Advanced Education Library , 1990 . Russell , R. Lynette . From Nightingale to Now : Nurse Education in Australia . Sydney : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich , 1990 . Schultz , Bartz . A Tapestry of Service : The Evolution of Nursing in Australia . Melbourne : Churchill Livingstone , 1991 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nursing in Australia . Department of Health - Nursing ( hide ) Nursing in Oceania Sovereign states Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associated states of New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Dependencies and other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nursing_in_Australia&oldid=804417614 '' Categories : Nursing in Australia Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from July 2011 Use Australian English from July 2011 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Wikipedia introduction cleanup from May 2011 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from May 2011 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles lacking in - text citations from April 2009 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 21 : 44 . About Wikipedia | when did nursing become a degree in australia | [
"In the late 1970s, the Royal College of Nursing Australia pioneered a course that became the Diploma of Applied Science (Nursing), awarded by the Lincoln Institute in Melbourne and Cumberland College in Sydney. The transfer of nursing education to the university sector continued throughout the 1980s, and gradually hospital schools ceased operating. In the early 1990s, universities finally granted nursing education the same status as allied health, and granted bachelor degrees in nursing rather than diplomas for entry-level courses."
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"late 1970s"
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1299452526159276502 | List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1984 | List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1984 - wikipedia List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1984 These are the Billboard Hot 100 number one hits of 1984 . `` Jump '' by Van Halen and `` When Doves Cry '' by Prince each totaled five weeks at number one , the most of any song within 1984 . However , `` Like a Virgin '' by Madonna had the longest run at number one of any song which rose into the top position during 1984 . Though it spent only two weeks at number one at the end of the year , it went on to spend an additional four weeks at the top to begin 1985 , for a total of six weeks . Overall , Prince spent the most weeks at number one in 1984 , reigning for seven weeks at the top with `` When Doves Cry '' and `` Let 's Go Crazy '' ( with the Revolution ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart history 2 See also 3 References 4 Additional sources Chart history ( edit ) Singer - songwriter / multi-instrumentalist Prince scored two number one singles with `` When Doves Cry '' and `` Let 's Go Crazy '' with the Revolution . Overall , Prince spent seven weeks in the chart . Additionally , `` When Doves Cry '' tied with `` Jump '' by Van Halen as the longest - running number - one single of 1984 , staying for five weeks at the top . American hard rock band Van Halen gained their first and only number - one single in the chart with `` Jump '' , which spent five weeks in the chart . Singer Tina Turner gained her first and only U.S. number - one single with `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' . Turner was 44 when the song spent three weeks at the top , at the time making her the oldest female solo artist to top the US Hot 100 . Key The yellow background indicates the # 1 song on Billboard 's 1984 Year - End Chart of Pop Singles . Issue Date Song Artist ( s ) Reference January 7 `` Say Say Say '' Paul McCartney and Michael Jackson January 14 January 21 `` Owner of a Lonely Heart '' Yes January 28 February 4 `` Karma Chameleon '' Culture Club February 11 February 18 February 25 `` Jump '' Van Halen March 3 March 10 March 17 March 24 March 31 `` Footloose '' Kenny Loggins April 7 April 14 April 21 `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) '' Phil Collins April 28 May 5 May 12 `` Hello '' Lionel Richie May 19 May 26 `` Let 's Hear It for the Boy '' Deniece Williams June 2 June 9 `` Time After Time '' Cyndi Lauper June 16 June 23 `` The Reflex '' Duran Duran June 30 July 7 `` When Doves Cry '' Prince July 14 July 21 July 28 August 4 August 11 `` Ghostbusters '' Ray Parker , Jr . August 18 August 25 September 1 `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' Tina Turner September 8 September 15 September 22 `` Missing You '' John Waite September 29 `` Let 's Go Crazy '' Prince and the Revolution October 6 October 13 `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Stevie Wonder October 20 October 27 November 3 `` Caribbean Queen ( No More Love on the Run ) '' Billy Ocean November 10 November 17 `` Wake Me Up Before You Go - Go '' Wham ! November 24 December 1 December 8 `` Out of Touch '' Daryl Hall and John Oates December 15 December 22 `` Like a Virgin '' Madonna December 29 See also ( edit ) 1984 in music List of Cash Box Top 100 number - one singles of 1984 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-01-07/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-01-14/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-01-21/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-01-28/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-02-04/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-02-11/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-02-18/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-08-25/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-03-03/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-03-10/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-03-17/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-03-24/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-03-31/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-04-07/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-04-14/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-04-21/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-04-28/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-05-05/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-05-12/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-05-19/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-05-26/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-06-02/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-06-09/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-06-16/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-06-23/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-06-30/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-07-07/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-07-14/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-07-21/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-07-28/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-08-04/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-08-11/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-08-18/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-08-25/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-09-01/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-09-08/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-09-15/hot-100 Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1984 - 09 - 14 ) . `` How Long Can Tina Turner Stay No. 1 ? '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-09-22/hot-100 Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1984 - 09 - 21 ) . `` John Waite , a New Face on Top of Charts '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-09-29/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-10-06/hot-100 Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1984 - 10 - 05 ) . `` Prince Still Holds No. 1 '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-10-13/hot-100 Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1984 - 10 - 12 ) . `` Stevie Wonder 's ' I Just Called ' Takes Over 3 Top Spots on the Charts '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-10-20/hot-100 Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1984 - 10 - 19 ) . `` Stevie 's Hit ' I Just Called ' Now a Worldwide Wonder '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-10-27/hot-100 Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1984 - 10 - 26 ) . `` Wonder 's ' I Just Called ' Continues Grand Slam on Charts '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-11-03/hot-100 Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1984 - 11 - 02 ) . `` Stevie Wonder Slips to No. 2 , but Stays Hot with Worldwide Audience '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-11-10/hot-100 Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1984 - 11 - 09 ) . `` Here 's a Surprise ; Top 3 Hits all Hold on to Their Spots Another Week '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-11-17/hot-100 Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1984 - 11 - 16 ) . `` It 's British Band Wham in the No. 1 Spot '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-11-24/hot-100 Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1984 - 11 - 24 ) . `` Chart Watching '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-12-01/hot-100 Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1984 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Wham Holds on to Top Rung '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-12-08/hot-100 Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1984 - 12 - 07 ) . `` Hall & Oates ' Smash Hit ' Out of Touch ' is Their Fifth No. 1 Pop Single in Four Years '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-12-15/hot-100 Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1984 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Chart Watching '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-12-22/hot-100 Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1984 - 12 - 21 ) . `` Madonna Speeds Past Duran Duran to Reach the Top '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1984-12-29/hot-100 Additional sources ( edit ) Fred Bronson 's Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits , 5th Edition ( ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7677 - 6 ) Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2008 , 12 Edition ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 180 - 2 ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The Eighties ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 079 - 2 ) Additional information obtained can be verified within Billboard 's online archive services and print editions of the magazine . hide Lists of Billboard number - one singles 1940 -- 1959 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 -- 1979 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 -- 1999 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2000 -- present 2017 2018 By decade 1940s 1950 -- 1958 1958 -- 1969 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s See also Hot 100 Year - end List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number-one_singles_of_1984&oldid=789355397 '' Categories : 1984 record charts Lists of Billboard Hot 100 number - one songs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 July 2017 , at 21 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the number one song on april 17 1984 | [
"\n\nIssue Date\nSong\nArtist(s)\nReference\n\n\nJanuary 7\n\"Say Say Say\"\nPaul McCartney and Michael Jackson\n[1]\n\n\nJanuary 14\n[2]\n\n\nJanuary 21\n\"Owner of a Lonely Heart\"\nYes\n[3]\n\n\nJanuary 28\n[4]\n\n\nFebruary 4\n\"Karma Chameleon\"\nCulture Club\n[5]\n\n\nFebruary 11\n[6]\n\n\nFebruary 18\n[7]\n\n\nFebruary 25\n\"Jump\"\nVan Halen\n[8]\n\n\nMarch 3\n[9]\n\n\nMarch 10\n[10]\n\n\nMarch 17\n[11]\n\n\nMarch 24\n[12]\n\n\nMarch 31\n\"Footloose\"\nKenny Loggins\n[13]\n\n\nApril 7\n[14]\n\n\nApril 14\n[15]\n\n\nApril 21\n\"Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)\"\nPhil Collins\n[16]\n\n\nApril 28\n[17]\n\n\nMay 5\n[18]\n\n\nMay 12\n\"Hello\"\nLionel Richie\n[19]\n\n\nMay 19\n[20]\n\n\nMay 26\n\"Let's Hear It for the Boy\"\nDeniece Williams\n[21]\n\n\nJune 2\n[22]\n\n\nJune 9\n\"Time After Time\"\nCyndi Lauper\n[23]\n\n\nJune 16\n[24]\n\n\nJune 23\n\"The Reflex\"\nDuran Duran\n[25]\n\n\nJune 30\n[26]\n\n\nJuly 7\n\"When Doves Cry\"\nPrince\n[27]\n\n\nJuly 14\n[28]\n\n\nJuly 21\n[29]\n\n\nJuly 28\n[30]\n\n\nAugust 4\n[31]\n\n\nAugust 11\n\"Ghostbusters\"\nRay Parker, Jr.\n[32]\n\n\nAugust 18\n[33]\n\n\nAugust 25\n[34]\n\n\nSeptember 1\n\"What's Love Got to Do with It\"\nTina Turner\n[35]\n\n\nSeptember 8\n[36]\n\n\nSeptember 15\n[37][38]\n\n\nSeptember 22\n\"Missing You\"\nJohn Waite\n[39][40]\n\n\nSeptember 29\n\"Let's Go Crazy\"\nPrince and the Revolution\n[41]\n\n\nOctober 6\n[42][43]\n\n\nOctober 13\n\"I Just Called to Say I Love You\"\nStevie Wonder\n[44][45]\n\n\nOctober 20\n[46][47]\n\n\nOctober 27\n[48][49]\n\n\nNovember 3\n\"Caribbean Queen (No More Love on the Run)\"\nBilly Ocean\n[50][51]\n\n\nNovember 10\n[52][53]\n\n\nNovember 17\n\"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go\"\nWham!\n[54][55]\n\n\nNovember 24\n[56][57]\n\n\nDecember 1\n[58][59]\n\n\nDecember 8\n\"Out of Touch\"\nDaryl Hall and John Oates\n[60][61]\n\n\nDecember 15\n[62][63]\n\n\nDecember 22\n\"Like a Virgin\"\nMadonna\n[64][65]\n\n\nDecember 29\n[66]\n\n"
] | [
"Footloose"
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7201181078165853953 | General (United States) | General ( United States ) - wikipedia General ( United States ) This article is about the four - star rank . For the broader U.S. military usage , see General officers in the United States . For other uses , see General ( disambiguation ) . General Army , Air Force and Marine Corps four - star insignia of the rank of general . Shoulder four - star rank insignia of general for the above services . Country United States Service branch United States Army United States Air Force United States Marine Corps Abbreviation GEN ( Army ) or Gen ( Air Force and Marine Corps ) Rank Four - star NATO rank OF - 9 Non-NATO rank O - 10 Next higher rank General of the Army General of the Air Force Next lower rank Lieutenant general Equivalent ranks Admiral ( United States Navy and United States Coast Guard ) In the United States Army , United States Marine Corps , and United States Air Force , general ( abbreviated as GEN in the Army or Gen in the Air Force and Marine Corps ) is a four - star general officer rank , with the pay grade of O - 10 . General ranks above lieutenant general and below General of the Army or General of the Air Force ; the Marine Corps does not have an established grade above general . General is equivalent to the rank of admiral in the other uniformed services . Since the grades of General of the Army and General of the Air Force are reserved for wartime use only , and since the Marine Corps has no five - star equivalent , the grade of general is currently considered to be the highest appointment an officer can achieve in these three services . Contents ( hide ) 1 Address 2 Statutory limits 3 Appointment and tour length 4 Retirement 5 History and origins 6 See also 7 References Address ( edit ) Formally , the term `` General '' is always used when referring to a four - star general . However , a number of different terms may be used to refer to them informally , since lower - ranking generals may also be referred to as simply `` General '' . These may include `` Full General '' , `` Four - star General '' ( or simply four - star ) , or `` O - 10 '' ( in reference to pay grade ) . Statutory limits ( edit ) U.S. Army insignia of the rank of General . Style and method of wear may vary between the services . U.S. Marine Corps insignia of the rank of General . Style and method of wear may vary between the services . U.S. Air Force insignia of the rank of General . Style and method of wear may vary between the services . U.S. generals ' flags Rank flag of a general in the United States Army . The flag of a general of the Army Medical Department has a maroon background ; the flag of a chaplain ( general ) has a black background . The Marine Corps equivalent has 4 stars in a circular manner ; the Air Force equivalent has a blue background rather than red . Flag of a United States Marine Corps general . Flag of a United States Air Force general . The United States Code explicitly limits the total number of general officers ( termed flag officers in the Navy and Coast Guard ) that may be on active duty at any given time . The total number of active duty general officers is capped at 231 for the Army , 62 for the Marine Corps , 198 for the Air Force , and 162 for the Navy . No more than about 25 % of a service 's active duty general or flag officers may have more than two stars , and statute sets the total number of four - star officers allowed in each service . This is set at 7 four - star Army generals , 9 four - star Air Force generals , 2 four - star Marine generals , and 6 four - star Navy admirals . Several of these slots are reserved by statute . For example , the two highest - ranking members of each service ( the service chief and deputy service chief ) are designated as four - star generals . For the Army the Chief of Staff and the Vice Chief of Staff are four - star generals ; for the Marine Corps , the Commandant and the Assistant Commandant are both four - star generals ; and for the Air Force , the Chief of Staff and Vice Chief of Staff are four - star generals . In addition , for the National Guard , the Chief of the National Guard Bureau is a four - star general under active duty in the Army or Air Force . There are several exceptions to these limits allowing more than allotted within the statute : A four - star officer serving as Chairman or Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ; an officer serving as Chief of the National Guard Bureau counts only against his service 's four - star cap ; the commander of a Unified Combatant Command ; the commander of United States Forces Korea ; the deputy commander of United States European Command if their immediate commander is also the Supreme Allied Commander , Europe ; officers serving in certain intelligence positions i.e. the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency ; officers serving in four - star slots added by the President to one service which are offset by removing an equivalent number from other services . Finally , all statutory limits may be waived at the President 's discretion during time of war or national emergency . Appointment and tour length ( edit ) Four - star grades go hand - in - hand with the positions of office to which they are linked ; the active rank of four - star general can only be held for so long - though upon retirement , if satisfactory service requirements are met , the general or admiral is normally allowed to hold that rank in retirement , rather than reverting to a lower position , as was formerly usually the case . Their active rank expires with the expiration of their term of office , which is usually set by statute . Generals are nominated for appointment by the President from any eligible officers holding the rank of brigadier general or above who meet the requirements for the position , with the advice of the Secretary of Defense , service secretary ( Secretary of the Army , Secretary of the Navy , or Secretary of the Air Force ) , and if applicable the Joint Chiefs of Staff . For some positions , statute allows the President to waive those requirements for a nominee deemed to serve national interests . The nominee must be confirmed by the United States Senate before the appointee can take office and assume the rank . Four - star ranks may also be given by act of Congress but this is extremely rare . The standard tour for most four - star positions is three years , bundled as a two - year term plus a one - year extension , with the following exceptions : Service chiefs serve for four years in one four - year term . Service vice chiefs serve for a nominal four years , but are commonly reassigned after one or two years . The Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps serves for two years . The Chief of the National Guard Bureau serves a nominal four years . Extensions of the standard tour length can be approved , within statutory limits , by their respective service secretaries , the Secretary of Defense , the President , or Congress but these are rare , as they block other officers from being promoted . Some statutory limits can be waived in times of national emergency or war . Retirement ( edit ) Other than voluntary retirement , statute sets a number of mandates for retirement . A four - star general must retire after 40 years of service unless he or she is reappointed to serve longer . Otherwise all general officers must retire the month after their 64th birthday . However , the Secretary of Defense can defer a four - star officer 's retirement until the officer 's 66th birthday and the President can defer it until the officer 's 68th birthday . General officers typically retire well in advance of the statutory age and service limits , so as not to impede the career paths of more junior officers . Since only a limited number of four - star slots are available to each service , typically one officer must leave office before another can be promoted . Maintaining a four - star rank is a game of musical chairs : once an officer vacates a position bearing that rank , he or she has no more than 60 days to be appointed or reappointed to a position of equal or greater importance before he or she must involuntarily retire . Historically , officers leaving four - star positions were allowed to revert to their permanent two - star ranks to mark time in lesser jobs until statutory retirement , but now such officers are expected to retire immediately to avoid obstructing the promotion flow . To retire at four - star grade , an officer must accumulate at least three years of satisfactory active duty service in that grade , as certified by the Secretary of Defense . The Secretary of Defense may reduce this requirement to two years , but only if the officer is not being investigated for misconduct . Officers who do not meet the service - in - grade requirement revert to the next highest grade in which they served satisfactorily for at least six months . It is extraordinarily rare for a four - star officer not to retire in that grade . Four - star officers typically step down from their posts up to 60 days in advance of their official retirement dates . Officers retire on the first day of the month , so once a retirement month has been selected , the relief and retirement ceremonies are scheduled by counting backwards from that date by the number of days of accumulated leave remaining to the retiring officer . During this period , termed transition leave or terminal leave , the officer is considered to be awaiting retirement but still on active duty . History and origins ( edit ) Main article : General officers in the United States See also ( edit ) United States Army portal United States Marine Corps portal United States Air Force portal List of active duty United States four - star officers List of United States Army four - star generals List of United States Marine Corps four - star generals List of United States Air Force four - star generals List of United States military leaders by rank United States Army officer rank insignia United States Marine Corps officer rank insignia United States Air Force officer rank insignia Staff ( military ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 10 USC 526 . Authorized strength : general and flag officers on active duty . ^ Jump up to : 10 USC 525 . Distribution of commissioned officers on active duty in general officer and flag officer grades . Jump up ^ 10 USC 10502 Chief of the National Guard Bureau : appointment ; adviser on National Guard matters ; grade ; succession . ^ Jump up to : 10 USC 604 Senior joint officer positions : recommendations to the Secretary of Defense Jump up ^ 10 USC 528 Officers serving in certain intelligence positions : military status ; exclusion from distribution and strength limitations ; pay and allowances Jump up ^ 10 USC 527 Authority to suspend sections 523 , 525 , and 526 ^ Jump up to : 10 USC 601 Positions of importance and responsibility : generals and lieutenant generals ; admirals and vice admirals Jump up ^ 10 164 Commanders of combatant commands : assignment ; powers and duties Jump up ^ 10 USC 636 Retirement for years of service : regular officers in grades above brigadier general and rear admiral ( lower half ) ^ Jump up to : 10 USC 1253 Age 64 : regular commissioned officers in general and flag officer grades ; exception ^ Jump up to : DoD News Briefing on Thursday , June 6 , 1996 Retirement of Admiral Leighton W. Smith , Jr . Jump up ^ 10 USC 1370 Commissioned officers : general rule ; exceptions United States uniformed services commissioned officer and officer candidate ranks Pay grade / branch of service Officer candidate O - 1 O - 2 O - 3 O - 4 O - 5 O - 6 O - 7 O - 8 O - 9 O - 10 O - 11 Special grade Insignia ( 2 ) Army CDT / OC 2LT 1LT CPT MAJ LTC COL BG MG LTG GEN GA GAS Marine Corps Midn / Cand 2ndLt 1stLt Capt Maj LtCol Col BGen MajGen LtGen Gen Navy MIDN / OC ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT RDML RADM VADM ADM FADM AN Air Force Cadet / OT / OC 2d Lt 1st Lt Capt Maj Lt Col Col Brig Gen Maj Gen Lt Gen Gen GAF Coast Guard CDT / OC ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT RDML RADM VADM ADM PHS Corps ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT RADM RADM VADM ADM NOAA Corps OC ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT RDML RADM VADM No universal insignia for officer candidate rank ; Navy candidate insignia shown Official 1945 proposal for General of the Armies insignia ; John J. Pershing 's GAS insignia : ; George Dewey 's Admiral of the Navy insignia : Rank used for specific officers in wartime only , not permanent addition to rank structure Grade is authorized by the U.S. Code for use but has not been created Grade has never been created or authorized USAF and U.S. Army insignia shown United States warrant officer ranks W - 1 W - 2 W - 3 W - 4 W - 5 Army WO1 CW2 CW3 CW4 CW5 Marine Corps WO1 CWO2 CWO3 CWO4 CWO5 Navy WO1 CWO2 CWO3 CWO4 CWO5 Air Force WO1 CWO2 CWO3 CWO4 CWO5 Coast Guard WO1 CWO2 CWO3 CWO4 PHS Corps NOAA Corps Grade inactive Grade is authorized for use by U.S. Code but has not been created Grade never created or authorized Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_(United_States)&oldid=838523527 '' Categories : Military ranks of the United States Army United States Marine Corps ranks Officer ranks of the United States Air Force 4 star officers Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Norsk Русский Slovenščina کوردی Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 15 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the highest number of stars a general can have | [
"In the United States Army, United States Marine Corps, and United States Air Force, general (abbreviated as GEN in the Army or Gen in the Air Force and Marine Corps) is a four-star general officer rank, with the pay grade of O-10. General ranks above lieutenant general and below General of the Army or General of the Air Force; the Marine Corps does not have an established grade above general. General is equivalent to the rank of admiral in the other uniformed services. Since the grades of General of the Army and General of the Air Force are reserved for wartime use only, and since the Marine Corps has no five-star equivalent, the grade of general is currently considered to be the highest appointment an officer can achieve in these three services.\n"
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"four"
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-785527673722150436 | United States presidential election, 2016 | United states presidential Election , 2016 - Wikipedia United states presidential Election , 2016 Jump to : navigation , search For related races , see United States elections , 2016 . United States presidential election , 2016 ← 2012 November 8 , 2016 2020 → 538 members of the Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win Turnout 55.7 % ( estimated ) 0.8 pp Nominee Donald Trump Hillary Clinton Party Republican Democratic Home state New York New York Running mate Mike Pence Tim Kaine Electoral vote 304 227 States carried 30 + ME - 02 20 + DC Popular vote 62,984,825 65,853,516 Percentage 7001461000000000000 ♠ 46.1 % 7001482000000000000 ♠ 48.2 % Presidential election results map . Red denotes states won by Trump / Pence , blue denotes those won by Clinton / Kaine . Numbers indicate electoral votes allotted to the winner of each state . Faithless votes : Colin Powell 3 ( WA ) , John Kasich 1 ( TX ) , Ron Paul 1 ( TX ) , Bernie Sanders 1 ( HI ) , Faith Spotted Eagle 1 ( WA ) President before election Barack Obama Democratic Elected President Donald Trump Republican 2016 U.S. presidential election Timeline General election debates Parties Polling national statewide by demographics international Newspaper endorsements primary general Russian interference Social media International reactions Electors Recounts Faithless electors Republican Party Primaries Candidates Debates and forums Polling national statewide straw polls Endorsements Results Nominee Convention Democratic Party Primaries Candidates Debates and forums Polling national statewide straw polls Endorsements Results Nominee Convention Superdelegates Third parties Third party and independent candidates Libertarian Party primaries debates nominee convention Green Party primaries debates nominee convention Constitution Party primaries nominee Independents McMullin Related races House Senate Governors Vice President Democratic Republican 2012 ← 2016 → 2020 The United States presidential election of 2016 was the 58th quadrennial American presidential election , held on Tuesday , November 8 , 2016 . In a surprise victory , the Republican ticket of businessman Donald Trump and Indiana Governor Mike Pence defeated the Democratic ticket of former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and U.S. Senator from Virginia Tim Kaine . Trump took office as the 45th President , and Pence as the 48th Vice President , on January 20 , 2017 . Concurrent with the presidential election , Senate , House , and many gubernatorial and state and local elections were also held on November 8 . Voters selected members of the Electoral College in each state , in most cases by `` winner - takes - all '' plurality ; those state electors in turn voted for a new president and vice president on December 19 , 2016 . While Clinton received about 2.9 million more votes nationwide , a margin of 2.1 % , Trump won 30 states with a total of 306 electors , or 57 % of the 538 available . He won the four perennial swing states of Florida , North Carolina , Ohio , and Iowa , as well as the three `` blue wall '' stronghold states of Michigan , Pennsylvania , and Wisconsin , which had not been won by a Republican presidential candidate since the 1980s . Leading up to the election , a Trump victory was considered unlikely by almost all media forecasts . After the President - Elect 's victory , some commentators compared the election to President Harry S. Truman 's victorious campaign in 1948 as one of the greatest political upsets in modern American History . In the Electoral College vote on December 19 , seven electors voted against their pledged candidates : two against Trump and five against Clinton . A further three electors attempted to vote against Clinton but were replaced or forced to vote again . Ultimately , Trump received 304 electoral votes and Clinton garnered 227 , while Colin Powell won three , and John Kasich , Ron Paul , Bernie Sanders , and Faith Spotted Eagle each received one . Trump is the fifth person in U.S. history to become president while losing the nationwide popular vote . He is the first president without any prior experience in public service or the military , as well as the wealthiest and the oldest at inauguration , while Clinton was the first woman to be the presidential nominee of a major American party . On January 6 , 2017 , the United States government 's intelligence agencies concluded that the Russian government interfered in the 2016 United States elections . A joint U.S. intelligence review stated with high confidence that `` Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered an influence campaign in 2016 aimed at the US presidential election . Russia 's goals were to undermine public faith in the US democratic process , denigrate Secretary Clinton , and harm her electability and potential presidency . '' Investigations about potential collusion between the Trump campaign and Russian officials were started by the FBI , the Senate Intelligence Committee , the House Intelligence Committee , and a Special Counsel appointed in May 2017 . President Donald Trump has criticized these intelligence conclusions , alleging a lack of evidence , repeatedly calling them a `` hoax '' and `` fake news '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Primary process 3 Republican Party 3.1 Primaries 3.2 Nominees 3.3 Other major candidates 3.4 Vice presidential selection 4 Democratic Party 4.1 Primaries 4.2 Nominees 4.3 Other major candidates 4.4 Vice presidential selection 5 Third parties and independents 5.1 Libertarian Party 5.2 Green Party 5.3 Independents 5.4 Constitution Party 5.5 Other nominations 5.6 Candidates gallery 6 General election campaign 6.1 Ballot access 6.2 Party conventions 6.3 Campaign finance 6.4 Newspaper endorsements 6.5 Russian involvement 7 Debates 7.1 Primary election debates 7.2 General election debates 8 Results 8.1 Candidates table 8.2 Results by state 8.3 Close races 8.3. 1 Breakdown by ticket 8.4 Battleground states 8.5 Maps 8.6 Voter demographics 8.7 Forecasting 8.8 Viewership 9 Post-election events 9.1 Protests 9.2 Vote tampering concerns 9.3 Recount petitions 9.4 Electoral College lobbying 9.5 Faithless electors 9.6 Trump compared with former presidents 10 See also 10.1 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Background Further information : United States presidential election § Procedure Barack Obama , the incumbent president in 2016 , whose second term expired at noon on January 20 , 2017 Article Two of the United States Constitution provides that the President and Vice President of the United States must be natural - born citizens of the United States , at least 35 years old , and residents of the United States for a period of at least 14 years . Candidates for the presidency typically seek the nomination of one of the political parties , in which case each party devises a method ( such as a primary election ) to choose the candidate the party deems best suited to run for the position . Traditionally , the primary elections are indirect elections where voters cast ballots for a slate of party delegates pledged to a particular candidate . The party 's delegates then officially nominate a candidate to run on the party 's behalf . The general election in November is also an indirect election , where voters cast ballots for a slate of members of the Electoral College ; these electors in turn directly elect the President and Vice President . President Barack Obama , a Democrat and former U.S. Senator from Illinois , was ineligible to seek reelection to a third term due to the restrictions of the Twenty - second Amendment ; in accordance with Section I of the Twentieth Amendment , his term expired at noon on January 20 , 2017 . Primary process The series of presidential primary elections and caucuses took place between February and June 2016 , staggered among the 50 states , the District of Columbia and U.S. territories . This nominating process was also an indirect election , where voters cast ballots for a slate of delegates to a political party 's nominating convention , who in turn elected their party 's presidential nominee . Speculation about the 2016 campaign began almost immediately following the 2012 campaign , with New York magazine declaring the race had begun in an article published on November 8 , two days after the 2012 election . On the same day , Politico released an article predicting the 2016 general election would be between Clinton and former Florida Governor Jeb Bush , while a New York Times article named New Jersey Governor Chris Christie and Senator Cory Booker from New Jersey as potential candidates . Republican Party This article is part of a series about Donald Trump President of the United States Incumbent Presidency Transition Inauguration Timeline Executive actions Trips Polls Protests Appointments Cabinet Federal judges Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court candidates U.S. Attorneys Dismissals Sally Yates James Comey Policy positions Economy Environment Paris withdrawal Foreign policy as candidate as president Immigration Social issues marijuana International trips 2017 summits Saudi Arabia arms deal NATO , Belgium G7 , Italy G20 , Germany APEC , Vietnam Presidential election ( show ) 2016 campaign Rallies Primaries Convention Endorsements Debates Never Trump Republican opposition Sexual misconduct allegations 2020 campaign Russia controversies ( show ) Business projects in Russia Election interference timeline Steele dossier Classified information disclosure Links of associates with Russian officials Trump campaign -- Russian meetings 2017 Special Counsel investigation Business and personal Business career The Trump Organization Eponyms Family Foundation Legal affairs Residences Social media The Apprentice franchise Films Books ( show ) The Art of the Deal Surviving at the Top The Art of the Comeback The America We Deserve Trump 101 Why We Want You to Be Rich Think Big and Kick Ass Time to Get Tough Midas Touch Crippled America Primaries Main article : Republican Party presidential primaries , 2016 With seventeen major candidates entering the race , starting with Ted Cruz on March 23 , 2015 , this was the largest presidential primary field for any political party in American history . Prior to the Iowa caucuses on February 1 , 2016 , Perry , Walker , Jindal , Graham and Pataki withdrew due to low polling numbers . Despite leading many polls in Iowa , Trump came in second to Cruz , after which Huckabee , Paul and Santorum withdrew due to poor performances at the ballot box . Following a sizable victory for Trump in the New Hampshire primary , Christie , Fiorina and Gilmore abandoned the race . Bush followed suit after scoring fourth place to Trump , Rubio and Cruz in South Carolina . On March 1 , 2016 , the first of four `` Super Tuesday '' primaries , Rubio won his first contest in Minnesota , Cruz won Alaska , Oklahoma and his home of Texas and Trump won the other seven states that voted . Failing to gain traction , Carson suspended his campaign a few days later . On March 15 , 2016 , the second `` Super Tuesday '' , Kasich won his only contest in his home state of Ohio and Trump won five primaries including Florida . Rubio suspended his campaign after losing his home state . Between March 16 and May 3 , 2016 , only three candidates remained in the race : Trump , Cruz and Kasich . Cruz won the most delegates in four Western contests and in Wisconsin , keeping a credible path to denying Trump the nomination on first ballot with 1,237 delegates . Trump then augmented his lead by scoring landslide victories in New York and five Northeastern states in April , followed by a decisive victory in Indiana on May 3 , 2016 , securing all 57 of the state 's delegates . Without any further chances of forcing a contested convention , both Cruz and Kasich suspended their campaigns . Trump remained the only active candidate and was declared the presumptive Republican nominee by Republican National Committee chairman Reince Priebus on the evening of May 3 , 2016 . Nominees Republican Party ticket , 2016 Donald Trump Mike Pence for President for Vice President Chairman of The Trump Organization ( 1971 -- 2017 ) 50th Governor of Indiana ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Campaign Other major candidates Main article : Republican Party presidential candidates , 2016 Major candidates were determined by the various media based on common consensus . The following were invited to sanctioned televised debates based on their poll ratings . Trump received 14,010,177 total votes in the primary . Trump , Cruz , Rubio and Kasich each won at least one primary , with Trump receiving the highest number of votes and Ted Cruz receiving the second highest . Candidates in this section are sorted by reverse date of withdrawal from the primaries John Kasich Ted Cruz Marco Rubio Ben Carson Jeb Bush Jim Gilmore Carly Fiorina Chris Christie 69th Governor of Ohio ( 2011 -- present ) U.S. Senator from Texas ( 2013 -- present ) U.S. Senator from Florida ( 2011 -- present ) Dir. of Pediatric Neurosurgery , Johns Hopkins Hospital ( 1984 -- 2013 ) 43rd Governor of Florida ( 1999 -- 2007 ) 68th Governor of Virginia ( 1998 -- 2002 ) CEO of Hewlett - Packard ( 1999 -- 2005 ) 55th Governor of New Jersey ( 2010 -- present ) Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign W : May 4 4,287,479 votes W : May 3 7,811,110 votes W : Mar 15 3,514,124 votes W : Mar 4 857,009 votes W : Feb 20 286,634 votes W : Feb 12 18,364 votes W : Feb 10 40,577 votes W : Feb 10 57,634 votes Rand Paul Rick Santorum Mike Huckabee George Pataki Lindsey Graham Bobby Jindal Scott Walker Rick Perry U.S. Senator from Kentucky ( 2011 -- present ) U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania ( 1995 -- 2007 ) 44th Governor of Arkansas ( 1996 -- 2007 ) 53rd Governor of New York ( 1995 -- 2006 ) U.S. Senator from South Carolina ( 2003 -- present ) 55th Governor of Louisiana ( 2008 -- 2016 ) 45th Governor of Wisconsin ( 2011 -- present ) 47th Governor of Texas ( 2000 -- 2015 ) Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign W : Feb 3 66,781 votes W : Feb 3 16,622 votes W : Feb 1 51,436 votes W : December 29 , 2015 2,036 votes W : December 21 , 2015 5,666 votes W : November 17 , 2015 222 votes W : September 21 , 2015 1 write - in vote in New Hampshire W : September 11 , 2015 1 write - in vote in New Hampshire Vice presidential selection Main article : Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection , 2016 Trump turned his attention towards selecting a running mate after he became the presumptive nominee on May 4 , 2016 . In mid-June , Eli Stokols and Burgess Everett of Politico reported that the Trump campaign was considering New Jersey Governor Chris Christie , former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich from Georgia , Senator Jeff Sessions of Alabama , and Oklahoma Governor Mary Fallin . A June 30 report from The Washington Post also included Senators Bob Corker from Tennessee , Richard Burr from North Carolina , Tom Cotton from Arkansas , Joni Ernst from Iowa , and Indiana Governor Mike Pence as individuals still being considered for the ticket . Trump also stated that he was considering two military generals for the position , including retired Lieutenant General Michael Flynn . In July 2016 , it was reported that Trump had narrowed his list of possible running mates down to three : Christie , Gingrich , and Pence . On July 14 , 2016 , several major media outlets reported that Trump had selected Pence as his running mate . Trump confirmed these reports in a message on Twitter on July 15 , 2016 , and formally made the announcement the following day in New York . On July 19 , the second night of the 2016 Republican National Convention , Pence won the Republican vice presidential nomination by acclamation . Democratic Party This article is part of a series about Hillary Rodham Clinton Political positions Electoral history Clinton Foundation State Department controversy Onward Together U.S. Secretary of State Tenure Obama 's foreign policy QDDR Email controversy Hillary Doctrine Campaign for the presidency 2016 Primaries Convention Endorsements political non-political Campaign for the presidency 2008 Primaries Endorsements U.S. Senator from New York Tenure 2000 election 2006 re-election First Lady of the United States Role Health care plan SCHIP Whitewater and other investigations Response to Lewinsky scandal Awards and honors Books Primaries Main article : Democratic Party presidential primaries , 2016 Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton , who also served in the U.S. Senate and was the First Lady of the United States , became the first woman to formally launch a major candidacy for the presidency . Clinton made the announcement on April 12 , 2015 , via a video message . While nationwide opinion polls in 2015 indicated that Clinton was the front - runner for the 2016 Democratic presidential nomination , she faced extreme challenges from Independent Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont , who became the second major candidate when he formally announced on April 30 , 2015 , that he was running for the Democratic nomination . September 2015 polling numbers indicated a narrowing gap between Clinton and Sanders . On May 30 , 2015 , former Governor of Maryland Martin O'Malley was the third major candidate to enter the Democratic primary race , followed by former Independent Governor and Republican Senator of Rhode Island Lincoln Chafee on June 3 , 2015 , former Virginia Senator Jim Webb on July 2 , 2015 , and former Harvard law professor Lawrence Lessig on September 6 , 2015 . On October 20 , 2015 , Webb announced his withdrawal from the Democratic primaries , and explored a potential Independent run . The next day Vice-President Joe Biden decided not to run , ending months of speculation , stating , `` While I will not be a candidate , I will not be silent . '' On October 23 , Chafee withdrew , stating that he hoped for `` an end to the endless wars and the beginning of a new era for the United States and humanity '' . On November 2 , after failing to qualify for the second DNC - sanctioned debate after adoption of a rule change negated polls which before might have necessitated his inclusion in the debate , Lessig withdrew as well , narrowing the field to Clinton , O'Malley , and Sanders . On February 1 , 2016 , in an extremely close contest , Clinton won the Iowa caucuses by a margin of 0.2 points over Sanders . After winning no delegates in Iowa , O'Malley withdrew from the presidential race that day . On February 9 , Sanders bounced back to win the New Hampshire primary with 60 % of the vote . In the remaining two February contests , Clinton won the Nevada caucuses with 53 % of the vote and scored a decisive victory in the South Carolina primary with 73 % of the vote . On March 1 , 11 states participated in the first of four `` Super Tuesday '' primaries . Clinton won Alabama , Arkansas , Georgia , Massachusetts , Tennessee , Texas , and Virginia and 504 pledged delegates , while Sanders won Colorado , Minnesota , Oklahoma and his home state of Vermont and 340 delegates . The following weekend , Sanders won victories in Kansas , Nebraska and Maine with 15 -- 30 - point margins , while Clinton won the Louisiana primary with 71 % of the vote . On March 8 , despite never having a lead in the Michigan primary , Sanders won by a small margin of 1.5 points and outperforming polls by over 19 points , while Clinton won 83 % of the vote in Mississippi . On March 15 , the second `` Super Tuesday '' , Clinton won in Florida , Illinois , Missouri , North Carolina and Ohio . Between March 22 and April 9 , Sanders won six caucuses in Idaho , Utah , Alaska , Hawaii , Washington and Wyoming , as well as the Wisconsin primary , while Clinton won the Arizona primary . On April 19 , Clinton won the New York primary with 58 % of the vote . On April 26 , in the third `` Super Tuesday '' dubbed the `` Acela primary '' , she won contests in Connecticut , Delaware , Maryland and Pennsylvania , while Sanders won in Rhode Island . Over the course of May , Sanders accomplished another surprise win in the Indiana primary and also won in West Virginia and Oregon , while Clinton won the Guam caucus and Kentucky primary . On June 4 and 5 , Clinton won two victories in the Virgin Islands caucus and Puerto Rico primary . On June 6 , 2016 , the Associated Press and NBC News reported that Clinton had become the presumptive nominee after reaching the required number of delegates , including pledged delegates and superdelegates , to secure the nomination , becoming the first woman to ever clinch the presidential nomination of a major United States political party . On June 7 , Clinton secured a majority of pledged delegates after winning primaries in California , New Jersey , New Mexico and South Dakota , while Sanders only won in Montana and North Dakota . Clinton also won the final primary in the District of Columbia on June 14 . At the conclusion of the primary process , Clinton had won 2,204 pledged delegates ( 54 % of the total ) awarded by the primary elections and caucuses , while Sanders had won 1,847 ( 46 % ) . Out of the 714 unpledged delegates or `` superdelegates '' who were set to vote in the convention in July , Clinton received endorsements from 560 ( 78 % ) , while Sanders received 47 ( 7 % ) . Although Sanders had not formally dropped out of the race , he announced on June 16 , 2016 , that his main goal in the coming months would be to work with Clinton to defeat Trump in the general election . On July 8 , appointees from the Clinton campaign , the Sanders campaign , and the Democratic National Committee negotiated a draft of the party 's platform . On July 12 , Sanders formally endorsed Clinton at a rally in New Hampshire in which he appeared with her . Nominees Democratic Party ticket , 2016 Hillary Clinton Tim Kaine for President for Vice President 67th U.S. Secretary of State ( 2009 -- 2013 ) U.S. Senator from Virginia ( 2013 -- present ) Campaign Other major candidates Main article : Democratic Party presidential candidates , 2016 The following candidates were frequently interviewed by major broadcast networks and cable news channels , or were listed in publicly published national polls . Lessig was invited to one forum , but withdrew when rules were changed which prevented him from participating in officially sanctioned debates . Clinton received 16,849,779 votes in the primary . Candidates in this section are sorted by date of withdrawal from the primaries Bernie Sanders Martin O'Malley Lawrence Lessig Lincoln Chafee Jim Webb U.S. Senator from Vermont ( 2007 -- present ) 61st Governor of Maryland ( 2007 -- 2015 ) Harvard Law professor ( 2009 -- 2016 ) 74th Governor of Rhode Island ( 2011 -- 2015 ) U.S. Senator from Virginia ( 2007 -- 2013 ) Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign LN : July 26 , 2016 13,167,848 votes W : February 1 , 2016 110,423 votes W : November 2 , 2015 4 write - in votes in New Hampshire W : October 23 , 2015 0 votes W : October 20 , 2015 2 write - in votes in New Hampshire Vice presidential selection Main article : Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection , 2016 In April 2016 , the Clinton campaign began to compile a list of 15 to 20 individuals to vet for the position of running mate , even though Sanders continued to challenge Clinton in the Democratic primaries . In mid-June , The Wall Street Journal reported that Clinton 's shortlist included Representative Xavier Becerra from California , Senator Cory Booker from New Jersey , Senator Sherrod Brown from Ohio , Housing and Urban Development Secretary Julián Castro from Texas , Mayor of Los Angeles Eric Garcetti from California , Senator Tim Kaine from Virginia , Labor Secretary Tom Perez from Maryland , Representative Tim Ryan from Ohio , and Senator Elizabeth Warren from Massachusetts . Subsequent reports stated that Clinton was also considering Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack , retired Admiral James Stavridis , and Governor John Hickenlooper of Colorado . In discussing her potential vice presidential choice , Clinton stated that the most important attribute she looked for was the ability and experience to immediately step into the role of president . On July 22 , Clinton announced that she had chosen Senator Tim Kaine from Virginia as her running mate . The delegates at the 2016 Democratic National Convention , which took place July 25 -- 28 , formally nominated the Democratic ticket . Third parties and independents Campaign signs of third - party candidates Jill Stein and Gary Johnson , October 2016 in St. Johnsbury , Vermont Third party and independent candidates that have obtained more than 100,000 votes nationally and one percent of the vote in at least one state , are listed separately . Libertarian Party Main articles : Libertarian Party ( United States ) and Libertarian Party presidential primaries , 2016 Gary Johnson , 29th Governor of New Mexico . Vice-presidential nominee : Bill Weld , 68th Governor of Massachusetts Gary Johnson , Libertarian Party ( show ) This article is part of a series about Gary Johnson Political positions Governor of New Mexico 1994 election 1998 re-election Campaign for the Presidency 2012 2012 Libertarian Convention Campaign for the Presidency 2016 2016 Libertarian Convention Primaries Campaign endorsements Our America Initiative This article is part of a series about Bill Weld Political ideology Libertarian Party Vice presidential nomination Convention Primaries Election 2016 New York gubernatorial campaign U.S. Senate campaign Governor of Massachusetts 1990 election 1994 re-election U.S. Attorney for Massachusetts Additional Party Endorsements : Independence Party of New York Ballot access to all 538 electoral votes Nominees Libertarian Party ticket , 2016 Gary Johnson William Weld for President for Vice President 29th Governor of New Mexico ( 1995 -- 2003 ) 68th Governor of Massachusetts ( 1991 -- 1997 ) Campaign Green Party Main articles : Green Party of the United States and Green Party presidential primaries , 2016 Jill Stein , physician from Lexington , Massachusetts . Vice-presidential nominee : Ajamu Baraka , activist from Washington , DC Jill Stein , Green Party ( show ) This article is part of a series about Jill Stein Political positions Green New Deal Campaign for the Presidency 2016 Convention Primaries Campaign endorsements Election recounts Campaign for the Presidency 2012 Convention Primaries Political Parties Green - Rainbow Party Green Party of the United States Career Massachusetts gubernatorial election , 2010 Ballot access to 480 electoral votes ( 522 with write - in ) : -- map As write - in : Georgia , Indiana , North Carolina Ballot access lawsuit pending : Oklahoma No ballot access : Nevada , South Dakota Nominees Green Party ticket , 2016 Jill Stein Ajamu Baraka for President for Vice President Physician from Lexington , Massachusetts Activist from Washington , DC Campaign Independents Main article : Evan McMullin presidential campaign , 2016 Evan McMullin , chief policy director for the House Republican Conference . Vice-presidential nominee : Mindy Finn , president of Empowered Women . Evan McMullin , Independents ( show ) Additional Party Endorsement : Independence Party of Minnesota , South Carolina Independence Party Ballot access to 84 electoral votes ( 451 with write - in ) : -- map As write - in : Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , California , Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Illinois , Kansas , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , Michigan , Missouri , Montana , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , North Dakota , Ohio , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Tennessee , Texas , Vermont , Washington , West Virginia , Wisconsin No ballot access : District of Columbia , Florida , Hawaii , Indiana , Mississippi , Nevada , North Carolina , Oklahoma , South Dakota , Wyoming In some states , Evan McMullin 's running mate was listed as Nathan Johnson on the ballot rather than Mindy Finn , although Nathan Johnson was intended to only be a placeholder until an actual running mate was chosen . Independent ticket , 2016 Evan McMullin Mindy Finn for President for Vice President Chief policy director for the House Republican Conference ( 2015 -- 2016 ) President of Empowered Women ( 2015 -- present ) Campaign Constitution Party Main articles : Constitution Party of the United States and Constitution Party presidential primaries , 2016 Darrell Castle , attorney from Memphis , Tennessee . Vice-presidential nominee : Scott Bradley , businessman from Utah Darrell Castle , Constitution Party ( show ) Ballot access to 207 electoral votes ( 451 with write - in ) : -- map As write - in : Alabama , Arizona , Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Illinois , Indiana , Kansas , Kentucky , Maine , Maryland , Montana , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New York , Ohio , Oregon , Rhode Island , Tennessee , Texas , Vermont , Virginia No ballot access : California , District of Columbia , Massachusetts , North Carolina , Oklahoma Nominees Constitution Party ticket , 2016 Darrell Castle Scott Bradley for President for Vice President Attorney from Memphis , Tennessee Businessman from Utah Campaign Other nominations Main article : United States third - party and independent presidential candidates , 2016 Other nominations ( show ) Party Presidential nominee Vice presidential nominee Attainable Electors ( write - in ) Popular Vote States with ballot access ( write - in ) American Delta Party Reform Party Rocky De La Fuente Businessman from California Michael Steinberg Lawyer from Florida 147 ( 305 ) map 33,133 ( 0.02 % ) Alaska , Colorado , Florida , Idaho , Iowa , Kentucky , Minnesota , Mississippi , Montana , Nevada , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New Mexico , North Dakota , Rhode Island , Tennessee , Utah , Vermont , Wisconsin , Wyoming ( Alabama , Arizona , Connecticut , Delaware , Indiana , Kansas , Maryland , Missouri , Nebraska , New York , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Virginia , Washington , West Virginia ) Party for Socialism and Liberation Peace and Freedom Liberty Union Party Gloria La Riva Newspaper printer and activist from California Eugene Puryear Activist from Washington , DC 112 ( 226 ) map 74,402 ( 0.05 % ) California , Colorado , Iowa , Louisiana , New Jersey , New Mexico , Vermont , Washington ( Alabama , Connecticut , Delaware , Kansas , Maryland , Minnesota , New Hampshire , New York , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , West Virginia ) Socialist Workers Party Alyson Kennedy Mineworker and Labor Leader from Illinois Osborne Hart of Pennsylvania 70 ( 123 ) map 12,465 ( 0.01 % ) Colorado , Louisiana , Minnesota , New Jersey , Tennessee , Utah , Washington ( Alabama , Iowa , New Hampshire , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Workers World Party Monica Moorehead perennial candidate and political activist from Alabama Lamont Lilly of North Carolina 30 ( 235 ) map 4,319 ( 0.00 % ) New Jersey , Utah , Wisconsin ( Alabama , Indiana , Idaho , Iowa , Kansas , Massachusetts , Michigan , Montana , New Hampshire , New , York , Ohio , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Texas , Vermont , Washington , West Virginia ) Socialist Party USA Natural Law Party Mimi Soltysik former National Co-Chair of the Socialist Party USA from California Campaign Angela Nicole Walker of Wisconsin 25 ( 209 ) map 2,704 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado , Michigan , Guam ( Alabama , Indiana , Iowa , Maryland , Minnesota , Montana , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Texas , Utah , Vermont , Wisconsin ) Prohibition Party James Hedges former Tax Assessor for Thompson Township , Fulton County , Pennsylvania Bill Bayes of Mississippi 21 ( 116 ) map 5,617 ( 0.00 % ) Arkansas , Colorado , Mississippi ( Alabama , Idaho , Iowa , Kansas , Maryland , Montana , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont , West Virginia ) Independent Mike Smith Lawyer , Colorado Daniel White 20 ( 222 ) 9,345 ( 0.01 % ) Colorado , Tennessee ( Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Idaho , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Maryland , Minnesota , Montana , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Ohio , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Utah , Vermont , Virginia , Washington . West Virginia ) Independent Richard Duncan Real Estate Agent from Ohio Ricky Johnson Preacher from Pennsylvania 18 ( 173 ) 24,307 ( 0.02 % ) Ohio ( Alabama , Alaska , Delaware , Florida , Idaho , Indiana , Iowa , Kentucky , Maryland , Minnesota , Montana , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont , West Virginia ) Independent Laurence Kotlikoff Economics Professor at Boston University , Massachusetts Edward E. Leamer Economics Professor at UCLA , California 17 ( 428 ) map 3,596 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado , Louisiana ( Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , California , Connecticut , Florida , Georgia , Idaho , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kentucky , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , Michigan , Minnesota , Missouri , Montana , New Hampshire , New Jersey , North Dakota , Ohio , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Tennessee , Texas , Utah , Vermont , Virginia , Washington , West Virginia , Wisconsin ) America 's Party Tom Hoefling activist from Iowa Steve Schulin of South Carolina 17 ( 369 ) map 4,845 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado , Louisiana ( Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Idaho , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Maryland , Michigan , Minnesota , Missouri , Montana , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , Ohio , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Tennessee , Texas , Utah , Vermont , Virginia , Washington , West Virginia , Wisconsin ) Veterans Party of America Chris Keniston reliability engineer from Texas Deacon Taylor of Nevada 17 ( 196 ) map 7,248 ( 0.01 % ) Colorado , Louisiana ( Alabama , Alaska , Idaho , Iowa , Kentucky , Minnesota , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , Ohio , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont , Virginia , Washington , Wisconsin ) Legal Marijuana Now Party Dan Vacek of Minnesota Mark Elworth Jr . of Nebraska 16 ( 77 ) 13,537 ( 0.01 % ) Iowa , Minnesota ( Alabama , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Independent Lynn Kahn Doctor of Clinical Psychology from Maryland Kathleen Monahan of Florida 12 ( 160 ) 5,730 ( 0.00 % ) Arkansas , Iowa ( Alabama , Delaware , Idaho , Kansas , Maryland , Minnesota , Montana , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont , Washington , West Virginia ) American Solidarity Party Mike Maturen sales professional and magician from Michigan Juan Muñoz of Texas 9 ( 332 ) map 6,714 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado ( Alabama , Alaska , California , Georgia , Idaho , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Maryland , Michigan , Minnesota , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , North Dakota , Ohio , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Texas , Vermont , Virginia , Washington , Wisconsin ) Independent Joseph Allen Maldonado of Oklahoma Douglas K. Terranova 9 ( 212 ) 961 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado ( Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , Connecticut , Delaware , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kentucky , Maryland , Minnesota , Montana , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Ohio , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont , Washington , West Virginia , Wisconsin ) Independent Ryan Alan Scott Bruce Kendall Barnard 9 ( 108 ) 749 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado ( Alabama , Delaware , Iowa , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) American Party ( South Carolina ) Peter Skewes Animal Science Professor at Clemson University , South Carolina Michael Lacy 9 ( 83 ) 3,246 ( 0.00 % ) South Carolina ( Alabama , Connecticut , Iowa , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Approval Voting Party Frank Atwood of Colorado Blake Huber of Colorado 9 ( 76 ) 337 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado ( Alabama , Iowa , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Independent American Party Kyle Kenley Kopitke of Michigan Narthan R. Sorenson 9 ( 76 ) 1,096 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado ( Alabama , Iowa , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Nutrition Party Rod Silva restaurateur from New Jersey Richard Silva 9 ( 76 ) 751 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado ( Alabama , Iowa , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) United States Pacifist Party Bradford Lyttle peace activist from Illinois Hannah Walsh 9 ( 76 ) 382 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado ( Alabama , Iowa , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Socialist Equality Party Jerry White peace activist from Michigan Niles Niemuth journalist from Wisconsin 8 ( 166 ) 481 ( 0.00 % ) Louisiana ( Alabama , California , Delaware , Iowa , Kentucky , Maryland , Minnesota , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont , West Virginia ) Independent Princess Khadijah Jacob - Fambro of California Milton Fambro of California 8 ( 75 ) 749 ( 0.00 % ) Louisiana ( Alabama , Iowa , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Independent American Party Rocky Giordani from California Farley Anderson activist from Utah 6 ( 79 ) 2,752 ( 0.00 % ) Utah ( Alabama , Iowa , Kansas , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Constitution Party of Idaho Scott Copeland of Texas J.R. Meyers ( 71 ) 2,356 ( 0.00 % ) Idaho ( Alabama , Iowa , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Candidates gallery Gary Johnson Libertarian Party ( campaign ) Jill Stein Green Party ( campaign ) Evan McMullin Independent ( campaign ) Darrell Castle Constitution Party ( campaign ) General Election campaign A general election ballot , listing the presidential and vice presidential candidates . Hillary Clinton focused her candidacy on several themes , including raising middle class incomes , expanding women 's rights , instituting campaign finance reform , and improving the Affordable Care Act . In March 2016 , she laid out a detailed economic plan basing her economic philosophy on inclusive capitalism , which proposed a `` clawback '' which would rescind tax relief and other benefits for companies that move jobs overseas ; with provision of incentives for companies that share profits with employees , communities and the environment , rather than focusing on short - term profits to increase stock value and rewarding shareholders ; as well as increasing collective bargaining rights ; and placing an `` exit tax '' on companies that move their headquarters out of America in order to pay a lower tax rate overseas . Clinton promoted equal pay for equal work to address current alleged shortfalls in how much women are paid to do the same jobs men do , promoted explicitly focus on family issues and support of universal preschool , expressed support for the right to same - sex marriage , and proposed allowing undocumented immigrants to have a path to citizenship stating that it `` ( i ) s at its heart a family issue . '' Donald Trump 's campaign drew heavily on his personal image , enhanced by his previous media exposure . The primary slogan of the Trump campaign , extensively used on campaign merchandise , was Make America Great Again . The red baseball cap with the slogan emblazoned on the front became a symbol of the campaign , and has been frequently donned by Trump and his supporters . Trump 's right - wing populist positions -- reported by The New Yorker to be nativist , protectionist , and semi-isolationist -- differ in many ways from traditional conservatism . He opposed many free trade deals and military interventionist policies that conservatives generally support , and opposed cuts in Medicare and Social Security benefits . Moreover , he has insisted that Washington is `` broken '' and can only be fixed by an outsider . Trump support was high among working and middle - class white male voters with annual incomes of less than $50,000 and no college degree . This group , particularly those with less than a high - school education , suffered a decline in their income in recent years . According to The Washington Post , support for Trump is higher in areas with a higher mortality rate for middle - age white people . A sample of interviews with more than 11,000 Republican - leaning respondents from August to December 2015 found that Trump at that time found his strongest support among Republicans in West Virginia , followed by New York , and then followed by six Southern states . Clinton had an uneasy , and at times adversarial relationship with the press throughout her life in public service . Weeks before her official entry as a presidential candidate , Clinton attended a political press corps event , pledging to start fresh on what she described as a `` complicated '' relationship with political reporters . Clinton was initially criticized by the press for avoiding taking their questions , after which she provided more interviews . In contrast , Trump benefited from free media more than any other candidate . From the beginning of his campaign through February 2016 , Trump received almost $2 billion in free media attention , twice the amount that Clinton received . According to data from the Tyndall Report , which tracks nightly news content , through February 2016 , Trump alone accounted for more than a quarter of all 2016 election coverage on the evening newscasts of NBC , CBS and ABC , more than all the Democratic campaigns combined . Observers noted Trump 's ability to garner constant mainstream media coverage `` almost at will '' . However , Trump frequently criticized the media for writing what he alleged to be false stories about him and he has called upon his supporters to be `` the silent majority '' . Trump also said the media `` put false meaning into the words I say '' , and says he does not mind being criticized by the media as long as they are honest about it . Both Clinton and Trump were seen unfavorably by the general public , and their controversial nature set the tone of the campaign . Clinton 's practice of using her own private email address and server during her time as Secretary of State , in lieu of State Department servers , gained widespread public attention back in March 2015 . Concerns were raised about security and preservation of emails , and the possibility that laws may have been violated . After allegations were raised that some of the emails in question fell into this so - called `` born classified '' category , an FBI probe was initiated regarding how classified information was handled on the Clinton server . The FBI probe was concluded on July 5 , 2016 , with a recommendation of no charges , a recommendation that was followed by the Justice Department . On October 28 , eleven days before the election , FBI Director James Comey informed Congress that the FBI was analyzing additional emails obtained during its investigation of an unrelated case . On November 6 , he notified Congress that the new emails did not change the FBI 's earlier conclusion . Also , on September 9 , 2016 , Clinton stated : `` You know , just to be grossly generalistic , you could put half of Trump 's supporters into what I call the basket of deplorables . They 're racist , sexist , homophobic , xenophobic , Islamaphobic -- you name it . '' Donald Trump criticized Clinton 's remark as insulting his supporters . The following day Clinton expressed regret for saying `` half '' , while insisting that Trump had deplorably amplified `` hateful views and voices '' . Previously on August 25 , 2016 , Clinton gave a speech criticizing Trump 's campaign for using `` racist lies '' and allowing the alt - right to gain prominence . On the other side , on October 7 , 2016 , video and accompanying audio were released by The Washington Post in which Trump referred obscenely to women in a 2005 conversation with Billy Bush while they were preparing to film an episode of Access Hollywood . The audio was met with a reaction of disbelief and disgust from the media . Following the revelation , Trump 's campaign issued an apology , stating that the video was of a private conversation from `` many years ago '' . The incident was condemned by numerous prominent Republicans like Reince Priebus , Mitt Romney , John Kasich , Jeb Bush and the Speaker of the House Paul Ryan . By October 8 several dozen Republicans had called for Trump to withdraw from the campaign and let Pence head the ticket . Trump insisted he would never drop out . The ongoing of the election made third parties attract voters ' attention . On March 3 , 2016 , Libertarian Gary Johnson addressed the Conservative Political Action Conference in Washington DC , touting himself as the third - party option for anti-Trump Republicans . In early May , some commentators opined that Johnson was moderate enough to pull votes away from both Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump who were very disliked and polarizing . Both conservative and liberal media noted that Johnson could get votes from `` Never Trump '' Republicans and disaffected Bernie Sanders supporters . Johnson also began to get time on national television , being invited on ABC News , NBC News , CBS News , CNN , Fox News , MSNBC , Bloomberg , and many other networks . In September and October 2016 , Johnson suffered a `` string of damaging stumbles when he has fielded questions about foreign affairs . '' On September 8 , Johnson , when he appeared on MSNBC 's Morning Joe , was asked by panelist Mike Barnicle , `` What would you do , if you were elected , about Aleppo ? '' ( referring to a war - torn city in Syria ) . Johnson responded , `` And what is Aleppo ? '' Johnson 's `` what is Aleppo ? '' question prompted widespread attention , much of it negative . Later that day , Johnson said that he had `` blanked '' and that he did `` understand the dynamics of the Syrian conflict -- I talk about them every day . '' On the other hand , Green Party candidate Jill Stein stated that the Democratic and Republican parties are `` two corporate parties '' that have converged into one . Concerned by the rise of the far right internationally and the tendency towards neoliberalism within the Democratic Party , she has said , `` The answer to neofascism is stopping neoliberalism . Putting another Clinton in the White House will fan the flames of this right - wing extremism . '' In response to Johnson 's growing poll numbers , the Hillary Clinton campaign and Democratic allies increased their criticism of Johnson in September 2016 , warning that `` a vote for a third party is a vote for Donald Trump '' and deploying Senator Bernie Sanders ( Clinton 's former primary rival , who supported her in the general election ) to win over voters who might be considering voting for Johnson or for Stein . Ballot Access Presidential ticket Party Ballot access Votes Percentage States Electors % of voters Trump / Pence Republican 50 + DC 538 100 % 62,984,825 46.09 % Clinton / Kaine Democratic 50 + DC 538 100 % 65,853,516 48.18 % Johnson / Weld Libertarian 50 + DC 538 100 % 4,489,221 3.28 % Stein / Baraka Green 44 + DC 480 89 % 1,457,216 1.07 % McMullin / Finn Independent 11 84 15 % 731,788 0.54 % Castle / Bradley Constitution 24 207 39 % 203,010 0.15 % Candidates in bold were on ballots representing 270 electoral votes , without needing write - in states . All other candidates were on the ballots of fewer than 25 states , but had write - in access greater than 270 . Party conventions Philadelphia Cleveland Orlando Houston Salt Lake City Democratic Party Republican Party Libertarian Party Green Party Constitution Party Democratic Party Main article : 2016 Democratic National Convention July 25 -- 28 , 2016 : Democratic National Convention was held in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Republican Party Main article : 2016 Republican National Convention July 18 -- 21 , 2016 : Republican National Convention was held in Cleveland , Ohio . Libertarian Party Main article : 2016 Libertarian National Convention May 26 -- 30 , 2016 : Libertarian National Convention was held in Orlando , Florida . Green Party Main article : 2016 Green National Convention August 4 -- 7 , 2016 : Green National Convention was held in Houston , Texas . Constitution Party Main article : 2016 Constitution Party National Convention April 13 -- 16 , 2016 : Constitution Party National Convention was held in Salt Lake City , Utah . Campaign finance This is an overview of the money used in the campaign as it is reported to Federal Election Commission ( FEC ) and released in September 2016 . Outside groups are independent expenditure only committees -- also called PACs and SuperPACs . The sources of the numbers are the FEC and Center for Responsive Politics . Some spending totals are not available , due to withdrawals before the FEC deadline . As of September 2016 , ten candidates with ballot access have filed financial reports with the FEC . Candidate Campaign committee ( as of December 9 ) Outside groups ( as of December 9 ) Total spent Money raised Money spent Cash on hand Debt Money raised Money spent Cash on hand Hillary Clinton $497,808,791 $435,367,811 $62,440,979 $111,238 $205,909,959 $204,267,754 $1,642,205 $639,635,565 Donald Trump $247,541,449 $231,546,996 $15,994,454 $2,086,572 $74,905,285 $70,941,922 $3,963,363 $302,488,918 Gary Johnson $11,410,313 $10,308,873 $1,101,440 $0 $1,386,554 $1,310,578 $75,976 $11,619,451 Rocky De La Fuente $7,351,270 $7,354,663 - $3,392 $7,334,250 $0 $0 $0 $7,354,663 Jill Stein $3,509,477 $3,451,174 $58,303 $87,740 $0 $0 $0 $3,451,174 Evan McMullin $1,644,102 $1,642,165 $1,937 $0 $0 $0 $0 $1,642,165 Darrell Castle $52,234 $51,365 $869 $2,500 $0 $0 $0 $51,365 Gloria La Riva $29,243 $24,207 $5,034 $0 $0 $0 $0 $24,207 Monica Moorehead $11,547 $9,127 $2,419 $4,500 $0 $0 $0 $9,127 Peter Skewes $7,966 $4,238 $7,454 $8,000 $0 $0 $0 $4,238 Newspaper endorsements Main article : Newspaper endorsements in the United States presidential election , 2016 Clinton was endorsed by The New York Times , the Los Angeles Times , the Houston Chronicle , the San Jose Mercury News , the Chicago Sun - Times and the New York Daily News editorial boards . Trump , who has frequently criticized the mainstream media , was not endorsed by the vast majority of newspapers , with the Las Vegas Review - Journal , The Florida Times - Union , and the tabloid National Enquirer his highest profile supporters . Several papers which endorsed Clinton , such as the Houston Chronicle , The Dallas Morning News , The San Diego Union - Tribune , The Columbus Dispatch and The Arizona Republic , endorsed their first Democratic candidate for many decades . USA Today , which had not endorsed any candidate since it was founded in 1982 , broke tradition by giving an anti-endorsement against Trump , declaring him `` unfit for the presidency '' . The Atlantic , which has been in circulation since 1857 , gave Clinton its third - ever endorsement ( after Abraham Lincoln and Lyndon Johnson ) . Other traditionally Republican papers , including the New Hampshire Union Leader , which had endorsed the Republican nominee in every election for the last 100 years , The Detroit News , which had not endorsed a non-Republican in its 143 years , and the Chicago Tribune , endorsed Gary Johnson . Russian involvement Main article : Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections On December 9 , 2016 , the Central Intelligence Agency issued an assessment to lawmakers in the US Senate , stating that a Russian entity hacked the DNC and John Podesta 's emails to assist Donald Trump . The Federal Bureau of Investigation agreed President Barack Obama ordered a `` full enquiry '' into such possible intervention . Director of National Intelligence James R. Clapper in early January 2017 testified before a Senate committee that Russia 's meddling in the 2016 presidential campaign went beyond hacking , and included disinformation and the dissemination of fake news , often promoted on social media . President - elect Trump originally called the report fabricated , and Wikileaks denied any involvement by Russian authorities . Days later , Trump said he could be convinced of the Russian hacking `` if there is a unified presentation of evidence from the Federal Bureau of Investigation and other agencies . '' Several U.S. senators -- including Republicans John McCain , Richard Burr , and Lindsey Graham -- demanded a congressional investigation . The Senate Intelligence Committee announced the scope of their official inquiry on December 13 , 2016 , on a bipartisan basis ; work began on January 24 , 2017 . Debates Primary election debates Main articles : Democratic Party presidential debates and forums , 2016 ; Republican Party presidential debates and forums , 2016 ; Libertarian Party presidential debates and forums , 2016 ; and Green Party presidential debates and forums , 2016 General Election debates Main article : United States presidential debates , 2016 Hofstra University Hempstead , NY Longwood University Farmville , VA Washington University St. Louis , MO University of Nevada Las Vegas University of Colorado Boulder Sites of the 2016 general election debates The Commission on Presidential Debates ( CPD ) , a non-profit organization , hosted debates between qualifying presidential and vice-presidential candidates . According to the commission 's website , to be eligible to opt to participate in the anticipated debates , `` ... in addition to being Constitutionally eligible , candidates must appear on a sufficient number of state ballots to have a mathematical chance of winning a majority vote in the Electoral College , and have a level of support of at least 15 percent of the national electorate as determined by five selected national public opinion polling organizations , using the average of those organizations ' most recently publicly - reported results at the time of the determination . '' The three locations chosen to host the presidential debates , and the one location selected to host the vice presidential debate , were announced on September 23 , 2015 . The site of the first debate was originally designated as Wright State University in Dayton , Ohio ; however , due to rising costs and security concerns , the debate was moved to Hofstra University in Hempstead , New York . On August 19 , Trump 's campaign manager confirmed that he would participate in a series of three debates . Trump had complained that two of the scheduled debates , one on September 26 and the other October 9 , will have to compete for viewers with National Football League games , referencing the similar complaints made regarding the dates with low expected ratings during the Democratic Party presidential debates . The Free & Equal Elections Foundation announced plans to host an open debate among all presidential candidates who had ballot access sufficient to represent a majority of electoral votes . In October 2016 Free & Equal extended the invitation to all candidates with ballot lines representing at least 15 % of the electoral vote . The nominees of the Democratic , Republican , Libertarian , Green , Constitution , Reform , and Socialism and Liberation parties , as well as independent candidate Evan McMullin , were invited to participate . The debate was held at the University of Colorado Boulder 's Macky Auditorium on October 25 , 2016 . It was moderated by Ed Asner and Christina Tobin , with Darrell Castle , Rocky De La Fuente , and Gloria La Riva participating . PBS hosted a debate moderated by Tavis Smiley between Libertarian candidate Gary Johnson and Green Party candidate Jill Stein . Debates among candidates for the 2016 U.S. presidential election No . Date Time Host City Moderator ( s ) Participants P1 September 26 , 2016 9 p.m. EDT Hofstra University Hempstead , New York Lester Holt Hillary Clinton Donald Trump VP October 4 , 2016 9 p.m. EDT Longwood University Farmville , Virginia Elaine Quijano Tim Kaine Mike Pence P2 October 9 , 2016 8 p.m. CDT Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis , Missouri Anderson Cooper Martha Raddatz Hillary Clinton Donald Trump P3 October 19 , 2016 6 p.m. PDT University of Nevada , Las Vegas Las Vegas , Nevada Chris Wallace Hillary Clinton Donald Trump P4 October 25 , 2016 7 p.m. MDT University of Colorado Boulder Boulder , Colorado Ed Asner Christina Tobin Darrell Castle Rocky De La Fuente Gloria La Riva = Sponsored by the CPD ; = Sponsored by Free & Equal Results Incumbent President Barack Obama casts his vote early in Chicago on October 7 , 2016 . The election was held on November 8 , 2016 . Clinton cast her vote in Chappaqua , Westchester County , New York , while Trump voted in a Manhattan public school . Throughout the day , the election process went more smoothly than many had expected , with only a few reports of long lines and equipment problems . The news media and election experts were surprised twice , at Trump 's winning the GOP nomination and in winning the electoral college . English political scientist Lloyd Gruber says , `` One of the major casualties of the 2016 election season has been the reputation of political science , a discipline whose practitioners had largely dismissed Donald Trump 's chances of gaining the Republican nomination . '' The final polls showed a lead by Clinton -- and indeed she did win more popular votes . Trump himself expected to lose the election based on polling , and rented a small hotel ballroom to make a brief concession speech ; `` I said if we 're going to lose I do n't want a big ballroom '' , he said . The Republican candidate performed surprisingly well in all battleground states , especially Florida , Iowa , Ohio and North Carolina . Even Wisconsin , Pennsylvania , and Michigan , states that had been predicted to vote Democratic , were won by Trump . Cindy Adams , present at Trump Tower , reported that `` Trumptown knew they 'd won by 5 : 30 . Math , calculations , candidate dislike causing voter abstention begat the numbers . '' Trump said that he was surprised by how `` that map was getting red as hell . That map was bleeding red ... I always used to believe in ( polls ) . I do n't believe them anymore . '' On November 9 , 2016 , at 3 : 00 AM Eastern Time , Trump secured over 270 electoral votes , the majority of the 538 electors in the Electoral College , enough to make him the president - elect of the United States . According to the authors of Shattered : Inside Hillary Clinton 's Doomed Campaign , by late Tuesday night the White House had decided that Trump had won the election . Obama aide David Simas called Clinton campaign manager Robby Mook to unsuccessfully persuade Clinton to concede the election . Obama then called Clinton herself , citing the importance of continuity of government , to publicly acknowledge that Trump had won ; believing that she was still unwilling to concede the president called Podesta , telling him that the election was over , but the call to Clinton had likely already persuaded her . Clinton called Trump early on Wednesday morning to concede defeat , and later that day asked her supporters to accept the result and hoped that Trump would be `` a successful president for all Americans . '' In his victory speech Trump appealed for unity saying `` it is time for us to come together as one united people '' and praised Clinton who was owed `` a major debt of gratitude for her service to our country . '' Six states plus a portion of Maine that Obama won in 2012 switched to Trump . These are ( with Electoral College votes in parentheses ) : Florida ( 29 ) , Pennsylvania ( 20 ) , Ohio ( 18 ) , Michigan ( 16 ) , Wisconsin ( 10 ) , Iowa ( 6 ) , and Maine 's second congressional district ( 1 ) . Initially , Trump won exactly 100 more Electoral College votes than Mitt Romney in 2012 , with two lost to faithless electors the following month . Thirty - nine states swung more Republican compared to the previous Presidential election , while eleven states and the District of Columbia swung more Democratic . Based on U.S. Census Bureau estimates of the voting age population ( VAP ) , turnout of voters casting a vote for President was nearly 1 % higher than 2012 . Examining overall turnout in the 2016 election , University of Florida Prof. Michael McDonald estimated that 138.8 million Americans cast a ballot in 2016 . 65.9 million of those ballots have been counted for Clinton and just under 63 million for Trump , representing 20.3 % ( Clinton ) and 19.4 % ( Trump ) of a census estimate of U.S. population that day of 324 million . Considering a VAP of 250.6 million people and voting eligible population ( VEP ) of 230.6 million people , this is a turnout rate of 55.4 % VAP and 60.2 % VEP . Based on this estimate , voter turnout was up compared to 2012 ( 54.1 % VAP ) but down compared to 2008 ( 57.4 % VAP ) . A FEC report of the 2016 Presidential General Election recorded an official total of 136.7 million votes cast for President -- more than any prior election . Data scientist Azhar Hamdan , working to explain the paradoxes the 2016 outcome , `` chief among them the discrepancy between the popular vote , which Hillary Clinton won by 2.8 million votes , and the electoral college , where Trump won 304 - 227 '' , compared Trump 's 30 states against Clinton 's 20 states and the District of Columbia . He said that Trump outperformed Mitt Romney 's 2012 results , while Clinton only just matched Barack Obama 's 2012 totals . Hamdan also said that Trump was `` the highest vote earner of any Republican candidate ever , '' exceeding George W. Bush 's 62.04 million votes in 2004 , though neither reached Clinton 's 65.9 million , nor Obama 's 69.5 million votes in 2008 , the overall record . He concluded , with help from The Cook Political Report , that the election hinged not on Clinton 's large 2.8 million overall vote margin over Trump , but rather on about 78,000 votes from only three counties in Wisconsin , Pennsylvania , and Michigan . Candidates table Presidential candidate Party Home state Popular vote Electoral vote Running mate Count Percentage Vice-presidential candidate Home state Electoral vote Donald Trump Republican New York 62,984,825 46.09 % 304 Mike Pence Indiana 305 Hillary Clinton Democratic New York 65,853,516 48.18 % 227 Tim Kaine Virginia 227 Colin Powell Republican Virginia 25 0.00 % Elizabeth Warren Massachusetts Maria Cantwell Washington Susan Collins Maine Bernie Sanders Independent Vermont 111,850 0.08 % Elizabeth Warren Massachusetts ↑ John Kasich Republican Ohio 2,684 0.00 % Carly Fiorina Virginia Ron Paul Libertarian Texas 124 0.00 % Mike Pence Indiana ↑ Faith Spotted Eagle Democratic South Dakota 0 0.00 % Winona LaDuke Minnesota Gary Johnson Libertarian New Mexico 4,489,221 3.28 % 0 Bill Weld Massachusetts 0 Jill Stein Green Massachusetts 1,457,216 1.07 % 0 Ajamu Baraka Illinois 0 Evan McMullin Independent Utah 731,788 0.54 % 0 Mindy Finn District of Columbia 0 Darrell Castle Constitution Tennessee 203,010 0.15 % 0 Scott Bradley Utah 0 Gloria La Riva Socialism and Liberation California 74,392 0.05 % 0 Eugene Puryear District of Columbia 0 Other 760,586 0.56 % -- Other -- Total 136,669,237 100 % 538 538 Needed to win 270 270 Source ( Popular Vote ) : Nationwide : Leip , David . `` 2016 Presidential Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . For Bernie Sanders and John Kasich : CA : and NH : VT : NC : PA : RI : Received electoral vote ( s ) from a faithless elector . Two faithless electors from Texas cast their presidential votes for Ron Paul and John Kasich , respectively . Chris Suprun stated that he cast his presidential vote for John Kasich and his vice presidential vote for Carly Fiorina . The other faithless elector in Texas , Bill Greene , cast his presidential vote for Ron Paul but cast his vice presidential vote for Mike Pence , as pledged . John Kasich received recorded write - in votes in Alabama , Georgia , Illinois , New Hampshire , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , and Vermont . Candidate received votes as a write - in . The exact amounts of write - in votes for Sanders have been published for 3 states . In California , his official running mate was Tulsi Gabbard and in New Hampshire and Vermont there was not a running mate attached to Sanders . It was possible to vote Sanders as a write - in candidate in 14 states . Popular vote Clinton 48.18 % Trump 46.09 % Johnson 3.28 % Stein 1.07 % Others 1.37 % Electoral vote -- Pledged Trump / Pence 56.88 % Clinton / Kaine 43.12 % Electoral vote -- President Trump 56.51 % Clinton 42.38 % Powell 0.56 % Kasich 0.19 % Paul 0.19 % Sanders 0.19 % Spotted Eagle 0.19 % Electoral vote -- Vice President Pence 56.70 % Kaine 42.38 % Warren 0.38 % Cantwell 0.19 % Collins 0.19 % Fiorina 0.19 % LaDuke 0.19 % Results by State This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( December 2016 ) A total of 29 third party and independent presidential candidates appeared on the ballot in at least one state . Former Governor of New Mexico Gary Johnson and physician Jill Stein repeated their 2012 roles as the nominees for the Libertarian Party and the Green Party , respectively . With ballot access to the entire national electorate , Johnson received nearly 4.5 million votes ( 3.28 % ) , the highest nationwide vote share for a third - party candidate since Ross Perot in 1996 , while Stein received almost 1.45 million votes ( 1.06 % ) , the most for a Green nominee since Ralph Nader in 2000 . Independent candidate Evan McMullin , who appeared on the ballot in 11 states , received over 725,000 votes ( 0.53 % ) . He won 21.4 % of the vote in his home state of Utah , the highest share of the vote for a third - party candidate in any state since 1992 . Despite dropping out of the election following his defeat in the Democratic primary , Senator Bernie Sanders received 5.7 % of the vote in his home state of Vermont , the highest write - in draft campaign percentage for a presidential candidate in American history . Johnson and McMullin were the first third party candidates since Nader to receive at least 5 % of the vote in one or more states , with Johnson crossing the mark in 11 states and McMullin crossing it in two . Aside from Florida and North Carolina , the states which secured Trump 's victory are situated in the Great Lakes / Rust Belt region . Wisconsin went Republican for the first time since 1984 , while Pennsylvania and Michigan went Republican for the first time since 1988 . Stein petitioned for a recount in these states . The Clinton campaign pledged to participate in the Green Party recount efforts , while Trump backers challenged them in court . Meanwhile , American Delta Party / Reform Party presidential candidate Rocky De La Fuente petitioned for and was granted a partial recount in Nevada . States won by Clinton / Kaine States won by Trump / Pence Electoral methods WTA -- Winner - takes - all CD -- Congressional district Hillary Clinton Democratic Donald Trump Republican Gary Johnson Libertarian Jill Stein Green Evan McMullin Independent Others Margin Total State or district Electoral method # % Electoral votes # % Electoral votes # % Electoral votes # % Electoral votes # % Electoral votes # % Electoral votes # % # State Status Alabama WTA 729,547 34.36 % -- 1,318,255 62.08 % 9 44,467 2.09 % -- 9,391 0.44 % -- -- -- -- 21,712 1.02 % -- 588,708 27.72 % 2,123,372 AL Official Alaska WTA 116,454 36.55 % -- 163,387 51.28 % 18,725 5.88 % -- 5,735 1.80 % -- -- -- -- 14,307 4.49 % -- 46,933 14.73 % 318,608 AK Official Arizona WTA 1,161,167 45.13 % -- 1,252,401 48.67 % 11 106,327 4.13 % -- 34,345 1.33 % -- 17,449 0.68 % -- 1,476 0.06 % -- 91,234 3.54 % 2,573,165 AZ Official Arkansas WTA 380,494 33.65 % -- 684,872 60.57 % 6 29,829 2.64 % -- 9,473 0.84 % -- 13,255 1.17 % -- 12,712 1.12 % -- 304,378 26.92 % 1,130,635 AR Official California WTA 8,753,788 61.73 % 55 4,483,810 31.62 % -- 478,500 3.37 % -- 278,657 1.96 % -- 39,596 0.28 % -- 147,244 1.04 % -- − 4,269,978 − 30.11 % 14,181,595 CA Official Colorado WTA 1,338,870 48.16 % 9 1,202,484 43.25 % -- 144,121 5.18 % -- 38,437 1.38 % -- 28,917 1.04 % -- 27,418 0.99 % -- − 136,386 − 4.91 % 2,780,247 CO Official Connecticut WTA 897,572 54.57 % 7 673,215 40.93 % -- 48,676 2.96 % -- 22,841 1.39 % -- 2,108 0.13 % -- 508 0.03 % -- − 224,357 − 13.64 % 1,644,920 CT Official Delaware WTA 235,603 53.09 % 185,127 41.72 % -- 14,757 3.32 % -- 6,103 1.37 % -- 706 0.16 % -- 1,518 0.34 % -- − 50,476 − 11.39 % 443,814 DE Official District of Columbia WTA 282,830 90.48 % 12,723 4.07 % -- 4,906 1.57 % -- 4,258 1.36 % -- -- -- -- 6,551 2.52 % -- − 270,107 − 86.41 % 311,268 DC Official Florida WTA 4,504,975 47.82 % -- 4,617,886 49.02 % 29 207,043 2.20 % -- 64,399 0.68 % -- -- -- -- 25,736 0.28 % -- 112,911 1.20 % 9,420,039 FL Official Georgia WTA 1,877,963 45.64 % -- 2,089,104 50.77 % 16 125,306 3.05 % -- 7,674 0.19 % -- 13,017 0.32 % -- 1,668 0.04 % -- 211,141 5.13 % 4,114,732 GA Official Hawaii WTA 266,891 62.22 % 128,847 30.03 % -- 15,954 3.72 % -- 12,737 2.97 % -- -- -- -- 4,508 1.05 % − 138,044 − 32.19 % 428,937 HI Official Idaho WTA 189,765 27.49 % -- 409,055 59.26 % 28,331 4.10 % -- 8,496 1.23 % -- 46,476 6.73 % -- 8,132 1.18 % -- 219,290 31.77 % 690,255 ID Official Illinois WTA 3,090,729 55.83 % 20 2,146,015 38.76 % -- 209,596 3.79 % -- 76,802 1.39 % -- 11,655 0.21 % -- 1,627 0.03 % -- − 944,714 − 17.07 % 5,536,424 IL Official Indiana WTA 1,033,126 37.91 % -- 1,557,286 56.82 % 11 133,993 4.89 % -- 7,841 0.27 % -- -- -- -- 2,712 0.10 % -- 524,160 18.91 % 2,734,958 IN Official Iowa WTA 653,669 41.74 % -- 800,983 51.15 % 6 59,186 3.78 % -- 11,479 0.73 % -- 12,366 0.79 % -- 28,348 1.81 % -- 147,314 9.41 % 1,566,031 IA Official Kansas WTA 427,005 36.05 % -- 671,018 56.65 % 6 55,406 4.68 % -- 23,506 1.98 % -- 6,520 0.55 % -- 947 0.08 % -- 244,013 20.60 % 1,184,402 KS Official Kentucky WTA 628,854 32.68 % -- 1,202,971 62.52 % 8 53,752 2.79 % -- 13,913 0.72 % -- 22,780 1.18 % -- 1,879 0.10 % -- 574,177 29.84 % 1,924,149 KY Official Louisiana WTA 780,154 38.45 % -- 1,178,638 58.09 % 8 37,978 1.87 % -- 14,031 0.69 % -- 8,547 0.42 % -- 9,684 0.48 % -- 398,484 19.64 % 2,029,032 LA Official Maine ( at - lg ) WTA 357,735 47.83 % 335,593 44.87 % -- 38,105 5.09 % -- 14,251 1.91 % -- 1,887 0.25 % -- 356 0.05 % -- − 22,142 − 2.96 % 747,927 ME -- a / l Official Maine , 1st CD 212,774 53.96 % 154,384 39.15 % -- 18,592 4.71 % -- 7,563 1.92 % -- 807 0.20 % -- 209 0.05 % -- − 58,390 − 14.81 % 394,329 ME - 1 Maine , 2nd CD 144,817 40.98 % -- 181,177 51.26 % 19,510 5.52 % -- 6,685 1.89 % -- 1,080 0.31 % -- 147 0.04 % -- 36,360 10.28 % 353,416 ME - 2 Maryland WTA 1,677,928 60.33 % 10 943,169 33.91 % -- 79,605 2.86 % -- 35,945 1.29 % -- 9,630 0.35 % -- 35,169 1.26 % -- − 734,759 − 26.42 % 2,781,446 MD Official Massachusetts WTA 1,995,196 60.01 % 11 1,090,893 32.81 % -- 138,018 4.15 % -- 47,661 1.43 % -- 2,719 0.08 % -- 50,559 1.52 % -- − 904,303 − 27.20 % 3,325,046 MA Official Michigan WTA 2,268,839 47.27 % -- 2,279,543 47.50 % 16 172,136 3.59 % -- 51,463 1.07 % -- 8,177 0.17 % -- 19,126 0.40 % -- 10,704 0.23 % 4,799,284 MI Official Minnesota WTA 1,367,716 46.44 % 10 1,322,951 44.92 % -- 112,972 3.84 % -- 36,985 1.26 % -- 53,076 1.80 % -- 51,113 1.74 % -- − 44,765 − 1.52 % 2,944,813 MN Official Mississippi WTA 485,131 40.11 % -- 700,714 57.94 % 6 14,435 1.19 % -- 3,731 0.31 % -- -- -- -- 5,346 0.44 % -- 215,583 17.83 % 1,209,357 MS Official Missouri WTA 1,071,068 38.14 % -- 1,594,511 56.77 % 10 97,359 3.47 % -- 25,419 0.91 % -- 7,071 0.25 % -- 13,177 0.47 % -- 523,443 18.63 % 2,808,605 MO Official Montana WTA 177,709 35.75 % -- 279,240 56.17 % 28,037 5.64 % -- 7,970 1.60 % -- 2,297 0.46 % -- 1,894 0.38 % -- 101,531 20.42 % 497,147 MT Official Nebraska ( at - lg ) WTA 284,494 33.70 % -- 495,961 58.75 % 38,946 4.61 % -- 8,775 1.04 % -- -- -- -- 16,051 1.90 % -- 211,467 25.05 % 844,227 NE -- a / l Official Nebraska , 1st CD 100,126 35.46 % -- 158,626 56.18 % 14,031 4.97 % -- 3,374 1.19 % -- -- -- -- 6,181 2.19 % -- 58,500 20.72 % 282,338 NE - 1 Nebraska , 2nd CD 131,030 44.92 % -- 137,564 47.16 % 13,245 4.54 % -- 3,347 1.15 % -- -- -- -- 6,494 2.23 % -- 6,534 2.24 % 291,680 NE - 2 Nebraska , 3rd CD 53,290 19.73 % -- 199,657 73.92 % 11,657 4.32 % -- 2,054 0.76 % -- -- -- -- 3,451 1.28 % -- 146,367 54.19 % 270,109 NE - 3 Nevada WTA 539,260 47.92 % 6 512,058 45.50 % -- 37,384 3.32 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 36,683 3.26 % -- − 27,202 − 2.42 % 1,125,385 NV Official New Hampshire WTA 348,526 46.98 % 345,790 46.61 % -- 30,777 4.15 % -- 6,496 0.88 % -- 1,064 0.14 % -- 11,643 1.24 % -- − 2,736 − 0.37 % 744,296 NH Official New Jersey WTA 2,148,278 54.99 % 14 1,601,933 41.00 % -- 72,477 1.86 % -- 37,772 0.97 % -- -- -- -- 13,586 1.18 % -- − 546,345 − 13.99 % 3,874,046 NJ Official New Mexico WTA 385,234 48.26 % 5 319,667 40.04 % -- 74,541 9.34 % -- 9,879 1.24 % -- 5,825 0.73 % -- 3,173 0.40 % -- − 65,567 − 8.22 % 798,319 NM Official New York WTA 4,556,124 59.01 % 29 2,819,534 36.52 % -- 176,598 2.29 % -- 107,934 1.40 % -- 10,373 0.13 % -- 50,890 0.66 % -- − 1,736,590 − 22.49 % 7,721,453 NY Official North Carolina WTA 2,189,316 46.17 % -- 2,362,631 49.83 % 15 130,126 2.74 % -- 12,105 0.26 % -- -- -- -- 47,386 1.00 % -- 173,315 3.66 % 4,741,564 NC Official North Dakota WTA 93,758 27.23 % -- 216,794 62.96 % 21,434 6.22 % -- 3,780 1.10 % -- -- -- -- 8,594 2.49 % -- 123,036 35.73 % 344,360 ND Official Ohio WTA 2,394,164 43.56 % -- 2,841,005 51.69 % 18 174,498 3.17 % -- 46,271 0.84 % -- 12,574 0.23 % -- 27,975 0.51 % -- 446,841 8.13 % 5,496,487 OH Official Oklahoma WTA 420,375 28.93 % -- 949,136 65.32 % 7 83,481 5.75 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- N / A N / A -- 528,761 36.39 % 1,452,992 OK Official Oregon WTA 1,002,106 50.07 % 7 782,403 39.09 % -- 94,231 4.71 % -- 50,002 2.50 % -- -- -- -- 72,594 3.63 % -- − 219,703 − 10.98 % 2,001,336 OR Official Pennsylvania WTA 2,926,441 47.46 % -- 2,970,733 48.18 % 20 146,715 2.38 % -- 49,941 0.81 % -- 6,472 0.11 % -- 65,176 1.06 % -- 44,292 0.72 % 6,165,478 PA Official Rhode Island WTA 252,525 54.41 % 180,543 38.90 % -- 14,746 3.18 % -- 6,220 1.34 % -- 516 0.11 % -- 9,594 2.07 % -- − 71,982 − 15.51 % 464,144 RI Official South Carolina WTA 855,373 40.67 % -- 1,155,389 54.94 % 9 49,204 2.34 % -- 13,034 0.62 % -- 21,016 1.00 % -- 9,011 0.43 % -- 300,016 14.27 % 2,103,027 SC Official South Dakota WTA 117,458 31.74 % -- 227,721 61.53 % 20,850 5.63 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4,064 1.10 % -- 110,263 29.79 % 370,093 SD Official Tennessee WTA 870,695 34.72 % -- 1,522,925 60.72 % 11 70,397 2.81 % -- 15,993 0.64 % -- 11,991 0.48 % -- 16,026 0.64 % -- 652,230 26.00 % 2,508,027 TN Official Texas WTA 3,877,868 43.24 % -- 4,685,047 52.23 % 36 283,492 3.16 % -- 71,558 0.80 % -- 42,366 0.47 % -- 8,895 0.10 % 807,179 8.99 % 8,969,226 TX Official Utah WTA 310,676 27.46 % -- 515,231 45.54 % 6 39,608 3.50 % -- 9,438 0.83 % -- 243,690 21.54 % -- 12,787 1.13 % -- 204,555 18.08 % 1,131,430 UT Official Vermont WTA 178,573 56.68 % 95,369 30.27 % -- 10,078 3.20 % -- 6,758 2.14 % -- 639 0.20 % -- 23,650 7.51 % -- − 83,204 − 26.41 % 315,067 VT Official Virginia WTA 1,981,473 49.73 % 13 1,769,443 44.41 % -- 118,274 2.97 % -- 27,638 0.69 % -- 54,054 1.36 % -- 33,749 0.85 % -- − 212,030 − 5.32 % 3,984,631 VA Official Washington WTA 1,742,718 52.54 % 8 1,221,747 36.83 % -- 160,879 4.85 % -- 58,417 1.76 % -- -- -- -- 133,258 4.02 % − 520,971 − 15.71 % 3,317,019 WA Official West Virginia WTA 188,794 26.43 % -- 489,371 68.50 % 5 23,004 3.22 % -- 8,075 1.13 % -- 1,104 0.15 % -- 4,075 0.57 % -- 300,577 42.07 % 714,423 WV Official Wisconsin WTA 1,382,536 46.45 % -- 1,405,284 47.22 % 10 106,674 3.58 % -- 31,072 1.04 % -- 11,855 0.40 % -- 38,729 1.30 % -- 22,748 0.77 % 2,976,150 WI Official Wyoming WTA 55,973 21.63 % -- 174,419 67.40 % 13,287 5.13 % -- 2,515 0.97 % -- -- -- -- 9,655 3.73 % -- 118,446 45.77 % 255,849 WY Official U.S. Total -- 65,853,516 48.18 % 227 62,984,825 46.09 % 304 4,489,221 3.28 % -- 1,457,216 1.07 % -- 731,788 0.54 % -- 1,152,671 0.84 % 7 − 2,868,691 − 2.09 % 136,669,237 US Two states ( Maine and Nebraska ) allow for their electoral votes to be split between candidates . The winner within each congressional district gets one electoral vote for the district . The winner of the statewide vote gets two additional electoral votes . Results are from The New York Times . Swing from 2012 to 2016 in each state . The column labeled ' Margin ' shows Trump 's margin of victory over Clinton ( the margin is negative for every state that Clinton won ) . Close races Red denotes states ( or congressional districts whose electoral votes are awarded separately ) won by Republican Donald Trump ; blue denotes those won by Democrat Hillary Clinton . States where the margin of victory was under 1 % ( 50 electoral votes ; 46 won by Trump , 4 by Clinton ) : Michigan , 0.23 % New Hampshire , 0.31 % Pennsylvania , 0.72 % ( tipping point state including 2 faithless electors from Texas ) Wisconsin , 0.76 % ( tipping point state excluding 2 faithless electors from Texas ) States / districts where the margin of victory was between 1 % and 5 % ( 83 electoral votes ; 56 won by Trump , 27 by Clinton ) : Florida , 1.20 % Minnesota , 1.52 % Nebraska 's 2nd Congressional District , 2.24 % Nevada , 2.42 % Maine , 2.96 % Arizona , 3.55 % North Carolina , 3.66 % Colorado , 4.91 % States where the margin of victory was between 5 % and 10 % ( 96 electoral votes ; 78 won by Trump , 18 by Clinton ) : Georgia , 5.13 % Virginia , 5.32 % Ohio , 8.13 % New Mexico , 8.21 % Texas , 9.00 % Iowa , 9.41 % Breakdown by ticket State Party Presidential vote Vice presidential vote Name of Elector References Nationwide Donald Trump , 304 Mike Pence , 305 Pledged Hillary Clinton , 227 Tim Kaine , 227 Hawaii Bernie Sanders ( I - VT ) Elizabeth Warren ( D - MA ) David Mulinix Texas John Kasich ( R - OH ) Carly Fiorina ( R - VA ) Christopher Suprun Ron Paul ( L - TX / R - TX ) Mike Pence ( as pledged ) Bill Greene Washington Colin Powell ( R - VA ) Maria Cantwell ( D - WA ) Levi Guerra Susan Collins ( R - ME ) Esther John Elizabeth Warren ( D - MA ) Bret Chiafalo Faith Spotted Eagle ( D - SD ) Winona LaDuke ( G - MN ) Robert Satiacum , Jr . Battleground states Most media outlets announced the beginning of the presidential race about twenty months prior to Election Day . Soon after the first contestants declared their candidacy , Larry Sabato listed Virginia , Colorado , Iowa , New Hampshire , Florida , Nevada , and Ohio as the seven states most likely to be contested in the general election . After Donald Trump clinched the Republican presidential nomination , many pundits felt that the major campaign locations might be different from what had originally been expected . Rust Belt states such as Pennsylvania , Wisconsin , and even Michigan were thought to be in play with Trump as the nominee , while states with large minority populations , such as Colorado and Virginia , were expected to shift towards Clinton . By the conventions period and the debates , however , it did not seem as though the Rust Belt states could deliver a victory to Trump . According to Politico and the 538 online blog , his path to victory went though states such as Florida , North Carolina , Nevada , New Hampshire , and possibly Colorado . Early polling indicated a closer - than - usual race in former Democratic strongholds such as Washington , Delaware , New Jersey , Connecticut , Maine ( for the two statewide electoral votes ) , and New Mexico . Meanwhile , research indicators from inside of a host of Republican - leaning states such as Arizona , Indiana , Georgia , South Carolina , Alaska , Utah , Texas , Kansas , Mississippi , Missouri , Montana , and South Dakota reported weaker support for Trump than expected , although the nominee 's position solidified in a few other areas . Some reviews took this information as evidence of an expanded ' swing - state map ' . A consensus among political pundits developed throughout the primary election season regarding swing states . From the results of presidential elections from 2004 through to 2012 , the Democratic and Republican parties would generally start with a safe electoral vote count of about 150 to 200 . However , the margins required to constitute a swing state are vague , and can vary between groups of analysts . It was thought that left - leaning states in the Rust Belt could become more conservative , as Trump had strong appeal among many blue - collar workers . They represent a large portion of the American populace and were a major factor in Trump 's eventual nomination . Trump 's primary campaign was propelled by victories in Democratic states , and his supporters often did not identify as Republican . In addition , local factors may come into play . For example , Utah was the reddest state in 2012 , although the Republican share was boosted significantly by the candidacy of Mormon candidate Mitt Romney . Despite its partisan orientation , some reports suggested a victory there by independent candidate Evan McMullin , particularly if there was a nationwide blowout . Media reports indicated that both candidates planned to concentrate on Florida , Pennsylvania , Ohio and North Carolina . Among the Republican - leaning states , potential Democratic targets included Nebraska 's second congressional district , Georgia , and Arizona . Trump 's relatively poor polling in some traditionally Republican states , such as Utah , raised the possibility that they could vote for Clinton , despite easy wins there by recent Republican nominees . However , many analysts asserted that these states were not yet viable Democratic destinations . Several sites and individuals publish electoral predictions . These generally rate the race by the likelihood for each party to win a state . The `` tossup '' label is usually used to indicate that neither party has an advantage , `` lean '' to indicate a party has a slight edge , `` likely '' to indicate a party has a clear but not overwhelming advantage , and `` safe '' to indicate a party has an advantage that can not be overcome . As the parameters of the race established themselves , analysts converged on a narrower list of contested states , which were relatively similar to those of recent elections . On November 7 , the Cook Political Report categorized Arizona , Colorado , Florida , Iowa , Michigan , Nevada , New Hampshire , North Carolina , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and Wisconsin as states with close races . Additionally , a district from each of Maine and Nebraska were considered to be coin flips . Meanwhile , FiveThirtyEight listed twenty - two states as potentially competitive about a month before the election -- Maine 's two at - large electoral votes , New Mexico , Minnesota , Michigan , Colorado , Virginia , Wisconsin , Pennsylvania , New Hampshire , Nevada , Florida , North Carolina , Ohio , Iowa , Arizona , Georgia , Alaska , South Carolina , Texas , Indiana , Missouri , and Utah -- as well as Maine 's second and Nebraska 's second congressional districts . Nate Silver , the publication 's editor - in - chief , subsequently removed Texas , South Carolina , Missouri , and Indiana from the list after the race tightened significantly . These conclusions were supported by models such as the Princeton Elections Consortium , the New York Times Upshot , and punditry evaluations from Sabato 's Crystal Ball and the Cook Political Report . Clinton won states like New Mexico by less than 10 percentage points . Among the states where the candidates finished at a margin of within 7 percent , Clinton won Virginia ( 13 electoral votes ) , Colorado ( 9 ) , Maine ( 2 ) , Minnesota ( 10 ) , and New Hampshire ( 4 ) . On the other hand , Trump won Michigan ( 16 ) , Pennsylvania ( 20 ) , Wisconsin ( 10 ) , Florida ( 29 ) , North Carolina ( 15 ) , Arizona ( 11 ) , Nebraska 's second district ( 1 ) , and Georgia ( 16 ) . States won by Obama in the 2012 contest , such as Ohio ( 18 ) , Iowa ( 6 ) , and Maine 's second district ( 1 ) , were also won by Trump . The close result in Maine was not expected by most commentators , nor were Trump 's victory of over 10 points in the second district and their disparities . The dramatic shift of Midwestern states towards Trump were contrasted in the media against the relative movement of Southern states towards the Democrats . For example , former Democratic strongholds such as Minnesota leaned towards the GOP and Iowa voted more Republican than Texas did , while Arizona and Georgia were more Democratic than Ohio . Trump 's smaller victories in Alaska and Utah , also took some experts by surprise . Maps Results by state , shaded according to winning candidate 's percentage of the vote Results by vote distribution among states . Each state 's pie chart is proportional to the number of electoral votes they have . Results by county . Red denotes counties that went to Trump ; blue denotes counties that went to Clinton . Results by county , shaded according to winning candidate 's percentage of the vote Results by county , shaded according to winning candidate 's percentage of the vote ( Red - Purple - Blue view ) Results by state and DC , scaled by number of Electors per state . United States presidential election , 2016 cartogram United States presidential election , 2016 cartogram Results of 2016 U.S. presidential election by congressional district , shaded by vote margin County swing from 2012 to 2016 Results by county , shaded according to percentage of the vote for Trump Results by county , shaded according to percentage of the vote for Clinton Results by county , shaded according to percentage of the vote for Johnson ( 0 % -- 10 % scale ) Voter demographics Voter demographic data for 2016 were collected by Edison Research for the National Election Pool , a consortium of ABC News , CBS News , MSNBC , CNN , Fox News and the Associated Press . The voter survey is based on questionnaires completed by 24,537 voters leaving 350 voting places throughout the United States on Election Day , in addition to 4,398 telephone interviews with early and absentee voters . Trump 's crucial victories in the Midwest were aided in large part by his strong margins among non-college whites -- while Obama lost those voters by a margin of 10 points in 2012 , Clinton lost this group by 20 percent . The election also represented the first time that Republicans performed better among lower - income whites than among affluent white voters . To some analysts ' surprise , Trump narrowed Clinton 's margin compared to Obama by 7 points among blacks and African - Americans , 8 points among Latinos , and 11 points among Asian - Americans . Meanwhile , Trump increased his lead with non-Hispanic white voters through 1 percent over Mitt Romney 's performance , and American Indians , Alaska Natives , and Pacific Islanders shifted their support towards the Republican candidate using the same relative amount . Additionally , although 74 percent of Muslim voters supported Clinton , Trump nearly doubled his support there compared to Mitt Romney , according to the New York Times exit poll . However , exit polls are believed to have overstated sectors of the electorate oftentimes in the past , and further study with additional data is generally recommended by experts , as it is considered to be a more accurate representation of voting behavior in presidential elections . 2016 Presidential vote by demographic subgroup Demographic subgroup Clinton Trump Other % of total vote Total vote 48 46 6 100 Ideology Liberals 84 10 6 26 Moderates 52 41 7 39 Conservatives 15 81 35 Party Democrats 89 9 37 Republicans 7 90 33 Independents 42 48 10 31 Party by gender Democratic men 87 10 14 Democratic women 90 8 23 Republican men 6 90 17 Republican women 8 89 16 Independent men 37 51 10 17 Independent women 47 43 7 14 Gender Men 41 52 7 47 Women 54 41 5 53 Gender by marital status Married men 37 58 5 29 Married women 49 47 30 Non-married men 46 45 9 19 Non-married women 62 33 5 23 Race / ethnicity White 37 58 5 70 Black 88 8 12 Asian 65 29 6 Other 56 37 7 Hispanic ( of any race ) 65 29 6 11 Gender by race / ethnicity White men 31 63 5 34 White women 43 53 37 Black men 80 13 6 5 Black women 94 7 Latino men ( of any race ) 62 33 5 Latino women ( of any race ) 68 26 5 6 All other races 61 32 5 6 Religion Protestant 37 60 27 Catholic 45 52 23 Mormon 25 61 14 Other Christian 43 55 24 Jewish 71 24 5 Other religion 58 33 9 7 None 68 26 6 15 Religious service attendance Weekly or more 40 56 33 Monthly 46 49 5 16 A few times a year 48 47 5 29 Never 62 31 7 22 White evangelical or born - again Christian White evangelical or born - again Christian 16 81 26 Everyone else 59 35 6 74 Age 18 -- 24 years old 56 35 9 10 25 -- 29 years old 53 39 8 9 30 -- 39 years old 51 40 9 17 40 -- 49 years old 46 50 19 50 -- 64 years old 44 53 30 65 and older 45 53 15 Sexual orientation LGBT 78 14 8 5 Heterosexual 47 48 5 95 First time voter First time voter 56 40 10 Everyone else 47 47 6 90 Education High school or less 45 51 18 Some college education 43 52 5 32 College graduate 49 45 6 32 Postgraduate education 58 37 5 18 Education by race / ethnicity White college graduates 45 49 37 White no college degree 28 67 34 Non-white college graduates 71 23 5 13 Non-white no college degree 75 20 16 Family income Under $30,000 53 41 6 17 $30,000 -- 49,999 51 42 7 19 $50,000 -- 99,999 46 50 31 $100,000 -- 199,999 47 48 5 24 $200,000 -- 249,999 48 49 Over $250,000 46 48 6 6 Issue regarded as most important Foreign policy 60 34 6 13 Immigration 32 64 13 Economy 52 42 6 52 Terrorism 39 57 18 Region Northeast 55 40 5 19 Midwest 45 49 6 23 South 44 52 37 West 55 39 6 21 Community size Cities ( population 50,000 and above ) 59 35 6 34 Suburbs 45 50 5 49 Rural areas 34 62 17 Forecasting Further information : Nationwide opinion polling for the United States presidential election , 2016 and Statewide opinion polling for the United States presidential election , 2016 Various methods were used to forecast the outcome of the 2016 election . For the 2016 election , there were many competing election forecast approaches including Nate Silver 's FiveThirtyEight , The Upshot at The New York Times , Daily Kos , Princeton Election Consortium , Cook Political Report , Rothenberg and Gonzales , PollyVote , Sabato 's Crystal Ball and Electoral - Vote . These models mostly showed a Democratic advantage since the nominees were confirmed , and were supported by pundits and statisticians , including Nate Silver of FiveThirtyEight , Nate Cohn at The New York Times , and Larry Sabato from the Crystal Ball newsletter , who predicted a Democratic victory in competitive presidential races and projected consistent leads in several battleground states around the country . The near - unanimity of forecasters in predicting a Clinton victory may have been the result of groupthink . However , FiveThirtyEight 's model pointed to the possibility of an Electoral College - popular vote split widening in the final weeks based on Trump 's improvement in swing states like Florida or Pennsylvania . This was due to the demographics targeted by Trump 's campaign which lived in big numbers there , in addition to Clinton 's poor performance in several of those swing states in comparison with Obama 's performance in 2012 , as well as having a big number of her potential voters in very populated traditionally ' blue ' states , but also in some very populated states traditionally ' red ' , like Texas , which were projected safe for Trump . Early exit polls generally favored Clinton . After the polls closed and some of the results came in , the forecasts were found to be inaccurate , as Trump performed better in the competitive Midwestern states , such as Iowa , Ohio , and Minnesota , than expected . Three states ( Pennsylvania , Wisconsin and Michigan ) which were considered to be part of Clinton 's firewall , were won by Trump . Of the states in the Great Lakes region , Clinton won the swing state of Minnesota by 1 point , as well as traditional Democratic strongholds such as New York and Illinois with populous urban centers . This result stands in contrast to the 2012 results , when President Obama won all but Indiana , which he carried in 2008 . This table displays the final polling average published by Real Clear Politics on November 7 , the actual electoral margin , and the over-performance by either candidate relative to the polls . State Electoral votes Polling average Final result Difference Arizona 11 Trump + 4 Trump + 3.5 Clinton + 0.5 Colorado 9 Clinton + 2.9 Clinton + 4.9 Clinton + 2 Florida 29 Trump + 0.2 Trump + 1.2 Trump + 1 Georgia 16 Trump + 4.8 Trump + 5.1 Trump + 0.3 Iowa 6 Trump + 3 Trump + 9.5 Trump + 6.5 Maine Clinton + 4.5 Clinton + 2.9 Trump + 1.6 Michigan 16 Clinton + 3.4 Trump + 0.3 Trump + 3.7 Minnesota 10 Clinton + 6.2 Clinton + 1.5 Trump + 4.7 Nevada 6 Trump + 0.8 Clinton + 2.4 Clinton + 3.2 New Hampshire Clinton + 0.6 Clinton + 0.3 Trump + 0.3 New Mexico 5 Clinton + 5 Clinton + 8.3 Clinton + 3.3 North Carolina 15 Trump + 1 Trump + 3.7 Trump + 2.7 Ohio 18 Trump + 3.5 Trump + 8.1 Trump + 4.6 Pennsylvania 20 Clinton + 1.9 Trump + 0.7 Trump + 2.6 Virginia 13 Clinton + 5 Clinton + 5.4 Clinton + 0.4 Wisconsin 10 Clinton + 6.5 Trump + 0.7 Trump + 7.2 Pollsters were puzzled by the failure of mainstream forecasting models to predict the 2016 election outcome . Sean Trende , writing for RealClearPolitics , wrote that many of the polls were accurate , but that the pundits ' interpretation of these polls neglected polling error . Nate Silver found that the high amount of undecided and third - party voters in the election were neglected in many of these models , and that many of these voters decided to vote for Trump . FiveThirtyEight 's final polls - plus forecast predicted 18 states , plus the second congressional districts of Maine and Nebraska , with an interval of confidence lower than 90 % . However , every major forecaster , including FiveThirtyEight , the New York Times Upshot , prediction markets aggregator PredictWise , ElectionBettingOdds from Maxim Lott and John Stossel , the DailyKos , the Princeton Election Consortium , the Huffington Post , the Cook Political Report , Larry Sabato 's Crystal Ball , and the Rothenberg and Gonzales Report , called every state the same way ( although Cook and Rothenberg - Gonzales left two and five states as toss - ups , respectively ) . The sole exception was Maine 's 2nd congressional district . Of the forecasters who published results on the district , the Times gave Trump a 64 % chance of winning and PredictWise a 52 % chance , FiveThirtyEight gave Clinton a 51 % chance of winning in polls - only and 54 % in polls - plus , Princeton gave her a 60 % chance , Cook labelled it a toss - up , and Sabato leaned it towards Trump . The following table displays the final winning probabilities given by each outlet , along with the final electoral result . The states shown have been identified by Politico , WhipBoard , the New York Times , and the Crystal Ball as battlegrounds . State New York Times Upshot FiveThirtyEight PredictWise Princeton Election Consortium Sabato 's Crystal Ball 2012 margin 2016 margin Alaska 83 % R 76 % R 94 % R 96 % R Likely R 14 R 15 R Arizona 84 % R 67 % R 82 % R 91 % R Lean R 9 R 4 R Colorado 89 % D 78 % D 95 % D 96 % D Likely D 5 D 5 D Florida 67 % D 55 % D 77 % D 69 % D Lean D 1 D 1 R Georgia 83 % R 79 % R 91 % R 88 % R Likely R 8 R 6 R Iowa 62 % R 70 % R 79 % R 74 % R Lean R 6 D 10 R Maine ( statewide ) 91 % D 83 % D 98 % D 98 % D Likely D 15 D 3 D Maine ( CD - 2 ) 64 % R 51 % D 52 % R 60 % D Lean R 9 D 10 R Michigan 94 % D 79 % D 95 % D 79 % D Lean D 9 D 1 R Minnesota 94 % D 85 % D 99 % D 98 % D Likely D 8 D 2 D Nebraska ( CD - 2 ) 80 % R 56 % R 75 % R 92 % R Lean R 7 R 3 R New Mexico 95 % D 83 % D 98 % D 91 % D Likely D 10 D 8 D Nevada 68 % D 58 % D 91 % D 84 % D Lean D 7 D 2 D New Hampshire 79 % D 70 % D 84 % D 63 % D Lean D 6 D 1 D North Carolina 64 % D 56 % D 66 % D 67 % D Lean D 2 R 4 R Ohio 54 % R 65 % R 67 % R 63 % R Lean R 3 D 9 R Pennsylvania 89 % D 77 % D 93 % D 79 % D Lean D 5 D 1 R Utah 73 % R 83 % R 86 % R 99 % R Lean R 48 R 18 R Virginia 96 % D 86 % D 98 % D 98 % D Likely D 4 D 5 D Wisconsin 93 % D 84 % D 98 % D 98 % D Likely D 7 D 1 R Viewership Legend cable news network broadcast network Total television viewers 8 : 00 to 11 : 00 PM Eastern Network Viewers CNN 13,258,000 FNC 12,112,000 NBC 11,152,000 ABC 9,236,000 CBS 8,008,000 MSNBC 5,945,000 Fox 4,196,000 Total cable TV viewers 2 : 00 to 3 : 00 AM Eastern Network Viewers FNC 9,778,000 CNN 6,452,000 MSNBC 2,858,000 Cable TV viewers 25 to 54 2 : 00 to 3 : 00 AM Eastern Network Viewers FNC 3,955,000 CNN 3,372,000 MSNBC 1,207,000 Post-election events See also : International reactions to the United States presidential election , 2016 Trump 's victory , considered unlikely by most forecasts , was characterized as an `` upset '' and as `` shocking '' by the media . Protests Play media News report about the protests in Los Angeles on November 12 from Voice of America Further information : Protests against Donald Trump § Post-election protests Following the announcement of Trump 's election , large protests broke out across the United States with some continuing for several days . Protesters have held up a number of different signs and chanted various shouts including `` Not my president '' and `` We do n't accept the president - elect '' . The movement organized on Twitter under the hashtags # Anti-trump and # NotMyPresident . High school and college students walked out of classes to protest . The protests were peaceful for the most part . At some protests fires were lit , flags and other items were burned and people yelled derogatory remarks about Trump . Rioters also broke glass at certain locations . Celebrities such as Madonna , Cher , and Lady Gaga took part in New York . Some protesters took to blocking freeways in Los Angeles , San Diego , and Portland , Oregon , and were dispersed by police in the early hours of the morning . In a number of cities , protesters were dispersed with rubber bullets , pepper spray and bean - bags fired by police . In New York City , calls were made to continue the protests over the coming days after the election . Former New York mayor Rudy Giuliani called protesters `` a bunch of spoiled cry - babies . '' Los Angeles mayor Eric Garcetti expressed understanding of the protests and praised those who peacefully wanted to make their voices heard . Vote tampering concerns After the election , computer scientists , including J. Alex Halderman , the director of the University of Michigan Center for Computer Security and Society , urged the Clinton campaign to request an election recount in Wisconsin , Michigan , and Pennsylvania ( three swing states where Trump had won narrowly ) for the purpose of excluding the possibility that the hacking of electronic voting machines had influenced the recorded outcome . However , statistician Nate Silver performed a regression analysis which demonstrated that the alleged discrepancy between paper ballots and electronic voting machines `` completely disappears once you control for race and education level '' . On November 25 , 2016 , the Obama administration said the results from November 8 , `` accurately reflect the will of the American people . '' The following day , the White House released another statement saying , `` the federal government did not observe any increased level of malicious cyberactivity aimed at disrupting our electoral process on Election Day . '' Recount Petitions Main article : 2016 United States presidential election recounts On November 23 , Green Party presidential candidate Jill Stein launched a public fundraiser to pay for recounts in Wisconsin , Michigan , and Pennsylvania , asserting that the election 's outcome had been affected by hacking in those states ; Stein did not provide evidence for her claims . Changing the outcome of these three states would make Clinton the winner , and this would require showing that less than 60 000 votes had been counted for Trump which should have been counted for Clinton . Stein filed for a recount in Wisconsin on November 25 , after which Clinton campaign general counsel Marc Elias stated that their campaign would join Stein 's recount efforts in that state and possibly others `` in order to ensure the process proceeds in a manner that is fair to all sides . '' Stein subsequently filed for a recount in Pennsylvania on November 28 , and in Michigan on November 30 . Concurrently , American Delta Party / Reform Party presidential candidate Rocky De La Fuente sought and was granted a partial recount in Nevada that was unrelated to Stein 's efforts . President - elect Donald Trump issued a statement denouncing Stein 's Wisconsin recount request saying , `` The people have spoken and the election is over . '' Trump further commented that the recount `` is a scam by the Green Party for an election that has already been conceded . '' The Trump campaign and Republican Party officials moved to block Stein 's three recount efforts through state and federal courts . U.S. District Judge Mark Goldsmith ordered a halt to the recount in Michigan on December 7 , dissolving a previous temporary restraining order against the Michigan Board of Elections that allowed the recount to continue , stating in his order : `` Plaintiffs have not presented evidence of tampering or mistake . Instead , they present speculative claims going to the vulnerability of the voting machinery -- but not actual injury . '' On December 12 , U.S. District Judge Paul Diamond rejected an appeal by the Green Party and Jill Stein to force a recount in Pennsylvania , stating that suspicion of a hacked Pennsylvania election `` borders on the irrational '' and that granting the Green Party 's recount bid could `` ensure that no Pennsylvania vote counts '' given the December 13 , 2016 , federal deadline to certify the vote for the Electoral College . Meanwhile , the Wisconsin recount was allowed to continue as it was nearing completion and had uncovered no significant irregularities . The recounts in Wisconsin and Nevada were completed on schedule , resulting in only minor changes to vote tallies . A partial recount of Michigan ballot found some precinct imbalances in Detroit , which were corrected . A subsequent state audit found no evidence of voter fraud and concluded that the mistakes , which were `` almost entirely '' caused by poll - worker mistakes attributed to poor training , did not impair `` the ability of Detroit residents to cast a ballot and have their vote counted . '' The overall outcome of the election remained unchanged by the recount efforts . Electoral College lobbying Intense lobbying ( in one case involving claims of harassment and death threats ) and grass - roots campaigns have been directed at various GOP electors of the United States Electoral College to convince a sufficient number of them ( 37 ) to not vote for Trump , thus precluding a Trump presidency . Members of the Electoral College themselves started a campaign for other members to `` vote their conscience for the good of America '' in accordance with Alexander Hamilton 's Federalist Paper No. 68 . This group 's members may have become faithless electors in the presidential election . On December 5 , former candidate Lawrence Lessig and attorney Laurence Tribe established The Electors Trust under the aegis of EqualCitizens.US to provide pro bono legal counsel as well as a secure communications platform for members of the Electoral College who are regarding a vote of conscience against Trump . On December 6 , Colorado Secretary of State Wayne W. Williams castigated Democratic electors who had filed a lawsuit in Federal court to have the state law binding them to the popular vote ( in their case for Hillary Clinton ) overturned . On December 10 , ten electors , in an open letter headed by Christine Pelosi to the Director of National Intelligence James Clapper , demanded an intelligence briefing in light of Russian interference in the election to help Trump win the presidency . Fifty - eight additional electors subsequently added their names to the letter , bringing the total to 68 electors from 17 different states . On December 16 , the briefing request was denied . On December 19 , several electors voted against their pledged candidates : two against Trump and five against Clinton . A further three electors attempted to vote against Clinton but were replaced or forced to vote again . The 115th United States Congress officially certified the results on January 6 , 2017 . Faithless electors Main article : Faithless electors in the United States presidential election , 2016 In the Electoral College vote on December 19 , for the first time since 1808 , multiple faithless electors voted against their pledged qualified presidential candidate . Five Democrats rebelled in Washington and Hawaii , while two Republicans rebelled in Texas . Two Democratic electors , one in Minnesota and one in Colorado , were replaced after voting for Bernie Sanders and John Kasich , respectively . Electors in Maine conducted a second vote after one of its members voted for Sanders ; the elector then voted for Clinton . Likewise , for the first time since 1896 , multiple faithless electors voted against the pledged qualified vice presidential candidate . One Clinton elector in Colorado attempted to vote for John Kasich . The single vote was ruled invalid by Colorado state law , the elector was dismissed , and an alternative elector was sworn in who voted for Clinton . One Clinton elector in Minnesota voted for Bernie Sanders as President and Tulsi Gabbard as vice president ; his votes were discarded and he was replaced by an alternate who voted for Clinton . One Clinton elector in Maine voted for Bernie Sanders ; this vote was invalidated as `` improper '' and the elector subsequently voted for Clinton . Four Clinton electors in Washington did not vote for Clinton ( three votes went to Colin Powell , and one to Faith Spotted Eagle ) . One Trump elector in Georgia resigned before the vote rather than vote for Trump and was replaced by an alternate . Two Trump electors in Texas did not vote for Trump ( one vote went to John Kasich , one to Ron Paul ) ; one elector did not vote for Pence and instead voted for Carly Fiorina for Vice-President ; a third resigned before the vote rather than vote for Trump and was replaced by an alternate . One Clinton elector in Hawaii voted for Bernie Sanders . Of the faithless votes , Colin Powell and Elizabeth Warren were the only two to receive more than one ; Powell received three electoral votes for President and Warren received two for Vice President . Receiving one valid electoral vote each were Sanders , John Kasich , Ron Paul and Faith Spotted Eagle for President , and Carly Fiorina , Susan Collins , Winona LaDuke and Maria Cantwell for Vice President . Sanders is the first Jewish American to receive an electoral vote for President . LaDuke is the first Green Party member to receive an electoral vote , and Paul is the third member of the Libertarian Party to do so , following the party 's presidential and vice-presidential nominees each getting one vote in 1972 . It is the first election with faithless electors from more than one political party . The seven people to receive electoral votes for president were the most in a single election since 1796 , and more than any other election since the enactment of the Twelfth Amendment in 1804 . Trump compared with former presidents Both major - party candidates were unusually old . At 70 years of age , Trump became the oldest person ever to be elected to a first term as president , surpassing Ronald Reagan , who was 7004254740000000000 ♠ 69 years , 272 days upon winning the 1980 election . ( Clinton , at 7004252160000000000 ♠ 69 years , 13 days , would have been the second - oldest after Reagan . ) Along with Bill Clinton and George W. Bush , Trump was born in 1946 ; this is the first time a single birth year has produced three presidents . ( 1946 was a year of unusually numerous births , marking the first year of the post -- World War II baby boom . ) Trump is the fifth president to be born in the state of New York , after Martin Van Buren , Millard Fillmore , Theodore Roosevelt , and Franklin D. Roosevelt ; he is the second president born in New York City after Theodore Roosevelt . Trump is also the third president , after James K. Polk in 1844 , and Woodrow Wilson in 1916 to win an election despite losing his home state . Trump became the first person since Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 to be elected president without having been elected to any other previous office , and the only individual to be elected president without any prior political or military experience . Among other presidents with limited military or political experience , William Howard Taft never served in the military and had been elected to political office only once , as an Ohio state judge , although he later held a number of appointed federal government positions , including in the Cabinet of Theodore Roosevelt . Herbert Hoover did not serve in the military and never held elected office , but he led two federal government agencies during and after World War I and served in the Cabinets of two other presidents , Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge . See also History of the United States ( 2008 -- present ) Inauguration of Donald Trump United States gubernatorial elections , 2016 United States House of Representatives elections , 2016 United States Senate elections , 2016 2010s portal Politics portal United States portal Notes ^ Jump up to : In state - by - state tallies , Trump earned 306 pledged electors , Clinton 232 . They lost respectively 2 and 5 votes to faithless electors . Pence and Kaine lost one and five votes , respectively . Jump up ^ In early elections , beginning with the election of George Washington , many electors were chosen by state legislatures instead of public balloting and , in those states which practiced public balloting , votes were cast for undifferentiated lists of candidates , leaving no or only partial vote totals . Some states continued to allocate electors by legislative vote as late as 1876 . ^ Jump up to : Maine split its electoral votes for the first time since 1828 . Jump up ^ The 1872 presidential election also saw multiple electors vote for a different candidate than that pledged , due to the death of Liberal Republican candidate Horace Greeley , after the popular vote , yet before the meeting of the Electoral College . Greeley still garnered three posthumous electoral votes which were subsequently dismissed by Congress . Jump up ^ Not 1912 , because James S. Sherman was dead . References ^ Jump up to : 136,669,237 votes cast ( `` Official 2016 Presidential General Election Results '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017. ) out of an estimated 245,502,000 of voting age . ( `` U.S. Census Bureau Voting Age Population ( Current Population Survey for November 2016 ) '' . Retrieved November 10 , 2017. ) ^ Jump up to : Schmdt , Kiersten ; Andrews , Wilson ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` A Historic Number of Electors Defected , and Most Were Supposed to Vote for Clinton '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official 2016 Presidential General Election Results '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Larry Sabato ; Kyle Kondik ; Geoffrey Skelley ( 2017 ) . Trumped : The 2016 Election That Broke All the Rules . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 7 . ISBN 9781442279407 . Jump up ^ http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/commentary/ct-truman-defeats-dewey-1948-flashback-perspec-1113-md-20161111-story.html Jump up ^ https://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2017/02/15/trump_stole_a_page_from_give_em_hell_harry_133085.html Jump up ^ Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc. p. 266 . Jump up ^ Miller , Greg ; Entous , Adam . `` Declassified report says Putin ' ordered ' effort to undermine faith in U.S. election and help Trump '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Fleitz , Fred ( 7 January 2017 ) . `` Was Friday 's declassified report claiming Russian hacking of the 2016 election rigged ? '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ EICHENWALD , Kurt ( 10 January 2017 ) . `` Trump , Putin and the hidden history of how Russia interfered in the U.S. presidential election '' . Newsweek . Jump up ^ `` Intelligence Report on Russian Hacking '' . The New York Times . January 6 , 2017 . p. 11 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Julian Borger & Spencer Ackerman , Trump - Russia collusion is being investigated by FBI , Comey confirms , The Guardian ( March 20 , 2017 ) . ^ Jump up to : Carney , Jordain ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Senate committee moving forward with Russia hacking probe '' . The Hill . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wright , Austin ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` Second Hill panel to probe possible ties between Russia , Trump campaign '' . Politico . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenstein , Rod ( 17 May 2017 ) . `` Rod Rosenstein 's Letter Appointing Mueller Special Counsel '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , AOL . `` This one Trump move called the ' most suspicious ' part of his presidency '' . AOL.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ CNN , Eli Watkins and Jim Acosta . `` WH highlights Clapper 's lack of evidence on Trump - Russia collusion '' . CNN . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Huetteman , Matthew Rosenberg , Emmarie ; Schmidt , Michael S. ( 2017 - 03 - 20 ) . `` Comey Confirms F.B.I. Inquiry on Russia ; Sees No Evidence of Wiretapping '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Amira , Dan ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Let the 2016 Campaign Season Begin ! '' . New York . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martin , Johnathon ; Haberman , Maggie ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Back to the future : Clinton vs. Bush ? '' . Politico . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barbaro , Micharl ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` After Obama , Christie Wants a G.O.P. Hug '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Linshi , Jack ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` More People Are Running for Presidential Nomination Than Ever '' . Time . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rafferty , Andrew ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Ben Carson Suspends 2016 Campaign at CPAC '' . NBC News . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peters , Jeremy ; Barbaro , Michael ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Marco Rubio Suspends His Presidential Campaign '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rosenfeld , Everett ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz suspends presidential campaign '' . CNBC . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Thomas ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` John Kasich Drops Out of Presidential Race '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Reince Priebus on Twitter '' . Twitter . May 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 ... @ realDonaldTrump will be presumptive @ GOP nominee , we all need to unite ... Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump is running for president '' . Business Insider . June 16 , 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump announces presidential bid '' . The Washington Post . June 16 , 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump FEC filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . June 22 , 2015 . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Kasich FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . July 23 , 2015 . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mascaro , Lisa ; Lauter , David ( March 22 , 2015 ) . `` Texas Republican Sen. Ted Cruz Launches Presidential Bid '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zezima , Katie ( March 23 , 2015 ) . `` Ted Cruz Announces He 's Running for President '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ted Cruz FEC filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . March 23 , 2015 . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ashley ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Marco Rubio Announces 2016 Presidential Bid '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Rebecca ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Marco Rubio Makes His Pitch as the Fresh Face of the GOP in 2016 '' . National Journal . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marco Rubio FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov. April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Terris , Ben ( May 3 , 2015 ) . `` Ben Carson announces presidential campaign '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rafferty , Andrew ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Ben Carson Announces 2016 Run '' . NBCNews.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Carson FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rafferty , Andrew ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Jeb Bush Makes 2016 Run Official '' . NBC News . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jeb Bush FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Allen , Cooper ( July 30 , 2015 ) . `` Jim Gilmore formally joins GOP presidential race '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Gilmore FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . July 29 , 2015 . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gass , Nick ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Carly Fiorina : ' Yes , I am running for president ' '' . Politico . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Fiorina FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barbaro , Michael ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Christie Announces Run , Pledging ' Truth ' About Nation 's Woes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher J. Christie FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . July 1 , 2015 . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Lisa ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Republican Rand Paul announces 2016 presidential run on website '' . Reuters . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Killough , Ashley ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Rand Paul : ' I am running for president ' '' . CNN . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rand Paul FEC filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov. April 8 , 2015 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jackson , David ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Santorum officially begins 2016 presidential campaign '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Santorum FEC filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . May 27 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trip , Gabriel ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Mike Huckabee Joins Republican Presidential Race '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Huckabee FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` George Pataki FEC filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . June 2 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jaffe , Alexandra ( June 1 , 2015 ) `` Graham bets on foreign experience in White House bid announcement '' , CNN . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lindsey Graham FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fahrenthold , David A. ; Hohmann , James ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Bobby Jindal announces entry into 2016 presidential race '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Jindal FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Burlij , Terence ; Lee , MJ ; LoBianco , Tom ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker officially enters 2016 presidential race '' . CNN . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Walker FEC filing '' . FEC . FEC.gov . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Presidential Primary -- Republican President -- NHSOS '' . sos.nh.gov . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beckwith , Ryan Teague ; Rhodan , Maya ( June 4 , 2015 ) . `` Rick Perry Announces Presidential Bid '' . Time . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Rick Perry FEC filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . June 19 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Keneally , Meghan ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump Teases Possible VP Requirements '' . ABC News . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stokols , Eli ; Everett , Burgess ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Trump 's performance raises hard question : Who 'd want to be his VP ? '' . Politico . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Costa , Robert ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Gingrich , Christie are the leading candidates to be Trump 's running mate '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zurcher , Anthony ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` US election : Who will Trump pick as his vice-president ? '' . BBC . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Donnell , Kelly ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Team Trump Plans Public Event Friday With VP Pick '' . NBC News . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bash , Dana ; Acosta , Jim ; Lee , MJ ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump selects Mike Pence as VP '' . CNN . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Levingston , Ivan ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump officially names Mike Pence as his VP '' . CNBC . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cook , Tony ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Gov. Mike Pence formally nominated as the Republican Party 's vice presidential candidate '' . The Indianapolis Star . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keith , Tamara ; Montanar , Domenico ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Hillary Clinton Expected To Go Small With Big Announcement '' . NPR . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Second straight poll shows Bernie Sanders leading in New Hampshire '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Merica , Dan ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Bernie Sanders is running for president '' . CNN . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bernie Sanders surpasses Hillary Clinton in New Hampshire polls '' . The Huffington Post . August 25 , 2015 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Huffpost Pollster '' . The Huffington Post . October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jackson , David ; Cooper , Allen ( May 30 , 2015 ) . `` Martin O'Malley jumps into presidential race '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DelReal , Jose A. ( June 3 , 2015 ) . `` Lincoln Chafee announces long - shot presidential bid '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island 's Chafee enters 2016 Democratic contest '' . Boston Herald . Associated Press . June 3 , 2015 . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Catanese , David ( July 2 , 2015 ) . `` Jim Webb Announces For President '' . U.S. News & World Report . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2015 . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Theodoric ( September 6 , 2015 ) . `` Lessig : I 'm running for president '' . Slate . Retrieved September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Webb to consider running as an independent '' . Politico . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biden says he 's not running in 2016 '' . OnPolitics . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Biden Not Running for President '' . ABC News . October 21 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagner , John ; Weigel , David ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Lincoln Chafee ends Democratic bid for president '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strauss , Daniel ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Lessig drops out of presidential race '' . Politico . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada Caucus Results '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South Carolina Primary Results '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why The Polls Missed Bernie Sanders 's Michigan Upset '' . FiveThirtyEight . March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Dan ; Jacobs , Ben ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Bernie Sanders pulls off shock victory over Hillary Clinton in Indiana '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dann , Carrie ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Clinton hits ' magic number ' of delegates to clinch nomination '' . NBC News . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Democratic Convention 2016 '' . thegreenpapers.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sanders vows to help Clinton beat Trump , but keeps campaign alive '' . Reuters . June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sanders backers frustrated by defeats at Orlando platform meeting '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reily , Molly ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Bernie Sanders Endorses Hillary Clinton For President '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chozick , Amy . `` Hillary Clinton Announces 2016 Presidential Bid '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Karni , Annie ( April 12 , 2015 ) . `` Hillary Clinton formally announces 2016 run '' . Politico . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hillary Rodham Clinton FEC filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC. April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , MJ ; Merica , Dan ; Zeleny , Jeff ( 12 July 2016 ) . `` Bernie Sanders endorses Hillary Clinton '' . CNN . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Yglesias , Matthew ( February 1 , 2016 ) `` Iowa Results : Martin O'Malley drops out after third place finish '' , Vox.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fritze , John ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Martin O'Malley endorses Hillary Clinton '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Merica , Dan ; LoBianco , Tom ( October 23 , 2015 ) `` Lincoln Chafee drops out of Democratic primary race '' , CNN.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 Jump up ^ Walsh , Michael ( October 20 , 2015 ) `` Jim Webb drops out of Democratic primary race '' , Yahoo ! Politics . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Healy , Patrick ( April 23 , 2016 ) . `` Hillary Clinton 's Campaign , Cautious but Confident , Begins Considering Running Mates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Dylan ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Hillary Clinton 's VP shortlist has leaked . Here are the pros and cons of each '' . Vox . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gearan , Anne ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Two names emerge from Clinton 's VP deliberations : Kaine and Vilsack '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gearan , Anne ; Wagner , John ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Sen. Timothy M. Kaine of Virginia chosen as Hillary Clinton 's VP '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collins , Eliza ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Libertarian Gary Johnson launches presidential bid '' . Politico . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Johnson U.S. FEC filing '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Hampshire Secretary of State Says Jill Stein Petition is Valid '' . ballot-access.org . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ballot Access '' . gp.org . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Jill Stein Qualifies for Write - in Status in North Carolina ; No Other Write - in Presidential Candidate Does So '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Rocky De La Fuente and Jill Stein File Oklahoma Ballot Access Case '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada Green Party Loses Ballot Access Lawsuit '' . ballot-access.org . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Green Party 's Jill Stein Announces She Is Running for President on Democracy Now ! '' . Democracy Now ! . June 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Green Party candidate Jill Stein announces VP running mate '' . August 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McMullin , Evan. `` 34 States and Counting '' . Evan McMullin for President . Rumpf , Sarah . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` November 8 , 2016 , General Election Certified List of Write - In Candidates '' ( PDF ) . elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov . California Secretary of State . October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Registered Write - In Candidates November 8 , 2016 '' ( PDF ) . sots.ct.gov . Connecticut Secretary of State . October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 General Election Write - In Presidential Candidates '' ( PDF ) . sos.ks.gov . Kansas Secretary of State . October 31 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Winger , Richard ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Missouri Secretary of State Releases List of Presidential Write - in Candidates '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Write - In Candidates for President '' ( PDF ) . www.elections.ny.gov . New York State Board of Elections . October 24 , 2016 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Winger , Richard ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Six Write - in Presidential Candidates File to Have North Dakota Write - ins Counted '' . ballot-access.org . Ballot Access News . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Daniel ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Whoops : Independent candidate appears to have accidentally picked a running mate '' . Politico . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-Trump Republican Launching Independent Presidential Bid '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ballot access The Constitution Party '' . www.constitutionparty.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Winger , Richard ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` North Dakota Says All Three Independent Presidential Petitions are Valid '' . Ballot Access News . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Election Information '' . azsos.gov . Arizona Secretary of State . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kemp , Brian ( September 12 , 2016 ) . `` Qualifying Candidate Information '' . sos.ga.gov . Georgia Secretary of State . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Candidate Listing '' . elections.state.md.us . Maryland State Board of Elections. 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Certification of Write - in Candidates -- President and Vice President '' ( PDF ) . Virginia Department of Elections . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution Party Nominates Darrell Castle and Scott Bradley '' . April 16 , 2016 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` September 2016 Ballot Access News Print Edition '' . Ballot Access News . p. 5 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eight Presidential Candidates will be on Mississippi ballot '' . ballot-access.org . September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Hampshire Says Rocky De La Fuente Has Enough Valid Signatures '' . ballot-access.org . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Federal Nominations filed for the 2016 General Election '' . elections.ny.gov . New York State Board of Elections . August 11 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2012 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island Secretary of State Says Three Independent Presidential Petitions Have Enough Valid Signatures '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wyoming Says Jill Stein and Rocky De La Fuente Have Enough Valid Signatures '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Winger , Richard ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` Ballot Access News '' . ballot-access.org . p. 4 . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . States that allow write - ins in the general election , and do n't have write - in filing laws , are legally obliged to count all write - ins : Alabama , Iowa , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , and Vermont ... Only one state , South Carolina , has a law that says that although write - ins in general elections are permitted , they are not permitted for president . ^ Jump up to : `` Declared Write - In Candidates , November 8 , 2016 General Election '' ( PDF ) . elections.delaware.gov . Delaware Department of Elections. 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 General Election Candidate Abbreviated List '' ( PDF ) . www.in.gov . Indiana Secretary of State Election Division . August 22 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Missouri Secretary of State Adds Rocky De La Fuente to the List of Declared Write - in Presidential Candidates '' . ballot-access.org . Ballot Access News . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Roza , Tony ( 2016 ) . `` Nebraska 2016 General Election '' . thegreenpapers.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Oregon '' . ballotpedia.org . Ballotpedia . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official List of Write - In Candidates for the 2016 General Election '' ( PDF ) . sos.wa.gov . Washington Secretary of State . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Write - In Candidate Listing '' ( PDF ) . sos.wv.gov . West Virginia Secretary of State . 2016 . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( August 13 , 2016 ) . `` Peace & Freedom Party Nominates Gloria LaRiva for President '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( May 15 , 2016 ) . `` Liberty Union Party of Vermont Nominates Gloria La Riva for President '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Winger , Richard ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` September 2016 Ballot Access News Print Edition '' . ballot-access.org . p. 6 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Candidate Listing '' . elections.myflorida.com . Florida Department of State , Division of Elections. 2016 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tony Roza , ed. ( 2016 ) . `` Minnesota 2016 General Election '' . thegreenpapers.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Workers World Party Nominates Monica Moorehead for President '' . November 9 , 2015 . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hudnall , David . `` Durham 's Lamont Lilly is Running for Vice President ( of the United States ) '' . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 November General Write - In List '' ( PDF ) . sos.idaho.gov . Idaho Secretary of State . October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tony Roza , ed. ( 2016 ) . `` Massachusetts 2016 General Election '' . thegreenpapers.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Winger , Richard ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Michigan List of Declared Write - in Presidential Candidates '' . ballot-access.org . Ballot Access News . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jorden , Henry ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 General Election Official State - Filed Write - In Candidates '' ( PDF ) . sos.mt.gov . Montana Secretary of State . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pietenpol , Laura ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` Ohio 2016 General Election Candidates List '' . sos.state.oh.us . Ohio Secretary of State . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Write - in Certificate with New Presidential Write - in '' ( PDF ) . sos.state.tx.us . Texas Secretary of State . 2016 . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Natural Law Party of Michigan Nominates Socialist Party National Ticket Ballot Access News '' . Ballot-access.org . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( October 17 , 2015 ) . `` Socialist Party National Ticket Nominated '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Socialist Party is Only Party , Besides Republicans and Democrats , to File for Guam Advisory Presidential Vote '' . ballot-access.org . Ballot Access News . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Candidate Fillings '' . elections.utah.gov . Utah Lieutenant Governor . 2016 . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Registered Write - in Candidates for November 8 , 2016 '' ( PDF ) . elections.wi.gov . Wisconsin Elections Commission . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prohibition Party Nominates National Ticket '' . Ballot Access News . July 31 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` James Hedges FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` November 8 , 2016 General Election Candidate List '' . elections.alaska.gov . State of Alaska Division of Elections. 2016 . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Election Candidate Filings -- President of the United States '' . apps.sos.ky.gov . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Husted , Jon ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Husted Announces Independent Candidates for President and Vice President '' . sos.state.oh.us . Ohio Secretary of State . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` Georgia Secretary of State Now Says Laurence Kotlikoff May be a Declared Write - in Presidential Candidate '' . ballot-access.org . Ballot Access News . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` November 8 , 2016 Write - in Candidates '' . cookcountyclerk.com . Cook County Clerk. 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` List of Declared Write - in Candidates for the General Election '' . maine.gov . Maine Bureau of Corporations , Elections & Commissions . September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Summers , Kathy ( October 4 , 2016 ) , `` Certified Write - In Candidates for United States President November 8 , 2016 '' , sos.tn.gov , Tennessee Secretary of State , retrieved October 4 , 2016 Jump up ^ Ziggler , Jed ( January 1 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Hoefling Announces 2016 Presidential Campaign '' . Independent Political Report . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Arkansas Secretary of State Removes Tom Hoefling from Ballot for President '' . ballot-access.org . Ballot Access News . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Keniston 2016 '' . Chris Keniston 2016 . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Veterans Party of America '' . Veterans Party of America . ^ Jump up to : Wayne Williams , ed . ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 General Election Candidate List '' . sos.state.co.us . Colorado Secretary of State . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` American Party of South Carolina Nominates Peter Skewes for President '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Silva , Rod ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` FEC Form 2 : Statement of Candidacy '' ( PDF ) . fec.gov . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Silva , Rod . `` My fellow Americans '' . Rod Silva for President 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Schedler , ed. ( 2016 ) . `` Candidate Inquiry '' . sos.la.gov . Louisiana Department of State . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 November General Candidate List '' ( PDF ) . sos.idaho.gov . Idaho Secretary of State . September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chozick , Amy ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Clinton Offers Economic Plan Focused on Jobs '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Hillary Clinton : Equal pay , problem - solving would be top priorities '' . CBS News . February 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lerder , Lisa ( April 19 , 2015 ) . `` Clinton patches relations with liberals at campaign 's outset '' . The Big Story . Associated Press . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chozick , Amy ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` A Path to Citizenship , Clinton Says , ' Is at Its Heart a Family Issue ' '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Geoff , Colvin ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Explaining Donald Trump 's Massive Branding Power '' . Fortune . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mai - Duc , Christine ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Inside the Southern California factory that makes the Donald Trump hats '' . latimes.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cassidy , John ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump Is Transforming the G.O.P. Into a Populist , Nativist Party '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . What is perhaps more surprising , at least to Washington - based conservatives , is how many Republicans are also embracing Trump 's populist lines on ending free trade , protecting Social Security , and providing basic health care . Jump up ^ `` How Trump Exposed the Tea Party '' . Politico Magazine . For years the Republican elite has gotten away with promoting policies about trade and entitlements that are the exact opposites of the policies favored by much of their electoral base . Populist conservatives who want to end illegal immigration , tax the rich , protect Social Security and Medicare , and fight fewer foreign wars have been there all along . It 's just that mainstream pundits and journalists , searching for a libertarian right more to their liking ( and comprehension ) , refused to see them before the Summer of Trump . Jump up ^ Nicholas Confessore ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` How the G.O.P. Elite Lost Its Voters to Donald Trump '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . While wages declined and workers grew anxious about retirement , Republicans offered an economic program still centered on tax cuts for the affluent and the curtailing of popular entitlements like Medicare and Social Security . Jump up ^ Greg Sargent ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` This one anecdote perfectly explains how Donald Trump is hijacking the GOP '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas B. Edsall ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Who Are the Angriest Republicans ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Steve Rattner ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` White , working class men back Trump , charts show '' ( video ) . Morning Joe MNSBC . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Steve Rattner breaks down the demographics of who is supporting Donald Trump and how these supporters are doing financially . Duration : 2 : 25 Jump up ^ Jeff Guo ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Death predicts whether people vote for Donald Trump '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Even after controlling for these other factors , the middle - aged white death rate in a county was still a significant predictor of the share of votes that went to Trump Jump up ^ Nate Cohn , Donald Trump 's Strongest Supporters : A Certain Kind of Democrat , The New York Times ( December 31 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Thrush , Glenn ; Haberman , Maggie ( May 2014 ) . `` What Is Hillary Clinton Afraid Of '' . Politico . Jump up ^ Merica , Dan ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Hillary Clinton seeks ' new beginning ' with the press '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Jason ( May 22 , 2015 ) . `` Hillary Clinton , Acutely Aware of Pitfalls , Avoids Press on Campaign Trail '' . The New York Times . it makes all the political sense in the world for Mrs. Clinton to ignore them Jump up ^ Waldman , Paul ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Why Hillary Clinton needs to start treating the press better '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Nicholas Confessore & Karen Yourish , Measuring Donald Trump 's Mammoth Advantage in Free Media , The New York Times ( March 16 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` How much does Donald Trump dominate TV news coverage ? This much '' . CNN . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tyndall , Andrew . `` COMMENTS : Campaign 2016 Coverage : Annual Totals for 2015 '' . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Byers , Dylan . `` Donald Trump : Media King , 2015 '' . CNN . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Kenneth . `` How Donald Trump 's Media Dominance Is Changing the 2016 Campaign '' . US News & World Report . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 43 Times Donald Trump Has Attacked The Media As A Presidential Candidate '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fandos , Nicholas ( July 11 , 2015 ) . `` Donald Trump Defiantly Rallies a New ' Silent Majority ' in a Visit to Arizona '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Kenneth . `` Trump : Media Is ' Dishonest and Corrupt ' '' Archived September 16 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , U.S. News and World Report ( August 15 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Koppel , Ted . `` Trump : ' I feel I 'm an honest person ' '' , CBS News ( July 24 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` RealClearPolitics -- Clinton & Trump : Favorability Ratings '' . Real Clear Politics . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Michael S. ; Chozick , Amy ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Using Private Email , Hillary Clinton Thwarted Record Requests '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Leonnig , Carol D. ; Helderman , Rosalind S. ; Gearan , Anne ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Clinton e-mail review could find security issues '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Dilanian , Ken ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Clinton Emails Held Indirect References to Undercover CIA Officers '' . NBC News . Jump up ^ Shane , Scott ; Schmidt , Michael S. ( August 8 , 2015 ) . `` Hillary Clinton Emails Take Long Path to Controversy '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Cox , Douglas ( July 27 , 2015 ) . `` Hillary Clinton email controversy : How serious is it ? '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Kessler , Glenn ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` How did ' top secret ' emails end up on Hillary Clinton 's server ? '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Perez , Evan ; Brown , Pamela ( October 29 , 2016 ) . `` Comey notified Congress of email probe despite DOJ concerns '' . CNN . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perez , Evan ; Brown , Pamela ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` FBI discovered Clinton - related emails weeks ago '' . CNN . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FBI finds no criminality in review of newly discovered Clinton emails '' . NBC News . November 6 , 2016 . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emails Warrant No New Action Against Hillary Clinton , F.B.I. Director Says '' . The New York Times . November 6 , 2016 . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Montanaro , Domenico ( September 10 , 2016 ) . `` Hillary Clinton 's ' Basket Of Deplorables , ' In Full Context Of This Ugly Campaign '' . NPR . The remarks also remind of inflammatory remarks in recent presidential elections on both sides -- from Barack Obama 's assertion in 2008 that people in small towns are `` bitter '' and `` cling to guns or religion , '' to Mitt Romney 's 2012 statement that 47 percent of Americans vote for Democrats because they are `` dependent upon government '' and believe they are `` victims , '' to his vice presidential pick Paul Ryan 's comment that the country is divided between `` makers and takers . '' Jump up ^ Epstein , Jennifer ( September 10 , 2016 ) . `` Clinton Calls Some Trump Supporters ' Basket of Deplorables ' '' . Bloomberg News . Republican pollster Frank Luntz described Clinton 's comments as her `` 47 percent moment , '' a reference to Republican Mitt Romney 's remarks at a private fundraiser in the 2012 campaign . Jump up ^ Chozick , Amy ( September 10 , 2016 ) . `` Hillary Clinton Calls Many Trump Backers ' Deplorables , ' and GOP Pounces '' . New York Times . Prof. Jennifer Mercieca , an expert in American political discourse at Texas A&M University , said in an email that the `` deplorable '' comment `` sounds bad on the face of it '' and compared it to Mr. Romney 's 47 percent gaffe . `` The comment demonstrates that she ( like Romney ) lacks empathy for that group , '' Professor Mercieca said . Jump up ^ Reilly , Katie ( September 10 , 2016 ) . `` Hillary Clinton Says She Regrets Part of Her ' Deplorables ' Comment '' . Time . Jump up ^ Flegenheimer , Matt ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Hillary Clinton Says ' Radical Fringe ' Is Taking Over G.O.P. Under Donald Trump '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Cassidy , John , A Sexual Predator in the Republican Party 's Midst , The New Yorker , October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trump recorded having extremely lewd conversation about women in 2005 '' . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Video Shows Donald Trump Saying Lewd Things About Women '' . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trump on hot mic : ' When you 're a star ... You can do anything ' to women '' . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Rebecca ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` RNC Chair Reince Priebus condemns Trump for obscene comments about women in 2005 video '' . Business Insider . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Kurtis ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Speaker Paul Ryan disinvites Trump to his campaign event , says he 's ' sickened ' by tape '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blake , Aaron ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` Here 's the fast - growing list of Republicans calling for Donald Trump to drop out '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Costa , Robert ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` Amid growing calls to drop out , Trump vows to ' never withdraw ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Johnson : Third party is going to be the Libertarian Party On Air Videos '' . Fox Business . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Benjy Sarlin , Anti-Trump forces have few options for third party alternative , MSNBC ( March 4 , 2016 ) : `` ' I am the third party , ' former New Mexico Gov. Gary Johnson , the party 's 2012 nominee , told conservative gathering CPAC on Thursday . ' The Libertarian Party will be on the ballot in all 50 states . ' '' Jump up ^ Rogers , Ed ( December 14 , 2012 ) . `` Who is Gary Johnson ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` As Between Trump and Clinton , Gary Johnson ( or Austin Petersen ) is the Best Choice for President '' . RedState . May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Eli . `` Libertarian candidate Gary Johnson : What Donald Trump says is ' ridiculous ' '' . CNN . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maggie Haberman ; Alexander Burns ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` Gary Johnson Equates Syria Deaths Caused by Assad and West '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Gary Johnson gives a foreign policy speech and chides the media for giving him pop quizzes '' . The Washington Post . Johnson tried to put a string of foreign policy gaffes behind him on Friday ... ^ Jump up to : Wright , David . `` What is Aleppo ? '' . CNN . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Louis ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Libertarian candidate Gary Johnson : ' What is Aleppo ? ' '' . Politico . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I am Jill Stein , Green Party candidate for President , AMA ! / r / IAmA '' . reddit . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` WATCH / / Jill Stein : To stop Trump 's neofascism , we must stop Clinton 's neoliberalism '' . Haaretz.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Left Forum 2016 , Is Sanders the Answer to Building Left and Black Power ? '' . youtube . Open University of the Left . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Easley ; Ben Kamisar ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Democrats target Libertarian ticket '' . The Hill . ^ Jump up to : Leip , David ( January 20 , 2017 ) . `` 2016 Presidential General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Newton , Massachusetts . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Camia , Catalina ; Moore , Martha A. ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Democrats pick Philadelphia for 2016 convention '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RNC officially approves Cleveland as 2016 convention host '' . CBS News . August 8 , 2014 . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Isenstadt , Alex ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` GOP convention set for July 18 -- 21 in 2016 '' . Politico . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ `` Campaign 2016 updates : Another newspaper that has long backed GOP candidates bucks Donald Trump '' -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ `` USA Today 's Editorial Board : Trump is ' unfit for the presidency ' '' . Jump up ^ `` The Case for Hillary Clinton And Against Donald Trump '' . October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Diaz , Daniella ; Spodak , Cassie ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Union Leader breaks with 100 - year tradition , endorses Gary Johnson '' . CNN . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Endorsement : Libertarian Gary Johnson for president '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Editorial : A principled option for U.S. president : Endorsing Gary Johnson , Libertarian '' . Chicago Tribune . September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FBI in agreement with CIA that Russia aimed to help Trump win White House '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Washington , Spencer Ackerman David Smith in ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` Barack Obama orders ' full review ' of possible Russian hacking in US election '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top U.S. intelligence official : Russia meddled in election by hacking , spreading of propaganda '' . The Washington Post . January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sanger , David E. ( 2016 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Trump , Mocking Claim That Russia Hacked Election , at Odds with G.O.P '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Entous , Adam ; Nakashima , Ellen ; Miller , Greg ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` Secret CIA assessment says Russia was trying to help Trump win White House '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Damian Paletta & Kate O'Keeffe ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump 's Team Tones Down Skepticism on Russia Hacking Evidence '' . Wall Street Journal . 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Jump up ^ `` Commission on Presidential Debates announces sites and dates for 2016 general election debates '' . Commission on Presidential Debates . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lima , Cristiano ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` Trump wants three presidential debates , accuses Clinton of rigging schedule '' . Politico . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Free and Equal Announces Date and Location for General Election Presidential Debate '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UWS Festival '' . freeandequal.org . Free & Equal Elections Foundation . 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United We Stand Festival & People 's Presidential Debate Live Now from Boulder , CO ! '' . Free & Equal Elections Foundation . October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Johnson , Jill Stein debate on Tavis Smiley show '' . Independent Political Report . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Flegenheimer , Matt ; Barbaro , Michael ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump Is Elected President in Stunning Repudiation of the Establishment '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference US_Elections_Project was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` 2016 November General Election Turnout Rates '' . www.electproject.org . Retrieved December 17 , 2016. ) Jump up ^ U.S. Census Bureau . ( 2016 ) . Population clock . Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/popclock/ ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference AzharForbes12292016 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Gregg , Christine . How many states did Trump win ? A state - by - state look back at the 2016 presidential election , AOL , July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 56 Interesting Facts About the 2016 Election '' , The Cook Political Report , December 16 , 2016 , archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 Jump up ^ http://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/sov/2016-general/sov/06-sov-summary.pdf Jump up ^ http://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/sov/2016-general/sov/17-presidential-formatted.pdf Jump up ^ `` President of the United States - 2016 General Election - NHSOS '' . Jump up ^ `` : : Vermont Election Night Results : : '' . Jump up ^ `` North Carolina 2016 General Election '' . Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania State Elections Office Tallies Presidential Write - ins for Three Candidates : McMullin , Sanders , and Kasich '' . Ballot Access News . 2016 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island Releases Write - ins for President from November 2016 Election - Ballot Access News '' . Jump up ^ CA : ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) NH : ( 3 ) VT : ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Dwilson , Stephanie Dube ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` How Many Write - In Votes Did Bernie Sanders Get in the Election ? '' . Jump up ^ Geier , Ben ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` The 2016 Presidential Election Could Have Two Spoiler Candidates '' . Fortune . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Presidential Ballot Access Map '' . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Election of 2016 '' . Jump up ^ Warner , Claire . `` Ralph Nader Got The Most Write - In Votes For President Ever , But Election Write - Ins Have A Long History '' . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schleifer , Theodore ( 9 November 2016 ) . `` Trump stomps all over the Democrats ' Blue Wall '' . CNN . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Angst over the economy helps Trump flip Great Lakes states , Chicago Tribune , November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Donald Trump 's Promise of Bringing Back Jobs Worked With Many Michigan Voters , The Wall Street Journal , November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trump election : Wisconsin prepares for vote recount '' . BBC News . November 26 , 2016 . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Clinton campaign splits from White House in backing Jill Stein recount push '' . The Guardian . November 26 , 2016 . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Board to Hear Trump 's Challenge to Recount Effort '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Latest : 5 Nevada counties to recount presidential race '' . The Washington Post . November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` State of Alabama : Canvass of Results '' ( PDF ) . November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 General Election Official Results '' . November 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Secretary of State '' ( PDF ) . November 29 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ `` Georgia General Election -- Official Results '' . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 votes cast for certified write - in candidates '' . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` General Election 2016 -- State of Hawaii -- Statewide '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Statewide Totals '' . Idaho Secretary of State . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Election Results '' . Illinois State Board of Elections . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Election Results '' . Indiana Secretary of State . December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Federal / Statewide Races '' . Iowa Secretary of State . December 5 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2016 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Vote Totals '' ( PDF ) . Kansas Secretary of State . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official 2016 General Election Results '' ( PDF ) . Kentucky Secretary of State . 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Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/311107-two-texas-electors-abandoned-trump Jump up ^ Hellmann , Jessie ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Democratic elector in Hawaii votes for Sanders '' . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sean Collins Walsh , `` All but 2 Texas members of the Electoral College choose Donald Trump , '' Statesman.com ( 19 December 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Texas electors cast 36 votes for Trump , 1 for Kasich , 1 for Ron Paul . Texas Tribune ( December 19 , 2016 ) . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anti-Trump protests continue across America '' . The Economist . November 10 , 2016 . ISSN 0013 - 0613 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brandon Morse , `` The identity of the faithless elector who voted for Ron Paul , and why he did it has been revealed , '' theblaze ( 20 December 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` Gen. Colin Powell Sells His $2.8 M Upper West Side Condo '' . May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emails detail Colin Powell 's substantial role at City College '' . Jump up ^ `` General Colin L. Powell -- Informatio '' . December 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Powell has several homes , including one in NYC ( still ) and also one in DC , but is officially a VA resident per WikiLeaks emails , and per his ' verified ' social media account . ^ Jump up to : Rachel la Corte , `` 4 Washington state electors to be fined $1,000 for vote , '' bigstory.ap.org ( 22 December 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Brunner , Jim ( 2016 - 12 - 19 ) . `` Four Washington state electors break ranks and do n't vote for Clinton '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Faith Spotted Eagle , who received one Washington state elector 's presidential vote '' . December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ La Corte , Rachel ( 2016 - 12 - 19 ) . `` 4 Washington State electors pick candidates other than Clinton '' . Associated Press . 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( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` How did the polls get it wrong ? '' . The Economist . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Catanese , David ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` Republicans ' Last Hope : The Polls Are Wrong '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vogel , Kenneth P. ; Isenstadt , Alex ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` How Did Everyone Get it So Wrong ? '' . Politico . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Flint , Joe ; Alpert , Lukas I. ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` How the Media 's Election Predictions Badly Missed the Mark '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump 's Victory Is Met With Shock Across a Wide Political Divide '' . The New York Times . November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Arkin , Daniel ; Siemaszko , Corky ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 Election : Donald Trump Wins the White House in Upset '' . NBC News . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How Donald Trump swept to an unreal , surreal presidential election win '' . Guardian . November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldmacher , Shane ; Schreckinger , Ben ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Trump Pulls Off Biggest Upset in U.S. History '' . Politico . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bromwich , Jonah Engel ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` Protests of Trump 's Election Continue Into Third Day '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Domonoske , Camila ; Overland , Martha Ann ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Across The Country , Thousands March In Protest Against Trump 's Victory : The Two - Way '' . NPR . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calvert , Scott ; McWhirter , Cameron ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` Anti-Trump Protests Likely to Continue Friday and Saturday '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leah Sottile ; Samantha Schmidt ; Brian Murphy ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` As anti-Trump anger feeds protests and violence , Obama echoes appeals for unity '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Ratzlaff , Angela . `` Here are all the Southern California students who walked out of high schools to protest Donald Trump '' . Press Enterprise . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Galeano , Javier ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` In second day of anti-Trump protests , civil rights a top concern '' . Reuters . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oxnard students took to the streets protesting Trump '' . Ventura County Star . November 10 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' F * * k Trump ' : Protesters take to streets in pro-Hillary Oregon after election results '' . Russia Today . November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Meyjes , Toby ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Rioting breaks out in the US in reaction to Donald Trump 's shock victory '' . Metro . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chabba , Seerat ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump Elected President : Riots Break Out At University Campuses After Republican 's Win '' . International Business Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bitette , Nicole ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Madonna , Mark Ruffalo , T.I. and more celebrities join New York City anti-Trump protests '' . The New York Daily News . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gotty , John ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Cher , Madonna And T.I. Lend Their Support To NYC 's Anti-Trump Protests '' . UPROXX . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Cady ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Lady Gaga Protested Outside Trump Tower During the Election '' . TIME . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rand , Jory Rand bio , about Jory ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Thousands protest Trump election in LA , block 101 Freeway downtown '' . ABC7 Los Angeles . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ TEGNA. `` 6 arrested after march disrupts I - 5 Portland traffic '' . KGW . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ about , John Gregory , bio , ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Police fire rubber bullets at anti-Trump protesters in Santa Ana ; 10 arrested '' . ABC7 Los Angeles . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Not My President `` : Tens of Thousands Take to Streets , Block Freeways & Rally Against Trump '' . Democracy Now ! . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Serna , Joseph . `` Anti-Trump protests continue for second day in California following a night of vandalism and arrests '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Thomas ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Anti-Trump Demonstrators Take to the Streets in Several U.S. Cities '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwab , Nikki ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Rudy Giuliani calls college kids ' a bunch of spoiled crybabies ' -- as universities bring in therapy dogs and Play - Doh to soothe Hillary supporters '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` L.A. Mayor Praises Peaceful Anti-Trump Protests '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Associated Press . 10 November 2016 . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ CNN , Dan Merica . `` Computer scientists to Clinton campaign : Challenge election results '' . CNN . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Gabriel . `` Experts Urge Clinton Campaign to Challenge Election Results in 3 Swing States '' . Daily Intelligencer . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Halderman , J. Alex ( November 24 , 2016 ) . `` Want to Know if the Election was Hacked ? Look at the Ballots '' . Medium . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nate Silver on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sanger , David E. `` U.S. Officials Defend Integrity of Vote , Despite Hacking Fears '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sanger , David E. `` Hillary Clinton 's Team to Join Wisconsin Recount Pushed by Jill Stein '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( November 24 , 2016 ) . `` Why are people giving Jill Stein millions of dollars for an election recount ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stein Ends Recount Bid , but Says It Revealed Flaws in Voting System '' . The New York Times . December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Election recount process to begin in Wisconsin after Green Party petition '' . nbcnews.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marc Elias ( November 26 , 2016 ) . `` Listening and Responding To Calls for an Audit and Recount '' . Medium . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jill Stein files petition seeking Pennsylvania presidential election recount '' . pennlive.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jill Stein files for Michigan recount '' . Politico . November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Read : Trump Slams Jill Stein Over ' Ridiculous ' Vote Recount Effort '' . Fox News . Nov 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trump Campaign Objects To Michigan Hand Recount '' . CBS Detroit . December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan attorney general files lawsuit to stop recount '' . CNN.com . December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan recount halted '' . CNN.com . December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. judge rejects Green Party 's Pennsylvania recount case ; Wisconsin recount finished '' . Chicago Tribune . Chicago , Illinois . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : Judge to Rule Monday on Pennsylvania Recount '' . ABC News . December 9 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Completed Wisconsin recount widens Donald Trump 's lead by 131 votes '' . Wisconsin State Journal . December 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nevada ballot recount changes just 15 Trump , Clinton votes '' . Fox 5 KVVU - TV . December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kathleen Gray ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` State audit : No evidence of fraud in Detroit vote '' . Detroit Free Press . Jump up ^ `` Green Party U.S. election recount bid comes to a close '' . Reuters . December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Electoral College voter : I 'm getting death threats CNN '' . cnn.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dentzer , Bill ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Electoral College : Are Idaho 's 4 electors being pressured to dump Trump , or harassed ? '' . The Idaho Statesman . Jump up ^ Kruesi , Kimberlee ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` Trump opponents ' campaign to beat him at the Electoral College is a long shot '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ O'Donnell , Lilly . `` Meet the ' Hamilton Electors ' Campaigning for an Electoral College Revolt '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hamilton Electors Facebook '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hamilton Electors '' . Hamilton Electors . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HamiltonElectors ( @ HamiltonElector ) Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cheney , Kyle . `` Lessig , lawyers to offer support to anti-Trump electors '' . Jump up ^ Cheney , Kyle . `` Colorado secretary of state slams rogue electors '' . Jump up ^ Cheney , Kyle ( 2016 - 12 - 12 ) . `` Electors demand intelligence briefing before Electoral College vote '' . ^ Jump up to : Pelosi , Christine . `` Bipartisan Electors Ask James Clapper : Release Facts on Outside Interference in U.S. Election '' . Jump up ^ Mary , Kelly ( 2016 - 12 - 10 ) . `` CIA Concludes Russian Interference Aimed To Elect Trump '' . Jump up ^ Pete Williams , Coming Soon : The ' Real ' Presidential Election , NBC News ( December 15 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` Electors wo n't get intelligence briefing : report '' . The Hill . December 16 , 2016 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Leigh Ann ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Despite Objections , Congress Certifies Donald Trump 's Election '' . NBC News . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chiacu , Doina ; Susan , Cornwell ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` U.S. Congress Certifies Trump 's Electoral College Victory '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Detrow , Scott ( 19 December 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump Secures Electoral College Win , With Few Surprises '' . NPR . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Coolican , J. Patrick ( 20 December 2016 ) . `` Minnesota electors align for Clinton ; one replaced after voting for Sanders '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hickey , Chuck ( 19 December 2016 ) . `` Colorado Electoral College casts all 9 votes for Clinton after elector replaced '' . Fox 31 Denver . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Thistle , Scott ( 19 December 2016 ) . `` Maine electors cast votes for Clinton , Trump -- after protests inside and outside State House '' . Portland Press Herald . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Eason , Brian ; Frank , John ( 19 December 2016 ) . `` Colorado 's electoral votes go to Hillary Clinton after one is replaced '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lord , Debbie ( 19 December 2016 ) . `` Electoral College vote : Live updates on state - by - state voting '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andrews , Wilson ; Schmidt , Kiersten ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Tracking the Electoral College Vote '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Liebergen , Stephanie ( 3 August 2016 ) . `` Georgia Elector Resigns After Publicly Refusing To Vote For Trump '' . Newsy . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : Hawaii electors cast votes for Clinton , Sanders '' . Associated Press . 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Further reading Berman , Ari . `` Rigged : How Voter Suppression Threw Wisconsin to Trump ; And possibly handed him the whole election . '' November - December 2017 Mother Jones issue Ott , Brian L. `` The age of Twitter : Donald J. Trump and the politics of debasement . '' Critical Studies in Media Communication 34.1 ( 2017 ) : 59 -- 68 . Patterson , Thomas E. `` News Coverage of the 2016 Presidential Primaries : Horse Race Reporting Has Consequences . '' ( 2016 ) . online Ross , Andrew S. , and Damian J. Rivers . `` Digital cultures of political participation : Internet memes and the discursive delegitimization of the 2016 US Presidential candidates . '' Discourse , Context & Media ( 2017 ) . Sabato , Larry , Kyle Kondik , Geoffrey Skelley , eds . Trumped : The 2016 Election That Broke All the Rules ( 2017 ) Schaffner , Brian , and John A. Clark . Making Sense of the 2016 Elections : A CQ Press Guide ( CQ Press , 2017 ) . ISBN 1506384188 Visser , Beth A. , Angela S. Book , and Anthony A. Volk . `` Is Hillary dishonest and Donald narcissistic ? A HEXACO analysis of the presidential candidates ' public personas . '' Personality and Individual Differences 106 ( 2017 ) : 281 -- 86 . online West , Darrell M. Air Wars : Television Advertising and Social Media in Election Campaigns , 1952 -- 2016 ( CQ Press , 2017 ) . 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Jones Graduated Random Presidential Primary System Delaware Plan Rotating Regional Primary System Interregional Primary Plan National Primary ( 2015 ← ) 2016 United States elections ( → 2017 ) U.S. President Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands U.S. Senate Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Missouri Nevada New Hampshire New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina South Dakota Utah Vermont Washington Wisconsin U.S. House Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii 1st ( special ) Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky 1st ( special ) Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio 8th ( special ) Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania 2nd ( special ) Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia U.S. Virgin Islands Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Governors American Samoa Delaware Indiana Missouri Montana New Hampshire North Carolina North Dakota Oregon ( special ) Puerto Rico Utah Vermont Washington West Virginia Mayors Augusta , GA Baltimore , MD Cheyenne , WY Fresno , CA Honolulu , HI Huntsville , AL Juneau , AK Miami - Dade County , FL Mesa , AZ Milwaukee , WI Portland , OR Richmond , VA Sacramento , CA San Diego , CA San Juan , PR Scottsdale , AZ Virginia Beach , VA Wilmington , DE States Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia U.S. Virgin Islands Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election,_2016&oldid=811823602 '' Categories : History of the United States ( 1991 -- present ) United States presidential election , 2016 Donald Trump presidential campaign , 2016 Hillary Clinton presidential campaign , 2016 Mike Pence Tim Kaine November 2016 events in the United States Elections not won by the popular vote winner Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Pages with broken reference names Articles with dead external links from March 2017 Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from November 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Elections using electoral votes Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with DMOZ links Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Novial Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 24 November 2017 , at 06 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the president of the united states 2016 | [
"\nUnited States presidential election, 2016\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n← 2012\nNovember 8, 2016\n2020 →\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n538 members of the Electoral College\n270 electoral votes needed to win\n\n\nTurnout\n55.7% (estimated)[1] 0.8 pp\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNominee\nDonald Trump\nHillary Clinton\n\n\n\nParty\nRepublican\nDemocratic\n\n\nHome state\nNew York\nNew York\n\n\nRunning mate\nMike Pence\nTim Kaine\n\n\nElectoral vote\n304[a][2]\n227[a][2]\n\n\nStates carried\n30 + ME-02\n20 + DC\n\n\nPopular vote\n62,984,825[3]\n65,853,516[3]\n\n\nPercentage\n7001461000000000000♠46.1%\n7001482000000000000♠48.2%\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPresidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Trump/Pence, blue denotes those won by Clinton/Kaine. Numbers indicate electoral votes allotted to the winner of each state. Faithless votes: Colin Powell 3 (WA), John Kasich 1 (TX), Ron Paul 1 (TX), Bernie Sanders 1 (HI), Faith Spotted Eagle 1 (WA)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPresident before election\nBarack Obama\nDemocratic\n\nElected President\nDonald Trump\nRepublican\n\n\n\n\n\n",
"\nUnited States presidential election, 2016\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n← 2012\nNovember 8, 2016\n2020 →\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n538 members of the Electoral College\n270 electoral votes needed to win\n\n\nTurnout\n55.7% (estimated)[1] 0.8 pp\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNominee\nDonald Trump\nHillary Clinton\n\n\n\nParty\nRepublican\nDemocratic\n\n\nHome state\nNew York\nNew York\n\n\nRunning mate\nMike Pence\nTim Kaine\n\n\nElectoral vote\n304[a][2]\n227[a][2]\n\n\nStates carried\n30 + ME-02\n20 + DC\n\n\nPopular vote\n62,984,825[3]\n65,853,516[3]\n\n\nPercentage\n7001461000000000000♠46.1%\n7001482000000000000♠48.2%\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPresidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Trump/Pence, blue denotes those won by Clinton/Kaine. Numbers indicate electoral votes allotted to the winner of each state. Faithless votes: Colin Powell 3 (WA), John Kasich 1 (TX), Ron Paul 1 (TX), Bernie Sanders 1 (HI), Faith Spotted Eagle 1 (WA)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPresident before election\nBarack Obama\nDemocratic\n\nElected President\nDonald Trump\nRepublican\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Barack Obama",
"Donald Trump"
] |
-6414128368942524212 | I Can See Clearly Now | I Can See Clearly Now - wikipedia I Can See Clearly Now Jump to : navigation , search For the albums , see I Can See Clearly Now ( Johnny Nash album ) and I Can See Clearly Now ( Gospel Gangstaz album ) . `` I Can See Clearly Now '' Single by Johnny Nash from the album I Can See Clearly Now B - side `` How Good It Is '' Released June 23 , 1972 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1972 Genre Reggae , soul Length 2 : 45 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Johnny Nash Producer ( s ) Johnny Nash Johnny Nash singles chronology `` Stir It Up '' ( 1972 ) `` I Can See Clearly Now '' ( 1972 ) `` There Are More Questions Than Answers '' ( 1972 ) `` Stir It Up '' ( 1972 ) `` I Can See Clearly Now '' ( 1972 ) `` There Are More Questions Than Answers '' ( 1972 ) `` I Can See Clearly Now '' is a song originally recorded by Johnny Nash . It was a single from the album of the same name and achieved success in the United States and the United Kingdom when it was released in 1972 , reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . It was covered by many artists throughout the years , including a 1993 hit version by Jimmy Cliff , who re-recorded the song for the motion picture soundtrack of Cool Runnings , where it reached the top 20 at No. 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Johnny Nash version 1.1 Track listings 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly singles charts 2.2 Year - end charts 2.2. 1 Certifications 2.2. 2 Chart succession 3 Jimmy Cliff version 3.1 Charts and certifications 3.1. 1 Weekly charts 3.1. 2 Year - end charts 3.1. 3 Sales and certifications 3.1. 4 Chart succession 4 Other covers 5 References Johnny Nash version ( edit ) After Nash wrote and composed the original version , he recorded it in London with members of the Fabulous Five Inc. , and produced it himself . Its arrangements and style are both heavily laced with reggae influences . Nash had collaborated with Bob Marley in the past , and his approach drew strongly from Marley 's reggae style . Track listings ( edit ) 7 '' single `` I Can See Clearly Now '' -- 2 : 44 `` How Good It Is '' -- 2 : 38 7 '' single `` I Can See Clearly Now '' -- 2 : 44 `` Cupid '' -- 3 : 30 Chart performance ( edit ) After making modest chart advances for a month , the RIAA - certified gold single unexpectedly took only two weeks to vault from No. 20 to No. 5 to No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 on November 4 , 1972 , remaining atop this chart for four weeks , and also spent the same four weeks atop the adult contemporary chart . Weekly singles charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 -- 73 ) Peak position Australia KMR Canada RPM Top Singles Irish Singles Chart 9 New Zealand ( Listener ) 5 UK Singles Chart 5 U.S. Billboard Black Singles 38 U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Chart ( 1989 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 54 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Rank Australia 46 Canada 55 UK 39 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 47 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Chart succession ( edit ) Preceded by `` My Ding - a-Ling '' by Chuck Berry Billboard Hot 100 number one single ( Johnny Nash version ) November 4 , 1972 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' by The Temptations Preceded by `` If I Could Reach You '' by The Fifth Dimension Billboard Easy Listening Singles number one single ( Johnny Nash version ) November 4 , 1972 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` I 'd Love You to Want Me '' by Lobo Jimmy Cliff version ( edit ) Reggae singer Jimmy Cliff recorded a cover of the song for the 1993 movie Cool Runnings . It was released as a single in 1993 , reaching No. 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 . It was Cliff 's first single to make the Hot 100 in 25 years , and is his highest - charting single in the United States . The song reached number one in France , Iceland and New Zealand . `` I Can See Clearly Now '' Single by Jimmy Cliff from the album Cool Runnings soundtrack B - side `` Sweet Jamaica '' by Tony Rebel Released 1993 Format CD single Recorded 1993 Genre Pop - reggae Length 3 : 16 Label Chaos Songwriter ( s ) Johnny Nash Producer ( s ) Paul Henton Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 17 Canada ( RPM ) 16 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 52 Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 39 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 23 US Billboard Hot 100 18 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 9 US Adult Contemporary Recurrents ( Billboard ) US Bubbling Under R&B / Hip - Hop Singles ( Billboard ) 11 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 98 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 ) Position France ( SNEP ) 11 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 14 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 66 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales France ( SNEP ) Silver 285,000 Chart succession ( edit ) Preceded by `` It Keeps Raining '' by Bitty McLean New Zealand RIANZ number - one single January 16 , 1994 - February 20 , 1994 ( 6 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Heater '' by The Mutton Birds Preceded by `` Je danse le Mia '' by IAM French SNEP number - one single June 18 , 1994 - July 2 , 1994 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` I Like To Move It '' by Reel 2 Real feat . The Mad Stuntman Other covers ( edit ) The song also appears in various other films , such as Grosse Pointe Blank , The Break - up , Thelma & Louise , Antz , Deep Blue Sea , Envy , Hitch , Igor , Shrek 2 's `` Far Far Away Idol , '' `` Viktor Vogel -- Commercial Man , '' and Jennifer 's Body , as well in a 2009 advertisement for Lipton in the Middle East and Russia . It is also briefly sung by Cheech in the movie Up in Smoke . It has also been covered by these artists : Grace VanderWaal During her Just the Beginning Tour Funk , Inc. in 1973 on Hangin ' Out Gladys Knight & the Pips in 1973 on Imagination Petula Clark ( 1974 Come On Home ) Ray Charles ( highest charting R&B version # 35 in 1978 ) Hothouse Flowers in 1990 on Home ( this version was a # 23 hit in the UK Singles Chart in August 1990 ) Holly Cole Trio in 1993 on Do n't Smoke in Bed Soul Asylum on After the Flood : Live from the Grand Forks Prom , June 28 , 1997 Neil Finn in 1998 to raise money for The Fred Hollows Foundation . Finn 's version also played in the movie Antz , where Z and Bala find Insectopia . Dream Sequence in 1999 , as `` Clearly , '' an uptempo eurodance remix Anne Murray ( 1999 What A Wonderful World and 2001 reissue of There 's a Hippo in My Tub ) R&B guitarist Jonathan Butler recorded a cover from his 2010 album So Strong . Simone Dinnerstein & Tift Merritt on their 2013 album , Night Nancy Sinatra on Shifting Gears in 2013 . Alex E Horace Andy Aswad Beat Crusaders Singers of musical Belles belles belles covered the Claude François ' song Ken Boothe Doyle Bramhall Susan Cadogan Eagle - Eye Cherry for the romantic comedy Over Her Dead Body Rick Danko Elsa as `` Éternité , '' another French version Even in Blackouts on The Fall of the House of Even Everlife Claude François as `` Toi et le soleil , '' a French version Bobby Goldsboro Dobie Gray Lloyd Green Richie Havens Martin Kitcher ( On the Best Of ... ) James Last Lorie - cover of the French Toi et le Soleil Claude François version Susie McEntire Kaitlyn Maher The Mamas & the Papas Liza Minnelli Marisa Monte Geoff Moore and the Distance Willie Nelson Donny Osmond Procol Harum in concert medleys Francis Rossi on One Step at a Time ( Deluxe Edition only ) Kermit Ruffins Screeching Weasel on My Brain Hurts and the soundtrack of Jennifer 's Body Sonny and Cher Dusty Springfield ( recording unissued and subsequently lost or destroyed ) The Three Blind Mice during `` Far Far Away Idol '' in Shrek 2 Toots & the Maytals Lee Towers In November 2002 , the song was featured prominently in `` The Freak , '' an episode of the NBC police drama television series Boomtown . In November 2016 , a cover version of the song by the Hothouse Flowers was featured in the premiere episode of British Motoring show , The Grand Tour , causing the song to reach the number 1 position on the iTunes 's Top 40 UK Rock Song chart in late 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1996 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 6th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) . ^ Jump up to : Steffen Hung . `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie Archived 2009 - 06 - 03 at WebCite ( Retrieved August 9 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart Chartstats.com ( Retrieved August 1 , 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : Billboard Allmusic.com ( Retrieved August 9 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . Billboard.com. 1972 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart ( 1989 release ) Chartstats.com ( Retrieved August 1 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1972 - UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1972 / Top 100 Songs of 1972 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Johnny Nash -- I Can See Clearly Now '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ King , Alex P. ( 2004 ) . Hit - parade -- 20 ans de tubes ( in French ) . Paris : Pascal . p. 341 . ISBN 2 - 35019 - 009 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Jimmy Cliff -- I Can See Clearly Now '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Canadian RPM - Top Singles - Volume 58 , No. 24 , December 25 , 1993 '' . RPM. 1993 . Retrieved 17 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Jimmy Cliff -- I Can See Clearly Now '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Jimmy Cliff Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ( 14.04. 1994 - 20.04. 1994 ) '' ( PDF ) . Dagblaðið Vísir - Tónlist . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Jimmy Cliff '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Jimmy Cliff -- I Can See Clearly Now '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Cliff Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Cliff Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Billboard Allmusic.com ( Retrieved August 9 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Cliff Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Cliff Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ 1994 French Singles Chart Disqueenfrance.com Archived 2011 - 08 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved January 30 , 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1994 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1994 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Jimmy Cliff -- I Can See '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` Les Singles en Argent : '' ( in French ) . Infodisc.fr . Retrieved 17 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Eder , Bruce . `` Imagination '' . allmusic . Macrovision Corporation . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 22 . I Can See Clearly Now - Nash Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 22 . Released : 1990 ( ... ) composed by ( ... ) 7 . Johnny Nash Jump up ^ `` So Strong overview '' . Allmusic.com . Johnny Nash Studio albums Hold Me Tight ( 1968 ) Let 's Go Dancing ( 1969 ) I Can See Clearly Now ( 1972 ) My Merry - Go - Round ( 1973 ) Celebrate Life ( 1974 ) Here Again ( 1986 ) Singles `` As Time Goes By '' `` Cupid '' `` Stir It Up '' `` I Can See Clearly Now '' `` Tears on My Pillow '' `` ( What a ) Wonderful World '' `` Rock Me Baby '' Related topics JAD Records Book : Johnny Nash Jimmy Cliff Studio albums Jimmy Cliff ( 1969 ) Another Cycle ( 1971 ) Give Thankx ( 1978 ) Cliff Hanger ( 1985 ) Humanitarian ( 1999 ) Rebirth ( 2012 ) Compilation albums Reggae Night ( 2004 ) Soundtrack albums The Harder They Come ( 1972 ) Songs `` Many Rivers to Cross '' `` The Harder They Come '' `` Reggae Night '' `` I Can See Clearly Now '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can_See_Clearly_Now&oldid=842625713 '' Categories : 1972 singles 1993 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Jimmy Cliff songs Johnny Nash songs Screeching Weasel songs SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Epic Records singles 1972 songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for France Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 16 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was i can see clearly now written | [
"\"I Can See Clearly Now\" is a song originally recorded by Johnny Nash. It was a single from the album of the same name and achieved success in the United States and the United Kingdom when it was released in 1972, reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. It was covered by many artists throughout the years, including a 1993 hit version by Jimmy Cliff, who re-recorded the song for the motion picture soundtrack of Cool Runnings, where it reached the top 20 at No. 18 on the Billboard Hot 100."
] | [
"1972"
] |
8596895721923723782 | Green Bay Packers | Green Bay Packers - wikipedia Green Bay Packers Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Green Bay Packers Current season Established August 11 , 1919 ; 98 years ago ( August 11 , 1919 ) First season : 1919 Play in and headquartered at Lambeau Field , Green Bay , Wisconsin Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations Independent ( 1919 -- 1920 ) National Football League ( 1921 -- present ) Western Division ( 1933 -- 1949 ) National Conference ( 1950 -- 1952 ) Western Conference ( 1953 -- 1966 ) Central Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) Central Division ( 1970 -- 2001 ) North Division ( 2002 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Dark Green , Gold , White Fight song `` Go ! You Packers Go ! '' Personnel Owner ( s ) Green Bay Packers , Inc. ( 360,760 stockholders -- governed by a Board of Directors ) Chairman Mark H. Murphy CEO Mark H. Murphy President Mark H. Murphy General manager Brian Gutekunst Head coach Mike McCarthy Team history Green Bay Packers ( 1919 -- present ) Team nicknames Indian Packers ( 1919 ) Blues ( 1922 ) Big Bay Blues ( 1920s ) Bays ( 1918 -- 1940s ) The Pack ( current ) The Green and Gold ( current ) Championships League championships ( 13 ) † NFL Championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 11 ) 1929 , 1930 , 1931 , 1936 , 1939 , 1944 , 1961 , 1962 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 AFL -- NFL Super Bowl championships ( 2 ) 1966 ( I ) , 1967 ( II ) Super Bowl championships ( 2 ) 1996 ( XXXI ) , 2010 ( XLV ) Conference championships ( 9 ) NFL Western : 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 NFC : 1996 , 1997 , 2010 Division championships ( 18 ) NFL West : 1936 , 1938 , 1939 , 1944 NFL Central : 1967 NFC Central : 1972 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 NFC North : 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 † - Does not include the AFL or NFL championships won during the same seasons as the AFL - NFL Super Bowl championships prior to the 1970 AFL - NFL Merger Playoff appearances ( 32 ) NFL : 1936 , 1938 , 1939 , 1941 , 1944 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 , 1972 , 1982 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 Home fields Hagemeister Park ( 1919 -- 1922 ) Bellevue Park ( 1923 -- 1924 ) City Stadium ( 1925 -- 1956 ) Borchert Field ( 1933 ) Wisconsin State Fair Park ( 1934 -- 1951 ) Marquette Stadium ( 1952 ) Milwaukee County Stadium ( 1953 -- 1994 ) Lambeau Field ( 1957 -- present ) The Green Bay Packers are a professional American football team based in Green Bay , Wisconsin . The Packers compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) North division . It is the third - oldest franchise in the NFL , dating back to 1919 , and is the only non-profit , community - owned major league professional sports team based in the United States . Home games have been played at Lambeau Field since 1957 . The Packers are the last of the `` small town teams '' which were common in the NFL during the 1920s and 30s . Founded in 1919 by Earl `` Curly '' Lambeau and George Whitney Calhoun , the franchise traces its lineage to other semi-professional teams in Green Bay dating back to 1896 . Between 1919 and 1920 , the Packers competed against other semi-pro clubs from around Wisconsin and the Midwest , before joining the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) , the forerunner of today 's NFL , in 1921 . Although Green Bay is by far the smallest major league professional sports market in North America , its local fan and media base extends 120 miles south into Milwaukee , where it played selected home games between 1933 and 1994 . And despite its small market , Forbes ranked the Packers as the world 's 26th most valuable sports franchise in 2016 , with a value of $2.35 billion . The Packers have won 13 league championships , the most in NFL history , with nine pre-Super Bowl NFL titles in addition to four Super Bowl victories . The Packers won the first two Super Bowls in 1967 and 1968 and were the only NFL team to defeat the American Football League ( AFL ) prior to the AFL -- NFL merger . The Vince Lombardi Trophy is named after the Packers ' coach Lombardi , who guided them to their first two Super Bowls . Their two additional Super Bowl wins came in 1997 and 2011 . The Packers are long - standing adversaries of the Chicago Bears , Minnesota Vikings , and Detroit Lions , who today comprise the NFL 's NFC North division , and were formerly members of the NFC Central Division . They have played over 100 games against each of those teams through history , and have a winning overall record against all of them ( only the Kansas City Chiefs and Dallas Cowboys have that distinction with their division rivals ) . The Bears -- Packers rivalry is one of the oldest in NFL history , dating back to 1921 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Founding 1.2 1929 -- 1931 : Lambeau 's team arrives 1.3 1935 -- 1945 : The Don Hutson era 1.4 1946 -- 1958 : Wilderness 1.5 1959 -- 1967 : The Lombardi era and the glory years 1.5. 1 1959 : Lombardi 's first season 1.5. 2 1960 1.5. 3 1961 1.5. 4 1962 1.5. 5 1965 1.5. 6 1966 : the first `` AFL - NFL World Championship Game '' 1.5. 7 1967 : Super Bowl II , and Lombardi 's departure 1.6 1968 -- 1991 : Post-Lombardi 1.7 1992 -- 2007 : Brett Favre era 1.7. 1 1996 : Super Bowl XXXI champions 1.7. 2 1997 : defeat in Super Bowl XXXII 1.7. 3 1998 : Holmgren 's last season 1.7. 4 1999 : Ray Rhodes ' one - year tenure 1.7. 4.1 2000 - 05 : Mike Sherman 's time head coach 1.7. 5 2006 - 07 : McCarthy arrives , Favre departs 1.8 2008 -- present : Aaron Rodgers era 1.8. 1 2008 : Transition 1.8. 2 2009 : Return to the playoffs 1.8. 3 2010 : Super Bowl XLV championship 1.8. 4 2011 : 15 -- 1 season 1.8. 5 2012 1.8. 6 2013 : injury to Rodgers 1.8. 7 2014 1.8. 8 2015 1.8. 9 2016 1.8. 10 2017 2 Community ownership 2.1 Board of Directors 2.2 Green Bay Packers Foundation 3 Fan base 4 Branding 4.1 Nickname 4.2 Team colors 4.3 Logo 4.4 Uniform variation 5 Stadium history 6 Statistics and records 6.1 Season - by - season results 6.2 Records 6.3 Playoff record 7 Championships 7.1 League Championships 7.1. 1 NFL Championship by standings 7.1. 2 Pre-Super Bowl NFL Championships 7.1. 3 Super Bowl Championships 7.2 NFC Championships 7.3 Division Championships 8 Notable players 8.1 Current roster 8.2 Pro Football Hall of Fame members 8.3 Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame 8.4 Retired numbers 9 Notable coaches 9.1 Current staff 9.2 Head coaches 9.3 CSVA Sports Film and Video Hall of Famers 10 Media 10.1 Radio 10.2 Television 11 In popular culture 12 See also 13 References 14 External links History Founding Main article : History of the Green Bay Packers Curly Lambeau , founder , player and first coach of the Packers . The Green Bay Packers were founded on August 11 , 1919 by former high - school football rivals Earl `` Curly '' Lambeau and George Whitney Calhoun . Lambeau solicited funds for uniforms from his employer , the Indian Packing Company . He was given $500 ( $7,100 today ) for uniforms and equipment , on the condition that the team be named for its sponsor . The Green Bay Packers have played in their original city longer than any other team in the NFL . On August 27 , 1921 , the Packers were granted a franchise in the new national pro football league that had been formed the previous year . Financial troubles plagued the team and the franchise was forfeited within the year before Lambeau found new financial backers and regained the franchise the next year . These backers , known as the `` Hungry Five '' , formed the Green Bay Football Corporation . 1929 -- 1931 : Lambeau 's team arrives After a near - miss in 1927 , Lambeau 's squad claimed the Packers ' first NFL title in 1929 with an undefeated 12 -- 0 -- 1 campaign , behind a stifling defense which registered eight shutouts . Green Bay would repeat as league champions in 1930 and 1931 , bettering teams from New York , Chicago and throughout the league , with all - time greats and future Hall of Famers Mike Michalske , Johnny ( Blood ) McNally , Cal Hubbard and Green Bay native Arnie Herber . Among the many impressive accomplishments of these years was the Packers ' streak of 29 consecutive home games without defeat , an NFL record which still stands . 1935 -- 1945 : the Don Hutson era Don Hutson with the Packers ; his jersey number was the first retired by the Packers ( 1951 ) The arrival of end Don Hutson from Alabama in 1935 gave Lambeau and the Packers the most - feared and dynamic offensive weapon in the game . Credited with inventing pass patterns , Hutson would lead the league in receptions eight seasons and spur the Packers to NFL championships in 1936 , 1939 and 1944 . An iron man , Hutson played both ways , leading the league in interceptions as a safety in 1940 . Hutson claimed 18 NFL records when he retired in 1945 , many of which still stand . In 1951 , his number 14 was the first to be retired by the Packers , and he was inducted as a charter member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1963 . 1946 -- 1958 : wilderness After Hutson 's retirement , Lambeau could not stop the Packers ' slide . He purchased a large lodge near Green Bay for team members and families to live . Rockwood Lodge was the home of the 1946 - 1949 Packers , though the 1947 and 1948 seasons produced a record of 12 - 10 - 1 , and 1949 was even worse at 3 - 9 . The lodge burned down on January 24 , 1950 , and the insurance money paid for many of the Packers ' debts . A 1950 depiction of Tony Canadeo , whose # 3 was retired by the Packers in 1952 Curly Lambeau departed after the 1949 season . Gene Ronzani and Lisle Blackbourn could not coach the Packers back to their former magic , even as a new stadium was unveiled in 1957 . The losing would descend to the disastrous 1958 campaign under coach Ray `` Scooter '' McLean , whose lone 1 -- 10 -- 1 year at the helm is the worst in Packers history . 1959 -- 1967 : the Lombardi era and the Glory years Vince Lombardi and Bart Starr Former New York Giants assistant Vince Lombardi was hired as Packers head coach and general manager on February 2 , 1959 . Few suspected the hiring represented the beginning of a remarkable , immediate turnaround . Under Lombardi , the Packers would become the team of the 1960s , winning five World Championships over a seven - year span , including victories in the first two Super Bowls . During the Lombardi era , the stars of the Packers ' offense included Bart Starr , Jim Taylor , Carroll Dale , Paul Hornung ( as halfback and placekicker ) , Forrest Gregg , and Jerry Kramer . The defense included Willie Davis , Henry Jordan , Willie Wood , Ray Nitschke , Dave Robinson , and Herb Adderley . 1959 : Lombardi 's first season Ray Nitschke - his # 66 jersey is one of six numbers retired by the Packers The Packers ' first regular season game under Lombardi was on September 27 , 1959 , a 9 -- 6 victory over the Chicago Bears in Green Bay . After winning their first three , the Packers lost the next five before finishing strong by sweeping their final four . The 7 -- 5 record represented the Packers ' first winning season since 1947 , enough to earn rookie head coach Lombardi the NFL Coach of the Year . 1960 The next year , the Packers , led by Paul Hornung 's 176 points , won the NFL West title and played in the NFL Championship against the Philadelphia Eagles at Philadelphia . In a see - saw game , the Packers trailed by only four points when All - Pro Eagle linebacker Chuck Bednarik tackled Jim Taylor just nine yards short of the goal line as time expired . 1961 The `` Golden Boy '' Paul Hornung , featured on a 1961 sports card The Packers returned to the NFL Championship game the following season and faced the New York Giants in the first league title game to be played in Green Bay . The Packers scored 24 second - quarter points , including a championship - record 19 by Paul Hornung , on special `` loan '' from the Army ( one touchdown , four extra-points and three field goals ) , powering the Packers to a 37 -- 0 rout of the Giants , their first NFL Championship since 1944 . It was in 1961 that Green Bay became known as `` Titletown . '' 1962 The Packers stormed back in the 1962 season , jumping out to a 10 -- 0 start , on their way to a 13 -- 1 season . This consistent level of success would lead to Lombardi 's Packers becoming one of the most prominent teams of their era , and to being featured as the face of the NFL on the cover of Time on December 21 , 1962 , as part of the magazine 's cover story on `` The Sport of the ' 60s '' . Shortly after Time 's article , the Packers faced the Giants in a much more brutal championship game than the previous year , but the Packers prevailed on the surprising foot of Jerry Kramer and the determined running of Jim Taylor . The Packers defeated the Giants in New York , 16 -- 7 . 1965 The Packers returned to the championship game in 1965 following a two - year absence when they defeated the Colts in a playoff for the Western Conference title . That game would be remembered for Don Chandler 's controversial tying field goal in which the ball allegedly went wide right , but the officials signaled `` good . '' The 13 -- 10 overtime win earned the Packers a trip to the NFL Championship game , where Hornung and Taylor ran through the defending champion Cleveland Browns , helping the Packers win , 23 -- 12 , to earn their third NFL Championship under Lombardi and ninth overall . Goalpost uprights would be made taller the next year . 1966 : the first `` AFL - NFL world Championship game '' Packers Willie Davis ( left ) and Henry Jordan tackling a Chiefs player in the first AFL - NFL Championship ( Super Bowl I ) . The 1966 season saw the Packers led to the first - ever Super Bowl by MVP quarterback Bart Starr . The team went 12 -- 2 , and as time wound down in the NFL Championship against the Dallas Cowboys , the Packers clung to a 34 -- 27 lead . Dallas had the ball on the Packers ' two - yard line , threatening to tie the ballgame . But on fourth down the Packers ' Tom Brown intercepted Don Meredith 's pass in the end zone to seal the win . The team crowned its season by rolling over the AFL champion Kansas City Chiefs 35 -- 10 in Super Bowl I . 1967 : Super Bowl II , and Lombardi 's departure The 1967 season was the last for Lombardi as the Packers ' head coach . The NFL Championship game , a rematch of the 1966 contest against Dallas , became indelibly known as the `` Ice Bowl '' as a result of the brutal conditions at Lambeau Field . Still , the coldest NFL game ever played , it remains one of the most famous football games at any level in the history of the sport . With 16 seconds left , Bart Starr 's touchdown on a quarterback sneak brought the Packers a 21 -- 17 victory and their still unequaled third straight NFL Championship . They then won Super Bowl II with a 33 -- 14 victory over the Oakland Raiders . Lombardi stepped down as head coach after the game , and Phil Bengtson was named his successor . Lombardi remained as general manager for one season but left in 1969 to become head coach and minority owner of the Washington Redskins . After Lombardi died unexpectedly on September 3 , 1970 , the NFL renamed the Super Bowl trophy the Vince Lombardi Trophy in recognition of his accomplishments with the Packers . The city of Green Bay renamed Highland Avenue in his honor in 1968 , placing Lambeau Field at 1265 Lombardi Avenue ever since . 1968 -- 1991 : post-Lombardi The Packers , pictured against Cardinals in the 1982 - 83 playoffs , only qualified for the postseason twice during the team 's post-Lombardi `` dark ages '' ( 1969 - 91 ) . For about a quarter - century after Lombardi 's departure , the Packers had relatively little on - field success . In the 24 seasons from 1968 to 1991 , they had only five seasons with a winning record , one being the shortened 1982 strike season . They appeared in the playoffs twice , with a 1 -- 2 record . The period saw five different head coaches -- Phil Bengtson , Dan Devine , Bart Starr , Forrest Gregg , and Lindy Infante -- two of whom , Starr and Gregg , were Lombardi 's era stars , while Bengtson was a former Packer coach . Each led the Packers to a worse record than his predecessor . Poor personnel decisions were rife , notoriously the 1974 trade by acting general manager Dan Devine which sent five 1975 or 1976 draft picks ( two first - rounders , two second - rounders and a third ) to the Los Angeles Rams for aging quarterback John Hadl , who would spend only 11⁄2 seasons in Green Bay . Another came in the 1989 NFL Draft , when offensive lineman Tony Mandarich was taken with the second overall pick ahead of Barry Sanders , Deion Sanders , and Derrick Thomas . Though rated highly by nearly every professional scout at the time , Mandarich 's performance failed to meet expectations , earning him ESPN 's ranking as the third `` biggest sports flop '' in the last 25 years . 1992 -- 2007 : Brett Favre era Packers great Brett Favre , who played for 16 years in Green Bay , and had his # 4 jersey retired by the Packers in 2015 The Packers ' performance in the 1970s , 1980s , and early 1990s led to a shakeup , with Ron Wolf hired as general manager and given full control of the team 's football operations to start the 1991 season . In 1992 , Wolf hired San Francisco 49ers offensive coordinator Mike Holmgren as the Packers ' new head coach . Soon afterward , Wolf acquired quarterback Brett Favre from the Atlanta Falcons for a first - round pick . Favre got the Packers their first win of the 1992 season , stepping in for injured quarterback Don Majkowski and leading a comeback over the Cincinnati Bengals . He started the following week , a win against the Pittsburgh Steelers , and never missed another start for Green Bay through the end of the 2007 season . He would go on to break the record for consecutive starts by an NFL quarterback , starting 297 consecutive games including stints with the New York Jets and Minnesota Vikings with the streak finally coming to an end late in the 2010 season . The Packers had a 9 -- 7 record in 1992 , and began to turn heads around the league when they signed perhaps the most prized free agent in NFL history in Reggie White on the defense in 1993 . White believed that Wolf , Holmgren , and Favre had the team heading in the right direction with a `` total commitment to winning . '' With White on board the Packers made it to the second round of the playoffs during both the 1993 and 1994 seasons but lost their 2nd - round matches to their playoff rival , the Dallas Cowboys , playing in Dallas on both occasions . In 1995 , the Packers won the NFC Central Division championship for the first time since 1972 . After a home playoff 37 -- 20 win against Favre 's former team , the Atlanta Falcons , the Packers defeated the defending Super Bowl champion San Francisco 49ers 27 -- 17 in San Francisco on the road to advance to the NFC Championship Game , where they lost again to the Dallas Cowboys 38 -- 27 . 1996 : Super Bowl XXXI champions Reggie White in 1998 . White is widely considered one of the greatest defensive players in NFL history , and had his number retired by the Packers in 2005 In 1996 , the Packers ' turnaround was complete . The team posted a league - best 13 -- 3 record in the regular season , dominating the competition and securing home - field advantage throughout the playoffs . They were ranked no . 1 in offense with Brett Favre leading the way , no . 1 in defense with Reggie White as the leader of the defense and no . 1 in special teams with former Heisman Trophy winner Desmond Howard returning punts and kickoffs for touchdowns . After relatively easy wins against the 49ers in a muddy 35 -- 14 beatdown and Carolina Panthers 30 -- 13 , the Packers advanced to the Super Bowl for the first time in 29 years . In Super Bowl XXXI , Green Bay defeated the New England Patriots 35 -- 21 to win their 12th world championship . Desmond Howard was named MVP of the game for his kickoff return for a touchdown that ended the Patriots ' bid for a comeback . Then - Packers president Bob Harlan credited Wolf , Holmgren , Favre , and White for ultimately changing the fortunes of the organization and turning the Green Bay Packers into a model NFL franchise . A 2007 panel of football experts at ESPN ranked the 1996 Packers the 6th - greatest team ever to play in the Super Bowl . 1997 : defeat in Super Bowl XXXII The following season the Packers recorded another 13 -- 3 record and won their second consecutive NFC championship . After defeating the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 21 -- 7 and San Francisco 49ers 23 -- 10 in the playoffs , the Packers returned to the Super Bowl as an 111⁄2 point favorite . The team ended up losing in an upset to John Elway and the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XXXII , by the score of 31 -- 24 . 1998 : Holmgren 's last season Holmgren , one of three Packer coaches to win a Super Bowl , pictured in 1998 In 1998 , the Packers went 11 -- 5 and met the San Francisco 49ers in the first - round of the NFC playoffs . It was the fourth consecutive year these teams had met in the playoffs and the sixth overall contest since the 1995 season . The Packers had won all previous games , and the media speculated that another 49ers loss would result in the dismissal of San Francisco head coach Steve Mariucci . Unlike the previous playoff matches , this game was hotly contested , with the teams frequently exchanging leads . With 4 : 19 left in the 4th quarter , Brett Favre and the Packers embarked on an 89 - yard drive , which concluded with a Favre touchdown pass to receiver Antonio Freeman . This play appeared to give Green Bay the victory . But San Francisco quarterback Steve Young led the 49ers on an improbable touchdown drive , which culminated when Terrell Owens caught Young 's pass between several defenders to give the 49ers a lead with three seconds remaining . Afterwards , the game was mired in controversy . Many argued that during the 49ers game - winning drive , Niners receiver Jerry Rice fumbled the ball but officials stated he was down by contact . Television replays appeared to confirm these sentiments , and the next season the NFL reinstituted an instant replay system . In the end , this game turned out to be the end of an era in Green Bay . Days later Mike Holmgren left the Packers to become vice president , general manager and head coach of the Seattle Seahawks . Much of Holmgren 's coaching staff went with him , and Reggie White also retired after the season ( but later played one season for the Carolina Panthers in 2000 ) . 1999 : Ray Rhodes ' one - year tenure In 1999 , the team struggled to find an identity after the departure of so many of the individuals responsible for their Super Bowl run . Ray Rhodes was hired in 1999 as the team 's new head coach . Rhodes had served around the league as a highly regarded defensive coordinator and more recently experienced moderate success as head coach of the Philadelphia Eagles from 1995 to 1998 . Ron Wolf believed that Rhodes ' experience and player - friendly demeanor would fit nicely in Green Bay 's veteran locker room , but Rhodes was fired after one 8 -- 8 season . Wolf visited team practice late in the 1999 season and believed that players had become too comfortable with Rhodes ' style , and said the atmosphere resembled a country club . 2000 - 05 : Mike Sherman 's time head coach Coach Mike Sherman , pictured in 2003 In 2000 , Wolf replaced Rhodes with Mike Sherman . Sherman had never been a head coach at any level of football and was relatively unknown in NFL circles . He had only coached in professional football for three years starting as the Packers ' tight ends coach in 1997 and 1998 . In 1999 , he followed Mike Holmgren to Seattle and became the Seahawks ' offensive coordinator , although Sherman did not call the plays during games . Despite Sherman 's apparent anonymity , Wolf was blown away in the interview process by the coach 's organizational skills and attention to detail . Sherman 's inaugural season started slowly , but the Packers won their final four games to achieve a 9 -- 7 record . Brett Favre praised the atmosphere Sherman had cultivated in Green Bay 's locker room and fans were optimistic about the team 's future . In the offseason , however , Wolf suddenly announced his own resignation as general manager to take effect after the April 2001 draft . Packers ' president Bob Harlan was surprised by Wolf 's decision and felt unsure of how to replace him . Harlan preferred the structure Green Bay had employed since 1991 ; a general manager who ran football operations and hired a subservient head coach . But with the momentum and locker room chemistry that was built during the 2000 season , Harlan was reluctant to bring in a new individual with a potentially different philosophy . Wolf recommended that Harlan give the job to Sherman . Though Harlan was wary of the structure in principle , he agreed with Wolf that it was the best solution . In 2001 , Sherman assumed the duties of both general manager and head coach . From 2001 to 2004 , Sherman coached the Packers to respectable regular - season success , led by the spectacular play of Brett Favre , Ahman Green , and a formidable offensive line . But Sherman 's teams faltered in the playoffs . Prior to 2003 , the Packers had never lost a home playoff game since the NFL instituted a post-season in 1933 ( they were 13 -- 0 , with 11 of the wins at Lambeau and two more in Milwaukee . ) . That ended January 4 , 2003 , when the Atlanta Falcons defeated the Packers 27 -- 7 in an NFC Wild Card game . The Packers would also lose at home in the playoffs to the Minnesota Vikings two years later . By the end of the 2004 season , the Packers team depth appeared to be diminishing . Sherman also seemed overworked and reportedly had trouble communicating with players on the practice field with whom he was also negotiating contracts . Harlan felt the dual roles were too much for one man to handle and removed Sherman from the general manager position in early 2005 while retaining him as a head coach . Harlan hired the Seattle Seahawks ' vice president of operations Ted Thompson as the new executive vice president , general manager and director of football operations . The relationship between Thompson and Sherman appeared strained , as Thompson immediately began rebuilding Green Bay 's roster . Following a dismal 4 -- 12 season , Thompson fired Sherman . 2006 - 07 : McCarthy arrives , Favre departs Former Packers wide - receiver Donald Driver In 2006 , Thompson hired Mike McCarthy , the former offensive coordinator for the San Francisco 49ers and New Orleans Saints as his new head coach . McCarthy had also previously served as the quarterbacks coach for the Packers in 1999 . After missing the playoffs in 2006 , Brett Favre announced that he would return for the 2007 season ; it would turn out to be one of his best . The Packers won 10 of their first 11 games and finished 13 -- 3 , earning a first - round bye in the playoffs . The Packers ' passing offense , led by Favre and a very skilled wide receiver group , finished second in the NFC , behind the Dallas Cowboys , and third overall in the league . Running back Ryan Grant , acquired for a sixth - round draft pick from the New York Giants , became the featured back in Green Bay and rushed for 956 yards and 8 touchdowns in the final 10 games of the regular season . In the divisional playoff round , in a heavy snowstorm , the Packers beat the Seattle Seahawks 42 -- 20 . Grant rushed for three touchdowns and over 200 yards , while Favre tossed three touchdown passes and one snowball to receiver Donald Driver in celebration . On January 20 , 2008 , Green Bay appeared in their first NFC Championship Game in 10 years facing the New York Giants in Green Bay . The game was lost 23 -- 20 on an overtime field goal by Lawrence Tynes . This would be Brett Favre 's final game as a Green Bay Packer with his final pass being an interception in overtime . Mike McCarthy coached the NFC team during the 2008 Pro Bowl in Hawaii . Al Harris and Aaron Kampman were also picked to play for the NFC Pro Bowl team as starters . Donald Driver was named as a third - string wideout on the Pro Bowl roster . Brett Favre was named the first - string quarterback for the NFC , but he declined to play in the Pro Bowl and was replaced on the roster by Tampa Bay Buccaneers ' quarterback Jeff Garcia . The Packers also had several first alternates , including Chad Clifton and Nick Barnett . In December 2007 , Ted Thompson was signed to a 5 - year contract extension with the Packers , while it was announced on February 5 , 2008 , that head coach Mike McCarthy signed a 5 - year contract extension as well . 2008 -- present : Aaron Rodgers era 2008 : transition Main article : 2008 Green Bay Packers season Quarterback Aaron Rodgers in 2008 . On March 4 , 2008 , Brett Favre tearfully announced his retirement . Within five months , however , he filed for reinstatement with the NFL on July 29 . Favre 's petition was granted by Commissioner Roger Goodell , effective August 4 , 2008 . On August 6 , 2008 , it was announced that Brett Favre was traded to the New York Jets for a conditional draft pick in 2009 . The Packers began their 2008 season with their 2005 first - round draft pick , quarterback Aaron Rodgers , under center , as the first QB other than Favre to start for the Packers in 16 years . Rodgers played well in his first year starting for the Packers , throwing for over 4000 yards and 28 touchdowns . However , injuries plagued the Packers ' defense , as they lost 7 close games by 4 points or less , finishing with a 6 -- 10 record . After the season , eight assistant coaches were dismissed by McCarthy , including Bob Sanders , the team 's defensive coordinator , who was replaced by Dom Capers . 2009 : return to the playoffs Main article : 2009 Green Bay Packers season In March 2009 , the organization assured fans that Brett Favre 's jersey number would be retired , but not during the 2009 season . In April 2009 , the Packers selected defensive lineman B.J. Raji of Boston College as the team 's first pick in the draft . The team then traded three draft picks ( including the pick the Packers acquired from the Jets for Brett Favre ) for another first - round pick , selecting linebacker Clay Matthews III of the University of Southern California . During the 2009 NFL season , two match - ups between the franchise and its former quarterback Brett Favre were highly anticipated after Favre 's arrival with the division - rival Vikings in August . The first encounter took place in Week 4 , on a Monday Night Football game which broke several TV audience records . The scheduling of this game was made possible when Baseball Commissioner and Packer Board of Directors member Bud Selig forced baseball 's Minnesota Twins to play 2 games within a 12 - hour span . The Vikings won the game 30 -- 23 . Brett Favre threw 3 TDs , no interceptions , and had a passer rating of 135 . The teams met for a second time in Week 8 , Favre leading the Vikings to a second win , 38 -- 26 , in Green Bay . Rodgers was heavily pressured in both games , being sacked 14 times total , but still played well , throwing five touchdowns and only one interception . The next week , the Packers were upset by the win-less Tampa Bay Buccaneers . Following a players - only meeting , the team found some stability on the offensive line with the return of tackle Mark Tauscher bringing a minor halt to sacks to Rodgers and opening the running game to Ryan Grant and the other running backs . Green Bay finished the season strongly , winning 7 out of their last 8 games , including winning their 16th regular season finale in the past 17 seasons , and earning a NFC wild - card playoff bid with an 11 -- 5 regular - season record . The Packers defense was ranked No. 2 and the offense was ranked No. 6 with rookies Brad Jones and Clay Matthews III becoming sensations at linebacker and young players like James Jones , Brandon Jackson , Jermichael Finley and Jordy Nelson becoming threats on offense . Rodgers also became the first quarterback in NFL history to throw for at least 4000 yards in each of his first two seasons as a starter . Also , cornerback Charles Woodson won NFL Defensive Player of the Year honors after recording 9 interceptions , forcing four fumbles , 3 touchdowns and registering 74 tackles and 2 sacks . In fact , Woodson 's 9 interceptions were more than the 8 collected by all Packer opponents that season . Though the defense was ranked high , injuries to Al Harris , Tramon Williams , Will Blackmon , Atari Bigby and Brandon Underwood severely limited the depth of the secondary and teams like the Minnesota Vikings and Pittsburgh Steelers used that to their advantage by unleashing aerial assaults against inexperienced players with the NFL 's best receivers . The season ended with an overtime loss in a wild card round shootout at the Arizona Cardinals , 51 -- 45 . 2010 : Super Bowl XLV Championship Main article : 2010 Green Bay Packers season Current Packers head coach Mike McCarthy After finishing the 2009 season with an 11 -- 5 record , the Packers began the 2010 NFL Draft holding the 23rd pick . They selected Offensive tackle Bryan Bulaga from Iowa ; with pick 2 -- 56 they selected Defensive end Mike Neal from Purdue . They then traded picks 3 -- 86 and 4 -- 122 to the Philadelphia Eagles for pick 3 -- 71 , choosing Safety Morgan Burnett from Georgia Tech . With pick 5 -- 154 they selected Tight end Andrew Quarless from Penn State . With their compensatory selection pick 5 -- 169 they chose Offensive guard Marshall Newhouse from Texas Christian . With pick 6 -- 193 they selected Running back James Starks from Buffalo . In their final selection , 7 -- 230 . they chose Defensive end C.J. Wilson of East Carolina . The team lost Johnny Jolly to a season - long suspension after he violated the NFL drug policy . Their running corps suffered a blow when RB Ryan Grant sustained a season - ending ankle injury in Week 1 . By the end of the season , the team had 16 people on injured reserve , including 7 starters : running back Ryan Grant , tight end Jermichael Finley , linebacker Nick Barnett , safety Morgan Burnett , linebacker Brandon Chillar , tackle Mark Tauscher , and linebacker Brad Jones . After finishing the regular season 10 -- 6 the Packers clinched the No. 6 seed in the NFC playoffs . They first faced No. 3 seeded Philadelphia , winning 21 -- 16 . In the Divisional round , they defeated No. 1 seeded Atlanta 48 -- 21 . They then played the Chicago Bears at Soldier Field in the NFC Championship Game -- only the second playoff meeting between the two storied rivals ( the other a 33 -- 14 Chicago victory which sent them to the 1941 NFL Championship Game ) . Green Bay won 21 -- 14 to move on to Super Bowl XLV . On February 6 , 2011 , they defeated the AFC champion Pittsburgh Steelers 31 -- 25 , becoming the first No. 6 seed from the NFC to win a Super Bowl . Aaron Rodgers was named Super Bowl MVP . 2011 : 15 -- 1 season Main article : 2011 Green Bay Packers season Clay Matthews ( 52 ) and Charles Woodson ( 21 ) , two defensive stars for the Packers under Coach Mike McCarthy In 2011 , coming off their victory in Super Bowl XLV , the Packers won their first 13 games , eventually finishing the season 15 - 1 . The 15 victories marked the franchise record for wins in a season , and tied for second most regular - season wins in NFL history , behind only the 2007 Patriots who went 16 -- 0 . Following the season , Aaron Rodgers would be named the NFL 's MVP , his first such award . Despite this success , the team faltered in the playoffs , losing their first game to the New York Giants 37 - 20 , following the Packer 's first round bye . 2012 Main article : 2012 Green Bay Packers season In 2012 , the Packers went 11 - 5 . They beat the Minnesota Vikings in the NFC Wildcard round 24 - 10 , and but lost in the divisional round of the playoffs to the eventual NFC Champion San Francisco 49ers by a score of 45 - 31 . The Packers offense finished the season fifth in points and eleventh in yards per game . The defense finished eleventh in points allowed and twenty - second in yards allowed per game . The Packers topped the first - ever AP Pro32 rankings , a new pro football version of the AP Top 25 college football and basketball polls . 2013 : injury to Rodgers Main article : 2013 Green Bay Packers season In 2013 , the Packers got to a 5 - 2 start , leading up to a Week 9 match - up against the Bears . It was in that game which the Packers lost Aaron Rodgers to a broken collarbone ; Rodgers would miss the next six games , during which the club would go 2 - 3 - 1 under three different quarterbacks : Seneca Wallace ( injured during first start ) , Scott Tolzien ( benched ) , and Matt Flynn . Despite having a 7 - 7 - 1 record , the Packers were still in a position to win the NFC North division , if they were able to win their final game . With Rodgers returning , the Packers managed to beat the Bears in a Week 9 rematch , 33 - 28 . Finishing at 8 - 7 - 1 , the Packers won their division and were awarded a home playoff game . However , despite Rodgers ' return , the Packers would lose to the San Francisco 49ers 20 - 23 in the first round of the playoffs . 2014 Main article : 2014 Green Bay Packers season The Packers recorded their 700th victory against the Bears in Week 4 . The team went undefeated in its home games , for the first time since the 2011 season ; they also led the league in scoring , with 486 points , the second-most in franchise history . The 2014 season also marked the first time since 2009 that the team had a 4,000 - yard passer , two 1,000 - yard receivers , and a 1,000 - yard rusher . Overall , the team went 12 - 4 , clinching the # 2 seed in the NFC and a fourth consecutive NFC North division title , making the playoffs for the sixth straight season , tying a franchise record . The Packers beat the Cowboys in the divisional round , advancing to the NFC Championship to face the Seattle Seahawks . After leading throughout most of regulation , the Packers lost 28 - 22 in a historic overtime rally by Seattle . Following the season , quarterback Aaron Rodgers was named the league 's Most Valuable Player for the second time . 2015 Main article : 2015 Green Bay Packers season Jordy Nelson , who tore his ACL in the 2015 preseason , and would go on to be the NFL Comeback Player of the Year the following 2016 season upon returning from his injury During Week 2 of the preseason against the Pittsburgh Steelers , wide receiver Jordy Nelson caught an eight - yard pass from Aaron Rodgers , but then fell to the turf without contact . A few days later , it was revealed that Nelson had torn his ACL . He would remain inactive for the rest of the 2015 season . Even without Nelson , the Packers managed to get off to a 6 - 0 start . But the Packers then lost 4 of their next 5 games , falling to 7 - 4 . On the December 3rd game against the Detroit Lions , the Packers quickly fell to a 20 - 0 deficit going into halftime . Green Bay started to make a comeback in the 2nd half thanks to a touchdown by Davante Adams and a 27 - yard touchdown run by Aaron Rodgers to bring the game within 2 points at 23 - 21 . The Packers then got the ball back in their possession with 23 seconds left in the game . While attempting a `` lateral '' play , Rodgers was sacked with no time remaining but then a flag was thrown for a facemask penalty on Detroit . The Packers now had one more un-timed play , which Aaron Rodgers threw a 61 - yard Hail Mary touchdown to tight end Richard Rodgers . It was the longest completed Hail Mary pass thrown in NFL history . Green Bay then finished the season 10 - 6 and 2nd in the NFC North behind the Minnesota Vikings . The Packers beat the Washington Redskins in the NFC Wild Card game to advance to the Divisional round with the Arizona Cardinals . A similar play to tie the game against the Cardinals happened between Aaron Rodgers and Jeff Janis . Janis caught a 41 - yard touchdown from Rodgers which sent the game into overtime . However , the Packers fell to the Cardinals 26 - 20 , ending their season . 2016 Main article : 2016 Green Bay Packers season After a 4 -- 6 start to the season , the Packers went on a six - game winning streak to finish the regular season with a 10 -- 6 record . The team clinched the NFC North for the fifth time in six years with their Week 17 win over the Detroit Lions . They routed the fifth - seeded New York Giants , 38 -- 13 , in the wild - card round of the playoffs and upset the top - seeded Dallas Cowboys , 34 -- 31 , in the divisional round of the playoffs , but their season came to an end when they were beaten by the second - seeded Atlanta Falcons in the NFC Championship Game , 44 -- 21 . 2017 Main article : 2017 Green Bay Packers season The Green Bay Packers began the 2017 regular season with a 4 -- 2 record . In a game against the Minnesota Vikings , Aaron Rodgers was driven to the ground after throwing a pass and suffered a broken collarbone . In week 11 of the regular season , the Packers lost to the Baltimore Ravens with a score of 23 -- 0 . This is the first shutout game in Lambeau Field since 2006 , where the Packers lost to the New England Patriots with a score of 35 -- 0 . The Packers would finish the season 7 - 9 , missing the playoffs for the first time since 2008 . Community ownership Main article : Green Bay Packers , Inc . The Don Hutson Center The Packers are the only community - owned franchise in American professional sports . Rather than being the property of an individual , partnership , or corporate entity , they are held in 2014 by 360,584 stockholders . No one is allowed to hold more than 200,000 shares , or approximately 4 % of the 5,011,557 shares currently outstanding . It is this broad - based community support and non-profit structure which has kept the team in Green Bay for nearly a century in spite of being the smallest market in all of North American professional sports . The city of Green Bay had a population of only 104,057 as of the 2010 census , and 600,000 in its television market , significantly less than the average NFL figures . The team , however , has long had an extended fan base throughout Wisconsin and parts of the Midwest , thanks in part to playing one pre-season and three regular - season home games each year in Milwaukee through 1995 . It was only when baseball - only Miller Park preempted football there that the Packers ' home slate became played entirely in Green Bay . There have been five stock sales to fund Packer operations over the team 's history , beginning with $5,000 being raised through 1,000 shares offered at $5 apiece in 1923 . Most recently , $64 million was raised in 2011 -- 2012 towards a $143 - million Lambeau Field expansion . Demand exceeded expectations , and the original 250,000 share limit had to be increased before some 250,000 new buyers from all 50 U.S. states and Canada purchased 269,000 shares at $250 apiece , approximately 99 % online . The original `` Articles of Incorporation for the Green Bay Football Corporation '' , enacted in 1923 , specified that should the franchise be sold , any post-expenses money would have gone to the Sullivan - Wallen Post of the American Legion to build `` a proper soldier 's memorial . '' This stipulation was included to ensure there could never be any financial inducement for shareholders to move the club from Green Bay . At the November 1997 annual meeting , shareholders voted to change the beneficiary from the Sullivan - Wallen Post to the Green Bay Packers Foundation , which makes donations to many charities and institutions throughout Wisconsin . Even though it is referred to as `` common stock '' in corporate offering documents , a share of Packers stock does not share the same rights traditionally associated with common or preferred stock . It does not include an equity interest , does not pay dividends , can not be traded , has no securities - law protection , and brings no season ticket purchase privileges . All shareholders receive are voting rights , an invitation to the corporation 's annual meeting , and an opportunity to purchase exclusive shareholder - only merchandise . Shares of stock can not be resold , except back to the team for a fraction of the original price . While new shares can be given as gifts , transfers are technically allowed only between immediate family members once ownership has been established . Green Bay is the only team with this form of ownership structure in the NFL , which does not comply with current league rules stipulating a maximum of 32 owners per team , with one holding a minimum 30 % stake . The Packers ' corporation was grandfathered when the NFL 's current ownership policy was established in the 1980s . As a publicly held nonprofit , the Packers are also the only American major - league sports franchise to release its financial balance sheet every year . Board of Directors Main article : Green Bay Packers Board of Directors Green Bay Packers , Inc. , is governed by a seven - member Executive Committee elected from a 45 - member board of directors . It consists of a president , vice president , treasurer , secretary and three members - at - large ; only the president is compensated . Responsibilities include directing corporate management , approving major capital expenditures , establishing broad policy , and monitoring management performance . The team 's elected president normally represents the Packers in NFL owners meetings . During his time as coach Vince Lombardi generally represented the team at league meetings in his role as general manager , except at owners - only meetings , where president Dominic Olejniczak appeared . Green Bay Packers Foundation The team created the Green Bay Packers Foundation in December 1986 . It assists in a wide variety of activities and programs benefiting education , civic affairs , health services , human services and youth - related programs . At the team 's 1997 annual stockholders meeting the foundation was designated in place of a Sullivan - Wallen Post soldiers memorial as recipient of any residual assets upon the team 's sale or dissolution . Fan base Main article : Cheesehead Annual postcard sent out by the organization to those currently on the waiting list for season tickets The Packers have an exceptionally loyal fan base . Regardless of team performance , every game played in Green Bay has been sold out since 1960 . Despite the Packers having by far the smallest local TV market , the team consistently ranks as one of the most popular in the NFL . They also have one of the longest season ticket waiting lists in professional sports : 86,000 names long , more than there are seats at Lambeau Field . The average wait is said to be over 30 years , but with only 90 or so tickets turned over annually it would be 955 years before the newest name on the list got theirs . As a result , season tickets are willed to next of kin and newborns placed optimistically on the waiting list . Further information : NFL season ticket waiting lists A cheesehead hat , commonly worn by many Packer fans Packers fans are often referred to as cheeseheads , a nickname for Wisconsin residents reflecting the state 's bountiful cheese production first leveled as an insult at a 1987 game between the Chicago White Sox and Milwaukee Brewers . Instead , it came to be a statewide source of pride , and particularly since 1994 has been embraced by Packers fans . Bright orange triangular cheesehead hats are a fixture wherever the team plays . During training camp in the summer months , held outside the Don Hutson Center , young Packers fans can bring their bikes and have their favorite players ride them from the locker room to practice at Ray Nitschke Field . This old tradition began around the time of Lambeau Field 's construction in 1957 . Gary Knafelc , a Packers end at the time , said , `` I think it was just that kids wanted us to ride their bikes . I can remember kids saying , ' Hey , ride my bike . ' '' Each new generation of Packer fan delights at the opportunity . The team holds an annual scrimmage called Family Night , typically an intra-squad affair , at Lambeau Field . During 2004 and 2005 sellout crowds of over 60,000 fans showed up , with an all - time mark of 62,492 set in 2005 when the Buffalo Bills appeared . In August 2008 , ESPN.com ranked Packers fans as second - best in the NFL . The team initially finished tied with the Pittsburgh Steelers ( who finished ahead of the Packers ) as having the best fans , but the tie was broken by ESPN 's own John Clayton , a Pittsburgh native . Branding Packers logo ( 1961 -- present ) Packers gold wordmark logo ( 1959 -- present ) Nickname The Packers ' first alternate uniform , a throwback first introduced in 2010 . Needing to outfit his new squad , team founder Curly Lambeau solicited funds from his employer , the Indian Packing Company . He was given $500 for uniforms and equipment in return for the team being named for its sponsor . An early newspaper article referred to the fledglings as `` the Indians '' , but by the time they played their first game `` Packers '' had taken hold . Indian Packing was purchased in 1920 by the Acme Packing Company . Acme continued to support the team , which played its first NFL season with `` ACME PACKERS '' emblazoned on its jerseys . Team colors Lambeau , a Notre Dame alumnus , borrowed its Irish 's navy blue and gold team colors , much as George Halas borrowed his Illinois alma mater 's for the Chicago Bears . As a result , the early Packers were often referred to as the `` Bays '' or the `` Blues '' ( and even occasionally as `` the Big Bay Blues '' ) . By 1950 , Green Bay had changed its colors to hunter green and gold . Navy blue was kept as a secondary color , seen primarily on sideline capes , but was quietly dropped on all official materials shortly thereafter . The team 's current uniform combination of forest green or white jerseys and metallic gold pants was adopted soon after Vince Lombardi arrived in 1959 . However , to celebrate the NFL 's 75th anniversary in 1994 , the Packers joined in a league - wide donning of `` throwback '' jerseys , back to navy blue and gold . The team would go throwback again for two Thanksgiving Day games against the Detroit Lions , in blue and gold 1930s - era uniforms in 2001 , and 1960s green and gold ( only slightly different from the current ones ) in 2003 . Logo The Green Bay Packers in their throwback navy blue uniforms in 2010 In 1951 , the team finally stopped wearing leather helmets , adopting the metallic gold plastic headgear it has used ever since . The oval `` G '' logo was added in 1961 when Lombardi asked Packers equipment manager Gerald `` Dad '' Braisher to design a logo . Braisher tasked his assistant , St. Norbert College art student John Gordon . Satisfied with a football - shaped letter `` G '' , the pair presented it to Lombardi , who then approved the addition . Tiki Barber falsely reported it to stand for `` greatness '' without a reliable source to back up his claims . Other reputable media outlets then published similar stories using Barber 's false claim as a source . The Packers ' Assistant Director of PR and Corporate Communications had the following to say : `` There 's nothing in our history that suggests there 's any truth to this . The Packers Hall of Fame archivist said the same thing . '' The team used a number of different logos prior to 1961 , but the `` G '' is the only logo that has ever appeared on the helmet . The Packers hold the trademark on the `` G '' logo , and have granted limited permission to other organizations to utilize a similar logo , such as the University of Georgia and Grambling State University , in addition to the city of Green Bay itself as part of its civic logo . Adopted in 1964 , the Georgia `` G '' , though different in design and color , was similar to the Packers ' `` G '' . Then - Georgia head coach Vince Dooley thought it best to clear the use of Georgia 's new emblem with the Packers . Uniform variation While several NFL teams choose to wear white jerseys at home early in the season due to white 's ability to reflect the late summer sun rays , the Packers have done so only twice , during the opening two games of the 1989 season . However , the team did wear an all - white uniform in 2016 versus the Chicago Bears during the two teams ' designated Color Rush game , in which Chicago wore all - navy uniforms . The Packers again wore an all - white uniform at Lambeau in the Color Rush game against the Bears ( who again wore all - navy uniforms ) in 2017 . Although alternate gold jerseys with green numbers are sold on a retail basis , the team currently has no plans to introduce such a jersey to be used in actual games . During the 2010 season , the Packers paid tribute to their historical brethren with a third jersey modeled after that worn by the club in 1929 , during its first world championship season . The jersey was navy blue , again making the Packers `` the Blues . '' Upon the NFL 's switch of uniform suppliers in 2012 to Nike from Reebok , the Packers refused any changes to their uniform in any way outside of the required supplier 's logo and new league uniform logos , declining all of Nike 's `` Elite 51 '' enhancements , including retaining the traditional striped collar of the jersey rather than Nike 's new collar design . Stadium history Main articles : List of Green Bay Packers stadiums and Lambeau Field Lambeau Field after its 2003 renovation After their early seasons at Bellevue Park and Hagemeister Park the Packers played home games in City Stadium from 1925 to 1956 . The team won its first six NFL world championships there . By the 1950s the wooden 25,000 seat arena was considered outmoded . The NFL threatened to move the franchise to Milwaukee full - time unless it got a better stadium . The city responded by building a new 32,150 seat City Stadium for the team , the first built exclusively for an NFL team , which opened in time for the 1957 season . It was renamed Lambeau Field in 1965 to honor Curly Lambeau , who had died earlier in the year . Expanded seven times before the end of the 1990s , Lambeau Field capacity reached 60,890 . In 2003 , it was extensively renovated to expand seating , modernize stadium facilities , and add an atrium area . Even with a current seating capacity of 72,928 , ticket demand far outpaces supply , as all Packers games have been sold out since 1960 . About 86,000 names are on the waiting list for season tickets . The Packers played part of their home slate in Milwaukee starting in 1933 , including two to three home games each year in Milwaukee 's County Stadium from 1953 to 1994 . Indeed , County Stadium had been built partly to entice the Packers to move to Milwaukee full - time . The Packers worked to capture their growing fan base in Milwaukee and the larger crowds . By the 1960s , threat of an American Football League franchise in Milwaukee prompted the Packers to stay , including scheduling a Western Conference Playoff in 1967 . County Stadium was built primarily as a baseball stadium and made only the bare minimum adjustments to accommodate football . At its height , it only seated 56,000 people , just barely above the NFL minimum ; many of those seats were badly obstructed . The field was just barely large enough to fit a football field . Both teams shared the same sideline ( separated by a piece of tape ) and the end zones extended onto the warning track . By 1994 , improvements and seating expansions at Lambeau , along with the Brewers preparing to campaign for their new stadium prompted the Packers to play their full slate in Green Bay for the first time in 62 years . Former season ticketholders for the Milwaukee package continue to receive preference for one pre-season and the second and fifth regular - season games at Lambeau Field each season , along with playoff games through a lottery under the `` Gold Package '' plan . The Packers have three practice facilities across the street from Lambeau Field : the Don Hutson Center , an indoor facility ; Ray Nitschke Field , an outdoor field with artificial FieldTurf ; and Clarke Hinkle Field , an outdoor field with natural grass . Statistics and records Main article : Green Bay Packers records Season - by - season results This is a partial list of the Packers ' last five completed seasons . For the full season - by - season franchise results , see List of Green Bay Packers seasons . Note : The Finish , Wins , Losses , and Ties columns list regular season results and exclude any postseason play . Super Bowl champions ( 1970 -- present ) Conference champions Division champions Wild Card berth As of December 31 , 2017 Season Team League Conference Division Regular season Postseason results Awards Finish Wins Losses Ties 2013 2013 NFL NFC North 1st 8 7 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( 49ers ) 20 -- 23 Eddie Lacy ( OROY ) 2014 2014 NFL NFC North 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Cowboys ) 26 -- 21 Lost Conference Championship ( Seahawks ) 28 -- 22 Aaron Rodgers ( MVP ) 2015 2015 NFL NFC North 2nd 10 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Redskins ) 35 -- 18 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Cardinals ) 26 -- 20 -- 2016 2016 NFL NFC North 1st 10 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Giants ) 38 -- 13 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Cowboys ) 34 -- 31 Lost Conference Championship ( Falcons ) 44 -- 21 Jordy Nelson ( CBPOY ) 2017 2017 NFL NFC North 3rd 7 9 0 -- -- Records All - Time Packers leaders Leader Player Record Number Years on Packers Passing Brett Favre 61,655 passing yards 1992 -- 2007 Rushing Ahman Green 8,322 rushing yards 2000 -- 2006 ; 2009 Receiving Donald Driver 10,137 receiving yards 1999 -- 2012 Coaching wins Curly Lambeau 209 wins 1919 -- 1949 Playoff record 1936 NFL Championship : Green Bay Packers 21 , Boston Braves 6 1938 NFL Championship : New York Giants 23 , Green Bay Packers 17 1939 NFL Championship : Green Bay Packers 27 , New York Giants 0 1941 Western Division Championship : Chicago Bears 33 , Green Bay Packers 14 1944 NFL Championship : Green Bay Packers 14 , New York Giants 7 1960 NFL Championship : Philadelphia Eagles 17 , Green Bay Packers 13 1961 NFL Championship : Green Bay Packers 37 , New York Giants 0 1962 NFL Championship : Green Bay Packers 16 , New York Giants 7 1965 Western Conference Championship : Green Bay Packers 13 , Baltimore Colts 10 ( OT ) 1965 NFL Championship : Green Bay Packers 23 , Cleveland Browns 12 1966 NFL Championship : Green Bay Packers 34 , Dallas Cowboys 27 Super Bowl I : Green Bay Packers 35 , Kansas City Chiefs 10 1967 Conference Championship : Green Bay Packers 28 , Los Angeles Rams 7 1967 NFL Championship : Green Bay Packers 21 , Dallas Cowboys 17 Super Bowl II : Green Bay Packers 33 , Oakland Raiders 14 1972 Divisional : Washington Redskins 16 , Green Bay Packers 3 1982 First Round : Green Bay Packers 41 , St. Louis Cardinals 16 1982 Second Round : Dallas Cowboys 37 , Green Bay Packers 26 1994 Wild Card : Green Bay Packers 16 , Detroit Lions 12 1994 Divisional : Dallas Cowboys 35 , Green Bay Packers 9 1995 Wild Card : Green Bay Packers 37 , Atlanta Falcons 20 1995 Divisional : Green Bay Packers 27 , San Francisco 49ers 17 1995 NFC Championship : Dallas Cowboys 38 , Green Bay Packers 27 1996 Divisional : Green Bay Packers 35 , San Francisco 49ers 14 1996 NFC Championship : Green Bay Packers 30 , Carolina Panthers 13 Super Bowl XXXI : Green Bay Packers 35 , New England Patriots 21 1997 Divisional : Green Bay Packers 21 , Tampa Bay Buccaneers 7 1997 NFC Championship : Green Bay Packers 23 , San Francisco 49ers 10 Super Bowl XXXII : Denver Broncos 31 , Green Bay Packers 24 1998 Wild Card : San Francisco 49ers 30 , Green Bay Packers 27 2001 NFC Wild Card : Green Bay Packers 25 , San Francisco 49ers 15 2001 Divisional : St. Louis Rams 45 , Green Bay Packers 17 2002 NFC Wild Card : Atlanta Falcons 27 , Green Bay Packers 7 2003 NFC Wild Card : Green Bay Packers 33 , Seattle Seahawks 27 ( OT ) 2003 Divisional : Philadelphia Eagles 20 , Green Bay Packers 17 ( OT ) 2004 NFC Wild Card : Minnesota Vikings 31 , Green Bay Packers 17 2007 Divisional : Green Bay Packers 42 , Seattle Seahawks 20 2007 NFC Championship : New York Giants 23 , Green Bay Packers 20 ( OT ) 2009 NFC Wild Card : Arizona Cardinals 51 , Green Bay Packers 45 ( OT ) 2010 NFC Wild Card : Green Bay Packers 21 , Philadelphia Eagles 16 2010 NFC Divisional : Green Bay Packers 48 , Atlanta Falcons 21 2010 NFC Championship : Green Bay Packers 21 , Chicago Bears 14 Super Bowl XLV : Green Bay Packers 31 , Pittsburgh Steelers 25 2011 NFC Divisional : New York Giants 37 , Green Bay Packers 20 2012 NFC Wild Card : Green Bay Packers 24 , Minnesota Vikings 10 2012 NFC Divisional : San Francisco 49ers 45 , Green Bay Packers 31 2013 NFC Wild Card : San Francisco 49ers 23 , Green Bay Packers 20 2014 NFC Divisional : Green Bay Packers 26 , Dallas Cowboys 21 2014 NFC Championship : Seattle Seahawks 28 , Green Bay Packers 22 ( OT ) 2015 NFC Wild Card : Green Bay Packers 35 , Washington Redskins 18 2015 NFC Divisional : Arizona Cardinals 26 , Green Bay Packers 20 ( OT ) 2016 NFC Wild Card : Green Bay Packers 38 , New York Giants 13 2016 NFC Divisional : Green Bay Packers 34 , Dallas Cowboys 31 2016 NFC Championship : Atlanta Falcons 44 , Green Bay Packers 21 Overall record 34 wins , 22 losses Championships League championships The Packers have been league champions a record 13 times , topping their nearest rival , the Chicago Bears , by four . The first three were decided by league standing , the next six by the NFL Title Game , and the final four by Super Bowl victories . The Packers are also the only team to win three consecutive NFL titles , having accomplished this twice -- from 1929 to 1931 under Lambeau , and from 1965 to 1967 under Lombardi . NFL Championship by Standings From 1920 to 1932 , the NFL championship was awarded based on standings , with no championship game taking place . The Packers won three such championships . Year Coach Record 1929 Curly Lambeau 12 -- 0 -- 1 1930 Curly Lambeau 10 -- 3 -- 1 1931 Curly Lambeau 12 -- 2 Total NFL championships by best record : 3 Pre-Super Bowl NFL championships From 1933 to 1969 , the NFL held a championship game to decide their champion . The Packers won 8 NFL Championship Games . From 1966 to 1969 , the NFL Championship Game was followed by the Super Bowl . Year Coach Location Opponent Score Record 1936 Curly Lambeau New York , NY Boston Redskins 21 -- 6 10 -- 1 -- 1 1939 Curly Lambeau Milwaukee , WI New York Giants 27 -- 0 9 -- 2 1944 Curly Lambeau New York , NY New York Giants 14 -- 7 8 -- 2 1961 Vince Lombardi Green Bay , WI New York Giants 37 -- 0 11 -- 3 1962 Vince Lombardi New York , NY New York Giants 16 -- 7 13 -- 1 1965 Vince Lombardi Green Bay , WI Cleveland Browns 23 -- 12 10 -- 3 -- 1 1966 Vince Lombardi Dallas , TX Dallas Cowboys 34 -- 27 12 -- 2 1967 Vince Lombardi Green Bay , WI Dallas Cowboys 21 -- 17 9 -- 4 -- 1 Total NFL championship games won : 8 Super Bowl championships Starting in 1966 , the NFL began holding the Super Bowl . The Packers have won four Super Bowls . Year Coach Super Bowl Location Opponent Score Record 1966 Vince Lombardi Los Angeles , CA Kansas City Chiefs 35 -- 10 12 -- 2 1967 Vince Lombardi II Miami , FL Oakland Raiders 33 -- 14 9 -- 4 -- 1 Mike Holmgren XXXI New Orleans , LA New England Patriots 35 -- 21 13 -- 3 Mike McCarthy XLV Arlington , TX Pittsburgh Steelers 31 -- 25 10 -- 6 Total Super Bowls won : 4 NFC championships The Packers have won three NFC Championship Games . NFC Championships did not exist until after the AFL - NFL merger in 1970 . Year Coach Location Opponent Score Record Mike Holmgren Green Bay , WI Carolina Panthers 30 -- 13 13 -- 3 1997 Mike Holmgren San Francisco , CA San Francisco 49ers 23 -- 10 13 -- 3 Mike McCarthy Chicago , Illinois Chicago Bears 21 -- 14 10 -- 6 Total NFC Championships won : 3 Division Championships The Packers have won 18 divisional championships . Year Coach Division Record 1936 Curly Lambeau NFL West 10 -- 1 -- 1 1938 Curly Lambeau NFL West 8 -- 3 1939 Curly Lambeau NFL West 9 -- 2 1944 Curly Lambeau NFL West 8 -- 2 1967 Vince Lombardi NFL Central 9 -- 4 -- 1 1972 Dan Devine NFC Central 10 -- 4 1995 Mike Holmgren NFC Central 11 -- 5 Mike Holmgren NFC Central 13 -- 3 1997 Mike Holmgren NFC Central 13 -- 3 2002 Mike Sherman NFC North 12 -- 4 2003 Mike Sherman NFC North 12 -- 4 Mike Sherman NFC North 10 -- 6 2007 Mike McCarthy NFC North 13 -- 3 2011 Mike McCarthy NFC North 15 -- 1 2012 Mike McCarthy NFC North 11 -- 5 2013 Mike McCarthy NFC North 8 -- 7 -- 1 2014 Mike McCarthy NFC North 12 -- 4 2016 Mike McCarthy NFC North 10 -- 6 Total NFC Divisional Championships won : 18 Notable players Main article : Green Bay Packers players Current roster Green Bay Packers roster view talk Quarterbacks 6 Joe Callahan 7 Brett Hundley 9 DeShone Kizer 12 Aaron Rodgers Running backs 34 Joel Bouagnon 33 Aaron Jones 40 Joe Kerridge FB 32 Devante Mays 88 Ty Montgomery 22 Aaron Ripkowski FB 30 Jamaal Williams Wide receivers 17 Davante Adams 81 Geronimo Allison 89 Michael Clark 18 Randall Cobb 11 Trevor Davis 16 Jake Kumerow 13 Colby Pearson 10 DeAngelo Yancey Tight ends 86 Emanuel Byrd 80 Jimmy Graham 84 Lance Kendricks 85 Robert Tonyan Offensive linemen 79 Kofi Amichia G 69 David Bakhtiari T 75 Bryan Bulaga T 54 Dillon Day C 63 Corey Linsley C 64 Justin McCray G 68 Kyle Murphy T 77 Adam Pankey G 62 Lucas Patrick G 78 Jason Spriggs T 65 Lane Taylor G Defensive linemen 90 Montravius Adams DE 97 Kenny Clark NT 76 Mike Daniels DE 94 Dean Lowry DE 96 Muhammad Wilkerson DE Linebackers 45 Vince Biegel OLB 51 Kyler Fackrell OLB 93 Reggie Gilbert OLB 50 Blake Martinez ILB 52 Clay Matthews III OLB 98 Chris Odom OLB 53 Nick Perry OLB 47 Jake Ryan ILB -- David Talley ILB 56 Ahmad Thomas ILB Defensive backs 29 Kentrell Brice FS 44 Donatello Brown CB 21 Ha Ha Clinton - Dix FS 25 Marwin Evans SS 39 Demetri Goodson CB 28 Josh Hawkins CB 27 Josh Jones SS 20 Kevin King CB 41 Lenzy Pipkins CB 24 Quinten Rollins CB 26 Herb Waters CB 35 Jermaine Whitehead FS 38 Tramon Williams CB Special teams 2 Mason Crosby K 57 Zach Triner LS 8 Justin Vogel P Reserve lists Currently vacant Rookies in italics Roster updated March 22 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 65 Active , 0 Inactive → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Pro Football Hall of Fame members Main article : List of Green Bay Packers in the Pro Football Hall of Fame The Packers have the second most members in the Pro Football Hall of Fame with 24 . They trail only the Chicago Bears ( with 27 ) . Green Bay Packers Pro Football Hall of Famers Players No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted 26 Herb Adderley CB 1961 -- 1969 1980 20 Earl ( Curly ) Lambeau HB Coach 1919 -- 1929 1930 -- 1949 1963 Tony Canadeo HB 1941 -- 1944 1946 -- 1952 80 James Lofton WR 1978 -- 1986 2003 87 Willie Davis DE 1960 -- 1969 1981 24 Johnny `` Blood '' McNally HB 1929 -- 1933 1935 -- 1936 1963 Brett Favre QB 1992 -- 2007 2016 Mike Michalske OG 1929 -- 1935 1937 1964 75 Forrest Gregg OT 1956 1958 -- 1970 1977 66 Ray Nitschke LB 1958 -- 1972 1978 38 Arnie Herber QB 1930 -- 1940 1966 51 Jim Ringo 1953 -- 1963 1981 30 Clarke Hinkle FB 1932 -- 1941 1964 89 Dave Robinson LB 1963 -- 1972 2013 5 Paul Hornung HB 1956 -- 1962 1964 -- 1966 1986 15 Bart Starr QB 1956 -- 1971 1977 36 Cal Hubbard OT 1929 -- 1933 1935 1963 31 Jim Taylor FB 1958 -- 1966 1976 14 Don Hutson 1935 -- 1945 1963 92 Reggie White DE 1993 -- 1998 2006 74 Henry Jordan DT 1959 -- 1969 1995 24 Willie Wood 1960 -- 1971 1989 Coaches and Executives Name Positions Seasons Inducted Vince Lombardi Coach 1959 -- 1967 1971 Ron Wolf General manager 1991 -- 2001 2015 Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame Main article : Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame Retired numbers Main article : List of Green Bay Packers retired numbers Retired numbers on display in the Lambeau Field 's north end zone in October 2007 In nearly nine decades of Packers football , the Packers have formally retired six numbers . All six Packers are members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame and their numbers and names are displayed on the green facade of Lambeau Field 's north endzone as well as in the Lambeau Field Atrium . Tony Canadeo HB , 1941 - 44 , 1946 - 52 Retired 1952 Brett Favre QB , 1992 - 2007 Retired 2015 Don Hutson WR / DB , 1935 - 45 Retired 1951 Bart Starr QB , 1956 - 71 Retired 1973 Ray Nitschke LB , 1958 - 72 Retired 1983 Reggie White DE , 1993 -- 98 Retired 2005 Notable coaches Current staff Green Bay Packers staff Front Office Executive Committee -- Board of Directors President / CEO -- Mark Murphy General Manager -- Brian Gutekunst Executive Vice President / Director of Football Operations -- Russ Ball Senior Advisor to Football Operations -- Ted Thompson Director of College Scouting -- Jon - Eric Sullivan Director of Pro Personnel -- John Wojciechowski Head Coaches Head Coach -- Mike McCarthy Associate Head Coach / Linebackers -- Winston Moss Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Joe Philbin Pass Game Coordinator - Jim Hostler Quarterbacks -- Frank Cignetti Jr . Running Backs -- Ben Sirmans Wide Receivers - David Raih Tight Ends -- Brian Angelichio Offensive Line / Run Game Coordinator -- James Campen Assistant Offensive Line - Jeff Blasko Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Mike Pettine Pass Game Coordinator - Joe Whitt Jr . Defensive Line -- Jerry Montgomery Inside Linebackers / Run Game Coordinator - Patrick Graham Secondary - Jason Simmons Defensive Assistant -- Scott McCurley Defensive Quality Conrol -- Ryan Downard Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Ron Zook Special Teams Assistant - Maurice Drayton Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning Coordinator -- Mark Lovat Strength and Conditioning Assistant -- Chris Gizzi Strength and Conditioning Assistant -- Thadeus Jackson Strength and Conditioning Assistant -- Grant Thorne → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Head coaches Main article : List of Green Bay Packers head coaches Name Tenure Record Titles Earl ( Curly ) Lambeau 1919 -- 1949 231 108 21 6 Gene Ronzani 1950 -- 1953 14 31 Hugh Devore * 1953 0 0 Ray ( Scooter ) McLean * Lisle Blackbourn 1954 -- 1957 17 31 0 Ray ( Scooter ) McLean 1958 10 Vince Lombardi 1959 -- 1967 98 30 5 Phil Bengtson 1968 -- 1970 20 21 Dan Devine 1971 -- 1974 25 28 Bart Starr 1975 -- 1983 53 77 Forrest Gregg 1984 -- 1987 25 37 Lindy Infante 1988 -- 1991 24 40 0 Mike Holmgren 1992 -- 1998 73 36 0 Ray Rhodes 1999 8 8 0 Mike Sherman 2000 -- 2005 56 39 0 Mike McCarthy 2006 -- current 102 55 * Interim head coaches CSVA Sports Film and Video Hall of Famers Main article : Collegiate Sports Video Association Al Treml ( 2014 ) Media The Packers are unique in having their market area cover two media markets , both Green Bay and Milwaukee . NFL blackout restrictions for the team apply within both areas . However , Packers games have not been blacked out locally since 1972 ( the last year home game local telecasts were prohibited regardless of sellout status ) due to strong home attendance and popularity . As mentioned above , every Packers home game -- preseason , regular season and playoffs -- has been sold out since 1960 . Radio The flagship station of the Packers Radio Network is Scripps Radio 's WTMJ in Milwaukee , which was the former flagship of the Journal Broadcast Group before its merger with Scripps in April 2015 . WTMJ has aired Packers games since 1929 , the longest association between a radio station and an NFL team to date , and the only rights deal in American professional sports where a station outside of the team 's main metro area is the radio flagship . While this might be unusual , the station can be heard at city - grade strength at all hours in Green Bay proper . Games air in Green Bay on WTAQ ( 1360 / 97.5 ) and WIXX - FM ( 101.1 ) , and WAPL ( 105.7 ) and WHBY ( 1150 ) in Appleton and the Fox Cities . Wayne Larrivee is the play - by - play announcer and Larry McCarren is the color analyst . Larrivee joined the team after many years as the Chicago Bears ' announcer . Jim Irwin and Max McGee were the longtime radio announcers before Larrivee and McCarren . When victory is assured for the Packers , either a game - winning touchdown , interception or a crucial 4th down defensive stop , Larrivee 's trademark declaration of `` And there is your dagger ! '' signifies the event . In limited circumstances where the Milwaukee Brewers are in either playoff or post-season contention and their play - by - play takes priority , WTMJ 's sister FM station WKTI ( 94.5 ) currently airs Packer games to avert game conflicts . Television The TV rights for pre-season games , not nationally broadcast are held by Scripps television stations WGBA - TV ( Channel 26 ) in Green Bay and WTMJ - TV ( Channel 4 ) in Milwaukee , along with Quincy Media 's six ABC stations in the central , northern and western parts of the state , KQDS - TV ( Channel 21 ) in Duluth - Superior , and in Escanaba / Marquette , Michigan , WLUC - TV ( Channel 6 ) , along with their Fox subchannel . As such , these stations are authorized to use the tagline Your official Packers station in their market area by the team , and also carry two weeknight programs ; Packers Live on Tuesday evening , and the weekly coach 's show , The Mike McCarthy Show on Wednesday evenings at 6 : 30 pm throughout the football season . Until the end of the 2011 season , the team 's partner in Green Bay was WFRV - TV ( Channel 5 ) , and sister satellite WJMN - TV in Escanaba . As part of the 2012 deal , McCarren resigned his duties as sports director of WFRV to move to WTMJ / WGBA as a Packers analyst , becoming WGBA 's official sports director on April 1 , 2013 , as his non-compete clause to appear as a sports anchor in Green Bay expired , though he retired as sports director in March 2015 to focus full - time on his duties for the Packer radio and television networks . WFRV / WJMN still airs any Packers regular season home games against an AFC team . The 2012 TV rights deal expanded the team 's preseason network further across the Midwest . Additional stations include the Quad Cities region of Iowa / Illinois where game coverage is carried by KLJB ( Channel 18 ) in Davenport , Iowa and KGCW ( Channel 26 ) in Burlington , Iowa , both owned by Grant Broadcasting System II , KCWI - TV ( Channel 23 ) in Des Moines , KWWL ( Channel 7 ) in Waterloo , Iowa , and in Omaha , Nebraska , KMTV - TV ( Channel 3 ) , a sister Scripps station to WTMJ and WGBA . As part of a large package of preseason football from various team networks , KFVE ( Channel 9 ) in Honolulu , Hawaii also carried Packers state network games in the 2016 preseason . The network also added its first affiliate with Spanish language play - by - play , Milwaukee 's WYTU - LD ( Channel 63 / 49.4 ) , a Telemundo affiliate , which airs statewide on Spectrum systems . The Spanish broadcast is also simulcast by Scripps ' WACY - TV ( Channel 32 ) in the Green Bay / Appleton market ( WACY is an otherwise English - language MyNetworkTV affiliate ) . Pre-season coverage is produced by CBS , formerly using the NFL on CBS graphics package until the last contract ended as a remnant of WFRV 's former ownership by the CBS Corporation itself until 2007 . In 2012 , the pre-season coverage began to use the NBC Sports Sunday Night Football graphics package due to WTMJ / WGBA 's NBC affiliation . The TV play - by - play announcer , Kevin Harlan ( also on loan from CBS ) , is the son of former Packers president Bob Harlan , with Rich Gannon joining him as color commentator . Since the 2008 pre-season all Packers preseason games on the statewide network are produced and aired in high definition , with WTMJ - TV subcontracting the games to minor network affiliates in Milwaukee during Summer Olympics years due to mandatory non-preemption policies by their network , NBC ( this was not done in 2012 as the pre-season opener was a national ESPN game ) . In Green Bay , WACY carries preseason games in English if WGBA is unable to during Olympics years . ESPN Monday Night Football games , both pre-season and season , are broadcast over the air on Fox affiliate WLUK - TV in Green Bay and ABC affiliate WISN - TV ( Channel 12 ) in Milwaukee ( ABC affiliate WBAY - TV in Green Bay carried those games from 2006 until 2015 ; the 2016 season was first where that station has not carried a Packer game in its history ) , while the stations airing Packers games in the NFL Network Thursday Night Football package have varied over the years depending on arrangements for syndication or co-network productions and simulcasts with CBS or NBC . WBAY 's evening news anchor Bill Jartz also serves as the public address system announcer for Lambeau Field . The team 's intra-squad Lambeau scrimmage at the beginning of the season , marketed as Packers Family Night , was broadcast for over a decade by WITI ( Channel 6 ) in Milwaukee , and produced by WLUK - TV in Green Bay , both Fox affiliates which broadcast the bulk of the team 's regular - season games , along with the state 's other Fox affiliates until the 2016 season . In 2017 , Scripps and the Packers Television Network began to originate the Packers Family Night broadcast . In popular culture In 2015 , six members of the Green Bay Packers -- David Bakhtiari ; Don Barclay ; T.J. Lang ; Clay Matthews ; Jordan Rodgers and Josh Sitton -- made an appearance as an a cappella group in the musical comedy , Pitch Perfect 2 . See also American football portal National Football League portal List of fan - owned sports teams References ^ Jump up to : `` Birth of a Team and a Legend '' . Green Bay Packers . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Green Bay Packers . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Green Bay Packers Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2016 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . July 15 , 2016 . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shareholders '' . Green Bay Packers . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Packers Nickname Origin '' . Green Bay Packers . March 25 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2006 . Retrieved March 25 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Names , Larry D ( 1987 ) . `` The Myth '' . In Scott , Greg . The History of the Green Bay Packers : The Lambeau Years . 1 . Angel Press of WI . p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 939995 - 00 - X . Jump up ^ `` Chronology of Professional Football '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Green Bay Packers Team History '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Zirin , Dave ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` Those Non-Profit Packers '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt . `` Full List : The World 's 50 Most Valuable Sports Teams 2017 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowls & Championships '' . Green Bay Packers . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambeau had played the 1918 season at Notre Dame under Knute Rockne and alongside George Gipp . He did not return to school the following year however due to illness which then led to the Packers birth . Names , Larry D ( 1987 ) . `` The Myth '' . In Scott , Greg . The History of the Green Bay Packers : The Lambeau Years . 1 . Angel Press of WI . pp. 27 -- 29 . ISBN 0 - 939995 - 00 - X . Jump up ^ `` Team Records : Games Won '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Don Hutson : Information from '' . Answers.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fleming , David ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Blaze of Glory '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maraniss , David ( September 14 , 1999 ) . `` In throes of winter , a team in disarry is reborn '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Milwaukee , Wisconsin . p. 2B . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pennington , Bill ( January 16 , 2008 ) . `` NYTimes article of January 15 , 2008 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TIME Magazine Cover : Vince Lombardi - Coaches - Wisconsin '' . Time.com. 1962 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Old School Packers Archived February 18 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . from the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel website . Obtained February 5 , 2007 Jump up ^ The 25 Biggest Sports Flops ( 1979 -- 2004 ) Archived May 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . from ESPN25 . Obtained February 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` NFL grants Favre reinstatement ; sources say QB job is open '' . ESPN . August 3 , 2008 . Retrieved August 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jay Glazer ( August 6 , 2008 ) . `` Packers trade Favre to Jets '' . Fox Sports on MSN . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2008 . Retrieved August 6 , 2008 . The month - long saga has finally come to an end , with the Packers agreeing to trade their future Hall - of - Fame quarterback to the New York Jets , FOXSports.com has learned . Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre : Game Logs at '' . NFL . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jets ' Jenkins and Packers ' Grant are both out for the season -- Associated Press Archived September 19 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLV , Packers Beat Steelers , 31 -- 25 '' . New York Times . February 7 , 2011 . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Farmer , Sam ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` Ending is cheddar - perfect for Packers in Super Bowl XLV victory over Steelers '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Green Bay Packers Schedule & Game Results '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Wilner , Barry ( July 31 , 2012 ) . `` Packers top first - ever AP Pro32 rankings '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ketchman , Vic ( September 28 , 2014 ) . `` Win over Bears feels like season saver '' . Green Bay Packers . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( August 23 , 2015 ) . `` Jordy Nelson out for 2015 season with knee injury '' . National Football League . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Green Bay Packers 2015 Regular Season Schedule - NFL.com '' . www.nfl.com . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Packers stun Lions on Aaron Rodgers ' Hail Mary TD '' . National Football League . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NFL Regular Season Standings - Nation Football League '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boren , Cindy ( October 15 , 2017 ) . `` Aaron Rodgers could be out for the season , a sobering possibility for the Packers '' . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 -- via www.WashingtonPost.com . Jump up ^ `` Green Bay Packers shut out for first time in more than a decade '' . MontrosePress.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Committee And Board Of Directors '' . Green Bay Packers . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hruby , Patrick . `` The right way ? The Green Bay way '' . espn.go.com . ESPN . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shareholder History & Financial History '' ( PDF ) . Green Bay Packers . January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Saunders , Laura ( 13 January 2012 ) . `` Are the Green Bay Packers the Worst Stock in America ? '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census '' . US Census Bureau . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Packers plan fifth stock sale '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 1 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . SportsBusiness Journal . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fans keep their eyes on the ball in Green Bay ( Dallas Morning News ) '' . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harris Interactive Poll , Packers ranked No. 4 in 2006 , No. 1 in 2005 , No. 1 in 2004 , No. 1 in 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Gary D'Amato ( January 19 , 2011 ) . `` Packers season tickets worth the wait -- 955 years for some on the list '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ File : Waitlist Postcard. jpg Jump up ^ `` SI.com -- Be the 74,659 th In Line ! -- Oct 9 , 2007 '' . CNN . October 9 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2010 . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` David Morris and Daniel Kraker . `` Rooting the Home Team : Why the Packers Wo n't Leave -- and Why the Browns Did '' . The American Prospect , no . 40 ( September -- October 1998 ) , pp. 38 -- 43 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Big Cheese : Cheesehead inventor profits from insults '' . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Letters to Lee Remmel , August 25 , 2004 '' . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Packers Training Camp -- Family Night '' . Jump up ^ Mosley , Matt ( August 29 , 2008 ) . `` NFL 's best fans ? We got ta hand it to Steelers ( barely ) '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Packers Logo History Archived April 21 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Packers ' alternate jersey a real throwback '' . Host.madison.com. 2010 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Packers Uniform History , 1921 -- 2004 from Packers.com . Obtained February 5 , 2007 . Archived April 21 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Packers uniform database Obtained February 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Thomas ; Hurly , Jim ( 2011 ) . Green Bay : A City and Its Team . Hurly Investments . ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 44464 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` What Does the ' G ' in the Packers Logo Stand for ? ( VIDEO ) '' . Blippitt.com . February 2 , 2011 . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cheap Seats '' . Sioux City Journal . February 3 , 2011 . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` G still stands for gullible '' . Packersuniforms.blogspot.com. 2011 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Packers Fan Clubs from Packers.com . Obtained February 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Green Bay Packers Logo -- Design and History '' . Dinesh.com . August 25 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2010 . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oval G is a Green Bay Packers trademark '' . ESPN . May 25 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` There 's No Service Like Wire Service , Vol. 6 '' . Retrieved February 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Packers in blue jerseys ? '' . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2010 . Retrieved February 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Siefert , Kevin ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` New unis : Packers reject all changes '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Green & Gold Package Scheduling '' . Packers.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Complete Playoff Standings '' . profootballhof.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breakdown of Hall of Famers by Team from profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ Retired Numbers from Packers.com . Obtained April 3 , 2009 . Archived April 3 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ CSVA ( @ CSVA ) ( 23 May 2014 ) . `` Henry Kunttu presenting Al Treml of the @ packers to the Sports Film and Video Hall of Fame # CSVA2014 t.co/kKASUtNHzL '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Packers Radio Station Listing '' . Packers.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Packers Radio Network '' . Packers.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wolfley , Bob ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` Packers and Journal Broadcast Group announce partnership deal '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FOX 11 to air Hall of Fame Game , Packers MNF games '' . WLUK - TV . 6 July 2016 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Green Bay Packers TV Broadcast Partners '' . Packers.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pitch Perfect 2 '' . IMDb . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey . `` How the Green Bay Packers Cameo in Pitch Perfect 2 Happened '' . HWD . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Green Bay Packers . Official website Green Bay Packers at the National Football League official website Green Bay Packers at the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel Green Bay Packers at the Green Bay Press - Gazette Works by or about Green Bay Packers in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) Green Bay Packers Founded in 1919 Based and headquartered in Green Bay , Wisconsin Franchise Franchise Team history Green Bay Packers , Inc . Board of Directors Records Seasons Coaches Players A -- D E -- K L -- R S -- Z Starting quarterbacks Pro Football Hall of Famers Retired numbers First - round draft picks Records Pro Bowlers Stadiums Draft history Stadiums Hagemeister Park Bellevue Park City Stadium Borchert Field Wisconsin State Fair Park Marquette Stadium Milwaukee County Stadium Lambeau Field Training facilities Don Hutson Center Clarke Hinkle Field Ray Nitschke Field St. Norbert College ( training camp ) Rockwood Lodge ( former ) Culture Cheesehead Lambeau Leap Hall of Fame Packers Fan Hall of Fame `` Bang the Drum All Day '' Cheerleaders Fight song Lumberjack Band Pigskin Champions Vernon Biever Hungry Five George Whitney Calhoun The Dope Sheet Curly Lambeau Vince Lombardi Ron Wolf Receiver Statue Lombardi Pitch Perfect 2 Packers Heritage Trail Packers Pro Shop Lore Dolly Gray impostor The Ice Bowl The Snow Bowl The Mud Bowl 4th and 26 Fail Mary Miracle in Motown Rivalries Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Minnesota Vikings Dallas Cowboys Division championships ( 18 ) 1936 1938 1939 1944 1967 1972 1995 1997 2002 2003 2007 2011 2012 2013 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 9 ) 1960 1961 1962 1965 1966 1967 1997 League championships ( 13 ) 1929 1930 1931 1936 1939 1944 1961 1962 1965 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 2010 ( XLV ) does not include 1966 or 1967 NFL championships Retired numbers 14 15 66 92 Media Broadcasters Radio : Packers Radio Network WTMJ WKTI - HD2 WIXX WTAQ Television ( pre-season & official in - season team programming ) : WGBA - TV WTMJ - TV Personnel : Wayne Larrivee ( play - by - play ) Larry McCarren ( color / analysis ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1921 -- present ) Conference : National Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 99 ) 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Color Rush Sports teams based in Wisconsin Baseball MLB Milwaukee Brewers MWL Beloit Snappers Wisconsin Timber Rattlers NWL Eau Claire Express Fond du Lac Dock Spiders Green Bay Bullfrogs Kenosha Kingfish La Crosse Loggers Lakeshore Chinooks Madison Mallards Wisconsin Woodchucks Wisconsin Rapids Rafters Basketball NBA Milwaukee Bucks G League Wisconsin Herd IBA Kenosha Ballers Milwaukee Falcons Football NFL Green Bay Packers IFL Green Bay Blizzard WFA Madison Blaze MSFL Racine Raiders GFL Brew City Bulldogs Madison Wolves Waukesha Raiders Wisconsin Wolfpack Hockey AHL Milwaukee Admirals USHL Green Bay Gamblers Madison Capitols NAHL Coulee Region Chill Janesville Jets NA3HL La Crosse Freeze Wisconsin Whalers Soccer MASL Milwaukee Wave NPSL Aris SC Milwaukee Torrent PLA Croatian Eagles SC Milwaukee Bavarians Madison 56ers Australian rules football MAAFL Milwaukee Bombers Ultimate AUDL Madison Radicals Roller derby WFTDA Brewcity Bruisers Fox Cities Roller Derby Mad Rollin ' Dolls Mid-State Sisters of Skate MRDA Green Bay Smackers Milwaukee Blitzdkrieg USARS Root River Rollers College athletics NCAA Div . I Green Bay Phoenix Marquette Golden Eagles Milwaukee Panthers Wisconsin Badgers Div. II Wisconsin -- Parkside Rangers Div . III Alverno Inferno Beloit Buccaneers Carroll Pioneers Carthage Red Men Concordia Falcons Edgewood Eagles Lakeland Muskies Lawrence Vikings Maranatha Baptist Crusaders Marian Sabres MSOE Raiders Northland LumberJacks Ripon Red Hawks St. Norbert Green Knights Wisconsin -- Eau Claire Blugolds Wisconsin -- La Crosse Eagles Wisconsin -- Oshkosh Titans Wisconsin -- Platteville Pioneers Wisconsin -- River Falls Falcons Wisconsin -- Stevens Point Pointers Wisconsin -- Stout Blue Devils Wisconsin -- Superior Yellowjackets Wisconsin -- Whitewater Warhawks Wisconsin Lutheran Warriors NAIA Cardinal Stritch Wolves Viterbo V - Hawks Category : Sports teams in Wisconsin Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_Bay_Packers&oldid=834381878 '' Categories : Green Bay Packers 1919 establishments in Wisconsin Fan - owned sports teams National Football League teams Publicly traded sports companies Sports clubs established in 1919 Sports in Green Bay , Wisconsin Tourist attractions in Brown County , Wisconsin Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from November 2013 Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 12 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many rings do the green bay packers have | [
"\n\nGreen Bay Packers\n\n\n Current season\n\n\nEstablished August 11, 1919; 98 years ago (August 11, 1919)[1]\nFirst season: 1919\nPlay in and headquartered at Lambeau Field, Green Bay, Wisconsin\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLogo\nWordmark\n\n\n\n\n\nLeague/conference affiliations\n\n\n\n\nIndependent (1919–1920)\nNational Football League (1921–present)\n\nWestern Division (1933–1949)\nNational Conference (1950–1952)\nWestern Conference (1953–1966)\n\nCentral Division (1967–1969)\n\n\nNational Football Conference (1970–present)\n\nCentral Division (1970–2001)\nNorth Division (2002–present)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam colors\n\nDark Green, Gold, White[2][3]\n \n\n\nFight song\n\"Go! You Packers Go!\"\n\n\nPersonnel\n\n\nOwner(s)\nGreen Bay Packers, Inc. (360,760 stockholders–governed by a Board of Directors)[4]\n\n\nChairman\nMark H. Murphy\n\n\nCEO\nMark H. Murphy\n\n\nPresident\nMark H. Murphy\n\n\nGeneral manager\nBrian Gutekunst\n\n\nHead coach\nMike McCarthy\n\n\nTeam history\n\n\n\n\n\nGreen Bay Packers (1919–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam nicknames\n\n\n\n\nIndian Packers (1919)[5]\nBlues (1922)\nBig Bay Blues (1920s)[6]\nBays (1918–1940s)[6]\nThe Pack (current)\nThe Green and Gold (current)\n\n\n\n\nChampionships\n\n\n\nLeague championships (13)†\n\nNFL Championships (pre-1970 AFL–NFL merger) (11)\n1929, 1930, 1931, 1936, 1939, 1944, 1961, 1962, 1965, 1966, 1967\nAFL–NFL Super Bowl championships (2)\n1966 (I), 1967 (II)\nSuper Bowl championships (2)\n1996 (XXXI), 2010 (XLV)\n\n\n\n\n\nConference championships (9)\n\nNFL Western: 1960, 1961, 1962, 1965, 1966, 1967\nNFC: 1996, 1997, 2010\n\n\n\n\n\nDivision championships (18)\n\nNFL West: 1936, 1938, 1939, 1944\nNFL Central: 1967\nNFC Central: 1972, 1995, 1996, 1997\nNFC North: 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016\n\n\n\n\n† - Does not include the AFL or NFL championships won during the same seasons as the AFL-NFL Super Bowl championships prior to the 1970 AFL-NFL Merger\n\n\nPlayoff appearances (32)\n\n\n\n\nNFL: 1936, 1938, 1939, 1941, 1944, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1972, 1982, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016\n\n\n\n\nHome fields\n\n\n\n\nHagemeister Park (1919–1922)\nBellevue Park (1923–1924)\nCity Stadium (1925–1956)\nBorchert Field (1933)\nWisconsin State Fair Park (1934–1951)\nMarquette Stadium (1952)\nMilwaukee County Stadium (1953–1994)\nLambeau Field (1957–present)\n\n\n\n"
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2637453891918184437 | Dead Sea | Dead Sea - wikipedia Dead Sea Jump to : navigation , search For the novel , see Dead Sea ( novel ) . Dead Sea ים המלח ( in Hebrew ) البحر الميت ( in Arabic ) A view of the sea from the Israeli shore Location Israel Jordan Palestine Coordinates 31 ° 30 ′ N 35 ° 30 ′ E / 31.500 ° N 35.500 ° E / 31.500 ; 35.500 Coordinates : 31 ° 30 ′ N 35 ° 30 ′ E / 31.500 ° N 35.500 ° E / 31.500 ; 35.500 Lake type Endorheic Hypersaline Primary inflows Jordan River Primary outflows None Catchment area 41,650 km ( 16,080 sq mi ) Basin countries Israel Jordan Palestine Max. length 50 km ( 31 mi ) ( northern basin only ) Max . width 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) Surface area 605 km ( 234 sq mi ) ( 2016 ) Average depth 199 m ( 653 ft ) Max . depth 298 m ( 978 ft ) ( elevation of deepest point , 728 m BSL ( below sea level ) , minus current surface elevation ) Water volume 114 km ( 27 cu mi ) Shore length 135 km ( 84 mi ) Surface elevation − 430.5 m ( − 1,412 ft ) ( 2016 ) References Shore length is not a well - defined measure . Play media Short video about the Dead Sea from the Israeli News Company The Dead Sea ( Hebrew : יָם הַמֶּלַח Yam ha - Melah lit . Salt Sea ; Arabic : البحر الميت Al - Bahr al - Mayyit ) is a salt lake bordered by Jordan to the east and Israel and Palestine to the west . Its surface and shores are 430.5 metres ( 1,412 ft ) below sea level , Earth 's lowest elevation on land . The Dead Sea is 304 m ( 997 ft ) deep , the deepest hypersaline lake in the world . With a salinity of 342 g / kg , or 34.2 % , ( in 2011 ) , it is 9.6 times as salty as the ocean and one of the world 's saltiest bodies of water . This salinity makes for a harsh environment in which plants and animals can not flourish , hence its name . The Dead Sea is 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) long and 15 kilometres ( 9 mi ) wide at its widest point . It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley , and its main tributary is the Jordan River . The Dead Sea has attracted visitors from around the Mediterranean basin for thousands of years . It was one of the world 's first health resorts ( for Herod the Great ) , and it has been the supplier of a wide variety of products , from asphalt for Egyptian mummification to potash for fertilisers . People also use the salt and the minerals from the Dead Sea to create cosmetics and herbal sachets . The Dead Seawater has a density of 1.24 kg / litre , which makes swimming similar to floating . The Dead Sea is receding at an alarming rate . Multiple canals and pipelines were proposed to reduce its recession , which had begun causing many problems . The Red Sea -- Dead Sea Water Conveyance project , carried out by Jordan , will provide water to neighbouring countries , while the brine will be carried to the Dead Sea to help stabilise its levels . The first phase of the project is scheduled to begin in 2018 and be completed in 2021 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and toponymy 2 Geography 3 Natural history 4 Climate 5 Chemistry 6 Putative therapies 6.1 Psoriasis 6.2 Rhinosinusitis 6.3 Osteoarthritis 7 Fauna and flora 8 Human settlement 9 Human history 9.1 Biblical period 9.2 Greek and Roman period 9.3 Byzantine period 9.4 Modern times 10 Tourism and leisure 10.1 British Mandate period 10.2 Israel 10.3 Jordan 10.4 West Bank 11 Chemical industry 11.1 British Mandate period 11.2 Israel 11.3 Jordan 11.4 West Bank 11.5 Extraction 12 Recession and environmental concerns 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Etymology and toponymy In Hebrew , the Dead Sea is Yām ha - Melaḥ ( help info ) ( ים המלח ) , meaning `` sea of salt '' ( Genesis 14 : 3 ) . The Bible uses this term alongside two others : the Sea of the Arabah ( Yām ha - ' Ărāvâ ים הערבה ) , and the Eastern Sea ( Yām ha - Mizraḥî ים המזרחי ) . The designation `` Dead Sea '' never appears in the Bible . In prose sometimes the term Yām ha - Māvet ( ים המוות , `` sea of death '' ) is used , due to the scarcity of aquatic life there . In Arabic the Dead Sea is called al - Bahr al - Mayyit ( help info ) ( `` the Dead Sea '' ) , or less commonly baḥru lūṭa ( بحر لوط , `` the Sea of Lot '' ) . Another historic name in Arabic was the `` Sea of Zoʼar '' , after a nearby town in biblical times . The Greeks called it Lake Asphaltites ( Attic Greek ἡ Θάλαττα ἀσφαλτῖτης , hē Thálatta asphaltĩtēs , `` the Asphaltite sea '' ) . Geography Satellite photograph showing the location of the Dead Sea east of the Mediterranean Sea The Dead Sea is an endorheic lake located in the Jordan Rift Valley , a geographic feature formed by the Dead Sea Transform ( DST ) . This left lateral - moving transform fault lies along the tectonic plate boundary between the African Plate and the Arabian Plate . It runs between the East Anatolian Fault zone in Turkey and the northern end of the Red Sea Rift offshore of the southern tip of Sinai . It is here that the Upper Jordan River / Sea of Galilee / Lower Jordan River water system comes to an end . The Jordan River is the only major water source flowing into the Dead Sea , although there are small perennial springs under and around the Dead Sea , forming pools and quicksand pits along the edges . There are no outlet streams . The Mujib River , biblical Arnon , is one the larger water sources of the Dead Sea other than the Jordan . The Wadi Mujib valley , 420 m below the sea level in the southern of Jordan valley , is a biosphere reserve , with an area of 212 km ( 82 sq mi ) . Other more substantial sources are Wadi Darajeh ( Arabic ) / Nahal Dragot ( Hebrew ) , and Nahal Arugot . Wadi Hasa ( biblical Zered ) is another wadi flowing into the Dead Sea . Rainfall is scarcely 100 mm ( 4 in ) per year in the northern part of the Dead Sea and barely 50 mm ( 2 in ) in the southern part . The Dead Sea zone 's aridity is due to the rainshadow effect of the Judaean Mountains . The highlands east of the Dead Sea receive more rainfall than the Dead Sea itself . To the west of the Dead Sea , the Judaean mountains rise less steeply and are much lower than the mountains to the east . Along the southwestern side of the lake is a 210 m ( 700 ft ) tall halite formation called `` Mount Sodom '' . Natural History There are two contending hypotheses about the origin of the low elevation of the Dead Sea . The older hypothesis is that the Dead Sea lies in a true rift zone , an extension of the Red Sea Rift , or even of the Great Rift Valley of eastern Africa . A more recent hypothesis is that the Dead Sea basin is a consequence of a `` step - over '' discontinuity along the Dead Sea Transform , creating an extension of the crust with consequent subsidence . Around 3.7 million years ago , what is now the valley of the Jordan River , Dead Sea , and the northern Wadi Arabah was repeatedly inundated by waters from the Mediterranean Sea . The waters formed in a narrow , crooked bay that is called by geologists the Sedom Lagoon , which was connected to the sea through what is now the Jezreel Valley . The floods of the valley came and went depending on long - scale climate change . The Sedom Lagoon deposited beds of salt that eventually became 2.5 km ( 1.55 mi ) thick . Approximately two million years ago , the land between the Rift Valley and the Mediterranean Sea rose to such an extent that the ocean could no longer flood the area . Thus , the long lagoon became a landlocked lake . The Sedom Lagoon extended at its maximum from the Sea of Galilee in the north to somewhere around 50 km ( 30 mi ) south of the current southern end of the Dead Sea , and the subsequent lakes obviously never surpassed this expanse . The Hula Depression was never part of any of these water bodies due to its higher elevation and the high threshold of the Korazim block separating it from the Sea of Galilee basin . The first prehistoric lake to follow the Sedom Lagoon is named Lake Amora , followed by Lake Lisan and finally by the Dead Sea . The water levels and salinity of these lakes have either risen or fallen as an effect of the tectonic dropping of the valley bottom , and due to climate variation . As the climate became more arid , Lake Lisan finally shrank and became saltier , leaving the Dead Sea as its last remainder . Pebbles cemented with halite on the western shore of the Dead Sea near Ein Gedi . In prehistoric times , great amounts of sediment collected on the floor of Lake Amora . The sediment was heavier than the salt deposits and squeezed the salt deposits upwards into what are now the Lisan Peninsula and Mount Sodom ( on the southwest side of the lake ) . Geologists explain the effect in terms of a bucket of mud into which a large flat stone is placed , forcing the mud to creep up the sides of the bucket . When the floor of the Dead Sea dropped further due to tectonic forces , the salt mounts of Lisan and Mount Sodom stayed in place as high cliffs ( see salt dome ) . From 70,000 to 12,000 years ago , the lake 's level was 100 m ( 330 ft ) to 250 m ( 820 ft ) higher than its current level . This lake , Lake Lisan , fluctuated dramatically , rising to its highest level around 26,000 years ago , indicating a very wet climate in the Near East . Around 10,000 years ago , the lake 's level dropped dramatically , probably to even lower than today 's . During the last several thousand years , the lake has fluctuated approximately 400 m ( 1,300 ft ) , with some significant drops and rises . Current theories as to the cause of this dramatic drop in levels rule out volcanic activity ; therefore , it may have been a seismic event . Climate The Dead Sea 's climate offers year - round sunny skies and dry air . It has less than 50 millimetres ( 2 in ) mean annual rainfall and a summer average temperature between 32 and 39 ° C ( 90 and 102 ° F ) . Winter average temperatures range between 20 and 23 ° C ( 68 and 73 ° F ) . The region has weaker ultraviolet radiation , particularly the UVB ( erythrogenic rays ) . Given the higher atmospheric pressure , the air has a slightly higher oxygen content ( 3.3 % in summer to 4.8 % in winter ) as compared to oxygen concentration at sea level . Barometric pressures at the Dead Sea were measured between 1061 and 1065 hPa and clinically compared with health effects at higher altitude . ( This barometric measure is about 5 % higher than sea level standard atmospheric pressure of 1013.25 hPa , which is the global ocean mean or ATM . ) The Dead Sea affects temperatures nearby because of the moderating effect a large body of water has on climate . During the winter , sea temperatures tend to be higher than land temperatures , and vice versa during the summer months . This is the result of the water 's mass and specific heat capacity . On average , there are 192 days above 30C ( 86F ) annually . ( hide ) Climate data for Dead Sea , Sedom ( 390 m below sea level ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 26.4 ( 79.5 ) 30.4 ( 86.7 ) 33.8 ( 92.8 ) 42.5 ( 108.5 ) 45.0 ( 113 ) 46.4 ( 115.5 ) 47.0 ( 116.6 ) 44.5 ( 112.1 ) 43.6 ( 110.5 ) 40.0 ( 104 ) 35.0 ( 95 ) 28.5 ( 83.3 ) 47.0 ( 116.6 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 20.5 ( 68.9 ) 21.7 ( 71.1 ) 24.8 ( 76.6 ) 29.9 ( 85.8 ) 34.1 ( 93.4 ) 37.6 ( 99.7 ) 39.7 ( 103.5 ) 39.0 ( 102.2 ) 36.5 ( 97.7 ) 32.4 ( 90.3 ) 26.9 ( 80.4 ) 21.7 ( 71.1 ) 30.4 ( 86.7 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 16.6 ( 61.9 ) 17.7 ( 63.9 ) 20.8 ( 69.4 ) 25.4 ( 77.7 ) 29.4 ( 84.9 ) 32.6 ( 90.7 ) 34.7 ( 94.5 ) 34.5 ( 94.1 ) 32.4 ( 90.3 ) 28.6 ( 83.5 ) 23.1 ( 73.6 ) 17.9 ( 64.2 ) 26.1 ( 79 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 12.7 ( 54.9 ) 13.7 ( 56.7 ) 16.7 ( 62.1 ) 20.9 ( 69.6 ) 24.7 ( 76.5 ) 27.6 ( 81.7 ) 29.6 ( 85.3 ) 29.9 ( 85.8 ) 28.3 ( 82.9 ) 24.7 ( 76.5 ) 19.3 ( 66.7 ) 14.1 ( 57.4 ) 21.9 ( 71.4 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 5.4 ( 41.7 ) 6.0 ( 42.8 ) 8.0 ( 46.4 ) 11.5 ( 52.7 ) 19.0 ( 66.2 ) 23.0 ( 73.4 ) 26.0 ( 78.8 ) 26.8 ( 80.2 ) 24.2 ( 75.6 ) 17.0 ( 62.6 ) 9.8 ( 49.6 ) 6.0 ( 42.8 ) 5.4 ( 41.7 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 7.8 ( 0.307 ) 9.0 ( 0.354 ) 7.6 ( 0.299 ) 4.3 ( 0.169 ) 0.2 ( 0.008 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) ( 0.047 ) 3.5 ( 0.138 ) 8.3 ( 0.327 ) 41.9 ( 1.65 ) Average precipitation days 3.3 3.5 2.5 1.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 1.6 2.8 15.6 Average relative humidity ( % ) 41 38 33 27 24 23 24 27 31 33 36 41 31.5 Source : Israel Meteorological Service Chemistry Halite deposits ( and teepee structure ) along the western Dead Sea coast . Beach pebbles made of halite ; western Dead Sea coast . With 34.2 % salinity ( in 2011 ) , it is one of the world 's saltiest bodies of water , though Lake Vanda in Antarctica ( 35 % ) , Lake Assal in Djibouti ( 34.8 % ) , Lagoon Garabogazköl in the Caspian Sea ( up to 35 % ) and some hypersaline ponds and lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica ( such as Don Juan Pond ( 44 % ) ) have reported higher salinities . Until the winter of 1978 -- 79 , when a major mixing event took place , the Dead Sea was composed of two stratified layers of water that differed in temperature , density , age , and salinity . The topmost 35 meters ( 115 ft ) or so of the Dead Sea had an average salinity of 342 parts per thousand ( in 2002 ) , and a temperature that swung between 19 ° C ( 66 ° F ) and 37 ° C ( 99 ° F ) . Underneath a zone of transition , the lowest level of the Dead Sea had waters of a consistent 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) temperature and complete saturation of sodium chloride ( NaCl ) . Since the water near the bottom is saturated , the salt precipitates out of solution onto the sea floor . Beginning in the 1960s , water inflow to the Dead Sea from the Jordan River was reduced as a result of large - scale irrigation and generally low rainfall . By 1975 , the upper water layer was saltier than the lower layer . Nevertheless , the upper layer remained suspended above the lower layer because its waters were warmer and thus less dense . When the upper layer cooled so its density was greater than the lower layer , the waters mixed ( 1978 -- 79 ) . For the first time in centuries , the lake was a homogeneous body of water . Since then , stratification has begun to redevelop . The mineral content of the Dead Sea is very different from that of ocean water . The exact composition of the Dead Sea water varies mainly with season , depth and temperature . In the early 1980s , the concentration of ionic species ( in g / kg ) of Dead Sea surface water was Cl ( 181.4 ) , Br ( 4.2 ) , SO ( 0.4 ) , HCO ( 0.2 ) , Ca ( 14.1 ) , Na ( 32.5 ) , K ( 6.2 ) and Mg ( 35.2 ) . The total salinity was 276 g / kg . These results show that the composition of the salt , as anhydrous chlorides on a weight percentage basis , was calcium chloride ( CaCl ) 14.4 % , potassium chloride ( KCl ) 4.4 % , magnesium chloride ( MgCl ) 50.8 % and sodium chloride ( NaCl ) 30.4 % . In comparison , the salt in the water of most oceans and seas is approximately 85 % sodium chloride . The concentration of sulfate ions ( SO ) is very low , and the concentration of bromide ions ( Br ) is the highest of all waters on Earth . The salt concentration of the Dead Sea fluctuates around 31.5 % . This is unusually high and results in a nominal density of 1.24 kg / l . Anyone can easily float in the Dead Sea because of natural buoyancy . In this respect the Dead Sea is similar to the Great Salt Lake in Utah in the United States . An unusual feature of the Dead Sea is its discharge of asphalt . From deep seeps , the Dead Sea constantly spits up small pebbles and blocks of the black substance . Asphalt - coated figurines and bitumen - coated Neolithic skulls from archaeological sites have been found . Egyptian mummification processes used asphalt imported from the Dead Sea region . Putative therapies This article needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources . Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) The Dead Sea area has become a location for health research and potential treatment for several reasons . The mineral content of the water , the low content of pollens and other allergens in the atmosphere , the reduced ultraviolet component of solar radiation , and the higher atmospheric pressure at this great depth each may have specific health effects . For example , persons experiencing reduced respiratory function from diseases such as cystic fibrosis seem to benefit from the increased atmospheric pressure . The region 's climate and low elevation have made it a popular center for assessment of putative therapies : Climatotherapy : Treatment which exploits local climatic features such as temperature , humidity , sunshine , barometric pressure and special atmospheric constituents Heliotherapy : Treatment that exploits the biological effects of the sun 's radiation Thalassotherapy : Treatment that exploits bathing in Dead Sea water Psoriasis Climatotherapy at the Dead Sea may be a therapy for psoriasis by sunbathing for long periods in the area due to its position below sea level and subsequent result that UV rays are partially blocked by the increased cloud cover over the Dead Sea . Rhinosinusitis Rhinosinusitis patients receiving Dead Sea saline nasal irrigation exhibited improved symptom relief compared to standard hypertonic saline spray in one study . Osteoarthritis Dead Sea mud pack therapy has been suggested to temporarily relieve pain in patients with osteoarthritis of the knees . According to researchers of the Ben Gurion University of the Negev , treatment with mineral - rich mud compresses can be used to augment conventional medical therapy . Panorama of the Dead Sea from the Mövenpick Resort , Jordan . Fauna and flora Dead Sea in the morning , seen from Masada The sea is called `` dead '' because its high salinity prevents macroscopic aquatic organisms , such as fish and aquatic plants , from living in it , though minuscule quantities of bacteria and microbial fungi are present . In times of flood , the salt content of the Dead Sea can drop from its usual 35 % to 30 % or lower . The Dead Sea temporarily comes to life in the wake of rainy winters . In 1980 , after one such rainy winter , the normally dark blue Dead Sea turned red . Researchers from Hebrew University of Jerusalem found the Dead Sea to be teeming with a type of alga called Dunaliella . Dunaliella in turn nourished carotenoid - containing ( red - pigmented ) halobacteria , whose presence caused the color change . Since 1980 , the Dead Sea basin has been dry and the algae and the bacteria have not returned in measurable numbers . In 2011 a group of scientists from Be'er Sheva , Israel and Germany discovered fissures in the floor of the Dead Sea by scuba diving and observing the surface . These fissures allow fresh and brackish water to enter the Dead Sea . They sampled biofilms surrounding the fissures and discovered numerous species of bacteria and archaea . Many animal species live in the mountains surrounding the Dead Sea . Hikers can see ibex , hares , hyraxes , jackals , foxes , and even leopards . Hundreds of bird species inhabit the zone as well . Both Jordan and Israel have established nature reserves around the Dead Sea . The delta of the Jordan River was formerly a jungle of papyrus and palm trees . The Jewish historian Flavius Josephus described Jericho as `` the most fertile spot in Judea '' . In Roman and Byzantine times , sugarcane , henna , and sycamore fig all made the lower Jordan valley wealthy . One of the most valuable products produced by Jericho was the sap of the balsam tree , which could be made into perfume . By the 19th century , Jericho 's fertility had disappeared . Human settlement There are several small communities near the Dead Sea . These include Ein Gedi , Neve Zohar and the Israeli settlements in the Megilot Regional Council : Kalya , Mitzpe Shalem and Avnat . There is a nature preserve at Ein Gedi , and several Dead Sea hotels are located on the southwest end at Ein Bokek near Neve Zohar . Highway 90 runs north - south on the Israeli side for a total distance of 565 km ( 351 mi ) from Metula on the Lebanese border in the north to its southern terminus at the Egyptian border near the Red Sea port of Eilat . Potash City is a small community on the Jordanian side of the Dead Sea , and others including Suweima . Highway 65 runs north - south on the Jordanian side from near Jordan 's northern tip down past the Dead Sea to the port of Aqaba . Human History Mount Sodom , Israel , showing the so - called `` Lot 's Wife '' pillar ( made of halite like the rest of the mountain ) Biblical period Dwelling in caves near the Dead Sea is recorded in the Hebrew Bible as having taken place before the Israelites came to Canaan , and extensively at the time of King David . Just northwest of the Dead Sea is Jericho . Somewhere , perhaps on the southeastern shore , would be the cities mentioned in the Book of Genesis which were said to have been destroyed in the time of Abraham : Sodom and Gomorra ( Genesis 18 ) and the three other `` Cities of the Plain '' , Admah , Zeboim and Zoar ( Deuteronomy 29 : 23 ) . Zoar escaped destruction when Abraham 's nephew Lot escaped to Zoar from Sodom ( Genesis 19 : 21 - 22 ) . Before the destruction , the Dead Sea was a valley full of natural tar pits , which was called the vale of Siddim . King David was said to have hidden from Saul at Ein Gedi nearby . In Ezekiel 47 : 8 - 9 there is a specific prophecy that the sea will `` be healed and made fresh '' , becoming a normal lake capable of supporting marine life . A similar prophecy is stated in Zechariah 14 : 8 , which says that `` living waters will go out from Jerusalem , half of them to the eastern sea ( likely the Dead Sea ) and half to the western sea ( the Mediterranean ) . '' Greek and Roman period Aristotle wrote about the remarkable waters . The Nabateans and others discovered the value of the globs of natural asphalt that constantly floated to the surface where they could be harvested with nets . The Egyptians were steady customers , as they used asphalt in the embalming process that created mummies . The Ancient Romans knew the Dead Sea as `` Palus Asphaltites '' ( Asphalt Lake ) . King Herod the Great built or rebuilt several fortresses and palaces on the western bank of the Dead Sea . The most famous was Masada , where in 70 CE a small group of Jewish zealots fled after the fall of the destruction of the Second Temple . The zealots survived until 73 CE , when a siege by the X Legion ended in the deaths by suicide of its 960 inhabitants . Another historically important fortress was Machaerus ( מכוור ) , on the eastern bank , where , according to Josephus , John the Baptist was imprisoned by Herod Antipas and died . Also in Roman times , some Essenes settled on the Dead Sea 's western shore ; Pliny the Elder identifies their location with the words , `` on the west side of the Dead Sea , away from the coast ... ( above ) the town of Engeda '' ( Natural History , Bk 5.73 ) ; and it is therefore a hugely popular but contested hypothesis today , that same Essenes are identical with the settlers at Qumran and that `` the Dead Sea Scrolls '' discovered during the 20th century in the nearby caves had been their own library . Josephus identified the Dead Sea in geographic proximity to the ancient Biblical city of Sodom . However , he referred to the lake by its Greek name , Asphaltites . Various sects of Jews settled in caves overlooking the Dead Sea . The best known of these are the Essenes of Qumran , who left an extensive library known as the Dead Sea Scrolls . The town of Ein Gedi , mentioned many times in the Mishna , produced persimmon for the temple 's fragrance and for export , using a secret recipe . `` Sodomite salt '' was an essential mineral for the temple 's holy incense , but was said to be dangerous for home use and could cause blindness . The Roman camps surrounding Masada were built by Jewish slaves receiving water from the towns around the lake . These towns had drinking water from the Ein Feshcha springs and other sweetwater springs in the vicinity . Byzantine period Intimately connected with the Judean wilderness to its northwest and west , the Dead Sea was a place of escape and refuge . The remoteness of the region attracted Greek Orthodox monks since the Byzantine era . Their monasteries , such as Saint George in Wadi Kelt and Mar Saba in the Judaean Desert , are places of pilgrimage . Modern times In the 19th century the River Jordan and the Dead Sea were explored by boat primarily by Christopher Costigan in 1835 , Thomas Howard Molyneux in 1847 , William Francis Lynch in 1848 , and John MacGregor in 1869 . The full text of W.F. Lynch 's 1949 book Narrative of the United States ' Expedition to the River Jordan and the Dead Sea is available online . Charles Leonard Irby and James Mangles travelled along the shores of the Dead Sea already in 1817 - 18 , but did n't navigate on its waters . World 's lowest ( dry ) point , Jordan , 1971 Explorers and scientists arrived in the area to analyze the minerals and research the unique climate . After the find of the `` Moabite Stone '' in 1868 on the plateau east of the Dead Sea , Moses Wilhelm Shapira and his partner Salim al - Khouri forged and sold a whole range of presumed `` Moabite '' antiquities , and in 1883 Shapira presented what is now known as the `` Shapira Strips '' , a supposedly ancient scroll written on leather strips which he claimed had been found near the Dead Sea . The strips were declared to be forgeries and Shapira took his own life in disgrace . In the late 1940s and early 1950s , hundreds of religious documents dated between 150 BCE and 70 CE were found in caves near the ancient settlement of Qumran , about one mile ( 1.6 kilometres ) inland from the northwestern shore of the Dead Sea ( presently in the West Bank ) . They became known and famous as the Dead Sea Scrolls . The world 's lowest roads , Highway 90 , run along the Israeli and West Bank shores of the Dead Sea , along with Highway 65 on the Jordanian side , at 393 m ( 1,289 ft ) below sea level . Tourism and leisure Ein Bokek , a resort on the Israeli shore British mandate period A golf course named for Sodom and Gomorrah was built by the British at Kalia on the northern shore . Israel The first major Israeli hotels were built in nearby Arad , and since the 1960s at the Ein Bokek resort complex . Israel has 15 hotels along the Dead Sea shore , generating total revenues of $291 million in 2012 . Most Israeli hotels and resorts on the Dead Sea are on a six - kilometre ( 3.7 - mile ) stretch of the southern shore . Jordan Kempinski Hotel , one of the many hotels on the Jordanian shore On the Jordanian side , nine international franchises have opened seaside resort hotels near the King Hussein Bin Talal Convention Center , along with resort apartments , on the eastern shore of the Dead Sea . The 9 hotels have boosted the Jordanian side 's capacity to 2,800 rooms . On November 22 , 2015 , the Dead Sea panorama road was included along with 40 archaeological locations in Jordan , to become live on Google Street View . West Bank The Palestinian Dead Sea Coast is about 40 kilometres ( 25 miles ) long . The World Bank estimates that a Palestinian Dead Sea tourism industry could generate $290 million of revenues per year and 2,900 jobs . However , Palestinians have been unable to obtain construction permits for tourism - related investments on the Dead Sea . According to the World Bank , Officials in the Palestinian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities state that the only way to apply for such permits is through the Joint Committees established under the Oslo Agreement , but the relevant committee has not met with any degree of regularity since 2000 . Chemical industry The southern basin of the Dead Sea as of 1817 - 18 , with the Lisan Peninsula and its ford ( now named Lynch Strait ) . North is to the right . View of salt evaporation pans on the Dead Sea , taken in 1989 from the Space Shuttle Columbia ( STS - 28 ) . The southern half is separated from the northern half at what used to be the Lisan Peninsula because of the fall in level of the Dead Sea . View of the mineral evaporation ponds almost 12 years later ( STS - 102 ) . A northern and small southeastern extension were added and the large polygonal ponds subdivided . The dwindling water level of the Dead Sea British mandate period In the early part of the 20th century , the Dead Sea began to attract interest from chemists who deduced the sea was a natural deposit of potash ( potassium chloride ) and bromine . The Palestine Potash Company was chartered in 1929 , after its founder , Siberian Jewish engineer and pioneer of Lake Baikal exploitation , Moses Novomeysky , worked for the charter for over ten years . The first plant was on the north shore of the Dead Sea at Kalya and produced potash by solar evaporation of the brine . Employing Arabs and Jews , it was an island of peace in turbulent times . The company quickly grew into the largest industrial site in the Middle East , and in 1934 built a second plant on the southwest shore , in the Mount Sodom area , south of the ' Lashon ' region of the Dead Sea . Palestine Potash Company supplied half of Britain 's potash during World War II . Both plants were destroyed by the Jordanians in the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War . Israel The Dead Sea Works was founded in 1952 as a state - owned enterprise based on the remnants of the Palestine Potash Company . In 1995 , the company was privatized and it is now owned by Israel Chemicals . From the Dead Sea brine , Israel produces ( 2001 ) 1.77 million tons potash , 206,000 tons elemental bromine , 44,900 tons caustic soda , 25,000 tons magnesium metal , and sodium chloride . Israeli companies generate around US $3 billion annually from the sale of Dead Sea minerals ( primarily potash and bromine ) , and from other products that are derived from Dead Sea Minerals . Jordan On the Jordanian side of the Dead Sea , Arab Potash ( APC ) , formed in 1956 , produces 2.0 million tons of potash annually , as well as sodium chloride and bromine . The plant is located at Safi , South Aghwar Department , in the Karak Governorate . Jordanian Dead Sea mineral industries generate about $1.2 billion in sales ( equivalent to 4 percent of Jordan 's GDP ) . West Bank The Palestinian Dead Sea Coast is about 40 kilometres ( 25 miles ) long . The Palestinian economy is unable to benefit from Dead Sea chemicals due to restricted access , permit issues and the uncertainties of the investment climate . The World Bank estimates that a Palestinian Dead Sea chemicals industry could generate $918 m incremental value added per year , `` almost equivalent to the contribution of the entire manufacturing sector of Palestinian territories today '' . Extraction Both companies , Dead Sea Works Ltd. and Arab Potash , use extensive salt evaporation pans that have essentially diked the entire southern end of the Dead Sea for the purpose of producing carnallite , potassium magnesium chloride , which is then processed further to produce potassium chloride . The ponds are separated by a central dike that runs roughly north - south along the international border . The power plant on the Israeli side allows production of magnesium metal ( by a subsidiary , Dead Sea Magnesium Ltd . ) . Due to the popularity of the sea 's therapeutic and healing properties , several companies have also shown interest in the manufacturing and supplying of Dead Sea salts as raw materials for body and skin care products . Recession and environmental concerns The planned Red Sea -- Dead Sea Water Conveyance , whose first phase will begin construction in 2018 , will work towards stabilizing the falling levels of the Dead Sea . Since 1930 , when its surface was 1,050 km ( 410 sq mi ) and its level was 390 m ( 1,280 ft ) below sea level , the Dead Sea has been monitored continuously . In recent decades , the Dead Sea has been rapidly shrinking because of diversion of incoming water from the Jordan River to the north . The southern end is fed by a canal maintained by the Dead Sea Works , a company that converts the sea 's raw materials . From a water surface of 395 m ( 1,296 ft ) below sea level in 1970 it fell 22 m ( 72 ft ) to 418 m ( 1,371 ft ) below sea level in 2006 , reaching a drop rate of 1 m ( 3 ft ) per year . As the water level decreases , the characteristics of the Sea and surrounding region may substantially change . The Dead Sea level drop has been followed by a groundwater level drop , causing brines that used to occupy underground layers near the shoreline to be flushed out by freshwater . This is believed to be the cause of the recent appearance of large sinkholes along the western shore -- incoming freshwater dissolves salt layers , rapidly creating subsurface cavities that subsequently collapse to form these sinkholes . Gully in unconsolidated Dead Sea sediments exposed by recession of water levels . It was excavated by floods from the Judean Mountains in less than a year . In May 2009 at the World Economic Forum , Jordan announced its plans to construct the `` Jordan National Red Sea Development Project '' ( JRSP ) . This is a plan to convey seawater from the Red Sea near Aqaba to the Dead Sea . Water would be desalinated along the route to provide fresh water to Jordan , with the brine discharge sent to the Dead Sea for replenishment . The early planning called for developer and financier selection to be completed by year 's end , with detailed design to begin in early 2010 , and water delivery by 2017 . Israel expressed its support and will likely benefit from some of the water delivery to its Negev region . Some hydro - power will be collected near the Dead Sea from the dramatic change in elevation on the downhill side of the project . At a regional conference in July 2009 , officials expressed concern about the declining water levels . Some suggested industrial activities around the Dead Sea might need to be reduced . Others advised environmental measures to restore conditions such as increasing the volume of flow from the Jordan River to replenish the Dead Sea . Currently , only sewage and effluent from fish ponds run in the river 's channel . Experts also stressed the need for strict conservation efforts . They said agriculture should not be expanded , sustainable support capabilities should be incorporated into the area and pollution sources should be reduced . Year Water level ( m ) Surface ( km ) 1930 − 390 1050 1980 − 400 680 − 407 675 − 411 670 − 417 662 − 423 655 2016 − 430.5 605 Sources : Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research , Haaretz , Jewish Virtual Library , Jordan Valley Authority . In October 2009 , the Jordanians announced accelerated plans to extract around 300 million cubic metres ( 11 billion cubic feet ) of water per year from the Red Sea , desalinate it for use as fresh water and send the waste water to the Dead Sea by tunnel , despite concerns about inadequate time to assess the potential environmental impact . According to Jordan 's minister for water , General Maysoun Zu'bi , this project could be considered as the first phase of the Red Sea -- Dead Sea Water Conveyance . In December 2013 , Israel , Jordan and the Palestinian Authority signed an agreement for laying a water pipeline to link the Red Sea with the Dead Sea . The pipeline will be 180 km ( 110 mi ) long and is estimated to take up to five years to complete . In January 2015 it was reported that the level of water is now dropping by 1 m ( 3 ft ) a year . On 27 November 2016 , it was announced that the Jordanian government is shortlisting five consortiums to implement the project . Jordan 's ministry of Water and Irrigation said that the $100 million first phase of the project will begin construction in the first quarter of 2018 , and will be completed by 2021 . Views in 1972 , 1989 , and 2011 compared See also Red Sea -- Dead Sea Water Conveyance Aral Sea Dead Sea Works Great Salt Lake List of drying lakes List of places on land with elevations below sea level Mediterranean -- Dead Sea Canal Benjamin Elazari Volcani World Discoveries III : Dead Sea References ^ Jump up to : `` Virtual Israel Experience : The Dead Sea '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Dead Sea Is Dying Fast : Is It Too Late to Save It , or Was It Always a Lost Cause ? '' . Haaretz. 7 October 2016 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dead Sea Data Summary 2015. Water Authority of Israel . The World Bank - ' The Red Sea - Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program ' - 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Long - Term changes in the Dead Sea '' . Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research - Israel Marine Data Center ( ISRAMAR ) . ^ Jump up to : The first article al - is unnecessary and usually not used . Jump up ^ `` Israel and Jordan Sign ' Historic ' $900 Million Deal to Save the Dead Sea '' . Newsweek . Jump up ^ Goetz , P.W. , ed. ( 1986 ) . `` The New Encyclopædia Britannica ( 15th ed . ) '' . 3 . Chicago : 937 . Jump up ^ RW McColl , ed. ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of world geography . Facts on File . p. 237 . ISBN 9780816072293 . Jump up ^ `` Dead Sea - Composition of Dead Sea Water '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` 5 alliances shortlisted to execute Red - Dead 's phase I '' . The Jordan Times . 27 November 2016 . Retrieved 3 December 2016 . Jump up ^ David Bridger ; Samuel Wolk ( September 1976 ) . The New Jewish Encyclopedia . Behrman House , Inc. p. 109 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87441 - 120 - 1 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . It was named the `` Dead Sea '' because of the fact that no living thing can exist there , since the water is extremely salty and bitter . Jump up ^ See bitumen and asphalt for more about asphaltite . Jump up ^ `` Springs and quicksand at the Dead Sea '' . Retrieved August 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Red Sea -- Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study ( RSDSC ) Program : Dead Sea Study , July 2010 , p. 64 Jump up ^ `` Mujib '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dead Sea '' . Exact Me.org . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mordechai Stein . `` The limnological history of late Pleistocene -- Holocene water bodies in the Dead Sea basin '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 05 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Uri Kafri ; Yoseph Yechieli ( 2010 ) . Groundwater Base Level Changes and Adjoining Hydrological Systems . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 123 . ISBN 978 - 3642139444 . Jump up ^ Geochemical Society ; Meteoritical Society ( 1971 ) . Geochimica et cosmochimica acta . Pergamon Press . Retrieved April 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Natural Resources '' . Dead Sea Research Center . Retrieved 27 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lowest Elevation : Dead Sea '' . Extreme Science . Retrieved May 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kramer , MR ; Springer C ; Berkman N ; Glazer M ; Bublil M ; Bar - Yishay E ; Godfrey S ( March 1998 ) . `` Rehabilitation of hypoxemic patients with COPD at low altitude at the Dead Sea , the lowest place on earth '' ( PDF ) . Chest. 113 ( 3 ) : 571 -- 575 . PMID 9515826 . doi : 10.1378 / chest. 113.3. 571 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 10 - 29 . PMID 9515826 Jump up ^ `` Climatological Averages for Dead Sea '' . IMS . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Averages and Records for several places in Israel '' . Israel Meteorological Service . June 2011 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dead Sea Canal '' . American.edu. 1996 - 12 - 09 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2009 . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ I. Steinhorn , In Situ Salt Precipitation at the Dead Sea , Limnol . Oceanogr. 28 ( 3 ) , 1983 , 580 - 583 Jump up ^ Bein , A. ; O. Amit ( 2007 ) . `` The evolution of the Dead Sea floating asphalt blocks : simulations by pyrolisis '' . Journal of Petroleum Geology . Journal of Petroleum Geology. 2 ( 4 ) : 439 -- 447 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1747 - 5457.1980. tb00971. x . Jump up ^ Niemi , Tina M. , Zvi Ben - Avraham and Joel Gat , eds. , The Dead Sea : the lake and its setting , 1997 , Oxford University Press , p. 251 ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 508703 - 1 Jump up ^ J. Rullkötter ; A. Nissenbaum ( December 1988 ) . `` Dead sea asphalt in Egyptian mummies : Molecular evidence '' . Naturwissenschaften. 75 ( 12 ) : 618 . Bibcode : 1988NW ... 75 ... 618R . doi : 10.1007 / BF00366476 . Jump up ^ `` Asthma , Cystic Fibrosis , Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease '' . Dead Sea Research Center . Retrieved May 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Arnon D. ; Van ‐ Dijk , Dina ; Naggan , Lechaim ; Vardy , Daniel A. ( 2005 ) . `` Effectiveness of climatotherapy at the Dead Sea for psoriasis vulgaris : A community - oriented study introducing the Beer Sheva Psoriasis Severity Score '' . Dermatological Treatment . 16 ( 5 -- 6 ) : 308 -- 313 . doi : 10.1080 / 09546630500375841 . Jump up ^ S. Halevy ; et al. `` Dead sea bath salt for the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris : a double - blind controlled study '' . 9 ( 3 ) . Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : 237 -- 242 . Jump up ^ Michael Friedman ; Ramakrishnan Vidyasagar ; Ninos Joseph ( June 2006 ) . A Randomized , Prospective , Double - Blind Study on the Efficacy of Dead Sea Salt Nasal Irrigations. 116 . The Laryngoscope . pp. 878 -- 882 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. mlg. 0000216798.10007. 76 . Jump up ^ Flusser , Daniel ; Abu - Shakra , Mahmoud ; Friger , Michael ; Codish , Shlomi ; Sukenik , Shaul ( August 2002 ) . `` Therapy With Mud Compresses for Knee Osteoarthritis : Comparison of Natural Mud Preparations With Mineral - Depleted Mud '' ( PDF ) . 8 ( 4 ) . Journal of Clinical Rheumatology : 197 -- 203 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` PLOS ONE '' . Jump up ^ `` Asphaltites examples from ancient sources '' . Wordnik.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Josephus , Antiquities of the Jews 18.119 . Jump up ^ Josephus. `` 9 '' . Antiquities of the Jews . 1 . Jump up ^ Found today in the Shrine of the Book at the Israel Museum of Jerusalem Jump up ^ `` Sodomite salt could cause blindness '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ A synagogue mosaic floor ( circa 100 BCE ) at Ein Gedi repeats the Mishna , portraying a curse on whoever reveals the town 's secret persimmon recipe . Papyrus parchments found in caves near the Dead Sea document the vast amount of cultivated land in the area , especially persimmon trees , but also olive and date trees Jump up ^ `` History of the Dead Sea - Discover the Dead Sea with Us ! '' . 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The unfortunate Costigan ' , first surveyor of the Dead Sea '' . 25 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : World Bank , Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Department , Area C and the Future of the Palestinian Economy , October 2 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Dead Sea , Aqaba hotels packed during Eid Al Fitr holiday '' . The Jordan Times . 10 July 2016 . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Google Street View '' . Jump up ^ `` Wealth From The Dead Sea '' . Popular Mechanics . Chicago : Hearst Magazines . 54 ( 5 ) : 794 -- 798 . November 1930 . Jump up ^ Hurlbert , Stuart H. ( 6 December 2012 ) . `` Saline Lakes V : Proceedings of the Vth International Symposium on Inland Saline Lakes , held in Bolivia , 22 -- 29 March 1991 '' . Springer Science & Business Media -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Schechter , Asher ( 14 April 2013 ) . `` Who Really Owns the Dead Sea ? '' -- via Haaretz . Jump up ^ `` Overview of Middle East Water Resources_Dead Sea '' . Jewish Virtual Library . December 1998 . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ C. Klein ; A. Flohn . Contribution to the Knowledge in the Fluctuations of the Dead Sea Level . 38 . Theoretical and Applied Climatology . pp. 151 -- 156 , 1987 . Jump up ^ M. Abelson ; Y . Yechieli ; O. Crouvi ; G. Baer ; D. Wachs ; A. Bein ; V. Shtivelman ( 2006 ) . Evolution of the Dead Sea Sinkholes in . special paper 401 . Geological Society of America . pp. 241 -- 253 . Jump up ^ Ehud Zion Waldoks ( July 8 , 2009 ) . ( tp://www.jpost.com/Features/Article.aspx?id=148034 `` Back from the Dead ? '' ) . The Jerusalem Post . Jump up ^ `` Water level of the Dead Sea '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Water level and surface area of the Dead Sea '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Eng . Sa'ad Abu Hammour , JVA . `` River Basin Management '' ( PDF ) . Jordan Valley Authority . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan to refill shrinking Dead Sea '' . Daily Telegraph . 10 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Sherwood , Harriet ( 2013 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Dead Sea neighbours agree to pipeline to pump water from Red Sea '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Catholic Online . `` Dead Sea Dying : Levels of salt water are dropping by three feet annually '' . Jump up ^ `` The Dead Sea : Image of the Day '' . Further reading The World Bank - ' The Red Sea - Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program ' - 2013 , and source of basic data on the Dead Sea . Yehouda Enzel , et al. , eds ( 2006 ) New Frontiers in Dead Sea Paleoenvironmental Research , Geological Society of America , ISBN 0 - 8137 - 2401 - 5 Niemi , Tina M. , Ben - Avraham , Z. , and Gat , J. , eds. , 1997 , The Dead Sea : The Lake and Its Setting : N.Y. , Oxford University Press , 286 p . 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6962430967060021646 | Transformers: Age of Extinction | Transformers : Age of Extinction - wikipedia Transformers : Age of Extinction Jump to : navigation , search Transformers : Age of Extinction Theatrical release poster Directed by Michael Bay Produced by Don Murphy Tom DeSanto Lorenzo di Bonaventura Ian Bryce Written by Ehren Kruger Based on Transformers by Hasbro Starring Mark Wahlberg Stanley Tucci Music by Steve Jablonsky Imagine Dragons Cinematography Amir Mokri Edited by William Goldenberg Roger Barton Paul Rubell Production company di Bonaventura Pictures Hasbro China Movie Channel Angry Films Jiaflix Enterprises Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date June 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 19 ) ( Hong Kong ) June 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 27 ) ( United States ) Running time 165 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $210 million Box office $1.104 billion Transformers : Age of Extinction is a 2014 American science fiction action film based on the Transformers franchise . It is the fourth installment of the live - action Transformers film series and the stand - alone sequel to 2011 's Dark of the Moon , taking place five years after its events . Like its predecessors , it was directed by Michael Bay and written by Ehren Kruger , with Steven Spielberg and Bay as executive producers . It stars Mark Wahlberg , Stanley Tucci , Kelsey Grammer , Nicola Peltz , Jack Reynor , and Sophia Myles , with Peter Cullen reprising as the voice of Optimus Prime . It is the first film in the series not to feature the human cast from the previous three films , but features a new cast of human characters and many new Transformers , including the Dinobots . The film was released on June 27 , 2014 , in IMAX and 3D . Transformers : Age of Extinction received overwhelmingly negative reviews from critics , many of whom considered it poorly directed , badly acted , and terribly written as well as criticized the film 's runtime and overuse of product placement , but received some praise for its action sequences , stunts , effects , musical score and the performances of Wahlberg and Grammer . The film received seven nominations at the 35th Golden Raspberry Awards , including Worst Picture and Worst Prequel , Remake , Rip - off or Sequel , with Bay and Grammer winning the awards for Worst Director and Worst Supporting Actor , respectively . Despite poor reviews , it was a massive box office success , grossing over $1.104 billion worldwide , making it the highest - grossing film of 2014 , the second - highest - grossing film in the Transformers series , the 19th film to gross over $1 billion , and the 20th - highest - grossing film of all time . It was the sole film to gross over $1 billion in 2014 . A sequel , The Last Knight , was released on June 21 , 2017 , with Wahlberg , Tucci , and Cullen returning , and Bay directing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voices 2.2 Non-speaking characters 2.3 Cameos 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Incidents 3.5 Post-production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Video games 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 Worldwide 6.1. 2 North America 6.1. 3 Outside North America 6.1. 4 Authenticity over North American box office opening 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Home media 7 Accolades 8 Sequels 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) Sixty - five million years ago , an alien race known as the `` Creators '' used devices called Seeds to terraform planet Earth , effectively wiping out the dinosaurs and covering it with an alloy called Transformium . In the present day , geologist Darcy Tirrel excavates the Transformium for K.S.I. Industries , which uses it to build man - made artificial Transformer drones . Five years after the Battle of Chicago , the humans have begun to view the Transformers as a threat to public safety , leading the U.S government to terminate all human - Autobot joint programs . Although the public believes that the Autobots have been granted sanctuary , they are actually being hunted by a rogue CIA black ops division known as Cemetery Wind led by opportunistic government official Harold Attinger , who believes that all Transformers should be exterminated regardless of faction . They are aided by Lockdown , a Cybertronian bounty hunter working for the Creators , who promises to give Attinger a Seed if his division manages to capture Optimus Prime . Cemetery Wind locates Ratchet in Mexico City and Lockdown kills him when he refuses to give up Optimus ' whereabouts . Optimus , damaged and disguised as a rundown semi-truck , is discovered in an abandoned theater by Cade Yeager , a financially struggling Texan inventor , and brings him back to his farm . While his teenage daughter Tessa and business partner Lucas Flannery encourage him to turn Optimus over to the authorities after realizing what he really is , Cade instead fixes Optimus , hoping to understand his technology , and unexpectedly revives him . Still skeptical of Optimus , Lucas calls Cemetery Wind , who attacks and destroys the farm , but Optimus and Tessa 's boyfriend , Irish rally car driver Shane Dyson , come to their aid . While on the run from Cemetery Wind and Lockdown , Lucas is killed by one of Lockdown 's grenades . The survivors flee to the desert and take shelter in an abandoned gas station . Later , Optimus scans a new , more functioning alternate mode , then summons the surviving Autobots -- Bumblebee ( who now has an alternate form ) , Hound , Drift , and Crosshairs . Using a CIA drone that he stole during the attack , Cade discovers K.S.I. 's involvement in the attacks on the Autobots . Optimus vows to personally kill Attinger for his actions against his brethren . Infiltrating K.S.I. 's headquarters in Chicago , Cade discovers the remains of Autobots and Decepticons are being melted down to make the drones . Joshua Joyce , the ambitious company CEO , is collaborating with Attinger to revolutionize global defenses and improve human society using the Seed . He has captured the Autobot Brains and is using him and data from Megatron 's head to create prototype Transformer soldiers named Galvatron and Stinger . Outraged at Cade 's discovery , the Autobots storm the building ( in which Bumblebee gains a new alternate form along the way ) , rescue Brains , and destroy the laboratory , but they leave after Joshua declares they are no longer needed in the world . Attinger forces Joshua to deploy Galvatron and Stinger to attack the Autobots . During the battle , Galvatron starts destroying vehicles on its own will and even speaks to Optimus while fighting him . Lockdown then arrives and abducts Optimus while Galvatron and Stinger retreat ; Tessa is inadvertently captured as well . While Lockdown 's large prison spacecraft hovers over Chicago to hand over the Seed , Cade , Shane , and the Autobots use this opportunity to sneak on board and rescue Optimus and Tessa . They hijack a smaller ship , containing a number of other Autobots called the Dinobots , just before Lockdown leaves Earth . The Autobots reveal to Cade that Galvatron is , in fact , Megatron , who gave K.S.I. the data to build the Transformer drones so that he could transfer his consciousness into the Galvatron drone , after K.S.I. officials unknowingly revived him , and is plotting to use the Seed and the K.S.I. drones to conquer the world by detonating the Seed in Hong Kong , as K.S.I. has brought it there to use it in the remote Mongolian desert to create vast amounts of usable Transformium . Cade contacts Joshua to inform him of Megatron 's presence , causing him to have a change of heart and agreeing to hand over the Seed with help from Darcy and his Chinese business associate Su Yueming . Meanwhile , Lockdown finds out about Optimus 's escape with the Dinobots and returns to Earth to retrieve them . Optimus decides the Autobots should no longer help humans since they revived Megatron , but Cade convinces Optimus to not lose faith in them . Back at the facility , Galvatron reactivates himself and takes control of the K.S.I. drones . A battle breaks out in Hong Kong 's streets between Cade 's group , the Autobots , Cemetery Wind , Galvatron , and his drones . During the fight , Optimus forms an alliance with the Dinobots , while Bumblebee kills Stinger . Lockdown returns to recapture Optimus and the Dinobots , first by using a large magnet in his ship that picks up and drops metal objects , causing destruction to the city . After disabling the magnet , Optimus fights Lockdown at an abandoned factory . In the ensuing duel , Optimus kills Attinger ( who still believes all Transformers are a threat ) to save Cade before being impaled with his own sword by Lockdown . Cade and Bumblebee fight Lockdown while Tessa and Shane use a tow truck to free Optimus , who kills Lockdown before using one of his grenades to finish off the remaining drones . Now the only surviving drone , Galvatron retreats , vowing to return . As Lockdown 's ship leaves Earth , Optimus tells the Autobots to protect the Yeagers and lets the Dinobots go . Joshua also offers to help the Yeagers build a new home . Optimus then flies away into space with the Seed to hide it away , while sending a message to the Creators that he is coming for them . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Transformers film series characters Mark Wahlberg as Cade Yeager A single father and struggling inventor . Stanley Tucci as Joshua Joyce The ambitiously arrogant head of KSI who wants to build his own Transformers . Kelsey Grammer as Harold Attinger A paranoid CIA operative and government official who created the CIA black - ops unit , Cemetery Wind to eliminate all Transformers , Autobot or Decepticon , from Earth . Nicola Peltz as Tessa Yeager Cade 's daughter who is secretly dating Shane . Jack Reynor as Shane Dyson Tessa 's boyfriend and an Irish rally car driver . Titus Welliver as James Savoy A ruthless CIA Agent and second - in command of the Cemetery Wind working for Attinger . Sophia Myles as Darcy Tirrel Joshua 's geologist assistant and ex-girlfriend . Li Bingbing as Su Yueming ( 苏月明 Sū Yuèmíng ) The owner of the Chinese factory used by KSI to build their artificial Transformers . T.J. Miller as Lucas Flannery Cade 's best friend and a mechanic . James Bachman as Gill Wembley A scientist working with Joshua Joyce at KSI . Thomas Lennon as the Chief of Staff . Greg Anderson , Melanie Specht and Victoria Summer play Joshua 's assistants . Han Geng portrays himself , playing the guitar and singing in a parked car that is magnetized by Lockdown 's ship . Edward T. Welburn plays a KSI executive . Kevin Covais and Ray Lui plays motorists . Voices ( edit ) Peter Cullen as Optimus Prime The leader of the Autobots who transforms into a rusty Marmon 97 semi truck and later , a blue and red Western Star 5700 XE semi-trailer truck with flame decals . Frank Welker as Galvatron A human - made KSI Transformer drone intended to be modeled after Optimus Prime , but ultimately using data downloaded from the remains of Megatron . It is later revealed that the Galvatron drone has become possessed by the Decepticon leader , who molecularly transforms into a black and grey 2014 Freightliner Argosy cab over trailer truck . John Goodman as Hound An Autobot commando unit who transforms into an Oshkosh Defense Medium Tactical Vehicle . Ken Watanabe as Drift A Samurai - motif Autobot , tactician and a former Decepticon assassin who transforms into a black and blue 2013 Bugatti Veyron 16.4 Grand Sport Vitesse and a Sikorsky S - 97 Raider Helicopter . Robert Foxworth as Ratchet The Autobot medical officer who transforms into a white and green 2004 Search and rescue Hummer H2 ambulance . John DiMaggio as Crosshairs An Autobot paratrooper and elite sniper who transforms into a black and green 2014 Chevrolet Corvette C7 Stingray . Mark Ryan as Lockdown An extremely powerful , relentless , heavily enhanced , ruthless Cybertronian bounty hunter who transforms into a grey 2013 Lamborghini Aventador LP 700 -- 4 Coupe and is hired by the mysterious Creators to bring Optimus Prime back to them . Reno Wilson as Brains A former Decepticon drone turned Autobot who has lost his right leg . Non-speaking characters ( edit ) Bumblebee An Autobot scout and Optimus Prime 's new second in command , who communicates through voice clips and sound bites via his radio who transforms into a modified 1967 Chevrolet Camaro and later , a 2014 Chevrolet Camaro concept . Grimlock , the leader of the vicious Dinobots who transforms into a mechanical horned , fire - breathing Tyrannosaurus . Strafe A Dinobot who specializes in assault infantry and transforms into a mechanical two - headed , two - tailed Pteranodon . Slug The Dinobots ' destroyer who transforms into a mechanical spiked and bestial Triceratops . Scorn The Dinobots ' demolition specialist who transforms into a mechanical three - sailed Spinosaurus . Stinger a human - made KSI Transformer modeled after Bumblebee who later becomes a Decepticon and molecularly transforms into a red and black 2013 Pagani Huayra . Junkheap A human - made KSI Transformer who has a three - man splitting technique and later becomes a Decepticon under Galvatron 's control . It molecularly transforms into a Mack garbage truck of Waste Management , Inc . `` Traxes '' A human - made KSI Transformers modeled after Roadbuster who later become Decepticons under Galvatron 's control and molecularly transform into red , blue , black or white Chevrolet Traxes . `` Two - Heads '' A two - headed human - made KSI Transformers modeled from the remains of Shockwave who later become Decepticons under Galvatron 's control . `` KSI Bosses '' A human - made KSI Transformers modeled after Soundwave who later become Decepticons under Galvatron 's control . Steeljaws the savage techno - organic wolf - like minions of Lockdown . Cameos ( edit ) Ironhide , Arcee , Wheeljack , Loader , Shockwave and Starscream make cameos , depicted on cards stamped with an X to indicate their deaths . The leader of the Wreckers , Leadfoot , makes a cameo voiced by Robert Foxworth in video footage shown after Cade steals the KSI spy drone , shown being killed by humans from Cemetery Wind . Sentinel Prime and Megatron 's heads are seen in the KSI labs , where they download data from the dead Transformers ' remains . Barricade and some Decepticon Protoforms make cameos in footage from the Battle of Chicago . The Insecticons make a cameo , transferring data from Megatron 's mind , infecting the Galvatron drone . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) During production for Dark of the Moon , Shia LaBeouf and Bay confirmed that they would not return for a fourth installment of the franchise . Roland Emmerich , Joe Johnston , Jon Turteltaub , Stephen Sommers , Louis Leterrier and David Yates were rumored to replace Bay . Jason Statham was rumored to star in the fourth installment . Hasbro CEO Brian Goldner revealed that he was able to announce the film as he was talking with Steven Spielberg , Bay and Paramount . There were rumors that the fourth and fifth installment would be shot back - to - back with Statham as the lead role , which he and Bay denied . Spielberg hoped Bay would return for a fourth installment . After final negotiations with Bay to direct the film , producer Lorenzo di Bonaventura confirmed that there would be a fourth film in the franchise . In February 2012 , Paramount Pictures and Michael Bay announced that Bay would be producing and directing a fourth Transformers film , scheduled for a June 27 , 2014 release . The film will not be a reboot but a sequel to Dark of the Moon , taking place four years later . Ehren Kruger and Steve Jablonsky returned to write the script and the score , respectively . In April 2013 , it was announced that China Movie Channel and Jiaflix Enterprises would co-produce the film with Paramount . On September 1 , 2013 , Fusible revealed three possible subtitles for the film , which were Last Stand , Future Cast , and Apocalypse . On September 2 , TFW 2005 revealed one last possible title , Age of Extinction . On September 3 , 2013 , Paramount released an official teaser poster for the film , revealing the title to be Transformers : Age of Extinction . Casting ( edit ) In November 2012 , Mark Wahlberg was cast in the film . Also in November 2012 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that casting had begun for two additional leads : the daughter to Wahlberg 's character and her boyfriend , a race car driver . Isabelle Cornish , Nicola Peltz , Gabriella Wilde , and Margaret Qualley were all considered for the role of the daughter , while Luke Grimes , Landon Liboiron , Brenton Thwaites , Jack Reynor , and Hunter Parrish were all considered for the boyfriend . The leads are contracted for three films . In January 2013 , Reynor was cast as the boyfriend , and in March 2013 , Nicola Peltz was cast as Wahlberg 's daughter . Peter Cullen reprises his role as the voice of Optimus Prime . Glenn Morshower stated in September 2012 that he would appear in the next two films , reprising his role of General Morshower , but Morshower announced in May 2013 that he would not be able to appear in the new films due to a scheduling conflict . In April 2013 , Bay revealed that actor Stanley Tucci had joined the cast . On May 1 , 2013 , actor Kelsey Grammer was cast as the lead human villain named Harold Attinger . On May 6 , 2013 , actress Sophia Myles was cast in a major role . That same month , Chinese actress Li Bingbing and comedian T.J. Miller joined the cast . On July 14 , 2013 , Bay announced that Han Geng had joined the cast . That same month , Titus Welliver also joined the cast . Filming ( edit ) Michael Bay filming Transformers : Age of Extinction ; actresses Abigail Klein , Melanie Specht and Victoria Summer are walking in a corridor . Bay announced that filming had begun on May 28 , 2013 , in Monument Valley , Utah . Detroit , Michigan , was used as a stand - in for Hong Kong while McCormick Place in Chicago , Illinois , was re-dressed to portray a city in China . The movie was the first feature film to be shot using smaller digital IMAX 3D cameras . It also was shot in various other formats , including IMAX 70mm film cameras , digital stereo 3D , and anamorphic and spherical 35mm film . From May 28 to June 24 , 2013 , Michael Bay uploaded photographs of several cars featured in the film , all apparently Autobots , to social networks including Facebook and Flickr . The film featured two unknown Autobots that transformed into a black and blue 2013 Bugatti Veyron Grand Sport Vitesse ( going by production name `` Drift '' ) , and a green 2014 C7 Corvette Stingray concept ( going by production name `` Slingshot '' ) . Also revealed was a truck from Western Star Trucks as Optimus Prime 's new alternate mode . The Dinobots and Lockdown were confirmed to appear . On October 29 , Michael Bay 's Official Twitter Account tweeted that principal photography of Transformers 4 had been completed in Hong Kong , China and the cast and crew were heading to the Chinese mainland . ( According to previous reports , they would be filming there for one week . ) Additional filming in Detroit began in early 2014 ; a pair of steamships ( Columbia and Ste . Clair ) which had once traveled between Detroit and Bois Blanc Island 's amusement park were partially restored and used as props for the film . Incidents ( edit ) On October 17 , 2013 , while filming in Hong Kong , Bay was assaulted by two brothers surnamed Mak , who demanded a payment of HK $100,000 ( US $12,900 ) . The elder brother also assaulted three police officers during the incident . Both brothers and a third man surnamed Chan were arrested on suspicion of assault , with the younger Mak also charged on suspicion of blackmail . The Mak brothers pleaded guilty to both charges in February 2014 and were incarcerated , with the prosecutor noting that the case had attracted a great deal of media attention and affected Hong Kong 's image . Post-production ( edit ) Industrial Light & Magic 's VFX supervisor Scott Farrar , who had also supervised the three prior films in the Transformers franchise , rendered the visual effects . He said the film contains about ninety minutes of visual effects ( out of the movie 's 165 - minute length ) . Farrer said it was the biggest project , using the largest crew , of his career , and noted that over five hundred crews had worked on it , using various facilities . The nine different formats used in the film included IMAX film , IMAX digital , single - frame anamorphic film , GoPros , crashcams , Red cameras on 3Ality stereo 3D gigs , and red cameras for 2D . Music ( edit ) Main article : Transformers : Age of Extinction -- The Score Like its predecessors , Steve Jablonsky composed the film 's score , marking his sixth film collaboration with director Michael Bay , four of which are Transformers films . The film 's score was praised by critics and fans . The soundtrack album sold more than 15,000 units worldwide . It is also the first Transformers film for which rock band Linkin Park did not contribute an original song , though their single `` Until It 's Gone '' is included in the video game soundtrack of the movie. . Skrillex worked on sound design for the film , having said that he was creating `` the craziest Skrillex sounds I could ever make '' and mentioned working on sounds for the Dinobots . Imagine Dragons wrote a single specifically for the film itself , titled `` Battle Cry '' . The track `` Leave Planet Earth Alone '' samples the drum beat of Battle Cry so that the former serves as an intro to the latter as the credits start , though this version is only present in the film ; Battle Cry is n't featured on the soundtrack album , and Leave Planet Earth Alone has a unique outro . No mashup version or otherwise is available for purchase . Imagine Dragons also worked with Steve Jablonsky and Hans Zimmer to contribute additional music to the film 's score . On June 30 , 2014 , an extended play was digitally released on iTunes , featuring four tracks as a teaser for the full official score , which features variations of the four themes . On July 4 , 2014 , the long play was released digitally on iTunes containing the full score of the film . The soundtrack album was released on CD by record label La - La Land Records on October 7 , 2014 . On November 20 , 2014 , Steve Jablonsky released a statement via Facebook saying that the score would no longer be available on iTunes and other digital music stores after it had reached its limit of 15,000 units before re-use fees would have to be paid . Jablonsky personally expressed his own disappointment in the turn of events , hoping there would be a way to eventually re-release the score , along with the score to Transformers : Dark of the Moon , which had also been removed from iTunes and other digital music stores several months prior when it too reached the 15,000 unit limit . Release ( edit ) The film had its world premiere in Hong Kong on June 19 , with a live concert by Imagine Dragons . Marketing ( edit ) The first televised advertisement for Transformers : Age of Extinction aired during Super Bowl XLVIII . In a poll by Fandango , the spot was determined to be the most anticipated film trailer to be shown , receiving 48 % of the vote in the poll . The first official teaser trailer was released on March 4 , 2014 . A viral marketing campaign was started for the film upon the teaser trailer 's release . On March 30 , 2014 , a shortened version of the teaser trailer was aired during the season 4 finale of The Walking Dead . Another shortened version of the teaser trailer was aired during the 2014 MTV Movie Awards . Chevrolet aired a commercial at the New York International Auto Show featuring General Motors vehicles with clips from the film , along with putting them on display . Hasbro released an app on May 8 surrounding the film available for iOS and Android devices , allowing users to access exclusive material such as character biographies , images , and interviews with the stars , among other things . A clip featuring never - before - seen scenes from the film and an interview with Imagine Dragons aired during The Voice on May 12 , 2014 . DeNA and Hasbro teamed up to construct an official mobile video game for the film . The game was first announced on May 13 , 2014 , though , the title is still in active development . Also on this date , Oreo launched a marketing campaign to promote the film . This included a television commercial where a boy gives a wounded Optimus Prime an Oreo cookie to continue the fight . An exclusive theatrical trailer debuted on May 15 on iTunes Movie Trailers at 12 : 01 AM Pacific Standard Time . On May 21 , 2014 , two television spots appeared online , both containing new footage from the film . The film 's viral campaign updated on May 22 , showcasing all - new posters and realistic news reports of the damage done to Chicago from the third film . Three more television spots , all sporting new footage , appeared online on May 30 , 2014 . Imagine Dragons 's single for the film officially released online on June 2 , 2014 . Jack Reynor and Nicola Peltz made multiple appearances in the Twin Cities on June 8 , 2014 . During an appearance on the Canadian version of The Morning Show , both Reynor and Peltz promised big things that would please fans . Kelsey Grammer made an appearance on The Late Show with David Letterman on June 9 , 2014 . During his visit , the very first clip from the film debuted , showcasing Grammer 's character and Wahlberg 's in a heated argument . During the first commercial break for the show , a brand new television spot aired . On June 10 , 2014 , two television spots appeared online , both containing extensive new footage from the film . At the Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards on March 29 , 2014 , Mark Wahlberg , who stars in the film , hosted the event . There was also a transmission from Peter Cullen as Optimus Prime , and Nicola Peltz and Jack Reynor assembled with Wahlberg to take out cannons that fired slime . Three more television spots appeared online on June 14 , 2014 , containing new footage of the Dinobots transforming and of Lockdown speaking . On June 17 , a brand - new television spot aired on Comedy Central containing new footage . Another television spot appeared online on June 18 , sporting new footage as well . The film 's unusual marketing strategy of letting people video the shooting of the film in select locations was the subject of film critic Kevin B. Lee 's critical video essay Transformers : The Premake . Video Games ( edit ) Main article : Transformers : Rise of the Dark Spark In February 2014 , Transformers : Rise of the Dark Spark , developed by Edge of Reality , published by Activision was announced as a companion to the film . It was released in June 2014 for Microsoft Windows , Nintendo 3DS , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Wii U , Xbox 360 , and Xbox One . Main article : Angry Birds Transformers In summer 2014 , Rovio and Hasbro announced Angry Birds Transformers . The game has Transformers movie designs on two of the characters . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Worldwide ( edit ) Transformers : Age of Extinction grossed $245.4 million in the United States and Canada and $858.6 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $1.104 billion , against a budget of $210 million . It was the only film of 2014 to earn over $1 billion at the box office worldwide . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $250.2 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film , making it the most profitable film of 2014 . Worldwide , in its opening weekend , the film earned $302.1 million , which is the 14th - highest ever , the highest in 2014 , and the second - largest for Paramount behind Transformers : Dark of the Moon ( $382.4 million ) . It was the 17th - highest - grossing film worldwide , the highest - grossing film of 2014 , the second - highest - grossing film in the Transformers film series , and the 11th - highest - grossing film of Paramount ( domestically ) . It is the second film in the Transformers installment to earn over $1 billion following Dark of the Moon and the 19th film overall . Despite being a box office hit , it was considered by several box office experts to have fallen well below expectations . North America ( edit ) Transformers : Age of Extinction is the fifth - highest - grossing film of 2014 in the U.S. and Canada . It was released on June 27 , 2014 in across 4,233 theaters in North America . It earned $8.75 million from Thursday late - night run , which was the fifth - biggest of 2014 . On Friday , the film grossed an additional $31.25 million bringing its total day gross to $41.6 million , including $10.7 million from IMAX theaters . In its opening weekend , the film earned $100,038,390 setting an opening record of 2014 ( overtaken by The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 with $121.9 million ) , which is the fourth - highest opening for Paramount , and the fifth - highest for a film released in June . The opening - weekend audience was evenly split among those under and over the age of 25 ( with 58 % ) , male ( 64 % ) , and under 18 ( 27 % ) . The film remained at the summit for two consecutive weekends before being overtaken by Dawn of the Planet of the Apes in its third weekend . It also crossed the $200 million mark in its third weekend , becoming the fifth film of 2014 to do so . The film closed down its theatrical run on October 9 , 2014 and earned a total of $245,439,076 , making it the fifth - highest - grossing film of 2014 in the U.S. Outside North America ( edit ) Outside North America , it is the highest - grossing film of 2014 , and the sixth - highest - grossing film . Transformers : Age of Extinction earned $202.1 million in its opening weekend from 37 countries in 10,152 screens , which is 35 % bigger than Dark of the Moon and marking the biggest overseas opening of 2014 ( breaking X-Men : Days of Future Past 's record set one month prior ) . It scored the biggest IMAX overseas opening weekend with $16.6 million from 266 theaters ( overtaken by Jurassic World ) . The film topped the box office outside North America for four consecutive weekends despite coinciding with the 2014 FIFA World Cup before being overtaken by Dawn of the Planet of the Apes in its fifth weekend . International openings of over $5 million occurred in South Korea ( $21.7 million ) , Brazil ( $16.5 million ) , Germany ( $11.2 million ) , Australia ( $9.6 million ) , France ( $8.8 million ) , Taiwan ( $8.1 million ) , Malaysia ( $6.7 million ) , Japan ( $6.4 million ) , the Philippines ( $5.7 million ) , India ( $5.35 million ) , Hong Kong ( $5.1 million ) , and Italy ( $5 million ) . In Russia , the film opened to number one with $21.7 million from 1,100 screens , which is the second - largest in the territory for which 3D accounted for 80 % of the total gross . IMAX comprised $2.6 million of the total gross from 34 IMAX screens . Its biggest opener outside the U.S. was in China , where it scored one of the biggest non-North American openings of all time with $91.2 million from 4,400 screens , which was once the second - biggest opening of all time there . The film set an all - time IMAX opening record with $9.7 million . After five days of its release , Age of Extinction surpassed its North American run with $134.5 million . In China , the film earned an additional $50.9 million in its second weekend for a total of $212.8 million . In only 10 days of its release , it became the highest - grossing film in China with $222.74 million , thus overtaking Avatar 's previous record . Adding to the film 's revenue and popularity were product placements of Chinese brands edited into the movie specifically for Chinese audiences . It became the highest - grossing film in China , with $301 -- $320 million in revenue surpassing 2009 's record set by Avatar ( $204 million ) , until it was surpassed by Furious 7 in 2015 over $390 million . It is also the first movie in China to gross more than $300 million at the box office . A large part of the success in China has been attributed to the large fan base there and because of its accompanying animated TV series -- which ran during the 1980s and 1990 -- was one of the highest - quality TV programs at that time which resulted in many children getting attached to it . Transformers toy merchandising was one of the first successful cases by a foreign company in China at its time , its line of transforming robot toys was highly sought - after , especially by boys . At the end of its theatrical run outside North America , the film earned $858,600,000 which is 77.8 % of its total gross . In total earnings , the highest revenue came from China ( $301 million ) , Russia ( $45.2 million ) , South Korea ( $43.3 million ) , Germany ( $38.2 million ) , Mexico ( $33.5 million ) , and the UK ( $33.1 million ) . Authenticity over North American Box Office opening ( edit ) The $100 million opening announced for Transformers : Age of Extinction is disputed within the industry . According to Rentrak -- which has a direct line into the vast majority of theatres in the United States and Canada to track actual ticket sales -- about 4,100 of the 4,233 theatres playing the film generated $95.9 million . The projected total from the Rentrak sales data would put the opening three - day weekend gross at around $97.5 million . For Transformers to have crossed the $100 million threshold , it would have needed to gross more than the nationwide average in the theatres not tracked by Rentrak . Some media outlets have elected to go with the Rentrak figure . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 18 % based on 195 reviews , with an average rating of 3.9 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` With the fourth installment in Michael Bay 's blockbuster Transformers franchise , nothing is in disguise : Fans of loud , effects - driven action will find satisfaction , and all others need not apply . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 32 out of 100 , based on 38 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Richard Roeper gave the film a `` D '' , saying that `` the longer the movie goes on , the less interesting it becomes ; it just wears you down . As we were finally reaching the 165 - minute mark , all that noise and fury was about as exciting as the special effects in an Ed Wood movie . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film zero out of four stars , calling it `` the worst and most worthless Transformers movie yet . '' Kyle Smith of the New York Post gave the film one - and - a-half out of four stars , commenting that `` This series was never good , but it was once fun , or at least flashy . Now that its gears have gone rusty , it 's time for an Alien vs. Predator - style rethink . '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times said in his review that `` The story is scaffolding for the action and like every other standing structure , it is wrecked in a thunderous shower of metal , glass , masonry , and earth . '' Clarence Tsui of The Hollywood Reporter commented on his review that it `` barely skirts the idea that humankind and planet Earth are about to be totally annihilated . What is extinguished is the audience 's consciousness after being bombarded for nearly three hours with overwrought emotions ( ' There 's a missile in the living room ! ' Tessa hollers -- twice ) , bad one - liners , and battles that rarely rise above the banal . A trio of editors make a technical marvel out of the fight scenes , but can do little to link the story 's multiple threads into something coherent . '' Roth Cornet of IGN gave the film a score of 6.3 out of 10 , praising the `` slightly darker / surprising tone and Lockdown and his ship while criticizing the logic / script issues and long running time . '' Joe Neumaier of the New York Daily News gave the film 1 out of five stars , commenting that `` If the ' human scenes ' all reek of adolescent dialogue and dopey snark masquerading as character development , it 's a toss - up if that 's better or worse than seeing clattering collections of caliginous junk . '' Home media ( edit ) Transformers : Age of Extinction was released on Blu - ray , DVD , and Blu - ray 3D formats on September 30 , 2014 , in North America . The film was also released on digital download through iTunes and Google Play on September 16 , 2014 . Accolades ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Award Category Recipients Result 2014 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Villain Kelsey Grammer Nominated Choice Movie : Breakout Star Nicola Peltz Nominated Choice Summer Movie Transformers : Age of Extinction Nominated Choice Summer Movie Star Mark Wahlberg Nominated 2014 Golden Trailer Awards Best Summer 2014 Blockbuster Trailer Paramount Pictures and Creative Buzz Industries Nominated 2014 Hollywood Film Awards Best Visual Effects of the Year Scott Farrar Won 2014 Houston Film Critics Society Awards Worst Film Transformers : Age of Extinction Nominated 2015 Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement , Animated Effects in a Live Action Production Michael Balog , Jim Van Allen , Rick Hankins , and John Hansen Nominated 2015 Satellite Awards Best Visual Effects John Frazier , Patrick Tubach , Scott Benza , and Scott Farrar Nominated Best Sound ( Editing & Mixing ) Erik Aadahl , Ethan Van Der Ryn , and Peter J. Devlin Nominated 2015 Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Models in any Motion Media Project Landis Fields , John Goodson , Anthony Rispoli , Dae Han for `` Knightship '' Nominated 2015 Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Picture Transformers : Age of Extinction Nominated Worst Director Michael Bay Won Worst Supporting Actor Kelsey Grammer ( also for The Expendables 3 , Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return , and Think Like a Man Too ) Won Worst Supporting Actress Nicola Peltz Nominated Worst Screenplay Ehren Kruger Nominated Worst Prequel , Remake , Rip - off or Sequel Transformers : Age of Extinction Nominated Worst Screen Combo Transformers : Age of Extinction Nominated Sequels ( edit ) Main article : Transformers : The Last Knight A fifth Transformers film , titled The Last Knight , was released on June 21 , 2017 to poor reviews , with both Bay and Wahlberg stating it was their final entry of the series . A spin - off film , Bumblebee : The Movie , is scheduled for a December 21 , 2018 release . See also ( edit ) Film portal List of films featuring drones Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The $100 million opening for Transformers : Age of Extinction is disputed within the industry . According to Rentrak -- which has a direct line into the vast majority of theaters in the United States and Canada to track actual ticket sales -- about 4,100 of the 4,233 theaters playing the film generated $95.9 million . The projected total from the Rentrak sales data would put the opening three - day weekend gross at around $97.5 million . For Transformers to have crossed the $100 million threshold , it would have needed to gross more than the nation - wide average in the theaters not tracked by Rentrak . Some media outlets have elected to go with the Rentrak figure . Jump up ^ A final number on Transformers : Age of Extinction tends to vary between the Paramount reported $301 million and local data that rises it to $320 million . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Paramount co-producing ' Transformers 4 ' with Chinese company '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Transformers 4 Age Of Extinction Official Classification & Running Time Revealed -- Transformers News '' . TFW2005 . June 20 , 2014 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TRANSFORMERS : AGE OF EXTINCTION ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . June 19 , 2014 . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Transformers : Age of Extinction ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Transformers 4 ' IMAX Poster : Giant Robots On the Giant Screen '' . / Film . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bacle , Ariana ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Transformers : Age of Extinction ' leads Razzie nominations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Bay Re-Teams With His ' Pain & Gain ' Star Mark Wahlberg for Transformers 4 '' . Michael Bay.com . November 11 , 2012 . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaCon : Stanley Tucci Joins Transformers 4 '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Meares , Tasha ( 2014 - 06 - 18 ) . `` Seven new images from Transformers : Age of Extinction '' . Fansided.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( 2013 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Kelsey Grammer Lands Lead ( Human ) Villain In ' Transformers ' Sequel '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 14 , 2012 ) . `` Michael Bay Testing Hot Young Actors for ' Transformers 4 ' Leads ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( January 8 , 2013 ) . `` Jack Reynor Lands Starring Role '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Transformers 4 ' Adds Titus Welliver '' . Deadline Hollywood . July 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sophia Myles to Join Mark Wahlberg in Michael Bay 's ' Transformers 4 ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Thewrap.com. 2013 - 05 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : Age of Extinction Interview with Stanley Tucci '' . Collider.com. 2013 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` China 's Li Bingbing Boards ' Transformers 4 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` T.J. Miller Joins ' Transformers4 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2013 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Dennis , Carly ( February 23 , 2014 ) . `` Melanie Specht on her ' Transformers : Age of Extinction ' Role '' . Moviehole.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Victoria Summer : On Playing Julie Andrews and Working with Michael Bay '' . Viva Glam Magazine . December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Han Geng '' . Michaelbay.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` GM 's Top Designer Ed Welburn To Make Cameo Appearance In Transformers 4 Age Of Extinction -- Transformers News '' . TFW2005. 2014 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers Age of Extinction '' . aveleyman.com . ^ Jump up to : Collura , Scott ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` Peter Cullen Back as Optimus for Transformers 4 '' . IGN . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lovett , James ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` Transformers : Age of Extinction Super Bowl Trailer Preview '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kendrick , Ben ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' Transformers : Age of Extinction ' Trailer Analysis , Photos , and Video '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Transformers Bios '' . Hasbro.com. April 21 , 2014 . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bay , Michael ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` John Goodman And Ken Watanabe Join The Autobot Voice Cast in Michael Bay 's ' Transformers : Age Of Extinction ' '' . Michael Bay . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Vieira , Anthony ( February 15 , 2014 ) . `` ' Transformers : Age of Extinction ' Toy Images Reveal New Characters '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( March 24 , 2014 ) . `` Transformers : Age Of Extinction CinemaCon Footage Brings Dinosaurs , Explosions And More '' . Cinemablend.com . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lovett , James ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` Transformers : Age of Extinction Super Bowl Trailer Preview '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers Bios '' . Hasbro.com. April 21 , 2014 . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bay , Michael ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` John Goodman And Ken Watanabe Join The Autobot Voice Cast in Michael Bay 's ' Transformers : Age Of Extinction ' '' . Michael Bay . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : Age of Extinction Reveals Decepticon Junkheap -- Cosmic Book News '' . Movies.cosmicbooknews.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` GM using new ' Transformers ' film to promote Trax SUV in China -- Los Angeles Times '' . Latimes.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers 4 Collider Page 2 '' . Collider . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 6 Directors Who Could Take Over the TRANSFORMERS Franchise Collider Page 100332 '' . Collider . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TRANSFORMERS 4 News and the Micronauts movie Collider Page 120848 '' . Collider . September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TRANSFORMERS 4 and TRANSFORMERS 5 to Shoot Back - to - Back ; Jason Statham May Star Collider Page 121014 '' . Collider . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Spielberg Talks Michael Bay Returning for TRANSFORMERS 4 ; Says They Have a Genre for INDIANA JONES 5 Collider Page 130116 '' . Collider . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Bay Returning to Direct TRANSFORMERS 4 Collider Page 130854 '' . Collider . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Producer Lorenzo di Bonaventura Talks MAN ON A LEDGE , LAST STAND , and FIVE AGAINST THE BULLET Collider Page 137068 '' . Collider . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam . `` Paramount Eyeing a 2014 Release for TRANSFORMERS 4 ? ( Updated with Details ) '' . Collider . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( February 13 , 2012 ) . `` Michael Bay Returning to Direct TRANSFORMERS for June 2014 Release '' . Collider . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( November 11 , 2012 ) . `` TRANSFORMERS 4 to Take Place Four Years after TRANSFORMERS : DARK OF THE MOON '' . Collider . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` Ehren Kruger Returns to Write TRANSFORMERS 4 ; Shia LaBeouf Definitely Out '' . Collider . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zakarin , Jordan ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` ' Transformers 4 ' to Film in China , Star Chinese Actors as Paramount Enters Co-Production Agreement '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Shackleton , Liz ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` Paramount partners with China on Transformers 4 '' . Screen International . Jump up ^ `` Transformers 4 Title Revealed And Possible Spoilers Via Trademarks '' . Tfw2005.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers 4 film to be titled Apocalypse or Last Stand ? Domains privately registered ( UPDATED '' . Fusible . September 1 , 2013 . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McMillian , Graeme ( September 3 , 2013 ) . `` Transformers 4 's Official Title , Poster Revealed : ' Age of Extinction ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 14 , 2012 ) . `` Michael Bay Testing Hot Young Actors for ' Transformers 4 ' Leads ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wales , George ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` Transformers 4 casts Nicola Peltz as female lead '' . Total Film . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` General Morshower not returning to Transformers 4 '' . Transformers Live Action Movie Blog . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exclusive : Michael Bay Reveals TRANSFORMERS 4 Will Shoot the ' Showcase Scenes ' With the New IMAX 3D Digital Camera '' . Collider.com. 2013 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( 2013 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Kelsey Grammer Lands Lead ( Human ) Villain In ' Transformers ' Sequel '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` T.J. Miller Joins ' Transformers 4 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2013 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Williams , Candice ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Transformers 4 ' ends filming in downtown Detroit with one last glimpse for fans '' . The Detroit News . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Photos : Transformers 4 Filming in Chicago '' . Chicago Tribune . August 21 , 2013 . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` 40 Things I Learned on the Set of ' Transformers 4 : Age of Extinction ' '' . / Film . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Transformers 4 ′ : New Optimus Prime , Two New Autobots ; T.J. Miller Joins Cast '' . Screenrant.com . June 27 , 2013 . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Boblo boats land role in Transformers 4 '' . CBC News . 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Hoegberg , Alexandra ; Li , Grace ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Director Michael Bay attacked on ' Transformers 4 ' set in Hong Kong '' . NBC . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wu , Venus ( 2014 - 02 - 26 ) . `` Hong Kong brothers jailed for trying to blackmail ' Transformers 4 ' crew '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( December 25 , 2014 ) . `` Oscars : ' Interstellar , ' ' Hobbit ' Visual Effects Artists Reveal How They Did It '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Giardina , Carolyn ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' Transformers : Age of Extinction ' : 5 Things to Know About the Visual Effects '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ LAUNCH TRAILER : Transformers : Rise of the Dark Spark on YouTube Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` Skrillex Talks Diplo , Dubstep & Adding ' Craziest Skrillex Sounds ' to ' Transformers ' Movie '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Marc ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` Skrillex Saving ' Craziest Skrillex Sounds ' for ' Transformers ' Movie '' . Spin . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reyes , Mike ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Bay 's Transformers : Age Of Extinction To Host A World Premiere Concert On June 19th '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : Age of Extinction ( Music from the Motion Picture ) - EP '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : Age of Extinction ( Music from the Motion Picture ) '' . iTunes . Apple Inc . July 3 , 2014 . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Jablonsky LP Post '' . Facebook . November 20 , 2014 . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Frater , Patrick ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) . `` ' Transformers : Age of Extinction ' to Have Hong Kong World Premiere '' . Variety.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Gina ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' Transformers : Age of Extinction ' Super Bowl spot : Wahlberg , Autobots '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2014 . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( 4 March 2014 ) . `` ' Transformers 4 ' Unleashes New Trailer ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers Are Dangerous '' . Transformers Are Dangerous . March 4 , 2014 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Taggart , Natasha ( April 17 , 2014 ) . `` Bumblebee and Chevy Cars Unveiled at the New York Auto Show ? '' . Enstars . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Hasbro Launches ' Transformers ' Movie App ( Exclusive Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Beach , Stormy ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` TRANSFORMERS : AGE OF EXTINCTION , the game , headed to Android later this Year '' . AndroidSPIN . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ruminski , Bill ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) . `` Oreo , ' Transformers ' in big - screen marketing deal '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ OREO Transformers 4 ( YouTube ) ( Television production ) . United States : Oreo. 2014 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ Kendrick , Ben ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` ' Transformers : Age of Extinction ' Trailer 2 : A New Robot Army '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moran , Sarah ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' Transformers : Age of Extinction ' : New TV Spots & Poster '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Transformers : Age Of Extinction Viral Campaign Urges Us To Keep Earth Human '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McWeeny , Drew ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : New ' Transformers ' Spot Reveals New Dinobots and An Epic Scale '' . HitFix . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vestal , Shannon ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Mark Wahlberg Gets Some Action in a New Transformers TV Spot '' . Popsugar . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gettys , Tim ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` NEW TRANSFORMERS 4 TV SPOT '' . IGN . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Battle Cry -- Single '' . iTunes . June 2 , 2014 . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , John R. ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` WATCH : ' Transformers ' stars Jack Reynor , Nicola Peltz promise big things '' . Global News . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dietsch , TJ ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Mark Wahlberg , Kelsey Grammer Face Off in First ' Transformers ' Clip '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Molly ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` ' Transformers : Age of Extinction ' : Meet Lockdown & the Dinobots '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ TRANSFORMERS : THE PREMAKE ( complete version ) . YouTube . 16 June 2014 . Retrieved 11 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Maiberg , Emanuel ( February 16 , 2014 ) . `` Transformers : Rise of the Dark Spark confirmed , merges with Michael Bay 's Age of Extinction '' . GameSpot . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike Jr . ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` No. 1 ' Transformers : Age Of Extinction ' Is 2014 's Most Valuable Blockbuster '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Openings '' . Boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office by Studio '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers Total Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 27 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Transformers : Age Of Extinction ' Earns $8.8 M On Thursday '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fritz , Ben ( June 30 , 2014 ) . `` $100 Million Debate : ' Transformers ' Debut Was Big , but How Big ? '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( June 30 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Transformers ' Controversy Erupts As Paramount Stakes Claim To $100 M Three - Day Gross , No One 's Buying It '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jung , E. Alex ( November 23 , 2014 ) . `` The Hunger Games : Mockingjay - Part 1 Sets Box - Office Record , But Hits a Franchise Low '' . Vulture . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Opening weekends '' . boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top opening weekends by month '' . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 28 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Transformers 4 ' Scores $41.6 M Friday For Likely $100 M+ Debut '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( July 5 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Transformers ' Tops Long Holiday With $53.8 M ; ' Tammy ' No. 2 With $32.9 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( July 13 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Scores Stellar $73 M Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Domestic Grosses '' . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 30 , 2014 ) . `` Update : Intl Box Office : Boosted By China , ' Transformers ' Crushes $202.1 M Says Paramount For Biggest 2014 Offshore Bow ; ' Breakup Guru ' Woos ; ' Dragon ' Still Flying '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' Has Historic $511.8 M Global Opening ; $307.2 M Overseas -- Intl Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 27 , 2014 ) . `` UPDATE : Intl Box Office : ' Apes ' Dawns In Latin America ; ' Godzilla ' Stomps Into Japan ; ' Hercules ' Shows $28.7 M Muscles ; ' Transformers ' Passes $300 M In China ; More '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Official : ' Transformers : Age Of Extinction ' Breaks ' Avatar 's China Record As Highest - Grossing Film Ever '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Rages Offshore With $217 M 2nd Frame , $494 M Cume ; ' Zootopia ' Crosses $950 M WW -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Transformers : Age Of Extinction ' Stronger In China Than North America '' . Box Office Magazine . Retrieved 3 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 29 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Transformers 4 ' Nabs $302 M Weekend '' . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Transformers 4 ' Stays Atop Global To 40 Chart '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( July 6 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Transformers ' Repeats On Weak Independence Day Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shackleton , Liz ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Transformers breaks China box office records '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rankin , Jennifer ; Kaiman , Jonathan ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` Hollywood zooms in on China 's film market '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Coonan , Clifford ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 ' China Release Pushed Back Again to February 2015 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mendelson , Scott ( December 23 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Gone With The Bullets ' Scores IMAX - Enhanced $54 M In China '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coonan , Clifford ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` China Box Office 2014 : ' Transformers 4 , ' Homegrown Films on Top '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Coonan , Clifford ( April 12 , 2015 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Furious 7 ' Takes Record $8.05 M in Sunday Midnight Screenings '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Frater , Patrick ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Furious 7 ′ China Debut Equals North American Opening '' . Variety . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Coonan , Clifford ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Furious 7 ' Dominates , Sets Sights on ' Transformers ' Record '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Coonan , Clifford ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` China Box Office : Local Sensation ' Tiny Times 3.0 ' Knocks ' Transformers 4 ' Off Top Spot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Transformers : Age of Extinction becomes highest - grossing film of all time in China '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( April 26 , 2015 ) . `` ' Furious 7 ′ Crosses $1 B Overseas ; Passes ' T4 ′ In China As Top - Grossing Film Ever '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( August 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' Transformers : Age of Extinction ' Hits $1 Billion Globally '' . Variety . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cain , Rob ( November 15 , 2015 ) . `` What ' Star Wars ' Means To China '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Box office by country '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : Age of Extinction ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : Age of Extinction Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindaey ( June 29 , 2014 ) . `` Box office report : ' Transformers : Age of Extinction ' destroys competition with $100 million '' . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( 2014 - 06 - 26 ) . `` Transformers 4 : Age of Extinction '' . Richard Roeper & the Movies . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( 2014 - 06 - 26 ) . `` Transformers : Age of Extinction '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kyle ( 2014 - 06 - 25 ) . `` Transformers Return and It 's a Decepti - yawn '' . New York Post . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( 2014 - 06 - 26 ) . `` Let the Mass Destruction Begin : Transformers : Age of Extinction is Fourth in the Series '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Tsui , Clarence ( 2014 - 06 - 22 ) . `` Transformers : Age of Extinction : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Cornet , Roth ( 2014 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Transformers : Age of Extinction Review : Exactly What Meets the Eye '' . IGN . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Neumaier , Joe ( 2014 - 06 - 25 ) . `` Movie review : Transformers : Age of Extinction '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` 13th Annual VES Awards '' . visual effects society . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Transformers ' Spinoff ' Bumblebee ' Flies To December 2018 '' . Deadline.com . August 1 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Transformers : Age of Extinction . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays mark wahlberg's daughter in transformers 4 | [
"\nMark Wahlberg as Cade Yeager\nA single father and struggling inventor.[7]\nStanley Tucci as Joshua Joyce\nThe ambitiously arrogant head of KSI who wants to build his own Transformers.[8][9]\nKelsey Grammer as Harold Attinger\nA paranoid CIA operative and government official who created the CIA black-ops unit, Cemetery Wind to eliminate all Transformers, Autobot or Decepticon, from Earth.[10]\nNicola Peltz as Tessa Yeager\nCade's daughter who is secretly dating Shane.\nJack Reynor as Shane Dyson\nTessa's boyfriend and an Irish rally car driver.[11][12]\nTitus Welliver as James Savoy\nA ruthless CIA Agent and second-in command of the Cemetery Wind working for Attinger.[13]\nSophia Myles as Darcy Tirrel\nJoshua's geologist assistant and ex-girlfriend.[14][15]\nLi Bingbing as Su Yueming (苏月明 Sū Yuèmíng)\nThe owner of the Chinese factory used by KSI to build their artificial Transformers.[16]\nT. J. Miller as Lucas Flannery\nCade's best friend and a mechanic.[17]\nJames Bachman as Gill Wembley\nA scientist working with Joshua Joyce at KSI.\nThomas Lennon as the Chief of Staff.\n"
] | [
"Nicola Peltz"
] |
4479092803047804820 | The Carpenters | The Carpenters - Wikipedia The Carpenters This article is about the American pop duo . For their third studio album , see Carpenters ( album ) . For other uses , see Carpenters ( disambiguation ) . The Carpenters Karen and Richard Carpenter in 1974 Background information Origin Downey , California , United States Genres Pop soft rock Years active 1969 -- 1983 Labels A&M Associated acts The Richard Carpenter Trio Website richardandkarencarpenter.com Past members Karen Carpenter Richard Carpenter The Carpenters were an American vocal and instrumental duo of Karen ( 1950 -- 1983 ) and Richard Carpenter ( b . 1946 ) . They produced a distinct soft musical style , combining Karen 's contralto vocals with Richard 's arranging and composition skills . During their 14 - year career , the Carpenters recorded ten albums , along with numerous singles and several television specials . The siblings were born in New Haven , Connecticut , and moved to Downey , California , in 1963 . Richard took piano lessons as a child , progressing to California State University , Long Beach , while Karen learned the drums . They first performed together as a duo in 1965 and formed the jazz - oriented Richard Carpenter Trio followed by the middle - of - the - road group Spectrum . Signing as Carpenters to A&M Records in 1969 , they achieved major success the following year with the hit singles `` ( They Long to Be ) Close to You '' and `` We 've Only Just Begun '' . Subsequently , the duo 's brand of melodic pop produced a record - breaking run of hit recordings on the American Top 40 and Adult Contemporary charts , and they became leading sellers in the soft rock , easy listening and adult contemporary music genres . The Carpenters had three number - one singles and five number - two singles on the Billboard Hot 100 and fifteen number - one hits on the Adult Contemporary chart , in addition to twelve top - 10 singles . They have sold more than 90 million records worldwide , making them one of the best - selling music artists of all time . The duo toured continually during the 1970s , which put them under increased strain ; Richard took a year off in 1979 after he had become addicted to Quaaludes , while Karen suffered from anorexia nervosa . Their career together ended in 1983 following Karen 's death from heart failure brought on by complications of anorexia . Extensive news coverage surrounding these circumstances increased public awareness of eating disorders . Though the Carpenters were criticized for their clean - cut and wholesome conservative image in the 1970s , their music has since been re-evaluated , attracting critical acclaim and continued commercial success . Contents 1 History 1.1 Pre-Carpenters 1.1. 1 Childhood 1.1. 2 The Richard Carpenter Trio and Spectrum 1.2 The Carpenters 1.2. 1 Offering ( Ticket to Ride ) 1.2. 2 Close to You 1.2. 3 Carpenters and A Song for You 1.2. 4 Now & Then 1.2. 5 The Singles : 1969 -- 1973 1.2. 6 Horizon 1.2. 7 A Kind of Hush and Passage 1.2. 8 The Singles : 1974 -- 1978 1.2. 9 Hiatus 1.2. 10 Made in America and Karen 's final days 1.2. 11 Karen 's death 1.3 Post-Carpenters 2 Musical style 2.1 Richard 2.2 Karen 3 Promotion and touring 4 Public image 5 Legacy and influence 6 Discography 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Pre-carpenters ( edit ) Childhood ( edit ) The Carpenter siblings were both born at Grace -- New Haven Hospital ( now called Yale -- New Haven Hospital ) in New Haven , Connecticut , to Harold Bertram ( November 8 , 1908 -- October 15 , 1988 ) and Agnes Reuwer ( née Tatum , March 5 , 1915 -- November 10 , 1996 ) . Harold was born in Wuzhou , China , moving to Britain in 1917 , and the US in 1921 , while Agnes was born and grew up in Baltimore , Maryland . They married on April 9 , 1935 ; their first child , Richard Lynn , was born on October 15 , 1946 , while Karen Anne followed on March 2 , 1950 . Richard was a quiet child who spent most of his time at home listening to Rachmaninoff , Tchaikovsky , Red Nichols and Spike Jones , and playing the piano . Karen was friendly and outgoing ; she liked to play sports , including softball with the neighborhood kids , but still spent a lot of time listening to music . She enjoyed dancing and began ballet and tap classes aged four . Karen and Richard were close , and shared a common interest in music . In particular , they became fans of Les Paul and Mary Ford , whose music featured multiple overdubbed voices and instruments . Richard began piano lessons aged eight , but quickly grew frustrated with the formal direction of the lessons and quit after a year . He had begun to teach himself how to play by ear by 11 , and resumed studying with a different teacher . He took a greater interest in playing this time , and would frequently practice at home . By age 14 , he was interested in performing professionally , and started lessons at Yale School of Music . In June 1963 , the Carpenter family moved to the Los Angeles suburb of Downey hoping that it would mean better musical opportunities for Richard . He was asked to be the organist for weddings and services at the local Methodist church ; instead of playing traditional hymns , he would sometimes rearrange contemporary Beatles songs in a `` church '' style . In late 1964 , Richard enrolled at California State College at Long Beach where he met future songwriting partner John Bettis , Wesley Jacobs , a friend who played the bass and tuba for the Richard Carpenter Trio , and Frank Pooler , with whom Richard would collaborate to create the Christmas standard `` Merry Christmas Darling '' in 1966 . That same year , Karen enrolled at Downey High School , where she found she had a knack for playing the drums . She had initially tried playing the glockenspiel , but had been inspired by her friend Frankie Chavez , who had been drumming since he was three . She became enthusiastic about the drums , and began to learn complex pieces , such as Dave Brubeck 's `` Take Five '' . Chavez persuaded her parents to buy a Ludwig drum kit in late 1964 , and she began lessons with local jazz players , including how to read concert music . She quickly replaced the entry - level kit with a large Ludwig set that was a similar set - up to Brubeck 's drummer , Joe Morello . Richard and Karen gave their first public performance together in 1965 , as part of the pit band for a local production of Guys and Dolls . The Richard Carpenter Trio and Spectrum ( edit ) The Richard Carpenter Trio in 1967 , featuring Karen , Wes Jacobs and Richard By 1965 , Karen had been practicing the drums for a year , and Richard was refining his piano techniques under Pooler 's tuition . Late that year , Richard teamed up with Jacobs , who played tuba and stand - up bass . With Karen drumming , the three formed the jazz - oriented Richard Carpenter Trio . Richard led the band and wrote all the arrangements , and they began to rehearse daily . He bought a tape recorder , and began to make recordings of the group . Originally , neither Karen nor Richard sang ; Richard 's friend Dan Friberg occasionally filled in on trumpet , along with guest vocalist Margaret Shanor . Karen subsequently became more confident in singing , and began to take lessons with Pooler . He taught her a mixture of classical and pop singing , but realised she most enjoyed performing Richard 's new material . Pooler later said , `` Karen was a born pop singer '' . In early 1966 , Karen tagged along at a late - night session in the garage studio of Los Angeles bassist Joe Osborn , and joined future Carpenters collaborator and lyricist John Bettis at a demo session where Richard was to accompany Friberg . Asked to sing , she performed for Osborn , who was immediately impressed with her vocal abilities . He signed Karen to his label , Magic Lamp Records , and Richard to his publishing arm , Lightup Music . The label put out a single featuring two of Richard 's compositions , `` Looking for Love '' and `` I 'll Be Yours '' . As well as Karen 's vocals , the track was backed by the Richard Carpenter Trio . The single was not a commercial success , due to a lack of promotion and the label folded the next year . In mid-1966 , the Richard Carpenter Trio entered the Hollywood Bowl annual Battle of the Bands competition . They played an instrumental version of `` The Girl from Ipanema '' and their own piece , `` Iced Tea '' . They won the competition on June 24 and were signed by RCA Records . They recorded songs such as the Beatles ' `` Every Little Thing '' and Frank Sinatra 's `` Strangers in the Night '' . A committee reviewed their recordings and chose not to produce them , so the trio were released from RCA . Karen graduated from high school in early 1967 , and was awarded the John Philip Sousa Band award . She subsequently joined Richard at Long Beach State as a music major . Osborn let Karen and Richard continue to use his studio to record demo tapes . As they had unlimited studio time , Richard decided to experiment with overdubbing his and Karen 's voices in order to create a large choral sound . In 1967 , Jacobs left to study classical music and join the Detroit Symphony Orchestra , and the Richard Carpenter Trio disbanded . Richard and Bettis then were hired as musicians at a refreshment shop at Disneyland 's Main Street , U.S.A. . They were expected to play turn of the 20th century songs in keeping with the shop 's theme . The shop 's patrons had other ideas ; many requested the musicians to play current popular music . When the pair tried pleasing their customers and honoring the requests , they were fired by a Disneyland supervisor named Mr. Guder for being `` too radical '' . Bettis and Richard were unhappy about their dismissal and wrote the song `` Mr. Guder '' about their former superior . Richard and Karen then teamed up with student musicians from Long Beach State to form the band Spectrum . The group included Bettis on guitar , who began writing lyrics to Richard 's songs , guitarist Gary Sims , bassist Dan Woodhams , and vocalist Leslie `` Toots '' Johnston . The group sent demos to various record labels around Los Angeles , with little success . Part of the problem was the group 's middle - of - the - road sound , which was different to the psychedelic rock popular in clubs . Richard 's friend Ed Sulzer managed to book time at United Audio Recording Studio in Santa Ana , and the group recorded several original songs including `` Candy '' ( which would later become `` One Love '' on the Carpenter 's self - titled 1971 album ) . Richard bought a Wurlitzer electric piano as an additional instrument to complement his acoustic piano onstage . Spectrum performed regularly at the Whisky a Go Go nightclub in Los Angeles , including opening for Steppenwolf early in that group 's career . By 1968 , Spectrum had disbanded , finding it difficult to get gigs as their music was not considered `` danceable '' by rock and roll standards . Having enjoyed their multi-layer sound experiments at Osborn 's studio , Richard and Karen decided to formally become a duo , calling themselves Carpenters . Later in the year , the duo received an offer to be on the television program Your All American College Show . Their performance on the program , playing a cover of `` Dancing in the Street '' , was their first television appearance , with new bassist Bill Sissoyev . The program had a weekly winner with all weekly winners competing in semi-finals and finals at the end of 12 weeks . The finals featuring `` The Dick Carpenter Trio '' aired on August 31 , 1968 . Karen also auditioned as a vocalist in Kenny Rogers and The First Edition , but was unsuccessful . By this time , Sulzer had become the group 's manager , while the duo continued to record demos with Osborn , one of which was sent to A&M Records via a friend of Sulzer 's . At the same time , the duo were asked to audition for a Ford Motor Company advertising campaign , which included $50,000 each and a brand new Ford automobile . The group accepted the offer , but quickly withdrew it after receiving a formal offer from A&M . Label owner Herb Alpert was intrigued by Karen 's voice , later saying `` It touched me ... I felt like it was time '' . On meeting the duo , Alpert said `` Let 's hope we can have some hits ! '' The Carpenters ( edit ) Offering ( Ticket to Ride ) ( edit ) Richard and Karen Carpenter signed to A&M Records on April 22 , 1969 . Since Karen was 19 and underage , her parents had to co-sign . The duo had decided to sign as `` Carpenters '' , without the definite article , which was influenced by names such as Buffalo Springfield or Jefferson Airplane , which they considered `` hip '' . When the Carpenters signed to A&M Records , they were given free rein in the studio to create an album in their own style . The label recommended that Jack Daugherty should produce it , though those present have since suggested that Richard was the de facto producer . Most of the album 's material had already been written for and performed with Spectrum ; `` Your Wonderful Parade '' and `` All I Can Do '' both came from demos recorded with Osborn . Richard rearranged the Beatles ' `` Ticket to Ride '' in a melancholic ballad style . Osborn played bass on the album , and would continue to do so throughout the Carpenters ' career . Karen also played bass on `` All of My Life '' and `` Eve '' , after being taught the relevant parts by Osborn . The album , entitled Offering , was released on October 9 , 1969 , to a positive critical reception ; one review in Billboard said `` With radio programming support , Carpenters should have a big hit on their hands . '' `` Ticket to Ride '' was released as a single on November 5 , and became a minor hit for the Carpenters , peaking at No. 54 on the Billboard Hot 100 and the Top 20 of the Adult Contemporary chart . The album only sold 18,000 copies on its initial run , at a loss for A&M , but after the Carpenters ' subsequent breakthrough the album was repackaged and reissued internationally under the name Ticket to Ride and sold 250,000 copies . Close to You ( edit ) Karen drumming on stage Despite the poor showing of Offering , A&M retained the Carpenters and decided they should record a hit single instead . In December 1969 , they met Burt Bacharach , who was impressed by their work and invited the duo to open for him at a charity concert , which should include them performing a medley of Bacharach / Hal David songs . Herb Alpert asked Richard to re-work a Bacharach / David song `` ( They Long to Be ) Close to You '' , which had first been recorded in 1963 by Richard Chamberlain , and Dionne Warwick the following year . Richard Carpenter decided the song would work as a standalone piece , and wrote an arrangement from scratch without being influenced by any earlier recordings . The duo struggled on an early recording attempt , and for the second session , Alpert suggested that seasoned session player Hal Blaine play drums instead of Karen . Larry Knechtel was tried out as a session pianist , but was replaced by Richard for the final take . The Carpenters ' version was released as a single in March 1970 . It entered the charts at No. 56 , the highest debut of the week ending June 20 . It reached No. 1 on July 25 and stayed there for the next four weeks . Their next hit was a song Richard had seen in a television commercial for Crocker National Bank , `` We 've Only Just Begun '' , written by Paul Williams and Roger Nichols . Three months after `` Close to You '' reached No. 1 , the Carpenters ' version of `` We 've Only Just Begun '' reached No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming the first of their eventual five No. 2 hits ( it was unable to get past `` I 'll Be There '' by The Jackson 5 and `` I Think I Love You '' by The Partridge Family during its four - week stay ) . The song became the first hit single for Williams and Nichols , who think the Carpenters ' version is definitive . `` Close to You '' and `` We 've Only Just Begun '' became RIAA certified gold singles and were featured on the best - selling album Close to You , which placed No. 175 on Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list in 2003 . The album also included `` Mr. Guder '' , the song inspired by Disneyland supervisor Victor Guder , who had dismissed the young songwriters for playing popular music when they worked at the park . The Carpenters began touring , attempting to recruit Jacobs and former Spectrum members . Jacobs decided to continue with the Detroit Symphony , but Woodhams and Sims agreed to be part of the live band , which was completed with Doug Strawn and Bob Messenger . They rehearsed daily on the A&M soundstage in order to present a concert show that could compare with their records . As a result of their chart success , the group made several television appearances in 1970 , including The Ed Sullivan Show . The Carpenters also chose Sherwin Bash as their new manager around this time . On Thanksgiving Day , 1970 , the Carpenter family moved into a new $300,000 ( $1,890,000 as of 2017 ) home near the San Gabriel River . The duo rounded out the year with the holiday release of `` Merry Christmas , Darling '' , which they had been playing for several years . The single scored high on the holiday charts and would repeatedly return to the holiday charts in subsequent years . In 1978 , Karen re-cut the vocal for their Christmas TV special , feeling she could give a more mature treatment to it ; this remake also became a hit . Carpenters and a song for You ( edit ) The Carpenters logo , originally designed for their eponymous album The Carpenters had a string of hit singles and albums through the early 1970s . Their 1971 song `` For All We Know '' was recorded the previous year by members of the pop group Bread for a wedding scene in the movie Lovers and Other Strangers . Richard saw the song 's potential for the Carpenters and recorded it in the autumn of 1970 . The track became the duo 's third gold single , and later won an Oscar for `` Best Original Song '' . On March 16 , 1971 , the duo received Grammy Award nominations for Best New Artist and Best Contemporary Performance by a Duo , Group or Chorus . Karen and Richard Carpenter at the White House , August 1 , 1972 The duo 's fourth gold single , `` Rainy Days and Mondays '' , became Williams ' and Nichols ' second major single with the Carpenters . The demo was written by Williams about his mother , which led to the line , `` Talking to myself and feeling old '' . Richard rearranged the song to include a saxophone solo , played by Bob Messenger . The single peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 , kept from the top slot by Carole King 's `` It 's Too Late '' . `` Superstar '' , written by Bonnie Bramlett and Leon Russell , became the duo 's next hit . The song had originally appeared on Joe Cocker 's 1970 album Mad Dogs & Englishmen , sung by Rita Coolidge . Karen was familiar with the album , but Richard first heard the song when it was covered by Bette Midler on The Tonight Show , and realised its potential as a Carpenters hit . The duo changed the line `` I can hardly wait to sleep with you again '' to `` ... to be with you again '' , as they knew the former would not be played on Top 40 radio . The single sold a million copies , attaining gold status , and became the Carpenters ' third No. 2 single on the Billboard Hot 100 ( this time held off the top spot by Rod Stewart 's `` Maggie May '' / `` Reason to Believe '' ) . On May 14 , 1971 , the Carpenters performed a sell - out show at Carnegie Hall , and they released their third album , Carpenters the same day . It became one of their best sellers , earning RIAA certification for platinum four times , and rising to No. 2 on Billboard 's pop album chart for two weeks ( behind Carole King 's Tapestry ) with over a million pre-sales orders . The album won a Grammy Award , as well as receiving three nominations . The A&M graphics department hired Craig Braun and Associates to design the cover . `` I recognized it to be a great logo as soon as I saw it '' , says Richard . The logo was used on every Carpenters album thereafter ; Richard said it was done `` to keep things consistent '' . The logo did not appear on the front cover of Passage but a small version appeared on the back cover . Shortly after the third album , the duo recorded a short television series , Make Your Own Kind of Music , which drew mixed reviews . By mid-1971 , the Carpenters were being criticized that their live shows had no focal point , as Karen was seated behind the drums . Richard and Bash tried to persuade her to sing out - front . Karen resisted at first , but was eventually persuaded to front the popular numbers and ballads , and drum for more up - tempo numbers . Consequently , Jim Anthony was hired as a touring drummer . Over time , Karen became more relaxed as a frontwoman and centerpiece of the band . Goodbye to Love `` ' The Carpenters ' and ' fuzz guitar solo ' are two phrases that do not exactly go hand in hand . But for one brief moment , the two coexisted merrily in the soft - rock universe . '' Problems playing this file ? See media help . Later that year , Richard was watching a Bing Crosby movie , Rhythm on the River , in which Crosby played a country singer whose career was in decline and whose most famous song was `` Goodbye to Love '' . The song was never performed in the film , so Richard imagined what it might sound like and wrote down some initial lyrics . These were finished off by Bettis , and became `` Goodbye to Love '' . For the arrangement , Richard suggested adding a fuzz guitar solo . He resisted suggestions to get an experienced session player in , and instead asked Tony Peluso , whose band Instant Joy had supported the Carpenters on an earlier tour . Peluso was a typical rock guitarist and did not read music , so Richard wrote out a chord chart for him to follow . Having been instructed to play the first five bars of the melody and then improvise , he recorded the solo in two takes . Bettis later described `` Goodbye to Love '' as his favorite single he has worked on in his career . The single reached No. 7 in the Billboard Hot 100 , and Peluso accepted an offer to tour with the Carpenters full - time . Some did not appreciate the combination of a soft ballad and loud electric guitar , and sent hate mail to the Carpenters , but conversely they picked up new fans who appreciated the bridge between rock and pop . On April 25 , 1972 , the Carpenters visited the White House to meet presidential assistants James Cavanagh , Ken Cole and Ronald Zeigler . They returned on August 1 to meet President Richard Nixon and posed for photographs with him at the Oval Office . `` Goodbye to Love '' was featured on the Carpenters ' fourth album , A Song for You released on June 13 , 1972 . The title track , a cover of a song on Leon Russell 's debut album , was considered as a single , but rejected owing to its length . The album also included a Carole King song , `` It 's Going To Take Some Time '' and another Nichols / Williams original , `` I Wo n't Last A Day Without You '' . Another Carpenter / Bettis composition , `` Top of the World '' , was originally intended as just an album cut , but after Lynn Anderson scored a hit with the song in early 1973 , the Carpenters opted to record their own single version . It was released in September and became the Carpenters ' second Billboard No. 1 hit , in December . Now & then ( edit ) Richard in 1973 The Carpenters met the President again on April 30 , 1973 , when they performed a special concert at the White House , though the event was overshadowed by the resignation of White House Chief of Staff , Bob Haldeman and assistant John Ehrlichman over the Watergate scandal , which would ultimately also lead to Nixon 's resignation . Their next album , Now & Then , was named by the duo 's mother , Agnes . It contained the Sesame Street song `` Sing '' , featuring the Jimmy Joice Children 's Choir , which was released as a single , reaching No. 3 in the Hot 100 . The album also included a Leon Russell composition , `` This Masquerade '' , and the ambitious `` Yesterday Once More '' , a side - long tribute to oldies radio which incorporated renditions of eight hit songs from previous decades into a faux oldies radio program . The single version of the latter became their biggest hit in the United Kingdom , holding the number 2 spot for two weeks , and became the Carpenters ' biggest worldwide hit . In 1974 , the Carpenters achieved a significant international hit with an up - tempo remake of Hank Williams 's `` Jambalaya ( On the Bayou ) '' . While the song was not released as a single in the US , it reached the top 30 in Japan , No. 12 in the United Kingdom ( as part of a double A-side with `` Mr. Guder '' ) , and No. 3 in the Netherlands . At Christmas that year , the duo released a jazz - influenced rendition of `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' and appeared on Perry Como 's Christmas Show . The singles : 1969 -- 1973 ( edit ) Karen in 1973 The Carpenters did not record a new album in 1974 . They had been touring extensively and were exhausted ; Richard later said , `` there was simply no time to make one . Nor was I in the mood . '' Tensions had erupted in the family unit ; Richard had started dating the group 's hairdresser but neither Agnes nor Karen took kindly to her and she ultimately ended the relationship and quit the band 's services . Agnes had always praised Richard 's musical talents , which Karen resented . The duo ultimately moved out of their parents ' house ; at first the siblings shared a home . In May , the Carpenters undertook their first tour of Japan , playing to 85,000 fans . They later likened the scenes when they first touched down at Tokyo Airport to Beatlemania . During this period , the pair released just one single , `` I Wo n't Last a Day Without You '' from A Song for You . The Carpenters finally decided to release their original two years after its original album release and some months after Maureen McGovern 's 1973 cover . In March 1974 , the single version became the fifth and final selection from the album to chart in the Top 20 , reaching No. 11 on the Hot 100 in May . In place of a new album , their first greatest hits package was released , featuring new remixes of their singles , and newly recorded leads and bridges that allowed each side of the album to play through with no breaks . Richard later regretted this decision . This compilation was entitled The Singles : 1969 -- 1973 , and topped the charts in the US for one week , on January 5 , 1974 . It also topped the UK chart for 17 weeks ( non-consecutive ) and became one of the best - selling albums of the decade , ultimately selling more than seven million copies in the US alone . Horizon ( edit ) In 1975 , the Carpenters had a hit with a remake of the Marvelettes ' chart - topping 1961 single , `` Please Mr. Postman '' . The song topped the Billboard Hot 100 in January and became the duo 's third and final No. 1 pop single . It also earned Karen and Richard their record - setting twelfth million - selling gold single in the US . The follow - up , a Carpenter / Bettis composition `` Only Yesterday '' , was the duo 's last Hot 100 top 10 hit , reaching No. 4 . The sound on the track was intended to emulate Phil Spector 's famous Wall of Sound production technique . Both singles appeared on their 1975 LP Horizon , which also included covers of the Eagles ' `` Desperado '' and Neil Sedaka 's `` Solitaire '' , which became a moderate hit later that year . Horizon was certified gold after two weeks , but missed the top ten in the US , peaking at No. 13 . The album still had a positive critical reception . The Carpenters toured with Sedaka during 1975 , but critics found the latter 's performances to be more professional and entertaining . Richard became particularly cross at how Sedaka was getting more attention , and ultimately fired him from the tour . Karen struggled to cope with the demands of live shows , and a planned tour of the UK and Japan was cancelled . The duo begun to produce music videos to promote their records ; in early 1975 , they filmed a performance of `` Please Mr. Postman '' at Disneyland and `` Only Yesterday '' at the Huntington Gardens . A Kind of Hush and Passage ( edit ) Their next album , A Kind of Hush , was released on June 11 , 1976 , and was certified gold . However , it was the first Carpenters ' album not to become platinum - certified since Ticket to Ride seven years earlier . The duo had several hits that year , but by this time the public had become over-familiar with them , and sales fell . Their biggest single that year was a cover of Herman 's Hermits ' `` There 's a Kind of Hush ( All Over the World ) '' , which peaked at No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 . `` I Need to Be in Love '' ( Karen 's favorite song by the Carpenters ) charted at No. 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 . However , it followed `` There 's a Kind of Hush '' to the top spot on the Adult Contemporary charts and became the duo 's 14th No. 1 Adult Contemporary hit , more than any other act in the history of the chart . The Carpenters ' Very First Television Special aired on December 8 , 1976 and included guests John Denver and Victor Borge . It was the duo 's first headlining television variety show in the US . A follow - up special , The Carpenters at Christmas , aired on December 9 , 1977 , featuring Kristy McNichol . The 1977 album , Passage , marked an attempt to venture into other musical genres . It featured an unlikely mix of jazz fusion ( `` B'wana She No Home '' ) , calypso ( `` Man Smart , Woman Smarter '' ) , and orchestrated balladry ( `` I Just Fall in Love Again '' , `` Two Sides '' ) , and included the hits , `` All You Get from Love Is a Love Song '' and `` Calling Occupants of Interplanetary Craft '' . `` Calling Occupants '' was supported with the TV special Space Encounters , which aired May 17 , 1978 , with guest stars Suzanne Somers and John Davidson . Although the single release of `` Calling Occupants '' became a significant Top 10 hit in the UK and reached No. 1 in Ireland , it only peaked at number 32 on the Hot 100 , and for the first time a Carpenters album did not reach the gold threshold of 500,000 copies shipped in the US . In early 1978 , they had a surprise Top 10 country hit with the up - tempo , fiddle - sweetened `` Sweet , Sweet Smile '' , written by country - pop singer Juice Newton and her long - time musical partner Otha Young . The singles : 1974 -- 1978 ( edit ) In place of a new album for 1978 , a second compilation , The Singles : 1974 -- 1978 , was released in the UK where it reached No. 2 in the charts . In the US , their first Christmas album , Christmas Portrait , became a seasonal favorite , and was certified platinum . Richard later said that the album should have been released as Karen 's first solo album . It was shortly followed by the television special The Carpenters : A Christmas Portrait . During the sessions , several non-Christmas songs were recorded such as `` Where Do I Go from Here '' , which was not released until after Karen 's death . Hiatus ( edit ) By 1978 , Richard had become addicted to Quaaludes , which he had been taking on prescription in increasing doses since the 1971 tours . On September 4 , during an engagement at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas , he decided to quit touring , and the concerts there were curtailed . On December 3 , the Carpenters were scheduled to play at the Pacific Terrace Theatre , Long Beach Convention Center , which turned out to be the last live concert that Karen and Richard played together . Richard refused to fly to the UK for an appearance on ITV 's Bruce Forsyth 's Big Night , realizing he had a serious problem , so Karen performed without him and denied rumors that the duo were to split . Richard began treatment for his addiction at a facility in Topeka , Kansas , for six weeks in January 1979 . He decided to take the rest of the year off to relax and rehabilitate . Richard was now sure that Karen was battling with anorexia nervosa , but she denied it , saying she simply had colitis . Karen did not want to take a break from singing nor seek professional medical help for her own condition , so she decided to pursue a solo album project with producer Phil Ramone in New York . The choice of Ramone and more adult - oriented and disco / dance - tempo material represented an effort to retool her image . Heatwave keyboardist and songwriter Rod Temperton ( and future Michael Jackson collaborator ) was asked by Ramone to help with songwriting and arranging , and Billy Joel 's backup band were used for the album . She decided not to record Temperton 's `` Off the Wall '' and `` Rock with You '' , which later became hits for Jackson . The album was finished by early 1980 , but drew a negative reception from A&M . Her mother Agnes did not like Karen working without Richard , while Richard felt that Karen was not well enough to have worked on the album . The total cost of recording was $500,000 of which $400,000 came from the Carpenters ' own funds . The album was not released and although the press announced it was canceled at Karen 's request , its rejection devastated her ; she felt she had just wasted months of work . It was finally issued in 1996 , 13 years after Karen 's death . Made in America and Karen 's final days ( edit ) Following the cancellation of her solo album and her marriage to Tom Burris on August 31 , 1980 , Karen decided to record a new album with Richard , who had now recovered from his addiction and was ready to continue their career . The Carpenters produced their final television special in 1980 , called Music , Music , Music ! , with guest stars Ella Fitzgerald and John Davidson . Karen 's outfit for the show was designed by Bill Belew , who was nominated for an Emmy Award for best costume design . He had also designed her wedding dress . On June 16 , 1981 , the Carpenters released what would become their final LP as a duo , Made in America . The album sold around 200,000 copies and spawned the hit , `` Touch Me When We 're Dancing '' , which reached No. 16 on the Hot 100 . It also became their fifteenth and final number one Adult Contemporary hit . The album also produced three other singles , including `` ( Want You ) Back in My Life Again '' , `` Those Good Old Dreams '' , and a remake of the Motown hit `` Beechwood 4 - 5789 '' . The singles fared well on the adult contemporary charts . `` Beechwood 4 - 5789 '' , the last single by the Carpenters to be released in Karen 's lifetime , on her 32nd birthday . The album concluded with `` Because We Are in Love ( The Wedding Song ) '' , referring to Karen 's marriage . Promotion for the album included a whistle - stop tour of America , Brazil and Europe , including an appearance on America 's Top Ten . At all of these events , the band mimed to the studio recordings . Karen sought therapy for her eating disorder with psychotherapist Steven Levenkron in New York City . In April , she briefly returned to Los Angeles for recording , including a Carpenter / Bettis tune `` You 're Enough '' and a Roger Nichols / Dean Pitchford song , `` Now '' . Richard noticed that while Karen 's interpretation of the songs was as strong as ever , he felt the timbre was weak owing to her poor health . He was unimpressed with Levenkron 's treatment of Karen , which he considered worthless . In September , Karen called Levenkron to say her heart was `` beating funny '' and she felt dizzy and confused . Admitting herself into hospital later that month , she was hooked up to an intravenous drip ; she ended up gaining 30 pounds ( 14 kg ) in eight weeks . On November 8 , she left the hospital and despite pleas from family and friends , she announced that she was returning home to California and that she was cured . Her last public appearance was on January 11 , 1983 , for a photo session celebrating 25 years of the Grammy Awards . Karen 's death ( edit ) On February 1 , 1983 , Karen and Richard met for dinner and discussed future plans for the Carpenters , including a return to touring . On February 3 , Karen visited her parents , and discussed finalising her divorce from Burris . The following morning , her mother found her lying unresponsive on the floor of a walk - in closet , and she was rushed to hospital . After Richard and his parents spent 20 minutes in a waiting room , a doctor entered and told them Karen had died . The autopsy stated that her death was caused by `` emetine cardiotoxicity due to or as a consequence of anorexia nervosa . '' Under the anatomical summary , the first item was heart failure , followed by anorexia . The third finding was cachexia , which is extremely low weight and weakness and general body decline associated with chronic disease . Emetine cardiotoxicity implied that Karen abused ipecac syrup , although there was no evidence to suggest that she did as her brother and family never found ipecac vials in her apartment , even after her death . Karen 's funeral was at the Downey United Methodist Church on February 8 , 1983 . More than a thousand mourners attended , among them her friends Dorothy Hamill , Olivia Newton - John , Petula Clark , Dionne Warwick and Herb Alpert . On October 12 , 1983 , the Carpenters received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , a few yards from the Dolby Theatre . Richard , Harold and Agnes Carpenter attended the inauguration , as did many fans . Karen 's death brought media attention to anorexia nervosa and related conditions such as bulimia nervosa , which were little known about at the time . Post-carpenters ( edit ) The Carpenters ' star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame Following Karen 's death , Richard has continued to produce recordings of the duo 's music , including several albums of previously unreleased material and numerous compilations . The posthumous Voice of the Heart was released in late 1983 and included some tracks left off Made in America and earlier albums . It peaked at No. 46 and was certified gold . Two singles were released , `` Make Believe It 's Your First Time '' , a second version of a song Karen had recorded for her solo album , and `` Your Baby Does n't Love You Anymore '' . For the second Christmas season following Karen 's death , Richard constructed a new Carpenters ' Christmas album entitled An Old - Fashioned Christmas , using outtakes from Christmas Portrait and recording new material around it . Richard released his first solo album , Time , in 1987 , sharing vocals between himself , Dionne Warwick and Dusty Springfield . The track `` When Time Was All He Had '' was a tribute to Karen . The same year , Todd Haynes released the short film Superstar : The Karen Carpenter Story , which featured Barbie dolls playing the main cast . Richard objected to music being used in the film without his consent , and served an injunction in 1990 that prevented it from being shown . On January 1 , 1989 , the television special The Karen Carpenter Story premiered on CBS , topping the ratings for that week . It included the previously unreleased `` You 're the One '' and `` Where Do I Go from Here '' in its soundtrack , which were released on the album Lovelines later that year . Richard married his ( adopted ) first cousin , Mary Rudolph , on May 19 , 1984 . Together , they have four daughters and one son , and live in Thousand Oaks , California , where the couple are supporters of the arts . In 2004 , Richard and his wife pledged a $3 million gift to the Thousand Oaks Civic Arts Plaza Foundation in memory of Karen . Richard has actively supported the Carpenter Performing Arts Center at his alma mater , Long Beach State . He continues to make concert appearances , including fund raising efforts for the Carpenter Center . In 2007 and 2009 , the current owners of the former Carpenter family home on Newville Avenue , Downey , obtained city permits to tear down the existing buildings to make room for newer and larger structures , despite protests from fans . In February 2008 , the campaign was covered in the Los Angeles Times . At that time an adjacent house that had once served as the band 's headquarters and recording studio had already been demolished and the main house was on the verge of being demolished too . The original house was featured on the cover of Now & Then and was where Karen had died . In the words of one fan , `` this was our version of Graceland . '' Musical style ( edit ) Richard ( edit ) A Wurlitzer electric piano similar to that used by Richard in the Carpenters Richard Carpenter was the creative force behind the Carpenters ' sound . An accomplished keyboard player , composer and arranger , music critic Daniel Levitin called him `` one of the most gifted arrangers to emerge in popular music . '' The duo 's smooth harmonies were not in step with contemporary music , which was dominated by heavy rock . Instead , the Carpenters strove for a rich and melodic sound , along the same vein as the Beach Boys and the Mamas & the Papas , but with greater fullness and orchestration including frequent use of small string and horn sections and introspective lyrics centred around relationships . Richard also admired the musicianship and arranging skills of Frank Zappa , and the two briefly met backstage at the Billboard Forum in 1975 . He has credited Judd Conlon as a key influence on his vocal arranging . Many of Richard 's arrangements were classically influenced , featuring strings and occasional brass and woodwind , such as the Tijuana Brass - style couplets in the chorus of `` Superstar '' , which did not appear in the original . He later said `` if you do n't have the right arrangement for that song , the singer 's going nowhere and neither is the song '' . As well as arranging all of the parts for musicians , he would also write notation for the drums , showing where individual components of a kit were supposed to be played . He also scored bass lines that he knew Joe Osborn would enjoy playing and fit his style . Most Carpenters albums credit Ron Gorow , who sometimes took some of Richard 's arrangements worked out on piano , and wrote the actual sheet music notation onto paper . Superstar The chorus illustrates Karen 's lead vocal and Richard 's arranging skills , including himself on Wurlitzer electric piano , Joe Osborn 's bass guitar , a string section , and brass couplets . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Richard frequently played the Wurlitzer electric piano , which he purchased during his Spectrum days . He also played the grand piano , Hammond organ , synthesizer and the harpsichord . In the studio , he dubbed the Wurlitzer over acoustic piano parts to thicken the sound . From the mid-1970s , he also used Fender Rhodes pianos , and kept up to date with music technology . While touring , he alternated between grand piano , Rhodes and Wurlitzer on stage , for different songs . Karen ( edit ) Karen did not possess a powerful singing voice , but close miking brought out many nuances in her performances . Richard arranged their music to take advantage of this , though Karen had a three - octave vocal range . Richard 's work with Karen was influenced by the music of Les Paul , whose overdubbing of the voice of wife and musical partner Mary Ford allowed her to be used as both the lead and harmony vocals . By multi-tracking , Richard was able to use Karen and himself for the harmonies to back Karen 's lead . The overdubbed background harmonies were distinctive to the Carpenters , but it was the soulful , engaging sound of Karen 's lead voice that made them so recognizable . Record executive Mike Curb said it was Karen 's voice that took the Carpenters above straight pop music into pop rock . She was known as a `` one take wonder '' and could deliver a strong performance on the first attempt . Karen was an accomplished drummer , which was her original musical role , but she soon began to sing for the group too . Before 1974 , Karen played the drums for a number of their songs , although some had Hal Blaine playing . Blaine later reported that while Karen was a capable drummer he was brought in for studio work partly because Karen was accustomed to playing loudly for live audiences and thus was unfamiliar with the more subtle playing required in recording facilities of the era . She considered herself a `` drummer who sang '' . However , while Karen 's vocals soon became the centerpiece of the group 's performances , at 5 ft 4 in ( 1.63 m ) tall , performing behind her drum kit made it difficult for audiences to see her and it was soon apparent to Richard and their manager that the audience wanted to see more of Karen . Although unwilling , she eventually agreed to sing the ballads standing up front , returning to her drums for the lesser known songs . As the group 's popularity increased , demand for Karen 's vocals at the expense of her drumming overshadowed her abilities and gradually , she played the drums less ; for A Kind of Hush , she played no drums at the sessions at all , although she continued to sporadically drum in concert . From early 1976 onward , the tours would include a drum medley for Karen to play , and a piano solo number was included for Richard . Karen made a final return to studio drumming for the track `` When It 's Gone ( It 's Just Gone ) '' on Made in America , albeit in tandem with Nashville session drummer Larrie Londin , and she also provided percussion in tandem with Paulinho da Costa on `` Those Good Old Dreams '' . Karen used Ludwig Drums , Zildjian cymbals , a Rogers foot pedal and hi - hat stand , 11A drumsticks and Remo drumheads . Promotion and touring ( edit ) Although the Carpenters ' greatest success was with record sales , most of their professional career was spent on the road . Albums took between four and five months to produce ; the remainder of time would be spent at live concerts and television appearances . Touring engagements would sometimes consist of six one - night concerts back - to - back , which left the duo exhausted , along with television shows including The Ed Sullivan Show , The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson , The Carol Burnett Show , The Mike Douglas Show and The Johnny Cash Show , as well as their own television specials . The Carpenters played numerous concerts from 1971 to 1975 : Year Number of concerts Number of TV appearances 1971 145 concerts 10 TV appearances ( as well as Make Your Own Kind of Music ) 1972 174 concerts 6 TV appearances 1973 174 concerts 3 TV appearances 203 concerts 3 TV appearances 118 concerts + 46 postponed shows 1 TV appearance From the mid-1970s onwards , the Carpenters changed their stage show to allow Karen to have more presence and to interact with the audience , particularly between instrumental breaks . However , extensive touring and lengthy recording sessions had begun to take their toll on the duo and contributed to their professional and personal difficulties during the latter half of the decade . Karen dieted obsessively and developed anorexia nervosa , which first manifested itself in 1975 when the duo was forced to cancel concert tours in the Philippines , UK and Japan . Richard has said that he regrets the six - and seven - day work schedules of that period , adding that had he known then what he knows now , he would not have agreed to it , and was persuaded to do so by the belief that the Carpenters would not be financially stable without the touring . Richard 's Quaalude addiction began to affect his performance in the late 1970s and led to the end of the duo 's live concert appearances in 1978 . Despite numerous concert appearances , the Carpenters have never released a live album in the US . Two such albums , Live in Japan ( 1974 ) and Live at the Palladium ( 1976 ) have been released in Japan and reissued on CD there . Richard has said he is not particularly interested in live albums . Public image ( edit ) The Carpenters were often criticized for their `` clean cut '' image . The Carpenters ' popularity confounded critics . With their output focused on ballads and mid-tempo pop , the duo 's music was often dismissed as being bland and saccharine . The recording industry , however , bestowed awards on the duo , who won three Grammy Awards during their career ( Best New Artist , and Best Pop Performance by a Duo , Group , or Chorus , for `` ( They Long to Be ) Close to You '' in 1970 ; and Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group for Carpenters in 1971 ) . In 1974 , the Carpenters were voted Favorite Pop / Rock Band , Duo , or Group at the first annual American Music Awards . From the start of their career , the Carpenters were coached by their management over handling interviews , and told to avoid saying anything controversial that would spoil their `` clean cut '' image . A&M described the duo as `` Real nice American kids -- in 1971 '' . While the Carpenters were not a rock band , they were reviewed by the rock press ; in 1971 , Rolling Stone 's Lester Bangs described them as having `` the most disconcerting collective stage presence of any band I have seen '' . He also said that promotional photographs made them resemble `` the cheery innocence of some years - past dream of California youth '' , and they appeared to the public to be more conservative than they actually were . The White House appearances only served to reinforce this image . Though the Carpenters had mass popular appeal and were recognized as being musically talented , people felt embarrassed and stigmatised about liking their records . In later interviews , Richard stressed repeatedly how much he disliked the A&M executives for making their image `` squeaky - clean '' , and the critics for criticizing them for their image rather than their music . I got upset when this whole `` squeaky clean '' thing was tagged on to us . I never thought about standing for anything ! They ( the critics ) took `` Close to You '' and said : `` Aha , you see that number one ? THAT 's for the people who believe in apple pie ! THAT 's for people who believe in the American flag ! THAT 's for the average middle - American person and his station wagon ! The Carpenters stand for that , and I 'm taking them to my bosom ! '' And boom , we got tagged with that label . After `` Goodbye to Love '' had been released , attitudes towards the duo changed slightly . Ken Barnes , writing in Phonograph said `` It 's certainly less than revolutionary to admit you like the Carpenters these days -- in ' rock ' circles , if you recall , it formerly bordered on heresy . Everybody must be won over by now . '' Since then , the group 's `` saccharine '' image has softened and musicians have cited the Carpenters as a key influence . In 1995 , Rolling Stone 's Sue Cummings wrote that the 1990s acceptance of the duo 's work was `` a renewed ironic appreciation '' , adding that listeners `` had loved the veneer , then hated it , then found it even more compelling , on a second look , for the complexity in the places where the darkness cracked through '' . Legacy and influence ( edit ) See also : List of awards and nominations received by the Carpenters Karen Carpenter has been called one of the greatest female vocalists of all time by Rolling Stone and National Public Radio . Paul McCartney has said she was `` the best female voice in the world : melodic , tuneful and distinctive '' , while Herb Alpert said she was `` the type of singer who would sit in your lap and sing in your ear '' . Shortly after Karen 's death , a film archivist discovered some rare footage of an early Carpenters ' television appearance . The archivist contacted Richard Carpenter and the two began viewing more footage which he had found . When the British division of A&M Records learned of the discoveries , they suggested the footage be turned into a video for home viewing . The finished piece , entitled `` Yesterday Once More '' is 55 minutes long and combines vintage and recent film clips . A&M Video and Richard intended `` to create a video that played like an album '' ; all music was remixed from the masters and each selection was put into correct synchronization . The video was released in early 1985 . Pop singer Michael Jackson was a fan of the duo , being one of his favourite bands . He cited the group as an early influence growing up . A critical re-evaluation of the Carpenters occurred during the 1990s and 2000s with the making of several documentaries such as Close to You : Remembering The Carpenters ( US ) , The Sayonara ( Japan ) , and Only Yesterday : The Carpenters Story ( UK ) . Despite contentions that their sound was `` too soft '' to fall under the definition of rock and roll , major campaigns and petitions exist toward inducting the Carpenters into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Both `` We 've Only Just Begun '' and `` ( They Long to Be ) Close to You '' have been honored with Grammy Hall of Fame awards for recordings of lasting quality or historical significance . The Carpenters ' album and single sales total more than 90 million units making them one of the best - selling music artists of all time . Japanese singer Akiko Kobayashi has been influenced by Karen Carpenter , and she asked Richard to produce her 1988 album , City of Angels . In 1990 , the alternative rock band Sonic Youth recorded `` Tunic ( Song for Karen ) '' in recognition of her musical talents . A tribute album , If I Were a Carpenter , by contemporary artists such as Sonic Youth , Bettie Serveert , Shonen Knife , Grant Lee Buffalo , Matthew Sweet , and The Cranberries , was released in 1994 and provided an alternative rock interpretation of Carpenters hits . Richard Carpenter played keyboards for the Matthew Sweet cut `` Let Me Be the One '' . Guitarist Pat Metheny covered `` Rainy Days and Mondays '' for his album of cover versions of popular songs called What 's It All About , as a tribute to the band . Modern entertainers such as Madonna , Sheryl Crow , Shania Twain and Christina Aguilera have listed Karen Carpenter as an influence on their careers . Brazilian pop duo Sandy & Junior was deemed the `` Brazilian Carpenters '' by the press and recorded a cover version of `` We 've Only Just Begun '' for their album Internacional ( 2002 ) . Discography ( edit ) Main article : The Carpenters discography See also : List of songs recorded by The Carpenters The Carpenters released ten albums during their active career , of which five contained two or more top 20 hits on the Billboard Hot 100 ( Close to You , Carpenters , A Song for You , Now & Then , and Horizon ) . Ten singles were certified gold by the RIAA , and twenty - two peaked in the top 10 on the Adult Contemporary chart . Ticket to Ride ( 1969 ) Close to You ( 1970 ) Carpenters ( 1971 ) A Song for You ( 1972 ) Now & Then ( 1973 ) Horizon ( 1975 ) A Kind of Hush ( 1976 ) Passage ( 1977 ) Christmas Portrait ( 1978 ) Made in America ( 1981 ) Posthumous releases Voice of the Heart ( 1983 ) An Old - Fashioned Christmas ( 1984 ) Lovelines ( 1989 ) As Time Goes By ( 2001 ) References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Even though they are often referred to as The Carpenters , the duo 's official name for authorized recordings and press material is simply `` Carpenters '' . Jump up ^ In 1991 , some 25 years later , a couple of these recordings were released as part of a `` From The Top '' boxed set of Carpenters material . Jump up ^ Later Carpenters ' compilations feature Richard 's remixes of these songs , which include Osborn playing the bass . Jump up ^ Bacharach invited the duo to open for him again at the Westbury Music Fair in 1970 as `` Close to You '' was beginning its climb on the music charts . Jump up ^ By 1972 , both Richard and Karen were millionaires . Their assets included two apartment complexes in Downey and two shopping centers . Jump up ^ In an attempt to compensate UK record dealers for possible overstocking in anticipation of the now cancelled tour , A&M Records issued a single of `` Santa Claus is Coming to Town '' and `` Merry Christmas Darling '' for sale in the UK . Jump up ^ In 1978 , Karen was asked to sing on Gene Simmons ' first solo album . She turned Simmons down ; Helen Reddy and Donna Summer performed instead . Jump up ^ Both Richard and Karen privately believed marijuana should be legal . Citations Jump up ^ Talevski 2006 , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Simpson 2011 , p. 61 . ^ Jump up to : Schmidt 2010 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Schmidt 2010 , pp. 11 -- 14 , 297 . Jump up ^ Schmidt 2010 , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Schmidt 2010 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Schmidt 2010 , pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Coleman 1994 , p. 47 . ^ Jump up to : Samberg , Joel ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` Remembering Karen Carpenter , 30 Years Later '' . NPR . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2015 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lott 2008 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Schmidt 2010 , pp. 22 -- 23 . ^ Jump up to : Coleman 1994 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Coleman 1994 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Schmidt 2010 , pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Coleman 1994 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Schmidt 2010 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Schmidt 2010 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Schmidt 2010 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Schmidt 2010 , pp. 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Schmidt 2010 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Coleman 1994 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Schmidt 2010 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Schmidt 2010 , pp. 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Schmidt 2010 , p. 34 . ^ Jump up to : Coleman 1994 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Schmidt 2010 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Schmidt 2010 , p. 41 . ^ Jump up to : Schmidt 2010 , p. 45 . ^ Jump up to : Schmidt 2010 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Schmidt 2010 , pp. 42 , 63 . Jump up ^ Stanton 2003 , p. 34 . ^ Jump up to : `` North Augusta Student Meets The Carpenters '' . Aiken Standard . December 5 , 1972 . p. 6 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Coleman 1994 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Schmidt 2010 , pp. 39 , 43 . Jump up ^ Schmidt 2010 , pp. 45 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Schmidt 2010 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Coleman 1994 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , Frank H. ( November 17 , 1973 ) . `` A Talented Brother and Sister Act Which Represents Clean , Wholesome Entertainment '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media : C - 10 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dick Carpenter Trio '' . Indepenent Press - Telegram . August 4 , 1968 . p. 176 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Your All American College Show '' . The Troy Record . August 31 , 1968 . p. 29 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Schmidt 2010 , p. 50 . ^ Jump up to : Schmidt 2010 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Coleman 1994 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Schmidt 2010 , p. 54 . ^ Jump up to : Schmidt 2010 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Schmidt 2010 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Coleman 1994 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Schmidt 2010 , pp. 56 , 69 . Jump up ^ `` The Burt Bacharach Orchestra The Carpenters '' . Cash Box . Cash Box : 24 . June 13 , 1970 . ISSN 0008 - 7289 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schmidt 2010 , p. 57 . ^ Jump up to : Schmidt 2010 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Schmidt 2010 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Coleman 1994 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ `` Carpenters -- Chart history '' . Billboard . Select `` Hot 100 '' from the drop - down menu . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schmidt 2010 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Schmidt 2010 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stone Magazine : 500 Greatest Albums '' . Rolling Stone . November 18 , 2003 . 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Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fricke , David ( August 9 , 1990 ) . `` Sonic Youth : Goo '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cook , Stephen . `` If I Were A Carpenter '' . AllMusic . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Carpenters alternative '' . Statesman Journal . September 18 , 1994 . p. 36 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Una de las voces más inusuales de la música popular '' . Jump up ^ `` Una de las voces más inusuales de a música popular '' . www.revistatodoenbondi.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ribeirão recebe `` Carpenters '' Sandy & Junior `` . Folha de S. Paulo ( in Portuguese ) . October 20 , 2000 . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ferreira , Mauro ( 2002 ) . `` Sandy & Junior - Internacional '' . IstoÉ Gente ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Sources Coleman , Ray ( 1994 ) . The Carpenters : The Untold Story . Harpercollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 018345 - 5 . Costin , Carolyn ( 2007 ) . The Eating Disorder Sourcebook . McGraw - Hill Professional . ISBN 978 - 0 - 0718 - 1999 - 2 . Levitin , Daniel ( 1995 ) . `` Arranging Master Class : Richard Carpenter '' . Electronic Musician . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Lott , Eric ( 2008 ) . `` Perfect is Dead : Karen Carpenter , Theodor Adorno , and the Radio ; or , If Hooks Could Kill '' . 50 ( 2 ) . Criticism -- via Project MUSE . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Petrucelli , Alan W. ( 2009 ) . Morbid Curiosity : The Disturbing Demises of the Famous and Infamous . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 1011 - 4049 - 9 . Schmidt , Randy ( 2010 ) . Little Girl Blue : The Life Of Karen Carpenter . Chicago Review Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 556 - 52976 - 4 . Schmidt , Randy , ed. ( 2012 ) ( 2002 ) . Yesterday Once More : The Carpenters Reader . Chicago Review Press . pp. 47 -- 49 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 613 - 74417 - 8 . Simpson , Kim ( 2011 ) . Early 70s Radio : The American Format Revolution . Continuum International Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 1 - 44112 - 9 - 680 . Stanton , Scott ( 2003 ) . The Tombstone Tourist : Musicians . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 743 - 46330 - 0 . Talevski , Nick ( 2006 ) . Rock Obituaries -- Knocking On Heaven 's Door . Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 8460 - 9091 - 2 . Terrace , Vincent ( 2013 ) . Television Specials : 5,336 Entertainment Programs , 1936 -- 2012 ( 2nd ed . ) . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 1 - 476 - 61240 - 9 . Tobler , John ( 1998 ) . The Complete Guide to the Music of the Carpenters . Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 711 - 96312 - 2 . Zerbe , Kathryn J. ( 1995 ) . The Body Betrayed : A Deeper Understanding of Women , Eating Disorders , and Treatment . Gürze Books , LLC . ISBN 0 - 936077 - 23 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Book : The Carpenters Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Carpenters . Richard and Karen Carpenter : Carpenters -- Official site Carpenters The Richard and Karen Carpenter Performing Arts Center -- Exhibit page official website Carpenters discography at Discogs The Carpenters at IMDB Carpenters discography , biography , song versions , appearances Society Music Theory -- A musicologist 's discourse on the song `` Superstar '' Chris Walter -- Pictures of Carpenters in an official archive Carpenters Complete Recording Resource -- discography and remix version resource The Carpenters Karen Carpenter Richard Carpenter Albums Offering ( Ticket to Ride ) Close to You Carpenters A Song for You Now & Then Horizon A Kind of Hush Passage Made in America Voice of the Heart Lovelines As Time Goes By Live albums Live in Japan Live at the Palladium Compilation albums The Singles : 1969 -- 1973 The Singles : 1974 -- 1978 The Very Best of the Carpenters Yesterday Once More Only Yesterday From the Top Interpretations : A 25th Anniversary Celebration Love Songs Reflections The Singles : 1969 -- 1981 The Essential Collection : 1965 -- 1997 Carpenters Perform Carpenter Gold : 35th Anniversary Edition The Ultimate Collection 40 / 40 Other Christmas Portrait An Old - Fashioned Christmas Time ( Richard Carpenter ) Karen Carpenter ( album ) Pianist , Arranger , Composer , Conductor ( Richard Carpenter ) Singles `` Looking for Love '' `` Ticket to Ride '' `` ( They Long to Be ) Close to You '' `` We 've Only Just Begun '' `` Merry Christmas , Darling '' `` For All We Know '' `` Rainy Days and Mondays '' `` Superstar '' `` Bless the Beasts and Children '' `` Hurting Each Other '' `` It 's Going to Take Some Time '' `` Goodbye to Love '' `` Sing '' `` Yesterday Once More '' `` Top of the World '' `` Jambalaya ( On the Bayou ) '' `` I Wo n't Last a Day Without You '' `` Please Mr. Postman '' `` Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town '' `` Only Yesterday '' `` Solitaire '' `` There 's a Kind of Hush ( All Over the World ) '' `` I Need to Be in Love '' `` Goofus '' `` Breaking Up Is Hard to Do '' `` All You Get from Love Is a Love Song '' `` Calling Occupants of Interplanetary Craft '' `` The Christmas Song ( Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire ) '' `` Sweet , Sweet Smile '' `` I Believe You '' `` Touch Me When We 're Dancing '' `` ( Want You ) Back in My Life Again '' `` Those Good Old Dreams '' `` Beechwood 4 - 5789 '' `` Make Believe It 's Your First Time '' `` Your Baby Does n't Love You Anymore '' `` Now '' `` Little Altar Boy '' `` Honolulu City Lights '' `` Something in Your Eyes '' `` If I Had You '' `` Let Me Be the One '' `` Tryin ' to Get the Feeling Again '' `` Ave Maria '' `` The Rainbow Connection '' TV series / specials Make Your Own Kind of Music Live at the BBC Very First TV Special Space Encounters A Christmas Portrait Music , Music , Music DVDs Gold : Greatest Hits Interpretations Close to You : Remembering The Carpenters Related articles Discography Songs John Bettis Joe Osborn Tony Peluso If I Were a Carpenter Superstar : The Karen Carpenter Story The Karen Carpenter Story Only Yesterday : The Carpenters Story Book Grammy Award for Best New Artist Bobby Darin ( 1960 ) Bob Newhart ( 1961 ) Peter Nero ( 1962 ) Robert Goulet ( 1963 ) The Swingle Singers ( 1964 ) The Beatles ( 1965 ) Tom Jones ( 1966 ) No award given ( 1967 ) Bobbie Gentry ( 1968 ) José Feliciano ( 1969 ) Crosby , Stills & Nash ( 1970 ) The Carpenters ( 1971 ) Carly Simon ( 1972 ) America ( 1973 ) Bette Midler ( 1974 ) Marvin Hamlisch ( 1975 ) Natalie Cole ( 1976 ) Starland Vocal Band ( 1977 ) Debby Boone ( 1978 ) A Taste of Honey ( 1979 ) Rickie Lee Jones ( 1980 ) Christopher Cross ( 1981 ) Sheena Easton ( 1982 ) Men at Work ( 1983 ) Culture Club ( 1984 ) Cyndi Lauper ( 1985 ) Sade ( 1986 ) Bruce Hornsby and the Range ( 1987 ) Jody Watley ( 1988 ) Tracy Chapman ( 1989 ) Milli Vanilli ( 1990 ; withdrawn ) Mariah Carey ( 1991 ) Marc Cohn ( 1992 ) Arrested Development ( 1993 ) Toni Braxton ( 1994 ) Sheryl Crow ( 1995 ) Hootie & the Blowfish ( 1996 ) LeAnn Rimes ( 1997 ) Paula Cole ( 1998 ) Lauryn Hill ( 1999 ) Christina Aguilera ( 2000 ) Shelby Lynne ( 2001 ) Alicia Keys ( 2002 ) Norah Jones ( 2003 ) Evanescence ( 2004 ) Maroon 5 ( 2005 ) John Legend ( 2006 ) Carrie Underwood ( 2007 ) Amy Winehouse ( 2008 ) Adele ( 2009 ) Zac Brown Band ( 2010 ) Esperanza Spalding ( 2011 ) Bon Iver ( 2012 ) Fun ( 2013 ) Macklemore & Ryan Lewis ( 2014 ) Sam Smith ( 2015 ) Meghan Trainor ( 2016 ) Chance the Rapper ( 2017 ) Alessia Cara ( 2018 ) UK best - selling albums ( by year ) ( 1970 -- 1989 ) 1970 : Bridge over Troubled Water ( Simon & Garfunkel ) 1971 : Bridge over Troubled Water ( Simon & Garfunkel ) 1972 : 20 Dynamic Hits ( various artists ) 1973 : Do n't Shoot Me I 'm Only the Piano Player ( Elton John ) 1974 : The Singles : 1969 -- 1973 ( The Carpenters ) 1975 : The Best of The Stylistics ( The Stylistics ) 1976 : Greatest Hits ( ABBA ) 1977 : Arrival ( ABBA ) 1978 : Saturday Night Fever ( original soundtrack ) 1979 : Parallel Lines ( Blondie ) 1980 : Super Trouper ( ABBA ) 1981 : Kings of the Wild Frontier ( Adam and the Ants ) 1982 : Love Songs ( Barbra Streisand ) 1983 : Thriller ( Michael Jackson ) 1984 : Ca n't Slow Down ( Lionel Richie ) 1985 : Brothers in Arms ( Dire Straits ) 1986 : True Blue ( Madonna ) 1987 : Bad ( Michael Jackson ) 1988 : Kylie ( Kylie Minogue ) 1989 : Ten Good Reasons ( Jason Donovan ) BNF : cb13902301s ( data ) GND : 1215341 - 2 ISNI : 0000 0001 1530 0733 LCCN : n89635212 MusicBrainz : 4580d83b - 093e - 4241 - 91fb - 2dd71f5f1f3f SUDOC : 084121068 VIAF : 121022630 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Carpenters&oldid=856748982 '' Categories : The Carpenters American musical duos American soft rock music groups A&M Records artists Family musical groups Grammy Award winners Musical groups established in 1969 Musical groups disestablished in 1983 Musical groups from Connecticut Musicians from Downey , California Musicians from New Haven , Connecticut Sibling musical duos Soft rock duos Ballad musicians Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Good articles Wikipedia pages move - protected due to dispute Use mdy dates from November 2017 Use American English from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 08 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many billboard no 1 hit singles did the carpenters have | [
"The siblings were born in New Haven, Connecticut, and moved to Downey, California, in 1963. Richard took piano lessons as a child, progressing to California State University, Long Beach, while Karen learned the drums. They first performed together as a duo in 1965 and formed the jazz-oriented Richard Carpenter Trio followed by the middle-of-the-road group Spectrum. Signing as Carpenters to A&M Records in 1969, they achieved major success the following year with the hit singles \"(They Long to Be) Close to You\" and \"We've Only Just Begun\". Subsequently, the duo's brand of melodic pop produced a record-breaking run of hit recordings on the American Top 40 and Adult Contemporary charts, and they became leading sellers in the soft rock, easy listening and adult contemporary music genres. The Carpenters had three number-one singles and five number-two singles on the Billboard Hot 100 and fifteen number-one hits on the Adult Contemporary chart, in addition to twelve top-10 singles. They have sold more than 90 million records worldwide, making them one of the best-selling music artists of all time. The duo toured continually during the 1970s, which put them under increased strain; Richard took a year off in 1979 after he had become addicted to Quaaludes, while Karen suffered from anorexia nervosa.\n"
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578003651469506891 | Flamingo Las Vegas | Flamingo Las Vegas - wikipedia Flamingo Las Vegas This article is about Flamingo Las Vegas . For other uses of Flamingo , see Flamingo ( disambiguation ) . `` Flamingo Hotel '' redirects here . For the former Florida hotel , see Flamingo Hotel , Miami Beach . Flamingo Las Vegas Flamingo Las Vegas in 2005 Location Paradise , Nevada , U.S. Address 3555 South Las Vegas Boulevard Opening date December 26 , 1946 ; 71 years ago ( 1946 - 12 - 26 ) Theme Art Deco Miami No. of rooms 3,626 Total gaming space 72,299 sq ft ( 6,716.8 m ) Permanent shows Donny and Marie Olivia Newton - John Signature attractions Wildlife Habitat Notable restaurants Center Cut Steakhouse Jimmy Buffett 's Margaritaville Owner Caesars Entertainment Corporation Previous names The Fabulous Flamingo ( 1947 -- 1974 ) Flamingo Hilton Las Vegas ( 1974 -- 2000 ) Renovated in 1953 , 1967 , 1975 , 1977 , 1982 , 1990 , 1993 , 2004 , 2009 , 2014 , 2018 Coordinates 36 ° 6 ′ 58 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 14 '' W / 36.11611 ° N 115.17056 ° W / 36.11611 ; - 115.17056 Coordinates : 36 ° 6 ′ 58 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 14 '' W / 36.11611 ° N 115.17056 ° W / 36.11611 ; - 115.17056 Website caesars.com/flamingo-las-vegas Flamingo Las Vegas ( formerly The Fabulous Flamingo and Flamingo Hilton Las Vegas ) is a hotel and casino located on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise , Nevada . It is owned and operated by Caesars Entertainment Corporation . The property includes a 72,300 square - foot casino along with 3,626 hotel rooms . The architectural theme is reminiscent of the Art Deco and Streamline Moderne style of Miami and South Beach . Staying true to its theme , the hotel includes a garden courtyard which serves as a wildlife habitat for flamingos . The hotel was the third resort to open on the Strip and remains the oldest resort on the Strip in operation today . The Flamingo has a Las Vegas Monorail station called the Flamingo & Caesars Palace station at the rear of the property . After opening in 1946 , it has undergone a number of ownership changes . Contents 1 History 1.1 Land background and hotel design ( 1945 ) 1.2 Development under Bugsy Siegel ( 1945 ) 1.3 The Flamingo Hotel & Casino opens ( 1946 ) 1.4 Siegel 's homicide ( 1947 ) 1.5 Post-Siegel ownerships ( 1947 -- 1960 ) 1.6 Recent years ( 1960 -- present ) 2 Facilities and attractions 3 Current headliners 4 In popular culture 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Music 4.4 Literature 4.5 Games 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Land background and hotel design ( 1945 ) ( edit ) The Flamingo site occupies 40 acres originally owned by one of Las Vegas ' first settlers , Charles `` Pops '' Squires . Squires paid $8.75 an acre for the land . In 1944 , Margaret Folsom bought the tract for $7,500 from Squires , and she then later sold it to Billy Wilkerson . Wilkerson was the owner of The Hollywood Reporter as well as some very popular nightclubs in the Sunset Strip : Cafe Trocadero , Ciro 's and La Rue 's ( Hollywood ) . In 1945 , Wilkerson purchased 33 acres on the east side of U.S. Route 91 , or about a mile south of the Hotel Last Frontier , in preparation for his vision . Wilkerson then hired George Vernon Russell to design a hotel influenced by European style . Wilkerson also requested that the hotel be different than the `` sawdust joints '' on Fremont Street . He planned a hotel with luxurious rooms , a spa , a health club , a showroom , a golf course , a nightclub , an upscale restaurant and a French style casino . Because of high wartime material costs , Wilkerson ran into financial problems almost at once , finding himself $400,000 short and hunting for new financing . Development under Bugsy Siegel ( 1945 ) ( edit ) Bugsy 's original Flamingo Las Vegas in 1947 In late 1945 , mobster Bugsy Siegel and his `` partners '' came to Las Vegas . Vegas reportedly piqued Siegel and his mob 's interest because of its legalized gambling and off - track betting . At the time , Siegel held a large interest in Trans America Wire , a racing publication . Siegel began by purchasing El Cortez on Fremont Street for $600,000 . His expansion plans were hampered by unfriendly city officials aware of his criminal background , so Siegel began looking for a site outside the city limits . Hearing that Wilkerson was seeking extra funding , Siegel and his partners posed as businessmen and directly bought a two - thirds stake in the project . Siegel took over the final phases of construction and allegedly convinced more of his underworld associates to invest in the project . Siegel reportedly lost patience with the project 's rising costs leading to outbursts which frightened his construction foreman , Del Webb . Reportedly , Siegel told him , `` Do n't worry -- we only kill each other . '' Siegel had also built a secret ladder in the `` Presidential Suite '' to escape if necessary . The ladder led down to an underground garage where a chauffeured limo was also waiting . The Flamingo hotel & casino opens ( 1946 ) ( edit ) `` The West 's Greatest Resort Hotel , '' matchbook advertising the Flamingo resort , circa 1946 Siegel finally opened The Flamingo Hotel & Casino on December 26 , 1946 at a total cost of $6 million . Billed as `` The West 's Greatest Resort Hotel , '' the 105 - room property -- and first luxury hotel on the Strip -- was built 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) from Downtown Las Vegas . During construction , a large sign announced the hotel as a William R. Wilkerson project . The sign also read Del Webb Construction as the hotel 's primary contractor and Richard R. Stadelman ( who later made renovations to the El Rancho Vegas ) as the building architect . Allegedly , Siegel named the resort after his girlfriend , Virginia Hill , who loved to gamble and was nicknamed `` Flamingo '' . It is reported that Siegel called her this because of her long , skinny legs . Organized crime king , Lucky Luciano , wrote in his memoir that Siegel once owned an interest in the Hialeah Park Race Track and viewed the flamingos who populated nearby as a good omen . The `` Flamingo '' name is reported to have been given to the project at its inception by Wilkerson . Siegel 's homicide ( 1947 ) ( edit ) This article 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Siegel 's trouble with the Flamingo began when , a year after its official groundbreaking , the resort had produced no revenue and drained the resources of its mob investors . Then Meyer Lansky charged -- at a major mob conference in Cuba -- that either Siegel or Hill was skimming from the resort 's building budget . This charge was amplified at a time when Hill was revealed to have taken $2.5 million and had gone to Switzerland , where the skimmed money was believed to be going . Las Vegas Sun ' Ad Congratulating Flamingo 's Grand Opening in 1945 `` There was no doubt in Meyer 's mind , '' Luciano recalled in his memoir , `` that Bugsy had skimmed this dough from his building budget , and he was sure that Siegel was preparing to skip as well as skim , in case the roof was gon na fall in on him . '' Luciano and the other mob leaders in Cuba asked Lansky what to do . Torn because of long ties to Siegel , whom he considered like a brother , Lansky nevertheless agreed that someone stealing from his friends had to die . At first , Lansky persuaded the others to wait for the Flamingo 's casino opening : if it was a success , Siegel could be persuaded in other ways to repay . Luciano concurred and persuaded the others to agree . Bugsy Siegel Memorial at Flamingo Las Vegas in 2012 The splashy opening -- stars present included Spanish band leader Xavier Cugat ( whose band provided the music ) , George Jessel , George Raft , Rose Marie , and Jimmy Durante as entertainment , with guests including Clark Gable , Lana Turner , Cesar Romero , Judy Garland , Joan Crawford , and others -- was a flop . Lansky managed to persuade the mob chiefs to reprieve Siegel once more and allow the Flamingo more time . But by January 1947 Siegel had to order the resort closed until the hotel could be finished . The Flamingo re-opened in March despite the hotel not being complete , and this time , the results proved different . By May , the resort reported a $250,000 profit , allowing Lansky to point out that Siegel was right about Las Vegas after all . But it was n't quite enough to save Siegel . On June 20 , 1947 , relaxing in the Beverly Hills house he shared with Hill , who was away at the time , Siegel was shot to death . A memorial plaque exists on the Flamingo site near the outdoor wedding chapel . Post-siegel ownerships ( 1947 -- 1960 ) ( edit ) Casino management changed the hotel name to The Fabulous Flamingo on March 1 , 1947 . After Siegel 's death , Moe Sedway and Gus Greenbaum , magnates of the nearby El Cortez Hotel , took possession of it . Under their partnership , it became a non-exclusive facility affordable to almost anyone . They made the enterprise extremely successful . In the year 1948 alone , it turned a $4 million profit . The Fabulous Flamingo presented lavish shows and accommodations for its time , becoming well known for comfortable , air conditioned rooms , gardens , and swimming pools . Often credited for popularizing the `` complete experience '' as opposed to merely gambling , its staff became known for wearing tuxedos on the job . Among the many entertainers who performed there between 1947 and 1953 were Martin and Lewis , Sammy Davis Jr. , Danny Thomas , Tony Martin , Marge and Gower Champion , Polly Bergen , Lena Horne , The Mills Brothers , Alan King , Betty Hutton , Billy Eckstine , Sophie Tucker , Pearl Bailey , and Spike Jones . Rose Marie , who was one of its first entertainers under Siegel 's ownership in 1946 , remained loyal to the property for the rest of her life , only performing at other casinos with permission from `` the boys '' at the Fabulous Flamingo , according to her last words . In 1953 , the hotel 's management spent $1 million in renovations and remodeling . The original entrance and signage was destroyed . A new entrance with an upswept roof was built and a pink neon sign was designed by Bill Clark of Ad - Art . A neon - bubbled `` Champagne Tower '' sign with pink flamingos rimming the top was also installed in front of the hotel . From 1955 to 1960 , the property was operated by Albert Parvin of the Parvin - Dohrmann Corporation . Parvin owned 30 % of the stock while businessman Harry Goldman owned 7.5 % ; other investors included singer Tony Martin and actor George Raft . Recent Years ( 1960 -- present ) ( edit ) In 1960 , it was sold for $10.5 million to a group including Samuel Cohen , Morris Lansburgh , and Daniel Lifter , Miami residents with reputed ties to organized crime . Lansky allegedly served as middleman for the deal , receiving $200,000 . The Flamingo name has been applied to gambling operations elsewhere , such as this New Orleans riverboat , circa 1997 Kirk Kerkorian acquired the property in 1967 , making it part of Kerkorian 's International Leisure Company , but the Hilton Corporation bought the resort in 1972 , renaming it the Flamingo Hilton in 1974 . The last of the original Flamingo Hotel structure was torn down on December 14 , 1993 and the hotel 's garden was built on - site . The Flamingo 's four hotel towers were built ( or expanded ) in 1977 , 1980 , 1983 , 1986 , 1990 , and 1993 . A 200 - unit Hilton Grand Vacations timeshare tower was opened in 1993 . In 1998 , Hilton 's gaming properties , including the Flamingo , were spun off as Park Place Entertainment ( later renamed to Caesars Entertainment ) . The deal included a two - year license to use the Hilton name . Park Place opted not to renew that agreement when it expired in late 2000 , and the property was renamed Flamingo Las Vegas . In 2005 , Harrah 's Entertainment purchased Caesars Entertainment , Inc. and the property became part of Harrah 's Entertainment company . The company changed its name to Caesars Entertainment Corporation in 2010 . On September 9 , 2012 , Port Adelaide Football Club AFL footballer John McCarthy died after falling 30 feet ( 9 m ) from a rooftop of the hotel . The incident occurred at the start of a post-season holiday for McCarthy and other Port Adelaide players . They had arrived in Las Vegas only a few hours before the incident . After reviewing evidence , police said that McCarthy had attempted to jump off the roof onto a palm tree , but fell to the ground . Facilities and attractions ( edit ) The 15 - acre site 's architectural theme is reminiscent of the Art Deco and Streamline Moderne style of Miami and South Beach , with a garden courtyard housing a wildlife habitat featuring flamingos . It was the third resort to open on the Strip , and it is the oldest resort on the Strip still in operation today . The Flamingo has a Las Vegas Monorail station , the Flamingo / Caesars Palace station , at the rear of the property . Flamingo Las Vegas Front Entrance in 2010 The garden courtyard houses a wildlife habitat featuring Chilean flamingos , Ringed Teal ducks , and other birds . There are also koi fish and turtles . It was the home of penguins , but they have since been moved to the Dallas Zoo . Extending the hotel 's tropical theme , a Jimmy Buffett 's Margaritaville restaurant and gift shop was opened in December 2003 . An adjacent Margaritaville `` minicasino '' opened in October 2011 . Previous headliners include Gladys Knight , Toni Braxton , and comedian Vinnie Favorito . Braxton 's show ran from August 2006 to April 2008 , when it closed due to Braxton 's health problems . X Burlesque also resides at the hotel . Current headliners ( edit ) As of 2016 , the headline show at the Flamingo features brother - sister musical duo Donny and Marie Osmond . Their show premiered in September 2008 , and was extended through November 2016 . The Donny & Marie show uses the `` old showroom '' format from the early days of Vegas which features a 750 - seat theater with tables and booths . The old style showroom was remodeled in 2014 and has been since renamed the Donny and Marie Theater . The show was rated The Best of Las Vegas . Donny and Marie Osmond were voted `` Best Performers of Las Vegas '' in 2012 , 2013 and 2014 . Singer Olivia Newton - John began residency at the Flamingo in April 2014 and was extended through 2016 . She alternates showroom dates with Donny and Marie . Flamingo in 2008 Flamingo in 2009 In popular culture ( edit ) Film ( edit ) The 1964 film Viva Las Vegas and the 1960 version of Ocean 's 11 were filmed at the hotel , as was a flashback sequence from the 2001 version of the latter film . In the 1960 version , the Flamingo was one of the five Las Vegas casinos robbed by characters played by Dean Martin , Frank Sinatra , Peter Lawford , Sammy Davis Jr. and others . The 1991 film Bugsy starring Warren Beatty depicted Bugsy Siegel 's involvement in the construction of the Flamingo , though many of the details were altered for dramatic effect . For instance , in the film , Siegel originates the idea of the Flamingo , instead of buying ownership from Billy Wilkerson , and is killed after the first opening on December 26 , 1946 , rather than the second opening of the Flamingo in 1947 . Television ( edit ) The Netflix original series Lilyhammer featuring E-Street Band guitarist and singer Steven Van Zandt features a nightclub in Lillehammer , Norway , named the Flamingo . During its construction , Van Zandt 's character , Giovanni Henriksen ( aka Frank `` The Fixer '' Tagliano ) , referenced the hotel and casino , as well as Benjamin Siegel , as his inspiration for the nightclub . Music ( edit ) The début solo album from The Killers ' lead singer Brandon Flowers , Flamingo , is named after the casino . Literature ( edit ) Hunter S. Thompson and Oscar Zeta Acosta stayed at the Flamingo while attending a seminar by the National Conference of District Attorneys on Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs held at the Dunes Hotel across the street . Several of their experiences in their room are depicted in Thompson 's Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas : A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream . The original Flamingo hotel and casino figures prominently in the Tim Powers novel Last Call . In the novel , the famed myth of Siegel 's creation of the Flamingo was utilized as a basis for the overall supernatural plot of the novel ( rather than the true historic account of his acquiring it from the original founder ) . The Flamingo is supposedly founded on Siegel 's mythical / mystical paranoia of being pursued and killed for his Archetypal position as the `` King of the West , '' known mythologically as `` Fisher King . '' Supposedly the Flamingo itself was meant to be a real - life personification of `` The Tower '' card amongst the Major Arcana of the Tarot deck , literally `` the King 's Castle in the Wasteland . '' In the book , it is believed Siegel kept in the Flamingo hotel 's penthouse a deck of the fictional Lombardy Zeroth Tarot deck . Siegel 's penthouse and office floor was reported to have , as referenced in the novel , a secret escape - hatch complete with ladder . The hatch allegedly led to a service floor where a car was always readied for his getaway in the event of being attacked in his chambers . All other references to the Flamingo in any supernatural context in the novel are not based on any known or recorded facts / events . Games ( edit ) On February 17 , 2012 , a slot machine game named Flamingo was added to the Slotomania game on Facebook . This game is themed after the casino and mentions at the log - in screen that the Flamingo was the first casino `` on the strip '' ( their capitalization ) . According to a post on the Flamingo 's Facebook page , Slotomania is their own application . See also ( edit ) Las Vegas portal List of Caesars Entertainment properties List of casinos in Nevada List of hotels in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lewis , Jon ( 2017 ) . Hard - Boiled Hollywood : Crime and Punishment in Postwar Los Angeles . University of California Press . p. 70 . Jump up ^ Moe , Al W. ( 2012 ) . Nevada 's Golden Age of Gambling . Create Space . p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : McCracken , Robert D. ( 1997 ) . Las Vegas : the great American playground . University of Nevada Press . p. 60 . Jump up ^ The Green Felt Jungle Jump up ^ http://www.roadsideamerica.com/story/13488 Jump up ^ Levitan , Corey ( 26 September 2008 ) . `` Gritty City '' . The Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved 8 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` More Las Vegas FAQs '' . Travel Channel . 2007 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Fabulous Flamingo Hotel History - The Wilkerson - Siegel Years '' . classiclasvegas.squarespace.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Bugsy Siegel Memorial '' . RoadsideAmerica.com . Retrieved 21 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Wilkerson III , W.R. ( 2000 ) . The Man Who Invented Las Vegas . Ciro 's Books . pp. 111 , 115 . Jump up ^ `` The Fabulous Flamingo Hotel History in the 1950s '' . Archived from the original on 12 April 2015 . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mobster key man in hotel sale '' . St. Petersburg Independent . 22 October 1969 . Retrieved 8 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Heller , Jean ( October 30 , 1969 ) . `` Funds For Parvin Foundation Came From Flamingo Hotel Sale '' . The Evening Sun . Hanover , Pennsylvania . p. 29 . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 -- via Newspapers.com . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Harry Goldman , Parvin 's partner in Parvin - Dohrmann -- a multimillion - a-year hotel supply business in Los Angeles -- held 7 1 / 2 percent . Other stockholders included singer Tony Martin and actor George Raft . Jump up ^ Balboni , Alan ( 2006 ) . Beyond the Mafia : Italian Americans and the development of Las Vegas . University of Nevada Press . p. 62 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada Gaming Abstract - MGM MIRAGE Company Profile '' . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Heller , Jean ( 6 February 2004 ) . `` Hilton adds third Las Vegas time share '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved 8 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Three Nevada casinos dropping ' Hilton ' name '' . Las Vegas Sun . 15 August 2000 . Retrieved 8 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statement : John McCarthy '' . Port Adelaide Football Club . 10 September 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AFL footballer John McCarthy dies in Las Vegas '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 10 September 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Courtney ( 11 September 2012 ) . `` No suspicious circumstances in John McCarthy 's Las Vegas death , says coroner '' . The Australian . Retrieved 11 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Drill , Stephen ; Langmaid , Adrian ( 12 September 2012 ) . `` AFL footballer John McCarthy aimed for palm tree in roof jump as ' deeply shocked ' Port Adelaide players arrive home after teammate 's tragic death in Las Vegas '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas : The Epic Guide to Drinking , Gambling and Entertainment '' . Backstreet Nomad . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Crystal Wood ; Leah Koepp ( 14 September 2011 ) . Explorer 's Guide Las Vegas : A Great Destination . Countryman Press . pp. 96 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58157 - 910 - 9 . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Margaritaville opens at Flamingo '' . Las Vegas Sun . 15 December 2003 . Retrieved 8 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Margaritaville Casino to hire 250 workers '' . Las Vegas Sun . 16 August 2011 . Retrieved 8 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Toni Braxton Show canceled '' . The Los Angeles Times . May 29 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Donny & Marie Live at Flamingo Las Vegas Hotel and Casino '' . Jump up ^ `` Donny and Marie Extend Residency in Las Vegas until November 2016 ! '' . Jump up ^ Flamingo 's Facebook page mentioning that Slotomania is a Flamingo product Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 18 External links ( edit ) Official website Media related to Flamingo Las Vegas at Wikimedia Commons Las Vegas area casinos Las Vegas Strip Aria Bally 's Bellagio Caesars Palace Casino Royale Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Cromwell Encore Excalibur Flamingo Harrah 's The Linq Luxor Mandalay Bay MGM Grand Mirage New York - New York O'Sheas Palazzo Paris Park MGM Planet Hollywood Slots - A-Fun SLS Treasure Island Tropicana Venetian Wynn Boulder Strip Arizona Charlie 's Boulder Boulder Station Eastside Cannery Railroad Pass Sam 's Town Downtown Las Vegas Binion 's California Downtown Grand El Cortez Four Queens Fremont Golden Gate Golden Nugget Main Street Station Plaza The D Resort corridor ( surrounds the Strip ) Aztec Inn Ellis Island Gold Coast Hard Rock Hooters Lucky Dragon Orleans Palace Station Palms Rio Silver Sevens Stratosphere Tuscany Westgate Wild Wild West Other areas Airport Slots Aliante Arizona Charlie 's Decatur Cannery Eldorado Fiesta Henderson Fiesta Rancho Green Valley Ranch Jerry 's Nugget Jokers Wild Klondike Sunset Lucky Club MonteLago Opera House Poker Palace Rampart Red Rock Santa Fe Station Silver Nugget Silverton Skyline South Point Suncoast Sunset Station Texas Station Proposed The Drew Resorts World Las Vegas Cancelled Casinos never opened Craig Ranch Station Crown Las Vegas Echelon Place Las Vegas Plaza Santa Fe Valley Former Aladdin Bill 's Boardwalk Bourbon Street California Club Castaways ( Las Vegas Strip ) Castaways ( Boulder Strip ) Clarion Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho Casino El Rancho Vegas Gold Spike Frontier Hacienda Holy Cow Imperial Palace Key Largo Klondike La Bayou Landmark Las Vegas Club Marina Hotel The Meadows Casino & Hotel Mermaids Mint Moulin Rouge Northern Club Pioneer Club Riviera Sands Sahara Silver City Silver Slipper Stardust Vacation Village Vegas World The Western Westin Westward Ho Las Vegas area hotels Las Vegas Strip Aria Bally 's Bellagio Caesars Palace Casino Royale Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Cromwell Delano Encore Excalibur Flamingo Four Seasons Harrah 's The Linq Luxor Mandalay Bay Mandarin Oriental MGM Grand Mirage New York - New York Palazzo Paris Park MGM Planet Hollywood SLS Signature Treasure Island Tropicana Trump Vdara Venetian Wynn Boulder Strip Arizona Charlie 's Boulder Boulder Station Eastside Cannery Railroad Pass Sam 's Town Downtown Las Vegas Binion 's California Downtown Grand El Cortez Four Queens Fremont Golden Gate Golden Nugget Main Street Station Plaza The D Resort corridor ( surrounds the Strip ) Artisan Aztec Inn Gold Coast Grand Chateau Hard Rock Hooters Lucky Dragon Orleans Palace Station Palms Platinum Rio Silver Sevens Stratosphere Tuscany Westgate Westin Wild Wild West Other areas Aliante Arizona Charlie 's Decatur Cannery Fiesta Henderson Fiesta Rancho Grandview Green Valley Ranch JW Marriott Lucky Club Red Rock Santa Fe Station Silverton Skyline South Point Suncoast Sunset Station Tahiti Village Texas Station Proposed Charlie Palmer Hotel Resorts World Las Vegas The Drew Grand Central Hotel Cancelled Craig Ranch Station Crown Las Vegas Echelon Place Las Vegas Plaza Santa Fe Valley Former Aladdin Algiers Boardwalk Bourbon Street Castaways ( Las Vegas Strip ) Castaways ( Boulder Strip ) Clarion Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho Casino El Rancho Vegas Gold Spike Frontier Hacienda Harmon Key Largo Klondike La Concha Las Vegas Club Landmark Marina Hotel The Meadows Casino & Hotel Mint Moulin Rouge Riviera Sands Silver Slipper Stardust Vacation Village Vegas World The Western Westward Ho Las Vegas area skyscrapers Las Vegas Strip Aria Bally 's Bellagio Caesars Palace Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Delano Elara Encore Excalibur Flamingo Harrah 's Hilton Linq Luxor Mandalay Bay Mandarin Oriental MGM Grand Mirage New York - New York Palazzo Paris Park MGM Planet Hollywood Riviera Signature Sky SLS Treasure Island Tropicana Trump Vdara Veer Venetian Wynn Boulder Strip Boulder Station Eastside Cannery Sam 's Town Downtown Las Vegas Binion 's California Downtown Grand El Cortez Four Queens Fremont Golden Nugget Main Street Station Plaza The D The Ogden World Market Center Resort corridor ( surrounds the Strip ) Allure Grand Chateau Hard Rock Hooters Lucky Dragon Orleans Palace Station Palms Palms Place Panorama Rio Stratosphere Turnberry Place Turnberry Towers Westgate Westin Other Aliante JW Marriott Red Rock Santa Fe Station South Point Suncoast Sunset Station Texas Station Proposed Dynasty Flatiron The Drew Grand Central St. Regis Resorts World Las Vegas Unbuilt Alon Las Vegas Ivana Las Vegas Las Ramblas Resort Las Vegas Plaza Majestic / Conrad The Merrill Sandhurst Las Vegas W Las Vegas Former Aladdin Boardwalk Castaways Desert Inn Dunes Hacienda Las Vegas Club Harmon Landmark Sands Stardust Vegas World Las Vegas Strip South end Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign West side casinos Aria Bellagio Caesars Palace Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Excalibur Lucky Dragon Luxor Mandalay Bay The Mirage New York - New York Park MGM Resorts World ( proposed ) Slots - A-Fun Stratosphere Treasure Island East side casinos Bally 's Casino Royale Cromwell Encore Flamingo The Drew ( under construction ) Harrah 's The Linq MGM Grand O'Sheas Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood SLS Tropicana Venetian Wynn Former casinos Boardwalk Castaways Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho El Rancho Vegas Hacienda Klondike Marina New Frontier Riviera Sahara Sands Silver City Silver Slipper Stardust Thunderbird Westward Ho Shopping Crystals Fashion Show Mall The Forum Shops Grand Canal Shoppes Harmon Corner Miracle Mile Shops Showcase Mall Attractions Adventuredome High Roller Mandalay Bay Events Center MGM Grand Garden Arena The Roller Coaster Shark Reef at Mandalay Bay Skyvue T - Mobile Arena Transportation Aria Express The Deuce Las Vegas Monorail Mandalay Bay Tram RTC Transit McCarran Airport Related List of Las Vegas Strip hotels Paradise , Nevada Winchester , Nevada 2017 Las Vegas shooting 2018 Stanley Cup Finals Strip Gaming Area Caesars Entertainment Corporation Arizona Harrah 's Ak - Chin California Harrah 's Resort Southern California Illinois Harrah 's Joliet Harrah 's Metropolis Indiana Horseshoe Hammond Horseshoe Southern Indiana Iowa Harrah 's Council Bluffs Horseshoe Council Bluffs Mid-America Center Kentucky Bluegrass Downs Turfway Park ( 50 % ) Louisiana Harrah 's Louisiana Downs Harrah 's New Orleans Horseshoe Bossier City Maryland Horseshoe Baltimore Mississippi Biloxi Harrah 's Gulf Coast Tunica Horseshoe Tunica Roadhouse Missouri Harrah 's North Kansas City Nevada Lake Tahoe Harrah 's Harveys Las Vegas Bally 's Caesars Palace Bacchanal Buffet The Colosseum The Forum Shops Cromwell Flamingo Harrah 's The Linq High Roller O'Sheas Paris Planet Hollywood Miracle Mile Shops The AXIS Rio Laughlin Harrah 's Reno Harrah 's New Jersey Atlantic City Bally 's Caesars Harrah 's North Carolina Harrah 's Cherokee Harrah 's Cherokee Valley River Pennsylvania Harrah 's Philadelphia International United Kingdom London Clubs International Macau Caesars Golf Macau Ontario Caesars Windsor South Africa Emerald Resort & Casino Programs Caesars Casino Online Total Rewards World Series of Poker Defunct Assets Casinos Bill 's Casino Lake Tahoe Bourbon Street Caesars Palace at Sea Harrah 's Tunica Brands LuckyMe Programs Connection Card Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flamingo_Las_Vegas&oldid=855100800 '' Categories : 1946 establishments in Nevada Buildings and structures completed in 1946 Caesars Entertainment Corporation Casino hotels Casinos in the Las Vegas Valley Hotels established in 1946 Las Vegas Strip Resorts in the Las Vegas Valley Skyscraper hotels in Paradise , Nevada Streamline Moderne architecture in Nevada Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Accuracy disputes from July 2017 All accuracy disputes Articles with unsourced statements from August 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from August 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Suomi 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2018 , at 23 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the flamingo hotel in las vegas built | [
"Flamingo Las Vegas\n\nFlamingo Las Vegas in 2005 Location \nParadise, Nevada, U.S. Address \n3555 South Las Vegas BoulevardOpening date\nDecember 26, 1946; 71 years ago (1946-12-26)Theme\nArt DecoMiamiNo. of rooms\n3,626Total gaming space\n72,299 sq ft (6,716.8 m2)Permanent shows\nDonny and MarieOlivia Newton-JohnSignature attractions\nWildlife HabitatNotable restaurants\nCenter Cut SteakhouseJimmy Buffett's MargaritavilleOwner\nCaesars Entertainment CorporationPrevious names\nThe Fabulous Flamingo (1947–1974)Flamingo Hilton Las Vegas (1974–2000)Renovated in\n1953, 1967, 1975, 1977, 1982, 1990, 1993, 2004, 2009, 2014, 2018Coordinates\n36°6′58″N 115°10′14″W / 36.11611°N 115.17056°W / 36.11611; -115.17056Coordinates: 36°6′58″N 115°10′14″W / 36.11611°N 115.17056°W / 36.11611; -115.17056Website\ncaesars.com/flamingo-las-vegas"
] | [
"December 26, 1946"
] |
983509188269946823 | United States Department of Defense | United States Department of Defense - Wikipedia United States Department of Defense Jump to : navigation , search United States Department of Defense Department overview Formed September 18 , 1947 ; 70 years ago ( 1947 - 09 - 18 ) ( as National Military Establishment ) Preceding Department U.S. Department of War U.S. Department of the Navy Type Executive Department Headquarters The Pentagon Arlington County , Virginia , US 38 ° 52 ′ 16 '' N 77 ° 3 ′ 21 '' W / 38.87111 ° N 77.05583 ° W / 38.87111 ; - 77.05583 Coordinates : 38 ° 52 ′ 16 '' N 77 ° 3 ′ 21 '' W / 38.87111 ° N 77.05583 ° W / 38.87111 ; - 77.05583 Employees 742,000 ( civilian ) 1,300,000 ( active duty military ) 826,000 ( National Guard and reserve ) : 2.87 million total ( 2016 ) Annual budget US $530.1 billion ( 2010 ) US $549.1 billion ( 2011 ) US $553.0 billion ( est. 2012 ) US $496.1 billion ( 2015 ) US $534.3 billion ( base FY2016 ) Department executives James Mattis , Secretary Patrick M. Shanahan , Deputy Secretary Child agencies U.S. Department of the Army U.S. Department of the Navy U.S. Department of the Air Force Website www.defense.gov The Pentagon , headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense The Department of Defense ( DoD , USDOD , or DOD ) is an executive branch department of the federal government of the United States charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government concerned directly with national security and the United States Armed Forces . The Department is the largest employer in the world , with nearly 1.3 million active duty servicemen and women as of 2016 . Adding to its employees are over 826,000 National Guardsmen and Reservists from the four services , and over 742,000 civilians bringing the total to over 2.8 million employees . It is headquartered at the Pentagon in Arlington , Virginia , just outside Washington , D.C. The Department of Defense is headed by the Secretary of Defense , a cabinet - level head who reports directly to the President of the United States . Beneath the Department of Defense are three subordinate military departments : the United States Department of the Army , the United States Department of the Navy , and the United States Department of the Air Force . In addition , four national intelligence services are subordinate to the Department of Defense : the Defense Intelligence Agency ( DIA ) , the National Security Agency ( NSA ) , the National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency ( NGA ) , and the National Reconnaissance Office ( NRO ) . Other Defense Agencies include the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) , the Defense Logistics Agency ( DLA ) , the Missile Defense Agency ( MDA ) , the Defense Health Agency ( DHA ) , Defense Threat Reduction Agency ( DTRA ) , the Defense Security Service ( DSS ) , and the Pentagon Force Protection Agency ( PFPA ) , all of which are under the command of the Secretary of Defense . Military operations are managed by nine regional or functional Unified combatant commands . The Department of Defense also operates several joint services schools , including the National Defense University ( NDU ) and the National War College ( NWC ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 The War Department 1.2 National Military Establishment 2 Organizational structure 2.1 Office of the Secretary of Defense 2.1. 1 Defense Agencies 2.1. 2 National Intelligence Agencies 2.2 Joint Chiefs of Staff 2.3 Military Departments 2.4 Unified Combatant Commands 3 Budget 4 Energy use 5 Freedom of Information Act processing performance 6 Related legislation 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) See also : National Security Act of 1947 and History of the United States military The history of the defense of the United States started with the Continental Congress in 1775 . The creation of the United States Army was enacted on June 14 , 1775 . This coincides with the American holiday Flag Day . The Second Continental Congress would charter the United States Navy , on October 13 , 1775 , and create the United States Marine Corps on November 10 , 1775 . Today , both the Navy and the Marine Corps are separate military services subordinate to the Department of the Navy . The War Department ( edit ) Main article : United States Department of War The Preamble of the United States Constitution gave the authority to the federal government to defend its citizens : We the People of the United States , in Order to form a more perfect Union , establish Justice , insure domestic Tranquility , provide for the common defence , promote the general Welfare , and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity , do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America . -- Constitution of the United States Upon the seating of the first Congress on March 4 , 1789 , legislation to create a military defense force stagnated as they focused on other concerns relevant to setting up the new government . President George Washington went to Congress to remind them of their duty to establish a military twice during this time . Finally , on the last day of the session , September 29 , 1789 , Congress created the War Department , historic forerunner of the Department of Defense. 1 Stat. 95 The War Department handled naval affairs until Congress created the Navy Department in 1798 . The secretaries of each of these departments reported directly to the President as cabinet - level advisors until 1949 , when all military departments became subordinate to the Secretary of Defense . National military Establishment ( edit ) President Harry Truman signs the National Security Act Amendment of 1949 After the end of World War II , President Harry Truman proposed creation of a unified department of national defense . In a special message to Congress on December 19 , 1945 , the President cited both wasteful military spending and inter-departmental conflicts . Deliberations in Congress went on for months focusing heavily on the role of the military in society and the threat of granting too much military power to the executive . On July 26 , 1947 , Truman signed the National Security Act of 1947 , which set up a unified military command known as the `` National Military Establishment '' , as well as creating the Central Intelligence Agency , the National Security Council , National Security Resources Board , United States Air Force ( formerly the Army Air Forces ) and the Joint Chiefs of Staff . The act placed the National Military Establishment under the control of a single Secretary of Defense . The National Military Establishment formally began operations on September 18 , the day after the Senate confirmed James V. Forrestal as the first Secretary of Defense . The National Military Establishment was renamed the `` Department of Defense '' on August 10 , 1949 , in an amendment to the original 1947 law . Under the Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1958 ( Pub. L. 85 -- 599 ) , channels of authority within the department were streamlined , while still maintaining the ordinary authority of the Military Departments to organize , train and equip their associated forces . The Act clarified the overall decision - making authority of the Secretary of Defense with respect to these subordinate Military Departments and more clearly defined the operational chain of command over U.S. military forces ( created by the military departments ) as running from the President to the Secretary of Defense and then to the unified combatant commanders . Also provided in this legislation was a centralized research authority , the Advanced Research Projects Agency , eventually known as DARPA . The act was written and promoted by the Eisenhower administration , and was signed into law August 6 , 1958 . Organizational structure ( edit ) Main article : Organizational structure of the United States Department of Defense See also : List of Department of Defense agencies Department of Defense organizational chart ( December 2013 ) The Secretary of Defense , appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate , is by federal law ( 10 U.S.C. § 113 ) the head of the Department of Defense , `` the principal assistant to the President in all matters relating to Department of Defense '' , and has `` authority , direction and control over the Department of Defense '' . Because the Constitution vests all military authority in Congress and the President , the statutory authority of the Secretary of Defense is derived from their constitutional authorities . Since it is impractical for either Congress or the President to participate in every piece of Department of Defense affairs , the Secretary of Defense , and the Secretary 's subordinate officials generally exercise military authority . The Department of Defense is composed of the Office of the Secretary of Defense ( OSD ) , the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( JCS ) and the Joint Staff ( JS ) , Office of the Inspector General ( DODIG ) , the Combatant Commands , the Military Departments ( Department of the Army ( DA ) , Department of the Navy ( DON ) & Department of the Air Force ( DAF ) ) , the Defense Agencies and Department of Defense Field Activities , the National Guard Bureau ( NGB ) , and such other offices , agencies , activities , organizations , and commands established or designated by law , or by the President or by the Secretary of Defense . Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 describes the organizational relationships within the Department , and is the foundational issuance for delineating the major functions of the Department . The latest version , signed by former Secretary of Defense Robert Gates in December 2010 , is the first major re-write since 1987 . Office of the Secretary of Defense ( edit ) Main article : Office of the Secretary of Defense 2008 OSD organizational chart The Office of the Secretary of Defense ( OSD ) is the Secretary and Deputy Secretary 's ( mainly ) civilian staff . OSD is the principal staff element of the Secretary of Defense in the exercise of policy development , planning , resource management , fiscal and program evaluation and oversight , and interface and exchange with other U.S. Government departments and agencies , foreign governments , and international organizations , through formal and informal processes . OSD also performs oversight and management of the Defense Agencies and Department of Defense Field Activities . Defense agencies ( edit ) OSD also supervises the following Defense Agencies : Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute ( AFRRI ) Department of Defense Education Activity ( DoDEA ) Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) Defense Commissary Agency ( DeCA ) Defense Contract Audit Agency ( DCAA ) Defense Contract Management Agency ( DCMA ) Defense Finance and Accounting Service ( DFAS ) Defense Information Systems Agency ( DISA ) Defense Legal Services Agency Defense Logistics Agency ( DLA ) Defense Security Cooperation Agency ( DSCA ) ( formerly Defense Security Assistance Agency ) Defense Security Service ( DSS ) ( formerly Defense Investigative Service ) Defense Technical Information Center ( DTIC ) Defense Threat Reduction Agency ( DTRA ) Missile Defense Agency ( MDA ) National intelligence agencies ( edit ) Several defense agencies are members of the United States Intelligence Community . These are national - level intelligence services that operate under the jurisdiction of the Department of Defense but simultaneously fall under the authorities of the Director of National Intelligence . They fulfill the requirements of national policy makers and war planners , serve as Combat Support Agencies , and also assist non-Department of Defense intelligence or law enforcement services such as the Central Intelligence Agency and the Federal Bureau of Investigation . The military services each have their own intelligence elements which are distinct from but subject to coordination , by national intelligence agencies under Department of Defense . Department of Defense manages the nation 's coordinating authorities and assets in disciplines of signals intelligence , geospatial intelligence , and measurement and signature intelligence , and also builds , launches and operates the Intelligence Community 's satellite assets . Department of Defense also has its own human intelligence service , which contributes to the CIA 's human intelligence efforts while also focusing on military human intelligence priorities . These agencies are directly overseen by the Undersecretary of Defense for Intelligence . National Intelligence Agencies under the Department of Defense Defense Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office Joint Chiefs of Staff ( edit ) Main article : Joint Chiefs of Staff Joint Chiefs of Staff / Joint Staff organizational chart . The Joint Chiefs of Staff ( JCS ) is a body of senior uniformed leaders in the Department of Defense who advise the Secretary of Defense , the Homeland Security Council , the National Security Council and the President on military matters . The composition of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is defined by statute and consists of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( CJCS ) , Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( VCJCS ) , Senior Enlisted Advisor to the chairman ( SEAC ) , the Military Service Chiefs from the Army , Marine Corps , Navy , and Air Force , in addition to the Chief of National Guard Bureau , all appointed by the President following Senate confirmation . Each of the individual Military Service Chiefs , outside their Joint Chiefs of Staff obligations , works directly for the Secretary of the Military Department concerned , i.e. Secretary of the Army , Secretary of the Navy , and the Secretary of the Air Force . Following the Goldwater - Nichols Act in 1986 the Joint Chiefs of Staff do not have operational command authority , neither individually nor collectively , as the chain of command goes from the President to the Secretary of Defense , and from the Secretary of Defense to the Commanders of the Combatant Commands . Goldwater - Nichols also created the office of vice-chairman , and the chairman is now designated as the principal military adviser to the Secretary of Defense , the Homeland Security Council , the National Security Council and to the President . The Joint Staff ( JS ) is a headquarters staff at the Pentagon composed of personnel from all four services that assist the chairman and vice-chairman in discharging their duties , and managed by the Director of the Joint Staff ( DJS ) who is a Lieutenant General or Vice Admiral . Military Departments ( edit ) Military Departments of the Department of Defense Department of the Army Department of the Navy Department of the Air Force There are three Military Departments within the Department of Defense : the Department of the Army , which the United States Army is organized within . the Department of the Navy , which the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps are organized within . the Department of the Air Force , which the United States Air Force is organized within . The Military Departments are each headed by their own Secretary ( i.e. , Secretary of the Army , Secretary of the Navy and Secretary of the Air Force ) , appointed by the President , with the advice and consent of the Senate . They have legal authority under Title 10 of the United States Code to conduct all the affairs of their respective departments within which the military services are organized . The Secretaries of the Military Departments are ( by law ) subordinate to the Secretary of Defense and ( by SecDef delegation ) to the Deputy Secretary of Defense . The Secretaries of the Military Departments , in turn , normally exercises authority over their forces by delegation through their respective Service Chiefs ( i.e. , Chief of Staff of the Army , Commandant of the Marine Corps , Chief of Naval Operations , and Chief of Staff of the Air Force ) over forces not assigned to a Combatant Command . The Secretaries of the Military Departments and the Service Chiefs do not possess operational command authority over U.S. troops ( this power was stripped from them in the Defense Reorganization Act of 1958 ) , and instead the Military Departments are tasked solely with `` the training , provision of equipment , and administration of troops . '' Unified Combatant Commands ( edit ) Map of the Department of Defense 's geographic commands A Unified Combatant Command is a military command composed of personnel and equipment from at least two Military Departments , which has a broad and continuing mission . The Military Departments are responsible for equipping and training the troops to fight , while the Unified Combatant Commands are responsible for actual operational command of military forces . Almost all operational U.S. forces are under the authority of a Unified Command . The Unified Commands are governed by a Unified Command Plan , a frequently updated document ( produced by the Department of Defense ) which lays out the Command 's mission , geographical / functional responsibilities , and force structure . During military operations , the chain of command runs from the President to the Secretary of Defense to the combatant commanders of the Combatant Commands . The United States currently has nine Combatant Commands , organized either on a geographical basis ( known as `` area of responsibility '' , AOR ) or on a global , functional basis : U.S. Northern Command ( USNORTHCOM ) U.S. Southern Command ( USSOUTHCOM ) U.S. Central Command ( USCENTCOM ) U.S. European Command ( USEUCOM ) U.S. Pacific Command ( USPACOM ) U.S. Africa Command ( USAFRICOM ) U.S. Strategic Command ( USSTRATCOM ) U.S. Special Operations Command ( USSOCOM ) U.S. Transportation Command ( USTRANSCOM ) Budget ( edit ) Chart showing growth in U.S. Department of Defense spending 2000 -- 2011 Main article : Military budget of the United States Department of Defense spending in 2010 was 4.8 % of GDP and accounted for about 45 % of budgeted global military spending -- more than the next 17 largest militaries combined . The Department of Defense accounts for the majority of federal discretionary spending . In FY 2010 the Department of Defense budgeted spending accounted for 21 % of the U.S. Federal Budget , and 53 % of federal discretionary spending , which represents funds not accounted for by pre-existing obligations . However , this does not include many military - related items that are outside the Defense Department budget , such as nuclear weapons research , maintenance , cleanup , and production , which is in the Department of Energy budget , Veterans Affairs , the Treasury Department 's payments in pensions to military retirees and widows and their families , interest on debt incurred in past wars , or State Department financing of foreign arms sales and militarily - related development assistance . Neither does it include defense spending that is not military in nature , such as the Department of Homeland Security , counter-terrorism spending by the FBI , and intelligence - gathering spending by the NSA . In the 2010 United States federal budget , the Department of Defense was allocated a base budget of $533.7 billion , with a further $75.5 billion adjustment in respect of 2009 , and $130 billion for overseas contingencies . The subsequent 2010 Department of Defense Financial Report shows the total budgetary resources for fiscal year 2010 were $1.2 trillion . Of these resources , $1.1 trillion were obligated and $994 billion were disbursed , with the remaining resources relating to multi-year modernization projects requiring additional time to procure . After over a decade of non-compliance , Congress has established a deadline of Fiscal year 2017 for the Department of Defense to achieve audit readiness . In 2015 the allocation for the Department of Defense was $585 billion , the highest level of budgetary resources among all Federal agencies , and this amounts to more than one - half of the annual Federal Expenditures in the United States federal budget discretionary budget . Energy use ( edit ) Main article : Energy usage of the United States military The Department of Defense was the largest single consumer of energy in the United States in 2006 . In FY 2006 , the Department used almost 30,000 gigawatt hours ( GWH ) of electricity , at a cost of almost $2.2 billion . The Department 's electricity use would supply enough electricity to power more than 2.6 million average American homes . In electricity consumption , if it were a country , the Department would rank 58th in the world , using slightly less than Denmark and slightly more than Syria ( CIA World Factbook , 2006 ) . The Department of Defense is responsible for 93 % of all US government fuel consumption in 2007 ( Department of the Air Force : 52 % ; Department of the Navy : 33 % ; Department of the Army : 7 % ; other Department components : 1 % ) . The Department of Defense uses 4,600,000,000 US gallons ( 1.7 × 10 L ) of fuel annually , an average of 12,600,000 US gallons ( 48,000,000 L ) of fuel per day . A large Army division may use about 6,000 US gallons ( 23,000 L ) per day . According to the 2005 CIA World Factbook , if it were a country , the Department of Defense would rank 34th in the world in average daily oil use , coming in just behind Iraq and just ahead of Sweden . The Air Force is the largest user of fuel energy in the federal government . The Air Force uses 10 % of the nation 's aviation fuel . ( JP - 8 accounts for nearly 90 % of its fuels . ) This fuel usage breaks down as such : 82 % jet fuel , 16 % facility management and 2 % ground vehicle / equipment . Freedom of Information Act processing performance ( edit ) In the latest Center for Effective Government analysis of 15 federal agencies which receive the most Freedom of Information Act ( United States ) ( FOIA ) requests , published in 2015 ( using 2012 and 2013 data , the most recent years available ) , the DoD earned a D − by scoring 61 out of a possible 100 points , i.e. did not earn a satisfactory overall grade . While it had improved from a failing grade in 2013 , it still had low scores in processing requests ( 55 % ) and their disclosure rules ( 42 % ) . Related legislation ( edit ) The organization and functions of the Department of Defense are in Title 10 of the United States Code . Other significant legislation related to the Department of Defense includes : 1947 : National Security Act of 1947 1958 : Department of Defense Reorganization Act , Pub. L. 85 -- 899 ( see note in history section above ) 1963 : Department of Defense Appropriations Act , Pub. L. 88 -- 149 1963 : Military Construction Authorization Act , Pub. L. 88 -- 174 1967 : Supplemental Defense Appropriations Act , Pub. L. 90 -- 8 1984 : Department of Defense Authorization Act , Pub. L. 98 -- 525 1986 : Goldwater - Nichols Act of 1986 ( Department of Defense Reorganization Act ) , Pub. L. 99 -- 433 1996 : Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act , Pub. L. 104 -- 132 See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Military history portal Arms industry List of United States military bases Military -- industrial complex Nuclear weapons Private military company Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations United States Department of Homeland Security United States Department of Justice United States Department of Veterans Affairs Warrior Games Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ soldiers , marines , sailors , airmen Jump up ^ Army , Marine Corps , Navy , and Air Force References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` About Department of Defense '' . U.S. Department of Defense . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Budget of the US Government , FY 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 February 2011 . Retrieved 15 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Defense.gov '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Department of Defense Fiscal Year 2016 Budget Request / Overview '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Under Secretary of Defense ( Comptroller ) Chief Financial Officer . February 2015 . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Manual for Written Material '' ( PDF ) . Department of Defense . p. 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 29 , 2004 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Biggest Employers '' . Forbes.com . Forbes . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Department of Defense ( DoD ) Releases Fiscal Year 2017 President 's Budget Proposal '' . U.S. Department of Defense . February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maass , John R. ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` June 14th : The Birthday of the U.S. Army '' . U.S. Army Center of Military History . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Naval History and Heritage Command . `` Navy Birthday Information -- 13 October 1775 '' . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marine Corps : Timeline '' . United States Marine Corps . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Congress Officially Created the U.S. Military : September 29 , 1789 '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael J. ( 2000 ) . A cross of iron : Harry S. Truman and the origins of the national security state , 1945 -- 1954 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 37 -- 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79537 - 1 . Jump up ^ Polmar , Norman ( 2005 ) . The Naval Institute guide to the ships and aircraft of the U.S. fleet . Naval Institute Press . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 685 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` James V. Forrestal , Harry S. Truman Administration '' . Historical Office , Office of the Secretary of Defense . Office of the Secretary of Defense . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bolton , M. Kent ( 2008 ) . U.S. national security and foreign policymaking after 9 / 11 : present at the re-creation . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5900 - 4 . Jump up ^ Rearden , Steven L. ( 2001 ) . `` Department of Defense '' . In DeConde , Alexander et al. Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy , Volume 1 . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80657 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Organizational and Management Planning '' . Odam.defense.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) 10 USC 151 . Joint Chiefs of Staff : composition ; functions Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 3033 Archived March 12 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 5033 Archived March 12 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 5043 Archived March 12 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 8033 Archived March 12 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 162 ( b ) Archived May 29 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C § 151 ( b ) Archived March 12 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C § 155 Archived March 12 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Polmar , Norman ( 2005 ) . `` Defense organization '' . The Naval Institute guide to the ships and aircraft of the U.S. fleet . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 685 - 8 . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 3013 , 10 U.S.C. § 5013 and 10 U.S.C. § 8013 ^ Jump up to : Polmar , Norman ( 2005 ) . `` Defense Organization '' . The Naval Institute guide to the ships and aircraft of the U.S. fleet . Naval Institute Press . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 685 - 8 . Jump up ^ Watson , Cynthia A. ( 2010 ) . Combatant Commands : Origins , Structure , and Engagements . ABC - CLIO . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35432 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Whitley , Joe D. ; et al. , eds. ( 2009 ) . `` Unified Combatant Commands and USNORTHCOM '' . Homeland security : legal and policy issues . American Bar Association . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60442 - 462 - 1 . Jump up ^ Reveron , Derek S. ( 2007 ) . America 's Viceroys : The Military and U.S. Foreign Policy . Macmillan . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 60219 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Military Spending : Defence Costs '' . The Economist . June 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The SIPRI Military Expenditure Database '' . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute . Archived from the original on 28 March 2010 . Retrieved 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United States Federal Budget for Fiscal Year 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 February 2011 . Retrieved 9 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United States Federal Budget for Fiscal Year 2010 ( vid . p. 53 ) '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 February 2011 . Retrieved 9 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` FY 2010 DoD Agencywide Agency Financial Report ( vid . p. 25 ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Defense . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Improvement and Audit Readiness ( FIAR ) Plan Status Report '' ( PDF ) . Comptroller , Department of Defense . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Current & Future Defense Capabilities of the U.S. '' . UTEP . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Spending : Where Does the Money Go '' . National Priorities Project . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andrews Anthony ( 2011 ) . Department of Defense Facilities : Energy Conservation Policies and Spending . DIANE Publishing . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4379 - 3835 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Colonel Gregory J. Lengyel , USAF , The Brookings Institution , Department of Defense Energy Strategy , August 2007 . Jump up ^ Colonel Gregory J. Lengyel , USAF , The Brookings Institution , Department of Defense Energy Strategy , August 2007 , `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 July 2010 . Retrieved 12 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Powering America 's Defense : Energy and the Risks to National Security , CNA Analysis & Solutions , May 2009 Jump up ^ Making the Grade : Access to Information Scorecard 2015 March 2015 , 80 pages , Center for Effective Government , retrieved March 21 , 2016 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Department of Defense and The Pentagon . Official website Department of Defense in the Federal Register Office of the Under Secretary of Defense ( Comptroller ) Budget and Financial Management Policy Death and Taxes : 2009 -- A visual guide and infographic of the 2009 United States federal budget including the Department of Defense with data provided by the Comptrollers office . Department of Defense IA Policy Chart Works by United States Department of Defense at Project Gutenberg Works by or about United States Department of Defense at Internet Archive Department of Defense Collection on the Internet Archive United States Department of Defense Headquarters : The Pentagon James Mattis , Secretary of Defense Patrick M. Shanahan , Deputy Secretary of Defense Office of the Secretary of Defense ( including Defense Agencies and DoD Field Activities ) Deputy Secretary of Defense Deputy 's Advisory Working Group Office of Net Assessment Special Access Program Oversight Committee Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition , Technology and Logistics Director , Defense Research and Engineering Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Missile Defense Agency Defense Contract Management Agency Defense Logistics Agency Defense Technical Information Center Defense Threat Reduction Agency Office of Economic Adjustment Defense Acquisition University Defense Acquisition Board Under Secretary of Defense for Policy Defense Security Cooperation Agency Defense POW / MIA Accounting Agency Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee Under Secretary of Defense ( Comptroller ) Defense Contract Audit Agency Defense Finance and Accounting Service Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness Defense Commissary Agency Department of Defense Education Activity DoD Human Resources Activity Military Health System Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence Defense Intelligence Agency Defense Security Service Defense Information Systems Agency National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency ( Director ) Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs Defense Media Activity ( American Forces Press Service , American Forces Radio and Television Service , Stars and Stripes , The Pentagon Channel ) General Counsel of the Department of Defense Defense Legal Services Agency Director of Administration and Management Pentagon Force Protection Agency Washington Headquarters Services Military Departments Department of the Army Secretary of the Army The Secretariat : Under Secretary of the Army Assistant Secretary for Acquisition , Logistics , and Technology Assistant Secretary for Civil Works Assistant Secretary ( Financial Management and Comptroller ) Assistant Secretary of the Army for Installations , Energy and Environment Assistant Secretary of the Army for Manpower and Reserve Affairs General Counsel of the Army The Administrative Assistant The Army Staff : Chief of Staff of the Army Vice Chief of Staff of the Army Sergeant Major of the Army Deputy Chief of Staff G - 8 Chief of Chaplains Judge Advocate General Provost Marshal General Surgeon General U.S. Army field organizations : see Structure of the United States Army Department of the Navy Secretary of the Navy The Secretariat : Under Secretary of the Navy Assistant Secretary of the Navy ( Financial Management and Comptroller ) Assistant Secretary of the Navy ( Installations and Environment ) Assistant Secretary of the Navy ( Manpower and Reserve Affairs ) Assistant Secretary of the Navy ( Research , Development and Acquisitions ) General Counsel of the Navy Judge Advocate General Naval Criminal Investigative Service Naval Inspector General Headquarters Marine Corps : Commandant of the Marine Corps Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps Chaplain U.S. Marine Corps field organizations : see Organization of the United States Marine Corps Office of the Chief of Naval Operations : Chief of Naval Operations Vice Chief of Naval Operations Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy Director of Naval Reactors Chief of Chaplains Chief of Naval Personnel Surgeon General United States Navy field organizations : see Structure of the United States Navy Department of the Air Force Secretary of the Air Force The Secretariat : Under Secretary of the Air Force Assistant Secretary of the Air Force ( Acquisition ) Assistant Secretary of the Air Force ( Financial Management & Comptroller ) Assistant Secretary of the Air Force ( Installations , Environment & Logistics ) Assistant Secretary of the Air Force ( Manpower & Reserve Affairs ) General Counsel of the Air Force Air Force Office of Special Investigations The Air Staff : Chief of Staff of the Air Force Vice Chief of Staff of the Air Force Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force Chief of Chaplains Chief of Safety Chief Scientist Judge Advocate General Surgeon General U.S. Air Force field organizations : Major Commands Direct Reporting Units Field Operating Agencies Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman Joint Requirements Oversight Council Director of the Joint Staff Joint Staff National Military Command Center Alternate National Military Command Center National Defense University Combatant Commands Africa Command Central Command European Command Northern Command Pacific Command Southern Command Special Operations Command Strategic Command ( Cyber Command ) Transportation Command National Guard Bureau Chief of the National Guard Bureau Air National Guard Army National Guard Office of the Inspector General Defense Criminal Investigative Service United States Armed Forces Book Portal MC AF CG MC AF CG PHS NOAA Navbox MC AF CG Leadership Commander - in - chief : President of the United States Secretary of Defense Deputy Secretary of Defense Secretary of Homeland Security Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Joint Chiefs of Staff : Chairman Vice Chairman United States Congress : Committees on Armed Services : Senate House Active duty four - star officers Highest ranking officers in history National Security Act of 1947 Goldwater -- Nichols Act Organization Service departments Department of Defense ( Secretary ) : Army ( Secretary ) Navy ( Secretary ) Air Force ( Secretary ) Department of Homeland Security ( Secretary ) : Coast Guard Branches Army ( Chief of Staff ) Marine Corps ( Commandant ) Navy ( Chief of Naval Operations ) Air Force ( Chief of Staff ) Coast Guard ( Commandant ) Reserve components Reserves : A MC N AF CG National Guard : A AF Civilian auxiliaries Military Auxiliary Radio System Merchant Marine Civil Air Patrol Coast Guard Auxiliary Unified Combatant Command Northern Central European Pacific Southern Africa Special Operations Strategic Transportation Structure United States Code Title 10 Title 14 Title 32 Title 50 The Pentagon Installations Units : A MC N AF CG Logistics Media Unit mottoes Operations and history Current deployments Conflicts Wars Timeline History : A MC N AF CG Colonial World War II Civil affairs African Americans Asian Americans Buddhist Americans Jewish Americans Muslim Americans Pakistani Americans Sikh Americans Historiography : A : 1 / 2 MC N AF Art : A AF Personnel Training MEPS ASVAB Recruit training : A MC N AF CG Officer candidate school : A MC N AF Warrant : A MC Service academies : A ( prep ) N ( prep ) AF ( prep ) CG Merchant Marine ROTC A : ECP MC / N AF Medical Other education Uniforms Uniforms : A MC N AF CG Awards & decorations : Inter-service A MC / N AF CG PHS NOAA Foreign International Devices Badges : Identification A MC N AF CG Ranks Enlisted : A MC N AF CG Warrant officers Officer : A MC N AF CG PHS NOAA Other Oath : Enlistment Office Creeds & Codes : Code of Conduct NCO A MC N AF CG Service numbers : A MC N AF CG Military Occupational Specialty / Rating / Air Force Specialty Code Pay Uniform Code of Military Justice Judge Advocate General 's Corps Military Health System / TRICARE Separation Veterans Affairs Conscription Chiefs of Chaplains : A MC N AF CG Equipment MC : vehicles weapons other AF CG Land Individual weapons Crew - served weapons Vehicles ( active ) Sea All watercraft Ships : A N ( active ) AF CG MSC NOAA Weapons : N CG Aircraft : N CG NOAA Reactors Air Aircraft World War I active Aircraft designation Missiles Helicopter arms Other Nuclear football Electronics ( designations ) Flags : A MC N AF CG Ensign Jack Guidons Food WMDs : Nuclear Biological Chemical Legend A = Army MC = Marine Corps N = Navy AF = Air Force CG = Coast Guard PHS = Public Health Service NOAA = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration United States Intelligence Community Intelligence Community Defense Defense Intelligence Agency ( Defense Clandestine Service Defense Attaché System National Intelligence University Missile and Space Intelligence Center National Center for Medical Intelligence Joint Functional Component Command for Intelligence , Surveillance and Reconnaissance ) National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency ( Central Security Service , Special Collection Service ) Armed Forces Army Intelligence and Security Command Marine Corps Intelligence Office of Naval Intelligence Twenty - Fifth Air Force Coast Guard Intelligence ( Homeland Security ) Civilian Bureau of Intelligence and Research ( State ) Central Intelligence Agency ( Directorate of Operations Special Activities Division Open Source Center Directorate of Science and Technology CIA University ) Drug Enforcement Administration ( Justice ) Federal Bureau of Investigation ( Justice ) Office of Intelligence and Analysis ( Homeland Security ) Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence ( Treasury ) Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence ( Energy ) Director of National Intelligence Director of National Intelligence National Counterterrorism Center National Counterproliferation Center Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive National Intelligence Council Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity Joint Intelligence Community Council Chief Information Officer Executive Office of the President National Security Advisor National Security Council President 's Intelligence Advisory Board Homeland Security Council Homeland Security Advisor President 's Daily Brief Other Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence Army Intelligence Support Activity Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System Intellipedia Oversight United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court Defunct Contingency Fund for Foreign Intercourse Counterintelligence Field Activity Military Information Division Military Intelligence Division Military Intelligence Service Office of Strategic Services Office of Special Plans Strategic Support Branch Federal executive departments of the United States of America Executive Departments Agriculture Commerce Defense Education Energy Health and Human Services Homeland Security Housing and Urban Development Interior Justice Labor State Transportation Treasury Veterans Affairs Former Air Force Army Commerce and Labor Health , Education , and Welfare Navy Post Office War Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_Defense&oldid=804976345 '' Categories : United States Department of Defense 1947 establishments in the United States Government agencies established in 1947 Military - industrial complex Nuclear weapons infrastructure of the United States United States federal executive departments Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Webarchive template wayback links Use American English from August 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from August 2017 Coordinates not on Wikidata Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 08 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | primary military leader within the department of defense | [
"\nUnited States Department of Defense\n\n\n\n\nDepartment overview\n\n\nFormed\nSeptember 18, 1947; 70 years ago (1947-09-18) (as National Military Establishment)\n\n\nPreceding Department\n\n\n\nU.S. Department of War\nU.S. Department of the Navy\n\n\n\n\n\nType\nExecutive Department\n\n\nHeadquarters\nThe Pentagon\nArlington County, Virginia, US\n38°52′16″N 77°3′21″W / 38.87111°N 77.05583°W / 38.87111; -77.05583Coordinates: 38°52′16″N 77°3′21″W / 38.87111°N 77.05583°W / 38.87111; -77.05583\n\n\nEmployees\n\n742,000 (civilian)\n1,300,000 (active duty military)\n826,000 (National Guard and reserve):\n2.87 million total[1] (2016)\n\n\nAnnual budget\nUS$530.1 billion (2010)[2]\nUS$549.1 billion (2011)[3]\nUS$553.0 billion (est. 2012)\nUS$496.1 billion (2015)[4]\nUS$534.3 billion (base FY2016)[4]\n\n\nDepartment executives\n\n\n\nJames Mattis, Secretary\nPatrick M. Shanahan, Deputy Secretary\n\n\n\n\n\nChild agencies\n\n\n\nU.S. Department of the Army\nU.S. Department of the Navy\nU.S. Department of the Air Force\n\n\n\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.defense.gov\n\n"
] | [
"James Mattis, Secretary"
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-2170416312742227933 | Democritus | Democritus - wikipedia Democritus For the crater on the moon , see Democritus ( crater ) . Democritus c. 460 BC Abdera , Thrace c. 370 BC ( aged around 90 ) Era Pre-Socratic philosophy Region Western philosophy School Pre-Socratic philosophy Main interests Metaphysics Mathematics Astronomy Notable ideas Atomism Aetiology ( causality ) The Milky Way ( Via Lactea ) as a concentration of distant stars Euthymia Influences ( show ) Leucippus Melissus of Samos Influenced ( show ) Epicurus Pyrrho Lucretius Aristotle Montaigne Severino Baruch Spinoza George Santayana Karl Marx Friedrich Nietzsche Michel Onfray Democritus ( / dɪˈmɒkrɪtəs / ; Greek : Δημόκριτος , Dēmókritos , meaning `` chosen of the people '' ; c. 460 -- c. 370 BC ) was an Ancient Greek pre-Socratic philosopher primarily remembered today for his formulation of an atomic theory of the universe . Democritus was born in Abdera , Thrace , around 460 BC , although there are disagreements about the exact year . His exact contributions are difficult to disentangle from those of his mentor Leucippus , as they are often mentioned together in texts . Their speculation on atoms , taken from Leucippus , bears a passing and partial resemblance to the 19th - century understanding of atomic structure that has led some to regard Democritus as more of a scientist than other Greek philosophers ; however , their ideas rested on very different bases . Largely ignored in ancient Athens , Democritus is said to have been disliked so much by Plato that the latter wished all of his books burned . He was nevertheless well known to his fellow northern - born philosopher Aristotle . Many consider Democritus to be the `` father of modern science '' . None of his writings have survived ; only fragments are known from his vast body of work . Contents 1 Life 2 Philosophy and science 2.1 Aesthetics 2.2 Atomic hypothesis 2.3 Void hypothesis 2.4 Epistemology 2.5 Ethics and politics 2.6 Mathematics 2.7 Anthropology , biology , and cosmology 3 Twentieth - century appraisals 4 Works 5 Eponymous institutions 6 Numismatics 7 See also 8 Further reading 9 Notes 10 Citations 11 References 12 External links Life ( edit ) Democritus by Hendrick ter Brugghen , 1628 Rembrandt , The Young Rembrandt as Democritus the Laughing Philosopher ( 1628 - 29 ) Democritus was said to be born in the city of Abdera in Thrace , an Ionian colony of Teos , although some called him a Milesian . He was born in the 80th Olympiad ( 460 -- 457 BC ) according to Apollodorus of Athens , and although Thrasyllus placed his birth in 470 BC , the later date is probably more likely . John Burnet has argued that the date of 460 is `` too early '' since , according to Diogenes Laërtius ix. 41 , Democritus said that he was a `` young man ( neos ) '' during Anaxagoras 's old age ( c. 440 -- 428 ) . It was said that Democritus 's father was from a noble family and so wealthy that he received Xerxes on his march through Abdera . Democritus spent the inheritance which his father left him on travels into distant countries , to satisfy his thirst for knowledge . He traveled to Asia , and was even said to have reached India and Ethiopia . It is known that he wrote on Babylon and Meroe ; he visited Egypt , and Diodorus Siculus states that he lived there for five years . He himself declared that among his contemporaries none had made greater journeys , seen more countries , and met more scholars than himself . He particularly mentions the Egyptian mathematicians , whose knowledge he praises . Theophrastus , too , spoke of him as a man who had seen many countries . During his travels , according to Diogenes Laërtius , he became acquainted with the Chaldean magi . `` Ostanes '' , one of the magi accompanying Xerxes , was also said to have taught him . After returning to his native land he occupied himself with natural philosophy . He traveled throughout Greece to acquire a better knowledge of its cultures . He mentions many Greek philosophers in his writings , and his wealth enabled him to purchase their writings . Leucippus , the founder of atomism , was the greatest influence upon him . He also praises Anaxagoras . Diogenes Laertius says that he was friends with Hippocrates . He may have been acquainted with Socrates , but Plato does not mention him and Democritus himself is quoted as saying , `` I came to Athens and no one knew me . '' Aristotle placed him among the pre-Socratic natural philosophers . The many anecdotes about Democritus , especially in Diogenes Laërtius , attest to his disinterest , modesty , and simplicity , and show that he lived exclusively for his studies . One story has him deliberately blinding himself in order to be less disturbed in his pursuits ; it may well be true that he lost his sight in old age . He was cheerful , and was always ready to see the comical side of life , which later writers took to mean that he always laughed at the foolishness of people . He was highly esteemed by his fellow citizens , because as Diogenes Laërtius says , `` he had foretold them some things which events proved to be true , '' which may refer to his knowledge of natural phenomena . According to Diodorus Siculus , Democritus died at the age of 90 , which would put his death around 370 BC , but other writers have him living to 104 , or even 109 . Popularly known as the Laughing Philosopher ( for laughing at human follies ) , the terms Abderitan laughter , which means scoffing , incessant laughter , and Abderite , which means a scoffer , are derived from Democritus . To his fellow citizens he was also known as `` The Mocker '' . Philosophy and science ( edit ) Democritus meditating on the seat of the soul by Léon - Alexandre Delhomme ( 1868 ) . Most sources say that Democritus followed in the tradition of Leucippus and that they carried on the scientific rationalist philosophy associated with Miletus . Both were thoroughly materialist , believing everything to be the result of natural laws . Unlike Aristotle or Plato , the atomists attempted to explain the world without reasoning as to purpose , prime mover , or final cause . For the atomists questions of physics should be answered with a mechanistic explanation ( `` What earlier circumstances caused this event ? '' ) , while their opponents search for explanations which , in addition to the material and mechanistic , also included the formal and teleological ( `` What purpose did this event serve ? '' ) . Aesthetics ( edit ) Later Greek historians consider Democritus to have established aesthetics as a subject of investigation and study , as he wrote theoretically on poetry and fine art long before authors such as Aristotle . Specifically , Thrasyllus identified six works in the philosopher 's oeuvre which had belonged to aesthetics as a discipline , but only fragments of the relevant works are extant ; hence of all Democritus 's writings on these matters , only a small percentage of his thoughts and ideas can be known . Atomic hypothesis ( edit ) See also : Atomism The theory of Democritus held that everything is composed of `` atoms '' , which are physically , but not geometrically , indivisible ; that between atoms , there lies empty space ; that atoms are indestructible , and have always been and always will be in motion ; that there is an infinite number of atoms and of kinds of atoms , which differ in shape and size . Of the mass of atoms , Democritus said , `` The more any indivisible exceeds , the heavier it is '' . But his exact position on atomic weight is disputed . Leucippus is widely credited with having been the first to develop the theory of atomism , although Isaac Newton preferred to credit the obscure Mochus the Phoenician ( whom he believed to be the biblical Moses ) as the inventor of the idea on the authority of Posidonius and Strabo . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy notes , `` This theologically motivated view does not seem to claim much historical evidence , however '' . Democritus , along with Leucippus and Epicurus , proposed the earliest views on the shapes and connectivity of atoms . They reasoned that the solidness of the material corresponded to the shape of the atoms involved . Thus , iron atoms are solid and strong with hooks that lock them into a solid ; water atoms are smooth and slippery ; salt atoms , because of their taste , are sharp and pointed ; and air atoms are light and whirling , pervading all other materials . Using analogies from humans ' sense experiences , he gave a picture or an image of an atom that distinguished them from each other by their shape , their size , and the arrangement of their parts . Moreover , connections were explained by material links in which single atoms were supplied with attachments : some with hooks and eyes others with balls and sockets . The Democritean atom is an inert solid ( merely excluding other bodies from its volume ) that interacts with other atoms mechanically . In contrast , modern , quantum - mechanical atoms interact via electric and magnetic force fields and are far from inert . The theory of the atomists appears to be more nearly aligned with that of modern science than any other theory of antiquity . However , the similarity with modern concepts of science can be confusing when trying to understand where the hypothesis came from . Classical atomists could not have had an empirical basis for modern concepts of atoms and molecules . However , Lucretius , describing atomism in his De rerum natura , gives very clear and compelling empirical arguments for the original atomist theory . He observes that any material is subject to irreversible decay . Through time , even hard rocks are slowly worn down by drops of water . Things have the tendency to get mixed up : Mix water with soil and mud will result , seldom disintegrating by itself . Wood decays . However , there are mechanisms in nature and technology to recreate `` pure '' materials like water , air , and metals . The seed of an oak will grow out into an oak tree , made of similar wood as historical oak trees , the wood of which has already decayed . The conclusion is that many properties of materials must derive from something inside , that will itself never decay , something that stores for eternity the same inherent , indivisible properties . The basic question is : Why has everything in the world not yet decayed , and how can exactly some of the same materials , plants , and animals be recreated again and again ? One obvious solution to explain how indivisible properties can be conveyed in a way not easily visible to human senses , is to hypothesize the existence of `` atoms '' . These classical `` atoms '' are nearer to humans ' modern concept of `` molecule '' than to the atoms of modern science . The other central point of classical atomism is that there must be considerable open space between these `` atoms '' : the void . Lucretius gives reasonable arguments that the void is absolutely necessary to explain how gasses and liquids can flow and change shape , while metals can be molded without their basic material properties changing . Void hypothesis ( edit ) 1540 painting of Democritus by Dosso Dossi . The atomistic void hypothesis was a response to the paradoxes of Parmenides and Zeno , the founders of metaphysical logic , who put forth difficult to answer arguments in favor of the idea that there can be no movement . They held that any movement would require a void -- which is nothing -- but a nothing can not exist . The Parmenidean position was `` You say there is a void ; therefore the void is not nothing ; therefore there is not the void '' . The position of Parmenides appeared validated by the observation that where there seems to be nothing there is air , and indeed even where there is not matter there is something , for instance light waves . The atomists agreed that motion required a void , but simply ignored the argument of Parmenides on the grounds that motion was an observable fact . Therefore , they asserted , there must be a void . This idea survived in a refined version as Newton 's theory of absolute space , which met the logical requirements of attributing reality to not - being . Einstein 's theory of relativity provided a new answer to Parmenides and Zeno , with the insight that space by itself is relative and can not be separated from time as part of a generally curved space - time manifold . Consequently , Newton 's refinement is now considered superfluous . Epistemology ( edit ) Democritus by Luca Giordano ( c. 1690 ) . The knowledge of truth , according to Democritus , is difficult , since the perception through the senses is subjective . As from the same senses derive different impressions for each individual , then through the sensual impressions we can not judge the truth . We can interpret the senses ' data and grasp the truth only through the intellect , because the truth is in an abyss : And again , many of the other animals receive impressions contrary to ours ; and even to the senses of each individual , things do not always seem the same . Which then , of these impressions are true and which are false is not obvious ; for the one set is no more true than the other , but both are alike . And this is why Democritus , at any rate , says that either there is no truth or to us at least it is not evident . And : Furthermore , they find Xenophanes , Zeno of Elea , and Democritus to be sceptics : ... Democritus because he rejects qualities , saying , `` Opinion says hot or cold , but the reality is atoms and empty space , '' and again , `` Of a truth we know nothing , for truth is in a well . '' There are two kinds of knowing , the one he calls `` legitimate '' ( γνησίη , gnēsiē , `` genuine '' ) and the other `` bastard '' ( σκοτίη , skotiē , `` secret '' ) . The `` bastard '' knowledge is concerned with the perception through the senses ; therefore it is insufficient and subjective . The reason is that the sensual perception is due to the effluences of the atoms from the objects to the senses . When these different shapes of atoms come to us , they stimulate our senses according to their shape , and our sensual impressions arise from those stimulations . The second sort of knowledge , the `` legitimate '' one , can be achieved through the intellect , in other words , all the sense data from the `` bastard '' must be elaborated through reasoning . In this way one can get away from the false perception of the `` bastard '' knowledge and grasp the truth through the inductive reasoning . After taking into account the sense impressions , one can examine the causes of the appearances , draw conclusions about the laws that govern the appearances , and discover the causality ( αἰτιολογία , aetiologia ) by which they are related . This is the procedure of thought from the parts to the whole or else from the apparent to nonapparent ( inductive reasoning ) . This is one example of why Democritus is considered to be an early scientific thinker . The process is reminiscent of that by which science gathers its conclusions : But in the Canons Democritus says there are two kinds of knowing , one through the senses and the other through the intellect . Of these he calls the one through the intellect ' legitimate ' attesting its trustworthiness for the judgment of truth , and through the senses he names ' bastard ' denying its inerrancy in the discrimination of what is true . To quote his actual words : Of knowledge there are two forms , one legitimate , one bastard . To the bastard belong all this group : sight , hearing , smell , taste , touch . The other is legitimate and separate from that . Then , preferring the legitimate to the bastard , he continues : When the bastard can no longer see any smaller , or hear , or smell , or taste , or perceive by touch , but finer matters have to be examined , then comes the legitimate , since it has a finer organ of perception . And : In the Confirmations ... he says : But we in actuality grasp nothing for certain , but what shifts in accordance with the condition of the body and of the things ( atoms ) which enter it and press upon it . As well as : Democritus used to say that ' he prefers to discover a causality rather than become a king of Persia ' . Ethics and politics ( edit ) Crying Heraclitus and laughing Democritus , from a 1477 Italian fresco , Pinacoteca di Brera , Milan . The ethics and politics of Democritus come to us mostly in the form of maxims . As such , the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy has gone as far as to say that : `` despite the large number of ethical sayings , it is difficult to construct a coherent account of Democritus 's ethical views '' and noting that there is a `` difficulty of deciding which fragments are genuinely Democritean '' . He says that `` Equality is everywhere noble '' , but he is not encompassing enough to include women or slaves in this sentiment . Poverty in a democracy is better than prosperity under tyrants , for the same reason one is to prefer liberty over slavery . In his History of Western Philosophy , Bertrand Russell writes that Democritus was in love with `` what the Greeks called democracy . '' Democritus said that `` the wise man belongs to all countries , for the home of a great soul is the whole world . '' Democritus wrote that those in power should `` take it upon themselves to lend to the poor and to aid them and to favor them , then is there pity and no isolation but companionship and mutual defense and concord among the citizens and other good things too many to catalogue '' . Money when used with sense leads to generosity and charity , while money used in folly leads to a common expense for the whole society -- excessive hoarding of money for one 's children is avarice . While making money is not useless , he says , doing so as a result of wrongdoing is the `` worst of all things '' . He is on the whole ambivalent towards wealth , and values it much less than self - sufficiency . He disliked violence but was not a pacifist : he urged cities to be prepared for war , and believed that a society had the right to execute a criminal or enemy so long as this did not violate some law , treaty , or oath . Goodness , he believed , came more from practice and discipline than from innate human nature . He believed that one should distance oneself from the wicked , stating that such association increases disposition to vice . Anger , while difficult to control , must be mastered in order for one to be rational . Those who take pleasure from the disasters of their neighbors fail to understand that their fortunes are tied to the society in which they live , and they rob themselves of any joy of their own . Democritus believed that happiness was a property of the soul . He advocated a life of contentment with as little grief as possible , which he said could not be achieved through either idleness or preoccupation with worldly pleasures . Contentment would be gained , he said , through moderation and a measured life ; to be content one must set one 's judgment on the possible and be satisfied with what one has -- giving little thought to envy or admiration . Democritus approved of extravagance on occasion , as he held that feasts and celebrations were necessary for joy and relaxation . He considers education to be the noblest of pursuits , but cautioned that learning without sense leads to error . Mathematics ( edit ) Right circular and oblique circular cones Democritus was also a pioneer of mathematics and geometry in particular . We only know this through citations of his works ( titled On Numbers , On Geometrics , On Tangencies , On Mapping , and On Irrationals ) in other writings , since most of Democritus 's body of work did not survive the Middle Ages . Democritus was among the first to observe that a cone and pyramid with the same base and height has one - third the volume of a cylinder or prism respectively . Anthropology , biology , and cosmology ( edit ) His work on nature is known through citations of his books on the subjects , On the Nature of Man , On Flesh ( two books ) , On Mind , On the Senses , On Flavors , On Colors , Causes concerned with Seeds and Plants and Fruits , and Causes concerned with Animals ( three books ) . He spent much of his life experimenting with and examining plants and minerals , and wrote at length on many scientific topics . Democritus thought that the first humans lived an anarchic and animal sort of life , going out to forage individually and living off the most palatable herbs and the fruit which grew wild on the trees . They were driven together into societies for fear of wild animals , he said . He believed that these early people had no language , but that they gradually began to articulate their expressions , establishing symbols for every sort of object , and in this manner came to understand each other . He says that the earliest men lived laboriously , having none of the utilities of life ; clothing , houses , fire , domestication , and farming were unknown to them . Democritus presents the early period of mankind as one of learning by trial and error , and says that each step slowly led to more discoveries ; they took refuge in the caves in winter , stored fruits that could be preserved , and through reason and keenness of mind came to build upon each new idea . Democritus held that originally the universe was composed of nothing but tiny atoms churning in chaos , until they collided together to form larger units -- including the earth and everything on it . He surmised that there are many worlds , some growing , some decaying ; some with no sun or moon , some with several . He held that every world has a beginning and an end and that a world could be destroyed by collision with another world . To epitomize Democritus 's cosmology , Russell calls on Shelley : `` Worlds on worlds are rolling ever / From creation to decay , / Like the bubbles on a river / Sparkling , bursting , borne away '' . Twentieth - century appraisals ( edit ) According to Bertrand Russell , the point of view of Leucippus and Democritus `` was remarkably like that of modern science , and avoided most of the faults to which Greek speculation was prone . '' Karl R. Popper admired Democritus 's rationalism , humanism , and love of freedom and writes that Democritus , along with fellow countryman Protagoras , `` formulated the doctrine that human institutions of language , custom , and law are not taboos but man - made , not natural but conventional , insisting , at the same time , that we are responsible for them . '' Works ( edit ) Works by Democritus Ethics Pythagoras On the Disposition of the Wise Man On the Things in Hades Tritogenia On Manliness or On Virtue The Horn of Amaltheia On Contentment Ethical Commentaries Natural science The Great World - Ordering Cosmography On the Planets On Nature On the Nature of Man or On Flesh On the Mind On the Senses On Flavours On Colours On Different Shapes On Changing Shape Buttresses On Images On Logic Nature Heavenly Causes Atmospheric Causes Terrestrial Causes Causes Concerned with Fire and Things in Fire Causes Concerned with Sounds Causes Concerned with Seeds and Plants and Fruits Causes Concerned with Animals Miscellaneous Causes On Magnets Mathematics On Different Angles or On contact of Circles and Spheres On Geometry Geometry Numbers On Irrational Lines and Solids Planispheres On the Great Year or Astronomy Contest of the Waterclock Description of the Heavens Geography Description of the Poles Description of Rays of Light Literature On the Rhythms and Harmony On Poetry On the Beauty of Verses On Euphonious and Harsh - sounding Letters On Homer On Song On Verbs Names Technical Prognosis On Diet Medical Judgment Causes Concerning Appropriate and Inappropriate Occasions On Farming On Painting Tactics Fighting in Armor Commentaries On the Sacred Writings of Babylon On Those in Meroe Circumnavigation of the Ocean On History Chaldaean Account Phrygian Account On Fever and Coughing Sicknesses Legal Causes Problems May have been written by Leucippus Two books Three books Calendar Source : Jonathan Barnes , Early Greek Philosophy ( Penguin 1987 ) , pp. 245 -- 246 . Eponymous institutions ( edit ) Democritus University of Thrace National Centre of Scientific Research `` DEMOKRITOS '' Numismatics ( edit ) Democritus was depicted on the following contemporary coins / banknotes : The reverse of the Greek 10 drachmas coin of 1976 -- 2001 . The obverse of the Greek 100 drachmas banknote of 1967 -- 1978 . See also ( edit ) Atom Democrates John Dalton Kanada Leucippus Lucretius Mochus Pseudo-Democritus Vaisheshika Further reading ( edit ) Brumbaugh , Robert S. ( 1964 ) . The Philosophers of Greece . New York : Crowell . Burnet , John ( 1914 ) . Greek Philosophy : Thales to Plato . London : Macmillan . Lee , Mi - Kyoung ( 2005 ) . Epistemology after Protagoras : responses to relativism in Plato , Aristotle , and Democritus . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 01 - 99 - 26222 - 9 . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Sandywell , Barry ( 1996 ) . Presocratic Reflexivity : The Construction of Philosophical Discourse c. 600 - 450 BC . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 10170 - 0 . Vlastos , Gregory ( 1945 -- 1946 ) . `` Ethics and Physics in Democritus '' . Philosophical Review . 54 - 55 : 578 -- 592 , 53 -- 64 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The idea that atoms and void as the fundamental constituents of the world ( DK B125 : `` ἐτεῇ δὲ ἄτομα καὶ κενόν '' ) . Citations ( edit ) Bailey , C. ( 1928 ) . The Greek Atomists and Epicurus . Oxford . Bakalis , Nikolaos ( 2005 ) . Handbook of Greek Philosophy : From Thales to the Stoics : Analysis and Fragments , Trafford Publishing , ISBN 1 - 4120 - 4843 - 5 . Barnes , Jonathan ( 1982 ) . The Presocratic Philosophers , Routledge Revised Edition . _____ ( 1987 ) . Early Greek Philosophy , Penguin . Burnet , J. ( 2003 ) . Early Greek Philosophy , Kessinger Publishing Diodorus Siculus ( 1st century BC ) . Bibliotheca historica . Diogenes Laërtius ( 3rd century AD ) . Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers . Freeman , Kathleen ( 2008 ) . Ancilla to the Pre-Socratic Philosophers : A Complete Translation of the Fragments in Diels , Forgotten Books , ISBN 978 - 1 - 60680 - 256 - 4 . Guthrie , W.K. ( 1979 ) A History of Greek Philosophy -- The Presocratic tradition from Parmenides to Democritus , Cambridge University Press . Kirk , G.S. , J.E. Raven and M. Schofield ( 1983 ) . The Presocratic Philosophers , Cambridge University Press , 2nd edition . Laërtius , Diogenes ( 1925 ) . `` Others : Democritus '' . Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. 2 : 9 . Translated by Hicks , Robert Drew ( Two volume ed . ) . Loeb Classical Library . Melchert , Norman ( 2002 ) . The Great Conversation : A Historical Introduction to Philosophy . McGraw Hill . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517510 - 7 . Pyle , C.M. ( 1997 ) . ' Democritus and Heracleitus : An Excursus on the Cover of this Book , ' Milan and Lombardy in the Renaissance . Essays in Cultural History . Rome , La Fenice . ( Istituto di Filologia Moderna , Università di Parma : Testi e Studi , Nuova Serie : Studi 1 . ) ( Fortuna of the Laughing and Weeping Philosophers topos ) Petronius ( late 1st century AD ) . Satyricon . Trans . William Arrowsmith . New York : A Meridian Book , 1987 . Russell , Bertrand ( 1972 ) . A History of Western Philosophy , Simon & Schuster . Sextus Empiricus ( c. 200 AD ) . Adversus Mathematicos . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ DK 68 B118 . Jump up ^ DK 59 A80 : Aristotle , Meteorologica 342b . ^ Jump up to : Barnes ( 1987 ) . ^ Jump up to : Russell , pp. 64 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Stephen Toulmin and June Goodfield , The Architecture of Matter ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1962 ) , 56 . Jump up ^ Diogenes Laërtius , Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers , ix. 40 : `` Aristoxenus in his Historical Notes affirms that Plato wished to burn all the writings of Democritus that he could collect '' . Jump up ^ Pamela Gossin , Encyclopedia of Literature and Science , 2002 . Jump up ^ Democritus at Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Jump up ^ Aristotle , De Coel . iii. 4 , Meteor . ii. 7 Jump up ^ Diogenes Laërtius , ix. 34 , etc . ^ Jump up to : Diogenes Laërtius , ix. 41 . Jump up ^ `` The latter date ( 460 BC ) is perhaps somewhat preferable , especially given the evident temptation to classify Democritus as older than Socrates on generic grounds , i.e. that Democritus was the last ' scientific ' philosopher , Socrates the first ' ethical ' one '' . Cynthia Farrar , 1989 , The Origins of Democratic Thinking : The Invention of Politics in Classical Athens , page 195 . Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ John Burnet ( 1955 ) . Greek Philosophy : Thales to Plato , London : Macmillan , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Cicero , de Finibus , v. 19 ; Strabo , xvi . Jump up ^ Diodorus , i. 98 . Jump up ^ Clement of Alexandria , Stromata , i . Jump up ^ Aelian , Varia Historia , iv. 20 ; Diogenes Laërtius , ix. 35 . Jump up ^ Tatian , Orat . cont . Graec. 17 . `` However , this Democritus , whom Tatian identified with the philosopher , was a certain Bolus of Mendes who , under the name of Democritus , wrote a book on sympathies and antipathies '' -- Owsei Temkin ( 1991 ) , Hippocrates in a World of Pagans and Christians , p. 120 . JHU Press . Jump up ^ Diogenes Laërtius , ii. 14 ; Sextus vii. 140 . Jump up ^ Diogenes Laërtius , ix. 42 . Jump up ^ Diogenes Laertius 9.36 and Cicero Tusculanae Quaestiones 5.36. 104 , cited in p. 349 n . 2 of W.K.C. Guthrie ( 1965 ) , A History of Greek Philosophy , vol. 2 , Cambridge . Jump up ^ Aristotle , Metaph . xiii. 4 ; Phys . ii. 2 , de Partib . Anim . i. 1 Jump up ^ Cicero , de Finibus v. 29 ; Aulus Gellius , x. 17 ; Diogenes Laërtius , ix. 36 ; Cicero , Tusculanae Quaestiones v. 39 . Jump up ^ Seneca , de Ira , ii. 10 ; Aelian , Varia Historia , iv. 20 . Jump up ^ Diodorus , xiv. 11.5 . Jump up ^ Lucian , Macrobii 18 Jump up ^ Hipparchus ap . Diogenes Laërtius , ix. 43 . Jump up ^ Brewer , E. Cobham ( 1978 ) ( reprint of 1894 version ) . The Dictionary of Phrase and Fable . Edwinstowe , England : Avenel Books . p. 3 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 25921 - 4 . Jump up ^ Tatarkiewicz , Wladyslaw . History of Aesthetics : Edited by J. Harrell , C. Barrett and D. Petsch ( p. 89 - . A&C Black , 1 Apr 2006 ISBN 0826488552 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Derek Gjertsen ( 1986 ) , The Newton Handbook , p. 468 . Jump up ^ Sylvia Berryman ( 2005 ) . `` Ancient Atomism '' , Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . -- Retrieved on 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Pfeffer , Jeremy , I. ; Nir , Shlomo ( 2001 ) . Modern Physics : An Introduction Text . World Scientific Publishing Company . p. 183 . ISBN 1 - 86094 - 250 - 4 . Jump up ^ See testimonia DK 68 A 80 , DK 68 A 37 and DK 68 A 43 . See also Cassirer , Ernst ( 1953 ) . An Essay on Man : an Introduction to the Philosophy of Human Culture . Doubleday & Co. p. 214 . ASIN B0007EK5MM . Jump up ^ `` Periodo presocrático '' . Ministerio de Educación , Cultura y Deporte . Archived from the original on 21 June 2013 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Russell , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Aristotle , Phys . iv. 6 Jump up ^ Russell , pp. 69 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Aristotle , Metaphysics iv. 1009 b 7 . Jump up ^ Diogenes Laërtius ( tr . Hicks , 1925 ) , ix. 72 . See also Bakalis ( 2005 , p. 86 ) Jump up ^ Fr. 135 ( Bakalis ( 2005 ) ) : Theophrastus 12 , De Sensu ( On the Senses ) , 49 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Fr. 11 ( Bakalis ( 2005 ) ) : Sextus vii. 138 . Jump up ^ Fr. 9 ( Bakalis ( 2005 ) ) : Sextus vii. 136 . Jump up ^ Fr. 118 ( Bakalis ( 2005 ) ) Jump up ^ `` Democritus ( Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ) '' . Plato.stanford.edu . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Popper , Karl R. ( 1945 ) . The Open Society and its Enemies . Vol I. : The Spell of Plato . London : George Routledge & Sons . Jump up ^ Petronius ch. 88 . Jump up ^ Diodorus I. viii. 1 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Russell , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Russell ( 1972 , p. 85 ) . Jump up ^ `` Drachma Banknotes & Coins '' . Bank of Greece . Archived from the original on 1 January 2009 . Retrieved 27 March 2009 . Jump up ^ J. Bourjaily . Banknotes featuring Scientists and Mathematicians . -- Retrieved on 7 December 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Democritus and Laughing Democritus . Library resources about Democritus Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Democritus Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Quotations related to Democritus at Wikiquote Works written by or about Democritus at Wikisource Berryman , Sylvia . `` Democritus '' . In Zalta , Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Democritus '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . O'Connor , John J. ; Robertson , Edmund F. , `` Democritus '' , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive , University of St Andrews . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who were the greek philosophers who contributed the basic information about atoms | [
"Democritus was born in Abdera, Thrace,[4] around 460 BC, although there are disagreements about the exact year. His exact contributions are difficult to disentangle from those of his mentor Leucippus, as they are often mentioned together in texts. Their speculation on atoms, taken from Leucippus, bears a passing and partial resemblance to the 19th-century understanding of atomic structure that has led some to regard Democritus as more of a scientist than other Greek philosophers; however, their ideas rested on very different bases.[5]\nLargely ignored in ancient Athens, Democritus is said to have been disliked so much by Plato that the latter wished all of his books burned.[6] He was nevertheless well known to his fellow northern-born philosopher Aristotle.\nMany consider Democritus to be the \"father of modern science\".[7] None of his writings have survived; only fragments are known from his vast body of work.[8]\n",
"Democritus was born in Abdera, Thrace,[4] around 460 BC, although there are disagreements about the exact year. His exact contributions are difficult to disentangle from those of his mentor Leucippus, as they are often mentioned together in texts. Their speculation on atoms, taken from Leucippus, bears a passing and partial resemblance to the 19th-century understanding of atomic structure that has led some to regard Democritus as more of a scientist than other Greek philosophers; however, their ideas rested on very different bases.[5]\nLargely ignored in ancient Athens, Democritus is said to have been disliked so much by Plato that the latter wished all of his books burned.[6] He was nevertheless well known to his fellow northern-born philosopher Aristotle.\nMany consider Democritus to be the \"father of modern science\".[7] None of his writings have survived; only fragments are known from his vast body of work.[8]\n"
] | [
"Democritus",
"his mentor Leucippus"
] |
5796540531664812430 | Stranger Things | Stranger Things - wikipedia Stranger Things Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Stranger Things ( disambiguation ) . Stranger Things Genre Science fiction Horror Supernatural Period drama Created by The Duffer Brothers Starring Winona Ryder David Harbour Finn Wolfhard Millie Bobby Brown Gaten Matarazzo Caleb McLaughlin Natalia Dyer Charlie Heaton Cara Buono Matthew Modine Noah Schnapp Sadie Sink Joe Keery Dacre Montgomery Sean Astin Paul Reiser Composer ( s ) Kyle Dixon Michael Stein Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 17 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Karl Gajdusek Cindy Holland Brian Wright Matt Thunell Shawn Levy Dan Cohen The Duffer Brothers Iain Paterson Location ( s ) Jackson , Georgia Cinematography Tim Ives Tod Campbell Running time 42 -- 62 minutes Production company ( s ) 21 Laps Entertainment Monkey Massacre Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) High dynamic range Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) -- present External links Website www.netflix.com/title/80057281 Stranger Things is an American science fiction - horror web television series created , written , directed and co-executive produced by the Duffer Brothers , as well as co-executive produced by Shawn Levy and Dan Cohen . The first season , released in July 2016 , stars Winona Ryder , David Harbour , Finn Wolfhard , Millie Bobby Brown , Gaten Matarazzo , Caleb McLaughlin , Natalia Dyer , Charlie Heaton , Cara Buono and Matthew Modine , with Noah Schnapp and Joe Keery in recurring roles . For the second season , Schnapp and Keery were promoted to series regulars , along with the additions of Sadie Sink , Dacre Montgomery , Sean Astin and Paul Reiser . Set in the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana in the 1980s , the first season focuses on the investigation into the disappearance of a young boy amid supernatural events occurring around the town including the appearance of a girl with psychokinetic abilities who helps the missing boy 's friends in their own search . The second season , titled Stranger Things 2 , is set a year after the first , and deals with attempts of the characters to return to normal and consequences from that season . The Duffer Brothers developed the series as a mix of investigative drama alongside supernatural elements with childlike sensibilities , establishing its time frame in the 1980s and creating a homage to pop culture of that decade . Several themes and directorial aspects were inspired and aesthetically informed by the works of Steven Spielberg , John Carpenter , and Stephen King , among others . The first season was released on Netflix on July 15 , 2016 . It received critical acclaim for its characterization , pacing , atmosphere , acting , soundtrack , directing , writing , and homages to 1980s genre films . The series has received several industry nominations and awards , including winning the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2016 , and receiving eighteen nominations for the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Drama Series . On August 31 , 2016 , Netflix renewed the series for a second season of nine episodes , which was released on October 27 , 2017 . The Duffer Brothers have confirmed that the series will continue with a third season , pursuing a desire to conclude Stranger Things with a fourth or fifth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 Introduced in season one 2.2. 2 Introduced in season two 2.3 Guests 2.3. 1 Introduced in season one 2.3. 2 Introduced in season two 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Filming 4.5 Visual effects 4.6 Music 4.6. 1 Soundtracks 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Audience viewership 6.2 Critical reception 6.2. 1 Season 1 6.2. 2 Season 2 6.3 Commentary 6.4 Accolades 7 Other media 7.1 Beyond Stranger Things 7.2 Mobile video game 7.3 Others 8 References 9 External links Premise Stranger Things is set in the fictional rural town of Hawkins , Indiana , during the early 1980s . The nearby Hawkins National Laboratory ostensibly performs scientific research for the United States Department of Energy , but secretly does experiments into the paranormal and supernatural , including those that involve human test subjects . Inadvertently , they have created a portal to an alternate dimension called `` the Upside Down '' . The influence of the Upside Down starts to affect the unknowing residents of Hawkins in calamitous ways . The first season begins in November 1983 , when Will Byers is abducted by a creature from the Upside Down . His mother , Joyce , and the town 's police chief , Jim Hopper , search for Will . At the same time , a young psychokinetic girl called Eleven escapes from the laboratory and assists Will 's friends , Mike , Dustin , and Lucas , in their own efforts to find Will . The second season is set a year later , starting in October 1984 . Will had been rescued , but few know of the details of the events . When Will is found to be still influenced by entities from the Upside Down , his friends and family learn there is a larger threat to their universe from the Upside Down . Cast and characters The Duffer Brothers and the cast of season 2 of Stranger Things at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con International Main Winona Ryder as Joyce Byers , the mother of Will and Jonathan Byers and divorced from Lonnie . David Harbour as Jim Hopper , chief of Hawkins Police Department . Hopper divorced after his young daughter died of cancer , which caused him to lapse into alcoholism . Finn Wolfhard as Mike Wheeler , son of Karen and Ted , younger brother of Nancy , and one of three friends of Will Byers . He is an intelligent and conscientious student and is committed to his friends . He is the love interest of Eleven . Millie Bobby Brown as Jane Ives / Eleven ( `` El '' ) , a young girl with psychokinetic abilities , an unusual appearance , and a limited vocabulary . She befriends Mike , Dustin , and Lucas . It is eventually revealed that she is actually Jane Ives , the biological daughter of Terry Ives . She escaped from Hawkins Laboratory where experiments were being performed on her . She is the love interest of Mike . Gaten Matarazzo as Dustin Henderson , one of Will 's friends . His cleidocranial dysplasia causes him to lisp . Caleb McLaughlin as Lucas Sinclair , one of Will 's friends . He is wary of Eleven , yet befriends her later on . In season two , he becomes a love interest for Max . Natalia Dyer as Nancy Wheeler , daughter of Karen and Ted , older sister of Mike , and girlfriend of Steve Harrington . Charlie Heaton as Jonathan Byers , the older brother of Will Byers and the son of Joyce Byers . Considered an outsider at school , he is a quiet teenager and an aspiring photographer . He is very close with his mother and brother . Cara Buono as Karen Wheeler , mother of teenaged Nancy , middle schooler Mike , and toddler Holly . Matthew Modine as Martin Brenner , the scientist in charge of Hawkins Laboratory and the experiments performed there . He is manipulative and remote . He and his team are searching for Eleven . Noah Schnapp as Will Byers , the younger brother of Jonathan Byers and the son of Joyce Byers . He vanishes after encountering the monster that escaped through a rift to the `` Upside Down '' , an alternate dimension , discovered by the Hawkins Laboratory scientists . Schnapp was promoted to series regular for the second season , after recurring in the first . Sadie Sink as Maxine `` Max '' Mayfield / `` Madmax '' , Billy 's younger stepsister , and the tomboy of the group who catches the attention of both Lucas and Dustin . Joe Keery as Steve Harrington , the boyfriend of Nancy Wheeler . A popular student at the high school , he initially tries to develop a relationship with Nancy and ostracizes Jonathan Byers , though he comes to regret the latter . Keery was promoted to series regular for the second season , after recurring in the first . Dacre Montgomery as Billy Hargrove , Max 's violent and unpredictable older stepbrother . Sean Astin as Bob Newby , a former schoolmate of Joyce and Hopper , who now runs the Hawkins RadioShack , and becomes Joyce 's boyfriend , putting him at odds with Hopper . Paul Reiser as Sam Owens , a Department of Energy executive who replaced Brenner at Hawkins Laboratory who is as committed to science research and stubborn as his predecessor , but much more empathetic to the residents of Hawkins . Recurring Introduced in season one Joe Chrest as Ted Wheeler , husband of Karen , father of teenager Nancy , middle schooler Mike , and toddler Holly . Rob Morgan as Powell , one of Hopper 's officers . He is serious and by the book . Shannon Purser as Barbara `` Barb '' Holland , best friend of Nancy Wheeler . She is concerned that her friendship with Nancy may be threatened by Nancy 's relationship with Steve . John Paul Reynolds as Callahan , another of Hopper 's officers . Not nearly as serious as his partner , he still works hard in the search for Will Byers . Mark Steger as the Monster , a creature that exists in the Upside Down . Referred to as `` the Demogorgon '' by Mike , Lucas and Dustin . Catherine Dyer as Connie Frazier , Brenner 's FBI enforcer who has no qualms about murdering those who have come into contact with Eleven . Randy Havens as Scott Clarke , the boys ' teacher . He encourages their interest in science and technology and helps them whenever asked . Hugh Holub as the lead scientist at Hawkins Laboratory . Tobias Jelinek as the lead agent at Hawkins National Laboratory , who assists Brenner . Cade Jones as James , a school bully who hangs around with Troy . Anniston and Tinsley Price as Holly Wheeler , daughter of Karen and Ted , younger sister of Nancy and Mike . Susan Shalhoub Larkin as Florence ( `` Flo '' ) , the secretary at the Hawkins Police Station . Tony Vaughn as Russell Coleman , the principal at Hawkins Middle School . Peyton Wich as Troy , a school bully of Mike , Lucas , Dustin , and Will . Charles Lawlor as Donald Melvald , the owner of a convenience store where Joyce Byers works . Chester Rushing as Tommy H. , former friend of Steve , and boyfriend of Carol . Chelsea Talmadge as Carol , former friend of Steve , and girlfriend of Tommy . Robert Walker - Branchaud as an agent of Hawkins Laboratory who disguises himself as a repairman . Cynthia Barrett as Marsha Holland , Barbara Holland 's mother . Aimee Mullins as Terry Ives , a woman who claims her daughter , Jane , was stolen from her shortly after she gave birth , but she has since gone into a mental state where she is unaware of her surroundings . She is the biological mother of Eleven . Introduced in season two Linnea Berthelsen as Kali / Eight , a young woman with illusion manipulation abilities who , along with Eleven , was experimented on at the Hawkins Laboratory but later managed to escape . Vanathi Kalai Parthiban portrays a young Kali . Catherine Curtin as Claudia Henderson , Dustin 's mother . Brett Gelman as Murray Bauman , a former journalist that became a conspiracy theorist , who visits Hawkins to go after a cold case . Joe Davison as a technician at Hawkins Laboratory . Priah Ferguson as Erica Sinclair , Lucas ' younger sister . Guests Introduced in season one Ross Partridge as Lonnie Byers , the drunk , egotistical , selfish ex-husband of Joyce Byers and father of Jonathan and Will . He has a much younger girlfriend named Cynthia . Chris Sullivan as Benny Hammond , owner and chef of Benny 's Burgers , and friend of Hopper . Andrew Benator as a scientist at Hawkins Laboratory . Glennellen Anderson as Nicole , a classmate of Nancy , Steve and Jonathan . Pete Burris as the head of security at Hawkins Laboratory . Jerri Tubbs as Diane Hopper , Jim 's ex-wife . Amy Seimetz as Becky Ives , Terry 's sister who takes care of her . Elle Graham as Sarah Hopper , Jim and Diane 's daughter . Executive producer Shawn Levy cameos as a morgue worker . Introduced in season two Kai L. Greene as Funshine , a member of Kali 's crew . James Landry Hébert as Axel , a member of Kali 's crew . Anna Jacoby - Heron as Dottie , a member of Kali 's crew . Gabrielle Maiden as Mick , a member of Kali 's crew . Aaron Muñoz as Mr. Holland , Barbara 's father . Karen Ceesay as Mrs. Sinclair , Lucas and Erica 's mother . Drew Scheid as Nancy , Steve and Jonathan 's classmate . Pruitt Taylor Vince as Ray , a technician at Hawkins Laboratory who electrocuted Terry Ives , contributing to her deteriorated mental state . Arnell Powell as Mr. Sinclair , Lucas and Erica 's father . Will Chase as Neil Hargrove , Billy 's abusive father , Max 's stepfather , and Susan 's husband . Jennifer Marshall as Susan Hargrove , Max 's mother , Billy 's stepmother , and Neil 's wife . Episodes Season 1 ( 2016 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) In November 1983 , in a U.S. Department of Energy laboratory in the town of Hawkins , Indiana , a scientist is attacked by an unseen creature . While bicycling home from a Dungeons & Dragons session with his friends , 12 - year - old Will Byers encounters the creature and vanishes . The next day , a young girl with a shaved head and wearing a hospital gown steals food from a local diner . The owner , Benny , takes pity on her and feeds her before calling social services . From a tattoo on her arm , he learns that her name is Eleven . A woman posing as a social worker arrives and kills Benny . Armed men search the diner for Eleven , but she escapes . Will 's mother Joyce believes she hears Will 's voice on a distorted phone call , but her phone short circuits . Will 's friends Mike , Dustin , and Lucas search for Will in the woods and find Eleven . `` Chapter Two : The Weirdo on Maple Street '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) The boys bring Eleven to Mike 's house , where she sleeps in the basement . The next day , Mike nicknames her `` El '' . She says that `` bad people '' are looking for her and refuses to meet Mike 's parents . Scientists from the laboratory find a substance oozing from the walls of Joyce 's home . At Mike 's home , Eleven recognizes and points out Will in a photo . Dustin and Lucas want to inform Mike 's parents about Eleven , but she uses psychokinesis to stop them . While searching for Will , Mr. Clarke , the boys ' science teacher , discovers a scrap of a hospital gown outside the laboratory grounds . Nancy goes with her friend Barb to a party at her boyfriend Steve 's house . Will 's brother Jonathan investigates the woods where Will went missing . Hearing screaming , he runs to help but finds only Steve , Nancy , and their friends roughhousing around Steve 's swimming pool . He secretly photographs them . Barb , left alone by the poolside , vanishes . Joyce receives another call from Will , hears music from his room , and sees something coming through the wall . `` Chapter Three : Holly , Jolly '' Shawn Levy Jessica Mecklenburg July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Barb wakes up in an empty and decaying pool . She screams for Nancy and attempts to climb out but is dragged down by something unseen . Joyce strings Christmas lights around her home to talk to Will , who can turn them on and off . Hawkins Lab director Dr. Martin Brenner allows Hopper to view the lab 's security camera footage . Hopper realizes it is fake . He and his deputies research Hawkins Lab , Brenner , and a woman named Terry Ives who claimed her daughter was taken by Brenner . Eleven has a flashback in which Brenner , whom she calls `` Papa '' , has her put in solitary confinement for refusing to telekinetically harm a cat . Nancy worries about Barb , who is missing . Steve and his friends discover Jonathan 's photographs . They destroy them and his camera . Nancy recovers a photo of Barb by the poolside and returns to Steve 's house to search for her . Nancy finds Barb 's car and sees the creature in the woods . Joyce establishes a code with Will using the lights , which he uses to tell her that he is alive but unsafe . He tells Joyce to run as a creature begins to climb through her wall . Will 's apparent body is discovered in the water at a quarry . `` Chapter Four : The Body '' Shawn Levy Justin Doble July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Eleven proves to the boys that Will is still alive by making contact through Mike 's walkie - talkie . Joyce goes to the morgue to view the body and refuses to believe it is Will . The boys give Eleven a makeover so they can sneak her into school . Joyce hears Will in her living room wall . Tearing away the wallpaper , she sees him behind a membrane . At school , Eleven uses Mr. Clarke 's ham radio to channel Will talking to his mother . Joyce demolishes the wall with an axe but reveals only her front porch . Nancy discovers a figure behind Barb in Jonathan 's photo . Jonathan realizes that the figure matches his mother 's description of the creature : a humanoid figure with long arms and no face . Nancy tells the police about her missing friend and subsequently admits to her mother that she slept with Steve . When she tells Steve about the police , she is irritated that he cares only about not getting in trouble with his father . Hopper confronts the state trooper who found Will 's body and beats him until he admits he was ordered to lie . Hopper goes to the morgue and finds that Will 's supposed body is a dummy . He breaks into Hawkins laboratory . 5 5 `` Chapter Five : The Flea and the Acrobat '' The Duffer Brothers Alison Tatlock July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Will 's father Lonnie assures Joyce her experiences are hallucinations . Hopper discovers a portal in the basement levels of the lab , before he is knocked out . He wakes back in home , and discovers a hidden microphone . Mike , Lucas , and Dustin , with Eleven 's help , determine Will is trapped in an alternate dimension Eleven calls the `` Upside Down '' , and their science teacher Mr. Clarke confirms the possibility of portals to alternate dimensions . The boys use compasses to locate disruptions in the electromagnetic field that would be caused by a portal , but find that Eleven has been purposely affecting the field , as she does not want to go back to the lab , having memories of being put into a sensory - deprivation tank that allowed her to enter the Upside Down , where she saw the creature . Mike and Lucas get into an argument , and Eleven telekinetically flings Lucas off Mike , and she then disappears . In the woods , Nancy and Jonathan find a wounded deer which is suddenly dragged away by the creature , and subsequently find a portal to the Upside Down . Nancy crawls through and observes the creature eating the deer , before it discovers her . 6 6 `` Chapter Six : The Monster '' The Duffer Brothers Jessie Nickson - Lopez July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Jonathan pulls Nancy through the portal and saves her from the monster . Later , Steve sees them together through her bedroom window and assumes they are dating . Nancy and Jonathan resolve to kill the monster and purchase supplies from an army surplus store . During a fist fight with Steve , Jonathan is arrested after he inadvertently assaults an officer . Joyce and Hopper track down Terry Ives , who is catatonic and tended by her sister Becky . Becky explains that Terry underwent Project MKUltra testing while unknowingly pregnant ; she believed her daughter Jane was kidnapped by Brenner at birth . Joyce and Hopper conclude Eleven is likely Jane . Eleven recalls being asked to contact the monster and how the portal to the Upside Down opened in the laboratory basement . While searching for Eleven , Mike and Dustin are ambushed by Troy and James . Troy holds Dustin at knifepoint and demands Mike make a suicidal jump into the lake where Will 's body was discovered . Mike jumps but is levitated to safety by Eleven , who dispatches the bullies . Lucas realizes agents from the laboratory are heading to Mike 's house . 7 7 `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' The Duffer Brothers Justin Doble July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Lucas warns Mike via walkie - talkie that government agents are en route . Mike , Dustin , and Eleven flee the house . Eleven telekinetically flips a van that blocks their path , and the kids escape . Lucas reconciles with Mike and Eleven . Joyce and Hopper are called to the police station because of Jonathan 's assault . Jonathan and Nancy reveal their knowledge of the monster to Joyce and Hopper . The group contacts Mike and his friends and they rendezvous . They ask Eleven to search for Will and Barb , but her earlier feats have left her too weak to find them . To amplify Eleven 's powers , they break into the middle school and build a sensory - deprivation tank . Eleven finds Barb 's corpse with a slug - like creature crawling out of her mouth . With Joyce 's help , she finds Will alive , hiding in the Upside Down `` Castle Byers '' , his backyard fort . Hopper and Joyce break into Hawkins Laboratory but are apprehended by security guards . Nancy and Jonathan resolve to kill the monster and steal their hunting gear back from the police station . In the Upside Down , the monster breaks into the fort where Will is hiding . 8 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' The Duffer Brothers Story by : Paul Dichter Teleplay by : The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Following an interrogation , Hopper and Joyce enter the Upside Down and discover the monster 's nest , where they find Will unconscious , pull a tendril out of his esophagus and perform CPR to revive him . Nancy and Jonathan booby - trap the Byers ' home , then cut their hands to attract the monster with their blood . Twice , the monster appears but returns to the Upside Down . Eleven and the boys hide in the middle school , where Mike asks her to the Snow Ball and kisses her . Brenner and his agents arrive to re-capture Eleven , but fail as Eleven kills most of them . The monster attacks Brenner and the remaining agents before cornering the boys and Eleven in a classroom , where it is pinned and disintegrated by Eleven , who vanishes . Will is hospitalized and reunited with his mother , brother , and friends , and reveals the monster is a Demogorgon . Hopper is reluctantly picked up by a black car . One month later , Nancy and Steve are back together , and both are friends with Jonathan . Hopper leaves food in a box in the woods . Will coughs up a slug - like creature and has a vision of the world as the Upside Down , but hides this from his family . Season 2 ( 2017 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 9 `` Chapter One : MADMAX '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Almost a year after the events of the vanishing of Will , a psychic girl with a tattoo identical to Eleven 's , marking her as `` 008 '' , is working as part of a criminal gang in Pittsburgh . Back in Hawkins , Will , Mike , Dustin and Lucas meet a new girl at school , Maxine ( `` Max '' ) , who immediately captures the interest of Dustin and Lucas , while her older brother Billy antagonizes Steve . Mike and Nancy are still dealing with the losses of Eleven and Barb , respectively . Will has been experiencing `` episodes '' , hallucinations of the Upside Down that feature visions of an enormous , tentacled creature . Joyce and Hopper take Will to be seen at the lab by the new head scientist , Dr. Owens . Later , Hopper goes home to a cabin in the woods where he lives with Eleven , who is revealed to still be alive . 10 `` Chapter Two : Trick or Treat , Freak '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) In flashbacks , Eleven manages to escape from the Upside Down , but is forced to remain hidden in the woods to avoid the government agents . In the present , the kids prepare for Halloween . Eleven asks to go trick - or - treating , but Hopper insists that she needs to remain hidden . Hopper investigates when pumpkins patches all over town suddenly start rotting . Nancy wants to tell Barb 's parents the truth about her death , but Steve says that it is a bad idea , as the government agents might come after them if they told anyone the truth . Instead , they attend a Halloween party , where Nancy gets drunk and berates Steve until he leaves . Jonathan takes Nancy home . Mike , Will , Dustin and Lucas go trick - or - treating , later joined by Max . During the night , Will has another episode and tells Mike about his visions . Mike admits that he is still trying to contact Eleven . Eleven tries to contact Mike using her powers , but is unsuccessful . Dustin returns home after trick - or - treating , and finds a strange creature in his trash can . 11 `` Chapter Three : The Pollywog '' Shawn Levy Justin Doble October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) In flashbacks , Hopper finds Eleven in the woods and sets up his grandfather 's hunting cabin as a place for her to live . In the present , Bob , Joyce 's boyfriend , encourages Will to stand up to his fears . Nancy persuades Jonathan to help her on a mission to tell Barb 's parents the truth . Hopper asks Dr. Owens to investigate the pumpkin - rotting incidents . Dustin tries to learn more about the strange creature he found , a small , slug - like animal that he names D'Artagnan ( `` Dart '' ) , and shows it to the other kids at school . Will describes his hallucinations , and they conclude that Dart is from the Upside Down . Eleven leaves the cabin to look for Mike ; she sees him arguing with Max and mistakes them as flirting . Joyce discovers an image of Will 's vision on the video camera Will carried while trick - or - treating . Dart escapes ; Will finds it , which triggers another hallucination . Will follows Bob 's advice and confronts the shadow monster , but it forces a shadow tentacle down his throat . 12 `` Chapter Four : Will the Wise '' Shawn Levy Paul Dichter October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Will wakes up to the concern of Joyce and his friends . Joyce takes Will home , but finds him acting strangely , and he starts drawing scribbles on numerous pages . Joyce calls Hopper for help , and together they discover the scribbles line up , forming a vast network of vines . Hopper recognizes an area and leaves without telling Joyce . Nancy and Jonathan are caught by undercover lab agents when they try to contact Barb 's mother . Dr. Owens shows them the portal to the Upside Down , admits Barb died from it , and that they want to prevent other governments from learning of it . When they are released , Nancy reveals she recorded Owens ' admission . Lucas tries to get closer to Max but Billy warns Lucas to stay away . Dustin finds that Dart has broken out of its cage , and devoured his pet cat , and is a baby version of the Demogorgon monster . Eleven , after an argument with Hopper , finds Hopper 's research into her biological mother , Terry Ives , and tries to contact Terry with her powers . Hopper digs into one of the tainted fields , and finds a tunnel leading to the Upside Down . 13 5 `` Chapter Five : Dig Dug '' Andrew Stanton Jessie Nickson - Lopez October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Hopper becomes trapped in the tunnels and passes out . Will has a vision of Hopper 's state , but Joyce can not figure out its meaning , and she recruits Bob to help . He identifies the network as a map under Hawkins , and where Hopper was trapped . Nancy and Jonathan visit local conspiracy theorist Murray for help . Murray knows the public will not accept their story as - is , but suggests watering down the story to make it more believable , to blame Barb 's death on toxins from the lab . Lucas privately reveals the events of last year to Max to gain her respect , but she rebuffs him . Dustin traps Dart in his basement , and gets Steve to help recapture it . Eleven leaves to find Terry Ives , who is catatonic and cared for by her sister . Eleven is able to communicate with Terry , gaining her memories of trying to rescue her at Hawkins Lab before she was subject to an intentional severely brain - damaging dose of shock therapy . Eleven finds there was another girl trained like her . Joyce , Bob , Will , and Mike are able to rescue Hopper , though lab personnel soon arrive and set the tunnels on fire , causing Will to collapse in agony . 14 6 `` Chapter Six : The Spy '' Andrew Stanton Kate Trefry October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Will is rushed to the lab , and demonstrates memory loss . Dr. Owens speculates that the shadow monster is like a virus in Will , which has spread to his brain ; damaging the tunnels may be lethal to Will . Nancy and Jonathan spend the night at Murray 's where they admit their feelings for each other , then return to the Byers home and discover Will 's drawings . Dustin contacts Lucas , and the two , along with Max and Steve , attempt to trap Dart at the local junkyard . There , Max opens up to Lucas , explaining that Billy 's attitude is a result of his father remarrying Max 's mother , a situation Billy was unhappy with . The four find that Dart is but one of a pack of adolescent monsters , and they are trapped in a bus until the pack suddenly runs away . At the lab , Will discovers a location on his map that the monsters want to avoid , located near the lab . Owens sends a team to investigate , but it is a trap ; the team is attacked by the adolescent monsters who subsequently make their way into the lab itself . They realize that the monster has manipulated Will . 15 7 `` Chapter Seven : The Lost Sister '' Rebecca Thomas Justin Doble October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Eleven leaves to Chicago find the other girl from Terry 's memories . There , Eleven tracks down Kali , the girl with psychic powers from Pittsburgh , along with others of her gang . The two reconnect , and Kali shows her prowess with her abilities , and now with the help of her gang , trying to exact revenge on former Hawkins lab scientists for what they did to her . Kali helps Eleven improve her powers by helping to channel her anger . Eleven joins them as they attack Ray , the lab technician that performed shock therapy on Terry , who claims Dr. Brenner is still alive . Kali tries to have Eleven kill Ray , but Eleven refuses when she finds Ray has two daughters . They flee back to the gang 's base , and Kali insists Eleven either stay and avenge her mother , or leave . Eleven has a vision of Mike and Hopper at the lab , in trouble , and decides to return to Hawkins , while Kali and her gang escape from the police . 16 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) The pack of creatures overwhelm the lab , killing many . Mike convinces Joyce to sedate Will , preventing the creatures from tracking them . Mike , Will , Joyce , Hopper , Bob and Owens are trapped in the lab 's security room , and when the power goes out , Bob volunteers to reset the breakers to allow them to escape . Owens stays behind to help guide the rest out , and while Mike , Will , Joyce , and Hopper escape , Bob is caught and killed by the pack . They regroup with Nancy , Jonathan , Steve , Dustin , Lucas , and Max who have come to the lab . The group figures that the shadow monster is controlling Will and the pack , and if they kill it , its influence on those will end . They tie Will up in his tool shed , redecorated so that Will can not recognize it when he wakes , preventing the monster from locating him . Joyce and Mike are able to get through to Will who taps out a message in Morse code , `` CLOSE GATE '' . Suddenly the house phone rings , and the monster identifies their location . They barricade themselves in the house as the pack moves in . 17 9 `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Eleven arrives at the Byers ' house and dispatches the pack of monsters . After a brief reunion , they devise a plan to close the gate to the Upside Down . Hopper and Eleven head to the lab to close the portal , while Jonathan , Nancy , and Joyce purge the virus from Will by overheating him . Mike , Dustin , Lucas , Steve , and Max enter the tunnels to lure the pack away from the lab , though Steve initially refuses to help . Billy , having been told to find Max by his father , arrives and fights Steve . Max eventually subdues him , and Steve agrees to help . The teenagers enter the tunnels and enact their plan , but are cornered by Dart . Dustin calms Dart long enough for the group to escape . Eleven unleashes her anger and successfully closes the portal , killing all monsters in Hawkins . A month later , the lab has been shut down , Barb has been given a proper funeral , and Owens provides a birth certificate for Eleven . The students attend the school 's winter dance , Eleven and Mike kiss along with Lucas and Max , unaware that in the Upside Down , the shadow monster is still alive , towering over the school . Production Development Ross ( left ) and Matt Duffer , the creators of the series Stranger Things was created by Matt and Ross Duffer , known professionally as the Duffer Brothers . The two had completed writing and producing their 2015 film Hidden , which they had tried to emulate the style of M. Night Shyamalan , however , due to changes at Warner Bros. , its distributor , the film did not see a wide release and the Duffers were unsure of their future . To their surprise , television producer Donald De Line approached them , impressed with Hidden 's script , and offered them the opportunity to work on episodes of Wayward Pines alongside Shyamalan . The brothers were mentored by Shyamalan during the episode 's production , so that when they finished , they felt they were ready to produce their own television series . The Duffer Brothers prepared a script that would essentially be similar to the series ' actual pilot episode , along with a 20 - page pitch book to help shop the series around for a network . They pitched the story to a number of cable networks , all of which rejected the script on the basis that they felt a plot centered around children as leading characters would not work , asking them to make it a children 's show or to drop the children and focus on Hopper 's investigation in the paranormal . In early 2015 , Dan Cohen , the VP of 21 Laps Entertainment , brought the script to his colleague Shawn Levy . They subsequently invited the Duffer Brothers to their office and purchased the rights for the series , giving full authorship of it to the brothers . After reading the pilot , the streaming service Netflix purchased the whole season for an undisclosed amount ; the show was subsequently announced for a planned 2016 release by Netflix in early April 2015 . The Duffer Brothers stated that at the time they had pitched to Netflix , the service had already gotten recognized for its original programming , such as House of Cards and Orange Is the New Black , with well - recognized producers behind them , and were ready to start giving upcoming producers like them a chance . The brothers started to write out the series and brought Levy and Cohen in as executive producers to start casting and filming . The series was originally known as Montauk , as the setting of the script was in Montauk , New York and nearby Long Island locations . The brothers had chosen Montauk as it had further Spielberg ties with the film Jaws , where Montauk was used for the fictional setting of Amity Island . After deciding to change the narrative of the series to take place in the fictional town of Hawkins instead , the brothers felt they could now do things to the town , such as placing it under quarantine , that they really could not envision with a real location . With the change in location , they had to come up with a new title for the series under direction from Netflix 's Ted Sarandos so that they could start marketing it to the public . The brothers started by using a copy of Stephen King 's Firestarter novel to consider the title 's font and appearance , and came up with a long list of potential alternatives . Stranger Things came about as it sounded similar to another King novel , Needful Things , though Matt noted they still had a `` lot of heated arguments '' over this final title . With the critical success of the first season after its release in July 2016 , speculation on a possible second season was raised . By the end of July , the Duffer Brothers had outlined a plan for such a season if it was green - lit , and Netflix 's CEO Reed Hastings said in early August that the company `` would be dumb not to '' renew Stranger Things for a second season . On August 31 , 2016 , Netflix announced it had renewed Stranger Things for a second season of nine episodes , to be released in 2017 . The Duffer Brothers revealed that the series had been renewed for a second season before the first premiered . Regarding the decision to wait more than a month after the first season premiered to announce the renewal , Matt Duffer said , `` it actually ended up working because it had built up to this fever pitch . I guess that 's what ( Netflix ) were intending to do all the time . '' The Duffers wrote the second season to make the combined first and second season feel like a complete work , but setting elements in place to go forward with additional seasons if they are green - lit . While most of the story for the second season had been decided before the first season aired , the Duffers took in the audience reactions from the first season to adjust some of the details within the second season . They knew they would not have the same element of audience surprise as when the show aired anew , and were aware fans wanted to see certain elements , but Ross said `` ... the point is not to give everyone what they think they want . Because I do n't think they really know what they want . '' The Duffers felt that the second season should be treated more as a sequel rather than a continuation , and thus have opted to call the second Stranger Things 2 . This approach had some trepidation from Netflix , since the company felt movie sequels typically have a bad reputation , but the Duffers pointed out that there had been many successful sequels that surpassed the original film , and felt confident with this name . Despite revealing episode titles for the season in the announcement teaser in order `` to provide some hint of where we were going in season two without giving anything away , '' Matt Duffer stated that some of the titles would change , since there were some things `` we did n't want to put on there because we felt like it would give too much away , '' and because `` people are smart on the fucking internet '' with fan - created `` videos analyzing the chapter titles ... right on a lot '' of how the titles related to the plot of the season . In early October 2017 , the Duffers revealed the final titles for the first six episodes of the season . Levy noted in November 2016 that he and the Duffer Brothers had already begun planning a potential third season , saying , `` We are not gon na be caught off guard and we do n't wan na be making stuff up like the day before we have to write it and make it , so we are definitely optimistic and we have started thinking ahead . '' The Duffers anticipate having about four to five seasons to work with , but do want to `` have a really finite ending '' while the show is still at a height of success , according to Matt , rather than letting it draw out indefinitely . In August 2017 , the Duffers confirmed there would be a third season , with the likelihood of one more season following that , with Ross saying , `` We 're thinking it will be a four - season thing and then out '' . Writing The idea of Stranger Things started with how the brothers felt they could take the concept of the 2013 film Prisoners , detailing the moral struggles a father goes through when his daughter is kidnapped , and expand it out over eight or so hours in a serialized television approach . As they focused on the missing child aspect of the story , they wanted to introduce the idea of `` childlike sensibilities '' they could offer , and toyed around with the idea of a monster that could consume humans . The brothers thought the combination of these things `` was the best thing ever '' . To introduce this monster into the narrative , they considered `` bizarre experiments we had read about taking place in the Cold War '' such as Project MKUltra , which gave a way to ground the monster 's existence in science rather than something spiritual . This also helped them to decide on using 1983 as the time period , as it was a year before the film Red Dawn came out , which focused on Cold War paranoia . Subsequently , they were able to use all their own personal inspirations from the 1980s , the decade they were born , as elements of the series , crafting it in the realm of science fiction and horror . The Duffer Brothers have cited as influence for the show ( among others ) : Stephen King novels ; films produced by Steven Spielberg , John Carpenter , Wes Craven , Robert Zemeckis , George Lucas and Guillermo del Toro ; films such as Alien and Stand by Me ; Japanese anime such as Akira and Elfen Lied ; and video games such as Silent Hill and The Last of Us . The Duffers also believe that they may have brought influences from other works unintentionally , including Beyond the Black Rainbow and D.A.R.Y.L. , discovered by reviewing fan feedback on the show . With Netflix as the platform , the Duffer Brothers were not limited to a typical 22 - episode format , opting for the eight - episode approach . They had been concerned that a 22 - episode season on broadcast television would be difficult to `` tell a cinematic story '' with that many episodes . Eight episodes allowed them to give time to characterization in addition to narrative development ; if they had less time available , they would have had to remain committed to telling a horror film as soon as the monster was introduced and abandon the characterization . Within the eight episodes , the brothers aimed to make the first season `` feel like a big movie '' with all the major plot lines completed so that `` the audience feels satisfied '' , but left enough unresolved to indicate `` there 's a bigger mythology , and there 's a lot of dangling threads at the end '' , something that could be explored in further seasons if Netflix opted to create more . Regarding writing for the children characters of the series , the Duffer Brothers considered themselves as outcasts from other students while in high school and thus found it easy to write for Mike and his friends , and particularly for Barb . Joyce was fashioned after Richard Dreyfuss 's character Roy Neary in Close Encounters of the Third Kind , as she appears `` absolutely bonkers '' to everyone else as she tries to find Will . Other characters , such as Billy in the second season , have more villainous attributes that are not necessarily obvious from the onset ; Matt explained that they took further inspiration from Stephen King for these characters , as King `` always has really great human villains '' that may be more malicious than the supernatural evil . Casting The Duffers cast David Harbour as Sheriff Hopper believing this was his opportunity to have a lead character in a work . In June 2015 , it was announced that Winona Ryder and David Harbour had joined the series as Joyce and as the unnamed chief of police , respectively . The brothers ' casting director Carmen Cuba had suggested Ryder for the role of Joyce , which the two were immediately drawn to because of her predominance in the films of the 1980s . Levy believed Ryder could `` wretch up the emotional urgency and yet find layers and nuance and different sides of ( Joyce ) '' . Ryder praised that the show 's multiple storylines required her to act for Joyce as `` she 's out of her mind , but she 's actually kind of onto something '' , and that the producers had faith she could pull off the difficult role . The Duffer Brothers had been interested in Harbour before , who until Stranger Things primarily had smaller roles as villainous characters , and they felt that he had been `` waiting too long for this opportunity '' to play a lead , while Harbour himself was thrilled by the script and the chance to play `` a broken , flawed , anti-hero character '' . Additional casting followed two months later with Finn Wolfhard as Mike , Millie Bobby Brown in an undisclosed role , Gaten Matarazzo as Dustin , Caleb McLaughlin as Lucas , Natalia Dyer as Nancy , and Charlie Heaton as Jonathan . In September 2015 , Cara Buono joined the cast as Karen , followed by Matthew Modine as Martin Brenner a month later . Additional cast who recur for the first season include Noah Schnapp as Will , Shannon Purser as Barbara `` Barb '' Holland , Joe Keery as Steve Harrington , and Ross Partridge as Lonnie , among others . Actors auditioning for the children roles read lines from Stand By Me . The Duffer Brothers estimated they went through about a thousand different child actors for the roles . They noted that Wolfhard was already `` a movie buff '' of the films from the 1980s period and easily filled the role , while they found Matarazzo 's audition to be much more authentic than most of the other audition tapes , and selected him after a single viewing of his audition tape . As casting was started immediately after Netflix greenlit the show , and prior to the scripts being fully completed , this allowed some of the actor 's takes on the roles to reflect into the script . The casting of the young actors for Will and his friends had been done just after the first script was completed , and subsequent scripts incorporated aspects from these actors . The brothers said Modine provided significant input on the character of Dr. Brenner , whom they had not really fleshed out before as they considered him the hardest character to write for given his limited appearances within the narrative . In October 2016 , it was announced that Schnapp and Keery had been promoted to the main cast for the second season , after each recurring in the first season , and that Sadie Sink and Dacre Montgomery would join the main cast as Max and Billy , respectively . Ryder , Harbour , Wolfhard , Brown , Matarazzo , McLaughlin , Dyer and Heaton also return for the season . Sean Astin as Bob Newby and Paul Reiser as Sam Owens are also part of the main cast in the season . For Owens , the Duffer Brothers had referred to the character in their pitch to Netflix for the season as `` Paul Reiser '' , and specifically alluded to Reiser 's character Burke in Aliens , with Ross referencing James Cameron 's casting choice for that film , saying , `` ( Cameron ) thought people would inherently trust ( Reiser ) and it would be a twist '' . Reiser 's son was a fan of Stranger Things , and gave his father an early appreciation of the series , so that by when the production called his agent about the role , Reiser was excited for the part . Joining them in recurring roles are Linnea Berthelsen as Kali / Eight and Brett Gelman as Murray Bauman . Filming The brothers had desired to film the series around the Long Island area to match the initial Montauk concept . However , with filming scheduled to take place in November 2015 , it was difficult to shoot in Long Island in the cold weather , and the production started scouting locations in and around the Atlanta , Georgia area . The brothers , who grew up in North Carolina , found many places that reminded them of their own childhoods in that area , and felt the area would work well with the narrative shift to the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana . The filming of the first season began in November 2015 and was extensively done in Atlanta , Georgia , with the Duffer Brothers and Levy handling the direction of individual episodes . Jackson served as the basis of the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana . Other shooting locations included the Georgia Mental Health Institute as the Hawkins National Laboratory site , Bellwood Quarry , Patrick Henry High School in Stockbridge , Georgia , for the middle and high school scenes , Emory University 's Continuing Education Department , the former city hall in Douglasville , Georgia , Georgia International Horse Park , the probate court in Butts County , Georgia , Old East Point Library and East Point First Baptist Church in East Point , Georgia , Fayetteville , Georgia , Stone Mountain Park , Palmetto , Georgia , and Winston , Georgia . Set work was done at Screen Gem Studios in Atlanta . The series was filmed with a Red Dragon digital camera . Filming for the first season concluded in early 2016 . While filming , the brothers tried to capture shots that could be seen as homages to many of the 1980s references they recalled . Their goal was not necessarily to fill the work with these references , but instead make the series seem to the viewer as a 1980s film . They spent little time reviewing those works and instead went by memory . Matt further recognized that some of their filming homages were not purposely done but were found to be very comparable , as highlighted by a fan - made video comparing the show to several 1980s works side - by - side . Matt commented on the video that `` Some were deliberate and some were subconscious . '' The brothers recognized that many of the iconic scenes from these 1980s films , such as with Poltergeist , was about `` taking a very ordinary object that people deal with every day , their television set , and imbuing it with something otherworldly '' , leading to the idea of using the Christmas light strings for Will to communicate with Joyce . The brothers attributed much of the 1980s feel to set and costume designers and the soundtrack composers that helped to recreate the era for them . Lynda Reiss , the head of props , had about a $220,000 budget , similar to most films , to acquire artifacts of the 1980s , using eBay and searching through flea markets and estate sales around the Atlanta area . The bulk of the props were original items from the 1980s with only a few pieces , such as the Dungeons & Dragons books made as replicas . Costume designer Kimberly Adams - Galligan for the first season aimed for capturing authenticity of the clothes choices by the characters , such as reflecting that the Byers would likely use hand - me - down clothes compared to the other families ; in this case , while the costume department did distress the outfits for all the characters , they spent more time for Will 's clothes compared to Mike 's . Frequently , they needed to create outfits for the kids themselves since many were still growing during the time of filming , and could not readily acquire period fashion across a range of sizes . Director of photography Tim Ives shot the first season with Leica lens and the 6K Red Scarlet Dragon to `` make sure that our images had the soft and round tones that are in ' 80s films '' ; this is achieved through digital image processing . Ives said that these cameras allow them to create an adaptable quality to the recorded film that is adaptable to a wide range of viewing experiences , including support for newer and future television technologies such as high dynamic range video that was just becoming adopted at the time of filming . Filming for the second season began on November 7 , 2016 , once again in and around the Atlanta Metro area . While parts of Season 2 were set in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , these were actually filmed in downtown Atlanta , with skylines of Pittsburgh added in post-production . Andrew Stanton , director of Pixar 's Finding Nemo and WALL - E , will direct the fifth and sixth episode of the second season . Levy stated that Stanton was a big fan of the show and called up Levy , offering his directorial abilities for the show . Rebecca Thomas will direct the seventh episode of the season . Unlike the first season , which they were able to film without any real security issues , the heightened awareness of the show required the producers to take significant steps to keep the show 's production in secret while filming the second season . They spoke to the production team of HBO 's Game of Thrones for tips and advice for securing filming sites , and have adopted code names for the series and various parts to allow the actors to speak to others without revealing details of the show 's plot . Kim Wilcox took over for costumes in the second season , finding many of the same problems with designing for the child actors that were aging . Furthermore , she wanted to create the 80 's aestetic but as reflected in a small rural town , with the trends of period slowly filtering into it rather that immediately jump on elements like neon colors . The second season concluded filming on June 2 , 2017 . Ives once again used Leica lens to film the season , while upgrading to the Red Weapon 8K S35 camera . Visual effects To create the aged effect for the series , a film grain was added over the footage , which was captured by scanning in film stock from the 1980s . The Duffers wanted to scare the audience , but not to necessarily make the show violent or gory , following in line with how the 1980s Amblin Entertainment films drove the creation of the PG - 13 movie rating . It was `` much more about mood and atmosphere and suspense and dread than they are about gore '' , though they were not afraid to push into more scary elements , particularly towards the end of the first season . The brothers had wanted to avoid any computer - generated effects for the monster and other parts of the series and stay with practical effects . However , the six - month filming time left them little time to plan out and test practical effects rigs for some of the shots . They went with a middle ground of using constructed props including one for the monster whenever they could , but for other shots , such as when the monster bursts through a wall , they opted to use digital effects . Post-production on the first season was completed the week before it was released to Netflix . The title sequence uses closeups of the letters in the Stranger Things title with a red tint against a black background as they slide into place within the title . The sequence was created by the studio Imaginary Forces , formerly part of R / GA , led by creative director Michelle Doughtey . Levy introduced the studio to the Duffer Brothers , who explained their vision of the 1980s - inspired show , which helped the studio to fix the concept the producers wanted . Later , but prior to filming , the producers sent Imaginary Forces the pilot script , the synth - heavy background music for the titles , as well as the various book covers from King and other authors that they had used to establish the title and imagery , and were looking for a similar approach for the show 's titles , primarily using a typographical sequence . They took inspiration from several title sequences of works from the 1980s that were previously designed by Richard Greenberg under R / GA , such as Altered States and The Dead Zone . They also got input from Dan Perri , who worked on the title credits of several 1980s films . Various iterations included having letters vanish , to reflect the `` missing '' theme of the show , and having letters cast shadows on others , alluding to the mysteries , before settling into the sliding letters . The studio began working on the title sequence before filming , and took about a month off during the filming process to let the producers get immersed in the show and come back with more input . Initially they had been working with various fonts for the title and used close - ups of the best features of these fonts , but near the end the producers wanted to work with ITC Benguiat , requiring them to rework those shots . The final sequence is fully computer generated , but they took inspiration from testing some practical effects , such as using Kodalith masks as would have been done in the 1980s , to develop the appropriate filters for the rendering software . The individual episode title cards used a `` fly through '' approach , similar to the film Bullitt , which the producers had suggested to the studio . Music Main article : Music of Stranger Things The Stranger Things original soundtrack was composed by Michael Stein and Kyle Dixon of the electronic band Survive . It makes extensive use of synthesizers in homage to 1980s artists and film composers including Jean - Michel Jarre , Tangerine Dream , Vangelis , Goblin , John Carpenter , Giorgio Moroder , and Fabio Frizzi . According to Stein and Dixon , the Duffer Brothers had been fans of Survive 's music , and used their song `` Dirge '' for the mock trailer that was used to sell the show to Netflix . Once the show was green - lit , the Duffers contacted Survive around July 2015 to ask if they were still doing music ; the two provided the production team with dozens of songs from their band 's past to gain their interest , helping to land them the role . Once aboard , the two worked with producers to select some of their older music to rework for the show , while developing new music , principally with character motifs . The two had been hired before the casting process , so their motif demos were used and played over the actors ' audition tapes , aiding in the casting selection . The show 's theme is based on an unused work Stein composed much earlier that ended up in the library of work they shared with the production staff , who thought that with some reworking would be good for the opening credits . In addition to original music , Stranger Things features period music from artists including The Clash , Joy Division , Toto , New Order , The Bangles , Foreigner , Echo and the Bunnymen , Peter Gabriel , and Corey Hart , as well as excerpts from Tangerine Dream , John Carpenter , and Vangelis . In particular , The Clash 's `` Should I Stay or Should I Go '' was specifically picked to play at pivotal moments of the story , such as when Will is trying to communicate with Joyce from the Upside Down . Soundtracks Stranger Things 's original soundtrack , consisting of 75 songs from Stein and Dixon split across two volumes , was released by Lakeshore Records . Digital release and streaming options were released on August 10 and 19 , 2016 for the two volumes , respectively , while retail versions were available on September 16 and 23 , 2016 . Limited editions of the soundtrack on vinyl , in both individual and a boxed set , are set for release in July 2017 . A cassette version of the soundtrack , sold exclusively by Urban Outfitters , was released on July 14 , 2017 . The cassette packaging features a cardboard cover that emulates an old VHS sleeves , while the cassette case is made to look like a VHS tape . Both volumes were nominated individually for the Best Score Soundtrack Category for the 2017 Grammy Awards , though neither won . The soundtrack for the second season of Stranger Things was released digitally on October 20 , 2017 . The soundtrack , once again composed by Stein and Dixon , consists of 34 songs and was released by Lakeshore Records in the United States and Invada Records internationally . The soundtrack is intended to be released on physical formats , such as compact disc , vinyl , and cassette as well . On the soundtrack 's composition , Stein and Dixon together said that the score for the season introduces `` new styles of composition , while still revisiting old themes when appropriate ... We 've created new elements that are necessary to support the story , but still want to remain true to the sound of Season 1 . '' The first track from the soundtrack , `` Walkin ' in Hawkins '' , was released on October 12 . Release The first season consisted of eight one - hour - long episodes which were released worldwide on Netflix on July 15 , 2016 , in Ultra HD 4K . The second season , consisting of nine episodes , was released on October 27 , 2017 in HDR . A teaser for the second season , which also announced the release date , aired during Super Bowl LI . Home Media The first season of Stranger Things was released on a Blu - ray / DVD combo pack exclusively to Target retailers on October 17 , 2017 , which includes a vintage VHS - inspired packaging . Reception Winona Ryder ( left ) was nominated for a Golden Globe , Satellite and Screen Actors Guild Award . Millie Bobby Brown ( right ) was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award and an Emmy Award . Audience viewership As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series , Symphony Technology Group compiled data for the season based on people using software on their phones that measures television viewing by detecting a program 's sound . According to Symphony , within the first 35 days of release , Stranger Things averaged ratings around 14.07 million adults between the ages 18 -- 49 in the United States . This made it the third most - watched season of Netflix original content in the U.S. at the time behind the first season of Fuller House and fourth season of Orange Is the New Black . In a September 2016 analysis , Netflix found that Stranger Things `` hooked '' viewers by the second episode of the first season , indicating that the second episode was `` the first installment that led at least 70 percent of viewers who watched that episode to complete the entire first season of a show . '' In August 2017 , the marketing analytics firm Jumpshot determined the season was the seventh-most viewed Netflix season in the first 30 days after it premiered , garnering slightly more than 20 % of the viewers that the second season of Daredevil received , which was the most viewed season according to Jumpshot . Jumpshot , which `` analyzes click - stream data from an online panel of more than 100 million consumers '' , looked at the viewing behavior and activity of the company 's U.S. members , factoring in the relative number of U.S. Netflix viewers who watched at least one episode of the season . Critical reception Season 1 Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 96 % ( 68 reviews ) 76 ( 34 reviews ) 94 % ( 104 reviews ) 78 ( 32 reviews ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the first season an approval rating of 96 % based on 68 reviews , and a weighted average rating of 8.04 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , `` Exciting , heartbreaking , and sometimes scary , Stranger Things acts as an addictive homage to Spielberg films and vintage 1980s television . '' Review aggregator Metacritic gave the first season a normalized score of 76 out of 100 based on 34 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . IGN gave the score of 8 out of 10 and called the series `` Great '' saying , `` Stranger Things is an easy recommendation , offering viewers an atmospheric and endearing series that is a nostalgic throwback without feeling like a simple copy . '' In a review of San Francisco Chronicle Dave Wiegand wrote : `` Stranger Things reminds us of a time marked by a kind of no - strings escapism . And as it does so , we find ourselves yearning for it because the Duffers have made it so irresistibly appealing . There may be other equally great shows to watch this summer , but I guarantee you wo n't have more fun watching any of them than you will watching Stranger Things . '' Joshua Alston of The A.V. Club also reviewed it positively saying , `` Balancing style and substance is always challenging for a series like Stranger Things , but the show is perfectly calibrated . It feels like watching a show produced during the era in which it 's set , but with the craft of today 's prestige television . '' Reviewing for HitFix , Alan Sepinwall said , `` Over the course of the eight hours , the story and characters take on enough life of their own so that the references do n't feel self - indulgent , and so that the series can be appreciated even if you do n't know the plot of E.T. or the title font of Stephen King 's early novels ( a huge influence on the show 's own opening credits ) by heart . '' Emily Nussbaum of The New Yorker also applauded the series and wrote , `` This is astoundingly efficient storytelling , eight hours that pass in a blink , with even minor characters getting sharp dialogue , dark humor , or moments of pathos . '' Television critic Mary McNamara of Los Angeles Times said , `` For the most part , and in absolute defiance of the odds , Stranger Things honors its source material in the best way possible : By telling a sweet ' n ' scary story in which monsters are real but so are the transformative powers of love and fealty . '' The Wall Street Journal 's Brian Kelly said , `` Matt Duffer and Ross Duffer , brothers and the show 's creators , have done their homework when it comes to ' 80s cinema . Whether you 're a fan of John Carpenter 's The Thing or The Goonies is more your speed , there 's plenty to like in Stranger Things . '' In a negative review , cultural critic Grafton Tanner called the series `` wish fulfillment '' and `` a window through which the present - shocked can gaze at a clichéd past . '' Similarly , Marinna Guzy of The Establishment wrote : `` When confronted with a story like Stranger Things , a recycled retelling of an old story being marketed as homage and good , clean nostalgia , one has to wonder whether or not studios and content creators like the Duffer Brothers ever ask themselves whether or not the story they are telling is the one that should be told . What purpose does Stranger Things serve beyond reinforcing the status quo in the media landscape and perpetuating the dangerous delusion that things were better way back when ? '' Season 2 On Rotten Tomatoes , the second season has an approval rating of 94 % based on 104 reviews , and an average rating of 7.79 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , `` Stranger Things ' slow - building sophomore season balances moments of humor and a nostalgic sweetness against a growing horror that 's all the more effective thanks to the show 's full - bodied characters and evocative tone . '' On Metacritic , the second season has a normalized score of 78 out of 100 , based on 32 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Commentary Shannon Purser 's performance as Barb received a great deal of attention from fans , and led to her being nominated for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series . Shortly after its release , Stranger Things gained a dedicated fanbase . One area of focus from these fans was the character of Barb , the nerdy friend and classmate of Nancy who is taken and killed by the monster early in the season . According to actress Shannon Purser , Barb `` was n't supposed to be a big deal '' , and the Duffer Brothers had not gone into great detail about the character since the focus was on finding Will . However , many fans sympathized with the character , with Laura Bradley of Vanity Fair suggesting that these people found that Barb would be a similar misfit in society , and `` looks more like someone you might actually meet in real life '' compared to the other characters , particularly Nancy , in the series . A hashtag `` # ImWithBarb '' grew in popularity after the series ' release , and several fan sites and forums were created to support her . While Purser will not return for the second season , the Duffer Brothers used the real - life `` Justice for Barb '' movement as inspiration for narrative at the start of the second season , with Nancy addressing the fact `` that no one ever cares about '' Barb . Purser and several media outlets took her nomination as Barb for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series in the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards as achieving `` justice for Barb '' , highlighting how well her character was received . Another impact of the series has been an increase demand for Eggo waffles , as they are shown to be Eleven 's favorite food in several episodes and are seen as a representation of the show . The Kellogg Company , which manufactures Eggo , had not been part of the production prior to the first season 's release , but recognized the market impact of the series . It provided a vintage 1980s Eggo television advertisement for Netflix to use in its Super Bowl LI commercial , and is looking to become more involved with cross-promotion . Accolades It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article . ( Discuss ) ( October 2017 ) Association Nominee ( s ) / work Result Ref . ACE Eddie Awards Best Edited One Hour Series for Non-Commercial Television Dean Zimmerman `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Kevin D. Ross `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated American Film Institute Top 10 TV Programs of the Year Stranger Things Won Art Directors Guild One - Hour Period or Fantasy Single - Camera Television Series Chris Trujillo `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' , `` Chapter Three : Holly , Jolly '' and `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Bram Stoker Awards Superior Achievement in a Screenplay Matt Duffer and Ross Duffer `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Matt Duffer and Ross Duffer `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated British Academy of Film and Television Arts Best International Program Matt Duffer , Ross Duffer , Shawn Levy , Dan Cohen Nominated Cinema Audio Society Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series -- One Hour Chris Durfy , Joe Barnett , Adam Jenkins , Judah Getz and John Guentner `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Costume Designers Guild Outstanding Period Television Series Kimberly Adams , Malgosia Turzanska Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Stranger Things Nominated Most Bingeworthy Show Stranger Things Nominated Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement for a Drama Series Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Dragon Awards Best Science Fiction or Fantasy TV Series Stranger Things Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Stranger Things Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series David Harbour as Jim Hopper `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Millie Bobby Brown as Eleven / Jane Ives `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Nominated Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Shannon Purser as Barb Holland `` Chapter Three : Holly , Jolly '' Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Period Program ( One Hour or More ) Chris Trujillo , William Davis , Jess Royal `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Carmen Cuba , Tara Feldstein , Chase Paris Won Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) Tim Ives `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series Dean Zimmerman `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Won Kevin D. Ross `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single - Camera Series Sarah Hindsgaul , Evelyn Roach `` Chapter Two : The Weirdo on Maple Street '' Nominated Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Myke Michaels , Teresa Vest `` Chapter Six : The Monster '' Nominated Outstanding Music Supervision Nora Felder `` Chapter Two : The Weirdo on Maple Street '' Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series Bradley North , Craig Henighan , Jordan Wilby , Jonathan Golodner , Tiffany S. Griffth , Sam Munoz , David Klotz , Noel Vought , Ginger Geary `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Won Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( One Hour ) Joe Barnett , Adam Jenkins , Chris Durfy , Bill Higley `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Outstanding Main Title Design Michelle Dougherty , Peter Frankfurt , Arisu Kashiwagi , Eric Demeusy Won Outstanding Original Main Title Theme Music Michael Stein , Kyle Dixon Won Outstanding Creative Achievement in Interactive Media within a Scripted Program Netflix , CBS Digital Stranger Things VR Experience Nominated Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best TV Series Stranger Things Won Best TV Actress Millie Bobby Brown Won Best TV Supporting Actor David Harbour Nominated Best TV Supporting Actress Winona Ryder Won Gold Derby TV Awards Drama Series Stranger Things Won Drama Supporting Actress Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Drama Supporting Actress Winona Ryder Nominated Drama Supporting Actor David Harbour Nominated Drama Episode Justin Doble , Matt Duffer and Ross Duffer `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Drama Episode Paul Ditcher , Matt Duffer and Ross Duffer `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Ensemble of the Year Cast of Stranger Things Nominated Breakthrough Performer of the Year Millie Bobby Brown Won Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama Stranger Things Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Winona Ryder Nominated Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- Music David Klotz `` Chapter Three : Holly Jolly '' Won Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- FX / Foley Jacob McNaughton `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media Stranger Things Volume 1 Nominated Stranger Things Volume 2 Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Best Main Title -- TV Show / Digital Streaming Series Kyle Dixon and Michael Stein Nominated Best Original Score -- TV Show / Miniseries Nominated Outstanding Music Supervision -- Television Nora Felder Won Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation , Long Form Matt Duffer and Ross Duffer Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in Period Television Tony Holley Nominated Make - Up Artists & Hair Stylists Guild Best Period and / or Character Makeup -- Television Amy L. Forsythe , Samantha Smith Nominated Best Period and / or Character Hair Styling -- Television Sarah Hindsgaul , Evelyn Roach Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards TV Show of the Year Stranger Things Won Best Actor in a TV Show Millie Bobby Brown Won Best Villain The Demogorgon Nominated Best Hero Millie Bobby Brown Nominated National Television Awards Best Period Drama Stranger Things Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Stranger Things Nominated Favorite Premium Sci - Fi / Fantasy Series Stranger Things Nominated Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Peabody Awards Best Entertainment Program Stranger Things Nominated Producers Guild of America Episodic Television , Drama Duffer Brothers , Shawn Levy , Dan Cohen , Iain Paterson Won Satellite Awards Best Television Series -- Genre Stranger Things Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Winona Ryder Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series Stranger Things Won Best Actress on a Television Series Winona Ryder Nominated Best Younger Actor on a Television Series Millie Bobby Brown Won Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Winona Ryder Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Main cast Won Society of Camera Operators Camera Operator of the Year -- Television Bob Gorelick Nominated Television Critics Association Program of the Year Stranger Things Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Drama Nominated Outstanding New Program Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Show Nominated Choice Breakout TV Show Nominated Choice Breakout TV Star Finn Wolfhard Nominated Choice Breakout TV Star Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Visual Effects Society Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Marc Kolbe , Aaron Sims , Olcun Tan Nominated Writers Guild of America Drama Series Stranger Things Nominated New Series Stranger Things Nominated Other Media Beyond Stranger Things Logo for the aftershow With the release of the second season of the series , Netflix also released Beyond Stranger Things , an aftershow hosted by Jim Rash . The guests of the aftershow are composed of cast and crew from the series , including the Duffer Brothers and the series ' stars , to discuss the development and behind - the - scenes production of the series and its larger mythology . Unlike previous aftershows created by Embassy Row , such as Talking Dead and Talking Bad , Beyond Stranger Things is intended to be watched after a screening of the entire current season . No . Title Guests Video guests Original release date `` Mind Blown '' Shawn Levy , The Duffer Brothers , Finn Wolfhard , and Millie Bobby Brown David Harbour October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) `` Mad for Max '' Shawn Levy , The Duffer Brothers , Caleb McLaughlin , Gaten Matarazzo , and Sadie Sink None October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) `` Unlikely Allies '' Shawn Levy , The Duffer Brothers , Gaten Matarazzo , and Joe Keery None October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) `` Truth in Hawkins '' Joe Keery , Natalia Dyer , Charlie Heaton , and Brett Gelman David Harbour and Shannon Purser October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 5 `` The AV Club '' Caleb McLaughlin , Gaten Matarazzo , Noah Schnapp , Randy Havens , and Bill Nye Sean Astin October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 6 `` The New Class '' Sadie Sink , Brett Gelman , Dacre Montgomery , and Linnea Berthelsen Sean Astin and Paul Reiser October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 7 `` Closing the Gate '' Shawn Levy , The Duffer Brothers , Millie Bobby Brown , Noah Schnapp , and Natalia Dyer David Harbour and Sean Astin October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Mobile video game Netflix and BonusXP developed a free mobile game tie - in for Stranger Things , released to iOS and Android devices on October 4 , 2017 . The game uses a retro - pixel style of art , similar to games for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . The game is loosely based on the Stranger Things story after season one , with the player starting as Chief of Police Jim Hopper looking for the missing boys . Once these characters are found , they become playable and have special abilities that allow the player to access more areas in the game . BonusXP had less than a year to complete the game . The team decided to make the game in a similar style to The Legend of Zelda because it `` was a perfect match because both ( Stranger Things and Zelda ) are about exploration , and it 's kind of a mysterious fit that fit the mood of the show , '' according to BonusXP president Dave Pottinger . The map of Hawkins in the game was based off of a Google street view map of Jackson , Georgia where the series is filmed . In order to help keep the game a secret , BonusXP did not hire game testers for their quality assurance , instead having family members from the design team provide feedback ; this process helped create the two difficulty levels in the game . Completing the game gives players a clip from the Season 2 premiere episode of the show . The game was downloaded 3 million times in the first week , becoming a top download and receiving critical praise . With the release of season two , an update to the game added Max as a playable character , and a release for the Amazon Fire TV , which included controller support . Others United States Representative David Cicilline compared the state of the nation during the presidency of Donald Trump to that of Stranger Things during a speech given in Congress on February 16 , 2017 , using a sign `` Trump Things '' in the same format as the title card of the show and saying `` Like the main characters in Stranger Things , we are now stuck in the Upside Down '' . As part of its release on Netflix on April 14 , 2017 , the cast of the rebooted version of Mystery Science Theater 3000 riffed on the first part of `` Chapter 1 '' of Stranger Things . Google used augmented reality ( AR ) `` stickers '' of Stranger Things characters to introduce its ARCore technology announced alongside its Pixel 2 phone in October 2017 . References Jump up ^ Ho , Rodney ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` New Netflix drama series Stranger Things to shoot in Atlanta '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix to premiere original series Montauk in 2016 '' . Reuters. April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Caitlin ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Is Hawkins A Real Town ? ' Stranger Things ' Will Make You Nostalgic For These Other ' 80s Classics '' . Bustle . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : Millie Bobby Brown to Return as Eleven in Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 : Shawn Levy Confirms He 's Directing Again ; Teases Season 3 '' . Collider . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things 2 returns to Upside Down with new monster , bigger story '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Time ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things 2 : Where is Eleven ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things season 2 : Who 's in danger ? Who 's new ? The plot revealed ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Longeretta , Emily ( January 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Scoop : Sean Astin Playing Winona Ryder 's ' Boyfriend ' & More '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hime , Nelly ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 Confirmed , Duffer Brothers Reveal Details '' . Nagame Digital . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Scoop : Winona Ryder to Headline Untitled Netflix Supernatural Thriller '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Duffer Bros. Netflix Supernatural Drama Series Sets Young Cast , Gets Title '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Cara Buono Joins Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' ; Dean Cain In ' Lady Dynamite ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' Adds Matthew Modine to Cast ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Trailer : First Look At Netflix 's Supernatural Drama Starring Winona Ryder & Matthew Modine '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Netflix Series Adds Two New Regulars , Promotes Two For Season 2 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Crossan , Ashley ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Stranger Things ' Actor Joe Keery on Season 2 , Steve 's Hair and Justice for Barb '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwindt , Oriana ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Casts Sean Astin , Paul Reiser , Linnea Berthelsen '' . Variety . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Coates , Tyler ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` This 19 - Year - Old Unknown Actress Just Became an ' 80s Cult Icon '' . Esquire . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyren , Erin ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Steger on Portraying the Monster in ' Stranger Things ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Randall , Kayla ( November 2016 ) . `` Two young Louisiana actors are featured in two buzzed - about Netflix shows '' . 225 Baton Rouge . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubai , Andy ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Real Life Conspiracy and Occult Connections '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the mysterious Stranger Things 2 character at the heart of Eleven 's episode '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwindt , Oriana ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Adds Brett Gelman as Conspiracy Theorist '' . Variety . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lerner , Will ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : There will be more of excellent Erica in Season 3 '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Ross Patridge Joins cast of Stranger Things '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 : Nashville Vet Will Chase Joins Cast as ( Spoiler ) '' . TVline . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mellor , Louisa ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Stranger Things spoiler - free review '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sternbergh , Adam ( August 20 , 2017 ) . `` Turned Upside Down '' . Vulture . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grow , Kory ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : How Two Brothers Created Summer 's Biggest TV Hit '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Finn ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` Matt and Ross Duffer Discuss ' Stranger Things , ' a Nightmare on ' 80s Street '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berkshire , Geoff ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : Shawn Levy on Directing Winona Ryder , Netflix 's Viral Model '' . Variety . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Spangler , Todd ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Orders ' Montauk ' Supernatural Drama Series from ' Wayward Pines ' Duffer Twins '' . Variety . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Orders Supernatural Drama Series From Matt & Ross Duffer , Shawn Levy '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Orders Supernatural Drama Series From Matt & Ross Duffer , Shawn Levy '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fienberg , Daniel ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` The Duffer Brothers Talk ' Stranger Things ' Influences , ' It ' Dreams and Netflix Phase 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leon , Melissa ( August 6 , 2016 ) . `` Inside ' Stranger Things ' : The Duffer Bros. on How They Made the TV Hit of the Summer '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things creators tease ' darker ' second season '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jasper ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : Netflix boss says it would be ' dumb ' not to do season two '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things Renewed at Netflix , Season 2 to Premiere in 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Michael ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Duffer Brothers Are Reading Your ' Stranger Things ' Reddit Theories '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Time ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things : How many seasons will the Netflix series go ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brinbaum , Debra ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Remote Controlled : ' Stranger Things ' Creators Duffer Brothers on Going ' Big ' in Season 2 '' . Variety . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Kelly ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things season 2 episode titles : What do they mean ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things creators discuss those new chapter titles '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kurp , Josh ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` What Can We Learn From The ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Episode Titles ? '' . Uproxx . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 : Shawn Levy Confirms He 's Directing Again ; Teases Season 3 '' . Collider.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things is an Homage to the Greats '' . FrightFind . July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nassbaum , Emily ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` On Television : `` Stranger Things '' and `` The Get Down '' `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : all the hidden ( and not - so - hidden ) movie , TV and book references '' . The Telegraph . August 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leeds , Sarene ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` How Netflix 's Stranger Things Channels Steven Spielberg , John Carpenter and Stephen King '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Doty , Meriah ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : 21 ' 80s Relics We 've Spotted So Far '' . TheWrap . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tobias , Scott ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` A Stranger Things Glossary : Every Major Film Reference in the Show , From A -- Z '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kimber , Tyree ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Strange Influences : Our Favorite Movie References From Stranger Things '' . Boomhowdy.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Sean ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Every ' 80s Pop Culture References in Stranger Things '' . Inverse . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Duffer Brothers Talk ' Stranger Things ' Influences , ' It ' Dreams and Netflix Phase 2 '' . Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` The cinematic influences behind Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' '' . ScreenerTV . July 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brinbaum , Debra ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' EPs on Season 2 : ' We Could Explore It If Netflix Wanted To ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Thrower , Emma ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things : the Duffer brothers share the secrets of their hit show '' . Empire . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClendon , Lamarco ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : Winona Ryder Discusses First Major TV Role in Netflix Featurette '' . Variety . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilstein , Matt ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Star David Harbour 's Long , Dark Road to Leading Man '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Cast Photo Reveals Who Returns From The Upside Down '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things 2 : Paul Reiser shares how top - secret role is connected to Aliens '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ A. , Jonathan ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Atlanta Filmed ' Stranger Things ' Looks Amazing '' . Project Casting . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gross , Dough ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` New Netflix Show ' Stranger Things ' Films in Georgia '' . The Wrap . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Stranger Things ' shoots on Jackson square '' . Jackson Progress - Argus . November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stamp , -- Elizabeth ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Stranger Things 's Filming Locations Are Just as Spooky in Real Life '' . Architectural Digest . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Georgia Locations for Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' '' . Deep South Mag . July 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thevenon , Ulysse ( August 2016 ) . References to 70 - 80s movies in Stranger Things . Vimeo . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moyniah , Tim ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` The Stories Behind Stranger Things ' Retro ' 80s Props '' . Wired . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Raftery , Liz ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Best Dressed : How Stranger Things ' Costume Designers Took the Show 's Generation Z Stars Back to the ' 80s '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alvarez , Edgar ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix keeps ' Stranger Things ' lo - fi in a high - tech world '' . Engadget . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walljasper , Matt ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` What 's filming in Atlanta now ? Stranger Things , The Quad , Jumanji , plus Shaq and Ludacris 's Christmas - themed PCM adventure '' . Atlanta . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walljasper , Matt ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` What 's filming in Atlanta now ? Jumanji , Stranger Things , The Quad , and a look at what 's in store for 2017 '' . Atlanta . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Tuned In : ' Stranger Things 2 ' starts in Pittsburgh '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Finding Dory director to helm 2 episodes of Stranger Things 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` How Game of Thrones influenced Stranger Things 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Molly ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 Wraps Filming '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ferrell , Sean Patrick ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` How the Stranger Things Titles Came Out So Perfectly Retro '' . Wired . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Will ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things ( 2016 ) '' . Art of the Title . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Gil ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things Co-Composer Shares the Story Behind 2016 's Most Unlikely Musical Sensation '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : 10 eerie electronic gems to hear if you loved the Netflix show '' . FACT Magazine : Music News , New Music . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Weingarten , Christopher ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : Meet the Band Behind Show 's Creepy , Nostalgic Score '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Helen . `` An Interview With SURVIVE : The Mysterious Band Behind The Epic ' Stranger Things ' Score '' . NME . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mylnar , Phillip ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Unpacking the ' 80s nostalgia of the ' Stranger Things ' soundtrack '' . Mashable . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Minsker , Evan ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Stranger Things Soundtrack Detailed '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yoo , Noah ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Inside the Spellbinding Sound of `` Stranger Things '' `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sodomsky , Sam ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` '' Stranger Things '' Soundtracks Get Cool Vinyl Releases , Box Set `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Galbraith , Alex ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Stranger Things ' Soundtrack Is Coming Out On A Cassette That Looks Like A Old VHS '' . Uproxx . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holub , Christian ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things soundtracks score Grammy nods '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cantrell , Liza ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Listen to a New Song From the Stranger Things Season 2 Soundtrack '' . Spin . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leight , Elisa ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Previews Season Two Soundtrack With Majestic New Song '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Unveils Premiere Dates For ' Orange Is The New Black , ' ' The Get Down , ' ' Flaked ' And Others '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 Premiere Date , Huge Monster Threat Revealed '' . E ! Online . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things '' . Netflix . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl Ad Buzz : ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Trailer Tops the Field '' . Variety . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wampler , Scott ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Looks Like Stranger Things Is Coming To Blu - Ray , After All '' . Birth. Movies. Death . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` '' Stranger Things '' Season 1 Getting VHS - Style Blu - ray Release at Target `` . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Ratings : Where Series Ranks Among Netflix 's Most Watched '' . Variety . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Butler , Bethoine ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' won over most viewers in just two episodes , according to Netflix '' . Washington Post . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's ' Marvel 's The Defenders ' Poised for Binge - Viewing Pop , Data Indicates '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 1 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( July 9 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : Review '' . IGN . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wiegand , Dave ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` A thrilling echo of ' 80s sci - fi film in ' Stranger Things ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alston , Joshua ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's sci - fi throwback Stranger Things is yesterday 's summer blockbuster today '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' basks in ' 80s nostalgia , but does n't drown in it '' . HitFix . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Emily ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` '' STRANGER THINGS '' AND `` THE GET DOWN '' `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Earth tones , rotary phones and Winona Ryder : Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' is totally ' 80s '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ P. Kelly , Brian ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Review : Supernaturally Sinister ' 80s Homage '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tanner , Grafton ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things and the Nostalgia Industry '' . The Hong Kong Review of Books . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Guzy , Marinna ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' and the Perils of Nostalgia '' . The Establishment . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 2 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael ( December 17 , 2016 ) . `` Shannon Purser : ' People have actually had Barb 's face tattooed on their bodies ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` How the Internet Made Barb from Stranger Things Happen '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Drysdale , Jennifer ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Stranger Things ' Star Shannon Purser Reacts to First Emmy Nom and Finally Getting Justice for Barb '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` An Emmy Nomination Is Truly Justice for Barb '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Erin ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` # JusticeForBarb : ' Stranger Things Shannon Purser receives Emmy nomination '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Ashely ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Why Eleven From Stranger Things Is the Perfect National Waffle Day Mascot '' . Time . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sloane , Garrett ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Eggo 's Role In ' Stranger Things ' Turns Into Free Super Bowl Mention With More To Come '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paul Sheehan ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ACE Eddie Awards 2017 : Full list of nominations includes Oscar frontrunner ' La La Land ' '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` AFI Awards : TV Honorees Heavy On Freshmen ; ' This Is Us ' Lone Network Show '' . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` Art Directors Guild Awards Nominations : ' Rogue One ' , ' Game Of Thrones ' & More '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Bram Stoker Awards Final Ballot '' . Horror World . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Robert ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Leads BAFTA Television Award Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Wins Cinema Audio Society Award for Sound Mixing '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Period Television Series '' . costumedesignersguild.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HBO Leads Television Nominations For The 22nd Annual Critics ' Choice Awards with 22 Nominations '' . November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` DGA TV Awards Nominations : ' Stranger Things ' , ' Westworld ' & ' Atlanta ' On List ; Docus Include ' OJ : Made In America ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Dragon Awards are a far - ranging sci - fi and fantasy reading list '' . The Verge . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Emmy Nominations 2017 Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Emmy ® Awards Nominations For Programs Airing June 1 , 2016 -- May 31 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Creative Arts Emmy Winners : ' Stranger Things , ' ' Westworld , ' ' Big Little Lies ' Win Big -- Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Never mind Oscar , here 's the 2017 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Nominees Ballot ! '' . FANGORIA ® . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Chris Beachum , Daniel Montgomery , Marcus James ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Goldderby . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Winners & Nominees 2017 '' . The Golden Globes . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Slack , Anne . `` 2017 : Winners '' . mpse.memberclicks.net . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Slack , Anne . `` 2017 : Television Short Form Nominees '' . www.mpse.org . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy nominations 2017 : Beyoncé and R&B artists shine while rock suffers '' . The Guardian . December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Music In Visual Media Nominees -- Hollywood Music In Media Awards -- HMMA '' . Hollywood Music in Media Awards . Jump up ^ `` HMMA Winners -- Hollywood Music In Media Awards -- HMMA '' . Hollywood Music in Media Awards . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Hugo Awards '' . The Hugo Awards . December 31 , 2016 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hidden Figures , ' ' La La Land ' Among Location Managers Guild Award Nominees '' . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad , ' ' Star Trek Beyond ' Among Winners at Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations : See The Full List '' . MTV News . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The National Television Awards 2017 -- winners in full '' . Radio Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees 2017 -- Full List '' . Deadline.com . November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment -- Peabody Awards : ' Atlanta , ' ' Lemonade , ' ' Stranger Things ' Among Finalists '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Producers Guild TV Awards : ' Westworld , ' ' Stranger Things , ' ' Atlanta ' Grab Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Winners & Nominees '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Seth ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` ' La La Land ' Camera Operator Tops SOC Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilyadov , Alex ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things , The Leftovers Among TCA Awards Nominees '' . IGN . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Osburn , Alex ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` Handmaid 's Tale , Atlanta Lead TCA Award Winners '' . IGN . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella . `` The Pretty Little Liars Were ALL Nominated for the Same EXACT Award '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Reveal Second Wave of Nominations '' . E ! News . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Writers Guild TV Nominations : ' Stranger Things , ' ' Westworld , ' ' This Is Us , ' ' Atlanta ' Break Through '' . Variety . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stedman , Alex ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Aftershow to Launch on Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webster , Andrew ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` This Stranger Things mobile game will help prepare you for the Upside Down '' . The Verge . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` There 's an official Stranger Things video game and it looks retro cool '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gallagher , Danny ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` How an Allen Studio Won the Contract to Make the Top - Secret Stranger Things Game '' . Dallas Observer . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Beating The Stranger Things Game Reveals This Never - Before - Seen Clip From Season 2 '' . GameSpot . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bowerman , Mary ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Congressman compares Trump administration to ' Upside Down ' in ' Stranger Things ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Mystery Science Theater 3000 perfectly dunks on Stranger Things '' . The Verge . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Adi ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Google is turning Stranger Things characters into adorable augmented reality stickers '' . The Verge . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . 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Noon O'Rourke Palladino Pennewill Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Van Wagner Whigham Williams Yusef 2012 : Downton Abbey , series 2 Bonneville Boyle Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Findlay Finneran Froggatt Glen Howes James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Nuttall Robb Smith Stevens Wilton 2013 : Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II Bowen Brandt Cranston Crawford Fletcher Fraser Gunn Metzler Mitte Norris Odenkirk Paul Plemons Quezada Rankin Sane 2014 : Downton Abbey , series 4 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Milne Robb Smith Speleers Theobold Wilton 2015 : Downton Abbey , series 5 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Cassidy Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Ovenden Smith Wilton 2016 : Stranger Things , season 1 Brown Buono Chrest Dyer Harbour Heaton Keery Matarazzo McLaughlin Modine Morgan Reynolds Ryder Schnapp Steger Wolfhard Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stranger_Things&oldid=809412140 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2010s American horror television series 2016 American television series debuts Aftershows American mystery television series American science fiction television series American supernatural television series English - language television programs Horror drama television series Netflix original programming Parallel universes in fiction Telekinesis in fiction Television series set in 1983 Television series set in 1984 Television shows set in Indiana Thriller television series Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from October 2017 Citation overkill Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from November 2017 Articles to be split from October 2017 All articles to be split Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 23 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what town does stranger things take place in | [
"Set in the fictional town of Hawkins, Indiana in the 1980s, the first season focuses on the investigation into the disappearance of a young boy amid supernatural events occurring around the town including the appearance of a girl with psychokinetic abilities who helps the missing boy's friends in their own search. The second season, titled Stranger Things 2, is set a year after the first, and deals with attempts of the characters to return to normal and consequences from that season."
] | [
"fictional town of Hawkins, Indiana"
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-35852558385019654 | You're My Destiny (2017 TV series) | You 're My Destiny ( 2017 TV series ) - wikipedia You 're My Destiny ( 2017 TV series ) This article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) You 're My Destiny Also known as Fated to Love You Tur Keu Prom Likit Genre Drama Romantic comedy Directed by Worawit Khuttiyayothin Starring Sukrit Wisetkaew Esther Supreeleela Opening theme You 're My Destiny by Sukrit Wisetkaew Country of origin Thailand Original language ( s ) Thai No. of episodes 17 Production Running time 80 minutes Production company ( s ) GMM Grammy Release Original network GMM One Original release September 4 ( 2017 - 09 - 04 ) -- November 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) Chronology Related shows Fated to Love You You 're My Destiny ( Thai : เธอ คือ พรหมลิขิต ) is a 2017 Thai romantic comedy television series starring Sukrit Wisetkaew and Esther Supreeleela . It is produced by GMM Grammy and aired on GMM One from September 4 to November 27 , 2017 . The series is based on the 2008 Taiwanese drama Fated to Love You . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Ratings 4 International broadcast 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Wanida ( Esther ) is a typical office girl in today 's life . With thick glasses , extremely popular appearance , very honest personality ... Wanida is often asked by colleagues in the company `` in the way '' that no one wants . Pawut ( Bie ) is the general manager of a reputable company , whose looks are elegant , intelligent ... More like that , Pawut is a very common man . He has a girlfriend and is always in love , spoiled with that girl . It would not have happened if Wanida and Pawut were not together to set foot on the ship so that love god brought them together with a night of inexpensive love . Wanida then finds out that she is pregnant and Pawut is obliged to take responsibility for her . They both got married when neither Pawut nor Wanida knew about the other . Will love come to Pawut and Wanida ? Will the journey that they come together will be challenging or extremely smooth as the cause they were originally married ? Cast ( edit ) Sukrit Wisetkaew as Pawüt Krisheepanine ( Paolo ) Esther Supreeleela as Wanida `` Nid '' Carreon - Krisheepanine ( Martina / Tin ) Charebelle Lanlalin as Kaekai ( Cathy ) Duangta Toongkamanee as Phatchani Charon - Krisheepanine ( Pawut 's grandmother ) Porapat Srikajorn as Thaya ( Rafa ) Suchao Pongwilai as Bacủa Krisheepanine ( Pawut 's grandfather ) Tee Doksadao as Sano Carreon ( Wanida 's brother ) Mayurin Pongpudpunth as Darika Charon ( Pawut 's step - aunt ) Punpop Sitang as Amphai ( Wanida 's sister - in - law ) Sirin Kohkiat as Chun ( Patricia ) Kitkasem Mcfadden as Tanawat ( Wanida 's brother - in - law ) Missing : Pawut 's half - brother , Wanida 's mother , Pawut 's secretary assistant ... Ratings ( edit ) Episode # Original broadcast date Rating 04 / 09 / 2017 1.20 05 / 09 / 2017 1.50 11 / 09 / 2017 1.50 12 / 09 / 2017 2.10 5 18 / 09 / 2017 2.10 6 19 / 09 / 2017 2.40 7 25 / 09 / 2017 2.60 8 26 / 09 / 2017 2.50 9 30 / 10 / 2017 3.10 10 31 / 10 / 3017 3.65 11 06 / 11 / 2017 4.03 12 07 / 11 / 2017 3.80 13 13 / 11 / 2017 3.90 14 14 / 11 / 2017 4.40 15 20 / 11 / 2017 3.80 16 21 / 11 / 2017 4.00 17 27 / 11 / 2017 4.40 Average 3.00 International broadcast ( edit ) In the Philippines , the series aired on June 4 , 2018 , at GMA Network 's as part of The Heart of Asia 's 15th anniversary offering . The first ever Thai or Lakorn series as they call it in Thailand , to air on Philippine television . See also ( edit ) Fated to Love You ( 2008 TV series ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` แถลงข่าว อลังการ `` เธอ คือ พรหมลิขิต '' ดึง `` บี้ - เอ ส เธอ ร์ '' ประชัน บทบาท '' ( in Thai ) . MGR Online . August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` From K - Drama , GMA brings Lakorn to local TV '' . Manila Standard . May 24 , 2018 . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` GMA to air Thai drama series `` You are My Destiny '' `` . The Philippine Star . May 24 , 2018 . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) You 're My Destiny : siamzone.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27re_My_Destiny_(2017_TV_series)&oldid=850489569 '' Categories : Thai television soap operas 2017 Thai television series debuts 2017 Thai television series endings Romantic comedy television series Hidden categories : CS1 Thai - language sources ( th ) Wikipedia articles needing style editing from June 2018 All articles needing style editing Articles containing Thai - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia ไทย Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 05 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | real name of wanida in youre my destiny | [
"Esther Supreeleela as Wanida \"Nid” Carreon-Krisheepanine (Martina/Tin)"
] | [
"Esther Supreeleela"
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4172800091366784359 | Lyons (surname) | Lyons ( surname ) - wikipedia Lyons ( surname ) Jump to : navigation , search Lyons is a surname with several origins . It is the name of a noble Anglo - Norman family that originated in district of the Forest of Lyons , north of the town of Lyons - la - Forêt in Haute Normandie , where the family seat was the Castle of Lyons . The original surname was ' de Lyons ' ( ' of ( the Forest and Castle ) of Lyons ' ) : subsequently , the ' de ' was removed from the name , and some branches removed the ' s ' from the end of the word , producing ' Lyon ' . The English progenitors of this family were Ingelram de Lyons , Lord of Lyons , who arrived in England with the Norman Conquest , and his relation , Nicholas de Lyons , who emigrated from Normandy to England in 1080 and was granted lands at Warkworth , Northamptonshire by William of Normandy . Descendants of this family emigrated to Scotland , during the 14th - century , to Ireland , during the 15th - century , to Antigua , during the 16th - century , and to New York , during the 17th century . However , there are other families with the surname that are not related to , or descendent from , the noble Anglo - Norman family . As was common amongst servants of gentry and noble dynasties during the middle ages , some of the servants of the noble Lyons family adopted the surname of their Lords to express their allegiance . There is also a Celtic Irish family whose name derives from the Celtic word for ' grey ' . This surname derives from the names of Ó Laighin and ' Ó Liatháin . These Celtic families are not related to the noble family that originated in Normandy . However , confusingly , there are also descendants of the noble family , which had seats in King 's County and County Westmeath , in Ireland . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of persons with the surname Lyons 2 See also 3 References 4 External links List of persons with the surname Lyons ( edit ) Al Lyons ( 1918 -- 1965 ) , US baseball player Algernon Lyons ( 1833 -- 1908 ) , Admiral in the Royal Navy Andrew Lyons ( born 1966 ) , English soccer player Anne Theresa Bickerton Lyons ( 1815 -- 1894 ) , British member of royalty Anthony Lyons ( born c. 1968 ) , British property investor Barry Lyons ( footballer ) ( born 1945 ) , English soccer player Barry Lyons ( baseball ) , ( born 1960 ) , US baseball player Ben Lyons ( born 1981 ) , US film critic Bert Lyons ( footballer ) ( 1902 -- 1981 ) , English footballer Bert Lyons ( trade unionist ) ( died 2008 ) , British trade unionist Beverley Lyons , Scottish journalist Bill Lyons ( born 1958 ) , US baseball player Billy Red Lyons ( 1932 -- 2009 ) , Canadian wrestler Bonnie Lyons ( born 1944 ) , US writer and educator Brittany Lyons ( born 1988 ) , Jamaican model Brooke Lyons ( f. 2000s ) , US actress Bubby Lyons ( born 1929 ) , US politician C.J. Lyons ( f. 2000s ) , US physician and author C.P. Lyons ( 1915 -- 1998 ) , Canadian outdoorsman Charlie Lyons , US film producer and financier Charlton Lyons ( 1894 -- 1973 ) , US oilman and politician Claire Lyons , fictional character Cliff Lyons ( born 1961 ) , Australian rugby league player Cliff Lyons ( actor ) ( born 1901 ) , American motion picture stuntman , second - unit director , and actor Curt Lyons ( born 1974 ) , US baseball player Cyril Lyons ( born 1959 ) , Irish athlete in hurling Dan Lyons , CEO , Centre for Animals and Social Justice Dana Lyons ( f . 1970 -- 2000s ) , US musician and environmental activist Daniel Lyons ( born 1960 ) , US author Danny Lyons ( 1860 -- 1888 ) , US street gang figure Darryn Lyons ( born 1965 ) , Australian - born British news photographer David Lyons ( rugby union , born 1980 ) , Australian rugby player David Lyons ( actor ) ( born 1976 ) , Australian television actor David Lyons ( rugby union , born 1985 ) , English rugby union player David Lyons ( swimmer ) ( born 1943 ) , US swimmer Deb Lyons ( f . 1980 -- 2000s ) , US singer and songwriter Denis Lyons ( born 1935 ) , Irish politician Denny Lyons ( 1866 -- 1929 ) , US baseball player Dicky Lyons ( born 1947 ) , US football player Donal Lyons ( f. 2000s ) , Irish politician Ed Lyons ( 1923 -- 2009 ) , US baseball player Eddie Lyons ( 1886 -- 1926 ) , US film actor Edmund Lyons , 1st Baron Lyons ( 1790 -- 1858 ) , Rear Admiral of the Royal Navy and diplomat Edmund Moubray Lyons ( 1819 -- 1855 ) , second son of Rear Admiral Sir Edmund Lyons Edward Lyons ( 1926 -- 2010 ) , British politician Eileen Lyons ( born 1941 ) , American politician Dame Enid Lyons ( 1897 -- 1981 ) , Australian politician Eric Lyons ( 1912 -- 1980 ) , British architect Eugene Lyons ( 1898 -- 1985 ) , US author F.S.L. Lyons ( 1923 -- 1983 ) , Irish historian Fay - Ann Lyons ( born 1980 ) , Jamaican singer Gene Lyons ( f. 1990s ) , US author and political analyst George Lyons ( disambiguation ) Graham Lyons ( f . 1980 -- 1990s ) , Australian rugby player Grant Lyons ( b . 1941 ) , writer Hall Lyons ( 1923 -- 1998 ) , American oilman and politician Harry Lyons ( 1866 -- 1912 ) , US baseball player Henry A. Lyons ( c. 1809 -- 1872 ) , second Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of California Sir Henry George Lyons ( 1864 -- 1944 ) , geologist and director of the Science Museum in London Henry Lyons ( b . 1942 ) , former President of the National Baptist Convention Hersh Lyons ( 1915 -- 2008 ) , US baseball player Humphrey Lyons ( 1802 -- 1873 ) , English politician in India Israel Lyons ( 1739 -- 1775 ) , English mathematician and botanist Jack Lyons , any of several men with the name : Jack Lyons ( financier ) ( 1916 -- 2008 ) , was the English entrepreneur and philanthropist . Jack Lyons ( cricketer ) ( 1863 -- 1927 ) , Australian cricketer Jack Lyons ( soccer ) ( born c. 1900s ) , American soccer player J.B. Lyons ( 1922 -- 2007 ) , Jack Binignus Lyons , Irish medical historian and author Jacques Judah Lyons ( 1814 -- 1877 ) , US religious figure James J. Lyons ( 1890 -- 1966 ) , American politician James K. Lyons ( 1960 -- 2007 ) , American film editor and actor James L. Lyons ( 1916 -- 1994 ) , founder of the Monterey Jazz Festival James M. Lyons ( born 1947 ) , American lawyer , figure in the Whitewater controversy and former federal judicial nominee James W. Lyons ( 1878 -- 1947 ) , Canadian politician James Lyons ( Upper Canada politician ) James Lyons ( Virginia ) ( 1801 -- 1882 ) , Confederate politician James `` Ace '' Lyons , US Navy admiral , former Commander - in - Chief , Pacific Fleet Jason Lyons ( born 1970 ) , Australian motorcycle racer Jeffrey S. Lyons , Canadian lawyer and community activist Jeffrey Lyons ( born 1944 ) , American television and film critic Jimmie Lyons ( f . 1910 -- 1920s ) , US baseball player Jimmy Lyons ( 1931 -- 1986 ) , US musician John Lyons ( American football ) ( born 1952 ) , American football coach John Lyons ( bishop ) , Bishop of Ontario , 1932 -- 1952 John Lyons ( UK politician ) ( born 1949 ) , English Labour Party politician John Lyons ( Antiguan politician ) ( 1760 -- 1816 ) , Antiguan politician John Lyons ( VC ) ( 1823 -- 1867 ) , Irish soldier in the British army , recipient of the Victoria Cross John Lyons ( ice hockey ) ( born 1899 ) , United States ice hockey player who competed in the 1924 Winter Olympics John Lyons ( horse trainer ) , author and horse trainer in the field of Natural horsemanship John Lyons ( hurler ) ( born 1924 ) , an Irish sportsperson John Lyons ( linguist ) ( born 1932 ) , English linguist John Lyons ( actor ) ( born 1943 ) , English actor John J. Lyons , Secretary of State of New York 1921 -- 1922 John Lyons ( Longford politician ) , Irish independent / Labour Party politician , represented Longford - Westmeath 1922 -- 27 Jonathon Lyons ( born 1951 ) , British businessman Joseph Lyons ( 1879 -- 1939 ) , Australian Prime Minister Joseph M. Lyons ( born 1951 ) , US politician Judd Henry Lyons ( born 1962 ) , American general Katie Lyons ( born 1981 ) , British actress Ken Lyons ( born 1956 ) , US musician Kevin Lyons ( 1923 -- 2000 ) , Australian politician Kim Lyons ( born 1973 ) , US athlete and trainer Laura Lyons ( born 1954 ) , US model Leo Lyons ( born 1943 ) , English musician Leo Lyons ( American football ) ( 1892 -- 1976 ) , US football player and manager Leonard Lyons ( 1906 -- 1976 ) , US newspaper columnist Leslie A. Lyons ( f. 2000s ) , US veterinary researcher Lorenzo Lyons ( 1807 -- 1886 ) , US - born missionary in Hawaii Louis M. Lyons ( 1897 -- 1982 ) , US journalist Marty Lyons ( born 1957 ) , US football player Mary Lyons ( born 1947 ) , British author Michael Lyons , any of several men with the name Mick Lyons ( English footballer ) ( born 1951 ) Mick Lyons ( Gaelic footballer ) ( f. 1980s ) Miriam Lyons ( f. 2000s ) , Australian academic and political advisor Mitch Lyons ( born 1970 ) , US football player Mossie Lyons ( f. 2000s ) , Irish football player Nancy Lyons ( born 1930 ) , Australian swimmer Nathan Lyons ( f. 2000s ) , US artist and photographer Ned Lyons ( f. 1800s ) , US gang leader Oren Lyons ( born 1930 ) , Native American figure Pat Lyons ( 1860 -- 1914 ) , US baseball player Patrick Lyons ( 1903 -- 1967 ) , Australian Catholic prelate ; Third Bishop of Christchurch , New Zealand and Fourth Bishop of Sale , Victoria , Australia Peter Lyons , several people Pratt Lyons ( born 1974 ) , US football player Reginald Lyons ( 1922 -- 1976 ) , Irish cricketer Richard Lyons , any of several men with the name Robbie Lyons , US criminal convicted of murder Robert Lyons , any of several men with the name Rodney Lyons ( born 1962 ) , African - American politician Roger Lyons ( born 1942 ) , British labor leader Ron Lyons ( 1909 -- 1942 ) , Canadian hockey player Ross Lyons ( born 1984 ) , Scottish cricketer Ruth Lyons , any of several women with the name Samuel Lyons ( 1791 -- 1851 ) , Australian landowner and businessman Shane Lyons ( born 1988 ) , US television personality Shelby Lyons ( born 1981 ) , US figure skater Simon Lyons ( born 1982 ) , English football player Sophie Lyons ( 1848 -- 1924 ) , US criminal figure Steve Lyons ( baseball ) ( born 1960 ) , US baseball player and announcer Steve Lyons ( writer ) ( f. 2000s ) , British writer Steve Lyons ( rugby league ) , rugby league footballer who played in the 1970s , and 1980s Stuart Lyons ( 1928 -- 1998 ) , British film producer Susan Lyons ( born 1957 ) , Australian actress Ted Lyons ( 1900 -- 1986 ) , US baseball player and manager Terry Lyons , several people Thomas Lyons , any of several men with the name ( Thomas , Tom , Tommy ) Virginia V. Lyons ( born 1944 ) , US politician Will Lyons ( f . 1990 -- 2000s ) , British newspaper columnist William Lyons ( 1901 -- 1985 ) , British motorcar businessman William L. Lyons ( 1857 -- 1911 ) , US politician Zoe Lyons ( born 1971 ) , English comedy performer See also ( edit ) Irish nobility Castlelyons ( a late medieval seat of the Uí Liatháin ) Lyons ( disambiguation ) Lions ( surname ) Lehane References ( edit ) MacLysaght , Edward , Irish Families : Their Names , Arms and Origins . Irish Academic Press . 4th edition , 1998 . O'Hart , John , Irish Pedigrees . Dublin : James Duffy and Co. 5th edition , 1892 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Robert ( ed . ) ( 1907 ) . The Lyon Memorial : New York Families Descended from the Immigrant , Thomas Lyon of Rye . Press William Graham Printing Co . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Ministry of Culture : Château fort ( in French ) Jump up ^ Judith A. Green Henry I : King of England and Duke of Normandy , Cambridge University Press , 2006 . The introduction is online : `` Introduction : A surfeit of lampreys '' Jump up ^ Office de Tourisme du Pays de Lyons - la - Forêt : Le pays de Lyons à travers l'histoire . This site also contains further historical detail concerning the castle and its royal connections . ( in French ) Jump up ^ Pevsner , Nikolaus . The Buildings of England : Northamptonshire ( 2nd edition , revised by Cherry , Bridget . Yale University Press . p. 444 . Jump up ^ Hewitt , Michael ( 2014 ) . A Most Remarkable Family : A History of the Lyon Family from 1066 to 2014 . AuthorHouse . Jump up ^ Rutherford - Edge , Shana . `` The Ancient and Noble Seat : The History of the Villages of Overthorpe and Warkworth in Northamptonshire '' ( PDF ) . pp. 11 -- 23 . Jump up ^ The Surnames of Ireland , Edward MacLysaght , sixth edition ( 1997 ) , published by the Irish Academic Press , ISBN 0 - 7165 - 2364 - 7 Jump up ^ http://www.ireland-information.com/heraldichall/irishsurnames.htm Jump up ^ Langford Vere , Oliver . History of the Island of Antigua , Vol. 2 . Mitchell and Hughes , London , 1894 . pp. 214 -- 217 . Jump up ^ Woods , James ( 1907 ) . Annals of Westmeath , Ancient and Modern . Sealy , Bryers , and Walker . p. 68 . Jump up ^ Walford , E. ( 1882 ) . The County Families of the United Kingdom . p. 405 . External links ( edit ) thePeerage.com surname index Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyons_(surname)&oldid=797668060 '' Categories : Surnames Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with French - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 14 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the last name lyons originate from | [
"It is the name of a noble Anglo-Norman family that originated in district of the Forest of Lyons, north of the town of Lyons-la-Forêt in Haute Normandie, where the family seat was the Castle of Lyons.[1][2][3][4] The original surname was ‘de Lyons’ (‘of [the Forest and Castle] of Lyons’): subsequently, the ‘de’ was removed from the name, and some branches removed the ‘s’ from the end of the word, producing ‘Lyon’.[1] The English progenitors of this family were Ingelram de Lyons, Lord of Lyons, who arrived in England with the Norman Conquest, and his relation, Nicholas de Lyons, who emigrated from Normandy to England in 1080 and was granted lands at Warkworth, Northamptonshire[1][5][6][7] by William of Normandy. Descendants of this family emigrated to Scotland, during the 14th-century, to Ireland, during the 15th-century, to Antigua, during the 16th-century, and to New York, during the 17th century."
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"a noble Anglo-Norman family that originated in district of the Forest of Lyons, north of the town of Lyons-la-Forêt in Haute Normandie"
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9048763728427743835 | Mammoth Mountain | Mammoth Mountain - wikipedia Mammoth Mountain Jump to : navigation , search For the ski area , see Mammoth Mountain Ski Area . Mammoth Mountain Mammoth Mountain from U.S. Route 395 Highest point Elevation 11,059 ft ( 3,371 m ) NAVD 88 Prominence 1,647 ft ( 502 m ) Coordinates 37 ° 37 ′ 50 '' N 119 ° 01 ′ 57 '' W / 37.630626492 ° N 119.032625631 ° W / 37.630626492 ; - 119.032625631 Coordinates : 37 ° 37 ′ 50 '' N 119 ° 01 ′ 57 '' W / 37.630626492 ° N 119.032625631 ° W / 37.630626492 ; - 119.032625631 Geography Mammoth Mountain Inyo National Forest , Madera / Mono counties , California , U.S. Mammoth Mountain Inyo National Forest , Madera / Mono counties , California , U.S. Show map of California Show map of the US Show all Parent range Sierra Nevada Topo map USGS Mammoth Mountain Geology Age of rock About 50,000 to 200,000 years Mountain type Lava dome complex Last eruption 1260 ± 40 years Climbing Easiest route Gondola Mammoth Mountain is a lava dome complex west of the town of Mammoth Lakes , California , in the Inyo National Forest of Madera and Mono Counties . It is home to a large ski area on the Mono County side . Mammoth Mountain was formed in a series of eruptions that ended 57,000 years ago . However , Mammoth still produces hazardous volcanic gases that kill trees and caused ski patroller fatalities in 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geology 2 Volcanic gas discharge 3 Recreational use 4 References 5 External links Geology ( edit ) Mammoth Mountain is a lava dome complex in Mono County , California . It lies in the southwestern corner of the Long Valley Caldera and consists of about 12 rhyodacite and dacite overlapping domes . These domes formed in a long series of eruptions from 110,000 to 57,000 years ago , building a volcano that reaches 11,059 feet ( 3,371 m ) in elevation . During this time , massive dacite eruptions occurred roughly every 5000 years . The volcano is still active with minor eruptions , the largest of which was a minor phreatic ( steam ) eruption 700 years ago . Mammoth Mountain also lies on the south end of the Mono - Inyo chain of volcanic craters . The magma source for Mammoth Mountain is distinct from those of both the Long Valley Caldera and the Inyo Craters . Mammoth Mountain is composed primarily of dacite and rhyolite , part of which has been altered by hydrothermal activity from fumaroles ( steam vents ) . Mammoth Mountain from the north ( Minaret Summit ) Carbon dioxide has killed a large area of trees Mammoth Mountain from the south , with Ritter Range behind Volcanic gas discharge ( edit ) Mammoth is outgassing large amounts of carbon dioxide out of its south flank , near Horseshoe Lake , causing mazuku in that area . The concentration of carbon dioxide in the ground ranges from 20 to 90 percent CO . Measurements of the total discharge of carbon dioxide gas at the Horseshoe Lake tree - kill area range from 50 to 150 short tons ( 45 to 140 t ) per day . This high concentration causes trees to die in six regions that total about 170 acres ( 0.69 km ) in size ( see photo , above ) . The tree - kills originally were attributed to a severe drought that affected California in the late 1980s and early 1990s . Another idea was that the kills were the result of a pathogen or other biological infestation . However , neither idea explained why all trees in the affected areas were killed regardless of age or health . Then , in March 1990 , a U.S. Forest Service Ranger became ill with suffocation symptoms after being in a snow - covered cabin near Horseshoe Lake . Measurements around the lake found that restrooms and tents had a greater than 1 % CO concentration ( toxic ) and a deadly 25 % concentration of CO in a small cabin . CO concentrations of less than 1 % are typical and healthy in most soils ; however , soil concentrations of CO in the tree - kill areas ranged from 20 % to 90 % . This overabundance of CO was found to be the cause of the tree - kills because tree roots need to absorb O directly and the high CO level reduced available O. Researchers also determined that Mammoth releases about 1,300 short tons ( 1,200 t ) of CO every day . As of 2003 , the concentration of carbon dioxide in soil gas at Mammoth Mountain is being monitored on a continuous , year - round basis at four sites -- three at Horseshoe Lake and one near the base of Chair 19 at the ski area . The most likely sources of the CO are degassing of intruded magma and gas release from limestone - rich metasedimentary rocks that are heated by magmatic intrusions . The remarkable uniformity in chemical and isotopic composition of the CO and accompanying gases at different locations around Mammoth Mountain indicates that there may actually be a large reservoir of gas deep below the mountain from which gas escapes along faults to the surface . Measurements of helium emissions support the theory that the gases emitted in the tree kill area have the same source as those discharged from Mammoth Mountain Fumarole . There is evidence that the rate of CO discharge has been declining , with emissions peaking in 1991 . In April 2006 , three members of the Mammoth Mountain Ski Area ski patrol died while on duty . All three died from suffocation by carbon dioxide when they fell into a fumarole on the slopes of the mountain . Recreational Use ( edit ) Mammoth Mountain is home to the Mammoth Mountain Ski Area , founded by Dave McCoy in 1953 . Mammoth is a ski , snowboard , and snowmobile mountain during the winter months . Mammoth is the highest ski resort in California and is notable for the unusually large amount of snowfall it receives compared to other Eastern Sierra peaks -- about 400 '' annually and about 300 out of 365 days of sunshine -- due to its location in a low gap in the Sierra crest . In the summer months the ski gondolas are used by mountain bikers and tourists who wish to get a summit view of Long Valley Caldera directly to the east and Sierra peaks to the west , south and north . To the south of the mountain , there are a number of lakes that serve as tourist attractions in the summer . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 706 702 2 = Mammoth '' . NGS data sheet . U.S. National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Mammoth Mountain , California '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mammoth Mountain '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Finn - Olaf ( 2008 - 02 - 29 ) . `` Mammoth Mountain Ski Area '' . Ski Guide . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Hymon , Steve ; Covarrubias , Amanda ( 2006 - 04 - 09 ) . `` How Routine Turned to Tragedy at Mammoth '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Martini , B.A. ; Silver , E.A. ; Potts , D.C. ; Pickles , W.L. ( July 2000 ) . Geological and geobotanical studies of Long Valley Caldera , CA , USA utilizing new 5m hyperspectral imagery . Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium , 2000 . Proceedings . IGARSS 2000 . IEEE 2000 International . 4 . Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers . pp. 1376 -- 1378 . doi : 10.1109 / IGARSS. 2000.857212 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Long Valley Caldera and Mono - Inyo Craters Volcanic Field , California '' . Volcano World . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Lewicki , Jennifer L. ; Birkholzer , Jens ; Tsang , Chin - Fu ( February 2006 ) . `` Natural and Industrial Analogues for Release of CO from Storage Reservoirs : Identification of Features , Events , and Processes and Lessons Learned '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Energy / Office of Scientific and Technical Information . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Harris , Stephen L. ( 2005 ) . Fire Mountains of the West ( 3rd ed . ) . Missoula , Montana : Mountain Press Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 87842 - 511 - X . Jump up ^ Hill , David P. ; Bailey , Roy A. ; Sorey , Michael L. ; Hendley II , James W. ; Stauffer , Peter H. ( May 2000 ) . `` Living With a Restless Caldera -- Long Valley , California -- U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 108 - 96 '' . Online Version 2.1 . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Hildreth , Wes ( 2004 - 09 - 14 ) . `` Volcanological perspectives on Long Valley , Mammoth Mountain , and Mono Craters : several contiguous but discrete systems '' . Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research . Elsevier B.V. 136 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 169 -- 198 . Bibcode : 2004JVGR ... 136 ... 169H . doi : 10.1016 / j. jvolgeores. 2004.05. 019 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : DePaolo , Don ; Sorey , Mike ; Evans , Bill ; Farrar , Chris ; Cook , Andrea ; Hainsworth , Laura ; Rogie , John . `` Volcanic Hazards and CO Emissions : Mammoth Mountain Long Valley Caldera , California '' . Center for Isotope Geochemistry -- Nobel Gas Isotope Geochemistry . Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Geologic History of Long Valley Caldera and the Mono - Inyo Craters volcanic chain , California '' . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Pease , Robert C. `` Hydrothermal System of the Long Valley Caldera '' . Volcanoes of the Eastern Sierra Nevada : Geology and Natural Heritage of the Long Valley Caldera . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carbon Dioxide and Helium Discharge from Mammoth Mountain '' . USGS Volcano Hazards Program Long Valley Observatory . USGS. 2001 - 12 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Farrar , C.D. ; Neil , J.M. ; Howle , J.F. ( 1999 ) . `` Magmatic Carbon Dioxide Emissions at Mammoth Mountain , California '' . Water - Resources Investigations report 98 - 4217 . USGS . Jump up ^ `` Helium Discharge at Mammoth Mountain Fumarole ( MMF ) '' . United States Geological Survey . 2003 - 07 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Farrar , C.D. ; Bergfeld , D. ( December 2007 ) . Magmatic Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Mammoth Mountain , California -- - A Decreasing Trend From 1996 to 2007 . American Geophysical Union , Fall Meeting 2007 . American Geophysical Union . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Sorey , Michael L. ; Farrar , Christopher D. ; Gerlach , Terrance M. ; McGee , Kenneth A. ; Evans , William C. ; Colvard , Elizabeth M. ; Hill , David P. ; Bailey , Roy A. ; Rogie , John D. ; Hendley II , James W. ; Stauffer , Peter H. ( 2007 - 07 - 09 ) . `` Invisible CO Gas Killing Trees at Mammoth Mountain , California -- U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 172 - 96 '' . Online Version 2.0 . USGS . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Covarrubias , Amanda ; Doug Smith ( 2006 - 06 - 07 ) . `` 3 Die in Mammoth Ski Patrol Accident '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Burak , S.A. ; R.E. Davis ( 2001 ) . Preliminary evaluation of snow accumulation patterns based on storm type , Mammoth Mountain , California , 1996 -- 2001 ( PDF ) . Proc. Western Snow Conference . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 09 - 30 . Further reading Alt , David ; Hyndman , Donald ( 2000 ) . Roadside Geology of Northern and Central California . Missoula , Montana : Mountain Press Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 87842 - 409 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mammoth Mountain . Mammoth Mountain Ski Area trail map USGS Volcano Hazards Program , Long Valley Observatory QTVR of tree kill area Mammoth Earthquake 1980 May 25 16 : 33 , 16 : 49 , 19 : 44 UTC Magnitude 6.2 , 5.9 , 5.9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mammoth_Mountain&oldid=798875864 '' Categories : Inyo National Forest Lava domes Mountains of Madera County , California Mountains of Mono County , California Mountains of the Sierra Nevada ( U.S. ) Volcanoes of Madera County , California Volcanoes of Mono County , California Mountains of Northern California Volcanism of California Volcanoes of California Hidden categories : Articles using GVP links in vnum format Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Deutsch Français Bahasa Melayu Polski Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 09 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is mammoth mountain located on a map | [
"Mammoth Mountain is a lava dome complex west of the town of Mammoth Lakes, California, in the Inyo National Forest of Madera and Mono Counties.[3] It is home to a large ski area on the Mono County side."
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"west of the town of Mammoth Lakes, California"
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3524532194466852796 | Victoria Falls | Victoria falls - wikipedia Victoria falls This article is about the waterfall on the Zambia / Zimbabwe border . For the town in Zimbabwe , see Victoria Falls , Zimbabwe . For the waterfall in Scotland , see Victoria Falls , Wester Ross . Victoria Falls Mosi - oa - Tunya Mosi - oa - Tunya Location on the Zambezi Location Livingstone , Zambia Victoria Falls , Zimbabwe Coordinates 17 ° 55 ′ 28 '' S 25 ° 51 ′ 24 '' E / 17.92444 ° S 25.85667 ° E / - 17.92444 ; 25.85667 Coordinates : 17 ° 55 ′ 28 '' S 25 ° 51 ′ 24 '' E / 17.92444 ° S 25.85667 ° E / - 17.92444 ; 25.85667 Type Waterfall Total height 108 m ( 355 ft ) ( at center ) Number of drops Watercourse Zambezi River Average flow rate 1088 m / s ( 38,430 cu ft / s ) UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name Mosi - oa - Tunya / Victoria Falls Type Natural Criteria vii , viii Designated 1989 ( 13th session ) Reference no . 509 State Party Zambia and Zimbabwe Region Africa Victoria Falls ( Tokaleya Tonga : Mosi - oa - Tunya , `` The Smoke that Thunders '' ) is a waterfall in southern Africa on the Zambezi River at the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe . It is clearly visible from the Zimbabwean side , which also has the town Victoria Falls named after the falls . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name origins 2 Size 3 Gorges 4 Formation 5 Pre-colonial history 6 History since 1900 6.1 Victoria Falls Bridge initiates tourism 6.2 Zambia 's independence and Rhodesia 's UDI 6.3 Tourism in recent years 7 Natural environment 7.1 National parks 7.2 Vegetation 7.3 Wildlife 7.4 Fish 8 Statistics 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Name origins ( edit ) David Livingstone gazing upon the Falls , in bronze , from the Zambian shore David Livingstone , the Scottish missionary and explorer , is believed to have been the first European to view Victoria Falls on 16 November 1855 , from what is now known as Livingstone Island , one of two land masses in the middle of the river , immediately upstream from the falls near the Zambian shore . Livingstone named his discovery in honour of Queen Victoria of Britain , but the indigenous Tonga name , Mosi - oa - Tunya -- `` The Smoke That Thunders '' -- continues in common usage as well . The World Heritage List officially recognizes both names . Livingstone also cites an older name , Seongo or Chongwe , which means `` The Place of the Rainbow '' as a result of the constant spray . The nearby national park in Zambia is named Mosi - oa - Tunya , whereas the national park and town on the Zimbabwean shore are both named Victoria Falls . Size ( edit ) Aerial view Play media Victoria Falls seen from Zimbabwe in July . While it is neither the highest nor the widest waterfall in the world , Victoria Falls is classified as the largest , based on its combined width of 1,708 metres ( 5,604 ft ) and height of 108 metres ( 354 ft ) , resulting in the world 's largest sheet of falling water . Victoria Falls is roughly twice the height of North America 's Niagara Falls and well over twice the width of its Horseshoe Falls . In height and width Victoria Falls is rivalled only by Argentina and Brazil 's Iguazu Falls . See table for comparisons . For a considerable distance upstream from the falls , the Zambezi flows over a level sheet of basalt , in a shallow valley , bounded by low and distant sandstone hills . The river 's course is dotted with numerous tree - covered islands , which increase in number as the river approaches the falls . There are no mountains , escarpments , or deep valleys ; only a flat plateau extending hundreds of kilometres in all directions . The falls are formed as the full width of the river plummets in a single vertical drop into a transverse chasm 1708 metres ( 5604 ft ) wide , carved by its waters along a fracture zone in the basalt plateau . The depth of the chasm , called the First Gorge , varies from 80 metres ( 260 ft ) at its western end to 108 metres ( 354 ft ) in the centre . The only outlet to the First Gorge is a 110 - metre ( 360 ft ) wide gap about two - thirds of the way across the width of the falls from the western end . The whole volume of the river pours into the Victoria Falls gorges from this narrow cleft . There are two islands on the crest of the falls that are large enough to divide the curtain of water even at full flood : Boaruka Island ( or Cataract Island ) near the western bank , and Livingstone Island near the middle -- the point from which Livingstone first viewed the falls . At less than full flood , additional islets divide the curtain of water into separate parallel streams . The main streams are named , in order from Zimbabwe ( west ) to Zambia ( east ) : Devil 's Cataract ( called Leaping Water by some ) , Main Falls , Rainbow Falls ( the highest ) and the Eastern Cataract . The Zambezi river , upstream from the falls , experiences a rainy season from late November to early April , and a dry season the rest of the year . The river 's annual flood season is February to May with a peak in April , The spray from the falls typically rises to a height of over 400 metres ( 1,300 ft ) , and sometimes even twice as high , and is visible from up to 48 km ( 30 mi ) away . At full moon , a `` moonbow '' can be seen in the spray instead of the usual daylight rainbow . During the flood season , however , it is impossible to see the foot of the falls and most of its face , and the walks along the cliff opposite it are in a constant shower and shrouded in mist . Close to the edge of the cliff , spray shoots upward like inverted rain , especially at Zambia 's Knife - Edge Bridge . As the dry season takes effect , the islets on the crest become wider and more numerous , and in September to January up to half of the rocky face of the falls may become dry and the bottom of the First Gorge can be seen along most of its length . At this time it becomes possible ( though not necessarily safe ) to walk across some stretches of the river at the crest . It is also possible to walk to the bottom of the First Gorge at the Zimbabwean side . The minimum flow , which occurs in November , is around a tenth of the April figure ; this variation in flow is greater than that of other major falls , and causes Victoria Falls ' annual average flow rate to be lower than might be expected based on the maximum flow . Gorges ( edit ) First Gorge , from Zambian side The entire volume of the Zambezi River pours through the First Gorge 's 110 - metre - wide ( 360 ft ) exit for a distance of about 150 metres ( 500 ft ) , then enters a zigzagging series of gorges designated by the order in which the river reaches them . Water entering the Second Gorge makes a sharp right turn and has carved out a deep pool there called the Boiling Pot . Reached via a steep footpath from the Zambian side , it is about 150 metres ( 500 ft ) across . Its surface is smooth at low water , but at high water is marked by enormous , slow swirls and heavy boiling turbulence . Objects -- and humans -- that are swept over the falls , including the occasional hippopotamus or crocodile , are frequently found swirling about here or washed up at the north - east end of the Second Gorge . This is where the bodies of Mrs Moss and Mr Orchard , mutilated by crocodiles , were found in 1910 after two canoes were capsized by a hippo at Long Island above the falls . The principal gorges are ( see reference for note about these measurements ) : First Gorge : the one the river falls into at Victoria Falls Second Gorge : 250 m south of falls , 2.15 km long ( 270 yd south , 2350 yd long ) , spanned by the Victoria Falls Bridge Third Gorge : 600 m south , 1.95 km long ( 650 yd south , 2100 yd long ) , containing the Victoria Falls Power Station Fourth Gorge : 1.15 km south , 2.25 km long ( 1256 yd south , 2460 yd long ) Fifth Gorge : 2.55 km south , 3.2 km long ( 1.5 mi south , 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) long ) Songwe Gorge : 5.3 km south , 3.3 km long , ( 3.3 mi south , 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) long ) named after the small Songwe River coming from the north - east , and the deepest at 140 m ( 460 ft ) , the level of the river in them varies by up to 20 meters ( 65 ft ) between wet and dry seasons . Formation ( edit ) Satellite image showing the broad Zambezi falling into the narrow cleft and subsequent series of zigzagging gorges ( top of picture is north ) . Falls Victoria Falls National Park marker The recent geological history of Victoria Falls can be seen in the overall form of the Batoka Gorge , with its 6 individual gorges and 8 past positions of the falls . The east - west oriented gorges imply structural control with alignment along joints of shatter zones , or faults with 50 m of vertical displacement as is the case of the second and fifth gorges . Headward erosion along these structural lines of weakness would establish a new fall line and abandonment of the earlier line . North - south oriented joints control the south flowing sections of the river . One of these is the `` Boiling Pot '' , which links the First Gorge with the Second Gorge . The falls may have already started cutting back the next major gorge , at the dip in one side of the `` Devil 's Cataract '' , between the western river bank and Cataract Island . The lip in the current falls is lowest here and carries the greatest concentration of water at flood stage . The sedimentary sequence overlying the basalt at the Zambezi River margins is called the Victoria Falls Formation , which consists of gravel , the Pipe sandstone , Kalahari Sands , and aeolian sand and alluvium . A 15 - 45 m scarp bounds the river about 5 - 6 km from the main channel , and a series of river terraces are evident between the scarp and the channel . Further geological history of the course of the Zambezi River is in the article of that name . Pre-colonial history ( edit ) Archaeological sites around the falls have yielded Early Stone Age Acheulean stone artifacts and Oldowan tools , plus Sangoan tools and Lupemban artifacts of Middle Stone Age . Iron - using Khoisan hunter - gatherers displaced these Stone Age people and in turn were displaced by Bantu tribes such as the southern Tonga people known as the Batoka / Tokalea , who called the falls Shungu na mutitima . The Matabele , later arrivals , named them aManz ' aThunqayo , and the Batswana and Makololo ( whose language is used by the Lozi people ) call them Mosi - o - Tunya . All these names mean essentially `` the smoke that thunders '' . A map from c. 1750 drawn by Jacques Nicolas Bellin for Abbé Antoine François Prevost d'Exiles marks the falls as `` cataractes '' and notes a settlement to the north of the Zambezi as being friendly with the Portuguese at the time . Earlier still Nicolas de Fer 's 1715 map of southern Africa has the fall clearly marked in the correct position . It also has dotted lines denoting trade routes that David Livingstone followed 140 years later . The first European to see the falls was David Livingstone on 17 November 1855 , during his 1852 -- 56 journey from the upper Zambezi to the mouth of the river . The falls were well known to local tribes , and Voortrekker hunters may have known of them , as may the Arabs under a name equivalent to `` the end of the world '' . Europeans were sceptical of their reports , perhaps thinking that the lack of mountains and valleys on the plateau made a large falls unlikely . Livingstone had been told about the falls before he reached them from upriver and was paddled across to a small island that now bears the name Livingstone Island in Zambia . Livingstone had previously been impressed by the Ngonye Falls further upstream , but found the new falls much more impressive , and gave them their English name in honour of Queen Victoria . He wrote of the falls , `` No one can imagine the beauty of the view from anything witnessed in England . It had never been seen before by European eyes ; but scenes so lovely must have been gazed upon by angels in their flight . '' In 1860 , Livingstone returned to the area and made a detailed study of the falls with John Kirk . Other early European visitors included Portuguese explorer Serpa Pinto , Czech explorer Emil Holub , who made the first detailed plan of the falls and its surroundings in 1875 ( published in 1880 ) , and British artist Thomas Baines , who executed some of the earliest paintings of the falls . Until the area was opened up by the building of the railway in 1905 , though , the falls were seldom visited by other Europeans . Some writers believe that the Portuguese priest Gonçalo da Silveira was the first European to catch sight of the falls back in the sixteenth century . History since 1900 ( edit ) Victoria Falls ' Second Gorge ( with bridge ) and Third Gorge ( right ) . The peninsular cliffs are in Zambia , the outer cliffs in Zimbabwe . The cliffs are composed of Batoka Formation basalt flows . The breaks in slope with vegetation are brecciated amygdaliodal basalt zones separating 6 successive and massive lava flows with distinct vertical jointing . Victoria falls bridge initiates Tourism ( edit ) European settlement of the Victoria Falls area started around 1900 in response to the desire of Cecil Rhodes ' British South Africa Company for mineral rights and imperial rule north of the Zambezi , and the exploitation of other natural resources such as timber forests north - east of the falls , and ivory and animal skins . Before 1905 , the river was crossed above the falls at the Old Drift , by dugout canoe or a barge towed across with a steel cable . Rhodes ' vision of a Cape - Cairo railway drove plans for the first bridge across the Zambezi and he insisted it be built where the spray from the falls would fall on passing trains , so the site at the Second Gorge was chosen . See the main article Victoria Falls Bridge for details . From 1905 the railway offered accessible travel from as far as the Cape in the south and from 1909 , as far as the Belgian Congo in the north . In 1904 the Victoria Falls Hotel was opened to accommodate visitors arriving on the new railway . The falls became an increasingly popular attraction during British colonial rule of Northern Rhodesia ( Zambia ) and Southern Rhodesia ( Zimbabwe ) , with the town of Victoria Falls becoming the main tourist centre . Zambia 's independence and Rhodesia 's udi ( edit ) In 1964 , Northern Rhodesia became the independent state of Zambia . The following year , Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence . This was not recognized by Zambia , the United Kingdom nor the vast majority of states and led to United Nations - mandated sanctions . In response to the emerging crisis , in 1966 Zambia restricted or stopped border crossings ; it did not re-open the border completely until 1980 . Guerilla warfare arose on the southern side of the Zambezi from 1972 : the Rhodesian Bush War . Visitor numbers began to drop , particularly on the Rhodesian side . The war affected Zambia through military incursions , causing the latter to impose security measures including the stationing of soldiers to restrict access to the gorges and some parts of the falls . Zimbabwe 's internationally recognised independence in 1980 brought comparative peace , and the 1980s witnessed renewed levels of tourism and the development of the region as a centre for adventure sports . Activities that gained popularity in the area include whitewater rafting in the gorges , bungee jumping from the bridge , game fishing , horse riding , kayaking , and flights over the falls . Tourism in recent years ( edit ) The naturally formed `` Devil 's Pool '' , where some tourists swim despite a risk of plunging over the edge By the end of the 1990s almost 400,000 people were visiting the falls annually , and this was expected to rise to over a million in the next decade . Unlike the game parks , Victoria Falls has more Zimbabwean and Zambian visitors than international tourists ; the attraction is accessible by bus and train , and is therefore comparatively inexpensive to reach . Both countries permit tourists to make day trips across the border to view the falls from both viewpoints . Visitors with single - entry visas are required to purchase a visa each time they cross the border ; visas can be obtained at both border posts . Costs vary from US $50 -- $80 ( as of January 2017 ) . Visa regulations change frequently ; visitors are advised to check the rules currently in effect in both countries before crossing the border in either direction . Additionally , foreign tourists may purchase a KAZA visa for US $50 that will permit visitors to travel between Zambia and Zimbabwe for up to 30 days as long as they remain within the covered countries . A famous feature is the naturally formed `` Armchair '' ( now sometimes called `` Devil 's Pool '' ) , near the edge of the falls on Livingstone Island on the Zambian side . When the river flow is at a certain level , usually between September and December , a rock barrier forms an eddy with minimal current , allowing adventurous swimmers to splash around in relative safety a few feet from the point where the water cascades over the falls . Occasional deaths have been reported when people have slipped over the rock barrier . The numbers of visitors to the Zimbabwean side of the falls has historically been much higher than the number visiting the Zambia side , due to the greater development of the visitor facilities there . However , the number of tourists visiting Zimbabwe began to decline in the early 2000s as political tensions between supporters and opponents of president Robert Mugabe increased . In 2006 , hotel occupancy on the Zimbabwean side hovered at around 30 % , while the Zambian side was at near - capacity , with rates in top hotels reaching US $ 630 per night . The rapid development has prompted the United Nations to consider revoking the Falls ' status as a World Heritage Site . In addition , problems of waste disposal and a lack of effective management of the falls ' environment are a concern . Natural Environment ( edit ) Two white rhinos at Mosi - oa - Tunya national park in May 2005 . They are not indigenous , but were imported from South Africa . National parks ( edit ) The two national parks at the falls are relatively small -- Mosi - oa - Tunya National Park is 66 square kilometres ( 16,309 acres ) and Victoria Falls National Park is 23 square kilometres ( 5,683 acres ) . However , next to the latter on the southern bank is the Zambezi National Park , extending 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) west along the river . Animals can move between the two Zimbabwean parks and can also reach Matetsi Safari Area , Kazuma Pan National Park and Hwange National Park to the south . On the Zambian side , fences and the outskirts of Livingstone tend to confine most animals to the Mosi - oa - Tunya National Park . In addition fences put up by lodges in response to crime restrict animal movement . In 2004 a separate group of police called the Tourism Police was started . They are commonly seen around the main tourist areas , and can be identified by their uniforms with yellow reflective bibs . Vegetation ( edit ) Mopane woodland savannah predominates in the area , with smaller areas of miombo and Rhodesian teak woodland and scrubland savannah . Riverine forest with palm trees lines the banks and islands above the falls . The most notable aspect of the area 's vegetation though is the rainforest nurtured by the spray from the falls , containing plants rare for the area such as pod mahogany , ebony , ivory palm , wild date palm , batoko plum and a number of creepers and lianas . Vegetation has suffered in recent droughts , and so have the animals that depend on it , particularly antelope . Wildlife ( edit ) The national parks contain abundant wildlife including sizable populations of elephant , buffalo , giraffe , Grant 's zebra , and a variety of antelope . Katanga lions , African leopards and South African cheetahs are only occasionally seen . Vervet monkeys and baboons are common . The river above the falls contains large populations of hippopotamus and crocodile . African bush elephants cross the river in the dry season at particular crossing points . Klipspringers , honey badgers , lizards and clawless otters can be glimpsed in the gorges , but they are mainly known for 35 species of raptors . The Taita falcon , black eagle , peregrine falcon and augur buzzard breed there . Above the falls , herons , fish eagles and numerous kinds of waterfowl are common . Fish ( edit ) The river is home to 39 species of fish below the falls and 89 species above it . This illustrates the effectiveness of the falls as a dividing barrier between the upper and lower Zambezi . Statistics ( edit ) `` The Smoke that Thunders '' , rainy season , 1972 ... and dry season , September 2003 Size and flow rate of Victoria Falls with Niagara and Iguazu for comparison Parameters Victoria Falls Niagara Falls Iguazu Falls Height in meters and feet : 108 m 360 ft 51 m 167 ft 64 -- 82 m 210 -- 269 ft Width in meters and feet : 1,708 m 5,604 ft 1,203 m 3,947 ft 2,700 m 8,858 ft Flow rate units ( vol / s ) : m / s cu ft / s m / s cu ft / s m / s cu ft / s Mean annual flow rate : 1,088 38,430 2,407 85,000 1,746 61,600 Mean monthly flow -- max. : 3,000 105,944 Mean monthly flow -- min. : 300 10,594 Mean monthly flow -- 10 yr . max. : 6,000 211,888 Highest recorded flow : 12,800 452,000 6,800 240,000 45,700 1,614,000 Notes : See references for explanation of measurements . For water , cubic metres per second = tonnes per second . Half the water approaching Niagara is diverted for hydroelectric power . Iguazu has two drops ; height given for biggest drop and total height . 10 falls have greater or equal flow rates , but are not as high as Iguazu and Victoria Falls . See also ( edit ) List of waterfalls by flow rate Batoka Gorge Hydroelectric Power Station References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Livingstone Tourism Association , Victoria Falls , Zambia -- Livingstone , Zambia '' . livingstonetourism.com . ^ Jump up to : World Waterfalls Website accessed 1 March 2007 ^ Jump up to : Wellington , John ( 1955 ) . Southern Africa , A Geographical Study . Cambridge University Press . p. 392 . Jump up ^ National Parks and Nature Reserves of Zambia , World Institute for Conservation and Environment . Jump up ^ National Parks and Nature Reserves of Zimbabwe , World Institute for Conservation and Environment . Jump up ^ `` Medium Term Plan ( MTP ) : January 2010 -- December 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Government of Zimbabwe . Retrieved 15 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Southern Africa Places ( 2009 ) . Victoria Falls . Retrieved on 18 May 2009 from Victoria Falls -- South Africa Places Jump up ^ `` Victoria Falls '' . World Digital Library . 1890 -- 1925 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Scheffel , Richard L. ; Wernet , Susan J. , eds. ( 1980 ) . Natural Wonders of the World . United States of America : Reader 's Digest Association , Inc . pp. 402 -- 403 . ISBN 0 - 89577 - 087 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : World Commission on Dams website : Archived 1 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine . `` Case Study -- Kariba Dam - Zambezi River Basin '' Annex 13 & 14 Victoria Falls Mean Monthly Flows . Website accessed 1 March 2007 . This website gives mean monthly flow rates in cubic metres per second ( i.e. , the total volume of water passing in each calendar month divided by the number of seconds in the month ) , the standard measure used in hydrology to indicate seasonal variation in flow . A figure of around 9,000 m / s ( 318,000 cu ft ) is quoted by many websites for Victoria Falls but this is the mean maximum instantaneous rate , which is only achieved for a few days per year . The figure of 536 million m / minute ( 18.9 billion cu ft / min ) on some websites ( e.g. ZNTB ) is an error for 536 million litres / minute ( equivalent to 9100 m / s or 142 million U.S. gallons / min ) . The ' 10 - year maximum ' is the mean of the maximum monthly rate returned in a ten - year period . ^ Jump up to : compiled and edited by Camerapix ( 1996 ) . Spectrum Guide to Zambia . Nairobi : Camerapix International Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 874041 - 14 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : B.L. Hunt : `` Kalomo to Livingstone in 1907 '' . The Northern Rhodesia Journal , Vol IV No 1 ( 1959 ) p16 . Accessed 28 February 2007 . Mr Moss and Mrs Orchard and the eight Lozi paddlers managed to swim to the island , one of the paddlers saving the Orchards ' year - old baby . Jump up ^ `` Zambia -- Gorges '' on SatelliteViews.net accessed 28 February 2007 ^ Jump up to : Moore , Andy ; Cotterill , Fenton ( 2010 ) . `` 15 '' . In Migon , Piotr . Vicotria Falls : Mosi - oa - Tunya - The Smoke That Thunders , in Geomorphological Landscapes of the World . Springer . p. 147,149 . ISBN 9789048130542 . ^ Jump up to : United Nations Environment Programme : Protected Areas and World Heritage World Conservation Monitoring Centre . Website accessed 1 March 2007 . Jump up ^ The Northern Rhodesia Journal online : `` Native Name of Victoria Falls '' , Vol I No 6 p. 68 ( 1952 ) . Accessed 28 February 2007 . Jump up ^ The Northern Rhodesia Journal online : `` Native Name of Victoria Falls '' , Vol I No 4 pp. 80 -- 82 ( 1951 ) . Accessed 28 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Agter die Magalies `` : `` Agter Die Magalies '' B.K. de Beer , pp. 43 -- 44 ( 1975 ) Postma Publications . Accessed 1 September 2007 . Jump up ^ The international service of Czech Radio online : `` Statue of explorer Emil Holub unveiled in Livingstone , Zambia '' accessed 28 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Eric Anderson Walker . The Cambridge History of the British Empire , volume 2 . CUP Archive , 1963 . Retrieved 4 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lawrence George Green . There 's a Secret Hid Away . H. Timmins , 1956 ; 244 p . ISBN 9780869782071 . Retrieved 4 October 2015 Jump up ^ `` Is this the ultimate ( and most dangerous ) infinity pool in the world ? '' . The Daily Mail . 23 April 2008 . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tour guide in Vic Falls plunge '' . New Zimbabwe. 28 September 2009 . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` At African Waterfall , Visitors Confront A Tale of Two Cities . '' Trofimov , Y . The Wall Street Journal . 29 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Victoria Falls Journal ; The Best of Times , and the Worst , for Two Tourist Towns Jump up ^ Victoria Falls ' at risk ' , UN warns The Independent , 7 January 2007 ^ Jump up to : S Hanyona : `` Zambia 's Ecotourism Venture Clouded by Ecotroubles . '' 5 March 2002 . ENS website accessed 9 March 2007 . Jump up ^ http://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/victoria-falls-tourism-police-december-2011.html . Jump up ^ `` Victoria Falls in Zimbabwe , October 2017 '' . Independent Travellers . independent-travellers.com . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Victoria Falls . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Victoria Falls . Africa portal A useful list of further reading is included on the UNEP - WCMC website 's page for Mosi - oa - Tunya . NASA Earth Observatory page Victoria Falls Tourism Entry on UNESCO World Heritage site TIME magazine article about tourism in the area hide Great Five Waterfalls ( by power ) Guaíra Falls † Iguazu Falls Khone Phapheng Falls Niagara Falls Victoria Falls GND : 4119420 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victoria_Falls&oldid=849582165 '' Categories : Victoria Falls Canyons and gorges of Africa Tourist attractions in Zimbabwe Waterfalls of Zambia Waterfalls of Zimbabwe World Heritage Sites in Zimbabwe World Heritage Sites in Zambia Geography of Southern Province , Zambia Zambezi River Zambia -- Zimbabwe border International waterfalls Block waterfalls Geography of Matabeleland North Province Tourist attractions in Matabeleland North Province Tourist attractions in Southern Province , Zambia Livingstone , Zambia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from November 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 72 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2018 , at 00 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the water come from that goes over victoria falls | [
"Victoria Falls (Tokaleya Tonga: Mosi-oa-Tunya, \"The Smoke that Thunders\") is a waterfall in southern Africa on the Zambezi River at the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe.\nIt is clearly visible from the Zimbabwean side, which also has the town Victoria Falls named after the falls.\n"
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6013592014423311423 | Goodfellas | Goodfellas - wikipedia Goodfellas For other uses , see Goodfellas ( disambiguation ) . Goodfellas Theatrical release poster Directed by Martin Scorsese Produced by Irwin Winkler Screenplay by Nicholas Pileggi Martin Scorsese Based on Wiseguy by Nicholas Pileggi Starring Robert De Niro Ray Liotta Joe Pesci Lorraine Bracco Paul Sorvino Cinematography Michael Ballhaus Edited by Thelma Schoonmaker Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date September 9 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 09 ) ( Venice ) September 19 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 19 ) ( United States ) Running time 145 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $25 million Box office $46.8 million Goodfellas ( stylized as GoodFellas ) is a 1990 American crime film directed by Martin Scorsese . It is an adaptation of the 1986 non-fiction book Wiseguy by Nicholas Pileggi , who co-wrote the screenplay with Scorsese . The film narrates the rise and fall of mob associate Henry Hill and his friends and family over a period from 1955 to 1980 . Scorsese initially titled the film Wise Guy and postponed making it ; later , he and Pileggi changed the title to Goodfellas . To prepare for their roles in the film , Robert De Niro , Joe Pesci , and Ray Liotta often spoke with Pileggi , who shared research material left over from writing the book . According to Pesci , improvisation and ad - libbing came out of rehearsals wherein Scorsese gave the actors freedom to do whatever they wanted . The director made transcripts of these sessions , took the lines he liked best and put them into a revised script , which the cast worked from during principal photography . Made on a budget of $25 million , Goodfellas grossed $46.8 million . It received positive reviews from critics and was nominated for six Academy Awards , including Best Picture and Best Director , with Pesci winning for Best Supporting Actor . The film won five awards from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts , including Best Film and Best Director . Additionally , Goodfellas was named the year 's best film by various critics ' groups . Goodfellas has been called one of the greatest films in the crime genre . In 2000 , it was deemed `` culturally , historically , and aesthetically significant '' and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the United States Library of Congress . Its content and style have been emulated in numerous other films and television shows . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Screenplay 3.3 Casting 3.4 Principal photography 3.5 Post-production 4 Soundtrack 5 Release and reception 5.1 Distribution 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Lists 5.4 Awards 6 Home media 7 Legacy 8 References 8.1 Bibliography 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1955 , Henry Hill , a high school student , becomes enamored with the criminal life in his neighborhood , and begins working for Paul `` Paulie '' Cicero and his associates : James `` Jimmy the Gent '' Conway , a truck hijacker ; and Tommy DeVito , a fellow juvenile delinquent . Henry begins as fence for Jimmy , gradually working his way up to more serious crimes . Enjoying the perks of their criminal life , the three associates spend most of their nights at the Copacabana nightclub , carousing with women . Henry meets and later marries Karen Friedman , a Jewish woman from the Five Towns area of Long Island . Karen is initially troubled by Henry 's criminal activities , but is soon seduced by his glamorous lifestyle . In 1970 , Billy Batts , a mobster in the Gambino crime family , repeatedly insults Tommy at a nightclub owned by Henry . Enraged , Tommy and Jimmy attack and kill him . Knowing their murder of a made man would mean retribution from the Gambinos , which could possibly include Paulie being ordered to kill them , Jimmy , Henry , and Tommy cover up the murder . They transport the body in the trunk of Henry 's car , and bury it in upstate New York . Six months later , Jimmy learns that the burial site is slated for development , forcing them to exhume the decomposing corpse and move it . Henry sets up his mistress , Janice Rossi , in an apartment . When Karen finds out about their relationship , she tries to confront Janice , and then threatens Henry at gunpoint . Henry moves out to live with Janice , but Paulie directs him to return to Karen after completing a job for him . Henry and Jimmy are sent to collect a debt from a gambler in Tampa , but they are arrested after being turned in by the gambler 's sister , a typist for the FBI . Jimmy and Henry receive ten - year prison sentences . In prison , Henry sells drugs smuggled in by Karen to support his family on the outside . In 1978 , Henry is paroled , and expands his cocaine trade against Paulie 's orders , soon involving Jimmy and Tommy , whose behaviour becomes increasingly erratic . Jimmy organizes a crew to steal money from the Lufthansa vault at John F. Kennedy International Airport , coming away with $6 million . After a few members of the crew buy expensive items and the getaway car is found by police , Jimmy has most of the crew killed . Tommy is spared Jimmy 's wrath , but is eventually killed by the Gambinos in retribution for Batts ' murder , having been fooled into thinking he would become a made man . In 1980 , Henry has now become a nervous wreck from cocaine use and insomnia . He tries to organize a drug deal with his associates in Pittsburgh , but he is arrested by narcotics agents , and jailed . After he is bailed out , Karen explains that she flushed $60,000 worth of cocaine down the toilet to prevent FBI agents from finding it during their raid , leaving the family virtually penniless . Feeling betrayed by Henry 's drug dealing , Paulie gives him $3,200 , and ends their association . Facing federal charges and realizing Jimmy plans to have him killed , Henry decides to enroll in the Witness Protection Program . He gives sufficient testimony to have Paulie and Jimmy arrested and convicted . Forced out of his gangster life , Henry now has to face living in the real world . He narrates : `` I 'm an average nobody . I get to live the rest of my life like a schnook '' . The end title cards reveal that Henry is still in the Witness Protection Program and in 1987 , he was arrested in Seattle , Washington for narcotics conspiracy and he received five years probation . Since 1987 , Henry has been clean . Henry and Karen Hill separated in 1989 after 25 years of marriage . Paul Cicero died in 1988 in Fort Worth Federal Prison at the age of 73 due to respiratory illness . Jimmy Conway is serving a 20 years to life sentence for murder in a New York prison and that he will not be eligible for parole until 2004 when he will be 78 years old . Cast ( edit ) Ray Liotta as Henry Hill Robert De Niro as James `` Jimmy the Gent '' Conway Joe Pesci as Tommy DeVito Lorraine Bracco as Karen Hill Paul Sorvino as Paul `` Paulie '' Cicero Frank Sivero as Frankie Carbone Frank Vincent as Billy Batts Tony Darrow as Sonny Bunz Mike Starr as Frenchy Chuck Low as Morrie Kessler Frank DiLeo as Tuddy Cicero Samuel L. Jackson as Parnell `` Stacks '' Edwards Catherine Scorsese as Tommy DeVito 's mother Debi Mazar as Sandy Michael Imperioli as Spider Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Goodfellas is based on New York crime reporter Nicholas Pileggi 's book Wiseguy . Martin Scorsese did not intend to make another mob film until he saw a review of Pileggi 's book , which he then read while working on the set of Color of Money in 1986 . He had always been fascinated by the Mob lifestyle and was drawn to Pileggi 's book because it was the most honest portrayal of gangsters he had ever read . After reading Pileggi 's book , the filmmaker knew what approach he wanted to take : `` To begin Goodfellas like a gunshot and have it get faster from there , almost like a two - and - a-half - hour trailer . I think it 's the only way you can really sense the exhilaration of the lifestyle , and to get a sense of why a lot of people are attracted to it . '' According to Pileggi , Scorsese cold - called the writer and told him , `` I 've been waiting for this book my entire life '' , to which Pileggi replied , `` I 've been waiting for this phone call my entire life '' . Scorsese originally intended to direct the film before The Last Temptation of Christ ( 1988 ) , but when funds materialized to make Last Temptation , he decided to postpone Wise Guy . He was drawn to the documentary aspects of Pileggi 's book . `` The book Wise Guys gives you a sense of the day - to - day life , the tedium - how they work , how they take over certain nightclubs , and for what reasons . It shows how it 's done '' . He saw Goodfellas as the third film in an unplanned trilogy of films that examined the lives of Italian - Americans `` from slightly different angles '' . He has often described the film as `` a mob home movie '' that is about money , because `` that 's what they 're really in business for '' . Screenplay ( edit ) Scorsese and Pileggi collaborated on the screenplay , and over the course of the 12 drafts it took to reach the ideal script , the reporter realized `` the visual styling had to be completely redone ... So we decided to share credit '' . They decided which sections of the book they liked and put them together like building blocks . Scorsese persuaded Pileggi that they did not need to follow a traditional narrative structure . The director wanted to take the gangster film and deal with it episode by episode , but start in the middle and move backwards and forwards . Scorsese would compact scenes and realized that if they were kept short , `` the impact after about an hour and a half would be terrific '' . He wanted to do the voiceover like the opening of Jules and Jim ( 1962 ) and use `` all the basic tricks of the New Wave from around 1961 '' . The names of several real - life gangsters were altered for the film : Tommy `` Two Gun '' DeSimone became the character Tommy DeVito ; Paul Vario became Paulie Cicero , and Jimmy `` The Gent '' Burke was portrayed as Jimmy Conway . Pileggi and Scorsese decided to change the title of their film to Goodfellas because two contemporary projects , the 1986 Brian De Palma film Wise Guys and the 1987 -- 1990 TV series Wiseguy had used similar titles . Casting ( edit ) Once Robert De Niro agreed to play Conway , Scorsese was able to secure the money needed to make the film . The director cast Ray Liotta after De Niro saw him in Jonathan Demme 's Something Wild ( 1986 ) , and Scorsese was surprised by `` his explosive energy '' in that film . Liotta had read Pileggi 's book when it came out and was fascinated by it . A couple of years afterwards , his agent told him Scorsese was going to direct a film version . In 1988 , he met the director over a period of a couple of months and auditioned for the film . He campaigned aggressively for a role , but the studio wanted a well - known actor . He later said `` I think they would 've rather had Eddie Murphy than me '' . To prepare for the role , De Niro consulted with Pileggi , who had research material that had been discarded while writing the book . De Niro often called Hill several times a day to ask how Burke walked , held his cigarette , and so on . Driving to and from the set , Liotta listened to FBI audio cassette tapes of Hill , so he could practice speaking like his real - life counterpart . To research her role , Lorraine Bracco tried to get close to a mob wife but was unable to , because they exist in a very tight - knit community . She decided not to meet the real Karen , saying she `` thought it would be better if the creation came from me . I used her life with her parents as an emotional guideline for the role '' . Paul Sorvino had no problem finding the voice and walk of his character , but found it challenging finding what he called `` that kernel of coldness and absolute hardness that is antithetical to my nature except when my family is threatened '' . Principal photography ( edit ) Two weeks in advance of the filming , the real Henry Hill was paid $480,000 . The film was shot on location in Queens , New York , New Jersey , and parts of Long Island during the spring and summer of 1989 , with a budget of $25 million . Scorsese broke the film down into sequences and storyboarded everything because of the complicated style throughout . According to the filmmaker , he `` wanted lots of movement and I wanted it to be throughout the whole picture , and I wanted the style to kind of break down by the end , so that by ( Henry 's ) last day as a wiseguy , it 's as if the whole picture would be out of control , give the impression he 's just going to spin off the edge and fly out . '' He claims that the film 's style comes from the first two or three minutes of Jules and Jim ( 1962 ) : extensive narration , quick edits , freeze frames , and multiple locale switches . It was this reckless attitude towards convention that mirrored the attitude of many of the gangsters in the film . Scorsese remarked , `` So if you do the movie , you say , ' I do n't care if there 's too much narration . Too many quick cuts ? -- That 's too bad . ' It 's that kind of really punk attitude we 're trying to show '' . He adopted a frenetic style to almost overwhelm the audience with images and information . He also put plenty of detail in every frame because the gangster life is so rich . The use of freeze frames was done because Scorsese wanted images that would stop `` because a point was being reached '' in Henry 's life . Joe Pesci did n't judge his character but found the scene where he kills Spider for talking back to his character hard to do , because he had trouble justifying the action until he forced himself to feel the way Tommy did . Lorraine Bracco found the shoot to be an emotionally difficult one because it was such a male - dominated cast , and she realized if she did not make her `` work important , it would probably end up on the cutting room floor '' . When it came to the relationship between Henry and Karen , Bracco saw no difference between an abused wife and her character . According to Pesci , improvisation and ad - libbing came out of rehearsals wherein Scorsese let the actors do whatever they wanted . He made transcripts of these sessions , took the lines the actors came up with that he liked best , and put them into a revised script that the cast worked from during principal photography . For example , the scene where Tommy tells a story and Henry is responding to him -- the `` Funny how ? Do I amuse you ? '' scene -- is based on an actual event that Pesci had witnessed . It was worked on in rehearsals where he and Liotta improvised , and Scorsese recorded four to five takes , rewrote their dialogue , and inserted it into the script . The dinner scene with Tommy 's mother was largely improvised . Her painting of the bearded man with the dogs was based on a photograph from National Geographic magazine . The cast did not meet Henry Hill during the film 's shoot until a few weeks before it premiered . Liotta met him in an undisclosed city ; Hill had seen the film and told the actor that he loved it . The long tracking shot through the Copacabana nightclub came about because of a practical problem : the filmmakers could not get permission to go in the short way , and this forced them to go round the back . Scorsese decided to film the sequence in one unbroken shot in order to symbolize that Henry 's entire life was ahead of him , commenting , `` It 's his seduction of her ( Karen ) and it 's also the lifestyle seducing him '' . This sequence was shot eight times . Henry 's last day as a wiseguy was the hardest part of the film for Scorsese to shoot , because he wanted to properly show Henry 's state of anxiety , paranoia , and racing thoughts caused by cocaine and amphetamines intoxication . Scorsese said to movie critic Mark Cousins in an interview the reason for Pesci shooting at the screen at the end of the film : `` well that 's a reference right to the end of The Great Train Robbery , that 's the way that ends , that film , and basically the plot of this picture is very similar to The Great Train Robbery . It has n't changed , 90 years later , it 's the same story , the gun shots will always be there , he 's always going to look behind his back , he 's got ta have eyes behind his back , because they 're gon na get him someday . '' The director ended the film with Henry regretting that he is no longer a wiseguy , about which Scorsese said , `` I think the audience should get angry at him and I would hope they do -- and maybe with the system which allows this . '' Post-production ( edit ) Scorsese wanted to depict the film 's violence realistically , `` cold , unfeeling and horrible . Almost incidental '' . However , he had to remove 10 frames of blood to ensure an R rating from the MPAA . With a budget of $25 million , Goodfellas was Scorsese 's most expensive film to date but still only a medium budget by Hollywood standards . It was also the first time he was obliged by Warner Bros. to preview the film . It was shown twice in California , and a lot of audiences were `` agitated '' by Henry 's last day as a wise guy sequence . Scorsese argued that that was the point of the scene . Scorsese and the film 's editor , Thelma Schoonmaker , made this sequence faster with more jump cuts to convey Henry 's drug - addled point of view . In the first test screening there were 40 walkouts in the first ten minutes . One of the favorite scenes for test audiences was the one where Tommy tells the story and Henry is responding to him -- the `` Do I amuse you ? '' scene . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Goodfellas ( soundtrack ) Scorsese chose songs for the soundtrack that he felt obliquely commented on the scene or the characters . He only used music that could have been heard at that time . For example , if a scene took place in 1973 , he could use any song that was current or older . According to Scorsese , a lot of non-dialogue scenes were shot to playback . For example , he had `` Layla '' ( 1970 ) playing on the set while shooting the scene where the dead bodies are discovered in the car , dumpster , and meat truck . Sometimes , the lyrics of songs were put between lines of dialogue to comment on the action . Some of the music Scorsese had written into the script , while other songs he discovered during the editing phase . Release and reception ( edit ) Distribution ( edit ) Goodfellas premiered at the 47th Venice International Film Festival , where Scorsese received the Silver Lion award for best director . It was given a wide release in North America on September 21 , 1990 in 1,070 theaters with an opening weekend gross of US $ 6.3 million . It went on to make $46.8 million domestically . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator , 96 % of 88 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review ; the average rating was 9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Hard - hitting and stylish , GoodFellas is a gangster classic -- and arguably the high point of Martin Scorsese 's career . '' Metacritic gave the film a weighted average score of 89 out of 100 based on 18 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . On CinemaScore , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . In his review for the Chicago Sun - Times , Roger Ebert wrote , `` No finer film has ever been made about organized crime -- not even The Godfather . '' In his review for the Chicago Tribune , Gene Siskel wrote , `` All of the performances are first - rate ; Pesci stands out , though , with his seemingly unscripted manner . GoodFellas is easily one of the year 's best films . '' In his review for The New York Times , Vincent Canby wrote , `` More than any earlier Scorsese film , Goodfellas is memorable for the ensemble nature of the performances ... The movie has been beautifully cast from the leading roles to the bits . There is flash also in some of Mr. Scorsese 's directorial choices , including freeze frames , fast cutting and the occasional long tracking shot . None of it is superfluous '' . USA Today gave the film four out of four stars and called it , `` great cinema -- and also a whopping good time '' . David Ansen , in his review for Newsweek magazine , wrote `` Every crisp minute of this long , teeming movie vibrates with outlaw energy '' . Rex Reed said , `` Big , Rich , Powerful and Explosive . One of Scorsese 's best films ! Goodfellas is great entertainment . '' In his review for Time , Richard Corliss wrote , `` So it is Scorsese 's triumph that GoodFellas offers the fastest , sharpest 21⁄2 - hr . ride in recent film history . '' Lists ( edit ) The film was ranked the best of 1990 by Roger Ebert , Gene Siskel , and Peter Travers . In 2012 , the Motion Picture Editors Guild listed Goodfellas as the fifteenth best - edited film of all time based on a survey of its membership . Goodfellas is 39th on James Berardinelli 's 2014 list of the top 100 Films . Awards ( edit ) Award Nominee Result Academy Award Best Picture Martin Scorsese and Irwin Winkler Nominated Best Director Martin Scorsese Nominated Best Film Editing Thelma Schoonmaker Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Martin Scorsese and Nicholas Pileggi Nominated Best Supporting Actor Joe Pesci Won Best Supporting Actress Lorraine Bracco Nominated Golden Globe Award Best Motion Picture -- Drama Martin Scorsese and Irwin Winkler Nominated Best Director Martin Scorsese Nominated Best Supporting Actor Joe Pesci Nominated Best Supporting Actress Lorraine Bracco Nominated Best Screenplay Martin Scorsese and Nicholas Pileggi Nominated British Academy Film Award Best Film Martin Scorsese and Irwin Winkler Won Best Director Martin Scorsese Won Best Adapted Screenplay Martin Scorsese and Nicholas Pileggi Won Best Actor Robert De Niro Nominated Best Editing Thelma Schoonmaker Won Best Cinematography Michael Ballhaus Nominated Best Costume Design Richard Bruno Won Directors Guild of America Award Outstanding Directing - Feature Martin Scorsese Nominated Writers Guild of America Award Best Adapted Screenplay Martin Scorsese and Nicholas Pileggi Nominated César Award Best Non-French Film Martin Scorsese and Irwin Winkler Nominated Venice Film Festival Silver Lion for Best Director Martin Scorsese Won Audience Award Martin Scorsese Won Filmcritica `` Bastone Bianco '' Award Martin Scorsese Won New York Film Critics Circle Award Best Film Martin Scorsese and Irwin Winkler Won Best Director Martin Scorsese Won Best Actor Robert De Niro Won Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award Best Film Martin Scorsese and Irwin Winkler Won Best Director Martin Scorsese Won Best Supporting Actor Joe Pesci Won Best Supporting Actress Lorraine Bracco Won Best Cinematography Michael Ballhaus Won National Board of Review Award Best Supporting Actor Joe Pesci Won Boston Society of Film Critics Award Best Film Martin Scorsese and Irwin Winkler Won Best Director Martin Scorsese Won Best Supporting Actor Joe Pesci Won Chicago Film Critics Association Award Best Film Martin Scorsese and Irwin Winkler Won Best Director Martin Scorsese Won Best Supporting Actor Joe Pesci Won Best Supporting Actress Lorraine Bracco Won Best Screenplay Martin Scorsese and Nicholas Pileggi Won National Society of Film Critics Award Best Film Martin Scorsese and Irwin Winkler Won Best Director Martin Scorsese Won Bodil Award Best American Film Martin Scorsese and Irwin Winkler Won Home media ( edit ) Goodfellas was released on DVD in March 1997 , in a single - disc double - sided single - layer format that requires the disc to be flipped during viewing ; in 2004 , Warner Home Video released a two - disc , dual - layer version , with remastered picture and sound , and bonus materials such as commentary tracks . In early 2007 the film became available on single Blu - ray with all the features from the 2004 release ; an expanded Blu - ray version was released in February 2010 , bundled with a disc with features that include the 2008 documentary Public Enemies : The Golden Age of the Gangster Film . The film was released on 4K UHD Blu - Ray on December 6 , 2016 . Legacy ( edit ) Goodfellas is # 94 on the American Film Institute 's `` 100 Years , 100 Movies '' list and moved up to # 92 on its AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) from 2007 . In June 2008 , the AFI put Goodfellas at # 2 on their AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- the best ten films in ten `` classic '' American film genres -- after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community . Goodfellas was acknowledged as the second - best in the gangster film genre ( after The Godfather ) . In 2000 , the United States Library of Congress deemed the film `` culturally significant '' and selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry . Roger Ebert named Goodfellas the `` best mob movie ever '' and placed it among the best films of the 1990s . In December 2002 , a UK film critics poll in Sight and Sound ranked the film # 4 on their list of the 10 Best Films of the Last 25 Years . Time included Goodfellas in their list of Time 's All - TIME 100 Movies . Channel 4 placed Goodfellas at # 10 in their 2002 poll The 100 Greatest Films . Empire listed Goodfellas at # 6 on their `` 500 Greatest Movies Of All Time '' . Total Film voted Goodfellas # 1 as the greatest film of all time . Premiere listed Joe Pesci 's Tommy DeVito as # 96 on its list of `` The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time , '' calling him `` perhaps the single most irredeemable character ever put on film . '' Empire ranked Tommy DeVito # 59 in their `` The 100 Greatest Movie Characters '' poll . Goodfellas inspired director David Chase to make the HBO television series The Sopranos . Chase said `` Goodfellas is the Koran for me . '' He also told Peter Bogdanovich : `` Goodfellas is a very important movie to me and Goodfellas really plowed that ... I found that movie very funny and brutal and it felt very real . And yet that was the first mob movie that Scorsese ever dealt with a mob crew ... as opposed to say The Godfather ... which there 's something operatic about it , classical , even the clothing and the cars . You know I mean I always think about Goodfellas when they go to their mother 's house that night when they 're eating , you know when she brings out her painting , that stuff is great . I mean The Sopranos learned a lot from that . '' Indeed , the film shares a total of 27 actors with The Sopranos , including Sirico , Imperioli , Pellegrino , Lip , Vincent , and Bracco , who would later be cast in major roles in Chase 's HBO series . July 24 , 2010 , marked the 20th anniversary of the film 's release . This milestone was celebrated with Henry Hill 's hosting a private screening for a select group of invitees at the Museum of the American Gangster , in New York City . In January 2012 , it was announced that the AMC Network had put in development a television series version of the movie . Pileggi was on board to co-write the adaptation with television writer - producer Jorge Zamacona . The two would executive produce with the film 's producer Irwin Winkler and his son , David . Luc Besson 's 2013 crime comedy film The Family features a sequence where Giovanni Manzoni ( De Niro ) , a gangster who is under witness protection for testifying against a member of his family , watches Goodfellas . De Niro plays a main character in Goodfellas . In 2014 , the ESPN - produced 30 For 30 series debuted Playing for the Mob , the story about how Hill and his Pittsburgh associates helped several Boston College basketball players commit point shaving scandal during the 1978 -- 79 season , an episode briefly mentioned in the movie . The documentary , narrated by Ray Liotta , was set up so that the viewer needed to watch the movie beforehand , to understand many of the references in the story . In 2015 , Goodfellas closed the 2015 Tribeca Film Festival with a screening of its 25th anniversary remaster . American Film Institute Lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies - # 94 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) - # 92 AFI 's 10 Top 10 - # 2 Gangster film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Goodfellas ( 18 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . September 17 , 1990 . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , David ; Ian Christie ( 1996 ) . `` Scorsese on Scorsese '' . 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Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( September 19 , 1990 ) . `` A Cold - Eyed Look at the Mob 's Inner Workings '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Ansen , David ( September 17 , 1990 ) . `` A Hollywood Crime Wave '' . Newsweek . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( September 24 , 1990 ) . `` Married to the Mob '' . Time . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Siskel and Ebert Top Ten Lists ( 1969 - 1998 ) '' . Innermind.com. 2012 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Travers ' Top Ten Lists 1989 - 2005 '' . caltech.edu . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The 75 Best Edited Films '' . Editors Guild Magazine . 1 ( 3 ) . May 2012 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( 2014 ) . `` Berardinelli 's All Time Top 100 '' . Reelviews.net . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 63rd Academy Awards ( 1991 ) '' . Oscars.org . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` HFPA - Awards Search '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 47th Venice Film Festival '' . 1990 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Gilchrist , Todd ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` Making The ( Up ) Grade : Goodfellas '' . Moviefone . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ GoodFellas 4K Blu - ray , retrieved 2018 - 01 - 31 Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 '' . American Film Institute . 2008 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Best Films of the ' 90s '' . At the Movies with Ebert & Roeper . February 27 , 2000 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2007 . Retrieved March 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Modern Times '' . Sight and Sound . December 2002 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2012 . Retrieved August 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Schickel , Richard ( February 12 , 2005 ) . `` All - Time 100 Movies '' . Time . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The 500 Greatest Movies Of All Time '' . Empire . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Goodfellas named `` greatest movie '' `` . BBC NEWS . October 25 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time '' . Premiere . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2008 . Retrieved March 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Movie Characters '' . Empire . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` HBO : The Sopranos : Interview with Peter Bogdanovich '' . HBO . 1999 . Jump up ^ `` 50 genius facts about GoodFellas '' . ShortList . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Goodfellas ' Henry Hill Back in NYC for 20th Anniversary '' . WPIX - TV 11 . July 24 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved October 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Goodfellas ' Series In The Works At AMC With Film 's Nicholas Pileggi & Irwin Winkler '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibbiani , William ( September 11 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Luc Besson on The Family '' . CraveOnline . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 30 for 30 : Playing for the Mob . ESPN . Jump up ^ Cox , Gordon . `` ' GoodFellas ' Anniversary Screening , Event to Close 2015 Tribeca Film Festival '' . Variety.com . Variety . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Kelly , Mary Pat ( 2003 ) . Martin Scorsese : A Journey . Thunder Mouth Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56025 - 470 - 6 . Pileggi , Nicholas ; Scorsese , Martin ( 1990 ) . Goodfellas . Faber and Faber . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 16265 - 9 . Pileggi , Nicholas ( 1990 ) . Wiseguy . Rei Mti . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 72322 - 4 . Thompson , David ; Christie , Ian ( 2004 ) . Scorsese on Scorsese . Faber and Faber . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 22002 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Goodfellas `` Getting Made The Scorsese Way '' . GQ . October 2010 . Goodfellas on IMDb Goodfellas at AllMovie Goodfellas at the TCM Movie Database Goodfellas at Box Office Mojo Goodfellas at Rotten Tomatoes Goodfellas at Metacritic `` Reel Faces : Fact vs. Fiction '' . Chasingthefrog.com . Martin Scorsese filmography Feature films Who 's That Knocking at My Door ( 1967 ) Boxcar Bertha ( 1972 ) Mean Streets ( 1973 ) Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore ( 1974 ) Taxi Driver ( 1976 ) New York , New York ( 1977 ) Raging Bull ( 1980 ) The King of Comedy ( 1982 ) After Hours ( 1985 ) The Color of Money ( 1986 ) The Last Temptation of Christ ( 1988 ) New York Stories ( segment `` Life Lessons '' , 1989 ) Goodfellas ( 1990 ) Cape Fear ( 1991 ) The Age of Innocence ( 1993 ) Casino ( 1995 ) Kundun ( 1997 ) Bringing Out the Dead ( 1999 ) Gangs of New York ( 2002 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) Shutter Island ( 2010 ) Hugo ( 2011 ) The Wolf of Wall Street ( 2013 ) Silence ( 2016 ) The Irishman ( 2019 ) Short films What 's a Nice Girl Like You Doing in a Place Like This ? ( 1963 ) It 's Not Just You , Murray ! ( 1964 ) The Big Shave ( 1967 ) `` Bad '' ( 1987 ) Made in Milan ( 1990 ) The Key to Reserva ( 2007 ) The Audition ( 2015 ) Television `` Boardwalk Empire '' ( Boardwalk Empire ) ( 2010 ) Vinyl ( 2016 ) Documentaries Street Scenes ( 1970 ) Italianamerican ( 1974 ) American Boy : A Profile of Steven Prince ( 1978 ) The Last Waltz ( 1978 ) A Personal Journey with Martin Scorsese Through American Movies ( 1995 ) My Voyage to Italy ( 1999 ) The Blues : Feel Like Going Home ( 2003 ) No Direction Home ( 2005 ) Shine a Light ( 2008 ) A Letter to Elia ( 2010 ) Public Speaking ( 2010 ) George Harrison : Living in the Material World ( 2011 ) The 50 Year Argument ( 2014 ) Related Martin Scorsese and Robert De Niro Martin Scorsese and Leonardo DiCaprio BAFTA Award for Best Film 1940s The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) Bicycle Thieves ( 1949 ) 1950s All About Eve ( 1950 ) La Ronde ( 1951 ) The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) Forbidden Games ( 1953 ) The Wages of Fear ( 1954 ) Richard III ( 1955 ) Gervaise ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Room at the Top ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) 1960s The Apartment ( 1960 ) Ballad of a Soldier ( 1961 ) The Hustler ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) My Fair Lady ( 1965 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1967 ) The Graduate ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) 1970s Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ( 1970 ) Sunday Bloody Sunday ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) Day for Night ( 1973 ) Lacombe , Lucien ( 1974 ) Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore ( 1975 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) Julia ( 1978 ) Manhattan ( 1979 ) 1980s The Elephant Man ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Educating Rita ( 1983 ) The Killing Fields ( 1984 ) The Purple Rose of Cairo ( 1985 ) A Room with a View ( 1986 ) Jean de Florette ( 1987 ) The Last Emperor ( 1988 ) Dead Poets Society ( 1989 ) 1990s Goodfellas ( 1990 ) The Commitments ( 1991 ) Howards End ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) The Full Monty ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) 2000s Gladiator ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Pianist ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) The Queen ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) 2010s The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) 1990s portal Film in the United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goodfellas&oldid=854747782 '' Categories : 1990 films English - language films Neo-noir 1990s crime films American films American crime films Best Film BAFTA Award winners Films about drugs Mafia films Films based on biographies Crime films based on actual events Films based on non-fiction books about organized crime Lucchese crime family Self - reflexive films Warner Bros. films Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films whose director won the Best Direction BAFTA Award Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay BAFTA Award United States National Film Registry films Films directed by Martin Scorsese Films produced by Irwin Winkler Films set in Brooklyn Films set in the 1950s Films set in the 1960s Films set in the 1970s Films set in 1980 Films shot in New York ( state ) Films shot in New Jersey Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from January 2017 Articles with unsourced quotes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 14 : 17 ( UTC ) . 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"Goodfellas (stylized as GoodFellas) is a 1990 American crime film directed by Martin Scorsese. It is an adaptation of the 1986 non-fiction book Wiseguy by Nicholas Pileggi, who co-wrote the screenplay with Scorsese. The film narrates the rise and fall of mob associate Henry Hill and his friends and family over a period from 1955 to 1980.\n"
] | [
"the 1986 non-fiction book Wiseguy by Nicholas Pileggi"
] |
5808627252144832643 | Ten Commandments | Ten Commandments - wikipedia Ten Commandments For other uses , see Ten Commandments ( disambiguation ) . `` Decalogue '' redirects here . For other uses , see Decalogue ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on The Ten Commandments I am the LORD thy God No other gods before me No graven images or likenesses Not take the LORD 's name in vain Remember the sabbath day Honour thy father and thy mother Thou shalt not kill Thou shalt not commit adultery Thou shalt not steal Thou shalt not bear false witness Thou shalt not covet Related articles Tablets of Stone Ritual Decalogue Finger of God Moses Ark of the Covenant Catholic theology This 1768 parchment ( 612 × 502 mm ) by Jekuthiel Sofer emulated the 1675 Ten Commandments at the Amsterdam Esnoga synagogue . The Ten Commandments ( Hebrew : עֲשֶׂרֶת הַדִּבְּרוֹת , Aseret ha'Dibrot ) , also known as the Decalogue , are a set of biblical principles relating to ethics and worship , which play a fundamental role in Judaism and Christianity . The commandments include instructions to worship only God , to honour one 's parents , and to keep the sabbath , as well as prohibitions against idolatry , blasphemy , murder , adultery , theft , dishonesty , and coveting . Different religious groups follow different traditions for interpreting and numbering them . The Ten Commandments appear twice in the Hebrew Bible , in the books of Exodus and Deuteronomy . Modern scholarship has found likely influences in Hittite and Mesopotamian laws and treaties , but is divided over exactly when the Ten Commandments were written and who wrote them . Contents 1 Terminology 2 The Ten Commandments 3 Religious interpretations 3.1 Judaism 3.1. 1 Two tablets 3.1. 2 Use in Jewish ritual 3.2 Samaritan 3.3 Christianity 3.3. 1 References in the New Testament 3.3. 2 Roman Catholicism 3.3. 3 Orthodox 3.3. 4 Protestantism 3.3. 4.1 Lutheranism 3.3. 4.2 Reformed 3.3. 4.3 Methodist 3.3. 5 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints 3.4 Main points of interpretative difference 3.4. 1 Sabbath day 3.4. 2 Killing or murder 3.4. 3 Theft 3.4. 4 Idolatry 3.4. 5 Adultery 4 Critical historical analysis 4.1 Early theories 4.2 Hittite treaties 4.3 Dating 4.4 The Ritual Decalogue 5 United States debate over display on public property 6 Cultural references 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Terminology ( edit ) Part of the All Souls Deuteronomy , containing the oldest extant copy of the Decalogue It is dated to the early Herodian period , between 30 and 1 BC . In biblical Hebrew , the Ten Commandments are called עשרת הדברים ( transliterated aseret ha - d'varîm ) and in Rabbinical Hebrew עשרת הדברות ( transliterated aseret ha - dibrot ) , both translatable as `` the ten words '' , `` the ten sayings '' , or `` the ten matters '' . The Tyndale and Coverdale English translations used `` ten verses '' . The Geneva Bible used `` tenne commandements '' , which was followed by the Bishops ' Bible and the Authorized Version ( the `` King James '' version ) as `` ten commandments '' . Most major English versions use `` commandments . '' The English name `` Decalogue '' is derived from Greek δεκάλογος , dekalogos , the latter meaning and referring to the Greek translation ( in accusative ) δέκα λόγους , deka logous , `` ten words '' , found in the Septuagint ( or LXX ) at Exodus 34 : 28 and Deuteronomy 10 : 4 . The stone tablets , as opposed to the commandments inscribed on them , are called לוחות הברית , Lukhot HaBrit , meaning `` the tablets of the covenant '' . The Ten Commandments ( edit ) Different religious traditions divide the seventeen verses of Exodus 20 : 1 -- 17 and their parallels at Deuteronomy 5 : 4 -- 21 into ten `` commandments '' or `` sayings '' in different ways , shown in the table below . Some suggest that the number ten is a choice to aid memorization rather than a matter of theology . The Ten Commandments LXX Main article Exodus 20 : 1 - 17 Deuteronomy 5 : 4 - 21 -- -- -- -- -- ( 1 ) I am the Lord thy God , which have brought thee out of the land of Egypt , out of the house of bondage . 6 Thou shalt have no other gods before me 7 Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image 4 -- 6 8 -- 10 Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain 7 11 Remember the sabbath day , to keep it holy 8 -- 11 12 -- 15 5 5 5 5 Honour thy father and thy mother 12 16 6 7 5 6 5 5 5 6 Thou shalt not kill 13 17 7 6 6 7 6 6 6 7 Thou shalt not commit adultery 14 18 8 8 7 8 7 7 7 8 Thou shalt not steal 15 19 9 9 8 9 8 8 8 9 Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour 16 20 10 10 9 10 10 10 9 10 Thou shalt not covet ( neighbour 's house ) 17a 21b 10 10 9 10 9 9 10 10 Thou shalt not covet ( neighbour 's wife ) 17b 21a 10 10 9 10 10 10 10 10 Thou shalt not covet ( neighbour 's slaves , animals , or anything else ) 17c 21c -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- You shall set up these stones , which I command you today , on Mount Gerizim . 14c 18c All scripture quotes above are from the King James Version unless otherwise stated . Click on verses at top of columns for other versions . Traditions : LXX : Septuagint , generally followed by Orthodox Christians . P : Philo , same as the Septuagint , but with the prohibitions on killing and adultery reversed . S : Samaritan Pentateuch , with an additional commandment about Mount Gerizim as 10th . T : Jewish Talmud , makes the `` prologue '' the first `` saying '' or `` matter '' and combines the prohibition on worshiping deities other than Yahweh with the prohibition on idolatry . A : Augustine follows the Talmud in combining verses 3 -- 6 , but omits the prologue as a commandment and divides the prohibition on coveting in two and following the word order of Deuteronomy 5 : 21 rather than Exodus 20 : 17 . C : Catechism of the Catholic Church , largely follows Augustine . L : Lutherans follow Luther 's Large Catechism , which follows Augustine but omits the prohibition of images and uses the word order of Exodus 20 : 17 rather than Deuteronomy 5 : 21 for the ninth and tenth commandments . R : Reformed Christians follow John Calvin 's Institutes of the Christian Religion , which follows the Septuagint ; this system is also used in the Anglican Book of Common Prayer . The biblical narrative of the revelation at Sinai begins in Exodus 19 after the arrival of the children of Israel at Mount Sinai ( also called Horeb ) . On the morning of the third day of their encampment , `` there were thunders and lightnings , and a thick cloud upon the mount , and the voice of the trumpet exceeding loud '' , and the people assembled at the base of the mount . After `` the LORD came down upon mount Sinai '' , Moses went up briefly and returned and prepared the people , and then in Exodus 20 `` God spoke '' to all the people the words of the covenant , that is , the `` ten commandments '' as it is written . Modern biblical scholarship differs as to whether Exodus 19 - 20 describes the people of Israel as having directly heard all or some of the decalogue , or whether the laws are only passed to them through Moses . The people were afraid to hear more and moved `` afar off '' , and Moses responded with `` Fear not . '' Nevertheless , he drew near the `` thick darkness '' where `` the presence of the Lord '' was to hear the additional statutes and `` judgments '' , all which he `` wrote '' in the `` book of the covenant '' which he read to the people the next morning , and they agreed to be obedient and do all that the LORD had said . Moses escorted a select group consisting of Aaron , Nadab and Abihu , and `` seventy of the elders of Israel '' to a location on the mount where they worshipped `` afar off '' and they `` saw the God of Israel '' above a `` paved work '' like clear sapphire stone . And the LORD said unto Moses , Come up to me into the mount , and be there : and I will give thee tablets of stone , and a law , and commandments which I have written ; that thou mayest teach them . And Moses rose up , and his minister Joshua : and Moses went up into the mount of God . -- First mention of the tablets in Exodus 24 : 12 -- 13 Moses Breaking the Tablets of the Law ( 1659 ) by Rembrandt . ( Gemäldegalerie , Berlin ) The mount was covered by the cloud for six days , and on the seventh day Moses went into the midst of the cloud and was `` in the mount forty days and forty nights . '' And Moses said , `` the LORD delivered unto me two tablets of stone written with the finger of God ; and on them was written according to all the words , which the LORD spake with you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly . '' Before the full forty days expired , the children of Israel collectively decided that something had happened to Moses , and compelled Aaron to fashion a golden calf , and he `` built an altar before it '' and the people `` worshipped '' the calf . After the full forty days , Moses and Joshua came down from the mountain with the tablets of stone : `` And it came to pass , as soon as he came nigh unto the camp , that he saw the calf , and the dancing : and Moses ' anger waxed hot , and he cast the tablets out of his hands , and brake them beneath the mount . '' After the events in chapters 32 and 33 , the LORD told Moses , `` Hew thee two tablets of stone like unto the first : and I will write upon these tablets the words that were in the first tablets , which thou brakest . '' `` And he wrote on the tablets , according to the first writing , the ten commandments , which the LORD spake unto you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly : and the LORD gave them unto me . '' According to Jewish tradition , Exodus 20 : 1 -- 17 constitutes God 's first recitation and inscription of the ten commandments on the two tablets , which Moses broke in anger with his rebellious nation , and were later rewritten on replacement stones and placed in the ark of the covenant ; and Deuteronomy 5 : 4 -- 25 consists of God 's re-telling of the Ten Commandments to the younger generation who were to enter the Promised Land . The passages in Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5 contain more than ten imperative statements , totalling 14 or 15 in all . Religious interpretations ( edit ) The Ten Commandments concern matters of fundamental importance in Judaism and Christianity : the greatest obligation ( to worship only God ) , the greatest injury to a person ( murder ) , the greatest injury to family bonds ( adultery ) , the greatest injury to commerce and law ( bearing false witness ) , the greatest inter-generational obligation ( honour to parents ) , the greatest obligation to community ( truthfulness ) , the greatest injury to moveable property ( theft ) . The Ten Commandments are written with room for varying interpretation , reflecting their role as a summary of fundamental principles . They are not as explicit or detailed as rules or many other biblical laws and commandments , because they provide guiding principles that apply universally , across changing circumstances . They do not specify punishments for their violation . Their precise import must be worked out in each separate situation . The Bible indicates the special status of the Ten Commandments among all other Torah laws in several ways : They have a uniquely terse style . Of all the biblical laws and commandments , the Ten Commandments alone are said to have been `` written with the finger of God '' ( Exodus 31 : 18 ) . The stone tablets were placed in the Ark of the Covenant ( Exodus 25 : 21 , Deuteronomy 10 : 2 , 5 ) . Judaism ( edit ) The Ten Commandments form the basis of Jewish law , stating God 's universal and timeless standard of right and wrong -- unlike the rest of the 613 commandments in the Torah , which include , for example , various duties and ceremonies such as the kashrut dietary laws , and now unobservable rituals to be performed by priests in the Holy Temple . Jewish tradition considers the Ten Commandments the theological basis for the rest of the commandments ; a number of works , starting with Rabbi Saadia Gaon , have made groupings of the commandments according to their links with the Ten Commandments . A conservative rabbi , Louis Ginzberg , stated in his book Legends of the Jews , that Ten Commandments are virtually entwined , that the breaking of one leads to the breaking of another . Echoing an earlier rabbinic comment found in the commentary of Rashi to the Songs of Songs ( 4 : 5 ) Ginzberg explained - there is also a great bond of union between the first five commandments and the last five . The first commandment : `` I am the Lord , thy God , '' corresponds to the sixth : `` Thou shalt not kill , '' for the murderer slays the image of God . The second : `` Thou shalt have no strange gods before me , '' corresponds to the seventh : `` Thou shalt not commit adultery , '' for conjugal faithlessness is as grave a sin as idolatry , which is faithlessness to God . The third commandment : `` Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord in vain , '' corresponds to the eighth : `` Thou shalt not steal , '' for stealing result in false oath in God 's name . The fourth : `` Remember the Sabbath day , to keep it holy , '' corresponds to the ninth : `` Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor , '' for he who bears false witness against his neighbor commits as grave a sin as if he had borne false witness against God , saying that He had not created the world in six days and rested on the seventh day ( the holy Sabbath ) . The fifth commandment : `` Honor thy father and thy mother , '' corresponds to the tenth : `` Covet not thy neighbor 's wife , '' for one who indulges this lust produces children who will not honor their true father , but will consider a stranger their father . The traditional Rabbinical Jewish belief is that the observance of these commandments and the other mitzvot are required solely of the Jewish people and that the laws incumbent on humanity in general are outlined in the seven Noahide laws , several of which overlap with the Ten Commandments . In the era of the Sanhedrin transgressing any one of six of the Ten Commandments theoretically carried the death penalty , the exceptions being the First Commandment , honouring your father and mother , saying God 's name in vain , and coveting , though this was rarely enforced due to a large number of stringent evidentiary requirements imposed by the oral law . Two tablets ( edit ) Main article : Tablets of Stone The arrangement of the commandments on the two tablets is interpreted in different ways in the classical Jewish tradition . Rabbi Hanina ben Gamaliel says that each tablet contained five commandments , `` but the Sages say ten on one tablet and ten on the other '' , that is , that the tablets were duplicates . This can be compared to diplomatic treaties of the ancient Near East , in which a copy was made for each party . According to the Talmud , the compendium of traditional Rabbinic Jewish law , tradition , and interpretation , one interpretation of the biblical verse `` the tablets were written on both their sides '' , is that the carving went through the full thickness of the tablets , yet was miraculously legible from both sides . Use in Jewish ritual ( edit ) The Ten Commandments on a glass plate The Mishna records that during the period of the Second Temple , the Ten Commandments were recited daily , before the reading of the Shema Yisrael ( as preserved , for example , in the Nash Papyrus , a Hebrew manuscript fragment from 150 -- 100 BCE found in Egypt , containing a version of the ten commandments and the beginning of the Shema ) ; but that this practice was abolished in the synagogues so as not to give ammunition to heretics who claimed that they were the only important part of Jewish law , or to dispute a claim by early Christians that only the Ten Commandments were handed down at Mount Sinai rather than the whole Torah . In later centuries rabbis continued to omit the Ten Commandments from daily liturgy in order to prevent a confusion among Jews that they are only bound by the Ten Commandments , and not also by many other biblical and Talmudic laws , such as the requirement to observe holy days other than the sabbath . Today , the Ten Commandments are heard in the synagogue three times a year : as they come up during the readings of Exodus and Deuteronomy , and during the festival of Shavuot . The Exodus version is read in parashat Yitro around late January -- February , and on the festival of Shavuot , and the Deuteronomy version in parashat Va'etchanan in August -- September . In some traditions , worshipers rise for the reading of the Ten Commandments to highlight their special significance though many rabbis , including Maimonides , have opposed this custom since one may come to think that the Ten Commandments are more important than the rest of the Mitzvot . In printed Chumashim , as well as in those in manuscript form , the Ten Commandments carry two sets of cantillation marks . The ta'am ' elyon ( upper accentuation ) , which makes each Commandment into a separate verse , is used for public Torah reading , while the ta'am tachton ( lower accentuation ) , which divides the text into verses of more even length , is used for private reading or study . The verse numbering in Jewish Bibles follows the ta'am tachton . In Jewish Bibles the references to the Ten Commandments are therefore Exodus 20 : 2 -- 14 and Deuteronomy 5 : 6 -- 18 . Samaritan ( edit ) The Samaritan Pentateuch varies in the Ten Commandments passages , both in that the Samaritan Deuteronomical version of the passage is much closer to that in Exodus , and in that Samaritans count as nine commandments what others count as ten . The Samaritan tenth commandment is on the sanctity of Mount Gerizim . The text of the Samaritan tenth commandment follows : And it shall come to pass when the Lord thy God will bring thee into the land of the Canaanites whither thou goest to take possession of it , thou shalt erect unto thee large stones , and thou shalt cover them with lime , and thou shalt write upon the stones all the words of this Law , and it shall come to pass when ye cross the Jordan , ye shall erect these stones which I command thee upon Mount Gerizim , and thou shalt build there an altar unto the Lord thy God , an altar of stones , and thou shalt not lift upon them iron , of perfect stones shalt thou build thine altar , and thou shalt bring upon it burnt offerings to the Lord thy God , and thou shalt sacrifice peace offerings , and thou shalt eat there and rejoice before the Lord thy God . That mountain is on the other side of the Jordan at the end of the road towards the going down of the sun in the land of the Canaanites who dwell in the Arabah facing Gilgal close by Elon Moreh facing Shechem . Christianity ( edit ) See also : Christian views on the Old Covenant Most traditions of Christianity hold that the Ten Commandments have divine authority and continue to be valid , though they have different interpretations and uses of them . The Apostolic Constitutions , which implore believers to `` always remember the ten commands of God , '' reveal the importance of the Decalogue in the early Church . Through most of Christian history the decalogue was considered a summary of God 's law and standard of behaviour , central to Christian life , piety , and worship . References in the New Testament ( edit ) See also : Matthew 5 § Antitheses Moses and Aaron with the Ten Commandments ( painting circa 1675 by Aron de Chavez ) During his Sermon on the Mount , Jesus explicitly referenced the prohibitions against murder and adultery . In Matthew 19 : 16 - 19 Jesus repeated five of the Ten Commandments , followed by that commandment called `` the second '' ( Matthew 22 : 34 - 40 ) after the first and great commandment . And , behold , one came and said unto him , Good Master , what good thing shall I do , that I may have eternal life ? And he said unto him , Why callest thou me good ? there is none good but one , that is , God : but if thou wilt enter into life , keep the commandments . He saith unto him , Which ? Jesus said , Thou shalt do no murder , Thou shalt not commit adultery , Thou shalt not steal , Thou shalt not bear false witness , Honour thy father and thy mother : and , Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself . -- Matthew 19 : 16 - 19 In his Epistle to the Romans , Paul the Apostle also mentioned five of the Ten Commandments and associated them with the neighbourly love commandment . Romans 13 : 8 Owe no man any thing , but to love one another : for he that loveth another hath fulfilled the law . 9 For this , Thou shalt not commit adultery , Thou shalt not kill , Thou shalt not steal , Thou shalt not bear false witness , Thou shalt not covet ; and if there be any other commandment , it is briefly comprehended in this saying , namely , Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself . 10 Love worketh no ill to his neighbour : therefore love is the fulfilling of the law . -- Romans 13 : 8 - 10 KJV Roman Catholicism ( edit ) Main article : Ten Commandments in Catholic theology In Roman Catholicism , Jesus freed Christians from the rest of Jewish religious law , but not from their obligation to keep the Ten Commandments . It has been said that they are to the moral order what the creation story is to the natural order . According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church -- the official exposition of the Catholic Church 's Christian beliefs -- the Commandments are considered essential for spiritual good health and growth , and serve as the basis for social justice . Church teaching of the Commandments is largely based on the Old and New Testaments and the writings of the early Church Fathers . In the New Testament , Jesus acknowledged their validity and instructed his disciples to go further , demanding a righteousness exceeding that of the scribes and Pharisees . Summarized by Jesus into two `` great commandments '' that teach the love of God and love of neighbour , they instruct individuals on their relationships with both . Orthodox ( edit ) The Eastern Orthodox Church holds its moral truths to be chiefly contained in the Ten Commandments . A confession begins with the Confessor reciting the Ten Commandments and asking the penitent which of them he has broken . Protestantism ( edit ) See also : Law and Gospel After rejecting the Roman Catholic moral theology , giving more importance to biblical law and the gospel , early Protestant theologians continued to take the Ten Commandments as the starting point of Christian moral life . Different versions of Christianity have varied in how they have translated the bare principles into the specifics that make up a full Christian ethic . A Christian school in India displays the Ten Commandments Lutheranism ( edit ) The Lutheran division of the commandments follows the one established by St. Augustine , following the then current synagogue scribal division . The first three commandments govern the relationship between God and humans , the fourth through eighth govern public relationships between people , and the last two govern private thoughts . See Luther 's Small Catechism and Large Catechism . Reformed ( edit ) The Articles of the Church of England , Revised and altered by the Assembly of Divines , at Westminster , in the year 1643 state that `` no Christian man whatsoever is free from the obedience of the commandments which are called moral . By the moral law , we understand all the Ten Commandments taken in their full extent . '' The Westminster Confession , held by Presbyterian Churches , holds that the moral law contained in the Ten Commandments `` does forever bind all , as well justified persons as others , to the obedience thereof '' . Methodist ( edit ) The moral law contained in the Ten Commandments , according to the founder of the Methodist movement John Wesley , was instituted from the beginning of the world and is written on the hearts of all people . As with the Reformed view , Wesley held that the moral law , which is contained in the Ten Commandments , stands today : Every part of this law must remain in force upon all mankind in all ages , as not depending either on time or place , nor on any other circumstances liable to change ; but on the nature of God and the nature of man , and their unchangeable relation to each other '' ( Wesley 's Sermons , Vol . I , Sermon 25 ) . In keeping with Wesleyan covenant theology , `` while the ceremonial law was abolished in Christ and the whole Mosaic dispensation itself was concluded upon the appearance of Christ , the moral law remains a vital component of the covenant of grace , having Christ as its perfecting end . '' As such , in Methodism , an `` important aspect of the pursuit of sanctification is the careful following '' of the Ten Commandments . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( edit ) According to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS ) doctrine , Jesus completed rather than rejected the Mosaic Law . The Ten Commandments are considered eternal gospel principles necessary for exaltation . They appear in the Book of Mosiah 12 : 34 -- 36 , 13 : 15 -- 16 , 13 : 21 -- 24 and Doctrine and Covenants . According to the Book of Mosiah , a prophet named Abinadi taught the Ten Commandments in the court of King Noah and was martyred for his righteousness . Abinadi knew the Ten Commandments from the brass plates . In an October 2010 address , LDS president and prophet Thomas S. Monson taught `` The Ten Commandments are just that -- commandments . They are not suggestions . '' The Strangite denomination has different views of the Decalogue . Main points of interpretative difference ( edit ) Sabbath day ( edit ) See also : Remember the sabbath day , to keep it holy ; Shabbat ; and Judaizers All Abrahamic religions observe a weekly day of rest , often called the Sabbath , although the actual day of the week ranges from Friday in Islam , Saturday in Judaism ( both reckoned from dusk to dusk ) , and Sunday , from midnight to midnight , in Christianity . Sabbath in Christianity is a day of rest from work , often dedicated to religious observance , derived from the Biblical Sabbath . Non-Sabbatarianism is the principle of Christian liberty from being bound to physical sabbath observance . Most dictionaries provide both first - day and seventh - day definitions for `` sabbath '' and `` Sabbatarian '' , among other related uses . Observing the Sabbath on Sunday , the day of resurrection , gradually became the dominant Christian practice from the Jewish - Roman wars onward . The Church 's general repudiation of Jewish practices during this period is apparent in the Council of Laodicea ( 4th century AD ) where Canons 37 -- 38 state : `` It is not lawful to receive portions sent from the feasts of Jews or heretics , nor to feast together with them '' and `` It is not lawful to receive unleavened bread from the Jews , nor to be partakers of their impiety '' . Canon 29 of the Laodicean council specifically refers to the sabbath : `` Christians must not judaize by resting on the ( Jewish ) Sabbath , but must work on that day , rather honouring the Lord 's Day ; and , if they can , resting then as Christians . But if any shall be found to be judaizers , let them be anathema from Christ . '' Killing or murder ( edit ) Main article : Thou shalt not kill The Sixth Commandment , as translated by the Book of Common Prayer ( 1549 ) . The image is from the altar screen of the Temple Church near the Law Courts in London . Multiple translations exist of the fifth / sixth commandment ; the Hebrew words לא תרצח ( lo tirtzach ) are variously translated as `` thou shalt not kill '' or `` thou shalt not murder '' . The imperative is against unlawful killing resulting in bloodguilt . The Hebrew Bible contains numerous prohibitions against unlawful killing , but does not prohibit killing in the context of warfare ( 1Kings 2 : 5 -- 6 ) , capital punishment ( Leviticus 20 : 9 -- 16 ) and self - defence ( Exodus 22 : 2 -- 3 ) , which are considered justified . The New Testament is in agreement that murder is a grave moral evil , and references the Old Testament view of bloodguilt . Theft ( edit ) Main article : Thou shalt not steal Some academic theologians , including German Old Testament scholar Albrecht Alt : Das Verbot des Diebstahls im Dekalog ( 1953 ) , suggest that the commandment translated as `` thou shalt not steal '' was originally intended against stealing people -- against abductions and slavery , in agreement with the Talmudic interpretation of the statement as `` thou shalt not kidnap '' ( Sanhedrin 86a ) . Idolatry ( edit ) Main articles : Idolatry , Idolatry in Judaism , and Idolatry in Christianity Idolatry is forbidden in all Abrahamic religions . In Judaism there is a prohibition against worshipping an idol or a representation of God , but there is no restriction on art or simple depictions . Islam has a stronger prohibition , banning representations of God , and in some cases of Muhammad , humans and , in some interpretations , any living creature . In Gospel of Barnabas , Jesus stated that idolatry is the greatest sin as it divests a man fully of faith , and hence of God . In his time , Idolatry is not only worshipping statues of wood or stone ; but also statues of flesh . All which a man loves , for which he leaves everything else but that , is his god , thus the glutton and drunkard has for his idol his own flesh , the fornicator has for his idol the harlot and the greedy has for his idol silver and gold , and so the same for every other sinner . In Christianity 's earliest centuries , some Christians had informally adorned their homes and places of worship with images of Christ and the saints , which others thought inappropriate . No church council had ruled on whether such practices constituted idolatry . The controversy reached crisis level in the 8th century , during the period of iconoclasm : the smashing of icons . In 726 Emperor Leo III ordered all images removed from all churches ; in 730 a council forbade veneration of images , citing the Second Commandment ; in 787 the Seventh Ecumenical Council reversed the preceding rulings , condemning iconoclasm and sanctioning the veneration of images ; in 815 Leo V called yet another council , which reinstated iconoclasm ; in 843 Empress Theodora again reinstated veneration of icons . This mostly settled the matter until the Protestant Reformation , when John Calvin declared that the ruling of the Seventh Ecumenical Council `` emanated from Satan '' . Protestant iconoclasts at this time destroyed statues , pictures , stained glass , and artistic masterpieces . The Eastern Orthodox Church celebrates Theodora 's restoration of the icons every year on the First Sunday of Great Lent . Eastern Orthodox tradition teaches that while images of God , the Father , remain prohibited , depictions of Jesus as the incarnation of God as a visible human are permissible . To emphasize the theological importance of the incarnation , the Orthodox Church encourages the use of icons in church and private devotions , but prefers a two - dimensional depiction as a reminder of this theological aspect . Icons depict the spiritual dimension of their subject rather than attempting a naturalistic portrayal . In modern use ( usually as a result of Roman Catholic influence ) , more naturalistic images and images of the Father , however , also appear occasionally in Orthodox churches , but statues , i.e. three - dimensional depictions , continue to be banned . Adultery ( edit ) Originally this commandment forbade male Israelites from having sexual intercourse with the wife of another Israelite ; the prohibition did not extend to their own slaves . Sexual intercourse between an Israelite man , married or not , and a woman who was neither married nor betrothed was not considered adultery . This concept of adultery stems from the economic aspect of Israelite marriage whereby the husband has an exclusive right to his wife , whereas the wife , as the husband 's possession , did not have an exclusive right to her husband . Louis Ginzberg argued that the tenth commandment ( Covet not thy neighbor 's wife ) is directed against a sin which may lead to a trespassing of all Ten Commandments . Critical historical analysis ( edit ) Early theories ( edit ) Critical scholarship is divided over its interpretation of the ten commandment texts . Julius Wellhausen 's influential hypothesis regarding the formation of the Pentateuch suggests that Exodus 20 - 23 and 34 `` might be regarded as the document which formed the starting point of the religious history of Israel . '' Deuteronomy 5 then reflects King Josiah 's attempt to link the document produced by his court to the older Mosaic tradition . In a 2002 analysis of the history of this position , Bernard M. Levinson argued that this reconstruction assumes a Christian perspective , and dates back to Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 's polemic against Judaism , which asserted that religions evolve from the more ritualistic to the more ethical . Goethe thus argued that the Ten Commandments revealed to Moses at Mt . Sinai would have emphasized rituals , and that the `` ethical '' Decalogue Christians recite in their own churches was composed at a later date , when Israelite prophets had begun to prophesy the coming of the messiah , Jesus Christ . Levinson points out that there is no evidence , internal to the Hebrew Bible or in external sources , to support this conjecture . He concludes that its vogue among later critical historians represents the persistence of the idea that the supersession of Judaism by Christianity is part of a longer history of progress from the ritualistic to the ethical . By the 1930s , historians who accepted the basic premises of multiple authorship had come to reject the idea of an orderly evolution of Israelite religion . Critics instead began to suppose that law and ritual could be of equal importance , while taking different form , at different times . This means that there is no longer any a priori reason to believe that Exodus 20 : 2 -- 17 and Exodus 34 : 10 -- 28 were composed during different stages of Israelite history . For example , critical historian John Bright also dates the Jahwist texts to the tenth century BCE , but believes that they express a theology that `` had already been normalized in the period of the Judges '' ( i.e. , of the tribal alliance ) . He concurs about the importance of the decalogue as `` a central feature in the covenant that brought together Israel into being as a people '' but views the parallels between Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5 , along with other evidence , as reason to believe that it is relatively close to its original form and Mosaic in origin . Hittite treaties ( edit ) According to John Bright , however , there is an important distinction between the Decalogue and the `` book of the covenant '' ( Exodus 21 - 23 and 34 : 10 -- 24 ) . The Decalogue , he argues , was modelled on the suzerainty treaties of the Hittites ( and other Mesopotamian Empires ) , that is , represents the relationship between God and Israel as a relationship between king and vassal , and enacts that bond . `` The prologue of the Hittite treaty reminds his vassals of his benevolent acts ... ( compare with Exodus 20 : 2 `` I am the LORD your God , who brought you out of the land of Egypt , out of the house of slavery '' ) . The Hittite treaty also stipulated the obligations imposed by the ruler on his vassals , which included a prohibition of relations with peoples outside the empire , or enmity between those within . '' ( Exodus 20 : 3 : `` You shall have no other gods before Me '' ) . Viewed as a treaty rather than a law code , its purpose is not so much to regulate human affairs as to define the scope of the king 's power . Julius Morgenstern argued that Exodus 34 is distinct from the Jahwist document , identifying it with king Asa 's reforms in 899 BCE . Bright , however , believes that like the Decalogue this text has its origins in the time of the tribal alliance . The book of the covenant , he notes , bears a greater similarity to Mesopotamian law codes ( e.g. the Code of Hammurabi which was inscribed on a stone stele ) . He argues that the function of this `` book '' is to move from the realm of treaty to the realm of law : `` The Book of the Covenant ( Ex. , chs. 21 to 23 ; cf . ch. 34 ) , which is no official state law , but a description of normative Israelite judicial procedure in the days of the Judges , is the best example of this process . '' According to Bright , then , this body of law too predates the monarchy . Hilton J. Blik writes that the phrasing in the Decalogue 's instructions suggests that it was conceived in a mainly polytheistic milieu , evident especially in the formulation of the henotheistic `` no - other - gods - before - me '' commandment . Dating ( edit ) If the Ten Commandments are based on Hittite forms , it would date them to somewhere between the 14th - 12th century BCE . Archaeologists Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman argue that `` the astonishing composition came together ... in the seventh century BCE '' . Critical scholar Yehezkel Kaufmann ( 1960 ) dates the oral form of the covenant to the time of Josiah . An even later date ( after 586 BCE ) is suggested by David H. Aaron . The ritual Decalogue ( edit ) Main article : Ritual Decalogue Some proponents of the Documentary hypothesis have argued that the biblical text in Exodus 34 : 28 identifies a different list as the ten commandments , that of Exodus 34 : 11 -- 27 . Since this passage does not prohibit murder , adultery , theft , etc. , but instead deals with the proper worship of Yahweh , some scholars call it the `` Ritual Decalogue '' , and disambiguate the ten commandments of traditional understanding as the `` Ethical Decalogue '' . According to these scholars the Bible includes multiple versions of events . On the basis of many points of analysis including linguistic it is shown as a patchwork of sources sometimes with bridging comments by the editor ( Redactor ) but otherwise left intact from the original , frequently side by side . Richard Elliott Friedman argues that the Ten Commandments at Exodus 20 : 1 -- 17 `` does not appear to belong to any of the major sources . It is likely to be an independent document , which was inserted here by the Redactor . '' In his view , the Covenant Code follows that version of the Ten Commandments in the northern Israel E narrative . In the J narrative in Exodus 34 the editor of the combined story known as the Redactor ( or RJE ) , adds in an explanation that these are a replacement for the earlier tablets which were shattered . `` In the combined JE text , it would be awkward to picture God just commanding Moses to make some tablets , as if there were no history to this matter , so RJE adds the explanation that these are a replacement for the earlier tablets that were shattered . '' He writes that Exodus 34 : 14 -- 26 is the J text of the Ten Commandments : `` The first two commandments and the sabbath commandment have parallels in the other versions of the Ten Commandments . ( Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5 ). ... The other seven commandments here are completely different . '' He suggests that differences in the J and E versions of the Ten Commandments story are a result of power struggles in the priesthood . The writer has Moses smash the tablets `` because this raised doubts about the Judah 's central religious shrine '' . According to Kaufmann , the Decalogue and the book of the covenant represent two ways of manifesting God 's presence in Israel : the Ten Commandments taking the archaic and material form of stone tablets kept in the ark of the covenant , while the book of the covenant took oral form to be recited to the people . Quranic reference to the ten commandments can be found in chapter 2 verses 83 and 84 `` And ( recall ) when We took the covenant from the Children of Israel , ( enjoining upon them ) , `` Do not worship except Allah ( 1 ) ; and to parents do good ( 2 ) and to relatives ( 3 ) , orphans ( 4 ) , and the needy ( 5 ) . And speak to people good words ( 6 ) and establish prayer ( 7 ) and give Zakat ( 8 ) . '' Then you turned away , except a few of you , and you were refusing . '' `` And ( recall ) when We took your covenant , ( saying ) , `` Do not shed each other 's blood ( 9 ) or evict one another from your homes ( 10 ) . '' Then you acknowledged ( this ) while you were witnessing '' United States debate over display on public property ( edit ) Further information : Accommodationism See also : Roy Moore , Van Orden v. Perry , and Separation of church and state in the United States Ten Commandments display at the Texas State Capitol in Austin . European Protestants replaced some visual art in their churches with plaques of the Ten Commandments after the Reformation . In England , such `` Decalogue boards '' also represented the English monarch 's emphasis on rule of royal law within the churches . The United States Constitution forbids establishment of religion by law ; however images of Moses holding the tablets of the Decalogue , along other religious figures including Solomon , Confucius , and Mohamed holding the Qur'an , are sculpted on the north and south friezes of the pediment of the Supreme Court building in Washington . Images of the Ten Commandments have long been contested symbols for the relationship of religion to national law . In the 1950s and 1960s the Fraternal Order of Eagles placed possibly thousands of Ten Commandments displays in courthouses and school rooms , including many stone monuments on courthouse property . Because displaying the commandments can reflect a sectarian position if they are numbered ( see above ) , the Eagles developed an ecumenical version that omitted the numbers , as on the monument at the Texas capitol ( shown here ) . Hundreds of monuments were also placed by director Cecil B. DeMille as a publicity stunt to promote his 1956 film The Ten Commandments . Placing the plaques and monuments to the Ten Commandments in and around government buildings was another expression of mid-twentieth century U.S. civil religion , along with adding the phrase `` under God '' to the Pledge of Allegiance . By the beginning of the twenty - first century in the U.S. , however , Decalogue monuments and plaques in government spaces had become a legal battleground between religious as well as political liberals and conservatives . Organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ) and Americans United for Separation of Church and State launched lawsuits challenging the posting of the ten commandments in public buildings . The ACLU has been supported by a number of religious groups ( such as the Presbyterian Church ( U.S.A. ) , and the American Jewish Congress ) , both because they do not want government to be issuing religious doctrine and because they feel strongly that the commandments are inherently religious . Many commentators see this issue as part of a wider culture war between liberal and conservative elements in American society . In response to the perceived attacks on traditional society , other legal organizations , such as the Liberty Counsel , have risen to advocate the conservative interpretation . Many Christian conservatives have taken the banning of officially sanctioned prayer from public schools by the U.S. Supreme Court as a threat to the expression of religion in public life . In response , they have successfully lobbied many state and local governments to display the ten commandments in public buildings . Those who oppose the posting of the ten commandments on public property argue that it violates the establishment clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States . In contrast , groups like the Fraternal Order of Eagles who support the public display of the ten commandments claim that the commandments are not necessarily religious but represent the moral and legal foundation of society , and are appropriate to be displayed as a historical source of present - day legal codes . Also , some argue like Judge Roy Moore that prohibiting the public practice of religion is a violation of the first amendment 's guarantee of freedom of religion . The Ten Commandments by Lucas Cranach the Elder in the townhall of Wittenberg , ( detail ) U.S. courts have often ruled against displays of the Ten Commandments on government property . They conclude that the ten commandments are derived from Judeo - Christian religions , to the exclusion of others : the statement `` Thou shalt have no other gods before me '' excludes non-monotheistic religions like Hinduism , for example . Whether the Constitution prohibits the posting of the commandments or not , there are additional political and civil rights issues regarding the posting of what is construed as religious doctrine . Excluding religions that have not accepted the ten commandments creates the appearance of impropriety . The courts have been more accepting , however , of displays that place the Ten Commandments in a broader historical context of the development of law . One result of these legal cases has been that proponents of displaying the Ten Commandments have sometimes surrounded them with other historical texts to portray them as historical , rather than religious . Another result has been that other religious organizations have tried to put monuments to their laws on public lands . For example , an organization called Summum has won court cases against municipalities in Utah for refusing to allow the group to erect a monument of Summum aphorisms next to the ten commandments . The cases were won on the grounds that Summum 's right to freedom of speech was denied and the governments had engaged in discrimination . Instead of allowing Summum to erect its monument , the local governments chose to remove their ten commandments . Cultural references ( edit ) Two famous films of this name were directed by Cecil B. DeMille : a silent movie released in 1923 starring Theodore Roberts as Moses and a colour VistaVision version of 1956 , starring Charlton Heston as Moses . Both Dekalog , a 1989 Polish film series directed by Krzysztof Kieślowski , and The Ten , a 2007 American film , use the ten commandments as a structure for 10 smaller stories . The receipt of the Ten Commandments by Moses was satirized in Mel Brooks 's movie History of the World Part I ( 1981 ) , which shows Moses ( played by Brooks , in a similar costume to Charlton Heston 's Moses in the 1956 film ) , receiving three tablets containing fifteen commandments , but before he can present them to his people , he stumbles and drops one of the tablets , shattering it . He then presents the remaining tablets , proclaiming Ten Commandments . In The Prince of Egypt , a 1998 animated film that depicted the early life of Moses ( voiced by Val Kilmer ) , the ending depicts him with the Ten Commandments at Mount Sinai , accompanied by a reprise of Deliver Us . The story of Moses and the Ten Commandments is discussed in the Danish stageplay Biblen ( 2008 ) . See also ( edit ) Bible portal Book of Mormon portal Alternatives to the Ten Commandments -- Secular and humanist alternatives to the biblical lists Code of Hammurabi ( 1772 BCE ) Code of Ur - Nammu ( 2050 BCE ) Five Precepts Five Precepts ( Taoism ) Maat , 42 confessions , ' The negative confession ' ( 1500 BCE ) of Papyrus of Ani , also known as The declaration of innocence before the Gods of the tribunal from The book of going forth by day , also Book of the dead The Ten Commandments ( 2007 film ) K10C : Kids ' Ten Commandments Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics Ten Conditions of Bai'at Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ten Commandments . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` UBA : Rosenthaliana 1768 '' ( English : 1768 : The Ten Commandments , copied in Amsterdam Jekuthiel Sofer ) ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Estrin , Daniel ( 5 May 2015 ) . `` Oldest complete copy of Ten Commandments goes on display in Israel '' . www.timesofisrael.com . The Times of Israel . Retrieved 16 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Van Beek , Gus Willard , Scrolls from the Wilderness of the Dead Sea : A Guide to the Exhibition , The Dead Sea Scrolls of Jordan University of California Press , 1965 , p. 31 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Rooker , Mark ( 2010 ) . The Ten Commandments : Ethics for the Twenty - First Century . Nashville , Tennessee : B&H Publishing Group . p. 3 . ISBN 0 - 8054 - 4716 - 4 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 02 . The Ten Commandments are literally the ' Ten Words ' ( ăśeret hadděbārîm ) in Hebrew . The use of the term dābār , ' word , ' in this phrase distinguishes these laws from the rest of the commandments ( mişwâ ) , statutes ( hōq ) , and regulations ( mišpāţ ) in the Old Testament . ^ Jump up to : `` Exodus 34 : 28 -- multiple versions and languages '' . Studybible.info . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ δεκάλογος . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ `` Deuteronomy 10 : 4 -- multiple versions and languages '' . Studybible.info . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Chan , Yiu Sing Lúcás ( 2012 ) . The Ten Commandments and the Beatitudes . Lantham , MA : Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 38 , 241 . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference Block was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : I am the LORD your God , who brought you out of the land of Egypt , out of the house of slavery . ^ Jump up to : You shall have no other gods before me . ^ Jump up to : You shall not make for yourself a carved image , or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above , or that is in the earth beneath , or that is in the water under the earth . You shall not bow down to them or serve them , for I the LORD your God am a jealous God , visiting the iniquity of the fathers on the children to the third and the fourth generation of those who hate me , but showing steadfast love to thousands of those who love me and keep my commandments . ^ Jump up to : You shall not take the name of the LORD your God in vain , for the LORD will not hold him guiltless who takes his name in vain . Jump up ^ Remember the Sabbath day , to keep it holy . Six days you shall labor , and do all your work , but the seventh day is a Sabbath to the LORD your God . On it you shall not do any work , you , or your son , or your daughter , your male slave , or your female slave , or your livestock , or the sojourner who is within your gates . For in six days the LORD made heaven and earth , the sea , and all that is in them , and rested on the seventh day . Therefore the LORD blessed the Sabbath day and made it holy . Jump up ^ Observe the Sabbath day , to keep it holy , as the LORD your God commanded you . Six days you shall labor and do all your work , but the seventh day is a Sabbath to the LORD your God . On it you shall not do any work , you or your son or your daughter or your male slave or your female slave , or your ox or your donkey or any of your livestock , or the sojourner who is within your gates , that your male slave and your female slave may rest as well as you . You shall remember that you were a slave in the land of Egypt , and the LORD your God brought you out from there with a mighty hand and an outstretched arm . Therefore the LORD your God commanded you to keep the Sabbath day . Jump up ^ Honor your father and your mother , that your days may be long in the land that the LORD your God is giving you . Jump up ^ Honor your father and your mother , as the LORD your God commanded you , that your days may be long , and that it may go well with you in the land that the LORD your God is giving you . ^ Jump up to : You shall not murder . Jump up ^ You shall not commit adultery . Jump up ^ And you shall not commit adultery . Jump up ^ You shall not steal . Jump up ^ And you shall not steal . Jump up ^ You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor . Jump up ^ And you shall not bear false witness against your neighbor . Jump up ^ You shall not covet your neighbor 's house Jump up ^ And you shall not desire your neighbor 's house , his field , Jump up ^ You shall not covet your neighbor 's wife ... Jump up ^ And you shall not covet your neighbor 's wife . Jump up ^ ... or his male slave , or his female slave , or his ox , or his donkey , or anything that is your neighbor 's . Jump up ^ ... or his male slave , or his female slave , his ox , or his donkey , or anything that is your neighbor 's . Jump up ^ And when you have passed over the Yaardaan ( Jordan ) you shall set up these stones , which I command you today , in Aargaareezem ( Mount Gerizim ) . Jump up ^ Tsedaka , Benyamin ( 2013 ) . The Israelite Samaritan Version of the Torah . Grand Rapids , Michigan : W.B. Eerdmans . pp. 173 -- 174 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 6519 - 9 . Jump up ^ And when you have passed over the Yaardaan ( Jordan ) you shall set up these stones , which I command you today , in Aargaareezem ( Mount Gerizim ) . Jump up ^ Tsedaka , Benyamin ( 2013 ) . The Israelite Samaritan Version of the Torah . Grand Rapids , Michigan : W.B. Eerdmans . pp. 420 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 6519 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Luther 's Large Catechism ( 1529 ) Jump up ^ Fincham , Kenneth ; Lake , Peter ( editors ) ( 2006 ) . Religious Politics in Post-reformation England . Woodbridge , Suffolk : The Boydell Press . p. 42 . ISBN 1 - 84383 - 253 - 4 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ When LORD is printed in small caps , it typically represents the so - called Tetragrammaton , a Greek term representing the four Hebrews YHWH which indicates the divine name . This is typically indicated in the preface of most modern translations . For an example , see Crossway Bibles ( 28 December 2011 ) , `` Preface '' , Holy Bible : English Standard Version , Wheaton : Crossway , p . IX , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4335 - 3087 - 6 , retrieved 19 November 2012 Jump up ^ Deuteronomy 4 : 13 , 5 : 22 Jump up ^ Somer , Benjamin D. Revelation and Authority : Sinai in Jewish Scripture and Tradition ( The Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library ) . pg = 40 . Jump up ^ Exodus 20 : 21 Jump up ^ Exodus 21 -- 23 Jump up ^ Exodus 24 : 4 Jump up ^ Exodus 24 : 7 Jump up ^ Exodus 24 : 1 , 9 Jump up ^ Exodus 24 : 1 -- 11 Jump up ^ Exodus 24 : 16 -- 18 Jump up ^ Deuteronomy 9 : 10 Jump up ^ Ex. 32 : 1 -- 5 Jump up ^ Ex. 32 : 6 -- 8 Jump up ^ Ex. 32 : 19 Jump up ^ Ex. 34 : 1 Jump up ^ Deuteronomy 10 : 4 Jump up ^ Exodus. 20 : 1 ; Exodus. 32 : 15 -- 19 Jump up ^ Deuteronomy. 4 : 10 -- 13 ; Deut. 5 : 22 ; Deut. 9 : 17 ; Deut. 10 : 1 -- 5 ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference Huffmon was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Miller was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Milgrom was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : William Barclay , The Ten Commandments . Westminster John Knox Press ( 2001 ) , originally The Plain Man 's Guide to Ethics ( 1973 ) . ISBN 0 - 664 - 22346 - X ^ Jump up to : Gail R. O'Day and David L. Petersen , Theological Bible Commentary , p. 34 , Westminster John Knox Press ( 2009 ) ISBN 0 - 664 - 22711 - 2 Jump up ^ Norman Solomon , Judaism , p. 17 . Sterling Publishing Company ( 2009 ) ISBN 1 - 4027 - 6884 - 2 Jump up ^ Wayne D. Dosick , Living Judaism : The Complete Guide to Jewish Belief , Tradition , and Practice , pp. 31 -- 33 . HarperCollins ( 1995 ) . ISBN 0 - 06 - 062179 - 6 `` There are 603 more Torah commandments . But in giving these ten -- with their wise insight into the human condition -- God established a standard of right and wrong , a powerful code of behavior , that is universal and timeless . '' Jump up ^ Ginzberg , Louis , The Legends of the Jews , Vol . III : The Unity of Ten Commandments , ( Translated by Henrietta Szold ) , Johns Hopkins University Press : 1998 , ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5890 - 9 Jump up ^ Talmud Makkos 1 : 10 Jump up ^ Rabbi Ishmael . Horowitz - Rabin , ed . Mekhilta . pp. 233 , Tractate de -- ba -- Hodesh , 5 . Jump up ^ Margaliot , Dr. Meshulam ( July 2004 ) . `` What was Written on the Two Tablets ? '' . Bar - Ilan University . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Exodus 32 : 15 Jump up ^ Babylonian Talmud , tractate Shabbat 104a . ^ Jump up to : Simon Glustrom , The Myth and Reality of Judaism , pp 113 -- 114 . Behrman House ( 1989 ) . ISBN 0 - 87441 - 479 - 2 Jump up ^ Yerushalmi Berakhot , Chapter 1 , fol . 3c . See also Rabbi David Golinkin , Whatever Happened to the Ten Commandments ? Jump up ^ Talmud . tractate Berachot 12a . Jump up ^ Covenant & Conversation Yitro 5772 Archived 24 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Chief Rabbi . Retrieved 24 May 2015 Jump up ^ Gaster , Moses ( 1923 ) . `` The Samaritan Tenth Commandment '' . The Samaritans , Their History , Doctrines and Literature . The Schweich Lectures . Jump up ^ Braaten , Carl E. ; Seitz , Christopher ( 2005 ) . `` Preface '' . I Am the Lord Your God . Grand Rapids , MI : William B. Eerdmans . p. x . -- via Questia ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Roberts , Alexander ( 1 May 2007 ) . The Ante - Nicene Fathers . VII . Cosimo , Inc. p. 413 . ISBN 9781602064829 . Jump up ^ Turner , Philip ( 2005 ) . `` The Ten Commandments in the Church in a Postmodern World '' . In Braaten , Carl E. ; Seitz , Christopher . I Am the Lord Your God . Grand Rapids , MI : William B. Eerdmans . p. 3 . -- via Questia ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Jan Kreeft , Catholic Christianity : A Complete Catechism of Catholic Beliefs Based on the Catechism of the Catholic Church , ch. 5 . Ignatius Press ( 2001 ) . ISBN 0 - 89870 - 798 - 6 Jump up ^ Kreeft , Peter ( 2001 ) . Catholic Christianity . Ignatius Press . ISBN 0 - 89870 - 798 - 6 . pp. 201 -- 203 ( Google preview p. 201 ) Jump up ^ Carmody , Timothy R. ( 2004 ) . Reading the Bible . Paulist Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 4189 - 0 . p. 82 Jump up ^ Paragraph number 2052 -- 2074 ( 1994 ) . `` Catechism of the Catholic Church '' . Libreria Editrice Vaticana . Retrieved 8 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Kreeft , Peter ( 2001 ) . Catholic Christianity . Ignatius Press . ISBN 0 - 89870 - 798 - 6 . p. 202 ( Google preview p. 202 ) Jump up ^ Schreck , Alan ( 1999 ) . The Essential Catholic Catechism . Servant Publications . ISBN 1 - 56955 - 128 - 6 . p. 303 Jump up ^ Sebastian Dabovich , Preaching in the Russian Church , p. 65 . Cubery ( 1899 ) . Jump up ^ Alexander Hugh Hore , Eighteen Centuries of the Orthodox Church , p. 36 . J. Parker and Co. ( 1899 ) . ^ Jump up to : Timothy Sedgwick , The Christian Moral Life : Practices of Piety , pp. 9 -- 20 . Church Publishing ( 2008 ) . ISBN 1 - 59627 - 100 - 0 Jump up ^ Luther 's Small Catechism ( 1529 ) Jump up ^ Neal , Daniel ( 1843 ) . The History of the Puritans , Or Protestant Non-conformists . Harper . p. 3 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Westminster Confession of Faith : Chapter XIX - Of the Law of God '' . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rodes , Stanley J. ( 25 September 2014 ) . From Faith to Faith : John Wesley 's Covenant Theology and the Way of Salvation . James Clarke & Co. p. 69 . ISBN 9780227902202 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Ted A. ( 1 October 2011 ) . Methodist Doctrine : The Essentials , 2nd Edition . Abingdon Press . pp. 40 , 68 -- 69 . ISBN 9781426753473 . ^ Jump up to : The Sabbath Recorder , Volume 75 . George B. Utter. 1913 . p. 422 . The moral law contained in the Ten Commandments and enforced by the prophets , he ( Christ ) did not take away . It was not the design of his coming to revoke any part of this . This is a law which never can be broken . It stands fast as the faithful witness in heaven . Jump up ^ Olmstead , Thomas F. `` The Savior 's Use of the Old Testament '' . Ensign . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . p. 46 . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ten Commandments '' . Gospel Library . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mosiah 12 : 34 -- 36 '' . Lds.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Mosiah 13 : 15 -- 16 '' . Lds.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Mosiah 13 : 20 -- 24 '' . Lds.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Cramer , Lew W. ( 1992 ) . `` Abinadi '' . In Ludlow , Daniel H. Encyclopedia of Mormonism . New York : Macmillan . pp. 5 -- 7 . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mosiah 13 : 11 -- 26 : The Ten Commandments : `` Some may wonder how Abinadi could have read the Ten Commandments that God gave to Moses . It should be remembered that the brass plates Nephi obtained contained the five books of Moses ( Nephi 5 : 10 -- 11 ) . This record , which would have contained the Ten Commandments , had been passed down by Nephite prophets and record keepers . The previous scriptures were known to King Noah and his priests because they quoted from Isaiah and referred to the law of Moses ( see Mosiah 12 : 20 -- 24 , 28 ) . '' Jump up ^ Thomas S. Monson . `` Stand in Holy Places - Thomas S. Monson '' . Lds.org . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ ( Hebrew : שַׁבָּת , shabbâth , Hebrew word # 7676 in Strong 's Concordance , meaning intensive `` repose '' ) . ^ Jump up to : Synod of Laodicea ( 4th Century ) -- New Advent Jump up ^ Exodus 20 : 13 Multiple versions and languages . Jump up ^ Bloodguilt , Jewish Virtual Library , Genesis 4 : 10 , Genesis 9 : 6 , Genesis 42 : 22 , Exodus 22 : 2 -- 2 , Leviticus 17 : 4 , Leviticus 20 , Numbers 20 , Deuteronomy 19 , Deuteronomy 32 : 43 , Joshua 2 : 19 , Judges 9 : 24 , 1 Samuel 25 , 2 Samuel 1 , 2 Samuel 21 , 1 Kings 2 , 1 Kings 21 : 19 , 2 Kings 24 : 4 , Psalm 9 : 12 , Psalm 51 : 14 , Psalm 106 : 38 , Proverbs 6 : 17 , Isaiah 1 : 15 , Isaiah 26 : 21 , Jeremiah 22 : 17 , Lamentations 4 : 13 , Ezekiel 9 : 9 , Ezekiel 36 : 18 , Hosea 4 : 2 , Joel 3 : 19 , Habakkuk 2 : 8 , Matthew 23 : 30 -- 35 , Matthew 27 : 4 , Luke 11 : 50 -- 51 , Romans 3 : 15 , Revelation 6 : 10 , Revelation 18 : 24 Jump up ^ Matthew 5 : 21 , Matthew 15 : 19 , Matthew 19 : 19 , Matthew 22 : 7 , Mark 10 : 19 , Luke 18 : 20 , Romans 13 : 9 , 1 Timothy 1 : 9 , James 2 : 11 , Revelation 21 : 8 Jump up ^ Matthew 23 : 30 -- 35 , Matthew 27 : 4 , Luke 11 : 50 -- 51 , Romans 3 : 15 , Revelation 6 : 10 , Revelation 18 : 24 Jump up ^ Chapter 32 : Statues of Flesh Barnabas.net Jump up ^ Gospel of Barnabas chapter XXXIII Latrobe Edu ^ Jump up to : Archpriest John W. Morris , The Historic Church : An Orthodox View of Christian History , chapter 7 . AuthorHouse ( 2011 ) ISBN 1 - 4567 - 3492 - X ^ Jump up to : Alexander Hugh Hore , Eighteen Centuries of the Orthodox Church , J. Parker and co. ( 1899 ) `` The images or Icons , as they are called , of the Greek Church are not , it must be remarked , sculptured images , but flat pictures or mosaics ; not even the Crucifix is sanctioned ; and herein consists the difference between the Greek and Roman Churches , in the latter of which both pictures and statues are allowed , and venerated with equal honour . '' p. 353 Jump up ^ Collins , R.F. ( 1992 ) . `` Ten Commandments . '' In D.N. Freedman ( Ed . ) , The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary ( Vol. 6 , p. 386 ) . New York : Doubleday Jump up ^ `` ' ' Encyclopedia Judaica ' ' vol01 pg 424 '' . Jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Ginzberg , Louis , The Legends of the Jews , Vol . III : The other Commandments Revealed on Sinai , ( Translated by Henrietta Szold ) , Johns Hopkins University Press : 1998 , ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5890 - 9 Jump up ^ Julius Wellhausen 1973 Prolegomena to the History of Israel Glouster , MA : Peter Smith . 392 Jump up ^ Levinson , Bernard M. ( July 2002 ) . `` Goethe 's Analysis of Exodus 34 and Its Influence on Julius Wellhausen : the Pfropfung of the Documentary Hypothesis '' . Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 114 ( 2 ) : 212 -- 223 Jump up ^ John Bright 1972 A History of Israel Second Edition . Philadelphia : the Westminster Press . 142 -- 143 4th edition p. 146 - 147 ISBN 0 - 664 - 22068 - 1 Jump up ^ Bright , John ( 2000 ) . A History of Israel ( 4 ed . ) . Westminster John Knox Press . p. 146 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ John Bright , 1972 A History of Israel Second Edition . Philadelphia : the Westminster Press . 142 4th ed. p. 146 + Jump up ^ John Bright , 1972 , p. , 146 -- 147 4th ed. p. 150 -- 151 Jump up ^ Cornfeld , Gaalyahu Ed Pictorial Biblical Encyclopedia , MacMillan 1964 p. 237 Jump up ^ John Bright , 1972 , p. , 165 4th ed. p. 169 -- 170 Jump up ^ Morgenstern , Julius ( 1927 ) , The Oldest Document of the Hexateuch , IV , HUAC Jump up ^ Bright , John , 2000 , A History of Israel 4th ed. p. 173 . Jump up ^ John Bright , 1972 , p. 166 4th ed. p. 170 + Jump up ^ `` The point here being underscored is that the Decalogue represents an earlier stage in the development of this tradition , and the Ten Commandments , when critically viewed , do not only NOT demand a monotheistic adherence , they clearly presuppose and affirm a polytheistic reality ! Those who attempt to impose a principle of monotheism on the Ten Commandments are simply anticipating the historical development of the tradition ahead of its time and are thus already assuming what they pretend to discover . '' ( Tyranny , Taboo , and the Ten Commandments : The Decalogue Decoded And Its Impact on Civil Society , Hilton J. Bik , Xlibris Corporation 2008 , p. 199 ) . Jump up ^ Israel Finkelstein , Neil Asher Silberman ( 2002 ) . The Bible Unearthed . p 63 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 2338 - 1 Jump up ^ Israel Finkelstein , Neil Asher Silberman ( 2002 ) . The Bible Unearthed , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Yehezkal Kaufmann 1960 The Religion of Israel : From its beginnings to the Babylonian Exile trans . and Abridged by Moshe Greenberg . New York : Schocken Books , p. 174 -- 175 . Jump up ^ `` '' Etched in Stone : The Emergence of the Decalogue `` '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 October 2011 . ( 99.8 KB ) , The Chronicle , Hebrew Union College -- Jewish Institute of Religion , Issue 68 , 2006 , p. 42 . `` a critical survey of biblical literature demonstrates no cognizance of the ten commandments prior to the post-exilic period ( after 586 B.C.E. ) '' Jump up ^ Exodus 34 : 28 Jump up ^ Exodus 34 : 11 -- 27 Jump up ^ The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha . Augmented Third Edition , New Revised Standard Version , 2007 Jump up ^ The Hebrew Bible : A Brief Socio - Literary Introduction . Norman Gottwald , 2008 Jump up ^ Dictionary of the Old Testament : Pentateuch . T. Desmond Alexander and David Weston Baker , 2003 Jump up ^ Commentary on the Torah . Richard Elliott Friedman , 2003 Jump up ^ Friedman , Richard Elliott . The Bible with Sources Revealed , 2003 p. 7 Jump up ^ Friedman , p. 153 Jump up ^ Friedman , p. 177 Jump up ^ Friedman , p. 179 Jump up ^ Friedman , Richard Elliott . `` Who Wrote The Bible ? '' 1987 pp. 73 -- 74 Jump up ^ Office of the Curator , `` Courtroom Friezes : North and South Walls '' ( PDF ) . Supreme Court of the United States , 5 / 8 / 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Watts , `` Ten Commandments Monuments '' ( PDF ) . 2004 Jump up ^ Emmet V. Mittlebeeler , ( 2003 ) `` Ten Commandments . '' P. 434 in The Encyclopedia of American Religion and Politics . Edited by P.A. Djupe and L.R. Olson . New York : Facts on File . Jump up ^ `` MPR : The Ten Commandments : Religious or historical symbol ? '' . News.minnesota.publicradio.org. 2001 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ PCUSA Assembly Committee on General Assembly Procedures D. 3. a http://apps.pcusa.org/ga216/business/commbooks/comm03.pdf Jump up ^ American Jewish Congress , `` AJCongress Voices Opposition to Courtroom Display of ten Commandments , '' ( May 16 , 2003 ) http://www.ajcongress.org/site/PageServer?pagename=may03_03 Jump up ^ The Ten ( 2007 ) -- IMDb Jump up ^ `` Fifteen Commandments '' . YouTube.com. 2012 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 05 . Further reading ( edit ) This article 's further reading may not follow Wikipedia 's content policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing less relevant or redundant publications with the same point of view ; or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Aaron , David H ( 2006 ) . Etched in Stone : The Emergence of the Decalogue . Continuum . ISBN 0 - 567 - 02791 - 0 . Abdrushin ( 2009 ) . The Ten Commandments of God and the Lord 's Prayer . Grail Foundation Press . ISBN 1 - 57461 - 004 - X . https://web.archive.org/web/20100523082204/http://the10com.org/index.html Peter Barenboim , Biblical Roots of Separation of Powers , Moscow , 2005 , ISBN 5 - 94381 - 123 - 0 . Boltwood , Emily ( 2012 ) . 10 Simple Rules of the House of Gloria . Tate Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62024 - 840 - 9 . Freedman , David Noel ( 2000 ) . The Nine Commandments . Uncovering a Hidden Pattern of Crime and Punishment in the Hebrew Bible . Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 49986 - 8 . Friedman , Richard Elliott ( 1987 ) . Who Wrote the Bible ? . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 671 - 63161 - 6 . Hazony , David ( 2010 ) . The Ten Commandments : How Our Most Ancient Moral Text Can Renew Modern Life . New York : Scribner . ISBN 1 - 4165 - 6235 - 4 . Kaufmann , Yehezkel ( 1960 ) . The Religion of Israel , From Its Beginnings To the Babylonian Exile . Translated by Moshe Greenberg . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Kuntz , Paul Grimley ( 2004 ) . The Ten Commandments in History : Mosaic Paradigms for a Well - Ordered Society . Wm B Eerdmans Publishing , Emory University Studies in Law and Religion . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2660 - 1 . Markl , Dominik ( 2012 ) : `` The Decalogue in History : A Preliminary Survey of the Fields and Genres of its Reception '' , in : Zeitschrift für Altorientalische und Biblische Rechtsgeschichte -- vol. 18 , no. , pp. 279 -- 293 . ( pdf ) Markl , Dominik ( ed . ) ( 2013 ) . The Decalogue and its Cultural Influence . Sheffield : Sheffield Phoenix Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 909697 - 06 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Mendenhall , George E ( 1973 ) . The Tenth Generation : The Origins of the Biblical Tradition . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 1267 - 4 . Mendenhall , George E ( 2001 ) . Ancient Israel 's Faith and History : An Introduction To the Bible In Context . Louisville : Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 0 - 664 - 22313 - 3 . Watts , James W. ( 2004 ) . `` Ten Commandments Monuments and the Rivalry of Iconic Texts '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Religion and Society . 6 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutTen Commandmentsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Ten Commandments : Ex. 20 version ( text , mp3 ) , Deut. 5 version ( text , mp3 ) in The Hebrew Bible in English by Jewish Publication Society , 1917 ed . Ten Commandments Tablets of Stone Finger of God Ritual Decalogue Commandments I am the Lord thy God Thou shalt have no other gods before me Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain Remember the sabbath day , to keep it holy Honour thy father and thy mother Thou shalt not kill Thou shalt not commit adultery Thou shalt not steal Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour Thou shalt not covet Related Moses Biblical Mount Sinai Ark of the Covenant In Catholic theology Tabot Alternatives 613 commandments Seven Laws of Noah In art Descent from Mount Sinai ( Sistine Chapel , 1481 - 82 painting ) Moses ( c. 1513 -- 1515 sculpture ) Moses Breaking the Tablets of the Law ( 1659 painting ) Moses ( 1962 sculpture ) Media The Ten Commandments ( 1923 film ) The Ten Commandments ( 1956 film ) Les Dix Commandements ( 2000 musical ) K10C : Kids ' Ten Commandments ( 2003 videos ) The Ten Commandments ( 2004 musical ) The Ten Commandments ( 2006 miniseries ) The Ten ( 2007 film ) The Ten Commandments ( 2007 film ) I Am ( 2010 film ) The Ten Commandments ( 2016 film ) Seven virtues in Christian ethics Four cardinal virtues Prudence ( Prudentia ) Justice ( Iustitia ) Fortitude ( Fortitudo ) Temperance ( Temperantia ) Sources : Plato Republic , Book IV Cicero Ambrose Augustine of Hippo Thomas Aquinas Three theological virtues Faith ( Fides ) Hope ( Spes ) Love ( Caritas ) Sources : Paul the Apostle 1 Corinthians 13 Seven deadly sins Lust ( Luxuria ) Gluttony ( Gula ) Greed ( Avaritia ) Sloth ( Acedia ) Wrath ( Ira ) Envy ( Invidia ) Pride ( Superbia ) Source : Prudentius , Psychomachia People : Evagrius Ponticus John Cassian Pope Gregory I Dante Alighieri Peter Binsfeld Related concepts Ten Commandments Great Commandment Eschatology Sin Original sin Old Covenant Hamartiology Christian ethics Christian philosophy Christianity portal Philosophy portal Ark of the Covenant topics People Moses Kohanim High Priest of Israel Israelites Levites Bezalel Tribe of Judah Oholiab Kehath Tribe of Levi Jeremiah Joshua Samuel Solomon Menelik I Contents Tablets of Stone Ten Commandments Manna Aaron 's rod Cherub Locations Mount Sinai Biblical Mount Sinai Jericho Jordan River Holy of Holies Tabernacle Ai Shiloh Gibeah Gilgal Eben - Ezer Philistia Beth Shemesh Kiriath - Jearim Temple Mount Dome of the Rock Well of Souls Cathedral of Chartres Tana Qirqos Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion Related The Sign and the Seal ( 1992 book ) Jump up ^ Block , Daniel I. ( 2012 ) . `` The Decalogue in the Hebrew Scriptures '' . In Greenman , Jeffrey P. ; Larsen , Timothy . The Decalogue Through the Centuries : From the Hebrew Scriptures to Benedict XVI . Westminster John Knox Press . pp. 1 -- 27 . ISBN 0 - 664 - 23490 - 9 . Jump up ^ Herbert Huffmon , `` The Fundamental Code Illustrated : The Third Commandment , '' in The Ten Commandments : The Reciprocity of Faithfulness , ed . William P. Brown. , pp. 205 -- 212 . Westminster John Knox Press ( 2004 ) . ISBN 0 - 664 - 22323 - 0 Jump up ^ Milgrom , Joseph ( 2005 ) . `` The Nature of Revelation and Mosaic Origins '' . In Blumenthal , Jacob ; Liss , Janet . Etz Hayim Study Guide . Jewish Publication Society . pp. 70 -- 74 . ISBN 0 - 8276 - 0822 - 5 . Jump up ^ Miller , Patrick D. ( 2009 ) . The Ten Commandments . Presbyterian Publishing Corp. pp. 4 -- 12 . ISBN 0 - 664 - 23055 - 5 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ten_Commandments&oldid=857026894 '' Categories : Ten Commandments Biblical phrases Book of Deuteronomy Book of Exodus Law in the Bible Codes of conduct Commandments Jewish ethics Jewish law and rituals Judeo - Christian topics Moses Mosaic law in Christian theology Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Pages with broken reference names CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles containing Hebrew - language text All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use British English Oxford spelling from August 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Pages with Bible version errors Pages with numeric Bible version references Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Wikipedia spam cleanup from June 2015 Wikipedia further reading cleanup Use dmy dates from August 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Afrikaans አማርኛ ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kaszëbsczi Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Māori მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Gagana Samoa Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 98 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 02 : 33 ( UTC ) . 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"\nThe Ten Commandments\n\n\nLXX\n\nP\n\nS\n\nT\n\nA\n\nC\n\nL\n\nR\n\nMain article\n\nExodus 20:1-17\n\nDeuteronomy 5:4-21\n\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n1\n\n—\n\n1\n\n—\n\n(1)\n\nI am the Lord thy God, which have brought thee out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage.\n\n2[10]\n\n6[10]\n\n\n1\n\n1\n\n1\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1\n\n1\n\n1\n\nThou shalt have no other gods before me\n\n3[11]\n\n7[11]\n\n\n2\n\n2\n\n1\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1\n\n1\n\n2\n\nThou shalt not make unto thee any graven image\n\n4–6[12]\n\n8–10[12]\n\n\n3\n\n3\n\n2\n\n3\n\n2\n\n2\n\n2\n\n3\n\nThou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain\n\n7[13]\n\n11[13]\n\n\n4\n\n4\n\n3\n\n4\n\n3\n\n3\n\n3\n\n4\n\nRemember the sabbath day, to keep it holy\n\n8–11[14]\n\n12–15[15]\n\n\n5\n\n5\n\n4\n\n5\n\n4\n\n4\n\n4\n\n5\n\nHonour thy father and thy mother\n\n12[16]\n\n16[17]\n\n\n6\n\n7\n\n5\n\n6\n\n5\n\n5\n\n5\n\n6\n\nThou shalt not kill\n\n13[18]\n\n17[18]\n\n\n7\n\n6\n\n6\n\n7\n\n6\n\n6\n\n6\n\n7\n\nThou shalt not commit adultery\n\n14[19]\n\n18[20]\n\n\n8\n\n8\n\n7\n\n8\n\n7\n\n7\n\n7\n\n8\n\nThou shalt not steal\n\n15[21]\n\n19[22]\n\n\n9\n\n9\n\n8\n\n9\n\n8\n\n8\n\n8\n\n9\n\nThou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour\n\n16[23]\n\n20[24]\n\n\n10\n\n10\n\n9\n\n10\n\n10\n\n10\n\n9\n\n10\n\nThou shalt not covet (neighbour's house)\n\n17a[25]\n\n21b[26]\n\n\n10\n\n10\n\n9\n\n10\n\n9\n\n9\n\n10\n\n10\n\nThou shalt not covet (neighbour's wife)\n\n17b[27]\n\n21a[28]\n\n\n10\n\n10\n\n9\n\n10\n\n10\n\n10\n\n10\n\n10\n\nThou shalt not covet (neighbour's slaves, animals, or anything else)\n\n17c[29]\n\n21c[30]\n\n\n—\n\n—\n\n10\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nYou shall set up these stones, which I command you today, on Mount Gerizim.\n\n14c[31][32]\n\n18c[33][34]\n",
"\nThe Ten Commandments\n\n\nLXX\n\nP\n\nS\n\nT\n\nA\n\nC\n\nL\n\nR\n\nMain article\n\nExodus 20:1-17\n\nDeuteronomy 5:4-21\n\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n1\n\n—\n\n1\n\n—\n\n(1)\n\nI am the Lord thy God, which have brought thee out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage.\n\n2[10]\n\n6[10]\n\n\n1\n\n1\n\n1\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1\n\n1\n\n1\n\nThou shalt have no other gods before me\n\n3[11]\n\n7[11]\n\n\n2\n\n2\n\n1\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1\n\n1\n\n2\n\nThou shalt not make unto thee any graven image\n\n4–6[12]\n\n8–10[12]\n\n\n3\n\n3\n\n2\n\n3\n\n2\n\n2\n\n2\n\n3\n\nThou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain\n\n7[13]\n\n11[13]\n\n\n4\n\n4\n\n3\n\n4\n\n3\n\n3\n\n3\n\n4\n\nRemember the sabbath day, to keep it holy\n\n8–11[14]\n\n12–15[15]\n\n\n5\n\n5\n\n4\n\n5\n\n4\n\n4\n\n4\n\n5\n\nHonour thy father and thy mother\n\n12[16]\n\n16[17]\n\n\n6\n\n7\n\n5\n\n6\n\n5\n\n5\n\n5\n\n6\n\nThou shalt not kill\n\n13[18]\n\n17[18]\n\n\n7\n\n6\n\n6\n\n7\n\n6\n\n6\n\n6\n\n7\n\nThou shalt not commit adultery\n\n14[19]\n\n18[20]\n\n\n8\n\n8\n\n7\n\n8\n\n7\n\n7\n\n7\n\n8\n\nThou shalt not steal\n\n15[21]\n\n19[22]\n\n\n9\n\n9\n\n8\n\n9\n\n8\n\n8\n\n8\n\n9\n\nThou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour\n\n16[23]\n\n20[24]\n\n\n10\n\n10\n\n9\n\n10\n\n10\n\n10\n\n9\n\n10\n\nThou shalt not covet (neighbour's house)\n\n17a[25]\n\n21b[26]\n\n\n10\n\n10\n\n9\n\n10\n\n9\n\n9\n\n10\n\n10\n\nThou shalt not covet (neighbour's wife)\n\n17b[27]\n\n21a[28]\n\n\n10\n\n10\n\n9\n\n10\n\n10\n\n10\n\n10\n\n10\n\nThou shalt not covet (neighbour's slaves, animals, or anything else)\n\n17c[29]\n\n21c[30]\n\n\n—\n\n—\n\n10\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nYou shall set up these stones, which I command you today, on Mount Gerizim.\n\n14c[31][32]\n\n18c[33][34]\n"
] | [
"Exodus 20:1-17",
"Deuteronomy 5:4-21"
] |
1881743213940473816 | Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution | Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution - wikipedia Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book Pertinent part of the English Bill of Rights , December 1689 . The American Bill of Rights in the National Archives , March 1789 The Eighth Amendment ( Amendment VIII ) of the United States Constitution prohibits the federal government from imposing excessive bail , excessive fines , or cruel and unusual punishments . The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that this amendment 's Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause also applies to the states . The phrases in this amendment originated in the English Bill of Rights of 1689 . This amendment was adopted on December 15 , 1791 , along with the rest of the United States Bill of Rights . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Background 3 Excessive bail 4 Excessive fines 4.1 Waters - Pierce Oil Co. v. Texas 4.2 Browning - Ferris v. Kelco 4.3 United States v. Bajakajian 5 Cruel and unusual punishments 5.1 Punishments forbidden regardless of the crime 5.2 Punishments forbidden for certain crimes 5.2. 1 Death penalty for rape 5.3 Special procedures for death penalty cases 5.4 Punishments specifically allowed 5.5 Evolving standards of decency 5.6 Proportionality 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Text ( edit ) Excessive bail shall not be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . The hand - written copy of the proposed Bill of Rights , 1789 , cropped to just show the text that would later be ratified as the Eighth Amendment Background ( edit ) The Eighth Amendment was adopted , as part of the Bill of Rights , in 1791 . It is almost identical to a provision in the English Bill of Rights of 1689 , in which Parliament declared , `` as their ancestors in like cases have usually done ... that excessive bail ought not to be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . '' The provision was largely inspired by the case in England of Titus Oates who , after the ascension of King James II in 1685 , was tried for multiple acts of perjury which had caused many executions of people whom Oates had wrongly accused . Oates was sentenced to imprisonment including an annual ordeal of being taken out for two days pillory plus one day of whipping while tied to a moving cart . The Oates case eventually became a topic of the U.S. Supreme Court 's Eighth Amendment jurisprudence . The punishment of Oates involved ordinary penalties collectively imposed in a barbaric , excessive and bizarre manner . The reason why the judges in Oates ' perjury case were not allowed to impose the death penalty ( unlike in the cases of those whom Oates had falsely accused ) may be because such a punishment would have deterred even honest witnesses from testifying in later cases . England 's declaration against `` cruel and unusual punishments '' was approved by Parliament in February 1689 , and was read to King William III and his wife Queen Mary II on the following day . Members of Parliament then explained in August 1689 that `` the Commons had a particular regard ... when that Declaration was first made '' to punishments like the one that had been inflicted by the King 's Bench against Titus Oates . Parliament then enacted the English Bill of Rights into law in December 1689 . Members of parliament characterized the punishment in the Oates case as not just `` barbarous '' and `` inhuman '' but also `` extravagant '' and `` exorbitant '' . In England , the `` cruel and unusual punishments '' clause was a limitation on the discretion of judges , and required judges to adhere to precedent . According to the great treatise of the 1760s by William Blackstone entitled Commentaries on the Laws of England : ( H ) owever unlimited the power of the court may seem , it is far from being wholly arbitrary ; but its discretion is regulated by law . For the bill of rights has particularly declared , that excessive fines ought not to be imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted : ( which had a retrospect to some unprecedented proceedings in the court of king 's bench , in the reign of king James the second ) ... Virginia adopted this provision of the English Bill of Rights in the Virginia Declaration of Rights of 1776 , and the Virginia convention that ratified the U.S. Constitution recommended in 1788 that this language also be included in the Constitution . Virginians such as George Mason and Patrick Henry wanted to ensure that this restriction would also be applied as a limitation on Congress . Mason warned that , otherwise , Congress may `` inflict unusual and severe punishments . '' Henry emphasized that Congress should not be allowed to depart from precedent : What has distinguished our ancestors ? -- That they would not admit of tortures , or cruel and barbarous punishment . But Congress may introduce the practice of the civil law , in preference to that of the common law . They may introduce the practice of France , Spain , and Germany ... Ultimately , Henry and Mason prevailed , and the Eighth Amendment was adopted . James Madison changed `` ought '' to `` shall '' , when he proposed the amendment to Congress in 1789 . Excessive bail ( edit ) Main article : Excessive Bail Clause In England , sheriffs originally determined whether to grant bail to criminal suspects . Since they tended to abuse their power , Parliament passed a statute in 1275 whereby bailable and non-bailable offenses were defined . The King 's judges often subverted the provisions of the law . It was held that an individual may be held without bail upon the Sovereign 's command . Eventually , the Petition of Right of 1628 argued that the King did not have such authority . Later , technicalities in the law were exploited to keep the accused imprisoned without bail even where the offenses were bailable ; such loopholes were for the most part closed by the Habeas Corpus Act 1679 . Thereafter , judges were compelled to set bail , but they often required impracticable amounts . Finally , the English Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) held that `` excessive bail ought not to be required . '' Nevertheless , the Bill did not determine the distinction between bailable and non-bailable offenses . Thus , the Eighth Amendment has been interpreted to mean that bail may be denied if the charges are sufficiently serious . The Supreme Court has also permitted `` preventive '' detention without bail . In United States v. Salerno , 481 U.S. 739 ( 1987 ) , the Supreme Court held that the only limitation imposed by the bail clause is that `` the government 's proposed conditions of release or detention not be ' excessive ' in light of the perceived evil . '' In Stack v. Boyle , 342 U.S. 1 ( 1951 ) , the Supreme Court declared that a bail amount is `` excessive '' under the Eighth Amendment if it were `` a figure higher than is reasonably calculated '' to ensure the defendant 's appearance at trial . Excessive fines ( edit ) Waters - Pierce Oil Co. v. Texas ( edit ) In Waters - Pierce Oil Co. v. Texas , 212 U.S. 86 ( 1909 ) , the Supreme Court held that excessive fines are those which are `` so grossly excessive as to amount to a deprivation of property without due process of law . '' The Court wrote in its syllabus : The fixing of punishment for crime and penalties for unlawful acts is within the police power of the state , and this Court can not interfere with state legislation in fixing fines , or judicial action in imposing them , unless so grossly excessive as to amount to deprivation of property without due process of law . Where a state antitrust law fixed penalties at $5,000 a day , and , after verdict of guilty for over 300 days , a defendant corporation was fined over $1,600,000 , this Court will not hold that the fine is so excessive as to amount to deprivation of property without due process of law where it appears that the business was extensive and profitable during the period of violation , and that the corporation has over $40,000,000 of assets and has declared dividends amounting to several hundred percent The Court further stated in its opinion : ( I ) t is contended that the fines imposed are so excessive as to constitute a taking of the defendant 's property without due process of law . It is not contended in this connection that the prohibition of the Eighth Amendment to the federal Constitution against excessive fines operates to control the legislation of the states . The fixing of punishment for crime or penalties for unlawful acts against its laws is within the police power of the state . We can only interfere with such legislation and judicial action of the states enforcing it if the fines imposed are so grossly excessive as to amount to a deprivation of property without due process of law . In Waters - Pierce Oil Co. v. Texas the Supreme Court set up a standard for judging whether or not a fine is `` excessive . '' The standard set up is that a fine must not be `` so grossly excessive as to amount to deprivation of property without due process of law . '' In other words , the government must not be able to confiscate such a large amount of property without following an established set of rules created by the legislature . Browning - Ferris v. Kelco ( edit ) In Browning - Ferris Industries v. Kelco Disposal , 492 U.S. 257 ( 1989 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the Excessive Fines Clause does not apply `` when the government neither has prosecuted the action nor has any right to receive a share of the damages awarded . '' While punitive damages in civil cases are not covered by the Excessive Fines Clause , such damages were held to be covered by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment , notably in State Farm v. Campbell , 538 U.S. 408 ( 2003 ) . United States v. Bajakajian ( edit ) In United States v. Bajakajian , 524 U.S. 321 ( 1998 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that it was unconstitutional to confiscate $357,144 from Hosep Bajakajian who failed to report possession of over $10,000 while leaving the United States . In what was the first case in which the Supreme Court ruled a fine to violate the Excessive Fines Clause , the Court held that it was `` grossly disproportional '' to take all of the money which Mr. Bajakajian attempted to take out of the United States , in violation of a federal law that required him to report an amount in excess of $10,000 . In describing what constituted `` gross disproportionality , '' the Court could not find any guidance from the history of the Excessive Fines Clause and so relied on Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause case law : We must therefore rely on other considerations in deriving a constitutional excessiveness standard , and there are two that we find particularly relevant . The first , which we have emphasized in our cases interpreting the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause , is that judgments about the appropriate punishment for an offense belong in the first instance to the legislature . See , e.g. , Solem v. Helm , 463 U.S. 277 , 290 ( 1983 ) ( `` Reviewing courts ... should grant substantial deference to the broad authority that legislatures necessarily possess in determining the types and limits of punishments for crimes '' ) ; see also Gore v. United States , 357 U.S. 386 , 393 ( 1958 ) ( `` Whatever views may be entertained regarding severity of punishment , ... these are peculiarly questions of legislative policy '' ) . The second is that any judicial determination regarding the gravity of a particular criminal offense will be inherently imprecise . Both of these principles counsel against requiring strict proportionality between the amount of a punitive forfeiture and the gravity of a criminal offense , and we therefore adopt the standard of gross disproportionality articulated in our Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause precedents . See , e.g. , Solem v. Helm , supra , at 288 ; Rummel v. Estelle , 445 U.S. 263 , 271 ( 1980 ) . Thus the Court declared that , within the context of judicial deference to the legislature 's power to set punishments , a fine would not offend the Eighth Amendment unless it were `` grossly disproportional to the gravity of a defendant 's offense . '' Cruel and unusual punishments ( edit ) Main article : Cruel and unusual punishment According to the Supreme Court , the Eighth Amendment forbids some punishments entirely , and forbids some other punishments that are excessive when compared to the crime , or compared to the competence of the perpetrator . In Louisiana ex rel . Francis v. Resweber , 329 U.S. 459 ( 1947 ) , the Supreme Court assumed arguendo that the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause applied to the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . In Robinson v. California , 370 U.S. 660 ( 1962 ) , the Court ruled that it did apply to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment . Robinson was the first case in which the Supreme Court applied the Eighth Amendment against the state governments through the Fourteenth Amendment . Before Robinson , the Eighth Amendment had only been applied previously in cases against the federal government . Justice Potter Stewart 's opinion for the Robinson Court held that `` infliction of cruel and unusual punishment is in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments . '' The framers of the Fourteenth Amendment , such as John Bingham , had discussed this subject : Many instances of State injustice and oppression have already occurred in the State legislation of this Union , of flagrant violations of the guarantied privileges of citizens of the United States , for which the national Government furnished and could furnish by law no remedy whatever . Contrary to the express letter of your Constitution , `` cruel and unusual punishments '' have been inflicted under State laws within this Union upon citizens , not only for crimes committed , but for sacred duty done , for which and against which the Government of the United States had provided no remedy and could provide none . In Furman v. Georgia , 408 U.S. 238 ( 1972 ) , Justice Brennan wrote , `` There are , then , four principles by which we may determine whether a particular punishment is ' cruel and unusual ' . '' The `` essential predicate '' is `` that a punishment must not by its severity be degrading to human dignity , '' especially torture . `` A severe punishment that is obviously inflicted in wholly arbitrary fashion . '' `` A severe punishment that is clearly and totally rejected throughout society . '' `` A severe punishment that is patently unnecessary . '' Justice Brennan also wrote that he expected no state would pass a law obviously violating any one of these principles , so court decisions regarding the Eighth Amendment would involve a `` cumulative '' analysis of the implication of each of the four principles . In this way , the United States Supreme Court `` set the standard that a punishment would be cruel and unusual ( if ) it was too severe for the crime , ( if ) it was arbitrary , if it offended society 's sense of justice , or if it was not more effective than a less severe penalty . '' Punishments forbidden regardless of the crime ( edit ) In Wilkerson v. Utah , 99 U.S. 130 ( 1878 ) , the Supreme Court commented that drawing and quartering , public dissection , burning alive , or disembowelment constituted cruel and unusual punishment . In Thompson v. Oklahoma , 487 U.S. 815 ( 1988 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty constituted cruel and unusual punishment if the defendant is under age 16 when the crime was committed . Furthermore , in Roper v. Simmons , 543 U.S. 551 ( 2005 ) , the Court barred the executing of people who were under age 18 when the crime was committed . In Atkins v. Virginia , 536 U.S. 304 ( 2002 ) , the Court declared that executing people who are mentally handicapped constituted cruel and unusual punishment . Punishments forbidden for certain crimes ( edit ) The case of Weems v. United States , 217 U.S. 349 ( 1910 ) , marked the first time that the Supreme Court exercised judicial review to overturn a criminal sentence as cruel and unusual . The Court overturned a punishment called cadena temporal , which mandated `` hard and painful labor , '' shackling for the duration of incarceration , and permanent civil disabilities . This case is often viewed as establishing a principle of proportionality under the Eighth Amendment . However , others have written that `` it is hard to view Weems as announcing a constitutional requirement of proportionality . '' In Trop v. Dulles , 356 U.S. 86 ( 1958 ) , the Supreme Court held that punishing a natural - born citizen for a crime by revoking his citizenship is unconstitutional , being `` more primitive than torture '' because it involved the `` total destruction of the individual 's status in organized society . '' In Robinson v. California , 370 U.S. 660 ( 1962 ) , the Court decided that a California law authorizing a 90 - day jail sentence for `` be ( ing ) addicted to the use of narcotics '' violated the Eighth Amendment , as narcotics addiction `` is apparently an illness , '' and California was attempting to punish people based on the state of this illness , rather than for any specific act . The Court wrote : `` To be sure , imprisonment for ninety days is not , in the abstract , a punishment which is either cruel or unusual . But the question can not be considered in the abstract . Even one day in prison would be a cruel and unusual punishment for the ' crime ' of having a common cold . '' However , in Powell v. Texas , 392 U.S. 514 ( 1968 ) , the Court upheld a statute barring public intoxication by distinguishing Robinson on the basis that Powell dealt with a person who was drunk in public , not merely for being addicted to alcohol . Traditionally , the length of a prison sentence was not subject to scrutiny under the Eighth Amendment , regardless of the crime for which the sentence was imposed . It was not until the case of Solem v. Helm , 463 U.S. 277 ( 1983 ) , that the Supreme Court held that incarceration , standing alone , could constitute cruel and unusual punishment if it were `` disproportionate '' in duration to the offense . The Court outlined three factors that were to be considered in determining if the sentence is excessive : `` ( i ) the gravity of the offense and the harshness of the penalty ; ( ii ) the sentences imposed on other criminals in the same jurisdiction ; and ( iii ) the sentences imposed for commission of the same crime in other jurisdictions . '' The Court held that in the circumstances of the case before it and the factors to be considered , a sentence of life imprisonment without parole for cashing a $100 check on a closed account was cruel and unusual . However , in Harmelin v. Michigan , 501 U.S. 957 ( 1991 ) , a fractured Court retreated from the Solem test and held that for non-capital sentences , the Eighth Amendment only constrains the length of prison terms by a `` gross disproportionality principle . '' Under this principle , the Court sustained a mandatory sentence of life without parole imposed for possession of 672 grams ( 1.5 pounds ) or more of cocaine . The Court acknowledged that a punishment could be cruel but not unusual , and therefore not prohibited by the Constitution . Additionally , in Harmelin , Justice Scalia , joined by Chief Justice Rehnquist , said `` the Eighth Amendment contains no proportionality guarantee , '' and that `` what was ' cruel and unusual ' under the Eighth Amendment was to be determined without reference to the particular offense . '' Scalia wrote `` If ' cruel and unusual punishments ' included disproportionate punishments , the separate prohibition of disproportionate fines ( which are certainly punishments ) would have been entirely superfluous . '' Moreover , `` There is little doubt that those who framed , proposed , and ratified the Bill of Rights were aware of such provisions ( outlawing disproportional punishments ) , yet chose not to replicate them . '' In Graham v. Florida , 560 U.S. 48 ( 2010 ) , the Supreme Court declared that a life sentence without any chance of parole , for a crime other than murder , is cruel and unusual punishment for a minor . Two years later , in Miller v. Alabama , 567 U.S. ___ ( 2012 ) , the Court went further , holding that mandatory life sentences without parole can not be imposed on minors , even for homicide . Death penalty for rape ( edit ) In Coker v. Georgia , 433 U.S. 584 ( 1977 ) , the Court declared that the death penalty was unconstitutionally excessive for rape of a woman and , by implication , for any crime where a death does not occur . The majority in Coker stated that `` death is indeed a disproportionate penalty for the crime of raping an adult woman . '' The dissent countered that the majority `` takes too little account of the profound suffering the crime imposes upon the victims and their loved ones . '' The dissent also characterized the majority as `` myopic '' for only considering legal history of `` the past five years '' . In Kennedy v. Louisiana , 554 U.S. 407 ( 2008 ) , the Court extended the reasoning of Coker by ruling that the death penalty was excessive for child rape `` where the victim 's life was not taken . '' The Supreme Court failed to note a federal law , which applies to military court - martial proceedings , providing for the death penalty in cases of child rape . On October 1 , 2008 , the Court declined to reconsider its opinion in this case , but did amend the majority and dissenting opinions in order to acknowledge that federal law . Justice Scalia ( joined by Chief Justice Roberts ) wrote in dissent that `` the proposed Eighth Amendment would have been laughed to scorn if it had read ' no criminal penalty shall be imposed which the Supreme Court deems unacceptable . ' '' Special procedures for death penalty cases ( edit ) The first significant general challenge to capital punishment that reached the Supreme Court was the case of Furman v. Georgia , 408 U.S. 238 ( 1972 ) . In a 5 -- 4 decision , the Supreme Court overturned the death sentences of Furman for murder , as well as two other defendants for rape . Of the five justices voting to overturn the death penalty , two found capital punishment to be unconstitutionally cruel and unusual , while three found that the statutes at issue were implemented in a random and capricious fashion , discriminating against blacks and the poor . Furman v. Georgia did not hold -- even though it is sometimes claimed that it did -- that capital punishment is per se unconstitutional . States with capital punishment rewrote their laws to address the Supreme Court 's decision , and the Court then revisited the issue in a murder case : Gregg v. Georgia , 428 U.S. 153 ( 1976 ) . In Gregg , the Court found , in a 7 -- 2 ruling , that Georgia 's new death penalty laws passed Eighth Amendment scrutiny : the statutes provided a bifurcated trial in which guilt and sentence were determined separately ; and , the statutes provided for `` specific jury findings '' followed by state supreme court review comparing each death sentence `` with the sentences imposed on similarly situated defendants to ensure that the sentence of death in a particular case is not disproportionate . '' Because of the Gregg decision , executions resumed in 1977 . Some states have passed laws imposing mandatory death penalties in certain cases . The Supreme Court found these laws to be unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment , in the murder case of Woodson v. North Carolina , 428 U.S. 280 ( 1976 ) , because these laws remove discretion from the trial judge to make an individualized determination in each case . Other statutes specifying factors for courts to use in making their decisions have been upheld . Some have not : in Godfrey v. Georgia , 446 U.S. 420 ( 1980 ) , the Supreme Court overturned a sentence based upon a finding that a murder was `` outrageously or wantonly vile , horrible , and inhuman , '' as it deemed that any murder may be reasonably characterized in this manner . Similarly , in Maynard v. Cartwright , 486 U.S. 356 ( 1988 ) , the Court found that an `` especially heinous , atrocious or cruel '' standard in a homicide case was too vague . However , the meaning of this language depends on how lower courts interpret it . In Walton v. Arizona , 497 U.S. 639 ( 1990 ) , the Court found that the phrase `` especially heinous , cruel , or depraved '' was not vague in a murder case , because the state supreme court had expounded on its meaning . The Court has generally held that death penalty cases require extra procedural protections . As the Court said in Herrera v. Collins , 506 U.S. 390 ( 1993 ) , which involved the murder of a police officer , `` the Eighth Amendment requires increased reliability of the process ... '' Punishments specifically allowed ( edit ) In Wilkerson v. Utah , 99 U.S. 130 ( 1878 ) , the Court stated that death by firing squad was not cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment . In Rummel v. Estelle , 445 U.S. 263 ( 1980 ) , the Court upheld a life sentence with the possibility of parole imposed per Texas 's three strikes law for fraud crimes totaling $230 . A few months after pleading guilty Rummel was released . In Harmelin v. Michigan , 501 U.S. 957 ( 1991 ) , the Court upheld a life sentence without the possibility of parole for possession of 672 grams ( 1.5 pounds ) of cocaine . In Lockyer v. Andrade , 538 U.S. 63 ( 2003 ) , the Court upheld a 50 years to life sentence with the possibility of parole imposed under California 's three strikes law when the defendant was convicted of shoplifting videotapes worth a total of about $150 . Evolving standards of decency ( edit ) In Trop v. Dulles , 356 U.S. 86 ( 1958 ) , Chief Justice Earl Warren said : `` The ( Eighth ) Amendment must draw its meaning from the evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society . '' Subsequently , the Court has looked to societal developments , as well as looking to its own independent judgment , in determining what are those `` evolving standards of decency '' . Originalists like Justice Antonin Scalia argue that societies may rot instead of maturing , and may decrease in virtue or wisdom instead of increasing . Thus , they say , the framers wanted the amendment to be understood as it was written and ratified , instead of morphing as times change , and in any event legislators are more competent than judges to take the pulse of the public as to changing standards of decency . The `` evolving standards '' test is not without its scholarly critics as well . For example , Professor John Stinneford asserts that the `` evolving standards '' test misinterprets the Eighth Amendment : The Framers of the Bill of Rights understood the word `` unusual '' to mean `` contrary to long usage . '' Recognition of the word 's original meaning will precisely invert the `` evolving standards of decency '' test , and ask the Court to compare challenged punishments with the longstanding principles and precedents of the common law , rather than shifting and nebulous notions of `` societal consensus '' and contemporary `` standards of decency . '' On the other hand , Professor Dennis Baker defends the evolving standards of decency test as advancing the moral purpose of the Eighth Amendment to ban all forms of unjust punishment . Proportionality ( edit ) The Court has applied evolving standards not only to say what punishments are inherently cruel , but also to say what punishments that are not inherently cruel are nevertheless `` grossly disproportionate '' to the offense in question . An example can be seen in Jackson v. Bishop ( 8th Cir. , 1968 ) , an Eighth Circuit decision outlawing corporal punishment in the Arkansas prison system : `` The scope of the Amendment is not static ... ( D ) isproportion , both among punishments and between punishment and crime , is a factor to be considered ... '' Professor Stinneford asserts that the Eighth Amendment forbids punishments that are very disproportionate to the offense , even if the punishment by itself is not intrinsically barbaric , but Stinneford argues that `` proportionality is to be measured primarily in terms of prior practice '' according to the word `` unusual '' in the amendment , instead of being measured according to shifting and nebulous evolving standards . Similarly , Professor John Bessler points to `` An Essay on Crimes and Punishments , '' written by Cesare Beccaria in the 1760s , which advocated proportionate punishments ; many of the Founding Fathers , including Thomas Jefferson and James Madison , read Beccaria 's treatise and were influenced by it . Thus , Stinneford and Bessler disagree with the view of Justice Scalia , joined by Chief Justice Rehnquist , in Harmelin v. Michigan where they denied that the Punishments Clause contains any proportionality principle . With Scalia and Rehnquist , Richard Epstein argues that the amendment does not refer broadly to the imposition of penalties , but rather refers more narrowly to the penalties themselves ; Epstein says that judges who favor the broad view tend to omit the letter `` s '' at the end of the word `` punishments '' . See also ( edit ) United States constitutional criminal procedure Capital punishment in the United States Crime against humanity Medical care and safety of inmates Healthcare in American women 's prisons Michelle Kosilek Estelle v. Gamble ( 1976 ) Helling v. McKinney ( 1993 ) Farmer v. Brennan ( 1994 ) Prisoner abuse in the United States Infectious diseases within American prisons References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bill of Rights : Primary Documents of American History '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ United States Government Printing Office . `` EIGHTH AMENDMENT -- -- FURTHER GUARANTEES IN CRIMINAL CASES -- -- CONTENTS '' ( PDF ) . gpo.gov . Jump up ^ `` English Bill of Rights 1689 '' . Jump up ^ See Harmelin v. Michigan , 501 U.S. 957 ( 1991 ) ; Ingraham v. Wright , 430 U.S. 651 ( 1977 ) ; Furman v. Georgia , 408 U.S. 238 ( 1972 ) ; and Weems v. United States , 217 U.S. 349 ( 1910 ) Jump up ^ Bartee , Alice . Litigating Morality , page 114 ( Greenwood Publishing Group 1992 ) . Jump up ^ Chitty , Joseph . A Practical Treatise on the Criminal Law , page 293 ( Edward Earle 1819 ) . A judge in the Oates case said : `` Crimes of this nature are left to be punished according to the Discretion of this Court , so far as that the Judgment extend not to Life or Member . '' See Harmelin v Michigan 501 U.S. 957 ( 1991 ) . ^ Jump up to : Claus , Laurence . `` The Anti-Discrimination Eighth Amendment '' , Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy , Vol. 28 ( 2004 ) ^ Jump up to : John F. Stinneford , `` Rethinking Proportionality under the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause , '' 97 Virginia Law Review 899 , 926 -- 61 ( 2011 ) . Stinneford writes ( emphasis added ) : ( E ) ven if one stacked up all of Oates 's punishments together -- the fine , the whippings , the imprisonment , the pillorying , and the defrockment -- their cumulative effect was less harsh as an absolute matter than some punishments considered acceptable at the time , such as drawing and quartering or burning at the stake . If the punishments inflicted on Oates were unacceptably cruel , this could only be because they were disproportionate to the crime of perjury . But , says Stinneford , punishment is unacceptable only if it is `` both cruel and ' contrary to long usage ' '' . Id . at 977 ( emphasis added ) . Jump up ^ Blackstone , William . Commentaries ( 1769 ) ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Bernard . The Great Rights of Mankind : A History of the American Bill of Rights , page 170 ( Rowman & Littlefield 1992 ) . Jump up ^ Patterson , John . The Bill of Rights : Politics , Religion , and the Quest for Justice , page 84 ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ `` Debate in Virginia Ratifying Convention '' ( June 16 , 1788 ) , in The Founders ' Constitution ^ Jump up to : David F. Forte . `` The Heritage Guide to the Constitution : Cruel and Unusual Punishment '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 8th Amendment Court Cases '' . Revolutionary War and Beyond . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` More on Large Civil Fines for Minor Violations '' . News. FindLaw . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ 18 U.S.C. § 982 Jump up ^ Soloman , Matthew C. ( February 1999 ) . `` The perils of minimalism : United States v. Bajakajian in the wake of the Supreme Court 's civil double jeopardy excursion '' . Georgetown Law Journal . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Federman , Cary . The Body and the State : Habeas Corpus and American Jurisprudence , page 99 ( SUNY Press 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Congressional Globe , 39th Cong. , 1st Sess. , 2542 ( 1866 ) quoted in Furman v. Georgia , 408 U.S. 238 ( 1972 ) ( concurring opinion of Justice Douglas ) . The same words of John Bingham had been quoted in Justice Black 's dissent in Adamson v. California , 332 U.S. 46 ( 1947 ) ; Black and three other dissenting justices had unsuccessfully urged in Adamson that the Eighth Amendment and the rest of the Bill of Rights be applied against the states . Jump up ^ the International Justice Project . `` Seminal Cases -- Brief Bank & General Resources -- the International Justice Project '' . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2003 . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , at 135 -- 136 . Jump up ^ Melusky , Anthony and Pesto , Keith . Cruel and Unusual Punishment : Rights and Liberties Under the Law , page 87 ( ABC - CLIO 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Finkel , Norman . Commonsense Justice : Jurors ' Notions of the Law , page 138 ( Harvard University Press 2001 ) . Jump up ^ The quoted sentence is from the opinion of Justice Scalia , joined by Chief Justice Rehnquist , in the later case of Harmelin v. Michigan , 501 U.S. 957 ( 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Dressler , Joshua ( 2009 ) . `` 9.04 ( B ) '' . Understanding Criminal Law ( Fifth ed . ) . LexisNexis . p. 98 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4224 - 2987 - 7 . Jump up ^ Miller , Wilbur . The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America , p. 416 ( SAGE 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Ryan , Meghan . `` Does the Eighth Amendment Punishments Clause Prohibit Only Punishments that Are Both Cruel and Unusual ? Archived December 19 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . '' , Washington University Law Review , Volume 87 , p. 567 ( 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Denniston , Lyle ( May 17 , 2010 ) . `` Analysis : A limited break for juveniles '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved May 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mauro , Tony ; Coyle , Marcia ( May 17 , 2010 ) . `` Justices rule on prison time for juveniles , sex offenders '' . The National Law Journal . Retrieved May 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Miller v. Alabama , 567 U.S. ___ ( 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda . `` Supreme Court Rejects Death Penalty for Child Rape '' , New York Times ( June 6 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Linda Greenhouse ( July 2 , 2008 ) . `` In Court Ruling on Executions , a Factual Flaw '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Statement of Justice Scalia with whom the Chief Justice joins , respecting the denial of rehearing ( October 1 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Million , Joelle . Racial Issues in Criminal Justice : The Case of African Americans , page 180 ( Greenwood 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Palmer , Louis . The Death Penalty : An American Citizen 's Guide to Understanding Federal and State Laws , page 14 ( McFarland 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Walton was overruled on other grounds by Ring v. Arizona , 536 U.S. 584 ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ `` SOLEM v. HELM '' . Findlaw . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy v. Louisiana , 554 U.S. ____ ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Roberts , Jane . `` Scalia Defends U.S. Judiciary '' Archived December 19 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , Scripps Howard News Service ( December 18 , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Stinneford , John . `` The Original Meaning of ' Unusual ' : The Eighth Amendment as a Bar to Cruel Innovation '' , Northwestern University Law Review , Vol. 102 , No. 4 ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ `` Constitutionalizing the Harm Principle '' . SSRN 1300356 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jackson v. Bishop , 404 F. 2d 571 - Court of Appeals , 8th Circuit 1968 . Jump up ^ Bessler , John D. `` Revisiting Beccaria 's Vision : The Enlightenment , America 's Death Penalty , and the Abolition Movement '' , Northwestern Journal of Law & Social Policy , Volume 4 , Issue 2 , Article 1 ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ John D. Bessler , The Birth of American Law : An Italian Philosopher and the American Revolution ( Durham , NC : Carolina Academic Press ) Jump up ^ Harmelin v. Michigan , 501 U.S. 957 ( 1991 ) . Scalia wrote : `` If ' cruel and unusual punishments ' included disproportionate punishments , the separate prohibition of disproportionate fines ( which are certainly punishments ) would have been entirely superfluous . '' Moreover , `` There is little doubt that those who framed , proposed , and ratified the Bill of Rights were aware of such provisions ( outlawing disproportional punishments ) , yet chose not to replicate them . '' Jump up ^ Epstein , Richard . `` The Constitution 's Vanishing Act '' , Defining Ideas ( December 16 , 2013 ) . External links ( edit ) Original Meaning : Cruel and Unusual Punishments -- LOC Historian PA Madison ( hide ) United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book VIAF : 183578748 LCCN : n97009330 GND : 1029844879 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eighth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=824828997 '' Categories : 1791 in American law Amendments to the United States Constitution United States criminal constitutional law 1791 in American politics Bail Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Pages using web citations with no URL Use mdy dates from February 2013 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Беларуская Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 February 2018 , at 19 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when may a non-capital sentence be considered to violate the 8th amendment | [
"According to the Supreme Court, the Eighth Amendment forbids some punishments entirely, and forbids some other punishments that are excessive when compared to the crime, or compared to the competence of the perpetrator."
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"excessive when compared to the crime, or compared to the competence of the perpetrator."
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719163546534220724 | Religious Freedom Restoration Act | Religious Freedom Restoration Act - wikipedia Religious Freedom Restoration Act Jump to : navigation , search For state versions of the RFRA , see State Religious Freedom Restoration Acts . For the Indiana legislation , see Indiana SB 101 . Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 Long title An Act to protect the free exercise of religion . Acronyms ( colloquial ) RFRA Enacted by the 103rd United States Congress Effective November 16 , 1993 Citations Public law 103 - 141 Statutes at Large 107 Stat. 1488 Codification Titles amended 42 U.S.C. : Public Health and Social Welfare U.S.C. sections created 42 U.S.C. ch . 21B § 2000bb et seq . Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.R. 1308 by Chuck Schumer ( D - NY ) on March 11 , 1993 Committee consideration by House Judiciary , Senate Judiciary Passed the House on May 11 , 1993 ( passed voice vote ) Passed the Senate on October 27 , 1993 ( 97 - 3 , Roll call vote 331 , via Senate.gov , in lieu of S. 578 ) with amendment House agreed to Senate amendment on November 3 , 1993 ( without objection ) Signed into law by President William J. Clinton on November 16 , 1993 United States Supreme Court cases City of Boerne v. Flores Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Zubik v. Burwell The Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 , Pub . L. No. 103 - 141 , 107 Stat. 1488 ( November 16 , 1993 ) , codified at 42 U.S.C. § 2000bb through 42 U.S.C. § 2000bb - 4 ( also known as RFRA ) , is a 1993 United States federal law that `` ensures that interests in religious freedom are protected . '' The bill was introduced by Congressman Chuck Schumer ( D - NY ) on March 11 , 1993 . A companion bill was introduced in the Senate by Ted Kennedy ( D - MA ) the same day . A unanimous U.S. House and a nearly unanimous U.S. Senate -- three senators voted against passage -- passed the bill , and President Bill Clinton signed it into law . RFRA was held unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court , as applied to the states in the City of Boerne v. Flores decision in 1997 , which ruled that the RFRA is not a proper exercise of Congress 's enforcement power . However , it continues to be applied to the federal government -- for instance , in Gonzales v. O Centro Espirita Beneficente Uniao do Vegetal and Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores , Inc ... These cases did not consider whether Congress was violating the Anti-Establishment Clause if it carves out exemptions based on religious laws from federal laws and regulations that it itself has authorized . In response to City of Boerne v. Flores and other related RFR issues , twenty individual states have passed State Religious Freedom Restoration Acts that apply to state governments and local municipalities . Contents ( hide ) 1 Provisions 2 Background and passage 2.1 Applicability 3 Challenges and weaknesses 4 Applications and effects 5 20th anniversary 6 See also 7 Notes and references 8 External links Provisions ( edit ) This law reinstated the Sherbert Test , which was set forth by Sherbert v. Verner , and Wisconsin v. Yoder , mandating that strict scrutiny be used when determining whether the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution , guaranteeing religious freedom , has been violated . In the Religious Freedom Restoration Act , Congress states in its findings that a religiously neutral law can burden a religion just as much as one that was intended to interfere with religion ; therefore the Act states that the `` Government shall not substantially burden a person 's exercise of religion even if the burden results from a rule of general applicability . '' The law provided an exception if two conditions are both met . First , the burden must be necessary for the `` furtherance of a compelling government interest . '' Under strict scrutiny , a government interest is compelling when it is more than routine and does more than simply improve government efficiency . A compelling interest relates directly with core constitutional issues . The second condition is that the rule must be the least restrictive way in which to further the government interest . Background and passage ( edit ) See also : American Indian Religious Freedom Act and Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act This tipi is used for Peyote ceremonies in the Native American Church , one of the main religions affected by the Religious Freedom Restoration Act The Religious Freedom Restoration Act applies to all religions , but is most pertinent to Native American religions that are burdened by increasing expansion of government projects onto sacred land . In Native American religion the land they worship on is very important . Often the particular ceremonies can only take place in certain locations because these locations have special significance . This , along with peyote use , are the main parts of Native American religions that are often left unprotected . The Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment states that Congress shall not pass laws prohibiting the free exercise of religion . In the 1960s , the Supreme Court interpreted this as banning laws that burdened a person 's exercise of religion ( e.g. Sherbert v. Verner , 374 U.S. 398 ( 1963 ) ; Wisconsin v. Yoder , 406 U.S. 205 ( 1972 ) ) . But in the 1980s the Court began to allow legislation that incidentally prohibited religiously mandatory activities as long as the ban was `` generally applicable '' to all citizens . Also , the American Indian Religious Freedom Act , intended to protect the freedoms of tribal religions , was lacking enforcement . This led to the key cases leading up to the RFRA , which were Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association , 485 U.S. 439 ( 1988 ) , and Employment Division v. Smith , 494 U.S. 872 ( 1990 ) . In Lyng , the Court was unfavorable to sacred land rights . Members of the Yurok , Tolowa and Karok tribes tried to use the First Amendment to prevent a road from being built by the U.S. Forest Service through sacred land . The land that the road would go through consisted of gathering sites for natural resources used in ceremonies and praying sites . The Supreme Court ruled that this was not an adequate legal burden because the government was not coercing or punishing them for their religious beliefs . In Smith the Court upheld the state of Oregon 's refusal to give unemployment benefits to two Native Americans fired from their jobs at a rehab clinic after testing positive for mescaline , the main psychoactive compound in the peyote cactus , which they used in a religious ceremony . Peyote use has been a common practice in Native American tribes for centuries . It was integrated with Christianity into what is now known as the Native American Church . The Smith decision outraged the public . Many groups came together . Both liberal ( like the American Civil Liberties Union ) and conservative groups ( like the Traditional Values Coalition ) as well as other groups such as the Christian Legal Society , the American Jewish Congress , the Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty , and the National Association of Evangelicals joined forces to support RFRA , which would reinstate the Sherbert Test , overturning laws if they burden a religion . The act , which was Congress 's reaction to the Lyng and Smith cases , passed the House unanimously and the Senate 97 to 3 and was signed by U.S. President Bill Clinton . Applicability ( edit ) The RFRA applies `` to all Federal law , and the implementation of that law , whether statutory or otherwise '' , including any Federal statutory law adopted after the RFRA 's date of signing `` unless such law explicitly excludes such application . '' Challenges and weaknesses ( edit ) The Peyote cactus , the source of the mescaline used by Native Americans in religious ceremonies . In 1997 , part of this act was overturned by the United States Supreme Court . The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Antonio wanted to enlarge a church in Boerne , Texas . But a Boerne ordinance protected the building as a historic landmark and did not permit it to be torn down . The church sued , citing RFRA , and in the resulting case , City of Boerne v. Flores , 521 U.S. 507 ( 1997 ) , the Supreme Court struck down the RFRA with respect to its applicability to States ( but not Federally ) , stating that Congress had stepped beyond their power of enforcement provided in the Fourteenth Amendment . In response to the Boerne ruling , Congress passed the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act ( RLUIPA ) in 2000 , which grants special privileges to religious land owners . A number of states have passed state RFRAs , applying the rule to the laws of their own state , but the Smith case remains the authority in these matters in many states . The constitutionality of RFRA as applied to the federal government was confirmed on February 21 , 2006 , as the Supreme Court ruled against the government in Gonzales v. O Centro Espirita Beneficente Uniao do Vegetal , 546 U.S. 418 ( 2006 ) , which involved the use of an otherwise illegal substance in a religious ceremony , stating that the federal government must show a compelling state interest in restricting religious conduct . Post-Smith , many members of the Native American Church still had issues using peyote in their ceremonies . This led to the Religious Freedom Act Amendments in 1994 , which state , `` the use , possession , or transportation of peyote by an Indian for bona fide traditional ceremony purposes in connection with the practice of a traditional Indian religion is lawful , and shall not be prohibited by the United States or any state . No Indian shall be penalized or discriminated against on the basis of such use , possession or transportation . '' Applications and effects ( edit ) The Religious Freedom Restoration Act holds the federal government responsible for accepting additional obligations to protect religious exercise . In O'Bryan v. Bureau of Prisons it was found that the RFRA governs the actions of federal officers and agencies and that the RFRA can be applied to `` internal operations of the federal government . '' RFRA , in conjunction with President Bill Clinton 's Executive Order in 1996 , provided more security for sacred sites for Native American religious rites . As of 1996 , the year before the RFRA was found unconstitutional as applied to states , 337 cases had cited RFRA in its three - year time range . It was also found that Jewish , Muslim , and Native American religions , which make up only three percent of religious membership in the U.S. , make up 18 percent of the cases involving the free exercise of religion . The Religious Freedom Restoration Act was a cornerstone for tribes challenging the National Forest Service 's plans to permit upgrades to Snow Bowl Ski Resort . Six tribes were involved , including the Navajo , Hopi , Havasupai , and Hualapai . The tribes objected on religious grounds to the plans to use reclaimed water . They felt that this risked infecting the tribal members with `` ghost sickness '' as the water would be from mortuaries and hospitals . They also felt that the reclaimed water would contaminate the plant life used in ceremonies . In August 2008 , the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals rejected their RFRA claim . In the case of Adams v. Commissioner , the United States Tax Court rejected the argument of Priscilla M. Lippincott Adams , who was a devout Quaker . She tried to argue that under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 , she was exempt from federal income taxes . The U.S. Tax Court rejected her argument and ruled that she was not exempt . The Court stated : `` ... while petitioner 's religious beliefs are substantially burdened by payment of taxes that fund military expenditures , the Supreme Court has established that uniform , mandatory participation in the Federal income tax system , irrespective of religious belief , is a compelling governmental interest . '' In the case of Miller v. Commissioner , the taxpayers objected to the use of social security numbers , arguing that such numbers related to the `` mark of the beast '' from the Bible . In its decision , the U.S. Court discussed the applicability of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 , but ruled against the taxpayers . In Navajo Nation v. United States Forest Service , the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held that the use of recycled sewage water in order to manufacture artificial snow in the San Francisco Peaks was not a `` substantial burden '' on the religious freedom of Native Americans . The RFRA figured prominently in oral arguments in the case , Burwell v. Hobby Lobby , heard by the Supreme Court on March 25 , 2014 . In a 5 - 4 decision , Justice Alito declared that nothing about the language of RFRA or the manner in which Congress passed it implied the statutory protections conferred therein were confined solely within the bounds of First Amendment case law as it existed pre-Smith . 20th anniversary ( edit ) A day - long symposium was held at the Newseum in Washington , D.C. , on Nov. 7 , 2013 , to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act . `` Restored or Endangered ? The State of the Free Exercise of Religion in America '' featured three panel discussions and two keynote addresses . The first keynote address was from Oliver S. Thomas , the former general counsel of the Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty and the chair of the diverse `` Coalition for the Free Exercise of Religion '' in the 1990s that worked for the passage of RFRA . The second was from Douglas Laycock , who was an author of RFRA . His address traced the legal history of RFRA and discussed its impact on current debates , including the contraception mandate and same - sex marriage laws . The panel discussions covered the history and impact of RFRA , religious freedom and the contraceptive mandate of the Affordable Care Act , and current and future challenges to the free exercise of religion in a diverse society . The addresses and panel discussions are all available online , as well as a special downloadable resource with more on RFRA , published by the Baptist Joint Committee . See also ( edit ) Freedom of religion in the United States War on Drugs Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/13pdf/13-354_olp1.pdf Jump up ^ `` 1A . What Is the Religious Freedom Restoration Act ? '' . The Volokh Conspiracy . Jump up ^ `` State Religious Freedom Acts '' . National Conference of State Legislatures . Jump up ^ Religious Freedom Restoration Act full text at http://www.prop1.org/rainbow/rfra.htm ^ Jump up to : Utter , Jack ( 2001 ) . American Indians : Answers to Today 's Questions . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 159 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3309 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ross , Susan ( 2004 ) . Deciding communication law : key cases in context . New Jersey : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . ISBN 0 - 8058 - 4698 - 0 . Jump up ^ Waldman , Carl ( 2009 ) . Atlas of the North American Indian . New York : Checkmark Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 6859 - 3 . Jump up ^ Duthu , Bruce N. ( 2009 ) . American Indians and the Law . London : Penguin Books . pp. 111 -- 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 311478 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kuhn , Cynthia ; Swartzwelder , Scott ; Wilson , Wilkie ( 2008 ) . Buzzed : The straight facts about the most used and abused drugs from alcohol to ecstasy . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 32985 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Nussbaum , Martha ( 2008 ) . Liberty of Conscience : in defense of America 's tradition of religious equality . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 05164 - 9 . Jump up ^ 42 U.S. Code § 2000bb -- 3 Applicability Jump up ^ Hamilton , Marci ( 2005 ) . God vs. the gavel : religion and the rule of law . Cambridge , NY : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85304 - 0 . Jump up ^ Canby , William C. ( 2004 ) . American Indian Law . St. Paul : West Publishing . p. 344 . ISBN 0 - 314 - 14640 - 7 . Jump up ^ When the US Supreme Court , in its judgment of 21 February 2006 on the case Gonzales v . O Centro Espirita Beneficiente Uniao do Vegetal ( no . 04 - 1084 ) , held that the sacramental use of hoasca ( a tea leaf containing hallucinogen ) can not be inhibited to believers of that confession , it did so under clause general contained in the religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 , which leaves it to the judge to decide if there is a burden unfairly overloaded by the government on the free exercise of the religion of its citizens : Buonomo , Giampiero ( 2007 ) . `` Riconoscimento della natura religiosa delle associazioni : il caso ( negativo , quanto controverso ) dei Rosacroce '' . Diritto&Giustizia edizione online . -- via Questia ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Sisk , Gregory ( 2006 ) . Litigation with the federal government . American Law Institute . ISBN 0 - 8318 - 0865 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Richardson , James ( 2004 ) . Regulating religion : case studies from around the globe . New York : Kluwer Academic . ISBN 0 - 306 - 47886 - 2 . Jump up ^ 535 F. 3d 1058 Jump up ^ RFRA Land Use Challenges After Navajo Nation v. U.S. Parks Service , University of Houston Law Center . Jump up ^ See Adams v. Commissioner , 110 T.C. 137 ( 1998 ) , at ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ See Miller v. Commissioner , 114 T.C. 511 ( 2000 ) , at ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Navajo Nation v. United States Forest Service , 535 F. 3d 1058 ( 9th Cir. 2008 ) . Jump up ^ https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/13-354_5436.pdf Jump up ^ See Burwell v. Hobby Lobby , 114 T.C. 511 ( 2014 ) , at ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Religious Freedom Restoration Act : '' . Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty . External links ( edit ) Text of the statute Unconstitutional Restoration - A Princeton Law Journal article on the history , interpretation , and status of the Act . RFRAs And Public Policy RFRA history and resources from the Baptist Joint Committee Baptist Joint Committee page dedicated to Newseum symposium Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_Freedom_Restoration_Act&oldid=804226748 '' Categories : 1993 in law United States federal legislation Freedom of religion in the United States 1993 in religion United States legislation about religion Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2013 Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 16 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | in 1993 the congress passed the religious freedom restoration act which said | [
"The Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993, Pub. L. No. 103-141, 107 Stat. 1488 (November 16, 1993), codified at 42 U.S.C. § 2000bb through 42 U.S.C. § 2000bb-4 (also known as RFRA), is a 1993 United States federal law that \"ensures that interests in religious freedom are protected.\"[1] The bill was introduced by Congressman Chuck Schumer (D-NY) on March 11, 1993. A companion bill was introduced in the Senate by Ted Kennedy (D-MA) the same day. A unanimous U.S. House and a nearly unanimous U.S. Senate—three senators voted against passage[2]—passed the bill, and President Bill Clinton signed it into law."
] | [
"\"ensures that interests in religious freedom are protected.\""
] |
2026401037685556090 | Belmont Stakes | Belmont Stakes - wikipedia Belmont Stakes Jump to : navigation , search For the 2017 race , see 2017 Belmont Stakes . Belmont Stakes Grade I race The final and longest leg of the United States Triple Crown `` The Third Jewel of the Triple Crown '' The Test of the Champion `` The Run for the Carnations '' Location Belmont Park Elmont , New York , United States Inaugurated 1867 ( 150 years ago ) ( 1867 ) Race type Thoroughbred Website belmontstakes.com Race information Distance 1 ⁄ miles ( 12 furlongs ) Record 2 : 24 , Secretariat ( 1973 ) Surface Dirt Track Left - handed Qualification 3 - year - olds Weight Colt / Gelding : 126 pounds ( 57 kg ) ; Filly : 121 pounds ( 55 kg ) Purse US $1.5 million 1st : $800,000 The Belmont Stakes is an American Grade I stakes Thoroughbred horse race held every June at Belmont Park in Elmont , New York . It is a 1.5 - mile - long ( 2.4 km ) horse race , open to three - year - old Thoroughbreds . Colts and geldings carry a weight of 126 pounds ( 57 kg ) ; fillies carry 121 pounds ( 55 kg ) . The race , nicknamed The Test of the Champion , and The Run for the Carnations , is the third and final leg of the Triple Crown and is held five weeks after the Kentucky Derby and three weeks after the Preakness Stakes . The 1973 Belmont Stakes and Triple Crown winner Secretariat holds the mile and a half stakes record ( which is also a track and world record on dirt ) of 2 : 24 . The attendance at the Belmont Stakes is among the American thoroughbred racing top attended events . The 2004 Belmont Stakes drew a television audience of 21.9 million viewers , and had the highest household viewing rate since 1977 when Seattle Slew won the Triple Crown . The 149th running of the Belmont Stakes took place on Saturday , June 10 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1868 - 1929 : Early Years 1.2 1930 - 2000 : Evolution of the Triple Crown series 1.3 2001 - present : Recent years 2 Distance and race details 3 Traditions 4 Broadcasting history 5 Records 6 Trivia 6.1 Filly Victories 6.2 Foreign - born winners 7 Belmont Stakes winners 8 See also 9 Further reading 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) 1868 - 1929 : early years ( edit ) See also : Belmont Park August Belmont Trophy , presented annually to the winning owner since 1926 . The first Belmont Stakes was held at Jerome Park Racetrack in The Bronx , built in 1866 by stock market speculator Leonard Jerome ( 1817 -- 1891 ) and financed by August Belmont , Sr. ( 1816 -- 1890 ) , for whom the race was named . The first race in 1867 saw the filly Ruthless win , while the following year was won by General Duke . The race continued to be held at Jerome Park until 1890 , when it was moved to the nearby facility , Morris Park Racecourse . The 1895 race was almost not held because of new laws that banned bookmaking in New York : it was eventually rescheduled for November 2 . The race remained at Morris Park Racecourse until the May 1905 opening of the new Belmont Park , 430 - acre ( 1.7 km ) racetrack in Elmont , New York on Long Island , just outside the New York City borough of Queens . When anti-gambling legislation was passed in New York State , Belmont Racetrack was closed , and the race was cancelled in 1911 and 1912 . The first winner of the Triple Crown was Sir Barton , in 1919 , before the series was recognized as such . In 1920 , the Belmont was won by the great Man o ' War , who won by 20 lengths , setting a new stakes and American record . Starting in 1926 , the winner of the Belmont Stakes has been presented with August Belmont Trophy . The owner may keep the trophy for one year , and also receives a silver miniature for permanent use . 1930 - 2000 : evolution of the Triple Crown series ( edit ) Main article : Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing ( United States ) The term Triple Crown was first used when Gallant Fox won the three races in 1930 , but the term did not enter widespread use until 1935 when his son Omaha repeated the feat . Sir Barton was then honored retroactively . Since 1931 , the order of Triple Crown races has been the Kentucky Derby first , followed by the Preakness Stakes , and then the Belmont Stakes . Prior to 1931 , the Preakness was run before the Derby eleven times . On May 12 , 1917 and again on May 13 , 1922 , the Preakness and the Derby were run on the same day . On eleven occasions , the Belmont Stakes was run before the Preakness Stakes . The date of each event is now set by the Kentucky Derby , which is always held on the first Saturday in May . The Preakness Stakes is currently held two weeks later ; and the Belmont Stakes is held three weeks after the Preakness ( five weeks after the Derby ) . The earliest possible date for the Derby is May 1 , and the latest is May 7 ; the earliest possible date for the Belmont is thus June 5 , and the latest is June 11 . Assault , winner of the 1946 Triple Crown In 1937 , War Admiral became the fourth Triple Crown winner after winning the Belmont in a new track record time of 2 : 28 3 / 5 . In the 1940s , four Triple Crown winners followed : Whirlaway in 1941 , Count Fleet in 1943 , Assault in 1946 and Citation in 1948 . Count Fleet won the race by a then - record margin of twenty - five lengths . He also set a stakes record of 2 : 28 1 / 5 , a record tied by Citation . In 1957 , the stakes record was smashed when Gallant Man ran the Belmont in 2 : 26 3 / 5 in a year when the Triple Crown series was split three ways . The Belmont Stakes race was held at Aqueduct Racetrack from 1963 to 1967 , while the track at Belmont was restored and renovated . The largest crowd of the 20th century was in 1971 with over 80,000 people , supplemented by the city 's Latino community , there to cheer on their new hero , Cañonero II , the Venezuelan colt who had won the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes and was poised to win the U.S. Triple Crown . However , due to a foot infection that had bothered the horse for several days , Cañonero II failed to win the Triple Crown when he struggled across the finish line in 4th place behind Pass Catcher , ridden by Walter Blum . Despite this loss , Cañonero II was named the winner of the first Eclipse Award for Outstanding Three - Year - Old Male Horse . On June 9 , 1973 , Secretariat won the Belmont Stakes by thirty - one lengths in a record time of 2 : 24 , becoming a Triple Crown champion , ending a 25 - year gap between Citation , the Belmont and Triple Crown winner in 1948 . Secretariat 's record still stands as the fastest running of the Belmont Stakes and an American record for 1 ⁄ miles on the dirt . In 1977 , Seattle Slew became the first horse to win the Triple Crown while undefeated . Affirmed was the last winner of the Triple Crown in the 20th century , taking the Belmont Stakes in 2 : 26 4 / 5 on June 10 , 1978 . Ridden by eighteen - year - old Steve Cauthen , Affirmed defeated rival Alydar with Jorge Velasquez in the saddle . At the time the race was the third slowest start and the third fastest finish with the quarter in 25 , the half in 50 , 3 / 4 in 1 : 14 , the mile in 1 : 37 2 / 5 . In 1988 , Secretariat 's son Risen Star won the Belmont in 2 : 26 2 / 5 , then the second fastest time in the history of the race . The next year , Easy Goer lowered the mark for second fastest time to 2 : 26 . Easy Goer also holds a Beyer Speed Figure of 122 for the race , the best of any Triple Crown race since these ratings were first published in 1987 . 2001 - present : recent years ( edit ) The crowd packs the facility when a Triple Crown is on the line For three years in a row , horses came to the Belmont Stakes with a Triple Crown on the line only to fail . In 2002 , Belmont Park hosted what was then the largest crowd in its history when 103,222 saw War Emblem lose to longshot Sarava after stumbling at the start . In 2003 , 101,864 watched Funny Cide finish third behind Empire Maker . In 2004 , the attendance record was shattered when 120,139 people saw Smarty Jones upset by Birdstone . In 2007 , Rags to Riches became the first filly to win the race since Tanya in 1905 . Three more failed Triple Crown bids followed : in 2008 , Big Brown lost to Da ' Tara ; in 2012 , I 'll Have Another was withdrawn due to injury ; and in 2014 , California Chrome was beaten by Tonalist . This fueled debate about whether the series needed to be changed , for example by lengthening the period between races . American Pharoah won the 2015 race , becoming the 12th horse in history to win the Triple Crown and the first in 37 years . The crowd that year was limited for the first time , to 90,000 . His time of 2 : 26.65 was the sixth fastest in Belmont Stakes history , and the second fastest time for a Triple Crown winner . Distance and race details ( edit ) The Belmont Stakes was run at a mile and five furlongs from 1867 to 1873 ; a mile and a half from 1874 to 1889 ; a mile and a quarter in 1890 , 1891 , 1892 , 1895 , 1904 and 1905 ; a mile and a furlong in 1893 and 1894 ; a mile and three furlongs from 1896 to 1903 and from 1906 to 1925 . The current distance of a mile and half was established in 1926 . The purse for the first running in 1867 was $1,500 added , meaning the purse was supplemented by nomination and entry fees . This made the total purse $2,500 , with the winner receiving $1,850 . The purse increased sharply in the Roaring Twenties , from Man O'War's earnings of $7,950 in 1920 to Gallant Fox 's take of $66,040 in 1930 . Purses declined as a result of the Great Depression , with War Admiral earning only $28,020 in 1937 , then began to recover . Throughout the sixties and early seventies , the value to the winner was roughly $100,000 , depending on the added money generated by entry fees ( larger fields thus leading to higher prize money ) . The purse was repeatedly raised in the eighties and nineties , reaching $500,000 added , with the winner receiving roughly $400,000 . In 1998 , the purse was changed to $1,000,000 guaranteed , with the winner receiving $600,000 . In 2014 , the purse was raised to $1,500,000 . With one exception , the race has been run at a level weight of 126 pounds ( with a 5 - pound allowance for fillies ) since 1900 . The 126 pounds comes from the English Classics , where the standard weight is 9 stone , with one stone equaling 14 pounds . In 1913 , the Belmont was run as a handicap with the winner carrying only 109 pounds compared to the runner - up carrying 126 pounds . Races run prior to 1900 had varied weight conditions . The first post parade in the United States was at the 14th Belmont , in 1880 . Before 1921 , the race was run in the clockwise tradition of English racing . Since then , the race has been run in the American , or counter-clockwise , direction . Because of its length ( one lap around the enormous Belmont main track ) , and because it is the final race of the Triple Crown , it is called the `` Test of the Champion '' . Most three - year - olds are unaccustomed to the distance , and lack the experience , if not the stamina , to maintain a winning speed for so long . In a long race such as the Belmont , positioning of the horse and the timing of the move to chase for the lead can be critical . Traditions ( edit ) The winner 's blanket , made of white carnations The Belmont Stakes is traditionally called `` The Test of the Champion '' because of its 1.5 mile length -- by far the longest of the three Triple Crown races , and one of the longest for a first - class race in the United States on the dirt . It is also known as `` The Run for the Carnations '' because the winning horse is draped with a blanket of white carnations after the race , in similar fashion to the blanket of roses and black - eyed Susans for the Derby and Preakness , respectively . The winning owner is ceremonially presented with the silver winner 's trophy , designed by Paulding Farnham for Tiffany and Co . It was first presented to August Belmont , Jr. in 1896 and donated by the Belmont family for annual presentation in 1926 . Despite the fact that the Belmont Stakes is the oldest of the Triple Crown races , its traditions have been more subject to change . Until 1996 , the post parade song was `` The Sidewalks of New York '' . From 1997 to 2009 , the song was changed to broadcast a recording by Frank Sinatra of the `` Theme from New York , New York '' in an attempt to appeal to younger fans . In 2010 , the song was changed to Jay - Z 's `` Empire State of Mind '' before reverting to `` Theme from New York , New York '' from 2011 through the present . This tradition is similar to the singing of the state song at the post parades of the first two Triple Crown races : `` My Old Kentucky Home '' at the Kentucky Derby and `` Maryland , My Maryland '' at the Preakness Stakes . The change of song gave rise to `` the myth of Mamie O'Rourke , '' a reference to a character in the lyrics of `` The Sidewalks of New York . '' Before American Pharoah won the Triple Crown in 2015 , some claimed that changing the official Belmont song `` cursed '' the Triple Crown and was why no horse had won since Affirmed in 1978 . Others note that there was no Triple Crown winner between 1979 and 1996 , even though `` Sidewalks '' was still played . Along with the change of song in 1997 , the official drink was also changed , from the `` White Carnation '' to the `` Belmont Breeze . '' The New York Times reviewed both cocktails unfavorably , calling the Belmont Breeze `` a significant improvement over the nigh undrinkable White Carnation '' despite the fact that it `` tastes like a refined trashcan punch . '' In 2011 , the Belmont Breeze was again changed to the current official drink known as the `` Belmont Jewel . '' While the origin of the white carnation as the official flower of the Belmont Stakes is unknown , traditionally , pure white carnations stand for love and luck . It takes approximately 700 `` select '' carnations imported from Colombia to create the 40 - pound blanket draped over the winner of the Belmont Stakes . The NYRA has long used The Pennock Company , a wholesale florist based in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania to import the carnations used for the mantle . Broadcasting history ( edit ) From 1986 until 2005 , the Triple Crown television rights comprised a single package . In late 2004 , the New York Racing Association withdrew from that agreement to negotiate independently . As a result of this NBC , who was the rights holder for all three events , was only able to keep its broadcast rights to the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes . ABC regained the rights to the Belmont Stakes as part of a five - year contract that expired following the 2010 race ; NBC has since regained the rights to the race through 2020 . CBS Sports 1960 -- 1985 ABC Sports 1986 -- 2000 NBC Sports 2001 -- 2005 , 2011 -- 2020 ESPN on ABC 2006 -- 2010 Records ( edit ) Kenny McPeek - 2002 Belmont Stakes ( G1 ) win with Sarava , who at odds of 70 -- 1 , upset War Emblem 's bid for the Triple Crown . Speed record : 2 : 24 flat -- Secretariat ( 1973 ) . Secretariat also holds the fastest ⁄ , ⁄ , 1 and 1 ⁄ mile fractions in Belmont history . 2 : 26 flat -- Easy Goer ( 1989 ) 2 : 26.13 -- A.P. Indy ( 1992 ) 2 : 26 2 / 5 -- Risen Star ( 1988 ) 2 : 26.56 -- Point Given ( 2001 ) Record Victory Margin : 31 lengths -- Secretariat ( 1973 ) Most wins by a jockey : 6 -- Jim McLaughlin , Eddie Arcaro 5 -- Earl Sande , Bill Shoemaker 3 -- Braulio Baeza , Pat Day , Laffit Pincay , Jr. , James Stout , Gary Stevens Most wins by a trainer : 8 -- James G. Rowe , Sr . 7 -- Sam Hildreth 6 -- Jim Fitzsimmons 5 -- Woody Stephens ( all consecutive from 1982 to 1986 ) 4 -- Max Hirsch , D. Wayne Lukas , R. Wyndham Walden 3 -- J. Elliott Burch , John M. Gaver , Sr. , Lucien Laurin , Frank McCabe , David McDaniel Most wins by an owner : 6 -- Belair Stud ( 1930 , 1932 , 1935 , 1936 , 1939 , 1955 ) 6 -- James R. Keene ( 1879 , 1901 , 1904 , 1907 , 1908 , 1910 ) 5 -- Dwyer Brothers Stable ( 1883 , 1884 , 1886 , 1887 , 1888 ) 4 -- August Belmont , Jr. / Blemton Stable ( 1896 , 1902 , 1916 , 1917 ) 4 -- Harry P. Whitney ( 1905 , 1906 , 1913 , 1918 ) 4 -- Glen Riddle Farm ( 1920 , 1925 , 1926 , 1937 ) 4 -- Greentree Stable ( 1931 , 1942 , 1949 , 1968 ) Trivia ( edit ) Only James G. Rowe , Sr. and George M. Odom have won the Belmont Stakes as both jockey and trainer . On June 5 , 1993 Thoroughbred racing 's all - time leading female jockey , Julie Krone , became the first woman to win a Triple Crown race when she rode to victory in the Belmont Stakes aboard Colonial Affair . In 1984 , Sarah Lundy became the first female trainer to saddle a horse in the Belmont Stakes , sending out Minstrel Star , who finished eleventh . The 2004 race had the biggest attendance in the park 's history with 120,139 . Sarava , at odds of 70 -- 1 , upset War Emblem 's bid for the Triple Crown . Braulio Baeza has the distinction of winning three Belmont Stakes over three different surfaces . He won in his Belmont Stakes debut on 65 to 1 long - shot Sherluck in 1961 at the old Belmont Park , won in 1963 on Chateaugay when the race was run at Aqueduct , and won in 1969 on Arts and Letters at the new Belmont Park . Prior to the 2016 running , bay horses had the most victories with 56 . Chestnuts were close behind with 54 wins , followed by 33 dark bay / browns . Only three gray / roan horses had won ( Belmar in 1895 , Native Dancer in 1953 , and High Echelon in 1970 ) . In 2016 , gray horses swept the top three positions Fourteen Belmont Stakes winners have sired at least one Belmont winner . Leading this list is Man o ' War , who sired three subsequent winners -- American Flag , Crusader and Triple Crown winner War Admiral . Twenty - three horses missed their chance at a Triple Crown by not winning the Belmont . Eight of these finished second : Pensive ( 1944 ) , Tim Tam ( 1958 ) , Forward Pass ( 1968 ) , Majestic Prince ( 1969 ) , Sunday Silence ( 1989 ) , Silver Charm ( 1997 ) , Real Quiet ( 1998 ) , and Smarty Jones ( 2004 ) . Five finished third : Northern Dancer ( 1964 ) , Spectacular Bid ( 1979 ) , Pleasant Colony ( 1981 ) , Charismatic ( 1999 ) , and Funny Cide ( 2003 ) . Four finished fourth : Kauai King ( 1966 ) , Canonero II ( 1971 ) , Alysheba ( 1987 ) , and California Chrome ( 2014 ) . Carry Back ( 1961 ) finished seventh , War Emblem ( 2002 ) finished eighth and Big Brown ( 2008 ) did not finish . Finally , three Derby / Preakness winners did not race in the Belmont : Burgoo King ( 1932 ) , Bold Venture ( 1933 ) and I 'll Have Another ( 2012 ) . Filly victories ( edit ) Only 23 fillies have run in the Belmont ; three of which have won : Ruthless in 1867 , Tanya in 1905 , and Rags to Riches in 2007 . This gives them a respectable 13 % win rate when entered . For context , three fillies have won the Kentucky Derby while five have won the Preakness Stakes . On average , fillies have won between 2 % and 3 % of the Triple Crown races , with similar numbers for geldings ; while about 95 % of these races have been won by colts . Foreign - born winners ( edit ) 1874 -- Saxon 1898 -- Bowling Brook 1917 -- Hourless 1918 -- Johren 1957 -- Gallant Man 1958 -- Cavan 1960 -- Celtic Ash 1990 -- Go And Go 1998 -- Victory Gallop Belmont Stakes winners ( edit ) Belmont Stakes winners since 1867 Year Winner Jockey Trainer Owner Track Length Time * 2017 Tapwrit Jose Ortiz Todd Pletcher Bridlewood Farm , Eclipse Thoroughbred Partners , Robert V. LaPenta Belmont 1 ⁄ - miles 2 : 30.02 2016 Creator Irad Ortiz , Jr Steve Asmussen WinStar Farm LLC 2 : 28.51 2015 American Pharoah † Victor Espinoza Bob Baffert Zayat Stables , LLC 2 : 26.65 2014 Tonalist Joel Rosario Christophe Clement Robert S. Evans 2 : 28.52 2013 Palace Malice Mike Smith Todd Pletcher Dogwood Stable 2 : 30.70 2012 Union Rags John Velazquez Michael Matz Phyllis M. Wyeth 2 : 30.42 2011 Ruler on Ice Jose Valdivia , Jr . Kelly Breen George and Lori Hall 2 : 30.88 Drosselmeyer Mike Smith William Mott WinStar Farm LLC 2 : 31.57 2009 Summer Bird Kent Desormeaux Tim Ice Kalarikkal & Vilasini Jayaraman 2 : 27.54 2008 Da'Tara Alan Garcia Nick Zito Robert V. LaPenta 2 : 29.65 2007 Rags to Riches ‡ John Velazquez Todd Pletcher M. Tabor & D. Smith 2 : 28.74 2006 Jazil Fernando Jara Kiaran McLaughlin Shadwell Farm 2 : 27.86 2005 Afleet Alex Jeremy Rose Timothy Ritchey Cash is King LLC 2 : 28.75 Birdstone Edgar Prado Nick Zito Marylou Whitney Stables 2 : 27.50 2003 Empire Maker Jerry Bailey Robert Frankel Juddmonte Farms 2 : 28.26 2002 Sarava Edgar Prado Kenneth McPeek New Phoenix Stable 2 : 29.71 2001 Point Given Gary Stevens Bob Baffert The Thoroughbred Corp . 2 : 26.56 2000 Commendable Pat Day D. Wayne Lukas Bob & Beverly Lewis 2 : 31.19 1999 Lemon Drop Kid Jose Santos Scotty Schulhofer Jeanne G. Vance 2 : 27.88 1998 Victory Gallop Gary Stevens W. Elliott Walden Prestonwood Farm 2 : 29.16 1997 Touch Gold Chris McCarron David Hofmans Frank Stronach 2 : 28.82 Editor 's Note Rene R. Douglas D. Wayne Lukas Overbrook Farm 2 : 28.96 1995 Thunder Gulch Gary Stevens Michael Tabor 2 : 32.02 1994 Tabasco Cat Pat Day Reynolds / Overbrook 2 : 26.82 1993 Colonial Affair Julie Krone Scotty Schulhofer Centennial Farms 2 : 29.97 1992 A.P. Indy Ed Delahoussaye Neil Drysdale Tomonori Tsurumaki 2 : 26.13 1991 Hansel Jerry Bailey Frank L. Brothers Lazy Lane Farm 2 : 28.10 1990 Go And Go Michael Kinane Dermot K. Weld Moyglare Stud Farm 2 : 27.20 1989 Easy Goer Pat Day C.R. McGaughey III Ogden Phipps 2 : 26.00 1988 Risen Star Ed Delahoussaye Louie J. Roussel III Louie J. Roussel III 2 : 26.40 Bet Twice Craig Perret Jimmy Croll Blanche P. Levy 2 : 28.20 1986 Danzig Connection Chris McCarron Woody Stephens Henryk de Kwiatkowski 2 : 29.80 1985 Creme Fraiche Eddie Maple Brushwood Stables 2 : 27.00 1984 Swale Laffit Pincay , Jr . Claiborne Farm 2 : 27.20 Caveat August Belmont IV 2 : 27.80 1982 Conquistador Cielo Henryk de Kwiatkowski 2 : 28.20 1981 Summing George Martens Luis Barrera Charles T. Wilson , Jr . 2 : 29.00 1980 Temperence Hill Eddie Maple Joseph B. Cantey Loblolly Stable 2 : 29.80 1979 Coastal Ruben Hernandez David A. Whiteley William Haggin Perry 2 : 28.60 1978 Affirmed † Steve Cauthen Laz Barrera Harbor View Farm 2 : 26.80 1977 Seattle Slew † Jean Cruguet William H. Turner , Jr . Karen L. Taylor 2 : 29.60 1976 Bold Forbes Angel Cordero , Jr . Laz Barrera E. Rodriguez Tizol 2 : 29.00 Avatar Bill Shoemaker Tommy Doyle Arthur A. Seeligson , Jr . 2 : 28.20 Little Current Miguel A. Rivera Lou Rondinello Darby Dan Farm 2 : 29.20 1973 Secretariat † Ron Turcotte Lucien Laurin Meadow Stable 2 : 24.00 1972 Riva Ridge Meadow Stud 2 : 28.00 1971 Pass Catcher Walter Blum Eddie Yowell October House Farm 2 : 30.40 1970 High Echelon John L. Rotz John W. Jacobs Ethel D. Jacobs 2 : 34.00 1969 Arts and Letters Braulio Baeza J. Elliott Burch Rokeby Stables 2 : 28.80 1968 Stage Door Johnny Heliodoro Gustines John M. Gaver , Sr . Greentree Stable 2 : 27.20 1967 Damascus Bill Shoemaker Frank Y . Whiteley , Jr . Edith W. Bancroft Aqueduct 2 : 28.80 1966 Amberoid William Boland Lucien Laurin Reginald N. Webster 2 : 29.60 1965 Hail To All Johnny Sellers Eddie Yowell Zelda Cohen 2 : 28.40 1964 Quadrangle Manuel Ycaza J. Elliott Burch Rokeby Stables 2 : 28.40 1963 Chateaugay Braulio Baeza James P. Conway Darby Dan Farm 2 : 30.20 1962 Jaipur Bill Shoemaker Bert Mulholland George D. Widener , Jr . Belmont 2 : 28.80 1961 Sherluck Braulio Baeza Harold Young Jacob Sher 2 : 29.20 1960 Celtic Ash Bill Hartack Thomas J. Barry Joseph E. O'Connell 2 : 29.20 1959 Sword Dancer Bill Shoemaker J. Elliott Burch Brookmeade Stable 2 : 28.40 1958 Cavan Pete Anderson Thomas J. Barry Joseph E. O'Connell 2 : 30.20 1957 Gallant Man Bill Shoemaker John A. Nerud Ralph Lowe 2 : 26.60 1956 Needles David Erb Hugh L. Fontaine D & H Stable 2 : 29.80 1955 Nashua Eddie Arcaro Jim Fitzsimmons Belair Stud 2 : 29.00 1954 High Gun Eric Guerin Max Hirsch King Ranch 2 : 30.80 1953 Native Dancer Bill Winfrey Alfred G. Vanderbilt II 2 : 28.60 1952 One Count Eddie Arcaro Oscar White Sarah F. Jeffords 2 : 30.20 1951 Counterpoint David Gorman Sylvester Veitch C.V. Whitney 2 : 29.00 1950 Middleground William Boland Max Hirsch King Ranch 2 : 28.60 1949 Capot Ted Atkinson John M. Gaver , Sr . Greentree Stable 2 : 30.20 1948 Citation † Eddie Arcaro Horace A. Jones Calumet Farm 2 : 28.20 1947 Phalanx Ruperto Donoso Sylvester Veitch C.V. Whitney 2 : 29.40 1946 Assault † Warren Mehrtens Max Hirsch King Ranch 2 : 30.80 1945 Pavot Eddie Arcaro Oscar White Walter M. Jeffords , Sr . 2 : 30.20 1944 Bounding Home Gayle Smith Matt Brady William Ziegler , Jr . 2 : 32.20 1943 Count Fleet † Johnny Longden Don Cameron Fannie Hertz 2 : 28.20 1942 Shut Out Eddie Arcaro John M. Gaver , Sr . Greentree Stable 2 : 29.20 1941 Whirlaway † Ben A. Jones Calumet Farm 2 : 31.00 1940 Bimelech Fred A. Smith William A. Hurley Edward R. Bradley 2 : 29.60 1939 Johnstown James Stout Jim Fitzsimmons Belair Stud 2 : 29.60 1938 Pasteurized George M. Odom Carol Harriman Plunkett 2 : 29.40 1937 War Admiral † Charley Kurtsinger George Conway Glen Riddle Farm 2 : 28.60 1936 Granville James Stout Jim Fitzsimmons Belair Stud 2 : 30.00 1935 Omaha † Willie Saunders 2 : 30.60 1934 Peace Chance Wayne D. Wright Pete Coyne Joseph E. Widener 2 : 29.20 1933 Hurryoff Mack Garner Henry McDaniel 2 : 32.60 1932 Faireno Tommy Malley Jim Fitzsimmons Belair Stud 2 : 32.80 1931 Twenty Grand Charley Kurtsinger James G. Rowe , Jr . Greentree Stable 2 : 29.60 1930 Gallant Fox † Earl Sande Jim Fitzsimmons Belair Stud 2 : 31.60 1929 Blue Larkspur Mack Garner Herbert J. Thompson Edward R. Bradley 2 : 32.80 1928 Vito Clarence Kummer Max Hirsch Alfred H. Cosden 2 : 33.20 1927 Chance Shot Earl Sande Pete Coyne Joseph E. Widener 2 : 32.40 1926 Crusader Albert Johnson George Conway Glen Riddle Farm 2 : 32.20 1925 American Flag Albert Johnson Gwyn R. Tompkins 1 ⁄ - miles 2 : 16.80 1924 Mad Play Earl Sande Sam Hildreth Rancocas Stable 2 : 18.80 1923 Zev 2 : 19.00 1922 Pillory C.H. Miller Thomas J. Healey Richard T. Wilson , Jr . 2 : 18.80 1921 Grey Lag Earl Sande Sam Hildreth Rancocas Stable 2 : 16.80 1920 Man o ' War Clarence Kummer Louis Feustel Glen Riddle Farm 2 : 14.20 1919 Sir Barton † Johnny Loftus H. Guy Bedwell J.K.L. Ross 2 : 17.40 1918 Johren Frank Robinson Albert Simons Harry P. Whitney 2 : 20.40 1917 Hourless James H. Butwell Sam Hildreth August Belmont , Jr . 2 : 17.80 1916 Friar Rock Everett Haynes 2 : 22.00 1915 The Finn George Byrne Edward W. Heffner Henry C. Hallenbeck 2 : 18.40 1914 Luke McLuke Merritt Buxton John F. Schorr John W. Schorr 2 : 20.00 1913 Prince Eugene Roscoe Troxler James G. Rowe , Sr . Harry P. Whitney 2 : 18.00 1912 No races held due to the Hart -- Agnew Law . 1911 1910 Sweep James H. Butwell James G. Rowe , Sr . James R. Keene Belmont 1 ⁄ - miles 2 : 22.00 1909 Joe Madden Eddie Dugan Sam Hildreth Sam Hildreth 2 : 21.60 1908 Colin Joe Notter James G. Rowe , Sr . James R. Keene N / A 1907 Peter Pan George Mountain N / A 1906 Burgomaster Lucien Lyne John W. Rogers Harry P. Whitney 2 : 20.00 1905 Tanya ‡ Gene Hildebrand 1 ⁄ - miles 2 : 08.00 1904 Delhi George M. Odom James G. Rowe , Sr . James R. Keene Morris Park 2 : 06.60 1903 Africander John Bullman Richard O. Miller Hampton Stable 1 ⁄ - miles 2 : 21.75 1902 Masterman John J. Hyland August Belmont , Jr . 2 : 22.60 1901 Commando Henry Spencer James G. Rowe , Sr . James R. Keene 2 : 21.00 1900 Ildrim Nash Turner H. Eugene Leigh H. Eugene Leigh 2 : 21.25 1899 Jean Bereaud Richard Clawson Sam Hildreth Sydney Paget 2 : 23.00 1898 Bowling Brook Fred Littlefield R. Wyndham Walden A.H. & D.H. Morris 2 : 32.00 1897 Scottish Chieftain Joe Scherrer Matt Byrnes Marcus Daly 2 : 23.25 1896 Hastings Henry Griffin John J. Hyland Blemton Stable 2 : 24.50 1895 Belmar Fred Taral Edward Feakes Preakness Stables 1 ⁄ - miles 2 : 11.50 1894 Henry of Navarre Willie Simms Byron McClelland Byron McClelland 1 ⁄ - miles 1 : 56.50 1893 Comanche Gus Hannon Empire Stable 1 : 53.25 1892 Patron William Hayward Lewis Stuart Lewis Stuart 1 ⁄ - miles 2 : 17.00 1891 Foxford Edward R. Garrison M. Donavan C.E. Rand 2 : 08.75 1890 Burlington Pike Barnes Albert Cooper Hough Bros . 2 : 07.75 1889 Eric William Hayward John Huggins A.J. Cassatt Jerome Park 1 ⁄ - miles 2 : 47.25 1888 Sir Dixon Jim McLaughlin Frank McCabe Dwyer Bros. Stable 2 : 40.25 1887 Hanover 2 : 43.50 1886 Inspector B 2 : 41.00 1885 Tyrant Paul Duffy C. Claypool James B.A. Haggin 2 : 43.00 1884 Panique Jim McLaughlin James G. Rowe , Sr . Dwyer Bros. Stable 2 : 42.00 1883 George Kinney 2 : 42.50 1882 Forester Lewis Stuart Appleby & Johnson 2 : 43.00 1881 Saunterer Tom Costello R. Wyndham Walden George L. Lorillard 2 : 47.00 1880 Grenada W. Hughes 2 : 47.00 1879 Spendthrift George Evans Thomas Puryear James R. Keene 2 : 42.75 1878 Duke of Magenta W. Hughes R. Wyndham Walden George L. Lorillard 2 : 43.50 1877 Cloverbrook C. Holloway Jeter Walden E.A. Clabaugh 2 : 46.00 1876 Algerine Billy Donohue Thomas W. Doswell Doswell & Co . 2 : 40.50 1875 Calvin Bobby Swim Ansel Williamson Hal P. McGrath 2 : 42.25 1874 Saxon George Barbee W. Prior Pierre Lorillard IV 2 : 39.50 1873 Springbok James G. Rowe , Sr . David McDaniel David McDaniel 1 ⁄ - miles 3 : 01.75 1872 Joe Daniels 2 : 58.25 1871 Harry Bassett Walter Miller 2 : 56.00 1870 Kingfisher Edward D. Brown Rollie Colston Daniel Swigert 2 : 59.50 1869 Fenian C. Miller Jacob Pincus August Belmont 3 : 04.25 1868 General Duke Bobby Swim A. Thompson McConnell & Co . 3 : 02.00 1867 Ruthless ‡ Gilbert Patrick A. Jack Minor Francis Morris 3 : 05.00 Note : Timed to the ⁄ second 1867 to 1901 and 1903 , and to the ⁄ second in 1902 and from 1904 to 1991 . Decimal timing , to the nearest ⁄ , is now used , though race calls and many charts still use fifths . A † designates a Triple Crown Winner . A ‡ designates a filly . See also ( edit ) Triple Crown Productions American Thoroughbred Racing top Attended Events List of Belmont Stakes broadcasters Belmont Stakes Top three finishers Further reading ( edit ) Official Site ESPN.Com Attending the Belmont Stakes ( gives future race dates ) Details of all past Belmont Stakes courtesy of the New York Racing Association Belmont Stakes History & Facts Ten Things You Should Know about the Belmont Stakes at Hello Race Fans ! Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Before 1991 , times were measured in fractions . Since then , decimal times to the hundredth have been used . When comparing the fractional times to decimal values , it is racing convention to round the decimal time down to the nearest fifth . Thus A.P. Indy 's time of 2 : 26.13 is considered equivalent to Easy Goer 's time of 2 : 26 flat . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Viewership of 2008 Belmont Stakes '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Past Winners '' . www.belmontstakes.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Belmont Stakes Records & Traditions '' . New York Racing Association . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sowers , Richard ( 2014 ) . The Kentucky Derby , Preakness and Belmont Stakes : a comprehensive history . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company , Inc. , Publishers . ISBN 0786476982 . Jump up ^ `` Horse Racing 's Triple Crown : 10 Fast Facts - History in the Headlines '' . history.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History Challenge : The first Triple Crown winner , Sir Barton '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart of the 1920 Belmont Stakes '' ( PDF ) . Belmont Stakes . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 10 things to know about the Triple Crown '' . The Courier - Journal . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Preakness Stakes '' . Turfnsport.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Triple Crown Races '' . Triple Crown Racing . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart of the 1937 Belmont '' ( PDF ) . Belmont Stakes . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nusca , Andrew ( 7 June 2015 ) . `` Here are the 12 winners of the Triple Crown '' . Fortune . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Livingston , Barbara . `` Bygone Belmont winners '' . Daily Racing Form . Jump up ^ Hammonds , Evan . `` First Time By : Inaugural Eclipse Awards '' . BloodHorse.com . Jump up ^ `` Statistics - North American Records '' . www.equibase.com . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fastest Belmonts '' . www.belmontstakes.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beyer , Andrew ( May 17 , 2004 ) . `` On the Fast Track To History '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Belmont Stakes Attendance '' . www.belmont-stakes.info . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mihoces , Gary . `` California Chrome fails to win Belmont , Triple Crown '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Pharoah wins the Triple Crown '' . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petrella , Steve ( 7 June 2015 ) . `` American Pharoah posts sixth - best winning time in Belmont Stakes history '' . Sporting News . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Largest and Smallest Purses wins at Belmont Stakes Belmont Stakes Betting '' . www.belmont-stakes.info . Jump up ^ Wing , Eric . `` Belmont Stakes purse raised to $1.5 million - General News - News New York Racing Association - Belmont '' . www.nyra.com . Jump up ^ `` Belmont Stakes Traditions '' . Horseracing.about.com. 2010 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( June 4 , 2010 ) . `` The Belmont Stakes singing a new tune '' . newsobserver.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( June 4 , 2011 ) . `` Sinatra 's voice returns to Belmont Stakes '' . boston.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Scheinman , John ( 2014 - 05 - 30 ) . `` Five Myths About the Triple Crown '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Belmont Stakes Traditions '' . Horseracing.about.com. 2010 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Powell , Julie ( June 8 , 2005 ) . `` The Summer Cook ; The Appetites Are Nearing the Gate '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ York Racing Association website , Belmont Park home page ; article by Ashley Herriman . ^ Jump up to : Scheinman , John ( October 5 , 2004 ) . `` ABC Will Broadcast Belmont Stakes Starting in 2006 '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Needham , Dan ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` The Triple Crown on television : Still ' moving like a tremendous machine ' ? Thoroughbred Racing Commentary '' . www.thoroughbredracing.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Novy , Eben ( February 22 , 2011 ) . `` NBC Gets Belmont TV Rights to Complete Horse Racing 's Triple Crown Package '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Announces Belmont Stakes Extension -- Sports Media Watch '' . www.sportsmediawatch.com . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Belmont Stakes Attendance , Wagering Set Records '' . BloodHorse.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` History '' . www.belmontstakes.com . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Creator wins Belmont Stakes by a nose Toronto Star '' . thestar.com . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Runners '' ( PDF ) . belmontstakes.com . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Belmont Stakes . Official website Belmont Stakes Jerome Park 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 Morris Park 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 Belmont Park 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 Aqueduct 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Belmont Park 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Related Top three finishers Broadcasters August Belmont Trophy `` The Sidewalks of New York '' `` Theme from New York , New York '' Triple Crown Belmont Stakes Winners Belmont Stakes winners 1867 Ruthless ♥ 1868 General Duke 1869 Fenian 1870 Kingfisher 1871 Harry Bassett 1872 Joe Daniels 1873 Springbok 1874 Saxon 1875 Calvin 1876 Algerine 1877 Cloverbrook 1878 Duke Of Magenta 1879 Spendthrift 1880 Grenada 1881 Saunterer 1882 Forester 1883 George Kinney 1884 Panique 1885 Tyrant 1886 Inspector B 1887 Hanover 1888 Sir Dixon 1889 Eric 1890 Burlington 1891 Foxford 1892 Patron 1893 Commanche 1894 Henry of Navarre 1895 Belmar 1896 Hastings 1897 Scottish Chieftain 1898 Bowling Brook 1899 Jean Bereaud 1900 Ildrim 1901 Commando 1902 Masterman 1903 Africander 1904 Delhi 1905 Tanya ♥ 1906 Burgomaster 1907 Peter Pan 1908 Colin 1909 Joe Madden 1910 Sweep 1913 Prince Eugene 1914 Luke McLuke 1915 The Finn 1916 Friar Rock 1917 Hourless 1918 Johren 1919 Sir Barton ₩ 1920 Man o ' War 1921 Grey Lag 1922 Pillory 1923 Zev 1924 Mad Play 1925 American Flag 1926 Crusader 1927 Chance Shot 1928 Vito 1929 Blue Larkspur 1930 Gallant Fox ₩ 1931 Twenty Grand 1932 Faireno 1933 Hurryoff 1934 Peace Chance 1935 Omaha ₩ 1936 Granville 1937 War Admiral ₩ 1938 Pasteurized 1939 Johnstown 1940 Bimelech 1941 Whirlaway ₩ 1942 Shut Out 1943 Count Fleet ₩ 1944 Bounding Home 1945 Pavot 1946 Assault ₩ 1947 Phalanx 1948 Citation ₩ 1949 Capot 1950 Middleground 1951 Counterpoint 1952 One Count 1953 Native Dancer 1954 High Gun 1955 Nashua 1956 Needles 1957 Gallant Man 1958 Cavan 1959 Sword Dancer 1960 Celtic Ash 1961 Sherluck 1962 Jaipur 1963 Chateaugay 1964 Quadrangle 1965 Hail To All 1966 Amberoid 1967 Damascus 1968 Stage Door Johnny 1969 Arts and Letters 1970 High Echelon 1971 Pass Catcher 1972 Riva Ridge 1973 Secretariat ₩ 1974 Little Current 1975 Avatar 1976 Bold Forbes 1977 Seattle Slew ₩ 1978 Affirmed ₩ 1979 Coastal 1980 Temperence Hill 1981 Summing 1982 Conquistador Cielo 1983 Caveat 1984 Swale 1985 Creme Fraiche 1986 Danzig Connection 1987 Bet Twice 1988 Risen Star 1989 Easy Goer 1990 Go and Go 1991 Hansel 1992 A.P. Indy 1993 Colonial Affair 1994 Tabasco Cat 1995 Thunder Gulch 1996 Editor 's Note 1997 Touch Gold 1998 Victory Gallop 1999 Lemon Drop Kid 2000 Commendable 2001 Point Given 2002 Sarava 2003 Empire Maker 2004 Birdstone 2005 Afleet Alex 2006 Jazil 2007 Rags to Riches ♥ 2008 Da ' Tara 2009 Summer Bird 2010 Drosselmeyer 2011 Ruler on Ice 2012 Union Rags 2013 Palace Malice 2014 Tonalist 2015 American Pharoah ₩ 2016 Creator 2017 Tapwrit Legend - ₩ = Triple Crown Winners , ♥ = Filly Triple Crowns of horse racing United States Thoroughbred Racing Kentucky Derby Preakness Stakes Belmont Stakes Harness Racing Pacers Cane Pace Messenger Stakes Little Brown Jug Harness Racing Trotters Hambletonian Yonkers Trot Kentucky Futurity Great Britain Thoroughbred Racing 2000 Guineas Stakes Epsom Derby St Leger Stakes Ireland Thoroughbred Racing Irish 2,000 Guineas Irish Derby Irish St. Leger Canada Thoroughbred Racing Queen 's Plate Prince of Wales Stakes Breeders ' Stakes Australia Thoroughbred Racing Randwick Guineas Rosehill Guineas Australian Derby Related topics Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing American Triple Tiara of Thoroughbred Racing Canadian Triple Tiara of Thoroughbred Racing Breeders ' Cup Classic Breeders ' Cup Distaff Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belmont_Stakes&oldid=797052664 '' Categories : Belmont Stakes 1867 establishments in New York ( state ) Annual sporting events in the United States Belmont family Belmont Park Flat horse races for three - year - olds Grade 1 stakes races in the United States Graded stakes races in the United States Horse races in New York ( state ) June sporting events Recurring sporting events established in 1867 Sports in Long Island Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 日本 語 Polski Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2017 , at 17 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the official flower of the belmont stakes | [
"The Belmont Stakes is traditionally called \"The Test of the Champion\" because of its 1.5 mile length — by far the longest of the three Triple Crown races, and one of the longest for a first-class race in the United States on the dirt. It is also known as \"The Run for the Carnations\" because the winning horse is draped with a blanket of white carnations after the race, in similar fashion to the blanket of roses and black-eyed Susans for the Derby and Preakness, respectively. The winning owner is ceremonially presented with the silver winner's trophy, designed by Paulding Farnham for Tiffany and Co. It was first presented to August Belmont, Jr. in 1896 and donated by the Belmont family for annual presentation in 1926."
] | [
"white carnations"
] |
136067171541059744 | 2000 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race | 2000 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race - Wikipedia 2000 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 56th Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race Date 26 December 2000 -- 2 January 2001 Defender Nokia Number of yachts 82 Coordinates 33 ° 51.35 ′ S 151 ° 12.40 ′ E / 33.85583 ° S 151.20667 ° E / - 33.85583 ; 151.20667 Coordinates : 33 ° 51.35 ′ S 151 ° 12.40 ′ E / 33.85583 ° S 151.20667 ° E / - 33.85583 ; 151.20667 - 42 ° 52.7 ′ S 147 ° 19.58 ′ E / 42.8783 ° S 147.32633 ° E / - 42.8783 ; 147.32633 Winner Nicorette II Official website https://web.archive.org/web/20091030152304/http://rolexsydneyhobart.com/default.asp The 2000 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race , sponsored by Telstra , was the 56th annual running of the `` blue water classic '' Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race . As in past editions of the race , it was hosted by the Cruising Yacht Club of Australia based in Sydney , New South Wales . As with previous Sydney to Hobart Yacht Races , the 2000 edition began on Sydney Harbour , at noon on Boxing Day ( 26 December 2000 ) , before heading south for 630 nautical miles ( 1,170 km ) through the Tasman Sea , past Bass Strait , into Storm Bay and up the River Derwent , to cross the finish line in Hobart , Tasmania . The 2000 fleet comprised 82 starters of which 58 completed the race and 24 yachts retired . Contents ( hide ) 1 Results 1.1 Line Honours results ( Top 10 ) 1.2 Handicap Results ( Top 10 ) 2 References Results ( edit ) Line Honours results ( Top 10 ) ( edit ) Position Sail number Yacht State / Country Yacht type LOA ( Metres ) Skipper Elapsed time d : hh : mm : ss SWE11111 Nicorette II SWE Simonis - Voogd 79 IRM Maxi 24.07 Ludde Ingvall 2 : 14 : 02 : 09 M10 Wild Thing VIC Murray Burns Dovell MBD 83 25.20 Grant Wharington 2 : 19 : 23 : 41 GER4014 Illbruck Challenge GER Farr W60 ( ex EF Language ) 19.44 John Kostecki 2 : 20 : 03 : 47 BER2000 Team Tyco BER Volvo Ocean 60 19.44 Kevin Shoebridge 2 : 20 : 49 : 46 5 8679 Team News Corp AUS Volvo Ocean 60 19.44 Jez Fanstone 3 : 01 : 35 : 35 6 HKG 1997 Assa Abloy Semcon R&D HKG Volvo Ocean 60 19.44 Mark Rudiger 3 : 03 : 58 : 12 7 DEN2001 Nokia DEN Volvo Ocean 60 19.44 Stefan Myralf 3 : 08 : 46 : 59 8 YC1000 SAP Ausmaid SA Farr 47 14.47 Kevin Pearce 3 : 09 : 44 : 43 9 AUS1836 Yendys NSW Farr 49 15.07 Geoffrey Ross 3 : 11 : 25 : 30 10 AUS6606 Quest UK Nelson Marek 46 14.12 Chris Bull 3 : 12 : 58 : 10 Handicap Results ( Top 10 ) ( edit ) Position Sail number Yacht State / Country Yacht type LOA ( Metres ) Skipper Corrected time d : hh : mm : ss YC1000 SAP Ausmaid SA Farr 47 14.47 Kevin Pearce 2 : 19 : 13 : 38 AUS6606 Quest UK Nelson Marek 46 14.12 Chris Bull 2 : 21 : 14 : 30 AUS1836 Yendys NSW Farr 49 15.07 Geoffrey Ross 2 : 21 : 35 : 35 9797 Ninety Seven NSW Farr 46 13.93 Graham Gibson 2 : 22 : 28 : 16 5 70 Ragamuffin NSW Farr 50 15.50 Syd Fischer 3 : 00 : 12 : 07 6 4100 Terra Firma VIC Murray 41 12.45 Peter Bartels Stewart Niemann 3 : 00 : 32 : 43 7 8338 AFR Mignight Rambler NSW Hick 35 10.53 Ed Psaltis Bob Thomas 3 : 00 : 34 : 56 8 3105 Doctor Who TAS Davidson Fractional Rig Sloop 15.70 Roger Jackman 3 : 00 : 41 : 27 9 R33 Chutzpah VIC Murray Burns Dovell MBD 36 11.00 Bruce Taylor 3 : 02 : 11 : 26 10 558 Interim TAS Lyons 41 12.16 Craig King 3 : 03 : 20 : 46 References ( edit ) ( hide ) Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2000_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race&oldid=789069154 '' Categories : Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race 2000 in sailing 2000 in Australian sport Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2012 Use Australian English from January 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Articles lacking sources from January 2012 All articles lacking sources Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 July 2017 , at 04 : 33 . About Wikipedia | which yacht won the line honours sydney to hobart in 2000 | [
"\n\nPosition\nSail number\nYacht\nState/Country\nYacht type\nLOA\n(Metres)\nSkipper\nElapsed time\nd:hh:mm:ss\n\n\n1\nSWE11111\nNicorette II\nSWE\nSimonis-Voogd 79 IRM Maxi\n24.07\nLudde Ingvall\n2:14:02:09\n\n\n2\nM10\nWild Thing\nVIC\nMurray Burns Dovell MBD 83\n25.20\nGrant Wharington\n2:19:23:41\n\n\n3\nGER4014\nIllbruck Challenge\nGER\nFarr W60 (ex EF Language)\n19.44\nJohn Kostecki\n2:20:03:47\n\n\n4\nBER2000\nTeam Tyco\nBER\nVolvo Ocean 60\n19.44\nKevin Shoebridge\n2:20:49:46\n\n\n5\n8679\nTeam News Corp\nAUS\nVolvo Ocean 60\n19.44\nJez Fanstone\n3:01:35:35\n\n\n6\nHKG 1997\nAssa Abloy Semcon R&D\nHKG\nVolvo Ocean 60\n19.44\nMark Rudiger\n3:03:58:12\n\n\n7\nDEN2001\nNokia\nDEN\nVolvo Ocean 60\n19.44\nStefan Myralf\n3:08:46:59\n\n\n8\nYC1000\nSAP Ausmaid\nSA\nFarr 47\n14.47\nKevin Pearce\n3:09:44:43\n\n\n9\nAUS1836\nYendys\nNSW\nFarr 49\n15.07\nGeoffrey Ross\n3:11:25:30\n\n\n10\nAUS6606\nQuest\nUK\nNelson Marek 46\n14.12\nChris Bull\n3:12:58:10\n\n"
] | [
"Nicorette II"
] |
5991297008686368425 | Midnight Memories | Midnight Memories - wikipedia Midnight Memories This article is about the album . For the song , see Midnight Memories ( song ) . Midnight Memories Studio album by One Direction Released 25 November 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 25 ) Recorded December 2012 -- September 2013 Genre Pop pop rock Length 47 : 41 Label Columbia Syco Producer Julian Bunetta Carl Falk Tom Fletcher Theodore Geiger Danny Jones Jacknife Lee Dougie Poynter Matt Rad John Ryan Jamie Scott Toby Smith Ryan Tedder One Direction chronology Take Me Home ( 2012 ) Midnight Memories ( 2013 ) Four ( 2014 ) Singles from Midnight Memories `` Best Song Ever '' Released : 22 July 2013 `` Story of My Life '' Released : 28 October 2013 `` Midnight Memories '' Released : 9 March 2014 `` You & I '' Released : 18 April 2014 Midnight Memories is the third studio album by English - Irish boy band One Direction , released on 25 November 2013 by Columbia Records , Syco Music and Sony Music . The album was described as having a `` slightly rockier tone '' than their previous efforts . It has become the fastest - selling album in Amazon UK 's history , breaking the record set by One Direction 's previous release , Take Me Home ( 2012 ) . The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 , making One Direction the first group in history to debut at number one in the US with their first three albums . The album was preceded by the release of the singles `` Best Song Ever '' and `` Story of My Life '' . Upon the album 's release , Midnight Memories received mixed reviews from music critics . Many critics praised the lyrical depth and musical composition on the album , as well as the group 's level of involvement in the production process . However , others argued that the material was less memorable than their previous work and felt the themes were not as mature as expected . Despite being released five weeks before the year 's end , Midnight Memories nevertheless became the best - selling album of 2013 as listed by the IFPI , with sales of four million copies . To promote the album , One Direction embarked on their third and first stadium concert tour , entitled the Where We Are Tour in 2014 . Contents 1 Background and development 2 Singles 2.1 Promotional singles 2.2 Other songs 3 Critical reception 4 Commercial performance 5 Track listing 6 Personnel 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Monthly charts 7.3 Year - end charts 8 Certifications and sales 9 Release history 10 References Background and development ( edit ) One Direction began working on their third studio album whilst embarking on their second international tour , the Take Me Home Tour . The album was announced simultaneously with the news of the band 's third world tour , the Where We Are Tour , which subsequently led fans to wrongly assume that the album would be named `` Where We Are '' . Member Louis Tomlinson proclaimed that the album would have a `` rockier '' sound to it than the band 's previous releases . The official title of the album was announced on 6 September 2013 , starting with Zayn Malik tweeting a teaser video of Harry Styles spelling out the word `` Mid '' out of a pile of alphabet cards on the floor , followed by a full video posted on the band 's Instagram account later on , revealing the title , Midnight Memories . The album artwork was released early exclusively by The Sun via a tweet which was then confirmed to be the official artwork through the band 's official Twitter account , though the early access was only available for those who held a membership of the newspaper 's online version . On 11 October , the band presented the album 's final track list through the `` # MidnightMemoriesTrackQuiz '' hashtag on Twitter by giving out a mixture of hints and blank spaces to be filled alongside the final result . The full track list for the deluxe edition was later shown on iTunes . Singles ( edit ) One Direction during Where We Are Tour at Stadium of Light . `` Best Song Ever '' was released on 22 July 2013 as the official lead single from the album . The track peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart . Its music video beat the Vevo record for most viewers within 24 hours on YouTube , clocking in at 12.3 million views , beating the previous record set by Miley Cyrus for `` We Ca n't Stop '' , which held 10.7 million views in 24 hours . `` Story of My Life '' was released on 28 October 2013 as the second single from the album . The track premiered on 25 October 2013 , playing at 16 : 00 GST on radio stations across the world and debuted at number four on the UK Singles Chart , despite holding the number one position on the midweek chart and continuing to lead until Saturday of that week . The song eventually peaked at number 2 . The video was released on 3 November 2013 . `` Midnight Memories '' , was announced as the third single from the album on 24 January 2014 . `` You & I '' was serviced to US radio on 15 April 2014 as the album 's fourth and final single . Promotional Singles ( edit ) `` Diana '' was the first promotional single . It charted in the Irish top 10 on 21 November 2013 , and at number two on the New Zealand Singles Chart on 22 November 2013 . `` Strong '' debuted at number one on the New Zealand Singles Chart on 29 November 2013 , four days after the album 's release . Other songs ( edit ) `` One Way or Another '' was released on 17 February 2013 as the official 2013 Comic Relief single , peaking at number one on the UK Singles Chart and achieving success around the world . All songs from except `` Something Great '' have charted on the UK Singles Chart . Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 59 / 100 Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The A.V. Club B -- Entertainment Weekly B -- The Independent Los Angeles Times The Observer Rolling Stone Slant Magazine Spin 6 / 10 USA Today Upon its release , Midnight Memories received mixed reviews from music critics and publications . Brian Mansfield from USA Today awarded it three stars out of four , saying `` Midnight uses classic rock as a color the way last year 's Take Me Home used electronic dance music . '' Kitty Empire from The Observer believe that , with the material , `` This album does the job , in more ways than one . '' Tim Sendra from AllMusic gave the album 4 stars out of 5 , saying that `` anyone expecting there to be any kind of drop in quality , or early warnings that the group had begun their inevitable decline , will be happily surprised that not only does the album satisfy the established quota of thrilling modern pop tracks and uplifting ballads , but also introduces some interesting new directions '' . He praised the bold decision to evolve the band 's sound , and its results , concluding that the record `` ends up as another satisfying album that does everything a One D album should do and then some . '' However , some were less enthusiastic . Many critics argued the absence of their previous work , deeming it `` not special '' and `` forgettable '' and some felt it was too mature for their core audience and did n't come off as mature as expected through their themes . Jim Farber from Daily News gave it three stars out of five , arguing that most of the songs `` sounds much like any goo from the guys . '' Speaking of the musical style of the album , he stated that although `` there probably are just enough newbies to extend the band 's brand for this small window before the next thing comes along , '' he believed the group presented an image too mature for their core audience , saying `` One Direction must reconcile this range with their own growth spurts , '' and describing the grown - up appearance of the band members since their debut single as `` a big change in just three years . '' Commercial performance ( edit ) The album debuted at number one on the Irish Albums Chart and number two on the Dutch Albums Chart . On 29 November 2013 , it was announced that it had become the fastest - selling album of 2013 in the UK , with 187,660 copies sold in four days . It was revealed on 1 December 2013 , that the album had sold in excess of 237,000 copies in its first week in the UK , beating Gary Barlow 's Since I Saw You Last , and becoming the fastest selling album in the UK since Michael Bublé 's Christmas in December 2011 , as well as outperforming One Direction 's two previous albums Up All Night ( 2011 ) and Take Me Home ( 2012 ) . It became the best - selling album of 2013 in the UK with 685,000 copies sold for the year . In the United States , Midnight Memories debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 with 546,000 copies sold . This made One Direction the first group in Billboard 200 history to debut at No. 1 with its first three albums , and the first to reach No. 1 with its first three albums since 1967 . The album sold 1,096,000 copies in five weeks in the United States , making it the twelfth best - selling album of 2013 in the United States . As of August 2015 , it has sold over 1.51 million copies in the U.S. Midnight Memories also debuted at numbers one and two on the ARIA Albums Chart and the New Zealand Albums Chart , and was certified Platinum and Gold , respectively , in its first week . The album went on to sell over 60,000 copies in Mexico after only three days , being certified Platinum . Despite being released towards the year 's end , Midnight Memories nevertheless became the best - selling album of 2013 worldwide according to the IFPI , with sales of over four million copies in only 5 weeks . Track listing ( edit ) The track listing was announced via the band 's Twitter account on 11 October 2013 . Where the bonus tracks appear as additional tracks in international territories , the British release finds them on a separate four - track bonus disc . Unlike any other release of the album , the Japanese version includes `` One Way or Another ( Teenage Kicks ) '' , as well as two further bonus tracks . An exclusive review of the album posted by The Sun on 17 November listed writing credits of many of the tracks . No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Best Song Ever '' Wayne Hector John Ryan Ed Drewett Julian Bunetta Bunetta Ryan Matt Rad 3 : 20 2 . `` Story of My Life '' Bunetta Jamie Scott Ryan Louis Tomlinson Liam Payne Niall Horan Harry Styles Zayn Malik Bunetta Ryan 4 : 05 3 . `` Diana '' Bunetta Scott Ryan Tomlinson Payne Bunetta Ryan 3 : 04 4 . `` Midnight Memories '' Bunetta Scott Ryan Tomlinson Payne Bunetta Ryan 2 : 56 5 . `` You & I '' Bunetta Scott Ryan Bunetta Ryan 3 : 57 6 . `` Do n't Forget Where You Belong '' Tom Fletcher Danny Jones Dougie Poynter Horan Fletcher Jones Poynter 4 : 01 7 . `` Strong '' Bunetta Scott Ryan Tomlinson Bunetta Ryan 3 : 04 8 . `` Happily '' Savan Kotecha Carl Falk Styles Falk Kristian Lundin 2 : 55 9 . `` Right Now '' Ryan Tedder Tomlinson Payne Styles Tedder Jake Gosling 3 : 20 10 . `` Little Black Dress '' Bunetta Ryan Theodore Geiger Tomlinson Payne Bunetta Ryan Geiger 2 : 37 11 . `` Through The Dark '' Scott Toby Smith Tomlinson Payne Scott Smith Ryan 3 : 41 12 . `` Something Great '' Jacknife Lee Gary Lightbody Styles Jacknife Lee 3 : 56 13 . `` Little White Lies '' Hector Ryan Drewett Bunetta Tomlinson Payne Bunetta Ryan 3 : 17 14 . `` Better Than Words '' Bunetta Scott Ryan Tomlinson Payne Bunetta Ryan 3 : 28 Total length : 47 : 41 show The Ultimate Edition No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 15 . `` Why Do n't We Go There ? '' Steve Robson Claude Kelly Hector Tomlinson Robson 2 : 54 16 . `` Does He Know ? '' Bunetta Scott Ryan Tomlinson Payne Bunetta Ryan Scott 2 : 59 17 . `` Alive '' Bunetta Scott Ryan Tomlinson Bunetta Ryan Rad 2 : 41 18 . `` Half a Heart '' Robson Drewett Lindy Robbins Robson 3 : 08 Total length : 59 : 23 show Japanese edition No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 19 . `` One Way or Another ( Teenage Kicks ) '' Deborah Harry Nigel Harrison John O'Neill Bunetta Ryan 2 : 39 20 . `` Little Things '' ( live version from the motion picture This Is Us ) Ed Sheeran Fiona Bevan Jake Gosling 3 : 47 21 . `` Best Song Ever '' ( Kat Krazy Remix ) Hector Ryan Drewett Bunetta Bunetta Ryan Rad Kat Krazy 3 : 06 Total length : 68 : 55 Notes signifies a vocal producer signifies an additional vocal producer signifies an additional producer signifies a co-producer Personnel ( edit ) Credits taken from Midnight Memories 's liner notes . R.J. Shaughnessy - photography Calvin Aurand - photography Fluidesign - design Tom Coyne - mastering at Sterling Sound Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) Brazilian Albums ( ABPD ) Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) China Albums ( Sino Chart ) Croatian Albums ( Croatian Albums Chart ) Cypriot Albums ( Official Cyprus Charts ) Czech Albums ( ČNS IFPI ) Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) French Albums ( SNEP ) German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 5 Greek Albums ( IFPI ) Hungarian Albums ( MAHASZ ) Irish Albums ( IRMA ) Italian Albums ( FIMI ) Japanese Albums ( Oricon ) Mexican Albums ( AMPROFON ) New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) Portuguese Albums ( AFP ) South African Albums ( RISA ) Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) Taiwanese Albums ( G - Music ) UK Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 Monthly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position Argentine Monthly Albums ( CAPIF ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Position Argentine Albums Chart Australian Albums Chart 6 Belgian Albums Chart ( Flanders ) 29 Belgian Albums Chart ( Wallonia ) 67 Brazilian Albums Chart 10 Danish Albums Chart Dutch Albums Chart 8 Finnish Albums Chart French Albums Chart 36 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 99 Hungarian Albums Chart 27 Italian Albums Chart 8 Irish Albums Chart Japanese Albums Chart 71 Mexican Albums Chart New Zealand Albums Chart 8 Polish Albums Chart 12 Spanish Albums Chart 6 Swedish Albums Chart 10 Swiss Albums Chart 69 UK Albums Chart Worldwide Chart ( 2014 ) Position Australian Albums Chart 86 Belgian Albums Chart ( Flanders ) 39 Belgian Albums Chart ( Wallonia ) 60 Canadian Albums Chart Danish Albums Chart 36 Dutch Albums Chart 68 French Albums Chart 36 Italian Albums ( FIMI ) 33 Mexican Albums Chart 14 New Zealand Albums Chart 45 Spanish Albums Chart 22 Swedish Albums Chart 19 Swiss Albums Chart 36 UK Albums Chart 39 US Billboard 200 Chart ( 2015 ) Position US Billboard 200 177 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Argentina ( CAPIF ) 2 × Platinum 80,000 Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Brazil ( Pro-Música Brasil ) 3 × Platinum 120,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 160,000 Chile ( IFPI Chile ) 5 × Platinum 50,000 Colombia ( ASINCOL ) 4 × Platinum 40,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 20,000 Ecuador ( IFPI Ecuador ) Gold 3,000 Finland ( Musiikkituottajat ) Platinum 36,182 France ( SNEP ) Platinum 100,000 Hungary ( MAHASZ ) Platinum 6,000 Ireland ( IRMA ) 3 × Platinum 45,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 3 × Platinum 180,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Platinum 302,185 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) 4 × Platinum 240,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) Platinum 50,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 Peru ( IFPI Peru ) Platinum + Gold 9,000 Philippines ( PARI ) 2 × Platinum 30,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) 3 × Platinum 60,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 4 × Platinum 160,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 4 × Platinum 160,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 3 × Platinum 881,300 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,552,000 Uruguay ( CUD ) 5 × Platinum 8,000 Venezuela ( APFV ) Diamond + Platinum 110,000 Summaries Europe ( IFPI ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format ( s ) Edition ( s ) Australia 25 November 2013 CD digital download Standard deluxe Canada France Germany Italy United Kingdom United States Spain 26 November 2013 Poland Japan 27 November 2013 China 10 March 2014 CD deluxe References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Percival , Ashley ( 17 October 2013 ) . `` One Direction Big Announcement : ' Where We Are ' Stadium Tour Confirmed For 2014 '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Adejobi , Alicia ( 16 October 2013 ) . `` One Direction 's ' Midnight Memories ' Becomes Fastest - Selling Album in 15 Years on Amazon '' . Entertainmentwise . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( 4 December 2013 ) . `` One Direction Scores Historic Third No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction 's New Album Midnight Memories Gets Mixed Reviews : ' It 's Swaggeringly Confident ' -- Yahoo omg ! UK '' . Uk.omg.yahoo.com. 20 April 2011 . Retrieved 25 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Home '' . bpi.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` One Direction top 2013 global album chart '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Blistein , Jon ( 6 September 2013 ) . `` One Direction Announce Release Date for New Album , ' Midnight Memories ' '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ `` Promotional teaser video '' . Twitter . 6 September 2013 . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Album name announcement '' . Instagram. 6 September 2013 . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Smart , Gordon ( 11 October 2012 ) . `` 1D 's new artwork reveals new look for band '' . The Sun . London . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Album artwork presentation '' . Twitter . 11 October 2013 . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Midnight Memories final track list '' . Twitter . 12 October 2013 . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` iTunes -- Music -- Midnight Memories ( The Ultimate Edition ) by One Direction '' . Apple Inc . Retrieved 25 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Bergman , Jeremy . `` One Direction 's ' Best Song Ever ' Breaks One - Day Vevo Record '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Zayn Malik on `` Story of My Life '' `` . Twitter . 25 October 2013 . Retrieved 27 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` '' Story of My Life '' global radio premiere time `` . Twitter . 25 October 2013 . Retrieved 27 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Liam Payne Gets Ready To Make Some Midnight Memories ! Announces One Direction 's Next Single ! '' . PerezHilton . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Oredein , Tobi . `` One Direction 's Liam Payne Confirms ' Midnight Memories ' As Band 's Next Single '' . Entertainment Wise . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kiss 98.5 on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases - Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates ... '' All Access . Jump up ^ Midnight Memories Reviews . Metacritic . Retrieved 25 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sendra , Tim . One Direction -- Midnight Memories . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 25 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Zaleski , Annie ( 27 November 2012 ) . `` Can 1D have cute faces and be taken seriously ? The A.V. Club '' . Avclub.com . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Catucci , Nick ( 20 November 2013 ) . Midnight Memories Review . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 24 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Andy Gill ( 29 July 2013 ) . `` One Direction Midnight Memories , album review : ' A clumsy attempt at rock ' -- Reviews -- Music '' . London : The Independent . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Wood , Mikael ( 26 November 2013 ) . `` Review : One Direction 's one goal on ' Midnight Memories ' : the very top '' . latimes.com . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Empire , Kitty ( 23 November 2013 ) . One Direction : Midnight Memories -- review . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Rob Tannenbaum . `` One Direction , ' Midnight Memories ' Album Reviews '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Slant review '' . Retrieved 25 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Soto , Alfred . `` One Direction , ' Midnight Memories ' Review '' . Spin.com . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mansfield , Brian ( 24 November 2013 ) . Review : One Direction rocks out on ' Midnight . USA Today . Retrieved 24 November 2013 . Jump up ^ One Direction 's New Album Midnight Memories Gets Mixed Reviews : ' It 's Swaggeringly Confident ' Jump up ^ `` One Direction 's New Album Midnight Memories Gets Mixed Reviews : ' It 's Swaggeringly Confident ' '' . EntertainmentWise. 23 November 2013 . Retrieved 25 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Midnight Memories , ' music review '' . New York : NY Daily News . 21 October 2013 . Retrieved 25 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Corner , Lewis ( 29 November 2013 ) . `` One Direction claim fastest - selling UK album of 2013 '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 29 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Lane , Daniel ( 1 December 2013 ) . `` One Direction score fastest selling album of their career with Midnight Memories '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Daniel Lane ( 1 January 2014 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Artist Albums of 2013 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( 4 December 2013 ) . `` One Direction Scores Historic Third No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Paul Grein ( 2 January 2014 ) . `` The Top 10 Albums and Songs of 2013 '' . Chart Watch . Yahoo . ^ Jump up to : Keith Caulfield ( August 13 , 2015 ) . `` Billboard 200 Chart Moves : One Direction 's ' Four ' Reaches 1 Million Sold in U.S. '' Billboard . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Platino en Mexico Archived 2 December 2013 at Archive.is Jump up ^ `` One Direction ' Midnight Memories ' Cover Art , Tracklist Revealed ( PHOTO ) : Zayn , Harry , Niall , Louis and Liam Announce Twitter ' Track Quiz ' Contest for Fans '' . Mstarz. 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason ( 11 October 2013 ) . `` One Direction Unveils ' Midnight Memories ' Artwork , Track List '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Wootton , Dan ( 17 November 2013 ) . `` M1DNIGHT treat world excusive review of album '' . The Sun . London . Jump up ^ `` Japanese edition '' . Amazon JP . Jump up ^ Midnight Memories ( CD liner ) . One Direction . Columbia Records . 2013 . 8 - 88837 - 74032 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- One Direction -- Midnight Memories '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- One Direction -- Midnight Memories '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- One Direction -- Midnight Memories '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- One Direction -- Midnight Memories '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil Albums : Jun 14 , 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction -- Chart history '' . Billboard . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 综合 榜 2014 年 第 11 周 '' . Retrieved 18 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top of the Shops -- službena tjedna lista prodanih albuma u Hrvatskoj '' . Hdu-toplista.com . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Cyprus Charts '' . Archived from the original on 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Czech Albums -- Top 100 '' . ČNS IFPI . Note : On the chart page , select ( ( ( date ) ) ) on the field besides the word `` Zobrazit '' , and then click over the word to retrieve the correct chart data . Retrieved 10 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- One Direction -- Midnight Memories '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- One Direction -- Midnight Memories '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 29 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction : Midnight Memories '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- One Direction -- Midnight Memories '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Longplay - Chartverfolgung at Musicline '' ( in German ) . Musicline.de . Phononet GmbH . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Charts '' . Archived from the original on 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 album DVD és válogatáslemez - lista -- 2013 . 48 . hét '' ( in Hungarian ) . MAHASZ . Jump up ^ `` GFK Chart - Track Albums : Week 48 , 2013 '' . Chart - Track . IRMA . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- One Direction -- Midnight Memories '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction -- Midnight Memories '' . Oricon . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Puesto No. 1 del # Top100MX del ... '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Twitter . 20 December 2013 . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- One Direction -- Midnight Memories '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- One Direction -- Midnight Memories '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- One Direction -- Midnight Memories '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South African Top 20 Albums Chart '' . RSG ( Recording Industry of South Africa ) . Archived from the original on 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- One Direction -- Midnight Memories '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- One Direction -- Midnight Memories '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 29 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- One Direction -- Midnight Memories '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ 玫瑰 大眾 購物 網 Archived 15 July 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ `` One Direction Artist Official Charts '' . UK Albums Chart . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( 4 December 2013 ) . `` One Direction Scores Historic Third No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 5 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ranking mensual -- 2013 Noviembre '' ( in Spanish ) . Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers . Archived from the original on 17 August 2013 . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` El álbum más vendido durante 2013 en Argentina : `` Violetta -- Hoy somos más '' '' ( in Spanish ) . Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers . Archived from the original on 2 February 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin . `` Pink Tops 2013 ARIA Album Chart '' . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` JAAROVERZICHTEN 2013 : Albums '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop ( NL ) . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` JAAROVERZICHTEN 2013 : Albums '' ( in French ) . Ultratop ( FR ) . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MERCADO FONOGRÁFICO MUNDIAL E BRASILEIRO EM 2013 '' ( in Portuguese ) . ABPD . Archived from the original on 19 January 2015 . Retrieved 20 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Album - Top 100 2013 '' . Hitlisten.NU . IFPI Denmark . Archived from the original on 4 February 2014 . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Album 2013 '' ( in Dutch ) . MegaCharts . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Myydyimmät ulkomaiset albumit vuonna 2013 '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Albums annuel ( physique + téléchargement + streaming ) '' ( in French ) . SNEP Musique. 2013 . Retrieved 13 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Album - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Összesített album - és válogatáslemez - lista -- eladási darabszám alapján -- 2013 '' ( in Hungarian ) . MAHASZ . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CLASSIFICHE ANNUALI 2013 TOP OF THE MUSIC BY FIMI GfK '' . FIMI . Archived from the original on 11 January 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` > > IRMA < < Irish Charts - Best of 2012 '' . IRMA . Archived from the original on 14 November 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 年 の CD アルバム 年間 ランキング '' ( 2013 CD Albums Yearly Ranking ) ( in Japanese ) . Oricon. 2013 . Archived from the original on 26 December 2013 . Retrieved 26 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Los Más Vendidos 2013 '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas ( AMPROFON ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 February 2015 . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` END OF YEAR CHARTS 2012 '' . The Official NZ Music Charts . Recorded Music New Zealand Limited . Archived from the original on 28 February 2012 . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Najchętniej kupowane płyty roku 2013 -- podsumowanie listy OLiS '' ( in Polish ) . ZPAV . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tops 2013 PROMUSICAE Charts '' . Retrieved 1 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Album -- År 2013 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Swedish Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 12 October 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - End Charts 2013 '' . Media Control . Hung Medien . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Global Music Report 2014 '' ( PDF ) . p. 12 . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts -- ARIA Top 100 Albums 2014 '' . ARIA Charts . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ ultratop.be - ULTRATOP BELGIAN CHARTS Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2014 : Albums '' ( in French ) . Ultratop Wallonia. 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Album Top - 100 2014 '' ( in Danish ) . Hitlisten . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Album 2014 '' ( in Dutch ) . MegaCharts . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Albums annuel ( physique + téléchargement + streaming ) '' ( in French ) . SNEP Musique. 2013 . Retrieved 13 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI - Classifiche Annuali 2014 `` TOP OF THE MUSIC '' FIMI - GfK : un anno di musica italiana '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Archived from the original on 13 January 2015 . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Los Más Vendidos 2014 '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas ( AMPROFON ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 February 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2014 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Albumes 2014 '' ( in Spanish ) . PROMUSICAE . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Album -- År 2014 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - End Charts 2014 '' ( in German ) . Swiss Charts Portal . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Moss , Liv ( 1 January 2015 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Artist Albums of 2014 '' . Official Charts Company . Archived from the original on 1 January 2015 . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 200 Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Billboard 200 Albums -- Year - End 2015 '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ONE DIRECTION -- MIDNIGHT MEMORIES DOBLE PLATINO '' . Sony Music Argentina ( in Spanish ) . Sony Music Entertainment . 5 December 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2014 . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2013 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . November 2013 . Retrieved 10 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian album certifications -- One Direction -- Midnight Memories '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter One Direction in the field Interpret . Enter Midnight Memories in the field Titel . Select album in the field Format . Click Suchen . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- albums 2013 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Brazilian album certifications -- One Direction -- Midnight Memories '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved 18 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- One Direction -- Midnight Memories '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` '' Midnight memories '' de One Direction ya es cuádruple platino en Chile '' ( `` Midnight memories '' by One Direction is quadruple platinum in Chile ) . Cooperativa.cl ( in Spanish ) . Cooperativa.cl. 20 December 2013 . Retrieved 24 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Los One Direction batieron récord de ventas en la región '' . elcomercio.pe ( in Spanish ) . elcomercio.pe. 29 April 2014 . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` One Direction '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` French album certifications -- One Direction -- Midnight Memories '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adatbázis -- Arany - és platinalemezek -- 2014 '' ( in Hungarian ) . MAHASZ . Jump up ^ `` Irish album certifications -- One Direction -- Midnight Memories '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Italian album certifications -- One Direction '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` Certification list '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . November 2013 . Retrieved 10 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ¡ Midnight Memories es Cuadruple Platino en México ! '' . AMPROFON ( in Spanish ) . AMPROFON. 4 March 2014 . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch album certifications -- One Direction -- Midnight Memories '' ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld - en geluidsdragers . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Enter Midnight Memories in the `` Artiest of titel '' box . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand album certifications -- One Direction -- Midnight Memories '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ `` PARI - List of PARI Gold , Platinum & Diamond Awardees '' . PARI. 3 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Polish album certifications -- One Direction -- Midnight Memories '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Jump up ^ `` Spanish album certifications -- One Direction -- Midnight Memories '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Select album under `` Chart '' , enter 2013 in the field `` Year '' . Select the certification month in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Type One Direction in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Midnight Memories and see certification . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( One Direction ; ' Midnight Memories ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- One Direction -- Midnight Memories '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select albums in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Type Midnight Memories in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 14 April 2017 ) . `` 5 random chart facts of the week to make you go `` oooooh '' `` . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 16 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- One Direction -- Midnight Memories '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH . Jump up ^ `` Lo último de One Direction es doble platino en Uruguay '' . elpais.com.uy ( in Spanish ) . elpais.com.uy. 6 December 2013 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2014 . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Platinum Awards -- IFPI -- Representing the recording industry worldwide '' . ifpi.org . Archived from the original on 10 October 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Midnight Memories '' . Sanity . Jump up ^ `` Midnight Memories ( Deluxe Case Book ) '' . amazon.ca . Jump up ^ `` Midnight Memories ' - Edition Deluxe '' . amazon.fr . Jump up ^ `` Midnight Memories ( German Deluxe Edition ) '' . amazon.de . Jump up ^ `` Midnight Memories : One Direction : Amazon.it : Musica '' . amazon.it . Jump up ^ `` Midnight Memories by One Direction : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` One Direction - Midnight Memories ( Deluxe Version ) - Amazon.com Music '' . amazon.com . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ One Direction . `` Midnight Memories '' . empik.com . Jump up ^ `` ミッドナイト ・ メモリーズ '' . ORICON STYLE . Jump up ^ 单 向 组合 One Direction : 午夜 回忆 Midnight Memories Deluxe ( CD 豪华 写真 版 附 28 页 珍藏 彩色 内 页 ) 单 向 组合 ( One Direction ) 亚马逊 中国 One Direction Niall Horan Liam Payne Harry Styles Louis Tomlinson Zayn Malik Studio albums Up All Night Take Me Home Midnight Memories Four Made in the A.M. Extended plays iTunes Festival : London 2012 Video albums Up All Night : The Live Tour Singles `` What Makes You Beautiful '' `` Gotta Be You '' `` One Thing '' `` More than This '' `` Live While We 're Young '' `` Little Things '' `` Kiss You '' `` One Way or Another ( Teenage Kicks ) '' `` Best Song Ever '' `` Story of My Life '' `` Midnight Memories '' `` You & I '' `` Steal My Girl '' `` Night Changes '' `` Drag Me Down '' `` Perfect '' `` History '' Promotional singles `` Diana '' `` Strong '' `` Infinity '' `` Home '' `` What a Feeling '' Other songs `` Moments '' `` Rock Me '' `` Happily '' Concert tours Up All Night Tour Take Me Home Tour Where We Are Tour On the Road Again Tour TV and film This Is Us Where We Are -- The Concert Film Merchandise Our Moment Discography Awards and nominations Songs Commons UK best - selling albums by year ( 2010 -- 2017 ) 2010 : Progress ( Take That ) 2011 : 21 ( Adele ) 2012 : Our Version of Events ( Emeli Sandé ) 2013 : Midnight Memories ( One Direction ) 2014 : x ( Ed Sheeran ) 2015 -- 16 : 25 ( Adele ) 2017 : ÷ ( Ed Sheeran ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Midnight_Memories&oldid=865647897 '' Categories : One Direction albums Columbia Records albums 2013 albums Albums produced by Ryan Tedder Albums produced by John Shanks Albums produced by Jacknife Lee Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Webarchive template webcite links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown EngvarB from March 2014 Use dmy dates from March 2014 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Certification Table Entry usages for Argentina Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Brazil Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Finland Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Hungary Certification Table Entry usages for Ireland Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for Europe Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Zazaki 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 08 : 11 ( UTC ) . 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"No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Best Song Ever\"\nWayne Hector\nJohn Ryan\nEd Drewett\nJulian Bunetta\n\nBunetta\nRyan\nMatt Rad\n3:202.\"Story of My Life\"\nBunetta\nJamie Scott\nRyan\nLouis Tomlinson\nLiam Payne\nNiall Horan\nHarry Styles\nZayn Malik\n\nBunetta\nRyan\n4:053.\"Diana\"\nBunetta\nScott\nRyan\nTomlinson\nPayne\n\nBunetta\nRyan\n3:044.\"Midnight Memories\"\nBunetta\nScott\nRyan\nTomlinson\nPayne\n\nBunetta\nRyan\n2:565.\"You & I\"\nBunetta\nScott\nRyan\n\nBunetta\nRyan\n3:576.\"Don't Forget Where You Belong\"\nTom Fletcher\nDanny Jones\nDougie Poynter\nHoran\n\nFletcher\nJones\nPoynter\n4:017.\"Strong\"\nBunetta\nScott\nRyan\nTomlinson\n\nBunetta\nRyan\n3:048.\"Happily\"\nSavan Kotecha\nCarl Falk\nStyles\n\nFalk\nKristian Lundin[a]\n2:559.\"Right Now\"\nRyan Tedder\nTomlinson\nPayne\nStyles\n\nTedder\nJake Gosling[b]\n3:2010.\"Little Black Dress\"\nBunetta\nRyan\nTheodore Geiger\nTomlinson\nPayne\n\nBunetta\nRyan\nGeiger\n2:3711.\"Through The Dark\"\nScott\nToby Smith\nTomlinson\nPayne\n\nScott\nSmith\nRyan[c]\n3:4112.\"Something Great\"\nJacknife Lee\nGary Lightbody\nStyles\nJacknife Lee3:5613.\"Little White Lies\"\nHector\nRyan\nDrewett\nBunetta\nTomlinson\nPayne\n\nBunetta\nRyan\n3:1714.\"Better Than Words\"\nBunetta\nScott\nRyan\nTomlinson\nPayne\n\nBunetta\nRyan\n3:28Total length:47:41",
"No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Best Song Ever\"\nWayne Hector\nJohn Ryan\nEd Drewett\nJulian Bunetta\n\nBunetta\nRyan\nMatt Rad\n3:202.\"Story of My Life\"\nBunetta\nJamie Scott\nRyan\nLouis Tomlinson\nLiam Payne\nNiall Horan\nHarry Styles\nZayn Malik\n\nBunetta\nRyan\n4:053.\"Diana\"\nBunetta\nScott\nRyan\nTomlinson\nPayne\n\nBunetta\nRyan\n3:044.\"Midnight Memories\"\nBunetta\nScott\nRyan\nTomlinson\nPayne\n\nBunetta\nRyan\n2:565.\"You & I\"\nBunetta\nScott\nRyan\n\nBunetta\nRyan\n3:576.\"Don't Forget Where You Belong\"\nTom Fletcher\nDanny Jones\nDougie Poynter\nHoran\n\nFletcher\nJones\nPoynter\n4:017.\"Strong\"\nBunetta\nScott\nRyan\nTomlinson\n\nBunetta\nRyan\n3:048.\"Happily\"\nSavan Kotecha\nCarl Falk\nStyles\n\nFalk\nKristian Lundin[a]\n2:559.\"Right Now\"\nRyan Tedder\nTomlinson\nPayne\nStyles\n\nTedder\nJake Gosling[b]\n3:2010.\"Little Black Dress\"\nBunetta\nRyan\nTheodore Geiger\nTomlinson\nPayne\n\nBunetta\nRyan\nGeiger\n2:3711.\"Through The Dark\"\nScott\nToby Smith\nTomlinson\nPayne\n\nScott\nSmith\nRyan[c]\n3:4112.\"Something Great\"\nJacknife Lee\nGary Lightbody\nStyles\nJacknife Lee3:5613.\"Little White Lies\"\nHector\nRyan\nDrewett\nBunetta\nTomlinson\nPayne\n\nBunetta\nRyan\n3:1714.\"Better Than Words\"\nBunetta\nScott\nRyan\nTomlinson\nPayne\n\nBunetta\nRyan\n3:28Total length:47:41",
"No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Best Song Ever\"\nWayne Hector\nJohn Ryan\nEd Drewett\nJulian Bunetta\n\nBunetta\nRyan\nMatt Rad\n3:202.\"Story of My Life\"\nBunetta\nJamie Scott\nRyan\nLouis Tomlinson\nLiam Payne\nNiall Horan\nHarry Styles\nZayn Malik\n\nBunetta\nRyan\n4:053.\"Diana\"\nBunetta\nScott\nRyan\nTomlinson\nPayne\n\nBunetta\nRyan\n3:044.\"Midnight Memories\"\nBunetta\nScott\nRyan\nTomlinson\nPayne\n\nBunetta\nRyan\n2:565.\"You & I\"\nBunetta\nScott\nRyan\n\nBunetta\nRyan\n3:576.\"Don't Forget Where You Belong\"\nTom Fletcher\nDanny Jones\nDougie Poynter\nHoran\n\nFletcher\nJones\nPoynter\n4:017.\"Strong\"\nBunetta\nScott\nRyan\nTomlinson\n\nBunetta\nRyan\n3:048.\"Happily\"\nSavan Kotecha\nCarl Falk\nStyles\n\nFalk\nKristian Lundin[a]\n2:559.\"Right Now\"\nRyan Tedder\nTomlinson\nPayne\nStyles\n\nTedder\nJake Gosling[b]\n3:2010.\"Little Black Dress\"\nBunetta\nRyan\nTheodore Geiger\nTomlinson\nPayne\n\nBunetta\nRyan\nGeiger\n2:3711.\"Through The Dark\"\nScott\nToby Smith\nTomlinson\nPayne\n\nScott\nSmith\nRyan[c]\n3:4112.\"Something Great\"\nJacknife Lee\nGary Lightbody\nStyles\nJacknife Lee3:5613.\"Little White Lies\"\nHector\nRyan\nDrewett\nBunetta\nTomlinson\nPayne\n\nBunetta\nRyan\n3:1714.\"Better Than Words\"\nBunetta\nScott\nRyan\nTomlinson\nPayne\n\nBunetta\nRyan\n3:28Total length:47:41",
"No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Best Song Ever\"\nWayne Hector\nJohn Ryan\nEd Drewett\nJulian Bunetta\n\nBunetta\nRyan\nMatt Rad\n3:202.\"Story of My Life\"\nBunetta\nJamie Scott\nRyan\nLouis Tomlinson\nLiam Payne\nNiall Horan\nHarry Styles\nZayn Malik\n\nBunetta\nRyan\n4:053.\"Diana\"\nBunetta\nScott\nRyan\nTomlinson\nPayne\n\nBunetta\nRyan\n3:044.\"Midnight Memories\"\nBunetta\nScott\nRyan\nTomlinson\nPayne\n\nBunetta\nRyan\n2:565.\"You & I\"\nBunetta\nScott\nRyan\n\nBunetta\nRyan\n3:576.\"Don't Forget Where You Belong\"\nTom Fletcher\nDanny Jones\nDougie Poynter\nHoran\n\nFletcher\nJones\nPoynter\n4:017.\"Strong\"\nBunetta\nScott\nRyan\nTomlinson\n\nBunetta\nRyan\n3:048.\"Happily\"\nSavan Kotecha\nCarl Falk\nStyles\n\nFalk\nKristian Lundin[a]\n2:559.\"Right Now\"\nRyan Tedder\nTomlinson\nPayne\nStyles\n\nTedder\nJake Gosling[b]\n3:2010.\"Little Black Dress\"\nBunetta\nRyan\nTheodore Geiger\nTomlinson\nPayne\n\nBunetta\nRyan\nGeiger\n2:3711.\"Through The Dark\"\nScott\nToby Smith\nTomlinson\nPayne\n\nScott\nSmith\nRyan[c]\n3:4112.\"Something Great\"\nJacknife Lee\nGary Lightbody\nStyles\nJacknife Lee3:5613.\"Little White Lies\"\nHector\nRyan\nDrewett\nBunetta\nTomlinson\nPayne\n\nBunetta\nRyan\n3:1714.\"Better Than Words\"\nBunetta\nScott\nRyan\nTomlinson\nPayne\n\nBunetta\nRyan\n3:28Total length:47:41",
"No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Best Song Ever\"\nWayne Hector\nJohn Ryan\nEd Drewett\nJulian Bunetta\n\nBunetta\nRyan\nMatt Rad\n3:202.\"Story of My Life\"\nBunetta\nJamie Scott\nRyan\nLouis Tomlinson\nLiam Payne\nNiall Horan\nHarry Styles\nZayn Malik\n\nBunetta\nRyan\n4:053.\"Diana\"\nBunetta\nScott\nRyan\nTomlinson\nPayne\n\nBunetta\nRyan\n3:044.\"Midnight Memories\"\nBunetta\nScott\nRyan\nTomlinson\nPayne\n\nBunetta\nRyan\n2:565.\"You & I\"\nBunetta\nScott\nRyan\n\nBunetta\nRyan\n3:576.\"Don't Forget Where You Belong\"\nTom Fletcher\nDanny Jones\nDougie Poynter\nHoran\n\nFletcher\nJones\nPoynter\n4:017.\"Strong\"\nBunetta\nScott\nRyan\nTomlinson\n\nBunetta\nRyan\n3:048.\"Happily\"\nSavan Kotecha\nCarl Falk\nStyles\n\nFalk\nKristian Lundin[a]\n2:559.\"Right Now\"\nRyan Tedder\nTomlinson\nPayne\nStyles\n\nTedder\nJake Gosling[b]\n3:2010.\"Little Black Dress\"\nBunetta\nRyan\nTheodore Geiger\nTomlinson\nPayne\n\nBunetta\nRyan\nGeiger\n2:3711.\"Through The Dark\"\nScott\nToby Smith\nTomlinson\nPayne\n\nScott\nSmith\nRyan[c]\n3:4112.\"Something Great\"\nJacknife Lee\nGary Lightbody\nStyles\nJacknife Lee3:5613.\"Little White Lies\"\nHector\nRyan\nDrewett\nBunetta\nTomlinson\nPayne\n\nBunetta\nRyan\n3:1714.\"Better Than Words\"\nBunetta\nScott\nRyan\nTomlinson\nPayne\n\nBunetta\nRyan\n3:28Total length:47:41"
] | [
"Theodore Geiger",
"Julian Bunetta",
"John Ryan",
"Louis Tomlinson",
"Liam Payne"
] |
8350652816498488504 | Eureka Rebellion | Eureka rebellion - Wikipedia Eureka rebellion Jump to : navigation , search `` Eureka Stockade '' redirects here . For other uses , see Eureka Stockade ( disambiguation ) . Eureka Rebellion Eureka Stockade Riot . J.B. Henderson ( 1854 ) watercolour Date 3 December 1854 Location Ballarat East ( now Eureka ) , Ballarat , Australia Result Miners ' rebellion defeated by the Victorian authorities Belligerents Colony of Victoria British Army Victoria Police Stockade rebels Commanders and leaders J.W. Thomas Charles Pasley Peter Lalor ( WIA ) Henry Ross ( WIA ) ( POW ) Strength 276 190 Casualties and losses 6 killed 22 -- 60 killed ( estimated ) 12 + wounded 120 + captured The Eureka Rebellion was a rebellion in 1854 , instigated by gold miners in Ballarat , Victoria , Australia , who revolted against the colonial authority of the United Kingdom . The Battle of the Eureka Stockade , by which the rebellion is popularly known , was fought between miners and the colonial forces of Australia on 3 December 1854 at Eureka Lead and named for the stockade structure erected by miners during the conflict . The rebellion resulted in the deaths of at least 27 people , the majority of whom were rebels . The rebellion was the culmination of a period of civil disobedience in the Ballarat region during the Victorian gold rush with miners objecting to the expense of a miner 's licence , taxation via the licence without representation and the actions of the government , the police and military . The local rebellion grew from a Ballarat Reform League movement and culminated in the erection by the rebels of a crude battlement and a swift and deadly siege by colonial forces . Mass public support for the captured rebels in the colony 's capital of Melbourne when they were placed on trial resulted in the introduction of the Electoral Act 1856 , which mandated suffrage for male colonists in the lower house in the Victorian parliament . This is considered the second instituted act of political democracy in Australia . Female colonists of South Australia were awarded suffrage 5 years later on condition of owning property , much in the way Men did not have full suffrage in the absence of property ownership . As such , the Eureka Rebellion is controversially identified with the birth of democracy in Australia and interpreted by some as a political revolt . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Protests on the Goldfields : 1851 -- 1854 1.2 Murder of James Scobie and the burning of Bentley 's Hotel 1.3 Further unrest 1.4 Ballarat Reform League 2 Battle of the Eureka Stockade 2.1 Paramilitary mobilisation and swearing allegiance to the Southern Cross 2.1. 1 `` Remember Vinegar Hill '' : Irish dimension factors in dwindling numbers at stockade 2.1. 2 Departing detachment of Independent Californian Rangers leaves small garrison behind 2.2 Stockade 2.3 Siege of the Eureka Stockade 2.3. 1 Estimates of the death toll 3 Aftermath 3.1 Trials for sedition and high treason 3.2 Commission of Enquiry 3.3 Peter Lalor 4 Political legacy 5 Commemoration 6 Publications 7 Popular culture 7.1 Literature 7.2 Film and television 7.3 Stage 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Background ( edit ) Protests on the goldfields : 1851 -- 1854 ( edit ) The Forest Creek Monster Meeting of December 1851 Hiscock 's gold rush began on 12 August 1851 following the publication in the Geelong Advertiser of Thomas Hiscock 's gold findings at Hiscock 's , 3 kilometres west of Buninyong ( now Magpie , approximately 10 kilometres south of Eureka ) . Just days later on 16 August 1851 , Lieutenant - Governor Latrobe proclaimed in the Government Gazette crown rights for all mining proceeds and a licence fee of 30 shillings per month effective from 1 September 1851 . On 26 August , a rally of 40 - 50 miners opposing the fee was held at Hiscock 's gully -- the first of many such protests in the colony . The miners opposed government policies of oppression including the licence fee and demanded rights to vote and to buy land . This first meeting was followed by dissent across the colony 's mining settlements . In December the government announced that it intended to triple the licence fee from £ 1 to £ 3 a month , from 1 January 1852 . This move incited protests around the colony , including the Forest Creek Monster Meeting of December 1851 . In Ballarat , as historian Weston Bate noted , diggers became so agitated that they began to gather arms . The government hastily repealed its plans due to the reaction . Nevertheless , the oppressive licence hunts continued and increased in frequency causing general dissent among the diggers . In addition , Weston Bate noted that the Ballarat diggings were in strong opposition to the strict liquor licensing laws imposed by the government . Changes to the Goldfields Act in 1853 allowed licence searches to occur at any time which further incensed the diggers . In Bendigo in 1853 , an Anti-Gold Licence Association was formed and the miners were apparently on the brink of an armed clash with authorities . Again in 1854 , Bendigo miners responded to an increase in the frequency of twice weekly licence hunts with threats of armed rebellion . Murder of James Scobie and the burning of Bentley 's Hotel ( edit ) Main article : James Scobie Burning of Bentley 's Hotel sketched by Charles Doudiet On 7 October 1854 , Scottish miner James Scobie was murdered at Bentley 's Eureka Hotel . Ten days later , on 17 October 1854 , between 1,000 and 10,000 miners gathered at the hotel to protest the acquittal of James Bentley , the hotel proprietor and prime suspect in Scobie 's murder , by an allegedly corrupt magistrate . The miners rioted and Bentley and his wife Catherine fled for their lives as the hotel was burnt down by the angry mob . A small group of soldiers were unable to suppress the riot . Further unrest ( edit ) On 22 October 1854 , Ballarat Catholics met to protest the treatment of Father Smyth . The next day , the arrests of miners McIntyre and Fletcher for the Eureka Hotel fire provoked a mass meeting which attracted 4,000 miners . The meeting resolved to establish a ' Digger 's Rights Society ' , to protect their rights . On 1 November 1854 , 3,000 miners met once again at Bakery Hill . They were addressed by Thomas Kennedy , Henry Holyoake , George Black and Henry Ross . The diggers were further angered by the arrest of another seven of their number for the Eureka Hotel fire . Ballarat Reform League ( edit ) Main article : Ballarat Reform League The Ballarat Reform League sought to negotiate with Commissioner Robert Rede and the Governor of Victoria , Sir Charles Hotham ( pictured ) On Saturday , 11 November 1854 a crowd estimated at more than 10,000 miners gathered at Bakery Hill , directly opposite the government encampment . At this meeting , the Ballarat Reform League was created , under the chairmanship of Chartist John Basson Humffray . Several other Reform League leaders , including Kennedy and Holyoake , had been involved with the Chartist movement in England . Many of the miners had past involvement in the Chartist movement and the social upheavals in Britain , Ireland , and continental Europe during the 1840s . In setting its goals , the Ballarat Reform League used the first five of the British Chartist movement 's principles as set out in the People 's Charter of 1838 . They did not adopt or agitate for the Chartist 's sixth principle , secret ballots . The meeting passed a resolution `` that it is the inalienable right of every citizen to have a voice in making the laws he is called on to obey , that taxation without representation is tyranny . '' The meeting also resolved to secede from the United Kingdom if the situation did not improve . Throughout the following weeks , the League sought to negotiate with Commissioner Robert Rede and the Governor of Victoria , Sir Charles Hotham , both on the specific matters relating to Bentley and the Scobie 's death , and the men being tried for the burning of the Eureka Hotel , and on the broader issues of abolition of the licence , suffrage and democratic representation of the gold fields , and disbanding of the Gold Commission . On 16 November 1854 Governor Hotham appointed a Royal Commission on the goldfields ' problems and grievances . However , Commissioner Rede , rather than hear miners ' grievances , increased the police presence in the goldfields and summoned reinforcements from Melbourne . Many historians ( most notably Manning Clark ) attribute this to his belief in his right to exert authority over the `` rabble . '' On 28 November 1854 , the reinforcements marching from Melbourne were attacked by a crowd of miners . A number were injured . A rumour of the death of a drummer boy began , and there was even a memorial erected to him in Ballarat Cemetery for many years , although historical research has shown that the boy , John Egan , continued military service until dying in 1860 . At a meeting of about 12,000 ' diggers ' on the following day , ( 29 November ) , the Reform League delegation relayed its failure to achieve any success in negotiations with the authorities . The miners resolved on open resistance to the authorities and to burn the hated licences . Rede responded by ordering police to conduct a licence search on 30 November . Eight defaulters were arrested , and most of the military resources available had to be summoned to extricate the arresting officers from the angry mob that had assembled . This raid prompted a change in the leadership of the Reform League , to people who argued in favour of ' physical force ' rather than the ' moral force ' championed by Humffray and the old leadership . Battle of the Eureka Stockade ( edit ) Paramilitary mobilisation and swearing allegiance to the Southern Cross ( edit ) Swearing Allegiance to the Southern Cross , watercolour by Charles Doudiet , Art Gallery of Ballarat The Eureka Flag at the Art Gallery of Ballarat In the rising tide of anger and resentment amongst the miners , a more militant leader , Peter Lalor , was elected . In swift fashion , a military structure was assembled . Brigades were formed , and captains were appointed . Licences were burned , and on 1 December at Bakery Hill , `` The disaffected miners ... held a meeting where at the Australian flag of independence was solemnly consecrated and vows proffered for its defence . '' , with the ' Eureka oath ' being sworn by Peter Lalor to the affirmation of his fellow demonstrators , who encamped themselves around the flag to resist further licence hunts and harassment by the authorities : `` We swear by the Southern Cross to stand truly by each other and fight to defend our rights and liberties . '' The white and blue Eureka Flag , said to be designed by a Canadian miner , `` Captain '' Henry Ross , and bearing nothing but the Southern Cross , was then flown for the first ( recorded ) occasion ; according to the Ballarat Times , which first mentioned the flag a week earlier on 24 November 1854 , at `` about eleven o'clock the ' Southern Cross ' was hoisted , and its maiden appearance was a fascinating object to behold . '' The flag was believed to have been sewn by Anastasia Hayes . Reportedly influenced by earlier designs such as the Australian Federation Flag , as a gesture of defiance , it deliberately excluded the British Union Flag , which is included in the official flag of Australia . The Eureka flag was commonly referred to at the time as the Australian flag , and as the Southern Cross , with The Age variously reporting , on 28 November : `` The Australian flag shall triumphantly wave in the sunshine of its own blue and peerless sky , over thousands of Australia 's adopted sons '' ; the day after the battle : `` They assembled round the Australian flag , which has now a permanent flag - staff '' ; and during the 1855 Eureka trials , that it was sworn that the Eureka flag was also known as the `` digger 's flag '' and also as `` the Southern Cross '' . `` Remember Vinegar Hill '' : Irish dimension factors in dwindling numbers at Stockade ( edit ) The Argus newspaper of 4 December 1854 reported that the Union Jack `` had '' to be hoisted underneath the Eureka flag at the stockade , and that both flags were by then in the possession of the foot police . Some have questioned whether this sole contemporaneous report of the otherwise unaccounted for Union Jack being present is accurate . Former CEO of the Royal Australian Historical Society , John Vaughan , theorised that the Union Jack in the adjacent government camp may have created an optical illusion , whilst others in defence of this alternative scenario have stressed that the investigating journalist may have had available eyewitness reports of the two flags having been seized , and that it was possibly an 11th hour response to the divided loyalties among the heterogeneous rebel force which was in the process of melting away ( at one stage 1,500 of 17,280 men in Ballarat were present , with only 150 taking part in the battle ) , with Lalor 's choice of password for the night of 2 December - `` Vinegar Hill '' -- causing support for the rebellion to fall away among those who were otherwise disposed to resist the military , as word spread that the question of Irish home rule had become involved . Gregory Black , military historian and author of Eureka Stockade : A Ferocious and Bloody Battle , concedes two flags may have been flown on the day of the battle , as the miners were claiming to be defending their British rights , with a further article in The Argus on 9 December 1854 , reporting that Constable Hugh King had found a Union Jack like flag being carried by a prisoner ; and , according to The Eureka Encyclopedia , Sergeant John McNeil at the time shredded a flag at the Spencer Street Barracks in Melbourne , which was said to be the Eureka flag , but which may well have been a Union Jack . It is certain that Irish born people were strongly represented at the Eureka Stockade . Eureka historians have discovered that as well as comprising most of the miners inside the stockade at the finish , the area where the defensive position was established was overwhelmingly populated by the Irish to begin with . Professor Geoffrey Blainey has advanced the view , that the white cross behind the stars on the Eureka flag `` really ( is ) an Irish cross rather than being ( a ) configuration of the Southern Cross '' . Departing detachment of Independent Californian Rangers leaves small garrison behind ( edit ) During 2 December , the peak rebel force trained in and around the stockade . A further two hundred Americans , the Independent Californian Rangers , under the leadership of James McGill , arrived about 4pm . The Americans were armed with revolvers and Mexican knives and possessed horses . In a fateful decision , McGill decided to take most of the Californian Rangers away from the stockade to intercept rumoured British reinforcements coming from Melbourne . Rede 's spies observed these actions . That night many of the miners went back to their own tents after the traditional Saturday night carousing , with the assumption that the Queen 's military forces would not be sent to attack on the Sabbath ( Sunday ) . A small contingent of miners remained at the stockade overnight , which the spies reported to Rede . Stockade ( edit ) The stockade itself was a ramshackle affair which was hastily constructed over the following days from timber and overturned carts . The structure was never meant to be a military stockade or fortress . In the words of Lalor : `` it was nothing more than an enclosure to keep our own men together , and was never erected with an eye to military defence '' . Lalor had already outlined a plan whereby , `` if the government forces come to attack us , we should meet them on the Gravel Pits , and if compelled , we should retreat by the heights to the old Canadian Gully , and there we shall make our final stand '' . Siege of the Eureka Stockade ( edit ) Map of the stockade and opposing forces By the beginning of December , the police contingent at Ballarat had been joined and surpassed in number by soldiers from British Army garrisons in Victoria , including detachments from the 12th ( East Suffolk ) Regiment of Foot and 40th ( 2nd Somersetshire ) Regiment of Foot . At 3 am on Sunday , 3 December , a party of 276 soldiers and police , under the command of Captain John W. Thomas approached the Eureka Stockade and a battle ensued . Troops from Melbourne march towards Ballarat Battle of the Eureka Stockade There is no agreement as to which side fired first , but the battle was fierce , brief , and terribly one - sided . The ramshackle army of miners was hopelessly outclassed by a military regiment and was routed in about 10 minutes . During the height of the battle , Lalor was shot in his left arm , took refuge under some timber and was smuggled out of the stockade and hidden . His arm was later amputated . Stories tell how women ran forward and threw themselves over the injured to prevent further indiscriminate killing . The Commission of Inquiry would later say that it was `` a needless as well as a ruthless sacrifice of human life indiscriminate of innocent or guilty , and after all resistance had disappeared . '' Early in the battle `` Captain '' Henry Ross was shot dead . According to Lalor 's report , fourteen miners ( mostly Irish ) died inside the stockade and an additional eight died later from injuries they sustained . A further dozen were wounded but recovered . Three months after the Eureka Stockade , Peter Lalor wrote : `` As the inhuman brutalities practised by the troops are so well known , it is unnecessary for me to repeat them . There were 34 digger casualties of which 22 died . The unusual proportion of the killed to the wounded , is owing to the butchery of the military and troopers after the surrender . '' During the battle , trooper John King the police constable , took down the Eureka flag . By 8 am , Captain Charles Pasley , the second in command of the British forces , sickened by the carnage , saved a group of prisoners from being bayoneted and threatened to shoot any police or soldiers who continued with the slaughter . Pasley 's valuable assistance was acknowledged in despatches printed and laid before the Victorian Legislative Council . One hundred and fourteen diggers , some wounded , were marched off to the Government camp about two kilometres away , where they were kept in an overcrowded lock - up , before being moved to a more spacious barn on Monday morning . Estimates of the death toll ( edit ) Of the soldiers and police , six were killed , including Captain Wise . Martial law was imposed , and all armed resistance collapsed . News of the battle spread quickly to Melbourne and other gold field regions , turning a perceived Government military victory in repressing a minor insurrection into a public relations disaster . Thousands of people in Melbourne turned out to condemn the authorities , in defiance of their mayor and some Legislative Councillors , who tried to rally support for the government . In Ballarat , only one man responded to the call for special constables , although in Melbourne 1500 were sworn in and armed with batons . Many people voiced their support for the diggers ' requested reforms . Exact numbers of deaths and injuries and persons are difficult to determine as many miners `` fled to the surrounding bush and it is likely a good many more died a lonely death or suffered the agony of their wounds , hidden from the authorities for fear of repercussions . '' according to Eureka researcher and author Dorothy Wickham . The official register of deaths in the Ballarat District Register shows 27 names associated with the stockade battle at Eureka . Historian Clare Wright quotes one source , Thomas Pierson , who noted in the margin to his diary time has proved that near 60 have died of the diggers in all . According to Wright , Captain Thomas estimated that 30 diggers died on the spot and many more died of their wounds subsequently . Even the Geelong Advertiser on 8 December 1854 stated that deaths were more numerous than originally supposed . While it has been thought all the deaths at Eureka were men , research by historian Clare Wright details that at least one woman lost her life in the massacre . Wright 's research details the important role of women on the goldfields and in the reform movement . Her book Forgotten Rebels of Eureka details how Charles Evans ' diary describes a funeral for a woman who was mercilessly butchered by a mounted trooper while pleading for the life of her husband during the Eureka massacre . Her name and the fate and identity of her husband remain unknown . Aftermath ( edit ) Historian Geoffrey Blainey has commented , `` Every government in the world would probably have counter-attacked in the face of the building of the stockade . '' For a few weeks it appeared that the status quo had been restored , and Rede ruled the camps with an iron fist . Trials for sedition and high treason ( edit ) Engraving published in The Age of some of the rebels on trial The first trial relating to the rebellion was a charge of sedition against Henry Seekamp of the Ballarat Times . Seekamp was arrested in his newspaper office on 4 December 1854 , for a series of articles that appeared in the Ballarat Times . Many of these articles were written by George Lang , the son of the prominent republican and Presbyterian Minister of Sydney , the Reverend John Dunmore Lang . He was tried and convicted of seditious libel by a Melbourne jury on 23 January 1855 and , after a series of appeals , sentenced to six months imprisonment on 23 March . He was released from prison on 28 June 1855 , precisely three months early . While he was in jail , Henry Seekamp 's de facto wife , Clara Seekamp took over the business , and became the first female editor of an Australian newspaper . Of the approximately 120 ' diggers ' detained after the rebellion , thirteen were brought to trial . They were : Timothy Hayes , Chairman of the Ballarat Reform League , from Ireland James McFie Campbell , a black man from Kingston , Jamaica Raffaello Carboni , an Italian and trusted lieutenant who was in charge of the European diggers as he spoke a few European languages . Carboni self - published his account of the Eureka Stockade a year after the Stockade , the only comprehensive eyewitness account Jacob Sorenson , a Jew from Scotland John Manning , a Ballarat Times journalist , from Ireland John Phelan , a friend and business partner of Peter Lalor , from Ireland Thomas Dignum , born in Sydney John Joseph , a black American from New York City or Baltimore , United States James Beattie , from Ireland William Molloy , from Ireland Jan Vennick , from the Netherlands Michael Tuohy , from Ireland Henry Reid , from Ireland Thousands of Melbourne residents celebrated the acquittal of the rebels , and paraded them through the streets upon their release from the Victorian Supreme Court . The first trial started on 22 February 1855 , with defendants being brought before the court on charges of high treason . Joseph was one of three Americans arrested at the stockade , with the United States Consul intervening for the release of the other two Americans . The prosecution was handled by Attorney - General William Stawell representing the Crown before Chief Justice William à Beckett . The jury deliberated for about half an hour before returning a verdict of `` not guilty '' . `` A sudden burst of applause arose in the court '' reported The Argus , but was instantly checked by court officers . The Chief Justice condemned this as an attempt to influence the jury ; he sentenced two men identified by the Crown Solicitor as having applauded to a week in prison for contempt . Over 10,000 people had come to hear the jury 's verdict . John Joseph was carried around the streets of Melbourne in a chair in triumph , according to the Ballarat newspaper The Star . Under the auspices of Victorian Chief Justice Redmond Barry , all the other 13 accused men were rapidly acquitted to great public acclaim . The trials have on several occasions been called a farce . Rede himself was quietly removed from the camps and reassigned to an insignificant position in rural Victoria . Commission of enquiry ( edit ) When Hotham 's Royal Commission report , initiated before the conflict , was finally handed down it was scathing in its assessment of all aspects of the administration of the gold fields , and particularly the Eureka Stockade affair . According to Blainey , `` It was perhaps the most generous concession offered by a governor to a major opponent in the history of Australia up to that time . The members of the commission were appointed before Eureka ... they were men who were likely to be sympathetic to the diggers . '' The report made several major recommendations , one of which was to restrict Chinese immigration . Its recommendations were only put into effect after the Stockade . The gold licences were then abolished , and replaced by an annual miner 's right and an export fee based on the value of the gold . Mining wardens replaced the gold commissioners , and police numbers were cut drastically . The Legislative Council was expanded to allow representation to the major goldfields and Peter Lalor and John Basson Humffray were elected for Ballarat , although there were property qualifications with regards to eligibility to vote in upper house elections in Victoria until the 1950s . After 12 months , all but one of the demands of the Ballarat Reform League had been granted . Lalor and Humffray both enjoyed distinguished careers as politicians , with Lalor later elected as Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Victoria . Peter Lalor ( edit ) Main article : Peter Lalor Eureka leader Peter Lalor in later life as Speaker of the House in the Legislative Assembly of Victoria Following the battle , rebel leader , Irish Australian Peter Lalor , wrote in a statement to the colonists of Victoria , `` There are two things connected with the late outbreak ( Eureka ) which I deeply regret . The first is , that we should n't have been forced to take up arms at all ; and the second is , that when we were compelled to take the field in our own defence , we were unable ( through want of arms , ammunition and a little organisation ) to inflict on the real authors of the outbreak the punishment they so richly deserved . '' Lalor stood for Ballaarat in the 1855 elections and was elected unopposed . During a speech in the Legislative Council in 1856 he said , `` I would ask these gentlemen what they mean by the term ' democracy ' . Do they mean Chartism or Republicanism ? If so , I never was , I am not now , nor do I ever intend to be a democrat . But if a democrat means opposition to a tyrannical press , a tyrannical people , or a tyrannical government , then I have been , I am still , and will ever remain a democrat . '' Political legacy ( edit ) The actual significance of Eureka upon Australia 's politics is not decisive . It has been variously interpreted as a revolt of free men against imperial tyranny , of independent free enterprise against burdensome taxation , of labour against a privileged ruling class , or as an expression of republicanism . In his 1897 travel book Following the Equator , American writer Mark Twain wrote of the Eureka Rebellion : ... I think it may be called the finest thing in Australasian history . It was a revolution -- small in size ; but great politically ; it was a strike for liberty , a struggle for principle , a stand against injustice and oppression ... It is another instance of a victory won by a lost battle . It adds an honorable page to history ; the people know it and are proud of it . They keep green the memory of the men who fell at the Eureka stockade , and Peter Lalor has his monument . Raffaello Carboni , who was present at the Stockade , wrote that `` amongst the foreigners ... there was no democratic feeling , but merely a spirit of resistance to the licence fee '' ; and he also disputes the accusations `` that have branded the miners of Ballarat as disloyal to their QUEEN '' ( emphasis as in the original ) . The affair continues to raise echoes in Australian politics to the present day , and from time to time one group or another calls for the existing Australian flag to be replaced by the Eureka Flag . Some historians believe that the prominence of the event in the public record has come about because Australian history does not include a major armed rebellion phase equivalent to the French Revolution , the English Civil War , or the American War of Independence , making the Eureka story inflated well beyond its real significance . Others , however , maintain that Eureka was a seminal event and that it marked a major change in the course of Australian history . In 1980 , historian Geoffrey Blainey drew attention to the fact that many miners were temporary migrants from Britain and the United States , who did not intend to settle permanently in Australia . He wrote : Nowadays it is common to see the noble Eureka flag and the rebellion of 1854 as the symbol of Australian independence , of freedom from foreign domination ; but many saw the rebellion in 1854 as an uprising by outsiders who were exploiting the country 's resources and refusing to pay their fair share of taxes . So we make history do its handsprings . In 1999 , the Premier of New South Wales , Bob Carr , dismissed the Eureka Stockade as a `` protest without consequence '' . Deputy Prime Minister John Anderson made the Eureka flag a federal election campaign issue in 2004 saying `` I think people have tried to make too much of the Eureka Stockade ... trying to give it a credibility and standing that it probably does n't enjoy . '' In 2004 , the Premier of Victoria , Steve Bracks , delivered an opening address at the Eureka 150 Democracy Conference stating `` that Eureka was about the struggle for basic democratic rights . It was not about a riot -- it was about rights . '' Commemoration ( edit ) The Eureka Monument in Ballarat , erected in 1884 The materials used to build the stockade were rapidly removed to be used for the mines , and the entire area around the site was so extensively worked that the original landscape became unrecognisable , so identifying the exact location of the stockade is now virtually impossible . A diggers ' memorial was erected in the Ballarat Cemetery on 22 March 1856 near marked graves . Sculpted in stone from the Barrabool Hills by James Leggatt in Geelong it features a pillar bearing the names of the deceased miners and bearing the inscription `` Sacred to the memory of those who fell on the memorable 3rd of December , 1854 , in resisting the unconstitutional proceedings of the Victorian Government . '' A soldiers ' memorial was erected many years later in 1876 and is an obelisk constructed of limestone sourced from Waurn Ponds with the words `` Victoria '' and `` Duty '' carved in its north and south faces respectively . In 1879 a cast iron fence was added to the memorials and graves . Over the next thirty years , press interest in the events that had taken place at the Eureka Stockade dwindled , but Eureka was kept alive at the campfires and in the pubs , and in memorial events in Ballarat . In addition , key figures such as Lalor and Humfray were still in the public eye . Eureka had not been forgotten : it was readily remembered . Similar flags have been flown at rebellions since including a flag similar to the Eureka flag which was flown above the Barcaldine strike camp in the 1891 Australian shearers ' strike . In 1889 , Melbourne businessmen employed renowned American cyclorama artist Thaddeus Welch , who teamed up with local artist Izett Watson to paint 1,000 square feet ( 93 m ) of canvas of the Eureka Stockade , wrapped around a wooden structure . When it opened in Melbourne , the exhibition was an instant hit . The Age reported in 1891 that `` it afforded a very good opportunity for people to see what it might have been like at Eureka '' . The Australasian wrote `` that many persons familiar with the incidents depicted , were able to testify to the fidelity of the painted scene '' . The people of Melbourne flocked to the cyclorama , paid up and had their picture taken before it . It was eventually dismantled and disappeared from sight . Memorials to soldiers and miners are located in the Ballaarat Old Cemetery and the Eureka Stockade Memorial is located within the Eureka Stockade Gardens and is listed on the Australian National Heritage List . In 1954 , the centenary of the event was officially celebrated ; according to Geoffrey Blainey , who was in attendance , no one , apart from a small group of communists , was there . Plays commemorating the events were held at major theatres . 150th anniversary official commemoration at the Eureka Centre , 3 December 2004 A purpose built Interpretation centre was erected in 1998 in suburb of Eureka near the site of the stockade . Designed to be a new landmark for Ballarat , the building featured an enormous sail emblazoned with the Eureka Flag . Before its development there was considerable debate over whether a replica or reconstruction of wooden structures was appropriate , however it was eventually decided against and this is seen by many as a reason for the apparent failure of the centre to draw significant tourist numbers . Due primarily to falling visitor numbers the centre was redeveloped between 2009 and 2011 . In 1992 , Sovereign Hill commenced a commemorative son et lumière known as `` Blood Under the Southern Cross '' which became a tourist drawcard and was revised and expanded from 2003 . In 2004 , the 150th anniversary was celebrated . An Australian postage stamp featuring the Eureka Flag was released along with a set of commemorative coins . A ceremony in Ballarat known as the lantern walk was held at dawn . However , Prime Minister John Howard did not attend any commemorative events , and refused to allow the flag to fly over Parliament House . In November 2004 then Premier of Victoria Steve Bracks announced that the Ballarat V / Line rail service would be renamed the Eureka Line to mark the 150th anniversary to take effect from late 2005 at the same time as a renaming of Spencer Street Station to Southern Cross Station , however the proposal was criticised by community groups including the Public Transport Users Association . Renaming of the line did not go ahead , however Spencer Street ( railway ) Station did become Southern Cross Station on 13 December 2005 with Bracks stating the name would resonate with Victorians because it `` stands for democracy and freedom because it flew over the Eureka Stockade '' . The design of Melbourne 's Eureka Tower references the Eureka Rebellion , with its use of blue glass and white stripes to symbolise both the Eureka Flag and a surveyor 's measuring staff , and a crown of gold glass with a red stripe to represent the blood spilled on the goldfields . Eureka Tower , completed in 2006 is named in honour of the event and features symbolic aspects in its design including an architectural red stripe representing the blood spilt during the battle . The site of the Eureka Stockade in Ballarat is currently being redeveloped with the support of grants from the City of Ballarat and the Victorian and Federal Governments . It will feature the new Museum of Australian Democracy at Eureka ( M.A.D.E ) that will draw on the touchstone of Eureka and its newly restored flag , and put the Eureka Stockade into the context of 260 years of democracy . M.A.D.E. 's highly interactive exhibition , based on the premise of People + Power = Democracy , is expected to open in early 2013 , followed by a national rollout of public onsite and online programs . Deputy Premier , the Hon . Peter Ryan , told the Legislative Assembly , sitting in Ballarat in 2012 , that M.A.D.E. would be `` a magnificent tribute to the events '' of the Eureka Stockade . The Museum 's M.A.D.E. You Look booklet says M.A.D.E will be ' an online platform and immersive museum with a refreshing approach to culture , civics , history and citizenship . M.A.D.E puts the past into a contemporary context , celebrates Australia 's achievements and inspires new ways of thinking about issues like equality , freedom of speech , parliamentary representation and the rule of law ' . The museum ' will ignite debate about what it means to be an effective Australian in the 21st Century ' . Publications ( edit ) Deaths at Eureka by D. Wickham , The Eureka Encyclopaedia by Corfield , Gervasoni and Wickham The Eureka Flag : Our Starry Banner by D. Wickham , C. Gervasoni , V. D'Angri . History of Ballarat & Some Ballarat Reminiscences , by Withers ( facsimile ) Outbreak at Ballarat : Eureka from the Mount Alexander Mail by Clare Gervasoni Shot in the Dark : A Pre-Eureka Incident by Dorothy Wickham The Story of Eureka by John Lynch , - In 1895 Lynch , one of Lalor 's Captains at Eureka , wrote an account of the epic days at Ballarat in the 1850s . Women of the Diggings : Ballarat 1854 by Dorothy Wickham . What happened to the Eureka Jack ? Australian Flag Society publication . The Eureka Stockade by Carboni . http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks/e00015.txt Popular culture ( edit ) Literature ( edit ) The Eureka Stockade is referenced in several poems by Henry Lawson including `` Flag of the Southern Cross '' ( 1887 ) , `` Eureka ( A Fragment ) '' ( 1889 ) , `` The Fight at Eureka Stockade '' ( 1890 ) , and `` Freedom on the Wallaby '' ( 1891 ) . The original version of Marcus Clarke 's classic novel , His Natural Life , serialised in the Australian Journal between 1870 and 1872 , includes a fictionalised account of the Eureka rebellion . Film and television ( edit ) Australian actor Chips Rafferty portrays Peter Lalor in the 1949 film Eureka Stockade . Eureka Stockade ( 1907 ) , directed by Arthur and George Cornwell and produced by the Australasian Cinematograph Company , was the second feature film made in Australia ( the first being the 1906 production , The Story of the Kelly Gang ) . The film was first screened on 19 October 1907 at the Melbourne Athenaeum . The film impressed critics of the time and was found to be a stirring portrayal of the events surrounding the Eureka Stockade , but failed to connect with audiences during the two weeks it was screened . The surviving seven - minute fragment ( stored at the National Film and Sound Archive ) shows street scenes of Ballarat . Other scenes in the lost reels of the film were believed to have included gold seekers leaving London , issuing of licences , licence hunting , diggers chained to logs and rescued by mates , diggers burning Bentley 's Hotel , the Rebellion , building the stockade , troops storming the stockade and the stockade in ruins . The Loyal Rebel , also known as Eureka Stockade , is an Australian silent film made in 1915 . Directed by Alfred Rolfe , it starred Maisie Carte , Wynn Davies , Reynolds Denniston , Charles Villiers , Percy Walshe , Jena Williams , and Leslie Victor as Peter Lalor . It is considered a lost film . A 1949 British film , titled Eureka Stockade ( released in the United States as Massacre Hill ) , was shot in Australia . The film starred Chips Rafferty as Peter Lalor , and Peter Illing as Raffaello Carboni . It was directed by Harry Watt , produced by Leslie Norman and written by Walter Greenwood , Ralph Smart and Harry Watt . Stockade , a 1971 Australian musical film featuring Rod Mullinar as Peter Lalor , was directed by Hans Pomeranz and Ross McGregor . The film was written by Kenneth Cook , adapted from his musical play . Eureka Stockade was a two - part television mini-series which aired on the Seven Network in 1984 . starring Bryan Brown as Peter Lalor . Directed by Rod Hardy , produced by Henry Crawford and written by Tom Hegarty . The cast included Carol Burns , Bill Hunter and Brett Cullen . Riot or Revolution : Eureka Stockade 1854 , an Australian documentary from 2006 , directed by Don Parham . The film focuses mainly on Governor Sir Charles Hotham ( played by Brian Lipson ) , Raffaello Carboni ( Barry Kay ) , and Douglas Huyghue ( Tim Robertson ) . The accounts of these eyewitnesses are the main source for the monologues directly aimed at the audience , and , as the caption at the start of the film says : `` the lines spoken by actors in this film are the documented words of the historical characters . '' The cast also included Julia Zemiro as Celeste de Chabrillan and Andrew Larkins as Peter Lalor . It was filmed in Ballarat and Toorac House in Melbourne . Stage ( edit ) Stockade , a musical play by Kenneth Cook and Patricia Cook , was first performed at Sydney 's Independent Theatre in 1971 . It was the basis for the film Stockade . Carboni is a dramatisation by John Romeril of Raffaello Carboni 's eyewitness account of the Eureka Rebellion . It was first performed in 1980 by the Australian Performing Group at the Pram Factory in Melbourne , with Bruce Spence in the title role . Eureka Stockade , a three - act opera with music by Roberto Hazon and a libretto by John Picton - Warlow and Carlo Stransky , was completed in 1988 . The musical Eureka premiered in Melbourne in 2004 at Her Majesty 's Theatre . With music by Michael Maurice Harvey , book and lyrics by Gale Edwards and John Senczuk and original book and lyrics by Maggie May Gordon , Eureka was nominated for the Helpmann Award for Best Musical in 2005 . See also ( edit ) Flag of Australia Eureka Flag History of Victoria Butler Cole Aspinall , one of the defence counsel Darwin Rebellion References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wright , Clare , The Forgotten Rebels of Eureka ( 2013 ) Text Publishing , Melbourne ISBN 9781922147370 , pp 428 Jump up ^ Wendy Lewis , Simon Balderstone and John Bowan ( 2006 ) . Events That Shaped Australia . New Holand . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74110 - 492 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` The government was forced to abandon the licence substitute it with a cheaper miner 's right which also conferred on men the right to vote '' The Victorians : Arriving ; Richard Broome , 1984 . P. 92 . Jump up ^ Withers , WB History of Ballarat and some Ballarat Reminiscences , Facsimile Edition Published by Ballarat Heritage Services 1999 , First Published 1800 , Pp 63 -- 64 . Jump up ^ https://www.parliament.sa.gov.au/education/teachers/Documents/Women's%20Petition%20Photograph.pdf Jump up ^ ' Dr. H.V. Evatt , leader of the ALP , wrote that `` The Eureka Stockade was of crucial importance in the making of Australian democracy '' ; Robert Menzies , later Liberal Prime Minister , said that `` the Eureka revolution was an earnest attempt at democratic government '' ; Ben Chifley , former ALP Prime Minister , wrote that `` Eureka was more than an incident or passing phase . It was greater in significance than the short - lived revolt against tyrannical authority would suggest . The permanency of Eureka in its impact on our development was that it was the first real affirmation of our determination to be masters of our own political destiny . '' ( from `` The Eureka Rebellion '' . National Republicans . , quoting Historical Studies : Eureka Supplement , Melbourne University Press , Carlton , Vic. , 1965 , pages 125 -- 6 ) Jump up ^ Sunter , Anne Beggs ( 2003 ) . `` Contested Memories of Eureka : Museum Interpretations of the Eureka Stockade '' . Labour History . History Cooperative . Archived from the original on 26 April 2007 . Retrieved 22 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Blainey commented in 1963 that `` Eureka became a legend , a battlecry for nationalists . republicans , liberals , radicals , or communists , each creed finding in the rebellion the lessons they liked to see . '' ... `` In fact the new colonies ' political constitutions were not affected by Eureka , but the first Parliament that met under Victoria 's new constitution was alert to the democratic spirit of the goldfields , and passed laws enabling each adult man in Victoria to vote at elections , to vote by secret ballot , to stand for the Legislative Assembly . '' Blainey , Geoffrey ( 1963 ) . The Rush That Never Ended . Melbourne University Press . pp. 56 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Charles La Trobe , Victoria 's Separation & Gold Tax -- ' turning a wild colonial country into a civilised one ' Archived 11 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Roy Morgan Research ^ Jump up to : GOLD . Pg 2 . The Argus. 30 August 1851 Jump up ^ pg. 24 . Bate , Weston . Lucky City Jump up ^ Bate , W 1978 , Lucky City : The First Generation at Ballarat 1851 -- 1901 , Melbourne University Press , Melbourne , p. 67 . Jump up ^ pg. 55 . Bate , Weston . Lucky City Jump up ^ Murder of James Scobie ^ Jump up to : `` RIOTS AT BALAARAT . '' . Mount Alexander Mail ( 26 ) . Victoria , Australia . 27 October 1854 . p. 5 . Retrieved 19 April 2016 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` Ballarat Reform League Charter '' . Australian Memory of the World Program . Australian National Commission for UNESCO . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The People 's Charter 1838 '' . The British Library : Learning : History . London Working Men 's Association . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ MacDougal , Ian ( 2006 ) . `` 29 November and the Birth of Australian Democracy '' . Webdiary . Retrieved 17 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Drummer Boy John Egan ( Regiment No. 3059 ) Eureka 's first Military Casualty . Retrieved 29 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Rede 's account of the Gravel Pits riots and call for Martial Law to be proclaimed '' . Eureka on Trial . Public record Office of Victoria . 2003 . Retrieved 20 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Reclaiming the Radical Spirit of the Eureka Rebellion in 1854 . Retrieved 29 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Three Despatches From Sir Charles Hotham , Public Record Office , Melbourne , ( 1981 ? ) . Jump up ^ `` Escalating Tensions : The Southern Cross '' . Eureka on Trial . Public record Office of Victoria . 2003 . Retrieved 20 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 October 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Ballarat Times , cited in The Age , 28 November 1854 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ The Age , 4 December 1854 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ The Age , 24 February 1855 , p. 5 Jump up ^ `` ergo Research , resources and essay writing '' . Slv.vic.gov.au . Archived from the original on 28 March 2011 . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Revolt at Eureka '' , Pictorial Social Studies , Vol 16 , pp. 25 -- 27 . Jump up ^ `` By Express . Fatal Collision at Ballaarat . '' . The Argus . Melbourne , Vic. 4 December 1854 . p. 5 . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ M. Clark . Sources of Australian History , Oxford University Press , Melbourne , 1966 , pp. 278,301 . Jump up ^ Desmond O'Grady . Raffaello ! Raffaello ! : A Biography of Raffaello Carboni , Hale and Iremonger , Sydney , 1985 , pp. 155 . Jump up ^ H.R. Nicholls . `` Reminiscences of the Eureka Stockade '' , The Centennial Magazine : An Australian Monthly , ( May 1890 ) ( available in an annual compilation ; Vol. II : August 1889 to July 1890 ) , pp. 749 . Jump up ^ Raffaello Carboni . The Eureka Stockade , Currey O'Neil , Blackburn , Vic. , 1980 , pp. 90 . Jump up ^ William Bramwell Withers . The History of Ballarat , From the First Pastoral Settlement to the Present Time , ( facsimile of the second edition of 1887 ) , Queensberry Hill Press , Carlton , Vic. , 1980 , pp. 105 . Jump up ^ One writer has stated that `` the collapse of the rising at Ballarat may be regarded as mainly attributable to the password given by Lalor on the night before the assault . Asked by one of the subordinate leaders of the revolt for the `` night pass '' , he gave `` Vinegar Hill '' ... Many at Ballaarat , who were disposed before that to resist the military , now quietly withdrew from the movement ... when the news circulated that Irish independence had crept into it '' ( also known as the Castle Hill uprising , Vinegar Hill was the site of an 1804 rebellion by convicts in the colony of New South Wales , involving mainly Irish transportees ) . C.H. Currey . The Irish at Eureka , Angus and Robertson , Sydney , 1954 , pp. 93 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 January 2014 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ According to Constable Hugh King 's testimony : `` ... three or four hundred yards a heavy fire from the stockade was opened on the troops and me . When the fire was opened on us we received orders to fire . I saw some of the 40th wounded lying on the ground but I can not say that it was before the fire on both sides . I think some of the men in the stockade should - they had a flag flying in the stockade ; it was a white cross of five stars on a blue ground . - flag was afterwards taken from one of the prisoners like a union jack -- we fired and advanced on the stockade , when we jumped over , we were ordered to take all we could prisoners ... '' http://wiki.prov.vic.gov.au/index.php/Eureka_Stockade:Depositions_VPRS_5527/P_Unit_2,_Item_9 Jump up ^ C.H. Curry , ' The Irish at Eureka ' , Angus & Robertson , 1954 ^ Jump up to : `` Lateline -- 7 / 5 / 2001 : Historians discuss Eureka legend . Australian Broadcasting Corp '' . Abc.net.au . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Benwell , Phillip . `` EUREKA '' . The Australian Monarchist League Inc . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eureka Stockade history , Part 2 : Peter Lalor 's Statement in The Argus of 10 April 1855 '' . Jump up ^ `` SERIOUS RIOT AT BALLAARAT . '' . The Argus ( Melbourne ) ( 2357 ) . Victoria , Australia . 28 November 1854 . p. 4 . Retrieved 19 April 2016 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` The Eureka Rebellion '' . home.alphalink.com.au . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Turner , Ian . Australian Dictionary of Biography . National Centre of Biography , Australian National University . Retrieved 14 August 2017 -- via Australian Dictionary of Biography . Jump up ^ Joseph Toscano , The Killing Times Reclaiming the Radical Spirit of the Eureka Rebellion in 1854 , ( 2004 ) Accessed 20 October 2008 Jump up ^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Vetch , Robert Hamilton ( 1895 ) . `` Pasley , Charles ( 1824 - 1890 ) '' . In Lee , Sidney . Dictionary of National Biography. 43 . London : Smith , Elder & Co . ^ Jump up to : The Eureka Stockade : Gateway to Democracy -- by Weston Bate ( Historian ) `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 9 September 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Mary Proctor : Convict , Pioneer and Settler By Jeff Atkinson Jump up ^ Dorothy Wickham , Deaths at Eureka Archived 24 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine . an extract from her book `` Deaths at Eureka '' , 64pp , 1996 ISBN 0 - 646 - 30283 - 3 Jump up ^ Wright , Clare , The Forgotten Rebels of Eureka ( 2013 ) Text Publishing , Melbourne ISBN 9781922147370 , pp 429 Jump up ^ Blainey , Geoffrey ( 2008 ) . `` Introduction '' . Journal of Australian Colonial History . 10 ( 1 ) : 10 . Retrieved 21 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The State Trials '' . Eureka on Trial . Public record Office of Victoria . 2003 . Retrieved 19 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Francis , Charles ( 1976 ) . `` Stawell , Sir William Foster ( 1815 - 1889 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography. 6 . Canberra : Australian National University . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ The Argus , 24 February 1885 < http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page186129 > Jump up ^ John Molony , `` Eureka '' , Ringwood 1989 Jump up ^ Lalor , Peter ( 1855 ) . `` Peter Lalor 's Narrative '' . Eureka on Trial . Public Record Office Victoria , ( 2003 ) . Retrieved 21 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Twain , Mark ( 1897 ) . `` Chapter XXIV '' . Following The Equator . Classical Bookshelf . Retrieved 28 December 2006 . Jump up ^ RC : 108,153 Jump up ^ `` Eureka ? An answer to that Jack in the corner gets a little bit warmer '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ `` Eminent Australians rally around as call goes out for a new flag '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ `` Lateline -- 7 / 5 / 2001 : Historians discuss Eureka legend . Australian Broadcasting Corp '' . Australia : ABC . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Blainey , A Land Half Won , Melbourne : Sun Books , 1983 ( first printed in 1980 ) , ISBN 0 - 7251 - 0411 - 2 , p. 158 Jump up ^ `` 7.30 Report -- 14 December 1999 : The Eureka rebellion '' . Australia : ABC . 14 December 1999 . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Steve Bracks , Opening Address , Eureka 150 Democracy Conference Jump up ^ Search the Heritage Register and Inventory Jump up ^ `` Eureka Stockade Gardens '' . Department of the Environment , Water , Heritage and the Arts . Retrieved 8 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Button , James ( 27 November 2004 ) . `` Children of rebellion maintain the rage '' . The Age . Melbourne , Australia . Jump up ^ `` The Eureka Centre '' . Eurekaballarat.com . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 6 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Sovereign Hill Sound and Light Show '' . Sovereignhill.com.au . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Revamp Upgrades Eureka Story . The Courier 5 June 2003 Jump up ^ Gerard Henderson . Eureka : A short war that 's long on history The Age , 30 November 2004 Jump up ^ Frank Walker After 150 years , Eureka flag still stirs rebellion Sydney Morning Herald , 28 November 2004 Jump up ^ `` EUREKA RAIL LINE TO OPEN EXCITING ERA FOR REGIONAL RAIL '' . Media Release : OFFICE OF THE PREMIER . dpc.vic.gov.au. 25 November 2004 . Archived from the original on 22 July 2008 . Retrieved 5 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` PTUA News '' ( PDF ) . Public Transport Users Association . December 2004 . Retrieved 5 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Mathew Murphy Time 's up at last for railway landmark The Age , 14 December 2005 Jump up ^ Eureka Skydeck 88 : English Visitor Guide Archived 1 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Ballarat Heritage Services - Bookstore '' Archived 19 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Ballarat Heritage Services Jump up ^ See Marcus Clarke , His Natural Life , Book VI , chapters 9 to 17 . Jump up ^ `` Eureka Stockade ( 1907 ) '' . National Film and Sound Archive . Retrieved 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ The Loyal Rebel at IMDb Jump up ^ `` Eureka Stockade ( 1949 ) '' . imdb . Retrieved 25 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eureka Stockade Pt 01 '' . National Film and Sound Archive . Retrieved 25 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eureka Stockade ( 1984 ) '' . imdb . Retrieved 25 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Riot or Revolution : Eureka Stockade 1854 at IMDb Jump up ^ Riot or Revolution : Eureka Stockade 1854 cast and notes Archived 6 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine . at IMDb Jump up ^ `` AusStage '' . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THEATRE Thank you , Theatre Trust , for ' Carboni ' . '' . The Canberra Times ( ACT : 1926 - 1995 ) . ACT : National Library of Australia . 21 March 1980 . p. 12 . Retrieved 21 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Hazon , Roberto ; Stransky , Carlo ; Picton - Warlow , John ( 14 August 1988 ) . `` Eureka stockade : opera in three acts '' . Sydney : Pellinor . Retrieved 14 August 2017 -- via Trove . Bibliography ( edit ) The Eureka Encyclopaedia , Justin Corfield , Dorothy Wickham , Clare Gervasoni , Ballarat Heritage Services , ( 2004 ) , ISBN 1 - 876478 - 61 - 6 Winner of Victorian Local History Award . Nominated for Prime Ministers Prize for History http://Eurekapedia.org by Ballarat Heritage Services . Ballarat Reform League Inc . Massacre at Eureka -- The Untold Story , Bob O'Brien , ISBN 0 - 909874 - 19 - 0 Eureka , John Molony , ISBN 0 - 522 - 84962 - 8 The Forgotten Rebels of Eureka , Clare Wright ( 2013 ) Text Publishing , Melbourne ISBN 9781922147370 The Eureka Stockade by Raffaello Carboni , ( 1855 ) . Title from Project Gutenberg Samuel Lazarus Diary of the Eureka uprising Server not available site no longer exists Eureka on Trial Server not available site no longer exists Eureka Stockade , Ballarat , Victoria , Australia Life on the Goldfields : Eureka Stockade 150th Anniversary of the Eureka Stockade Server not available site no longer exists The Australian Gold Rush Server not available site no longer exists Eureka Stockade Server not available site no longer exists `` Time to reclaim this legend as our driving force '' by Macgregor Duncan , Andrew Leigh , David Madden , Peter Tynan , Sydney Morning Herald , 29 November 2004 . Retrieved 7 May 2006 Bert and Bon Strange , Eureka , Gold Graft and Grievances , B&B Strange , Ballarat , 1973 . Weston Bate , Lucky City : The First Generation at Ballarat 1851 -- 1901 , Melbourne University Press , Melbourne , 1978 , page 67 . Peter Lalor , A Statement to the Colonists of Victoria , reprinted in Bob O'Brien , Massacre at Eureka : The Untold Story , Sovereign Hill Museums Association , 1998 . Professor Geoffrey Blainey , Eureka -- its many meanings , University of Ballarat , 26 November 2004 . `` TO THE COLONISTS OF VICTORIA . '' . The Argus ( Melbourne , Vic. : 1848 - 1957 ) . Melbourne , Vic. : National Library of Australia . 10 April 1855 . p. 7 . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Peter Lalor 's letter , The Argus 10 April 1886 Server not available site no longer exists Eureka Stockade Saga 1854 -- 2007 Injustice for James and Catherine Bentley . Catholics at the Stockade Father Smythe urged the miners to go home and attend mass the next day The 150th anniversary of Eureka Stockade A large police presence on the anniversary . Characters at the Eureka Stockade A review of feminist revisionist history Clare Wright 's The Forgotten rebels of Eureka Tuohy Not Guilty of Treason One of 13 miners acquitted of treason Michael Hanrahan from Ireland to Ballarat 1854 Irish Pikemen leader at the Stockade Clipper ships 92 days to Australia 1854 Emigration on Clipper Ships 92 days at sea External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Eureka Rebellion '' dated 2006 - 06 - 29 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikisource has original text related to this article : Eureka Rebellion Eurekapedia Victorian Archives of the Eureka Stockade The Museum of Australian Democracy at Eureka ( M.A.D.E ) , formerly The Eureka Centre Overpainted photograph of the 1891 Euraks Stockade cyclorama Images and video of Eureka from the Public Records Office Victoria Eureka Stockade The Eureka Flag , 1854 NSW Migration Heritage Centre statement of historical significance Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eureka_Rebellion&oldid=800885128 '' Categories : 1854 in Australia 1855 in Australia History of Ballarat History of Victoria ( Australia ) 19th century in Victoria ( Australia ) Riots and civil disorder in Victoria ( Australia ) Rebellions in Australia Political history of Australia Protests in Australia History of Australia ( 1851 -- 1900 ) 19th - century reform movements 1854 riots Irregular military Conflicts in 1854 Chartism December 1854 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles incorporating DNB text with Wikisource reference Articles with dead external links from November 2011 Use Australian English from June 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Articles with dead external links from August 2016 Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Use dmy dates from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto Bahasa Melayu Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Українська 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 08 : 29 . 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1761056301716833456 | The Great British Bake Off | The Great British Bake Off - wikipedia The Great British Bake Off Jump to : navigation , search `` GBBO '' redirects here . For the ornithological organisation , see Great Basin Bird Observatory . For the most recent series , see The Great British Bake Off ( series 8 ) . The Great British Bake Off Genre Baking Directed by Andy Devonshire ( 2010 -- 12 , 2014 -- ) Scott Tankard ( 2012 -- 13 ) Presented by Mel Giedroyc Sue Perkins Sandi Toksvig Noel Fielding Judges Mary Berry Paul Hollywood Prue Leith Theme music composer Tom Howe Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 8 No. of episodes 74 ( excluding 28 specials ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Anna Beattie ( 2010 -- ) Richard McKerrow ( 2010 ) Sarah Thomson - Woolley ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Kieran Smith ( 2012 ) Producer ( s ) Samantha Beddoes ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Amanda Westwood ( 2012 ) Location ( s ) Cotswolds , Scone Palace , Sandwich , Bakewell , Mousehole , Fulham Palace ( all 2010 ) Valentines Mansion ( 2011 ) Harptree Court ( 2012 -- 13 ) Welford Park ( 2014 -- ) Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Love Productions Distributor Channel 4 Release Original network BBC Two ( 2010 -- 13 ) BBC One ( 2014 -- 16 ) Channel 4 ( 2017 -- ) Picture format 16 : 9 Audio format Stereo Original release 17 August 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 17 ) -- present Chronology Related shows The Great British Sewing Bee Bake Off : Crème de la Crème The Great British Bake Off : An Extra Slice The Great Pottery Throw Down Junior Bake Off The Big Family Cooking Showdown External links Website www.channel4.com/programmes/the-great-british-bake-off Production website thegreatbritishbakeoff.co.uk The Great British Bake Off , often referred to as Bake Off or GBBO , is a British television baking competition produced by Love Productions , in which a group of amateur bakers compete against each other in a series of rounds , attempting to impress a group of judges with their baking skills , with a contestant being eliminated in each round , with the winner being selected from the remaining contestants that make it to the finals . The show 's first episode was aired on 17 August 2010 , with its first four series broadcast on BBC Two , until its growing popularity led the BBC to move it to BBC One for the next three series . After its seventh series , Love Productions signed a three - year deal with Channel 4 to produce the show for the broadcaster . The programme was originally presented by Sue Perkins and Mel Giedroyc , with Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood the judges . The current presenters are Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig with Hollywood and Prue Leith on the judging panel . In chronological order , the winners are Edd Kimber , Joanne Wheatley , John Whaite , Frances Quinn , Nancy Birtwhistle , Nadiya Hussain , Candice Brown and Sophie Faldo . The show has become a significant part of British culture and is credited with reinvigorating interest in baking throughout the United Kingdom , with many of its participants , including winners , having gone on to start a career based on bakery , while the BAFTA award - winning programme has spawned a number of specials and spin - off shows -- a celebrity charity series in aid of Sport Relief or Comic Relief ; Junior Bake Off for young children ( broadcast on the CBBC channel ) ; after - show series An Extra Slice ; and Bake Off : Crème de la Crème for teams of professional pastry chefs . The show 's format was used as the basis for two BBC Two series , The Great British Sewing Bee and The Great Pottery Throw Down , and , in addition to the show being shown in other countries ( in the United States and Canada , the show is referred to as The Great British Baking Show ) , the format has also been sold to many countries around the world where local versions of the show are produced . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Development 1.2 Broadcast and personnel changes 2 Format 3 Series overview 3.1 Series 1 ( 2010 ) 3.2 Series 2 ( 2011 ) 3.3 Series 3 ( 2012 ) 3.4 Series 4 ( 2013 ) 3.5 Series 5 ( 2014 ) 3.6 Series 6 ( 2015 ) 3.7 Series 7 ( 2016 ) 3.8 Series 8 ( 2017 ) 4 Incomplete bakes and other incidents 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Cultural impact 5.3 TV ratings 6 Controversies 6.1 Product placement sanction 6.2 Favouritism 6.3 Baked Alaska controversy ( `` Bingate '' ) 6.4 Use of innuendo 6.5 Clones , legal challenges and move to Channel 4 6.6 Accidental revealing of Series 8 winner 7 Awards and nominations 8 International broadcast and versions 8.1 International versions 9 The Great Sport Relief Bake Off 9.1 Series 1 ( 2012 ) 9.2 Series 2 ( 2014 ) 9.3 Series 3 ( 2016 ) 10 The Great Comic Relief Bake Off 10.1 Series 1 ( 2013 ) 10.2 Series 2 ( 2015 ) 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The idea of the baking competition was conceived by producer Anna Beattie after she spoke to a friend who had seen ' bake - offs ' in America . Beattie was also inspired by village fete baking competitions ; she said : `` I loved that idea of village fetes and an old - fashioned baking competition with people who only wanted to bake a good cake . '' However , Beattie failed to interest any channel in the idea for four years . In early 2009 , they pitched the idea to Janice Hadlow , the then controller of BBC Two . The pitch was successful , and Hadlow and the Commissioning Editor Charlotte Moore commissioned the programme , which was then developed over the next six months . The development team first selected Mary Berry as a judge , and following an audition Paul Hollywood was also appointed . Sue Perkins and Mel Giedroyc were approached to be presenters of the show . Broadcast and personnel changes ( edit ) On 17 August 2010 , the first episode of The Great British Bake Off was shown on BBC Two . It stayed on BBC Two for four years , grew in popularity and become the most popular programme on that channel . In its fifth series it was moved to BBC One where it stayed for three years . It was the most - watched programme on British television in 2015 and 2016 . Following extended negotiations , Love Productions announced that the seventh series of the show would be the last broadcast by the BBC . On 12 September 2016 , Love agreed to a three - year deal to broadcast the show on Channel 4 . Giedroyc and Perkins subsequently announced that they would not be returning when the show moves to its new network . On 22 September , Berry announced that she would also be leaving the show when it moved to Channel 4 , while Hollywood later announced he would stay . In March 2017 , it was announced that Prue Leith would join Hollywood as judge , while Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig would take over as presenters . Format ( edit ) The programme operates on a weekly elimination process to find the best all - around baker from the contestants , who are all amateurs . The applicants to the show are assessed by a researcher , followed by an audition in London with two of their bakes . They then undergo a screen test and an interview with a producer . A second audition involves the applicants baking two recipes for the judges in front of the cameras . Ten contestants were chosen for the first series , twelve for the following two series , thirteen for the fourth , and back to twelve from series five onwards . In each episode , the amateur bakers are given three challenges : a signature bake , a technical challenge , and a show - stopper . The three challenges take place over two days , and the filming takes up to 16 hours a day . The contestants are assessed by the judges who then choose a `` Star Baker '' for the week ( introduced in series 2 ) , and a contestant is also eliminated . In the final round , three bakers are left and a winner is chosen from the three . Signature Challenge This challenge is for the amateur bakers to show off their tried - and - tested recipes for bakes they might make for their friends and family . Technical Challenge This challenge requires enough technical knowledge and experience to produce a certain finished product when given only limited -- or even minimal -- instructions . The bakers are all given the same recipe and are not told beforehand what the challenge will be . The finished products are judged blind and ranked from worst to best . Showstopper Challenge This challenge is for the bakers to show off their skills and talent . The judges favour a bake that is both of a professional appearance but is also outstanding in taste . In the first series , the location of the cast and crew moves from town to town each week , but starting from the second series , the competition is held in one location in a specially constructed marquee . Interspersed in the programme are the background of the contestants as well as video vignettes on the history of baking . What each baker intends to bake during a particular challenge is illustrated using animated graphics . These graphics have been created by illustrator Tom Hovey since the show 's inception in 2010 . Series overview ( edit ) Series Episodes Premiere Finale Winner Runners - up Average UK viewers ( millions ) Timeslot Channel 6 17 August 2010 21 September 2010 Edd Kimber Miranda Gore Browne 2.77 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm BBC Two Ruth Clemens 8 14 August 2011 4 October 2011 Joanne Wheatley Holly Bell 4.00 Mary - Anne Boermans 10 14 August 2012 16 October 2012 John Whaite Brendan Lynch 5.00 James Morton 10 20 August 2013 22 October 2013 Frances Quinn Kimberley Wilson 7.35 Ruby Tandoh 5 10 6 August 2014 8 October 2014 Nancy Birtwhistle Luis Troyano 10.04 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm BBC One Richard Burr 6 10 5 August 2015 7 October 2015 Nadiya Hussain Ian Cumming 12.50 Tamal Ray 7 10 24 August 2016 26 October 2016 Candice Brown Andrew Smyth 13.85 Jane Beedle 8 10 29 August 2017 31 October 2017 Sophie Faldo Kate Lyon 9.02 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm Channel 4 Steven Carter - Bailey Series 1 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 1 ) Series 1 of The Great British Bake Off saw ten home bakers take part in a bake - off to test their baking skills as they battled to be crowned the Great British Bake Off 's best amateur baker . Each week the nationwide tour saw the bakers put through three challenges in a particular discipline . The rounds took place in various locations across the UK , with the final round being held at Fulham Palace , London . The three finalists were Ruth Clemens , Miranda Gore Browne , and Edd Kimber . On 21 September 2010 , Edd Kimber was crowned the best amateur baker . Series 2 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 2 ) The number of amateur baker contestants increased to twelve for the second series . Unlike Series 1 , this year The Great British Bake Off stayed in one location -- Valentines Mansion , a 17th - century mansion house in Redbridge , London . All the Series 2 finalists were female : Holly Bell , Mary - Anne Boermans , and the winning contestant Joanne Wheatley . Series 3 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 3 ) A third series of The Great British Bake Off began on 14 August 2012 . The series was filmed at Harptree Court in East Harptree , Somerset . In contrast to Season 2 , there was an all - male final . The finalists were Brendan Lynch , James Morton and John Whaite , who won the final in a surprise result . Series 4 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 4 ) The fourth series of The Great British Bake Off started on 20 August 2013 on BBC Two . The series was again filmed at Harptree Court in East Harptree , Somerset . The all - female final was won by Frances Quinn , with Ruby Tandoh and Kimberley Wilson as runners up . Series 5 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 5 ) The fifth series of The Great British Bake Off began airing on 6 August 2014 on BBC One . This series was filmed at Welford Park in Berkshire . There were twelve bakers taking part . Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood returned as judges , whilst Sue Perkins and Mel Giedroyc continued to present the series . Richard Burr was awarded the largest number of star baker designations of any series so far , but was beaten by Nancy Birtwhistle in the final . A spin - off show The Great British Bake Off : An Extra Slice , hosted by comedian Jo Brand on BBC Two , was also launched as a companion series this year . Each episode was broadcast two days after the main show but later moved to the same night . The show includes interviews with eliminated contestants . Series 6 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 6 ) The sixth series began on 5 August 2015 on BBC One , again from Welford Park in Berkshire . Spin - off show The Great British Bake Off : An Extra Slice returned for a second series , with Jo Brand as host . This series was won by Nadiya Hussain , with Ian Cumming and Tamal Ray as runners up . Series 7 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 7 ) The seventh series began on 24 August 2016 on BBC One , once again from Welford Park in Berkshire , a later than usual start following the BBC 's coverage of the Olympic Games . This series was won by Candice Brown , with Jane Beedle and Andrew Smyth as runners up . Series 8 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 8 ) The eighth series of The Great British Bake Off began airing on 29 August 2017 . This is the first series of The Great British Bake Off to be broadcast on Channel 4 following its move from the BBC . The series features new hosts Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig , and new judge Prue Leith along with returning judge Paul Hollywood . This series was won by Sophie Faldo , with Kate Lyon and Steven Carter - Bailey finishing as runners - up . Incomplete bakes and other incidents ( edit ) As of the sixth series , there have been four incomplete bakes . In Series 2 , Robert Billington accidentally dropped his tiered showstopper while applying finishing touches to the cake . Both judges and presenters came to his aid to salvage the bottom tier of his cake . He was able to present the incomplete showstopper as a single - tiered cake . In Series 3 , John Whaite was unable to complete his bake after he suffered a severe cut to his finger on the food processor . He tried to continue working on his strudel wearing a rubber glove , but the bleeding required medical attention and he therefore had to abandon the last bake . As a result , no one was eliminated that week . In Series 4 , contestant Deborah accidentally used Howard 's custard instead of her own . As a result , Howard was forced to use Deborah 's custard , and this was taken into account by the judges . In Series 5 , during the Baked Alaska challenge , Iain Watters ' ice cream melted for reasons that were not entirely clear , although the editing of the show suggested that it had been caused by another contestant 's actions . He threw his ice cream into the bin in frustration and left the tent . He returned shortly after , and as he had no cake for judging ( he produced his bin instead , and the incident was labelled `` bingate '' ) , he was eliminated from the competition . The event that led to his departure provoked some anger from the viewers . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The early reviews for the first series were mixed . Lucy Mangan of The Guardian wondered if `` competitive baking ( is ) a contradiction in terms '' and found the proceedings humourless . Iain Hollingshead of The Daily Telegraph was scathing , describing the presenters as `` annoying '' , the judge Paul Hollywood as looking `` sinister without being interesting '' , and that the audience would be so bored that they `` could certainly forgive the cameraman if he were to commit hara - kiri in a giant pool of egg and flour . '' However , reviews from the later series were more positive . Andrew Collins of The Guardian called it `` the nicest show on television '' and judged it the best TV programme of 2012 . Rachel Ward of The Daily Telegraph thought the programme `` had just the right consistency of mouth - watering morsels , good humour , and fascinating history '' , while Tom Sutcliffe of The Independent considered the contest `` perfectly baked '' . Bake Off was moved to Channel 4 in 2017 , and reviews of the programme on the channel were largely positive , although a few felt that it did not compare well to the BBC version . Mark Lawson of The Guardian described the programme on Channel 4 as `` both exactly the same but also just subtly different enough '' , and that `` only someone desperate to dislike the re-plated show could argued that ( it ) has soured , spoiled or binned its recipe '' . Michael Hogan of The Telegraph thought that while `` Mary , Mel and Sue might be gone but the show 's recipe remains as winning as ever . The four Cs -- chemistry , camaraderie , comedy , cakes -- were all present and correct . '' Anna Leszkiewicz of the New Statesman however considered that while the format had been left largely unchanged and the contestants `` irresistibly likeable '' , `` every single change to the show has been for the worse '' . Cultural impact ( edit ) The show has become a significant part of British culture and is credited with spurring an interest in home baking , with supermarkets and department stores in the UK reporting sharp rises in sales of baking ingredients and accessories . It was also credited with reviving the Women 's Institute , whose membership reached its highest level since the 1970s . The show also boosted the sales of bakery books and the number of baking clubs , and independent bakeries also showed an increase . According to one analyst , more than three - fifths of adults have baked at home at least once in 2013 compared with only a third in 2011 . TV ratings ( edit ) The first series of The Great British Bake Off premiered in August 2010 with moderate ratings of just over 2 million viewers for its first episode . This was enough to place it in BBC Two 's top ten for that week , and over the series the audience grew to over three million , with the semi-final and final both achieving first place in BBC Two 's weekly ratings . During the second series , the ratings gradually increased , and it became a surprise hit with nearly 4 million watching each episode . Week two was the last time that the show was out - rated by another BBC Two programme in the same week ( it came second to the drama Page Eight ) ; from then until the show 's move to BBC One , every competition episode would be the channel 's number one rated programme of the week . By its final episode it had averaged 4.56 million viewers , peaking at 5.1 million in its last 15 minutes . The ratings continued to strengthen in the third series , and the show began to beat its competition in its timeslot . The final of the series where John Whaite was crowned the winner saw its highest rating yet , with an average of 6.5 million viewers that peaked at 7.2 million , which made it the second highest - rated BBC Two - originated show after Top Gear since at least 2006 . The fourth series achieved some of the highest ratings seen on BBC Two . The viewer count for its premiere episode was more than two million higher than that of the previous series , while the final episode was seen by 9.1 million viewers at its peak , more than twice the number of viewers on BBC One and ITV . The final episode is the most - watched show on BBC Two since the present ratings system was introduced in 2002 , beating the previous record set by Top Gear . As a result of its high ratings , the show was moved to BBC One . After its move to BBC One , the opening episode was watched by over 7 million viewers according to overnight figures , beating the figure of 5.6 million for the opening episode of the previous year . A `` sabotage '' controversy surrounding episode four helped the show gain its biggest ever audience of 10.3 million viewers , with 2 million people who watched it on BBC iPlayer . The final of the show gained an overnight viewing figure of 12.29 million , then the highest viewing figure of the year for a non-sporting event on UK TV . In the following year , the top ten ratings for 2015 was also dominated by The Great British Bake Off , with seven of the year 's ten most - watched television programmes being episodes of the show , topped by the final episode with 15.05 million viewers . In the last series on the BBC in 2016 , nine of the top ten most - watched programmes of the year were episodes of the show , with 16.03 million viewers watching the finale . The first series broadcast by Channel 4 opened with average viewing figures of 5.8 million , rising to 6.5 million to include those watching on Channel 4 + 1 . Although this was the lowest figure for an opening episode since 2013 , it was Channel 4 's biggest overnight audience since the Opening Ceremony of the 2012 Paralympics . The 7 - day rating for the episode was 9.46 million . Controversies ( edit ) Product placement sanction ( edit ) In September 2012 , production company Love Productions was sanctioned by the BBC for product placement of Smeg fridges . The issue came to light after a viewer wrote to the Radio Times complaining of `` blatant product promotion '' . After an investigation , the BBC said Love Production 's loan agreement with Smeg did not meet editorial guidelines and was being revised for the third series , and that appropriate retrospective hire payments would be made . The BBC asked Smeg to remove a notice from its website promoting its association with the show , which it has since done . Favouritism ( edit ) During the fourth series , there were accusations of favouritism towards female contestants after the last man Glenn Cosby was eliminated from the show ; however , similar claims were not made the previous year over the all - male final , or even the year before , when there was also an all - female quarter - final . The fourth series also suffered allegations of Paul Hollywood 's favouritism towards Ruby Tandoh , and personal attacks on Tandoh by various people including the chef Raymond Blanc . Both Paul Hollywood and Ruby Tandoh denied the accusation . Baked Alaska controversy ( `` bingate '' ) ( edit ) In the fourth episode of the fifth series , there was controversy around the elimination of contestant Iain Watters . During the final showstopper round contestants were tasked with producing a Baked Alaska . Iain 's ice cream was shown as having not set and in a show of frustration he threw his bake in the bin . The editing of the show suggested that another contestant , Diana Beard , had caused the failure by removing the ice cream from a freezer , and the perceived `` sabotage '' resulted in a furore on social media networks . However , unseen footage broadcast in the accompanying programme An Extra Slice shows Luis holding the large floor freezer that contained Iain 's ice cream open as he piped the sides of his own baked Alaska , while Mel warns him to pipe quickly and close the freezer . Later in the episode , when Iain removes his ice cream to begin the next step of his dish , it is still quite soft , indicating it went into the freezer he shared with Diana without being completely frozen . Various members of the cast posted comments in support of Diana and a BBC spokesman later issued a statement that `` Diana removing Iain 's ice cream from the freezer for less than a minute was in no way responsible for Iain 's departure . '' More than 800 complaints were lodged with the BBC over the incident and some also complained to the communication watchdog Ofcom . Use of innuendo ( edit ) A number of viewers complained to the BBC feedback show Points of View in the fifth series about the `` constant smutty remarks '' from the presenters Mel and Sue . This series was seen as having more innuendos than previous ones ; some reviewers noted the `` extra pinch of saucy spice '' and `` the increasingly filthy - minded hosts Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins '' , while the Daily Mail argued that the `` smutty '' innuendos made the show no longer fit for family entertainment . The series 3 winner John Whaite however argued that innuendo is part of what made the show a success , whilst judge Paul Hollywood described the innuendos as banter in the spirit of the Carry On films and is a part of British culture , a view shared by others . Clones , legal challenges and move to Channel 4 ( edit ) The success of The Great British Bake Off led to the BBC commissioning many other series closely following the format from Love Productions for example The Great British Sewing Bee and The Great Pottery Throw Down . However the 2014 series Hair using the same format was produced in house by the BBC , Love Productions responded by making preparations to sue the BBC for infringing their copyright . Although the matter was kept quiet , with the BBC settling out of court and compensating Love Productions , the matter soured relations between the BBC and Love Productions . In September 2016 , it was announced that the BBC had lost the broadcast rights of the show to Channel 4 . Channel 4 offered £ 25 million for the show outbidding the £ 15 million offered by the BBC . In January 2017 the BBC waived its rights to keep the program off the air until 2018 , and wished the programme `` well for the future '' . Accidental revealing of series 8 winner ( edit ) On 31 October 2017 , judge Prue Leith accidentally revealed the winner of Series 8 on Twitter twelve hours before the finale was due to air . This caused uproar among many fans of the show . She quickly deleted the tweet and apologised to the fans who saw the tweet . Awards and nominations ( edit ) The Great British Bake Off was nominated for a Rose d'Or in the Lifestyle section of the 2012 competition and won . The programme has been nominated a number of times in various categories for the BAFTA awards and won in 2012 , 2013 , and 2016 . It also won two 2015 National Television Award for Skills Challenge Show . Year Award Recipient Results Ref . 2012 Rose d'Or Lifestyle The Great British Bake Off Won BAFTA TV Awards Features Anna Beattie , Andy Devonshire , Simon Evans , Richard McKerrow Won YouTube Audience Award The Great British Bake Off Nominated 2013 Features Anna Beattie , Kieran Smith , Amanda Westwood , Scott Tankard Won Radio Times Audience Award The Great British Bake Off Nominated National Television Award Factual Entertainment Nominated 2014 BAFTA TV Awards Features Anna Beattie , Amanda Westwood , Samantha Beddoes , Simon Evans Nominated National Television Award Factual Entertainment The Great British Bake Off Nominated 2015 BAFTA TV Awards Features Anna Beattie , Samantha Beddoes , Andy Devonshire , Simon Evans Nominated Radio Times Audience Award The Great British Bake Off Nominated National Television Award Skills Challenge Show Won 2016 National Television Award Challenge Show Won BAFTA Features The Great British Bake Off production team Won Radio Times audience award The Great British Bake Off Nominated 2017 National Television Award Challenge Show The Great British Bake Off Nominated TV judge Mary Berry Won BAFTA Features The Great British Bake Off production team Nominated International broadcast and versions ( edit ) The UK version of The Great British Bake Off is broadcast in many countries and it has been sold to 196 territories as of 2015 . The format has also been sold to 20 territories by 2015 , making it the third most successful BBC format after Dancing with the Stars ( Strictly Come Dancing ) and The Weakest Link . Many of these shows have been successful . The Junior Bake Off format has also been sold to Thailand . Beginning in 2014 , the US broadcaster PBS has aired several series of the show under the name The Great British Baking Show . The change of name was necessary due to the fact that `` Bake - Off '' is a registered trademark of Pillsbury in the United States . The fifth series was broadcast as Season 1 in Winter 2014 -- 2015 ; the fourth series was then broadcast as Season 2 in Fall 2015 , and the sixth series was broadcast as Season 3 in Summer 2016 . The CBC began broadcasting The Great British Bake Off in Canada in August 2016 , starting with the sixth series and also with the Great British Baking Show title . The seventh series aired the year after . International versions ( edit ) Current and upcoming versions include : Legend : Airing or in production No longer airing Country Local title Host ( s ) Judges Channel Premiere Australia The Great Australian Bake Off Shane Jacobson Anna Gare Dan Lepard Kerry Vincent Nine Network 9 July 2013 Claire Hooper Mel Buttle Maggie Beer Matt Moran LifeStyle Food 13 October 2015 Belgium De MeesterBakker ( The Master Baker ) Rani De Coninck Sofie Dumont Bernard Proot vtm 4 April 2012 Brazil Bake Off Brasil Carolina Fiorentino ( 2017 -- ) Ticiana Villas Boas ( 2015 -- 16 ) Fabrizio Fasano Jr . Beca Milano ( 2017 -- ) Carolina Fiorentino ( 2015 -- 16 ) SBT 26 July 2015 Júnior Bake Off Brasil Carolina Florentino Fabrizio Fasano Jr . Beca Milano TBA Bulgaria Bake Off : Най - сладкото състезание ( Bake Off : The Sweetest Competition ) Aleksandra Raeva Raffi Bohosyan Julia Pandzherova Yuri Baltaliyski Nova TV 15 November 2016 Canada The Great Canadian Baking Show Dan Levy Julia Chan Bruno Feldeisen Rochelle Adonis CBC 1 November 2017 Denmark Den store bagedyst ( The Great Baking Contest ) Timm Vladimir Mette Blomsterberg Jan Friis - Mikkelsen DR1 28 August 2012 Estonia Eesti parim pagar Kristjan Rabi ( 2015 ) Indrek Vaheoja ( 2015 ) Alari Kivisaar Angeelika Kang Ants Uustalu TV3 31 August 2015 Finland Koko Suomi leipoo ( The whole of Finland bakes ) Anne Kukkohovi Mika Parviainen Sami Granroth MTV3 24 September 2013 France Le Meilleur Pâtissier ( The Best Baker ) Julia Vignali Cyril Lignac Jacqueline Mercorelli M6 RTL - TVI ( Belgium ) 26 November 2012 Germany Das große Backen ( The great Bake ) Britt Hagedorn ( 2013 ) Meltem Kaptan ( 2013 ) Enie van de Meiklokjes ( 2014 -- 16 ) Annika Lau ( 2017 ) Christian Hümbs Enie van de Meiklokjes ( 2013 ) Andrea Schirmaier - Huber ( 2013 -- 14 ) Betty Schliephake - Burchardt ( 2015 -- 17 ) Sat. 1 1 December 2013 Ireland The Great Irish Bake Off Anna Nolan Biddy White Lennon Paul Kelly TV3 19 September 2013 Italy Bake Off Italia -- Dolci in forno ( Bake Off Italy -- Sweets in the oven ) Benedetta Parodi Ernst Knam Clelia d'Onofrio Damiano Carrara Real Time November 2013 Israel בייק אוף ישראל ( Bake Off Israel ) Paula Rosenberg Aya Kremerman Ran Shmueli Oded Brenner Carine Goren Channel 2 9 April 2016 Netherlands Heel Holland Bakt ( All of Holland bakes ) Martine Bijl ( 2013 -- 15 ) André van Duin ( 2016 -- present ) Robèrt van Beckhoven Janny van der Heijden MAX ( NPO 1 ) 5 June 2013 Norway Hele Norge baker ( All of Norway Bakes ) Line Verndal Pascal Dupuy Øyvind Lofthus TV3 10 March 2013 Poland Bake Off -- Ale Ciacho ! ( Bake Off -- What A Cake ! ) Anna Gacek Paulina Mikuła Krzysztof Ilnicki Gosia Molska TVP2 5 September 2016 Portugal Best Bakery -- A Melhor Pastelaria de Portugal ( Best Bakery -- The Best Pastry in Portugal ) Ana Guiomar Luca Arguelles Telmo Moutinho SIC 3 October 2016 Romania Bake Off Romania Nicolle Stanese Alex Stan Simona Pope Tudor Constantinescu Pro TV 29 February 2016 South Africa The Great South African Bake Off Anne Hirsch Lentswe Bhengu Shirley Guy Tjaart Walraven BBC Lifestyle 8 October 2015 Sweden Hela Sverige bakar ( All of Sweden Bakes ) Tilde de Paula Johan Sörberg Birgitta Rasmussen TV4 ( Sjuan ) 20 September 2012 Hela kändis - Sverige bakar ( Celebrity All of Sweden Bakes ) 11 November 2014 Turkey Ver Fırına Burcu Esmersoy Arda Türkmen Emel Başdoğan TV8 20 October 2014 Ukraine Великий пекарський турнір ( Great Bakers Tournament ) Yuri Gorbunov Serge Markovic Catherine Ahronik Olga Ganushchak 1 + 1 1 September 2013 United States The American Baking Competition Jeff Foxworthy Marcela Valladolid Paul Hollywood CBS 29 May 2013 United States The Great American Baking Show Ayesha Curry Anthony Adams Johnny Iuzzini Paul Hollywood ABC 30 November 2015 ( as The Great Holiday Baking Show ) The Great Sport Relief Bake Off ( edit ) The Great Sport Relief Bake Off Genre Cooking Baking Presented by Mel Giedroyc Jennifer Saunders ( 2016 ) Ed Byrne ( 2014 , 2016 ) Sarah Millican ( 2016 ) Sue Perkins ( 2014 ) Jo Brand ( 2014 ) Omid Djalili ( 2014 ) Judges Mary Berry Paul Hollywood Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 12 Production Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Love Productions Release Original network BBC Two ( 2012 -- 2013 ) BBC One ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Picture format 16 : 9 Original release 10 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 10 ) -- 23 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 ) Website thegreatbritishbakeoff.co.uk Episode viewing figures from BARB . Series 1 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Finalist Winner Episode No . Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers ( millions ) Traybake Wholemeal Cheese Scones Meringue Dessert Angela Griffin 10 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 10 ) 3.52 James Wong Joe Swift Sarah Hadland Savoury Flan Banana & Chocolate Chip Loaves Layered Cake Arlene Phillips 11 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 11 ) 2.79 Fi Glover Gus Casely - Hayford Saira Khan Classic Crumble Coffee & Walnut Cake 24 Miniature Tarts Alex Deakin 12 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 12 ) 2.56 Alex Langlands Anita Rani Pearl Lowe Trio of Baked Biscuits 6 Sausage Rolls Covered Tiered Occasion Cake Angela Griffin 13 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 13 ) 3.43 Anita Rani Fi Glover Series 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Star Baker Episode No . Guest host Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers ( millions ) Sue Perkins 12 Sandwich Biscuits Tarte Tatin 3D Novelty Cake Bonnie Wright 13 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) 4.37 Johnny Vaughan Michael Vaughan Samantha Bond Jo Brand 12 Gingerbread Biscuits Banoffee Pie Chocolate Cake Greg Rutherford 14 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 14 ) 5.07 Jane Horrocks Jason Gardiner Kirsty Young Omid Djalili Traybake Iced Ring Dougnuts Layered Cakes Emma Freud 15 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) 5.02 Jamelia Michael Ball Victoria Pendleton Ed Byrne Pizzas Eccles Cakes Tiered Cakes Alistair McGowan 16 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 16 ) 4.94 Doon Mackichan Helen Skelton Rochelle Humes Series 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Star Baker Episode No . Guest host Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers ( millions ) Mel Giedroyc Canapés Paris -- Brest Trophy Cake David James 27 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 27 ) 6.03 Jason Manford Maddy Hill Samantha Cameron Jennifer Saunders American Muffins Football Pie Tiered Cake Chris Kamara 3 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 03 ) 7.44 Ed Balls Kimberley Walsh Victoria Coren Mitchell Ed Byrne Savoury tarts Chocolate and Beetroot Tray Bake 3D Biscuits Geri Horner 17 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) 7.12 Jermaine Jenas John Simpson Louise Redknapp Sarah Millican Open - top Pie Salmon Roulade Cupcakes Ade Edmondson 24 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) 6.74 Alison Steadman Morgana Robinson Will Young The Great Comic Relief Bake Off ( edit ) The Great Comic Relief Bake Off Genre Cooking Baking Presented by Mel Giedroyc ( 2013 , 2015 ) Sue Perkins ( 2015 ) Jo Brand ( 2015 ) Ed Byrne ( 2015 ) Judges Mary Berry Paul Hollywood Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 8 Production Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Love Productions Release Original network BBC Two ( 2013 ) BBC One ( 2015 ) Picture format 16 : 9 Original release 21 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 21 ) -- 4 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 04 ) Website thegreatbritishbakeoff.co.uk Series 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Star Baker Episode No . Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers ( millions ) Shortbread Custard Slices Portrait Cake Jo Brand 21 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 21 ) 4.17 Stephen K. Amos Lorna Watson Ingrid Oliver Iced Biscuits Bakewell Tart Gateaux Warwick Davis 22 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 22 ) 4.44 Duncan Bannatyne Simon Reeve Andy Akinwolere Scones Chocolate Eclairs Novelty Cake Ellie Simmonds 23 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 23 ) 4.34 Kirsty Wark Julia Bradbury Bob Mortimer Chocolate Biscuits Lemon Meringue Pie Comic Relief Birthday Cake Claudia Winkleman 24 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 24 ) 4.39 Ed Byrne Martha Kearney Helen Glover Series 2 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Star Baker Episode No . Guest host Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers ( millions ) Sue Perkins Giant Cookie or Biscuit 12 Mini Fruit Tarts Tiered Chocolate Cake Dame Edna Everage 11 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 11 ) 7.75 Joanna Lumley Jennifer Saunders Lulu Mel Giedroyc 24 cupcakes 20 profiteroles Marble `` Building '' Cake Jonathan Ross 18 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) 8.39 Zoe Sugg Gok Wan Abbey Clancy Jo Brand 24 Shortbread 6 Mini Pork Pies Triple - tiered Pavlova Sarah Brown 25 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 25 ) 7.92 David Mitchell Michael Sheen Jameela Jamil Ed Byrne Tray Bake 12 Crumpets Vegetable Self Portrait Cake Alexa Chung 4 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 04 ) 8.21 Victoria Wood Chris Moyles Kayvan Novak References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Halls , Andy ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` Great British Bake Off to move from BBC to Channel 4 after ' exhaustive ' talks break down '' . The Sun . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Foster , Patrick ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` BBC loses Great British Bake Off , as Channel 4 swoops for corporation 's biggest show '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( 17 March 2017 ) . `` Great British Bake Off 2017 : Noel Fielding to co-host the new Channel 4 series '' . The Independent . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Saffron Alexander ( 29 March 2016 ) . `` Everything you need to know about Bake Off : Creme de la Creme '' . The Daily Telegraph . ^ Jump up to : Sarah Stephens ( 14 August 2012 ) . `` Behind the scenes at the Great British Bake - Off '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Louise ( 20 July 2013 ) . `` Behind the scenes at The Great British Bake Off '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Great British Bake Off : ' Now we 're on BBC1 , Mary Berry demands a golden throne ' '' . The Guardian . 20 July 2017 . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Young , Victoria ( 5 August 2015 ) . `` ' It Took Four Years of Pitching To Get Bake Off Commissioned ' '' . Woman and Home . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nigella cooks up an Italian feast for BBC Two as raft of new food programming is announced '' . BBC . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mary Berry : Judging The Great British Bake Off '' . BBC . 31 August 2010 . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Foster ( 17 December 2015 ) . `` Great British Bake Off dominates list of most - watched shows of 2015 '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Foster , Patrick ( 21 December 2016 ) . `` Great British Bake Off hands BBC clean sweep of top 10 most - viewed shows of 2016 -- but how will the corporation cope next year ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Halls , Andy ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` Great British Bake Off to move from BBC to Channel 4 after ' exhaustive ' talks break down '' . The Sun . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Foster , Patrick ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` BBC loses Great British Bake Off , as Channel 4 swoops for corporation 's biggest show '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off : Mel and Sue to quit as hosts '' . BBC News . 13 September 2016 . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mary Berry to leave Bake Off ahead of Channel 4 move '' . BBC News . 22 September 2016 . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Martinson , Jane ( 22 September 2016 ) . `` Mary Berry to leave Bake Off -- but Paul Hollywood agrees to stay '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Ross , Alice ( 16 March 2017 ) . `` Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig to host new Great British Bake Off '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Liv Siddall ( 1 November 2013 ) . `` Illustration : We interview the artist behind the Great British Bake Off , Tom Hovey '' . It 's Nice That . 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Viewers ' shock as outsider whisks her way to Bake Off victory with a rainbow picnic pie and wedding cake inspired by Shakespeare '' . dailymail.co.uk. 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off 2014 : 10 things you need to know '' . The Telegraph . 6 August 2014 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Patrick Munn ( 23 July 2014 ) . `` BBC Two Orders ' Great British Bake Off ' Companion Series Fronted By Jo Brand '' . TV Wise . Jump up ^ `` When is The Great British Bake Off on ? '' . Telegraph . 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The genius of The Great British Bake Off '' . Guardian . 7 October 2015 . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Great British Bake Off 2016 start date : BBC One show delayed thanks to the Rio Olympics '' . The Independent . 5 August 2016 . Retrieved 6 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off : BBC moves rival cooking show in scheduling spat '' . BBC News . 16 August 2017 . 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The Guardian . Jump up ^ Lawson , Mark ( 22 August 2017 ) . `` Bake Off first - look review -- exceedingly good , despite switch to Channel 4 '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael ( 30 August 2017 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off , review : in its new home , episode 1 rose to the challenge '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Roya Nikkhah ( 9 September 2012 ) . `` Great British Bake Off sees sales of baking goods soar '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Liz Thomas ( 6 October 2011 ) . `` Warning , may contain nuts ! Great British Bake Off viewers shocked by ' explicit ' image of male squirrel '' . Mail Online . Jump up ^ Laura Cox ( 9 February 2013 ) . `` The Mary Berry effect : How the Great British Bake Off revived the Women 's Institute '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Sarah Rainey ( 12 October 2013 ) . `` How the Great British Bake Off changed Britain '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ John Plunkett ( 18 August 2010 ) . `` TV ratings : 2 m like the taste of The Great British Bake Off '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Vicky Frost ( 3 October 2011 ) , `` The Great British Bake Off gives BBC ratings a big rise '' , The Guardian Jump up ^ John Plunkett ( 5 October 2011 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off final leaves sweet taste for 5 m viewers '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Jason Deans ( 10 October 2012 ) . `` Great British Bake Off beats Holby City with best - ever ratings '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Seven million watch The Great British Bake Off '' . The Daily Telegraph . 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Jake Kanter ( 17 October 2012 ) . `` Great British Bake Off finale peaks with 7.2 m '' . Broadcast . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off is a ratings hit on its return '' . BBC . 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ John Plunkett ( 23 October 2013 ) . `` Great British Bake Off final : 9 m watch Frances Quinn win '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Georg Szalai . `` BBC 's ' Great British Bake Off ' Ends Series 4 With Record Ratings '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` ' Great British Bake Off ' moving to BBC One for series five '' . Digital Spy. 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ John Plunkett ( 7 August 2014 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off opener beats last year 's ratings '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Nicola Methven ( 5 September 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off draws highest ever ratings as 10.3 million viewers tune in '' . Mirror . Jump up ^ Ben Lee ( 9 October 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off final is most - watched non-sporting TV event of year '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ Patrick Foster ( 17 December 2015 ) . `` Great British Bake Off dominates list of most - watched shows of 2015 '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Foster , Patrick ( 21 December 2016 ) . `` Great British Bake Off hands BBC clean sweep of top 10 most - viewed shows of 2016 -- but how will the corporation cope next year ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Bake Off is ratings success for Channel 4 '' . BBC News . 30 August 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.barb.co.uk/viewing-data/weekly-top-30/ Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off breaks BBC branding rules '' . BBC News . 4 September 2012 . Retrieved 4 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Exceedingly Good Great British Bake Off Facts '' . Heart Britain . 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Alasdair Glennie and Laura Cox ( 2 October 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bloke Off ! Show accused of favouritism towards female contestants after last man left is eliminated '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Emma Lowe ( 28 September 2013 ) . `` Is Paul sweet on Bake Off model Ruby ? Viewers suggest that TV host , 47 , is flirting on screen with 21 - year - old contestant '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ `` Paul Hollywood shocks Bake Off fans by setting them straight on train '' . What 's on TV . 9 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Liam O'Brien ( 21 October 2013 ) . `` Raymond Blanc rows with Great British Bake Off 's Ruby Tandoh on Twitter '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Ruby Tandoh ( 22 October 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off : why did our show attract so much vitriol ? '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Sarah Ditum ( 21 October 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bake - Off : Ruby Tandoh does n't deserve this hostility '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Daisy Wyatt ( 15 October 2013 ) . `` Paul Hollywood denies favouring Great British Bake Off 's Ruby Tandoh : ' I think Kimberley 's far prettier ' '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Carl Greenwood ( 14 October 2013 ) . `` Great British Bake Off beauty Ruby Tandoh definitely does NOT fancy silver fox Paul Hollywood '' . Daily Mirror . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off rocked by Baked Alaska ' sabotage ' scandal '' . independent.co.uk. 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off : Paul Hollywood and Sue Perkins speak out on ' bingate ' '' . guardian.com. 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off 2014 : BBC receives over 500 ' bingate ' complaints while # justiceforiain dominates Twitter '' . metro.co.uk. 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Jason Deans ( 29 August 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off : Ofcom rules out investigation despite complaints '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Jess Denham ( 24 September 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off 2014 : Viewers complain about ' smutty ' innuendos '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Matilda Battersby ( 8 October 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off innuendos : we pick our favourites '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Andy McFarlane ( 7 August 2014 ) . `` Boris Johnson 's ' Commons comeback ' , Bake Off ' smut ' and who is James Corden ? '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Andrew Billen ( 7 August 2014 ) . `` TV Review : The Great British Bake Off '' . Jump up ^ Peter Dyke ( 27 May 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off : Turning up the heat -- new series promises to be smuttiest yet '' . The Daily Star . Jump up ^ Jeanette Kupfermann ( 24 September 2014 ) . `` Smut : The ingredient that 's made Bake Off a turn - off . JEANETTE KUPFERMANN says the hit show is no longer family entertainment '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ John Whaite ( 23 September 2014 ) , `` Soggy bottoms and hot buns : why the Bake Off thrives on innuendo '' , The Daily Telegraph Jump up ^ Anita Singh ( 6 October 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off smut ? It 's just a bit of banter , says Paul Hollywood '' . Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Martin Rowson ( 8 October 2014 ) . `` Why the Great British Bake Off needs a sprinkling of smut '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Harry Mount ( 6 October 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off smut : Ooh , Matron ! Why innuendo comes so easily for the British '' . The Daily Telegraph . ^ Jump up to : Kanter , Jeff ( 14 September 2016 ) . `` How a secret legal dispute damaged the BBC 's effort to keep ' Great British Bake Off ' '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Addley , Esther ( 14 September 2017 ) . `` ' Three years of bad blood ' : how the Bake Off producers and the BBC fell out of love '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ellis - Peterson , Hannah ; Conlan , Tara ; Martinson , Jane ( 13 September 2016 ) . `` Great British Bake Off moves to Channel 4 as BBC negotiations collapse over fee '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Rawlinson , Kevin ( 25 January 2017 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off to return to TV screens in 2017 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ McCormack , Kirsty ( 31 October 2017 ) . `` Great British Bake Off 2017 winner REVEALED by judge Prue Leith : ' I 'm mortified ' '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rose d'Or -- Wettbewerbskategorien '' . Rose d'Or . Archived from the original on 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Night Dinner and Charlie Brooker 's Black Mirror triumph at Rose d'Or Festival '' . Radio Times . 11 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` BAFTA Awards Search '' . BAFTA . Jump up ^ `` Arqiva British Academy Television Awards in 2013 Winners Announced '' . British Academy of Film and Television Art . Jump up ^ `` National Television Awards 2015 : full list of winners '' . The Daily Telegraph . 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Night Dinner and Charlie Brooker 's Black Mirror triumph at Rose d'Or Festival '' . Radio Times . 11 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Television Awards Winners Announced '' . British Academy of Film and Television Art . ^ Jump up to : `` Bafta Television Awards 2013 : full list of winners and nominees '' . Radio Times . Jump up ^ `` National TV Awards 2013 : The winners ' list in full '' . 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Jump up ^ `` Bafta TV Awards 2017 : All the winners and nominees '' . BBC . 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ John Plunkett ( 28 July 2015 ) . `` Great British Bake Off : new contestants poised to serve up sixth series '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Tara Conlan ( 4 August 2015 ) . `` Great British Bake Off recipe has proved a sweet success for BBC Worldwide '' . Guardian . Jump up ^ Josie Ensor ( 3 February 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off proves it has the recipe for success as show goes global '' . Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Mark Cook ( 12 October 2012 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off goes global : from Sweden to Australia the show is flourishing '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` BBC Worldwide sells very first Junior Bake Off format to Thailand '' . BBC . 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Kerry . `` Finally ! ' The Great British Bake Off ' Has Arrived in America '' . Yahoo ! Food . Retrieved 11 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Great British Baking Show : Season 1 Episodes -- PBS Food '' . 22 December 2014 . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Season 2 Episodes -- Great British Baking Show -- PBS Food '' . 17 August 2015 . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How to Watch The Great British Baking Show in Canada '' . CBC . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Europe whips up Bake Off adaptations '' . c21media.net. 29 February 2012 . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ David Knox ( 18 October 2012 ) . `` Shane Jacobson , Anna Gare to host The Great Australian Bake Off '' . tvtonight.com.au . Jump up ^ Clive Whittingham ( 30 July 2012 ) . `` Bake Off rises in Poland , Oz '' . c21media.net . Jump up ^ Stewart Clarke ( 1 April 2015 ) . `` Bake Off hits Australia '' . TBI Vision . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Den Store Bagedyst Italic text '' . DR . Jump up ^ `` Eesti parim pagar '' . TV3 . Jump up ^ `` Koko Suomi leipoo '' . MTV3 . Jump up ^ Clive Whittingham ( 21 January 2013 ) . `` Netherlands , Finland set for Bake Off '' . c21media.net . Jump up ^ `` Le Meilleur Pâtissier ( M6 ) : Une émission gourmande avec Cyril Lignac -- news télé '' . Programme-tv.net . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC bosses sell The Great British Bake - Off 's smash - hit format to thirteen countries '' . Daily Mail . 7 October 2013 . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Ed Waller ( 7 October 2012 ) . `` French Bake Off in the works '' . c21media.net . Jump up ^ `` The Great Irish Bake Off '' . TV3 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Kelly to be judge on Great Irish Bake Off '' . Songway Films. 3 May 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bake Off Italia su Real Time : Benedetta Parodi giudice assieme a Ernst Knam e Clelia d'Onofrio '' . Realityshow.blogosfere.it. 8 October 2013 . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italy says ' Si ! ' to The Great Bake Off '' . BBC Media Centre . 8 April 2013 . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . 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External links ( edit ) Official website The Great British Bake Off at BBC Programmes The Great British Wedding Cake at BBC Programmes The Great Sport Relief Bake Off at BBC Programmes The Great Comic Relief Bake Off at BBC Programmes The Great British Bake Off at UKGameshows.com The Great British Bake Off on IMDb The Great Sport Relief Bake Off on IMDb ( hide ) The Great British Bake Off Series 5 6 7 8 Winners Edd Kimber Joanne Wheatley John Whaite Frances Quinn Nancy Birtwhistle Nadiya Hussain Candice Brown Other contestants James Morton Glenn Cosby Ali Imdad Beca Lyne - Pirkis Ruby Tandoh Martha Collison Related topics List of Star Bakers Junior Bake Off The Great British Bake Off : An Extra Slice Bake Off : Crème de la Crème International versions Australia Brazil Canada Denmark France Ireland United States 2013 2015 - present Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_British_Bake_Off&oldid=815419584 '' Categories : 2010 British television programme debuts 2010s British reality television series BBC Television programmes British cooking television programmes Channel 4 television programmes English - language television programs The Great British Bake Off Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use British English from September 2016 Use dmy dates from October 2017 Articles containing Dutch - language text Articles containing Bulgarian - language text Articles containing Danish - language text Articles containing Estonian - language text Articles containing Finnish - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing German - language text Articles containing Italian - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Norwegian - language text Articles containing Polish - language text Articles containing Portuguese - language text Articles containing Swedish - language text Articles containing Turkish - language text Articles containing Ukrainian - language text BBC programme ID same as Wikidata BBC programme ID different from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Eesti Bahasa Indonesia Norsk Scots Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 18 : 51 . 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"\n\nSeries\nEpisodes\nPremiere\nFinale\nWinner\nRunners-up\nAverage UK viewers\n(millions)[21][22]\nTimeslot\nChannel\n\n\n1\n6\n17 August 2010\n21 September 2010\nEdd Kimber\nMiranda Gore Browne\n2.77\nTuesday\n8:00 pm\nBBC Two\n\n\nRuth Clemens\n\n\n2\n8\n14 August 2011\n4 October 2011\nJoanne Wheatley\nHolly Bell\n4.00\n\n\nMary-Anne Boermans\n\n\n3\n10\n14 August 2012\n16 October 2012\nJohn Whaite\nBrendan Lynch\n5.00\n\n\nJames Morton\n\n\n4\n10\n20 August 2013\n22 October 2013\nFrances Quinn\nKimberley Wilson\n7.35\n\n\nRuby Tandoh\n\n\n5\n10\n6 August 2014\n8 October 2014\nNancy Birtwhistle\nLuis Troyano\n10.04\nWednesday\n8:00 pm\nBBC One\n\n\nRichard Burr\n\n\n6\n10\n5 August 2015\n7 October 2015\nNadiya Hussain\nIan Cumming\n12.50\n\n\nTamal Ray\n\n\n7\n10\n24 August 2016\n26 October 2016\nCandice Brown\nAndrew Smyth\n13.85\n\n\nJane Beedle\n\n\n8\n10\n29 August 2017\n31 October 2017\nSophie Faldo\nKate Lyon\n9.02\nTuesday\n8:00 pm\nChannel 4\n\n\nSteven Carter-Bailey\n\n"
] | [
"Sophie Faldo"
] |
-7380540881646327806 | Devika Rani | Devika Rani - wikipedia Devika Rani Jump to : navigation , search Devika Rani Devika Rani in Nirmala ( 1938 ) Devika Rani Chaudhuri ( 1908 - 03 - 30 ) 30 March 1908 Visakhapatnam , Madras Presidency , British India 9 March 1994 ( 1994 - 03 - 09 ) ( aged 85 ) Bangalore , Karnataka , India Other names Devika Rani Roerich Occupation Textile designer , actress , singer Years active 1928 -- 1943 Spouse ( s ) Himanshu Rai ( 1929 -- 1940 ) Svetoslav Roerich ( 1945 -- 1993 ) Signature Devika Rani Chaudhuri , usually known as Devika Rani ( 30 March 1908 -- 9 March 1994 ) , was an actress in Indian films who was active during the 1930s and 1940s . Widely acknowledged as the first lady of Indian cinema , Devika Rani had a successful film career that spanned 10 years . Born into a wealthy , anglicized Indian family , Devika Rani was sent to boarding school in England at age nine and grew up in that country . In 1928 , she met Himanshu Rai , an Indian film - producer , and married him the following year . She assisted in costume design and art direction for Rai 's experimental silent film A Throw of Dice ( 1929 ) . Both of them then went to Germany and received training in film - making at UFA Studios in Berlin . Rai then cast himself as hero and her as heroine in his next production , the bilingual film Karma ( 1933 ) , made simultaneously in English & Hindi . The film premiered in England in 1933 , elicited interest there for a prolonged kissing scene featuring the real - life couple , and flopped badly in India . The couple returned to India in 1934 , where Himanshu Rai established a production studio , Bombay Talkies , in partnership with certain other people . The studio produced several successful films over the next 5 - 6 years , and Devika Rani played the lead role in many of them . Her on - screen pairing with Ashok Kumar became popular in India . Following Rai 's death in 1940 , Devika Rani took control of the studio and produced some more films in partnership with her late husband 's associates , namely Sashadhar Mukherjee and Ashok Kumar . As she was to recollect in her old age , the films which she supervised tended to flop , while the films supervised by the partners tended to be hits . In 1945 , she retired from films , married the Russian painter Svetoslav Roerich and moved to his estate on the outskirts of Bangalore , thereafter leading a very reclusive life for the next five decades . Her persona , no less than her film roles , were considered socially unconventional . Her awards include the Padmashri ( 1958 ) , Dadasaheb Phalke Award ( 1970 ) and the Soviet Land Nehru Award ( 1990 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and education 2 Career 2.1 Acting debut 2.2 Bombay Talkies 2.3 Elopement 2.4 Golden era of Bombay Talkies 2.5 Widowhood and studio decline 3 Roerich , retirement and death 4 Persona and legacy 5 Filmography 6 Notes 7 References 7.1 Citations 7.2 Bibliography 8 External links Background and education ( edit ) Devika Rani Chaudhuri was born into a Bengali family in Waltair near Visakhapatnam in present - day Andhra Pradesh , into an extremely affluent and educated Bengali family . Her father , Colonel Manmatha Nath Chaudhuri , was the first Indian Surgeon - General of Madras Presidency and a nephew of Rabindranath Tagore . Her mother , Leela Devi Choudhary , came from an educated family and was a grand - niece of Tagore . Devika 's father 's brothers were Ashutosh Chaudhuri , Chief Justice of Calcutta High Court , Jogesh Chandra Chaudhuri , a prominent Kolkata - based barrister and Pramatha Chaudhuri , the famous Bengali writer . Devika Rani was related through both her parents to the poet and Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore . Her father , Manmathnath Choudhary , was the son of Sukumari Devi Choudhary , sister of Rabindranath Tagore . Devika 's mother , Leela Devi Chaudhuri , was the daughter of Indumati Devi Chattopadhyay , whose mother Saudamini Devi Gangopadhyay was another sister of the Nobel laureate . Devika 's father and maternal grandmothers were first cousins to each other , being the children of two sisters of Rabindranath Tagore . Further , two of her father 's brothers had also married their cousins : Prativa Devi Choudhury , wife of Ashutosh Choudhary , was the daughter of Hemendranath Tagore , and Indira Devi Choudhary , wife of Promatho Choudhary , was the daughter of Satyendranath Tagore . Devika thus had strong ties to Jarasanko , seat of the Tagore family in Kolkata and a major crucible of the Bengali renaissance . Devika Rani was sent to boarding school in England at the age of nine , and grew up there . After completing her schooling in the mid-1920s , she enrolled in the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art ( RADA ) and the Royal Academy of Music in London to study acting and music . She also enrolled for courses in architecture , textile and decor design , and even apprenticed under Elizabeth Arden . All of these courses , each of them a few months long , were completed by 1927 , and Devika Rani then took up a job in textile design . Career ( edit ) In 1928 , Devika Rani first met her future husband , Himanshu Rai , an Indian barrister - turned - film maker , who was in London preparing to shoot his forthcoming film A Throw of Dice . Rai was impressed with Devika 's `` exceptional skills '' and invited her to join the production team of the film , although not as an actress . She readily agreed , assisting him in areas such as costume designing and art direction . The two also traveled to Germany for the post-production work , where she had occasion to observe the film - making techniques of the German film industry , specifically of G.W. Pabst and Fritz Lang . Inspired by their methods of film - making , she enrolled for a short film - making course at Universum Film AG studio in Berlin . Devika Rani learnt various aspects of film - making and also took a special course in film acting . Around this time , they both acted in a play together , for which they received many accolades in Switzerland and the Scandinavian countries . During this time she was also trained in the production unit of Max Reinhardt , an Austrian theatre director . In 1929 , shortly after the release of A Throw of Dice , Devika Rani and Himanshu Rai were married . Acting debut ( edit ) Devika Rani kissing Himanshu Rai in Karma ( 1933 ) . Devika and Himanshu Rai returned to India , where Himanshu produced a film titled Karma ( 1933 ) . The film was his first talkie , and like his previous films , it was a joint production between people from India , Germany and the United Kingdom . Rai , who played the lead role , decided to cast Devika Rani as the female lead , and this marked her acting debut . Karma is credited as having been the first English language talkie made by an Indian . It was one of the earliest Indian films to feature a kissing scene . The kissing scene , involving Himanshu Rai and Devika Rani , lasted for about four minutes , and eighty years later , this stands as the record for duration of a kissing scene in Indian cinema as of 2014 . Devika Rani also sang a song in the film , a bi-lingual song in English and Hindi . This song is said to be Bollywood 's first English song . Made simultaneously in both English and Hindi , Karma premiered in London in May 1933 . Alongside a special screening for the Royal family at Windsor , the film was well received throughout Europe . Devika Rani 's performance was internationally acclaimed as she won `` rave reviews '' in the London media . A critic from The Daily Telegraph noted Devika Rani for her `` beauty '' and `` charm '' while also crediting her to be a `` potential star of the first magnitude '' . Following the release of the film , she was invited by the B.B.C. to enact a role in their first ever television broadcast in Britain in 1933 . She also inaugurated the company 's first short wave radio transmission to India . In spite of its success in England , Karma did not interest Indian audiences and turned out be a failure in India when it was released in Hindi as Nagin Ki Ragini in early 1934 . However , the film received good critical response and helped Devika Rani establish herself as a leading actress in Indian cinema . Indian independence activist and poet Sarojini Naidu called her a `` lovely and gifted little lady '' . Bombay Talkies ( edit ) After the critical success of Karma , the couple returned to India in 1934 . Although the Hindi version of the film , released in India in 1934 , flopped without a trace , Himanshu Rai had established the required networks in Europe , and was able to start a film studio named Bombay Talkies , partnering with Niranjan Pal , a Bengali playwright and screenwriter who he had met previously in London , and Franz Osten , who directed several of Rai 's films . Upon inception , Bombay Talkies was one of the `` best - equipped '' film studios in the country . The studio would serve as a launch pad for future actors including Ashok Kumar , Leela Chitnis , Dilip Kumar , Raj Kapoor , Madhubala and Mumtaz . The studio 's first film Jawani Ki Hawa ( 1935 ) , a crime thriller , starring Devika Rani and Najm - ul - Hassan , was shot fully on a train . Elopement ( edit ) Najm - ul - Hassan was also Devika 's co-star in the studio 's next venture , Jeevan Naiya . The two co-stars developed a romantic relationship , and during the shooting schedule of Jeevan Naiya , Devika eloped with Hassan . Himanshu was both enraged and distraught . Since the leading pair were absent , production was stalled . A significant portion of the movie had been shot and a large sum of money , which had been taken as credit from financers , had been spent . The studio therefore suffered severe financial losses and a loss of credit among bankers in the city while the runaway couple made merry . Sashadhar Mukherjee , an assistant sound - engineer at the studio , had a brotherly bond with Devika Rani because both of them were Bengalis and spoke that language with each other . He established contact with the runaway couple and managed to convince Devika Rani to return to her husband . In the India of that era , divorce was legally almost impossible and women who eloped were regarded as no better than prostitutes and were shunned by their own families . In her heart of hearts , Devika Rani knew that she could not secure a divorce or marry Hassan under any circumstances . She negotiated with her husband through the auspices of Sashadhar Mukherjee , seeking the separation of her finances from those of her husband as a condition for her return . Henceforth , she would be paid separately for working in his films , but he would be required to single - handedly pay the household expenses for the home in which both of them would live . Himanshu agreed to this , in order to save face in society and to prevent his studio from going bankrupt . Devika Rani returned to her marital home . However , things would never be the same between husband and wife again , and it is said that thenceforth , their relationship was largely confined to work and little or no intimacy transpired between them after this episode . Despite the additional expense involved in re-shooting many portions of the film , Himanshu Rai replaced Najm - ul - Hassan with Ashok Kumar , who was the brother of Sashadhar Mukherjee 's wife , as the hero of Jeevan Naiya . This marked the debut , improbable as it may seem , of Ashok Kumar 's five - decade - long career in Hindi films . Najm - ul - Hassan was dismissed from his job at Bombay Talkies ( this was the period in which actors and actresses were paid regular monthly salaries by one specific film studio and could not work in any other studio ) . His reputation as a dangerous cad established , he could not find work in any other studio . His career was ruined and he sank into obscurity . Golden era of Bombay Talkies ( edit ) Devika Rani and her frequent co-star Ashok Kumar , in Achhut Kanya ( 1936 ) . Achhut Kanya ( 1936 ) , the studio 's next production was a tragedy drama that had Devika Rani and Ashok Kumar portraying the roles of an untouchable girl and a Brahmin boy who fall in love . The film is considered a `` landmark '' in Indian cinema as it challenged the caste system in the country . The casting of Devika Rani was considered a mismatch as her looks did not match the role of a poor untouchable girl by virtue of her `` upper - class upbringing '' . However , her pairing with Ashok Kumar became popular and they went on to star in as many as ten films together with most of them being Bombay Talkies productions . In the 1930s , Bombay Talkies produced several women - centric films with Devika Rani playing the lead role in all of them . In majority of the films produced by the studio , she was paired opposite Ashok Kumar , who was `` overshadowed '' by her . Jeevan Prabhat , released in 1937 , saw a role - reversal between Devika Rani and Ashok Kumar -- she played a higher - caste Brahmin woman who is mistaken by society of having an extra-marital affair with an untouchable man . Her next release Izzat ( 1937 ) , based on Romeo and Juliet , was set in the medieval period and depicted two lovers belonging to enemy clans of a Maratha empire . Nirmala , released in the following year , dealt with the plight of a child-less woman who is told by an astrologer to abandon her husband to ensure successful pregnancy . In Vachan , her second release of the year , she played a Rajput princess . Durga , her only release in 1939 , was a romantic drama that told the story of an orphaned girl and a village doctor , played by Ashok Kumar . Widowhood and studio decline ( edit ) Following the death of Rai in 1940 , there was a rift between two parties of the Bombay Talkies led by Mukherjee and Amiya Chakravarty . Devika Rani assumed principal responsibility and took over the studio along with Mukherjee . In 1941 , she produced and acted in Anjaan co-starring Ashok Kumar . In the subsequent years , she produced two successful films under the studio -- Basant and Kismet -- both starring Ashok Kumar . Kismet ( 1943 ) contained anti-British messages ( India was under British rule at that time ) and turned out to be a `` record - breaking '' film . Devika Rani made her last film appearance in Hamari Baat ( 1943 ) , which had Raj Kapoor playing a small role . She handpicked newcomer Dilip Kumar for a role in Jwar Bhata ( 1944 ) , produced by her on behalf of the studio . An internal politics that arose in the studio led prominent personalities including Mukherjee and Ashok Kumar to part ways with her and set up a new studio called Filmistan . Due to lack of support and interest , she decided to quit the film industry . In an interview to journalist Raju Bharatan , she mentioned that her idea of not willing to compromise on `` artistic values '' of film - making as one of the major reasons for her quitting the industry . Roerich , retirement and death ( edit ) Following her retirement from films , Devika Rani married Russian painter Svetoslav Roerich , son of Russian artist Nicholas Roerich , in 1945 . After marriage , the couple moved to Manali , Himachal Pradesh where they got acquainted with the Nehru family . During her stay in Manali , Devika Rani made a few documentaries on wildlife . After staying in Manali for some years , they moved to Bangalore , Karnataka , and settled there managing an export company . The couple bought a 450 acres ( 1,800,000 m ) estate on the outskirts of the city and led a solitary life for the remainder of their lives . She died of bronchitis on 9 March 1994 -- a year after Roerich died -- in Bangalore . At her funeral , Devika Rani was given full state honors . Following her death , the estate was on litigation for many years as the couple had no legal claimants ; Devika Rani remained childless throughout her life . In August 2011 , the Government of Karnataka acquired the estate after the Supreme Court of India passed the verdict in favour of them . Persona and Legacy ( edit ) Devika Rani was called the first lady of Indian cinema . She is credited for being one of the earliest personalities who took the position of Indian cinema to global standards . Her films were mostly tragic romantic dramas that contained social themes . The roles played by her in films of Bombay Talkies usually involved in romantic relationship with men who were unusual for the social norms prevailing in the society at that time , mainly for their caste background or community identity . Rani was highly influenced by the German cinema by virtue of her training at the UFA Studios ; Although she was influenced by German actress Marlene Dietrich , her acting style was compared to Greta Garbo , thus leading to Devika Rani being named the `` Indian Garbo '' . Rani 's attire , both in films and sometimes in real life , were considered `` risque '' at that time . In his book Bless You Bollywood ! : A tribute to Hindi Cinema on completing 100 years , Tilak Rishi mentions that Devika Rani was known as the `` Dragon Lady '' for her `` smoking , drinking , cursing and hot temper '' . In 1958 , the Government of India honoured Devika Rani with a Padma Shri , the country 's fourth highest civilian honour . She became the first ever recipient of the Dadasaheb Phalke Award , the country 's highest award for films , when it was instituted in 1969 . In 1990 , Soviet Russia honoured her with the `` Soviet Land Nehru Award '' . A postage stamp commemorating her life was released by the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology in February 2011 . Filmography ( edit ) Karma ( 1933 ) Jawani Ki Hawa ( 1935 ) Mamta Aur Mian Biwi ( 1936 ) Jeevan Naiya ( 1936 ) Janmabhoomi ( 1936 ) Achhoot Kanya ( 1936 ) Savitri ( 1937 ) Jeevan Prabhat ( 1937 ) Izzat ( 1937 ) Prem Kahani ( 1937 ) Nirmala ( 1938 ) Vachan ( 1938 ) Durga ( 1939 ) Anjaan ( 1941 ) Hamari Baat ( 1943 ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : A Throw of Dice was alternately known as Prapancha Pash in India . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Varma , Madhulika ( 26 March 1994 ) . `` Obituary : Devika Rani '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 9 April 2014 . Retrieved 8 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Papamichael , Stella ( 24 August 2007 ) . `` A Throw Of Dice ( Prapancha Pash ) ( 2007 ) '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 15 March 2015 . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` B - town women who dared ! '' . The Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on 29 April 2014 . Retrieved 28 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Erik 1980 , p. 93 . ^ Jump up to : `` Devika Rani '' ( PDF ) . Press Information Bureau . p. 1 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2 February 2014 . Retrieved 8 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Paul , Samar ( 17 March 2012 ) . `` Pramatha Chaudhury 's home : Our responsibility '' . Financial Express . Archived from the original on 8 April 2014 . Retrieved 8 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Tagore family Jump up ^ Tagore family Archived 24 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Rogowski 2010 , p. 168 . ^ Jump up to : `` Devika Rani Roerich '' . Roerich & DevikaRani Roerich Estate Board , Government of Karnataka . Retrieved 8 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Ghosh 1995 , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Ghosh 1995 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Gulzar , Nihalani & Chatterjee 2003 , p. 545 . Jump up ^ Patel 2012 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ `` Karma 1933 '' . The Hindu . 10 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 8 April 2014 . Retrieved 13 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Jaikumar 2006 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Barrass , Natalie ( 14 April 2014 ) . `` In bed with Bollywood : sex and censorship in Indian cinema '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 29 April 2014 . Retrieved 28 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Dasgupta , Priyanka ( 30 April 2012 ) . `` India 's longest kissing scene clips in Paoli film '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 25 April 2014 . Retrieved 28 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Ranchan 2014 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Chakravarty , Riya ( 3 May 2013 ) . `` Indian cinema@100 : 40 Firsts in Indian cinema '' . NDTV . Archived from the original on 4 May 2013 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pathbreaker by Karma '' . The Hindu . 10 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 13 April 2014 . Retrieved 13 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top heroines of Bollywood '' . India Today . Archived from the original on 7 January 2014 . Retrieved 13 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Manjapra 2014 , p. 239 . ^ Jump up to : Kohli , Suresh ( 15 April 2014 ) . `` Indian cinema 's prima donna '' . The Deccan Herald . Archived from the original on 16 April 2014 . Retrieved 15 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Hardy 1997 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Manṭo 2003 , pp. 244 -- 245 . ^ Jump up to : Manjapra 2014 , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Majumdar 2009 , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Manjapra 2014 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ Patel 2012 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Baghdadi & Rao 1995 , p. 353 . Jump up ^ Patel 2012 , p. 27 . ^ Jump up to : Patel 2012 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Patel 2012 , pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Patel 2012 , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : Kharegat , Pheroze ( 20 August 2011 ) . `` The Sad Saga of Roerich Treasures '' . The Navhind Times . Archived from the original on 16 April 2014 . Retrieved 15 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Rediff Special / MD Riti '' . 4 October 2002 . Archived from the original on 20 October 2012 . Retrieved 28 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Devika Rani Roerich '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . 11 March 1994 . Retrieved 28 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kaur 2013 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Rohith B.R. ( 19 February 2014 ) . `` Roerichs ' Tataguni estate to get a new life '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 21 February 2014 . Retrieved 15 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rogowski 2010 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Rishi 2012 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Manjapra 2014 , pp. 258 . Jump up ^ Imprint 1973 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Indian Garbo '' . The Hindustan Times . 30 May 2003 . Archived from the original on 29 April 2014 . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Manjapra 2014 , pp. 270 -- 271 . Jump up ^ Rishi 2012 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ `` Dadasaheb Phalke Awards '' . Directorate of Film Festivals . Archived from the original on 27 April 2014 . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Eye catchers '' . India Today . 15 February 1990 . Archived from the original on 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stamps 2011 '' . Department of Posts , Ministry of Communications & Information Technology ( India ) . Archived from the original on 18 May 2012 . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) Baghdadi , Rafique ; Rao , Rajiv ( 1995 ) . Talking films . Indus . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7223 - 197 - 2 . Erik , Barnouw , ( 1980 ) . Indian film . Oxford University Press , Incorporated . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 502682 - 5 . Ghosh , Nabendu ( 1995 ) . Ashok Kumar : His Life and Times . Indus . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7223 - 218 - 4 . Gulzar ; Nihalani , Govind ; Chatterjee , Saibal ( 2003 ) . `` Biographies '' . Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema . Popular Prakashan . ISBN 81 - 7991 - 066 - 0 . Hardy , Phil ( 1997 ) . The BFI Companion to Crime . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 21538 - 2 . Jaikumar , Priya ( 2006 ) . Cinema at the End of Empire : A Politics of Transition in Britain and India . Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3793 - 2 . Kaur , Simren ( 2013 ) . Fin Feather and Field . Partridge Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4828 - 0066 - 1 . Majumdar , Neepa ( 2009 ) . Wanted Cultured Ladies Only ! : Female Stardom and Cinema in India , 1930s - 1950s . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 09178 - 0 . Manjapra , Kris ( 2014 ) . Age of Entanglement . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 72631 - 4 . Manṭo , Saʻādat Ḥasan ( 2003 ) . Black Margins : Stories . Katha . ISBN 978 - 81 - 87649 - 40 - 3 . Patel , Bhaichand ( 2012 ) . Bollywood 's Top 20 : Superstars of Indian Cinema . Penguin Books India . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 08572 - 9 . Ranchan , Vijay ( 2014 ) . Story of a Bollywood Song . Abhinav Publications . GGKEY : 9E306RZQTQ7 . Rishi , Tilak ( 2012 ) . Bless You Bollywood ! : A tribute to Hindi Cinema on completing 100 years . Trafford Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4669 - 3962 - 2 . Rogowski , Christian ( 2010 ) . The Many Faces of Weimar Cinema : Rediscovering Germany 's Filmic Legacy . Camden House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57113 - 429 - 5 . `` 1973 imprint '' . Imprint . Business Press . 13 ( 2 ) . 1973 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Devika Rani . Devika Rani on IMDb Tagore family 1st generation Darpanarayan Tagore Nilmoni Tagore Dwarkanath Tagore Gopi Mohan Tagore Hara Kumar Tagore Prasanna Kumar Tagore Ramanath Tagore 2nd generation Debendranath Tagore Gnanendramohan Tagore Jatindramohan Tagore Sourindra Mohun Tagore 3rd generation Dwijendranath Tagore Satyendranath Tagore Hemendranath Tagore Jyotirindranath Tagore Rabindranath Tagore Swarnakumari Devi Prodyot Coomar Tagore Ganendranath Tagore Jnanadanandini Devi Kadambari Devi 4th generation Pramatha Chaudhuri Indira Devi Chaudhurani Surendranath Tagore Lakshminath Bezbaroa Purnima Devi Sarala Devi Chaudhurani Gaganendranath Tagore Abanindranath Tagore 5th generation Dinendranath Tagore Saumyendranath Tagore Amiya Tagore Asit Kumar Haldar 6th generation Devika Rani Himanshu Rai Jitendra Prasada Krishna Roy 7th generation Sharmila Tagore Jitin Prasada Saranindranath Tagore 8th generation Saif Ali Khan Soha Ali Khan Dadasaheb Phalke Award 1969 -- 1980 Devika Rani Chaudhuri Roerich ( 1969 ) B.N. Sircar ( 1970 ) Prithviraj Kapoor ( 1971 ) Pankaj Mullick ( 1972 ) Ruby Myers ( 1973 ) Bommireddy Narasimha Reddy ( 1974 ) Dhirendranath Ganguly ( 1975 ) Kanan Devi ( 1976 ) Nitin Bose ( 1977 ) Rai Chand Boral ( 1978 ) Sohrab Modi ( 1979 ) Paidi Jairaj ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Naushad ( 1981 ) L.V. Prasad ( 1982 ) Durga Khote ( 1983 ) Satyajit Ray ( 1984 ) V. Shantaram ( 1985 ) B. Nagi Reddy ( 1986 ) Raj Kapoor ( 1987 ) Ashok Kumar ( 1988 ) Lata Mangeshkar ( 1989 ) Akkineni Nageswara Rao ( 1990 ) Bhalji Pendharkar ( 1991 ) Bhupen Hazarika ( 1992 ) Majrooh Sultanpuri ( 1993 ) Dilip Kumar ( 1994 ) Rajkumar ( 1995 ) Sivaji Ganesan ( 1996 ) Pradeep ( 1997 ) B.R. Chopra ( 1998 ) Hrishikesh Mukherjee ( 1999 ) Asha Bhosle ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Yash Chopra ( 2001 ) Dev Anand ( 2002 ) Mrinal Sen ( 2003 ) Adoor Gopalakrishnan ( 2004 ) Shyam Benegal ( 2005 ) Tapan Sinha ( 2006 ) Manna Dey ( 2007 ) V.K. Murthy ( 2008 ) D. Ramanaidu ( 2009 ) K. Balachander ( 2010 ) Soumitra Chatterjee ( 2011 ) Pran ( 2012 ) Gulzar ( 2013 ) Shashi Kapoor ( 2014 ) Manoj Kumar ( 2015 ) Kasinathuni Viswanath ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devika_Rani&oldid=815044110 '' Categories : 1908 births 1994 deaths Actresses from Visakhapatnam Bengali people Tagore family Indian film actresses 20th - century Indian actresses Actresses in Hindi cinema People associated with the University of London Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art Alumni of the Royal Academy of Music Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Good articles EngvarB from January 2016 Use dmy dates from January 2016 Biography with signature Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Deutsch فارسی Français Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Русский தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 12 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is known as the first lady of indian cinema | [
"Devika Rani Chaudhuri, usually known as Devika Rani (30 March 1908 – 9 March 1994),[1] was an actress in Indian films who was active during the 1930s and 1940s. Widely acknowledged as the first lady of Indian cinema, Devika Rani had a successful film career that spanned 10 years."
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"Devika Rani"
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6855540967604131282 | The Heavy (band) | The Heavy ( band ) - wikipedia The Heavy ( band ) Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Heavy The Heavy playing at Bowery Ballroom in New York City in 2010 Background information Origin Bath , Somerset , England Genres Indie rock funk rock alternative rock blues rock neo soul Years active 2007 ( 2007 ) -- present Labels Counter Bad Son Ninja Tune Website theheavy.co.uk Members Kelvin Swaby Daniel Taylor Spencer Page Chris Ellul The Heavy are a British rock band from Bath , Somerset , England , formed in 2007 and signed to Ninja Tune imprint Counter Records and the Bad Son Recording Company . The band consists of Kelvin Swaby ( vocals ) , Dan Taylor ( guitar ) , Spencer Page ( bass guitar ) and Chris Ellul ( drums ) . They have released four albums as well as a wide array of singles . Their music has been widely used in media , with their 2009 single `` How You Like Me Now ? '' being used the most and becoming the band 's signature song . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Musical style 3 In media 4 Discography 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The Heavy are Kelvin Swaby ( vocals ) , Dan Taylor ( guitar ) , Spencer Page ( bass guitar ) and Chris Ellul ( drums ) . Taylor and Swaby became friends in 1998 when they bonded over vintage R&B music and Jim Jarmusch films and soon formed the band . The Heavy released two singles in the last half of 2007 . `` That Kind of Man '' , the first single , was released on Do n't Touch Recordings and was mixed by Corin Dingley who was the original drummer and co producer of the first album before Ninja Tune discovered them and promptly signed the band , Swaby , Taylor and Dingley . The Heavy released their first album Great Vengeance and Furious Fire on 17 September 2007 in the United Kingdom and 8 April 2008 in the United States . On 26 March 2008 , the Heavy were named artist of the day in Spin . The band was also mentioned in the Rolling Stone Hot List in May 2008 . They played at the 2008 South By Southwest ( SXSW ) music festival on the 89.3 The Current Stage and collected one of the Best Discovery awards in Spin Magazine 's `` Best and Worst of SXSW 2008 '' . The Heavy appeared on the 2009 album Johnny Cash Remixed with a version of `` Doing My Time '' . On 2 October 2009 their second album The House That Dirt Built was released by Counter Records . The band 's third album The Glorious Dead was released on 21 August 2012 via Counter Records / Ninja Tune . The band undertook an extensive tour of the United States throughout August -- September 2012 with sponsorship from the American beer company Miller Lite . The band also had a string of European dates to support The Glorious Dead , in October -- November 2012 . On April 1 , 2016 , The Heavy released their fourth album , Hurt & The Merciless . The Heavy is back on tour in 2016 and will be playing throughout Europe , the US , and making stops at major festivals including Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival , South by Southwest , Free Press Summer Fest , INmusic festival , Fuji Rock Festival , Hurricane Festival and Southside Festival . Musical style ( edit ) The Heavy play a mix of guitar - heavy neo soul and rock using crunchy guitar , funky horns , and raspy James Brown - like vocals . Their songs incorporate many different styles ; for example , `` Sixteen '' samples the horn line and guitar verse from Screamin ' Jay Hawkins 's `` I Put a Spell on You '' . `` How You Like Me Now ? '' samples the song `` Let a Woman Be a Woman '' by Dyke & the Blazers . `` Oh No ! Not You Again '' emulates garage rock ; and `` Girl '' is a combination of spoken word and rap sampled from Terry Reid 's `` Superlungs '' . In media ( edit ) `` How You Like Me Now ? '' is featured in several television series episodes : the twentieth episode of the fourth season of The Vampire Diaries ; the sixth season finale of Entourage ; the fourth episode of Community ; the third episode of Rookie Blue ; and the second season summer finale of White Collar . The song is featured throughout the 2010 feature film The Fighter . It is featured on the soundtrack of the baseball video game MLB 10 : The Show . It was featured in the 2011 film Horrible Bosses as well as the trailer for The Change - Up . It was featured in the alternate ending for the film Limitless . The song is played on the soundtrack of the film This Means War . The song was used in a Kia Sorento television commercial , which was broadcast during Super Bowl XLIV , appears in the soundtrack for Driver : San Francisco along with songs `` Big Bad Wolf '' and `` The Sleeping Ignoramus '' . The song was used in pro skateboarder Torey Pudwill 's Big Bang video in the summer of 2011 . The song was also used in a commercial for Strongbow cider in the UK . It was recently featured on the Ted movie trailer . The song was also the theme song to MLB Network 's television show , Intentional Talk and for MSNBC 's afternoon broadcast of Martin Bashir 's news commentary . It was also featured in the credits for the movie G.I. Joe : Retaliation and on trailers and TV spots for Turbo . `` How You Like Me Now ? '' could be heard being played over the speakers at the McCormick Place Convention Center in Chicago , Illinois , the 2012 election night location for U.S. President Barack Obama , just after the projected results for Ohio were announced . The Electoral College votes from Ohio clinched the 2012 Presidential re-election for him . The band played the song on the Late Show with David Letterman on 18 January 2010 ; this was the first time that Letterman had ever asked a musical artist to perform an encore on his show . On 9 June 2010 `` How You Like Me Now ? '' was featured in the opening montage of Hockey Night in Canada 's broadcast of Game 6 of the Stanley Cup Finals . `` That Kind of Man '' from the band 's first album was featured in `` Filthy Lucre '' , an episode of the series Californication . `` That Kind Of Man '' was used in the trailer for Parker and `` Coleen '' also in FIFA 09 both from the band 's first album , was featured in `` Play the Man '' , an episode of the USA network television show Suits . The show also used `` What Makes a Good Man ? '' for the season 2 promo , `` Ca n't Play Dead '' in episode `` Zane vs. Zane '' and `` Short Change Hero '' in episode `` War '' . `` Short Change Hero '' , from the Heavy 's second album , has been used in the film Faster ; the TV shows The Vampire Diaries , The Listener , Suits and Killjoys ; the ITV documentary Best of Enemies ; the trailer for Batman : Arkham City ; and in the promos for the first season of Haven and second season of Longmire . The song was also used as the theme song for the second , third and fourth seasons of Strike Back . The video game Borderlands 2 featured `` Short Change Hero '' in the opening scene and `` How You Like Me Now ? '' in the end credits . An instrumental jazz version of `` Short Change Hero '' later appeared in Poker Night 2 , which featured characters from Borderlands . `` What Makes A Good Man ? '' was later used in the credits of the next game released , Borderlands : The Pre-Sequel . `` What Makes A Good Man ? '' , from their third album , was used for the launch trailer of Sleeping Dogs , the official theme song for the 2013 Royal Rumble pay - per - view event , the video game NHL 13 , the trailer for Dallas Buyers Club and Guinness ' `` Sapeurs '' commercial . In addition , the song also appeared in the H&M commercials featuring David Beckham . The band also made their second appearance on Late Show with David Letterman on 28 August 2012 performing `` What Makes A Good Man ? '' gaining their second encore on the show . The band was asked to record a cover of the song `` And When I Die '' for the fourth season finale of True Blood . It also appeared on the third True Blood soundtrack . `` Who Needs The Sunshine ? '' was featured in the penultimate episode of the fourth series of Being Human , `` Making History '' . The song was featured in a promo for the Cinemax series Hunted . `` Big Bad Wolf '' was used in the 2010 film The Losers ( based on the comic series of the same name ) and was also used in the episode `` Brotherfae of the Wolves '' of the Canadian TV show Lost Girl and in the credits sequence to Season 2 Episode 1 of the British crime - drama Luther . It was also used in the BBC Two series Top Gear in episode 4 of series 21 . The CBS show Battle Creek used the song throughout its third episode . The song is often used in Blue Angels performances . The song `` Same ' Ol ' '' was used for the launch trailer for the game Splinter Cell : Blacklist , while a variation of it was used in the trailer for Quentin Tarantino 's eighth feature film , The Hateful Eight . The song was also used in a montage during the first episode of The Grand Tour . The song `` Do n't Say Nothing '' was used in the trailer for Kingsman : The Secret Service , included in Gameloft 's Gangstar Vegas , and appeared on the soundtrack for FIFA 13 . On February 23 , 2016 , The Heavy were the musical guest on Le Petit Journal ( Canal+ ) where they performed their single , `` Turn Up '' from their forthcoming album , Hurt & The Merciless . In addition , the song is featured on the video game soundtrack of EA SPORTS Madden NFL 17 . Discography ( edit ) Main article : The Heavy discography Great Vengeance and Furious Fire ( 2007 ) The House That Dirt Built ( 2009 ) The Glorious Dead ( 2012 ) Hurt & the Merciless ( 2016 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Heavy at Spin Magazine Online Jump up ^ `` MPR : The Current Music Blog : The Current 's SXSW line - up '' . Minnesota.publicradio.org . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ SXSW ' 08 : SPIN 's Best and Worst at Spin Magazine Online Jump up ^ Live at SXSW at Minnesota Public Radio 's website Jump up ^ `` The Glorious Dead / The Heavy / Releases / Ninja Tune '' . Ninjatune.net . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` European Tour Announced / The Heavy / Headlines / Ninja Tune '' . Ninjatune.net . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ http://theheavy.co.uk Jump up ^ theheavy.co.uk Jump up ^ `` Who Sampled Who , The Heavy How You Like Me Now '' . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Kia Motors '' . Kia . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Myspace . `` Dig This Song : `` How You Like Me Now '' by The Heavy MLive.com `` . Blog.mlive.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ The Heavy perform `` How You Like Me Now ? '' on The Late Show with David Letterman ( includes encore performance ) Jump up ^ `` The Heavy - The Late Show with David Letterman ! '' . The Heavy . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` KCRW Exclusive : The Heavy Cover Blood Sweat & Tears for True Blood Finale KCRW Music Blog '' . Blogs.kcrw.com. 2011 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://www.canalplus.fr/c-emissions/c-le-petit-journal/pid6515-le-petit-journal.html?vid=1365591 External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) The Heavy Kelvin Swaby Dan Taylor Chris Ellul Spencer Page Albums Great Vengeance and Furious Fire The House That Dirt Built The Glorious Dead Hurt & the Merciless Compilations Heavyweight Singles `` That Kind of Man '' `` Set Me Free '' `` Oh No ! Not You Again ! '' `` Sixteen '' `` How You Like Me Now ? '' `` No Time '' `` Short Change Hero '' `` What Makes a Good Man ? '' `` Curse Me Good '' `` Ca n't Play Dead '' `` Since You Been Gone '' `` Turn Up '' `` What Happened to the Love ? '' Other songs `` Short Change Hero '' Related articles Discography MusicBrainz : ea99eec5 - bd72 - 4b4f - 86e4 - 54c5a34f7e10 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Heavy_(band)&oldid=797765939 '' Categories : English indie rock groups British soul musical groups English funk musical groups Ninja Tune artists Musical quartets Musical groups established in 2007 Hidden categories : Use British English from April 2015 Use dmy dates from April 2015 Articles needing additional references from October 2011 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing style editing from August 2012 All articles needing style editing Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Français Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2017 , at 01 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings the theme tune to strike back | [
"\"Short Change Hero\", from the Heavy's second album, has been used in the film Faster; the TV shows The Vampire Diaries, The Listener, Suits and Killjoys; the ITV documentary Best of Enemies; the trailer for Batman: Arkham City; and in the promos for the first season of Haven and second season of Longmire. The song was also used as the theme song for the second, third and fourth seasons of Strike Back. The video game Borderlands 2 featured \"Short Change Hero\" in the opening scene and \"How You Like Me Now?\" in the end credits. An instrumental jazz version of \"Short Change Hero\" later appeared in Poker Night 2, which featured characters from Borderlands. \"What Makes A Good Man?\" was later used in the credits of the next game released, Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel."
] | [
"Heavy"
] |
-2595623585454018729 | 2017 US Open (tennis) | 2017 US Open ( tennis ) - wikipedia 2017 US Open ( tennis ) Jump to : navigation , search 2017 US Open Date August 28 -- September 10 Edition 137th Grand Slam ( ITF ) Draw 128S / 64D / 32X Prize money $ 50,400,000 Surface Hard Location New York City , New York , United States Venue USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center Champions Men 's Singles Rafael Nadal Women 's Singles Sloane Stephens Men 's Doubles Jean - Julien Rojer / Horia Tecău Women 's Doubles Chan Yung - jan / Martina Hingis Mixed Doubles Martina Hingis / Jamie Murray Boys ' Singles Wu Yibing Girls ' Singles Amanda Anisimova Boys ' Doubles Hsu Yu - hsiou / Wu Yibing Girls ' Doubles Olga Danilović / Marta Kostyuk Men 's Champions Invitational John McEnroe / Patrick McEnroe Women 's Champions Invitational Kim Clijsters / Martina Navratilova Wheelchair Men 's Singles Stéphane Houdet Wheelchair Women 's Singles Yui Kamiji Wheelchair Quad Singles David Wagner Wheelchair Men 's Doubles Alfie Hewett / Gordon Reid Wheelchair Women 's Doubles Marjolein Buis / Diede de Groot Wheelchair Quad Doubles Andrew Lapthorne / David Wagner ← 2016 US Open 2018 → The 2017 US Open was the 137th edition of tennis ' US Open and the fourth and final Grand Slam event of the year . It was held on outdoor hard courts at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in New York City . Experimental rules featured in qualifying for the main draw as well as in the junior , wheelchair and exhibition events . Stan Wawrinka and Angelique Kerber were the previous year 's men 's and women 's singles champions . Neither managed to defend their title as Wawrinka withdrew before the start of the tournament due to a knee injury that ended his season , while Kerber lost in the first round to Naomi Osaka . The men 's singles tournament concluded with Rafael Nadal defeating Kevin Anderson in the final , while the women 's singles tournament concluded with Sloane Stephens defeating Madison Keys in the final . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tournament 2 Broadcast 2.1 Américas 3 Point and prize money distribution 3.1 Point distribution 3.1. 1 Senior 3.1. 2 Wheelchair 3.1. 3 Junior 3.2 Prize money 4 Singles players 5 Day - by - day summaries 6 Singles seeds 6.1 Men 's singles 6.1. 1 Withdrawn players 6.2 Women 's singles 6.2. 1 Withdrawn players 7 Doubles seeds 7.1 Men 's doubles 7.2 Women 's doubles 7.3 Mixed doubles 8 Events 8.1 Men 's singles 8.2 Women 's singles 8.3 Men 's doubles 8.4 Women 's doubles 8.5 Mixed doubles 8.6 Junior boys ' singles 8.7 Junior girls ' singles 8.8 Junior boys ' doubles 8.9 Junior girls ' doubles 8.10 Men 's champions doubles 8.11 Women 's champions doubles 8.12 Wheelchair men 's singles 8.13 Wheelchair women 's singles 8.14 Wheelchair quad singles 8.15 Wheelchair men 's doubles 8.16 Wheelchair women 's doubles 8.17 Wheelchair quad doubles 9 Wild card entries 9.1 Men 's singles 9.2 Women 's singles 9.3 Men 's doubles 9.4 Women 's doubles 9.5 Mixed doubles 10 Qualifier entries 10.1 Men 's singles 10.1. 1 Lucky losers 10.2 Women 's singles 11 Withdrawals 12 Retirements 12.1 Men 's singles 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links Tournament ( edit ) Arthur Ashe Stadium before the retractable roof was installed The 2017 US Open was the 137th edition of the tournament and took place at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows -- Corona Park of Queens in New York City , New York , United States . The tournament was held on 14 DecoTurf hard courts . The tournament was an event run by the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) and was part of the 2017 ATP World Tour and the 2017 WTA Tour calendars under the Grand Slam category . The tournament consisted of both men 's and women 's singles and doubles draws as well as a mixed doubles event . There were also singles and doubles events for both boys and girls ( players under 18 ) , which were part of the Grade A category of tournaments . The 2017 tournament saw the USTA try out two experimental rules . Firstly , the USTA introduced a shot clock to combat slow play and to address players going over the allotted time for warm ups and medical time outs . Secondly , coaching was allowed from the side of the court . Whilst a player was at the same end as their box they could verbally communicate , if they were at the opposite end then sign language would be allowed . This meant that coaching incidents involving Victoria Azarenka and Caroline Garcia at Wimbledon would have been allowed . The rules only applied in qualifying matches for the main draw , junior , wheelchair and legends matches . The tournament was played on hard courts and took place over a series of 15 courts with DecoTurf surface , including the two existing main showcourts -- Arthur Ashe Stadium and the new Grandstand . Louis Armstrong Stadium , one of the main stadiums used in the previous tournament , was demolished after the 2016 tournament and was replaced for the 2017 edition by a temporary stadium located next to parking lot B near the construction of the previous Louis Armstrong Stadium site . Broadcast ( edit ) In the United States , the 2017 US Open will be the third year in a row under an 11 - year , $825 million contract with ESPN , in which the broadcaster holds exclusive rights to the entire tournament and the US Open Series . This means that the tournament is not available on broadcast television . This also makes ESPN the exclusive U.S. broadcaster for three of the four tennis majors . In Australia , SBS won the rights to broadcast the US Open with the free to air coverage starting from the quarter finals. . Américas ( edit ) Latin America : ESPN Argentina : ESPN and TyC Sports Brazil : ESPN and SporTV Paraguay : ESPN and Tigo Sports Uruguay : ESPN and VTV ( es ) Point and prize money distribution ( edit ) Point distribution ( edit ) Below is a series of tables for each of the competitions showing the ranking points on offer for each event . Senior ( edit ) Event SF QF Round of 16 Round of 32 Round of 64 Round of 128 Q Q3 Q2 Q1 Men 's Singles 2000 1200 720 360 180 90 45 10 25 16 8 0 Men 's Doubles 0 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A Women 's Singles 1300 780 430 240 130 70 10 40 30 20 Women 's Doubles 10 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A Wheelchair ( edit ) Event SF / 3rd QF / 4th Singles 800 500 375 100 Doubles 800 500 100 -- Quad Singles 800 500 375 100 Quad Doubles 800 100 -- -- Junior ( edit ) Event SF QF Round of 16 Round of 32 Q Q3 Boys ' Singles 375 270 180 120 75 30 25 20 Girls ' Singles Boys ' Doubles 270 180 120 75 45 -- -- -- Girls ' Doubles -- -- -- Prize money ( edit ) The total prize - money compensation for the 2017 US Open is $50.4 million , a 3.7 % increase on the same total last year . Of that total , a record $3.7 million goes to both the men 's and women 's singles champions , which is increased to 7.5 percent from last year . This made the US Open the most lucrative and highest paying tennis grand slam in the world , leapfrogging Wimbledon in total prize money fund . Prize money for the US Open qualifying tournament is also up 49.2 percent , to $2.9 million . Event SF QF Round of 16 Round of 32 Round of 64 Round of 128 Q3 Q2 Q1 Singles $3,700,000 $1,825,000 $920,000 $470,000 $253,625 $144,000 $86,000 $50,000 $16,350 $10,900 $5,606 Doubles $675,000 $340,000 $160,000 $82,000 $44,000 $26,500 $16,500 N / A N / A N / A N / A Mixed Doubles $150,000 $70,000 $30,000 $15,000 $10,000 $5,000 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A Singles players ( edit ) Men 's Singles ( show ) Champion Runner - up Rafael Nadal ( 1 ) Kevin Anderson ( 28 ) Semifinals out Juan Martín del Potro ( 24 ) Pablo Carreño Busta ( 12 ) Quarterfinals out Andrey Rublev Roger Federer ( 3 ) Sam Querrey ( 17 ) Diego Schwartzman ( 29 ) 4th round out Alexandr Dolgopolov David Goffin ( 9 ) Philipp Kohlschreiber ( 33 ) Dominic Thiem ( 6 ) Mischa Zverev ( 23 ) Paolo Lorenzi Denis Shapovalov ( Q ) Lucas Pouille ( 16 ) 3rd round out Leonardo Mayer ( LL ) Viktor Troicki Gaël Monfils ( 18 ) Damir Džumhur Feliciano López ( 31 ) John Millman ( PR ) Roberto Bautista Agut ( 11 ) Adrian Mannarino ( 30 ) Radu Albot ( Q ) John Isner ( 10 ) Thomas Fabbiano Borna Ćorić Kyle Edmund Nicolas Mahut ( Q ) Mikhail Kukushkin ( Q ) Marin Čilić ( 5 ) 2nd round out Taro Daniel Yūichi Sugita Stefano Travaglia ( Q ) Tomáš Berdych ( 15 ) Guido Pella Donald Young Cedrik - Marcel Stebe ( Q ) Grigor Dimitrov ( 7 ) Mikhail Youzhny Fernando Verdasco Santiago Giraldo Malek Jaziri Dustin Brown Adrián Menéndez - Maceiras ( Q ) Bjorn Fratangelo ( WC ) Taylor Fritz ( WC ) Dudi Sela Lu Yen - hsun Benoît Paire Chung Hyeon Jordan Thompson Gilles Müller ( 19 ) Ernests Gulbis ( PR ) Alexander Zverev ( 4 ) Jo - Wilfried Tsonga ( 8 ) Steve Johnson Albert Ramos Viñolas ( 20 ) Cameron Norrie ( Q ) Jared Donaldson Evgeny Donskoy Janko Tipsarević Florian Mayer 1st round out Dušan Lajović Tommy Paul ( WC ) Geoffrey Blancaneaux ( WC ) Richard Gasquet ( 26 ) Fabio Fognini ( 22 ) Norbert Gombos Jan - Lennard Struff Ryan Harrison Julien Benneteau Steve Darcis Maximilian Marterer ( Q ) Jérémy Chardy Pablo Cuevas ( 27 ) Nicolás Kicker Aljaž Bedene Václav Šafránek ( Q ) Frances Tiafoe Blaž Kavčič Vasek Pospisil Andrey Kuznetsov Tim Smyczek ( Q ) Vincent Millot ( Q ) Thiago Monteiro Nick Kyrgios ( 14 ) Andreas Seppi Thomaz Bellucci Patrick Kypson ( WC ) Henri Laaksonen Ričardas Berankis ( PR ) Ivo Karlović Marcos Baghdatis Alex De Minaur ( WC ) Gilles Simon Christopher Eubanks ( WC ) Ernesto Escobedo Karen Khachanov ( 25 ) Thai - Son Kwiatkowski ( WC ) Lukáš Lacko ( LL ) Horacio Zeballos Pierre - Hugues Herbert Jack Sock ( 13 ) John - Patrick Smith ( Q ) João Sousa Bernard Tomic JC Aragone ( Q ) Alessandro Giannessi Jiří Veselý Darian King ( Q ) Marius Copil Daniil Medvedev Nicolás Almagro Robin Haase ( 32 ) Denis Istomin Márton Fucsovics Dmitry Tursunov ( PR ) Evan King ( Q ) Ruben Bemelmans Nikoloz Basilashvili Andreas Haider - Maurer ( PR ) David Ferrer ( 21 ) Carlos Berlocq Thanasi Kokkinakis ( PR ) Rogério Dutra Silva Tennys Sandgren Women 's Singles ( show ) Champion Runner - up Sloane Stephens ( PR ) Madison Keys ( 15 ) Semifinals out CoCo Vandeweghe ( 20 ) Venus Williams ( 9 ) Quarterfinals out Karolína Plíšková ( 1 ) Kaia Kanepi ( Q ) Petra Kvitová ( 13 ) Anastasija Sevastova ( 16 ) 4th round out Jennifer Brady Lucie Šafářová Elina Svitolina ( 4 ) Daria Kasatkina Carla Suárez Navarro Garbiñe Muguruza ( 3 ) Julia Görges ( 30 ) Maria Sharapova ( WC ) 3rd round out Zhang Shuai ( 27 ) Monica Niculescu Agnieszka Radwańska ( 10 ) Kurumi Nara Shelby Rogers Elena Vesnina ( 17 ) Jeļena Ostapenko ( 12 ) Naomi Osaka Ekaterina Makarova Maria Sakkari Caroline Garcia ( 18 ) Magdaléna Rybáriková ( 31 ) Aleksandra Krunić Ashleigh Barty Donna Vekić Sofia Kenin ( WC ) 2nd round out Nicole Gibbs ( Q ) Risa Ozaki Barbora Strýcová ( 23 ) Ana Bogdan Yulia Putintseva Ons Jabeur Nao Hibino Svetlana Kuznetsova ( 8 ) Evgeniya Rodina Daria Gavrilova ( 25 ) Kirsten Flipkens Tatjana Maria Sorana Cîrstea Christina McHale Yanina Wickmayer Denisa Allertová Caroline Wozniacki ( 5 ) Mirjana Lučić - Baroni ( 29 ) Arina Rodionova ( WC ) Océane Dodin Alizé Cornet Ekaterina Alexandrova Kristýna Plíšková Duan Yingying Ajla Tomljanović ( PR ) Zheng Saisai Aliaksandra Sasnovich Dominika Cibulková ( 11 ) Kateryna Kozlova ( Q ) Peng Shuai ( 22 ) Sachia Vickery ( Q ) Tímea Babos 1st round out Magda Linette Verónica Cepede Royg Danielle Lao ( Q ) Sabine Lisicki ( PR ) Misaki Doi Andrea Petkovic Taylor Townsend ( WC ) Kristina Mladenovic ( 14 ) Petra Martić Sofya Zhuk ( Q ) Brienne Minor ( WC ) Alison Riske Anett Kontaveit ( 26 ) Catherine Bellis Sara Sorribes Tormo Markéta Vondroušová Kateřina Siniaková Eugenie Bouchard Kayla Day ( WC ) Allie Kiick ( Q ) Anna Blinkova ( Q ) Madison Brengle Ashley Kratzer ( WC ) Elise Mertens Lara Arruabarrena Lesley Kerkhove ( Q ) Wang Qiang Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova ( 19 ) Lesia Tsurenko ( 28 ) Francesca Schiavone Rebecca Peterson ( Q ) Angelique Kerber ( 6 ) Mihaela Buzărnescu ( Q ) Mona Barthel İpek Soylu ( Q ) Monica Puig Kiki Bertens ( 24 ) Richèl Hogenkamp Pauline Parmentier Viktória Kužmová ( Q ) Jelena Janković Heather Watson Anna Zaja ( Q ) Tereza Martincová ( Q ) Camila Giorgi Misa Eguchi ( PR ) Claire Liu ( Q ) Varvara Lepchenko Johanna Konta ( 7 ) Johanna Larsson Alison Van Uytvanck Annika Beck Ana Konjuh ( 21 ) Julia Boserup Roberta Vinci Jana Čepelová Carina Witthöft Irina - Camelia Begu Beatriz Haddad Maia Amandine Hesse ( WC ) Lauren Davis ( 32 ) Natalia Vikhlyantseva Viktorija Golubic Simona Halep ( 2 ) Day - by - day summaries ( edit ) Main article : 2017 US Open -- Day - by - day summaries Singles seeds ( edit ) Seeds are based on the ATP and WTA rankings as of August 21 , 2017 . Rank and points before are as of August 28 , 2017 . Men 's singles ( edit ) Seed Rank Player Points before Points defending Points won Points after Status Rafael Nadal 7,645 180 2,000 9,465 Champion , defeated Kevin Anderson ( 28 ) Andy Murray 7,150 360 0 6,790 Withdrew due to hip injury Roger Federer 7,145 0 360 7,505 Quarterfinals lost to Juan Martín del Potro ( 24 ) 6 Alexander Zverev 4,470 45 45 4,470 Second round lost to Borna Ćorić 5 7 Marin Čilić 4,155 90 90 4,155 Third round lost to Diego Schwartzman ( 29 ) 6 8 Dominic Thiem 4,030 180 180 4,030 Fourth round lost to Juan Martín del Potro ( 24 ) 7 9 Grigor Dimitrov 3,710 180 45 3,575 Second round lost to Andrey Rublev 8 12 Jo - Wilfried Tsonga 2,690 360 45 2,375 Second round lost to Denis Shapovalov ( Q ) 9 14 David Goffin 2,525 10 180 2,695 Fourth round lost to Andrey Rublev 10 15 John Isner 2,425 90 90 2,425 Third round lost to Mischa Zverev ( 23 ) 11 13 Roberto Bautista Agut 2,525 90 90 2,525 Third round lost to Juan Martín del Potro ( 24 ) 12 19 Pablo Carreño Busta 2,225 90 720 2,855 Semifinals lost to Kevin Anderson ( 28 ) 13 16 Jack Sock 2,345 180 10 2,175 First round lost to Jordan Thompson 14 17 Nick Kyrgios 2,325 90 10 2,245 First round lost to John Millman ( PR ) 15 18 Tomáš Berdych 2,310 0 45 2,355 Second round lost to Alexandr Dolgopolov 16 20 Lucas Pouille 2,210 360 180 2,030 Fourth round lost to Diego Schwartzman ( 29 ) 17 21 Sam Querrey 2,095 10 360 2,445 Quarterfinals lost to Kevin Anderson ( 28 ) 18 22 Gaël Monfils 1,915 720 90 1,285 Third round retired against David Goffin ( 9 ) 19 23 Gilles Müller 1,885 10 45 1,920 Second round lost to Paolo Lorenzi 20 24 Albert Ramos Viñolas 1,815 45 45 1,815 Second round lost to Nicolas Mahut ( Q ) 21 25 David Ferrer 1,695 90 10 1,615 First round lost to vs. Mikhail Kukushkin ( Q ) 22 26 Fabio Fognini 1,580 45 10 1,545 First round lost to Stefano Travaglia ( Q ) 23 27 Mischa Zverev 1,484 70 180 1,594 Fourth round lost to Sam Querrey ( 17 ) 24 28 Juan Martín del Potro 1,460 360 720 1,820 Semifinals lost to Rafael Nadal ( 1 ) 25 29 Karen Khachanov 1,390 70 10 1,330 First round lost to Lu Yen - hsun 26 30 Richard Gasquet 1,390 10 10 1,390 First round lost to Leonardo Mayer ( LL ) 27 31 Pablo Cuevas 1,360 45 10 1,325 First round lost to Damir Džumhur 28 32 Kevin Anderson 1,360 90 1,200 2,470 Runner - up , lost to Rafael Nadal ( 1 ) 29 33 Diego Schwartzman 1,280 10 + 90 360 + 45 1,585 Quarterfinals lost to Pablo Carreño Busta ( 12 ) 30 34 Adrian Mannarino 1,255 10 90 1,335 Third round lost to Dominic Thiem ( 6 ) 31 35 Feliciano López 1,250 45 90 1,295 Third round lost to Roger Federer ( 3 ) 32 36 Robin Haase 1,168 10 + 48 10 + 45 1,165 First round lost to Kyle Edmund 33 37 Philipp Kohlschreiber 1,135 10 180 1,305 Fourth round lost to Roger Federer ( 3 ) Withdrawn players ( edit ) Rank Player Points before Points defending Points after Withdrawal reason Andy Murray 7,150 360 6,790 Hip injury Stan Wawrinka 5,690 2,000 3,690 Knee injury 5 Novak Djokovic 5,325 1,200 4,125 Elbow injury 10 Kei Nishikori 3,195 720 2,475 Wrist injury 11 Milos Raonic 2,870 45 2,825 Wrist injury Women 's singles ( edit ) Seed Rank Player Points before Points defending Points won Points after Status Karolína Plíšková 6,390 1,300 430 5,520 Quarterfinals lost to CoCo Vandeweghe ( 20 ) Simona Halep 6,385 430 10 5,965 First round lost to Maria Sharapova ( WC ) Garbiñe Muguruza 5,860 70 240 6,030 Fourth round lost to Petra Kvitová ( 13 ) Elina Svitolina 5,530 130 240 5,640 Fourth round lost to Madison Keys ( 15 ) 5 5 Caroline Wozniacki 5,350 780 70 4,640 Second round lost to Ekaterina Makarova 6 6 Angelique Kerber 5,146 2,000 10 3,156 First round lost to Naomi Osaka 7 7 Johanna Konta 4,750 240 10 4,520 First round lost to Aleksandra Krunić 8 8 Svetlana Kuznetsova 4,410 70 70 4,410 Second round lost to Kurumi Nara 9 9 Venus Williams 4,216 240 780 4,756 Semifinals lost to Sloane Stephens ( PR ) 10 11 Agnieszka Radwańska 3,570 240 130 3,460 Third round lost to CoCo Vandeweghe ( 20 ) 11 10 Dominika Cibulková 3,830 130 70 3,770 Second round lost to Sloane Stephens ( PR ) 12 12 Jeļena Ostapenko 3,382 10 130 3,502 Third round lost to Daria Kasatkina 13 14 Petra Kvitová 3,120 240 430 3,310 Quarterfinals lost to Venus Williams ( 9 ) 14 13 Kristina Mladenovic 3,155 70 10 3,095 First round lost to Monica Niculescu 15 16 Madison Keys 2,343 240 1,300 3,403 Runner - up , lost to Sloane Stephens ( PR ) 16 17 Anastasija Sevastova 2,295 430 430 2,295 Quarterfinals lost to Sloane Stephens ( PR ) 17 18 Elena Vesnina 2,140 130 130 2,140 Third round lost to Madison Keys ( 15 ) 18 19 Caroline Garcia 2,135 130 130 2,135 Third round lost to Petra Kvitová ( 13 ) 19 21 Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova 2,065 130 10 1,945 First round lost to Christina McHale 20 22 CoCo Vandeweghe 1,994 10 780 2,764 Semifinals lost to Madison Keys ( 15 ) 21 23 Ana Konjuh 1,805 430 10 1,385 First round lost to Ashleigh Barty 22 24 Peng Shuai 1,800 10 70 1,860 Second round lost to Donna Vekić 23 25 Barbora Strýcová 1,725 10 70 1,785 Second round lost to Jennifer Brady 24 27 Kiki Bertens 1,670 10 10 1,670 First round lost to Maria Sakkari 25 20 Daria Gavrilova 2,075 10 70 2,135 Second round lost to Shelby Rogers 26 29 Anett Kontaveit 1,630 10 10 1,630 First round lost to Lucie Šafářová 27 26 Zhang Shuai 1,685 130 130 1,685 Third round lost to Karolína Plíšková ( 1 ) 28 30 Lesia Tsurenko 1,625 240 10 1,395 First round lost to Yanina Wickmayer 29 31 Mirjana Lučić - Baroni 1,615 70 70 1,615 Second round lost to Carla Suárez Navarro 30 33 Julia Görges 1,570 70 240 1,740 Fourth round lost to Sloane Stephens ( PR ) 31 32 Magdaléna Rybáriková 1,577 0 130 1,707 Third round lost to Garbiñe Muguruza ( 3 ) 32 34 Lauren Davis 1,476 70 10 1,416 First round lost to Sofia Kenin ( WC ) Withdrawn players ( edit ) Rank Player Points before Points defending Points after Withdrawal reason 15 Serena Williams 2,810 780 2,030 Pregnancy 28 Timea Bacsinszky 1,658 70 1,588 Left thigh and wrist injury Doubles seeds ( edit ) Men 's doubles ( edit ) Team Rank Seed Henri Kontinen John Peers Łukasz Kubot Marcelo Melo 7 Pierre - Hugues Herbert Nicolas Mahut 13 Jamie Murray Bruno Soares 13 Bob Bryan Mike Bryan 18 5 Ivan Dodig Marcel Granollers 25 6 Raven Klaasen Rajeev Ram 28 7 Ryan Harrison Michael Venus 32 8 Oliver Marach Mate Pavić 35 9 Rohan Bopanna Pablo Cuevas 42 10 Feliciano López Marc López 45 11 Jean - Julien Rojer Horia Tecău 57 12 Brian Baker Nikola Mektić 67 13 Julio Peralta Horacio Zeballos 77 14 Santiago González Donald Young 78 15 Sam Groth Aisam - ul - Haq Qureshi 80 16 Rankings as of August 21 , 2017 . Women 's doubles ( edit ) Team Rank Seed Ekaterina Makarova Elena Vesnina 6 Chan Yung - jan Martina Hingis 11 Lucie Šafářová Barbora Strýcová 12 Sania Mirza Peng Shuai 18 Tímea Babos Andrea Hlaváčková 26 5 Ashleigh Barty Casey Dellacqua 29 6 Lucie Hradecká Kateřina Siniaková 31 7 Anna - Lena Grönefeld Květa Peschke 40 8 Gabriela Dabrowski Xu Yifan 48 9 Abigail Spears Katarina Srebotnik 49 10 Kiki Bertens Johanna Larsson 55 11 Hsieh Su - wei Monica Niculescu 58 12 Kristina Mladenovic Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova 63 13 Andreja Klepač María José Martínez Sánchez 64 14 Makoto Ninomiya Renata Voráčová 71 15 Nao Hibino Alicja Rosolska 77 16 Rankings as of August 21 , 2017 . Mixed doubles ( edit ) Team Rank Seed Martina Hingis Jamie Murray 11 Sania Mirza Ivan Dodig 19 Chan Hao - ching Michael Venus 24 Tímea Babos Bruno Soares 26 Casey Dellacqua Rajeev Ram 27 5 Andrea Hlaváčková Édouard Roger - Vasselin 38 6 Gabriela Dabrowski Rohan Bopanna 39 7 Lucie Hradecká Marcin Matkowski 45 8 Rankings as of August 21 , 2017 . Events ( edit ) Men 's singles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 US Open -- Men 's Singles Rafael Nadal def . Kevin Anderson , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 Women 's singles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 US Open -- Women 's Singles Sloane Stephens def . Madison Keys , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 Men 's doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 US Open -- Men 's Doubles Jean - Julien Rojer / Horia Tecău def . Feliciano López / Marc López , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 Women 's doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 US Open -- Women 's Doubles Chan Yung - jan / Martina Hingis def . Lucie Hradecká / Kateřina Siniaková , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 Mixed doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 US Open -- Mixed Doubles Martina Hingis / Jamie Murray def . Chan Hao - ching / Michael Venus , 6 -- 1 , 4 -- 6 , ( 10 -- 8 ) Junior boys ' singles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 US Open -- Boys ' Singles Wu Yibing def . Axel Geller , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 Junior girls ' singles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 US Open -- Girls ' Singles Amanda Anisimova def . Cori Gauff , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 2 Junior boys ' doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 US Open -- Boys ' Doubles Hsu Yu - hsiou / Wu Yibing def . Toru Horie / Yuta Shimizu , 6 -- 4 , 5 -- 7 , ( 11 -- 9 ) Junior girls ' doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 US Open -- Girls ' Doubles Olga Danilović / Marta Kostyuk def . Lea Bošković / Wang Xiyu , 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 5 Men 's champions doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 US Open -- Men 's Champions Invitational John McEnroe / Patrick McEnroe def . Pat Cash / Henri Leconte , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 Women 's champions doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 US Open -- Women 's Champions Invitational Kim Clijsters / Martina Navratilova def . Lindsay Davenport / Mary Joe Fernández , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , ( 10 -- 4 ) Wheelchair men 's singles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 US Open -- Wheelchair Men 's Singles Stéphane Houdet def . Alfie Hewett , 6 -- 2 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 Wheelchair women 's singles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 US Open -- Wheelchair Women 's Singles Yui Kamiji def . Diede de Groot , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 Wheelchair quad singles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 US Open -- Wheelchair Quad Singles David Wagner def . Andrew Lapthorne , 7 -- 5 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 Wheelchair men 's doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 US Open -- Wheelchair Men 's Doubles Alfie Hewett / Gordon Reid def . Stéphane Houdet / Nicolas Peifer , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 Wheelchair women 's doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 US Open -- Wheelchair Women 's Doubles Marjolein Buis / Diede de Groot def . Dana Mathewson / Aniek van Koot , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 Wheelchair quad doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 US Open -- Wheelchair Quad Doubles Andrew Lapthorne / David Wagner def . Dylan Alcott / Bryan Barten , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 Wild card entries ( edit ) The following players were given wildcards to the main draw based on internal selection and recent performances . Men 's singles ( edit ) Geoffrey Blancaneaux Alex De Minaur Christopher Eubanks Bjorn Fratangelo Taylor Fritz Thai - Son Kwiatkowski Patrick Kypson Tommy Paul Women 's singles ( edit ) Kayla Day Amandine Hesse Sofia Kenin Ashley Kratzer Brienne Minor Arina Rodionova Maria Sharapova Taylor Townsend Men 's doubles ( edit ) William Blumberg / Spencer Papa Christopher Eubanks / Christian Harrison Taylor Fritz / Reilly Opelka Steve Johnson / Tommy Paul Vasil Kirkov / Danny Thomas Bradley Klahn / Scott Lipsky Austin Krajicek / Jackson Withrow Women 's doubles ( edit ) Kristie Ahn / Irina Falconi Amanda Anisimova / Emina Bektas Julia Boserup / Nicole Gibbs Jacqueline Cako / Sachia Vickery Kayla Day / Caroline Dolehide Francesca Di Lorenzo / Allie Kiick Taylor Johnson / Claire Liu Mixed doubles ( edit ) Kristie Ahn / Tennys Sandgren Amanda Anisimova / Christian Harrison Jennifer Brady / Bjorn Fratangelo Louisa Chirico / Bradley Klahn Liezel Huber / Danny Thomas Sofia Kenin / Michael Mmoh Jamie Loeb / Mitchell Krueger Nicole Melichar / Jackson Withrow Qualifier entries ( edit ) The qualifying competitions took place at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center on 22 -- 25 August 2017 . Men 's singles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 US Open -- Men 's Singles Qualifying Maximilian Marterer Denis Shapovalov Radu Albot Václav Šafránek JC Aragone Mikhail Kukushkin Cameron Norrie Stefano Travaglia Cedrik - Marcel Stebe Adrián Menéndez - Maceiras Vincent Millot John - Patrick Smith Evan King Nicolas Mahut Darian King Tim Smyczek Lucky losers ( edit ) Leonardo Mayer Lukáš Lacko Women 's singles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 US Open -- Women 's Singles Qualifying Kaia Kanepi Anna Zaja İpek Soylu Mihaela Buzărnescu Rebecca Peterson Sachia Vickery Danielle Lao Claire Liu Sofya Zhuk Kateryna Kozlova Anna Blinkova Viktória Kužmová Allie Kiick Nicole Gibbs Tereza Martincová Lesley Kerkhove Withdrawals ( edit ) The following players were accepted directly into the main tournament , but withdrew with injuries , suspensions or for personal reasons . Men 's singles Federico Delbonis → replaced by Alessandro Giannessi Novak Djokovic → replaced by Henri Laaksonen Dan Evans → replaced by Ernests Gulbis Andy Murray → replaced by Lukáš Lacko Kei Nishikori → replaced by Thiago Monteiro Yoshihito Nishioka → replaced by Tennys Sandgren Milos Raonic → replaced by Leonardo Mayer Stan Wawrinka → replaced by Florian Mayer Women 's singles Victoria Azarenka → replaced by Misa Eguchi Timea Bacsinszky → replaced by Pauline Parmentier Sara Errani → replaced by Denisa Allertová Anna - Lena Friedsam → replaced by Ana Bogdan Kristína Kučová → replaced by Viktorija Golubic Bethanie Mattek - Sands → replaced by Ons Jabeur Mandy Minella → replaced by Julia Boserup Yaroslava Shvedova → replaced by Alison Van Uytvanck Laura Siegemund → replaced by Aliaksandra Sasnovich Samantha Stosur → replaced by Annika Beck Serena Williams → replaced by Richèl Hogenkamp Retirements ( edit ) Men 's singles ( edit ) Kyle Edmund ( 3rd round ) Santiago Giraldo ( 2nd round ) Andreas Haider - Maurer ( 1st round ) Gaël Monfils ( 3rd round ) Vasek Pospisil ( 1st round ) Dmitry Tursunov ( 1st round ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Winner of the men 's singles tournament in the 2017 NCAA Division I Tennis Championships Jump up ^ Winner of the Kalamazoo Wild Card tournament Jump up ^ Winner of the Men 's USTA Wild Card Challenge held in Binghamton , New York , Lexington , Kentucky and Aptos , California Jump up ^ Winner of the Women 's USTA Wild Card Challenge held in Stockton , California , Sacramento , California and Lexington , Kentucky Jump up ^ Winner of the USTA Girls ' under - 18 national tournament Jump up ^ Winner of the women 's singles tournament in the 2017 NCAA Division I Tennis Championships References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gray , James ( 1970 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Wimbledon 2017 : Johanna Konta beats Caroline Garcia who denies ILLEGAL coaching claims Tennis Sport '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated . `` Garcia says she did n't notice if her father was coaching her '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Pritha ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) . `` Tennis : Illegal coaching accusation irks Azarenka '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Simon Briggs , Tennis Correspondent , Wimbledon ( 2017 - 07 - 06 ) . `` Tennis set for radical change as US Open trials ' shot - clocks ' to combat slow play '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` SBS serves up US Open broadcast deal '' . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maher , Erin ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 US Open prize money to top $50 Million '' . usopen.org . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Harwitt , Sandra ( August 26 , 2017 ) . `` Andy Murray withdraws from U.S. Open '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Wawrinka ruled out for rest of 2017 season after surgery on knee '' . The Guardian . August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Novak Djokovic : Twelve - time Grand Slam champion will not play again in 2017 '' . BBC Sport . July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Ashley ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Nishikori to miss US Open with wrist injury '' . usopen.org . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canada 's Milos Raonic withdraws from U.S. Open '' . Toronto Star . August 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clarey , Christopher ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Serena Williams 's Pregnancy Is Confirmed After Day of Speculation '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lacour , Clémence ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` US Open - Blancaneaux et Parmentier auront les wild - cards '' ( in French ) . tennisactu.net . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/tennis/rising-aussie-star-alex-de-minaur-given-a-wildcard-for-this-years-us-open/news-story/71fb8619bd873bee6759e6680f214e8a ^ Jump up to : `` US Open men 's wild cards dealt to rising stars '' . usopen.org. 15 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DI men 's tennis championship : Virginia 's Thai - Son Kwiatkowski wins NCAA men 's singles title '' . NCAA.com . May 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sharapova headlines US Open women 's wild cards '' . usopen.org. 15 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` La wild - card pour Hesse '' . welovetennis.fr . August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brienne Minor is Michigan 's first national champ in tennis '' . detroitnews.com . May 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . 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-7252708317641972321 | Falling in Reverse | Falling in Reverse - Wikipedia Falling in Reverse Jump to : navigation , search For the EDEN song , see Vertigo ( EDEN album ) . Falling in Reverse From left to right : Christian Thompson , Ryan Seaman , Ronnie Radke , Zakk Sandler , and Derek Jones Background information Origin Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. Genres Post-hardcore metalcore hard rock pop punk glam metal Years active 2008 -- present Labels Epitaph Associated acts Escape the Fate Website fallinginreverse.com Members Ronnie Radke Derek Jones Zakk Sandler Christian Thompson Past members Anthony Avila Gilbert Catalano Nick Rich Nason Schoeffler Jeremy Moser Oscar Garcia Khaled Biersack Scott Gee Jacky Vincent Ryan Seaman Mika Horiuchi Ron Ficarro Max Green Falling in Reverse is an American rock band based in Las Vegas , Nevada and formed in 2008 , signed to Epitaph Records . The band is led by vocalist Ronnie Radke alongside lead guitarist Christian Thompson , rhythm guitarist Derek Jones , bassist Zakk Sandler and touring drummer Michael Levine . The group released its debut album , The Drug in Me Is You , on July 26 , 2011 , which peaked at No. 19 on the Billboard 200 , selling 18,000 copies in its first week . The band 's second studio album , Fashionably Late , was released on June 18 , 2013 , which peaked at No. 17 on the Billboard 200 . The band released their third album Just Like You on February 24 , 2015 . Coming Home , their latest album , was released on April 7 , 2017 . The band has toured extensively in support of its releases with other musical groups such as Escape the Fate , Chelsea Grin , Atreyu , Attila , Metro Station , letlive. , I See Stars , among several others . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Formation ( 2008 -- 2010 ) 1.2 The Drug in Me Is You and record deal ( 2010 -- 2012 ) 1.3 Fashionably Late and Bury the Hatchet tour ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 1.4 Just Like You and departure of Jacky Vincent ( 2014 -- 2016 ) 1.5 Coming Home and departure of Ryan Seaman ( 2016 -- present ) 2 Musical style and lyrics 3 Band members 4 Discography 5 Awards 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Formation ( 2008 -- 2010 ) ( edit ) Further information : Ronnie Radke and Escape the Fate In 2008 , lead singer Ronnie Radke was involved in an altercation in Las Vegas that resulted in the fatal shooting of 18 - year - old Michael Cook . While Radke did not shoot Cook , he was indicted on battery charges . These charges , combined with Radke 's past troubles with narcotics and rehab , led to a suspended sentence and five years probation . After he failed to report to his probation officer he was arrested in June 2008 , where his probation was revoked and he was mandated to serve his original sentence of two years in prison . At the time , Ronnie Radke was the lead singer of post-hardcore band Escape the Fate , which in 2006 , released its debut album , Dying Is Your Latest Fashion . Following Radke 's incarceration , Escape the Fate kicked him out of the band and replaced him with former Blessthefall lead singer Craig Mabbitt . Max Green , bassist of Escape the Fate , stated about Radke 's law problems that , `` First we could n't tour out of the country , then out of the state . '' Radke was released on December 12 , 2010 . Radke discussed his relationship with Escape the Fate members since his departure from the band , stating that they have tried to reconcile with Radke but he was uninterested in getting back on friendly terms with them after they kicked him out and misinformed their fans about Radke getting caught with heroin inside prison . Radke stated in an interview , `` They make a whole album called This War Is Ours , and then they try to say , ' We did n't name that album after you , dude . ' Which in fact , they did . I could be wrong ; they could be talking about the war on terrorism or something . I do n't know . But I just have a feeling that record name was about me . They talk a lot of shit . It is always about forgive and forget , but there 's some things that I would like to say . So I did . On the record . '' During his time in prison , Radke formed a new band called From Behind These Walls . He officially began creating media with the band upon his release , but was later forced to change its name to Falling in Reverse due to copyright infringement . In 2009 , with Radke still in prison , he was able to launch a demo of his band , due to contacts with several musicians he had . The demo contains four songs that were not put on the debut album The Drug in Me Is You . The original lineup consisted of Radke and bassist Nason Schoeffler , who helped find guitarist Jacky Vincent and rhythm guitarist Derek Jones . The band went through several drummers . Nick Rich was later replaced by Oscar Garcia , Khaled Biersack , and former LoveHateHero member Scott Gee , as official members , before finding former the Bigger Lights drummer Ryan Seaman . Schoeffler quit the band in April 2011 and was replaced by Mika Horiuchi , formerly of the band Cellador , who also later departed from the band after issues with Radke . The Drug in Me is You and record deal ( 2010 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Drug in Me Is You In January 2010 , the band began recording for the first time . The group announced on December 20 that it would go to Orlando , Florida to record a full - length debut album over a period of two months with a tentative release date of the first quarter of 2011 . The band also confirmed that Radke 's friend , Michael Baskette , who has worked on Blessthefall 's album Witness and Radke on Escape the Fate 's debut Dying Is Your Latest Fashion , would produce the album . It was soon confirmed that the band was signed with Epitaph Records , Radke 's former label with Escape the Fate , and the band released its debut album in 2011 . The album was soon titled The Drug in Me Is You and was slated for a July 26 , 2011 release date , with pre-orders beginning on June 7 . The eleven song track list was released soon after . With the help of Executive Producer Michael `` Elvis '' Baskette , mixing and tracking for the album concluded on April 2 , 2011 . The album spawned the singles `` Raised by Wolves '' and `` The Drug in Me Is You '' . The band 's first music video was released for `` The Drug in Me Is You '' on June 28 , 2011 , and was advertised by The New York Post the week before the album 's release . The album was streamed via the band 's website on July 15 . The Drug in Me Is You was released in the United States on July 26 , 2011 to mostly mixed reviews , but managed to sell 18,000 copies in its first week in the US charting at number 19 on the Billboard 200 . A third single , `` I 'm Not a Vampire '' , was released a few months after the album 's release on October 24 with an accompanying music video featuring Jeffree Star which features a satirical Celebrity Rehab theme , and reached over one million views in three days . The songs for the debut album were all written by Radke during his imprisonment . Lead vocalist Ronnie Radke has often called the album a breakup record , but with a band and not a girl . Radke said that , `` I would think all day , for days and days , ( about ) what people would want to hear . I would dissect my old album and read all the fan letters and the reasons why they loved my band and why they listened to it . And I wrote about that , but in different ways . I do n't know why these kids love the tragedies that I write about . I guess they can relate to it . '' To promote the album , the band announced the dates for its first live performances , which took place at the end of July following the album 's release at certain locations in California , with one date scheduled in Texas on September 24 , 2011 . These shows were planned to be with supporting act Vampires Everywhere ! . The July dates were postponed due to issues with guitarist Jacky Vincent 's immigration visa , though the band voiced intentions to make these dates up . This meant that the band 's first live performances would be at the Vans Warped Tour 2011 from August 10 to 14 for five shows on the Kia Kevin Says Stage throughout the western United States . The band played a few secret shows under the name `` Goodbye Graceful '' on August eighth and ninth in Anaheim and Los Angeles . Following the release of the album and some Warped Tour 2011 appearances , the band announced its first headlining tour across the United States , with locations beginning in New Mexico , looping around the east coast , and concluding in Colorado . The tour took place from September to October 2011 with support acts Eyes Set to Kill and For All Those Sleeping . The band 's first supporting tour was to be a ten - show tour in November 2011 with headliners Black Veil Brides and supporting acts Aiden and Drive - A , but was canceled after Black Veil Brides dropped out when their lead vocalist Andy Biersack broke his nose . Emmure replaced Falling in Reverse on the second half of the Take A Picture , It Lasts Longer Tour with We Came As Romans and the band played an exclusive show at KROQ on November 8 to make up for the canceled shows . The bands started out its first headlining tour , The Drug in Me Is You Tour , in February 2012 was with support from Skip the Foreplay and Oh , Sleeper . In January 2012 , the band announced Mika Horiuchi 's departure from the band , Falling in Reverse 's frontman Ronnie Radke gave Altpress.com this exclusive statement regarding Horiuchi 's departure from the band `` Mika is not in the band and that 's it . Nothing more to say right now but stay tuned kids , 2012 is our year . '' In January 2012 , former I Am Ghost bassist Ron Ficarro began filling in as Falling in Reverse 's The Drug in Me Is You Tour touring bassist due to the departure of former bassist Mika Horiuchi . Later on Ronnie announced on stage that Ron Ficarro was replacing Mika permanently . On February 6 , 2012 , Former Escape the Fate member , Omar Espinosa made a guest appearance on stage performing `` Situations '' and `` Not good Enough for Truth or Cliche '' ( Although this could have been because Derek was n't there ) . The band 's third music video for its debut album 's first single , `` Raised by Wolves '' , was released on February 28 , 2012 . In late August Falling in Reverse announced a Fall / Winter headlining tour called `` The Thug in Me is You Tour '' with supporting acts Enter Shikari , I See Stars , Matt Toka and letlive . Fashionably Late and Bury the Hatchet tour ( 2012 -- 2014 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Fashionably Late ( Falling in Reverse album ) and Bury The Hatchet Tour Vocalist Ronnie Radke had been hinting on Twitter that the group had been working on the band 's second album , with tweets such as `` You guys do n't understand how many light years my next album is from the last one '' . He and bandmate Ron Ficarro tweeted pictures of them in the studio with Ryan Ogren working on some new music . Ronnie had said a little bit about the new album to Marshal Music News . He said that , `` The last record was so vengeful and bitter and spiteful - so everyone is wondering what I 'm gon na sing about next . And I 'm just not quite ready to let people know . I 'm sorry . When people hear the new stuff though I promise you they will lose their mind . It 's light years ahead of my last album . We 're demoing new songs right now , as we speak , and I 'm telling you , people are seriously gon na lose their mind . '' During the band 's performance at Dirt Fest 2012 in Birch Run Michigan , Radke announced to the crowd that it would be the group 's last show before returning to the studio for the band 's second album . Ronnie also said in an interview that the band would be in the studio late 2012 with demos already and hoping for an early 2013 release . In issue number 1442 of Kerrang ! Magazine , Ronnie Radke announced in an interview that `` The record 's finished ! That 's what we did after the Warped Tour . We just did n't tell anybody ! '' He also said `` ( it will be released ) early next year ( summer 2013 ) ! '' On May 7 the band released the first single and music video , `` Alone '' , from the second album , titled , Fashionably Late . The cover , merchandise , and a June 18 , 2013 release date was revealed on May 7 as well . To promote the album , Falling in Reverse would be on tour from May to July 2013 , including the Vans Warped Tour 2013 . On May 13 Falling in Reverse announced on Twitter the band had cancelled tour dates due to lead singer Radke was expecting the birth of his first child with his fiancé Crissy Henderson . Falling in Reverse officially stated on Facebook `` Our apologies but Falling in Reverse has to cancel the rest of the dates scheduled in May . Ronnie will not be able to appear as his girlfriend is about to give birth to their first child and he needs to be by her side . Thanks for your understanding . See you soon . '' The band also canceled the dates to play Warped Tour . The tour released the following statement regarding the band 's decision `` Falling in Reverse are withdrawing from performing on this summer 's Warped Tour . Lead singer Ronnie Radke 's fiancé is pregnant with their first child who is due shortly . On May 21 , the title track , `` Fashionably Late '' was released as the second single . Later , on May 30 , the song , `` Born to Lead '' was streamed through YouTube . The entire album was uploaded to Epitaph Records ' YouTube channel on June 12 , allowing fans to listen to the album before the official release date . Following the cancellation of dates for the band 's tour and Warped Tour , Falling in Reverse celebrated the release of Fashionably Late with a special performance at the Roxy in West Hollywood , California , on June 18 , 2013 . The set of one hour was broadcast online and presented by Hot Topic . On October 28 , 2013 , Falling in Reverse , along with Ronnie 's former band Escape the Fate , announced that they would be touring together , with Falling in Reverse headlining , on the Bury The Hatchet Tour . The bands posted a video through Alternative Press with Ronnie and Escape the Fate singer Craig Mabbit being interviewed about the tour , stating that the tour came about due to the groups ' acceptances of each other . During the tour , Ronnie made appearances on stage with Escape the Fate , singing the singles from Escape the Fate debut album Dying Is Your Latest Fashion ( `` Situations '' and `` Not Good Enough for Truth in Cliché '' ) . In March 2014 , Radke announced that the band had begun recording its third album . On May 12 , 2014 it was announced by Alternative Press that Falling in Reverse had parted ways with bassist Ron Ficarro , reporting that former Escape the Fate bassist Max Green ( who announced his departure from Escape the Fate just 3 days before on May 9 , six months after rejoining Escape the Fate ) would be his replacement . Ronnie is quoted as saying `` Ron was probably the best bass player I 've ever played with , but at this moment in time I feel it is best to part ways with him . I respect him and wish nothing but the best for him . Max quitting Escape The Fate was like a godsend . It was a no brainer to have him join . I 've known him half my life and this will be a great new chapter to start . '' Just Like You and departure of Jacky Vincent ( 2014 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) In an interview with MTV , Radke stated that the next album would be nothing like the single Alone from Fashionably Late as it has no raps throughout the album , instead he stated that it is heavier and will contain more screams , moving his passion for rapping into his solo career . Radke explained in another interview that the third album will be more like a `` sequel '' to the Escape the Fate album Dying Is Your Latest Fashion and is aimed to be nostalgic to people who were fans of the band since then . In August it was announced that the band will be supporting Black Veil Brides on their headline tour across America throughout October and November dubbed `` The Black Mass '' and will also be supported by Set It Off and Drama Club . On October 6 , 2014 , a month before the Black Mass tour started , it was announced that Max Green had left the band due to personal issues unrelated to the band . The departure was amicable . On December 15 , 2014 , the first single from the band 's third album , Just Like You , titled `` God , If You Are Above ... '' was released . On January 13 , 2015 , the group released its second single `` Guillotine IV ( The Final Chapter ) '' from the album . Just Like You was released on February 24 . In February 2015 , touring bassist Jonathan Wolfe was replaced by the official new member , and former Black Tide bassist , Zakk Sandler . `` Stay Away '' , another single off of Just Like You , premiered on the BBC Radio1 Rock Show on February 15 . The group premiered its new single , Sexy Drug , via Alternative Press the next day . On February 17 , 2015 , a full album stream of Just Like You was released , a week before the scheduled release of the album . On February 24 , 2015 , Just Like You was released as planned , along with a music video for the song Just Like You . Falling in Reverse at the House of Blues during the Super Villains Tour in 2015 . On March 16 , 2015 , Falling in Reverse announced a US tour called Ronnie Radke 's Three - Ring Circus . The tour had three acts ; a performance by opening band Ghost Town , then Falling in Reverse performing the entire Dying Is Your Latest Fashion album from Radke 's days in Escape the Fate , followed by Falling in Reverse performing original songs . The tour lasted from April 24 to June 6 . On October 30 , 2015 , lead guitarist Jacky Vincent left the band on good terms before the band 's fall tour with Attila , Metro Station and Assuming We Survive to focus on his solo career . On November 4 , 2015 , Christian Thompson confirmed himself as the new lead guitarist of the band . The video for the single Chemical Prisoner was released on January 27 , 2016 . The single performed moderately well on UK rock radio . Coming Home and departure of Ryan Seaman ( 2016 -- present ) ( edit ) On January 6 , 2016 the band members announced that they had begun work on their next album stating that it would be `` It 's a huge left turn . It sounds like nothing we 've ever done . Every song is very vibey , There 's more feeling in it instead of a lot of metal . '' , further stating that `` We 're challenging ourselves now more than we ever have in the weirdest ways possible , because you would think writing the craziest solo or riffs would be the challenging part . But the challenging part is trying to stick to a theme and not go all over the place like we would normally do . '' The album is expected later this year through Epitaph Records . On December 19 , the band officially released the first single `` Coming Home '' from the untitled album . In January 2017 , Radke began performing guitar for the band . On January 20 , 2017 , the band announced their next album Coming Home , which was released on April 7 . Around the time of its release , it was rumored that drummer Ryan Seaman parted ways with the band , and now has a new band with Dallon Weekes of Panic ! at the Disco titled I Do n't Know How But They Found Me . This was confirmed when the band performed on May 8 , without Seaman with Chris Kamrada playing drums as a touring member . Musical style and lyrics ( edit ) Falling in Reverse has been categorized as pop punk , post-hardcore , metalcore , hard rock and glam metal . Falling in Reverse also has been described as emo with pop - stylized choruses and a blend between pop and metalcore . Radke commented that `` in the same songs it sounds like Norma Jean or Underoath with Katy Perry choruses . '' Lyrically , according to Radke , some of the band 's have tones of being , `` arrogant , ( it 's something ) like rappers do mostly . '' This is because Radke has cited Eminem as one of his major influences , so much so that he even included a beat made by Eminem and Dr. Dre during a breakdown on the track `` Sink or Swim '' . Radke also cites blink - 182 as an influence for the band 's pop - punk sound . The lyrical content of the band 's music is inspired mainly by vocalist Radke 's personal experiences , which include his mother , the corruption of Las Vegas , and his incarceration / release from prison due to multiple run - ins with the law involving narcotics and battery charges related to the death of Michael Cook . No songs by the band to date concern love because Radke stated that , `` ... I 'm not going to lie ... and try to write songs on how much I love somebody . I do have love , but there will be a lot of songs about just what I 've been through . '' Several songs focused on his departure from Escape the Fate after the group kicked him out and replaced him with former Blessthefall singer Craig Mabbitt , with songs by the band that directly attacked both Mabbitt and Escape the Fate 's bassist Max Green . Band members ( edit ) Current members Ronnie Radke -- lead vocals , piano ( 2008 -- present ) ; rhythm guitar ( 2017 -- present ) Derek Jones -- rhythm guitar , backing vocals ( 2009 -- present ) Zakk Sandler -- bass , co-lead vocals ( 2015 -- present ) Christian Thompson -- lead guitar , co-lead vocals ( 2015 -- present ) Touring members Jonathan Wolfe -- bass , backing vocals ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Chris Kamrada -- drums , percussion ( 2017 ) Michael Levine - drums , percussion ( 2017 ) Anthony Ghazel -- drums , percussion ( 2018 -- present ) Former members Anthony Avila -- lead guitar , backing vocals ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Nick Rich -- drums , percussion ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Nason Schoeffler -- bass , co-lead vocals ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Gilbert Catalano -- rhythm guitar , backing vocals ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Jacky Vincent -- lead guitar , backing vocals ( 2009 -- 2015 ) Oscar Garcia -- drums , percussion ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Khaled Biersack -- drums , percussion ( 2010 ) Scott Gee -- drums , percussion , backing vocals ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Ryan Seaman -- drums , percussion , co-lead vocals ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Mika Horiuchi -- bass , backing vocals ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Ron Ficarro -- bass , backing vocals ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Max Green -- bass , co-lead vocals ( 2014 ) Timeline Discography ( edit ) Main article : Falling in Reverse discography The Drug in Me Is You ( 2011 ) Fashionably Late ( 2013 ) Just Like You ( 2015 ) Coming Home ( 2017 ) Awards ( edit ) Year Nominated work Award Result Place Ref 2011 Falling in Reverse Alternative Press : Band of the Year Award Won 3rd 2011 `` I 'm Not a Vampire '' Loudwire Magazine 's Cagematch Hall of Fame Award Won -- 2011 `` I 'm Not a Vampire '' Revolver Magazine 's The 10 Best Music Videos of 2011 Won 9th 2011 `` The Drug in Me Is You '' Revolver Magazine 's The 5 Best Songs of 2011 Won 5th 2012 Ryan Seaman Alternative Press : Drummer of the Year Award Won 2nd 2012 Jacky Vincent Alternative Press : Guitarist of the Year Award Won 1st 2012 Ronnie Radke Alternative Press : Vocalist of the Year Award Won 2nd 2012 `` The Drug in Me Is You '' Kerrang ! Awards 2012 : Best Single Nominated -- 2012 Falling in Reverse Kerrang ! Awards 2012 : Best International Newcomer Won -- 2013 Ronnie Radke Alternative Press : Best APTV Video Won 1st 2013 Jacky Vincent Alternative Press : Guitarist of the Year Award Won 3rd 2014 Jacky Vincent Alternative Press Music Awards : Best Guitarist Nominated -- 2014 Ryan Seaman Alternative Press Music Awards : Best Drummer Nominated -- 2014 `` Alone '' Alternative Press Music Awards : Song of the Year Nominated -- 2014 `` Bad Girls Club '' Kerrang ! Awards 2014 : Best Video Nominated -- 2015 Jacky Vincent Alternative Press Music Awards : Best Guitarist Nominated -- `` -- '' denotes a nomination that did not place or places were not relevant in the award . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ronnie Radke from Falling in Reverse Calls Wikipedia `` A Liar '' -- Rock on the Range 2012 `` . Q 103 - Albany 's Rock Station . Jump up ^ `` Top 200 Albums - Billboard '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : Cassie Crue ( June 13 , 2011 ) . `` Former Escape The Fate Vocalist Ronnie Radke Returns With New Band ' Falling in Reverse ' '' . Chemical Magazine . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andy Re . ( June 11 , 2011 ) . `` Ronnie Radke Returns to the World of Music '' . Metal . Retrieved July 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : pulmonary archery ( February 4 , 2008 ) . `` Escape The Fate Singer Announced '' . Mibba News . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2009 . Retrieved July 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Shane Richardson ( 2011 ) . `` Ronnie Radke Interview '' . LiveTheScene . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Falling in Reverse Demo ( Démo ) - Spirit of Metal Webzine ( fr ) '' . spirit-of-metal.com . Jump up ^ http://rateyourmusic.com/artist/falling_in_reverse Jump up ^ http://www.spirit-of-rock.com/groupe-groupe-Falling_In_Reverse-l-en.html Jump up ^ Tyler Common ( December 31 , 2010 ) . `` Falling in Reverse announce drummer '' . AltPress . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tyler Common ( May 28 , 2011 ) . `` The Bigger Lights drummer joins Falling in Reverse '' . AltPress . Retrieved July 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Annie Zaleski ( June 7 , 2011 ) . `` Falling in Reverse announce album title , preorder info '' . AltPress . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tyler Common ( April 22 , 2011 ) . `` Nason leaves Falling in Reverse '' . AltPress . Retrieved July 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tim Karan ( May 5 , 2011 ) . `` Falling in Reverse ( ex-Escape The Fate ) announce new bassist '' . AltPress . Retrieved July 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tyler Common ( December 20 , 2010 ) . `` Falling in Reverse ( featuring Ronnie Radke , ex-Escape The Fate ) to record debut , release update '' . AltPress . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bryanstars ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` Falling in Reverse have officially signed to Epitaph Records '' . BryanStars Interviews . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tyler Common ( April 2 , 2011 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Falling In Reverse complete debut album '' . AltPress . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tyler Common ( May 29 , 2011 ) . `` Debut Falling in Reverse single `` Raised By Wolves '' surfaces `` . AltPress . Retrieved July 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Michael Duncan ( May 29 , 2011 ) . `` Falling in Reverse -- `` Raised by Wolves '' `` . Rock Edition . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jason M. ( June 8 , 2011 ) . `` Ronnie Radke ( ex-ETF ) is Falling in Reverse '' . Shock Entertainment . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ethan Wykes ( June 25 , 2011 ) . `` Falling in Reverse release new song ' The Drug in Me Is You ' '' . Top Hat Magazine . Retrieved September 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Exclaim ! Staff ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` Falling in Reverse `` The Drug in Me Is You '' ( video ) `` . Exclaim ! . Retrieved July 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tyler Common ( June 25 , 2011 ) . `` Listen to a new Falling in Reverse song '' . AltPress . Retrieved July 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tyler Common ( June 24 , 2011 ) . `` Falling in Reverse ready new music video '' . AltPress . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Maxine Shen ( July 22 , 2011 ) . `` Watch these now : Falling in Reverse , Burn Halo and Escape the Fate '' . The New York Post . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gabrielle Domanski ( July 15 , 2011 ) . `` Falling in Reverse ' The Drug in Me Is You ' ( album stream ) '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andrew Tijs ( July 29 , 2011 ) . `` Katherine Jenkins And Wu - Tang Lead This Week 's New Releases '' . Undercover FM . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jonah Bayer ( July 26 , 2011 ) . `` New Music Tuesday : July 26 , 2011 '' . MySpace Music . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kenneth E. Oquist ( July 27 , 2011 ) . `` Falling in Reverse -- ' The Drug in Me is You ' : A Review '' . Arts and Entertainment Playground . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ohaiialaska ( July 23 , 2011 ) . `` Falling in Reverse - The Drug in Me Is You - Reviews : Kill Your Stereo '' . Kill Your Stereo . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Live Music Insider Staff ( July 18 , 2011 ) . `` Album Review : Falling in Reverse -- The Drug in Me Is You is Cliche - Laden Bad Trip '' . Live Music Insider . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Drug in Me Is You - Falling in Reverse '' . Nielsen SoundScan . Billboard . August 4 , 2011 . Retrieved August 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Perez Hilton Staff ( July 27 , 2011 ) . `` Watch Out , Kelly Rowland ! Eric Church Set For No. 1 Spot on the Charts This Week ! '' . Perez Hilton . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jason Le Miere ( October 18 , 2011 ) . `` Falling in Reverse Release Trailer for `` I 'm Not a Vampire '' `` . Revolver Magazine . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jon Stickler ( October 31 , 2011 ) . `` Falling in Reverse ' I Am Not A Vampire ' Video Hits One Million Views in Three Days - Watch Now '' . Stereo Board . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nicole Pajer ; Alex Rauch ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` Jail , Redemption and Falling in Reverse '' . China Shop Magazine . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Falling in Reverse announce first live dates '' . AltPress . June 10 , 2011 . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tyler Common ( July 13 , 2011 ) . `` Falling in Reverse postpone pre-Warped Tour dates '' . AltPress . Retrieved August 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tyler Common ( August 10 , 2011 ) . `` Falling in Reverse perform secret shows , footage surfaces '' . AltPress . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Matt Brett ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` Falling in Reverse , Eyes Set to Kill Tour Announced '' . SMN News . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Unknown ( August 18 , 2011 ) . `` Falling in Reverse Announce Headlining Tour Dates '' . Rock Access . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Michele Bird ( September 17 , 2011 ) . `` Black Veil Brides announce headlining tour with Falling in Reverse , Aiden , and Drive A '' . AltPress . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ James ( November 4 , 2011 ) . `` Falling in Reverse Drop Off We Came As Romans Tour , Offer Explanation '' . Under The Gun Review . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ James ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` Emmure Replace Falling in Reverse on We Came As Romans ' Winter Headlining Tour '' . Under The Gun Review . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nadia Noir ; Nicole Alvarez ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` Falling in Reverse Perform For All The `` Good Girls '' & `` Bad Guys '' At Red Bull Sound Space at KROQ `` . KROQ Radio . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Bassist Mika Horiuchi no longer in Falling In Reverse '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Falling in Reverse announce Ronnie Ficarro as touring bassist '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Single , `` Alone '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Videos : Falling in Reverse : `` Alone '' `` . punknews.org . Jump up ^ `` Falling in Reverse cancel remaining tour dates as Ronnie Radke prepares for fatherhood '' . Alternative Press . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell Pavao ; Brett Woitunski . `` Falling in Reverse Withdraw From Warped Tour ; Release New Song From Fashionably Late '' . PureVolume . Jump up ^ `` UPDATE : Falling In Reverse drop off Warped Tour , post new song , `` Born To Lead '' - Alternative Press `` . Alternative Press . Jump up ^ Kathy Flynn ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` FALLING IN REVERSE ROCK LOS ANGELES ' ROXY TO CELEBRATE ' FASHIONABLY LATE ' RELEASE '' . Jump up ^ `` Escape the Fate announce Bury the Hatchet tour '' ( Faceboom Post ) . Facebook . Escape the Fate . October 28 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Falling in Reverse will be heading out on the # BuryTheHatchetTour with special guests ... Jump up ^ `` New tour with Escape the Fate '' ( Interview & Video ) . Alternative Press . Cassie Whitt . October 28 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . After years of an infamous feud between Escape The Fate and Falling in Reverse , the bands decided to set aside their differences and embark on a tour ... Jump up ^ `` '' I cant help feeling unfulfilled at the end of the day ... '' - bassist Max Green exits Escape The Fate - Alternative Press `` . Alternative Press . Jump up ^ `` '' Creating memories together again `` -- Max Green ( ex-Escape The Fate ) joins Falling in Reverse '' . Alternative Press . Jump up ^ Langford , Georgina . `` Ronnie Radke : Not Your Average Rockstar , In His Own Words '' . MTV.co.uk . MTV . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . There is no rapping at all on the new album ; It 's heavier , with more screaming , and no rapping . Jump up ^ Crane , Matt . `` Falling in Reverse making a `` sequel '' to ' Dying Is Your Latest Fashion ' `` . Altpress.com . Altpress . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Crane , Matt ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` Black Veil Brides , Falling in Reverse , Set It Off confirm fall tour '' . AltPress.com . AltPress . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Falling in Reverse - Just Like You ( album review ) - Sputnikmusic '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronnie Radke 's Three Ring Circus '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Falling in Reverse guitarist Jacky Vincent leaves band ( exclusive ) '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram '' . Instagram . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.altpress.com/news/entry/falling_in_reverse_unleash_chemical_prisoner_music_video Jump up ^ http://ukairplaychart.com/20660/Team_Rock/ Jump up ^ Sharp , Tyler ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Falling in Reverse to release new album this year '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Childers , Chad ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Falling in Reverse Tease ' Huge Left Turn ' for New Album '' . Loudwire . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tamsyn Wilce ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Falling in Reverse Have Dropped a Surprise New Song '' . RockSound . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dallon Weekes ( Panic ! At The Disco ) + Ryan Seaman ( Ex-Falling In Reverse ) Just Dropped A Song - News - Rock Sound Magazine '' . Rock Sound Magazine . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Falling In Reverse and drummer Ryan Seaman appear to have parted ways '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bill Brownlee ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Image - conscious rock bands thrill young fans as Black Mass 2014 tour stops at Uptown Theater '' . The Kansas City Star . ^ Jump up to : James Christopher Monger . `` Just Like You - Falling in Reverse '' . Allmusic . Jump up ^ Hauck , Kiel ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` Falling in Reverse : The Drug in Me Is You '' . popmatters . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Allmusic. com 's Biography for Falling in Reverse '' . Jump up ^ `` Allmusic. com 's Biography for Falling in Reverse 's album `` The Drug in Me Is You '' `` . Jump up ^ Boller , Jay ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Warped Tour announces 2016 lineup you might sorta recognize '' . City Pages . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Falling in Reverse '' . Alternative Press . December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Falling in Reverse Video , Tour Dates '' . Performer Magazine . October 28 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Falling in Reverse Announces Headlining Fall Tour '' . Epitaph . August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Falling in Reverse - The Drug in Me Is You '' . Kill Your Stereos . July 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Annie Zaleski ( May 5 , 2011 ) . `` Rocker Ronnie Radke is out of prison and ready to make his musical mark again '' . Las Vegas Weekly . Retrieved August 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Ronnie Radke discusses inspirations behind Falling in Reverse 's `` The Drug in Me Is You '' `` . AltPress . July 15 , 2011 . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Annie Zaleski ( December 22 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Ex-Escape The Fate vocalist Ronnie Radke breaks his silence after prison release '' . AltPress . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Band of the Year 2011 '' . Alternative Press . Jump up ^ `` Falling in Reverse Enter Loudwire Cage Match Hall of Fame '' . Loudwire . Jump up ^ `` The Best Music Videos of 2011 '' . revolvermag.com . Jump up ^ `` Poll Results : Find Out Who You Voted to Win Song of the Year ! '' . revolvermag.com . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Readers Poll : Drummer of the year '' . Alternative Press . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Readers Poll : Guitarist of the year '' . Alternative Press . Jump up ^ Cassie Whitt ( December 28 , 2012 ) . `` Readers Poll : Vocalist of the Year '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Readers Poll : Best APTV Video '' . Alternative Press . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Readers Poll : Guitarist Of The Year '' . Alternative Press . ^ Jump up to : `` Announcing the first AP Music Awards ! - Alternative Press '' . Alternative Press . Jump up ^ `` Relentless Kerrang ! Awards 2014 Nominations Revealed ! - Kerrang ! Radio - Listen on your phone with our free app , online at kerrangradio.co.uk/player , Freeview TV channel 717 or DAB Radio in London '' . Kerrang ! Radio . Jump up ^ `` Here are all the 2015 APMAs nominees ! '' . March 31 , 2015 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Falling in Reverse . Official website Interview with Ronnie Radke and Jacky Vincent on Maximum Threshold Radio ( hide ) Falling in Reverse Ronnie Radke Derek Jones Zakk Sandler Christian Thompson Nason Schoeffler Mika Horiuchi Ron Ficarro Max Green Jacky Vincent Ryan Seaman Studio albums The Drug in Me Is You Fashionably Late Just Like You Coming Home Singles `` Raised by Wolves '' `` The Drug in Me Is You '' `` I 'm Not A Vampire '' `` Alone '' `` Fashionably Late '' Related articles Discography VIAF : 180546859 MusicBrainz : e56ab1ae - 1cfa - 4d0e - b33b - af31bff677c7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Falling_in_Reverse&oldid=826491662 '' Categories : 2008 establishments in Nevada American glam metal musical groups American metalcore musical groups American pop punk groups American hard rock musical groups American post-hardcore musical groups Kerrang ! Awards winners Musical groups established in 2008 Musical quintets Rock music groups from Nevada Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2017 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 12 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the lead singer of falling in reverse | [
"The band is led by vocalist Ronnie Radke alongside lead guitarist Christian Thompson, rhythm guitarist Derek Jones, bassist Zakk Sandler and touring drummer Michael Levine. The group released its debut album, The Drug in Me Is You, on July 26, 2011, which peaked at No. 19 on the Billboard 200, selling 18,000 copies in its first week. The band's second studio album, Fashionably Late, was released on June 18, 2013, which peaked at No. 17 on the Billboard 200.[2] The band released their third album Just Like You on February 24, 2015. Coming Home, their latest album, was released on April 7, 2017."
] | [
"Ronnie Radke"
] |
-4850054010931154154 | Hispaniola | Hispaniola - wikipedia Hispaniola `` San Domingo '' , `` Haiti ( island ) '' , and `` Hayti ( island ) '' redirect here . For other uses , see San Domingo ( disambiguation ) , Haiti ( disambiguation ) , and Hayti ( disambiguation ) . Hispaniola La Española ( Spanish ) Hispaniola ( French ) Ispayola ( Haitian Creole ) View from Hispaniola Geography Location Caribbean Coordinates 19 ° N 71 ° W / 19 ° N 71 ° W / 19 ; - 71 Coordinates : 19 ° N 71 ° W / 19 ° N 71 ° W / 19 ; - 71 Archipelago Greater Antilles Area 76,192 km ( 29,418 sq mi ) Area rank 22nd Coastline 3,059 km ( 1,900.8 mi ) Highest elevation 3,175 m ( 10,417 ft ) Highest point Pico Duarte Administration Dominican Republic Largest settlement Santo Domingo Haiti Largest settlement Port - au - Prince Demographics Population 21,396,000 ( 2014 ) Pop . density 280.8 / km ( 727.3 / sq mi ) Hispaniola ( Spanish : La Española ; Latin and French : Hispaniola ; Haitian Creole : Ispayola ; Taino : Haiti ) is an island in the Caribbean island group known as the Greater Antilles . It is the second largest island in the Caribbean after Cuba , and the most populous island in the Caribbean ; it is also the eleventh most populous island in the world . The 76,192 - square - kilometre ( 29,418 sq mi ) island is divided between two separate , sovereign nations : the Spanish - speaking Dominican Republic ( 48,445 km , 18,705 sq mi ) to the east , and French Creole - speaking Haiti ( 27,750 km , 10,710 sq mi ) to the west . The only other shared island in the Caribbean is Saint Martin , which is shared between France ( Saint - Martin ) and the Netherlands ( Sint Maarten ) . Hispaniola is the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas , founded by Christopher Columbus on his voyages in 1492 and 1493 . Contents 1 History 1.1 Etymology 1.2 Post-Columbian 2 Geography 2.1 Fauna 2.2 Flora 2.3 Climate 3 Demographics 3.1 Ethnic composition 4 Economics 5 Precious metals 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Early map of Hispaniola and Puerto Rico , c. 1639 . See also : Colony of Santo Domingo , Colony of Saint - Domingue , History of Haiti , and History of the Dominican Republic Etymology ( edit ) The island was called by various names by its native people , the Taíno Amerindians . No known Taíno texts exist , hence , historical evidence for those names comes to us through three European historians : the Italian Pietro Martyr d'Anghiera , and the Spaniards Bartolomé de las Casas and Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo . Fernández de Oviedo and de las Casas both recorded that the island was called Quizqueia ( supposedly `` Mother of all Lands '' ) by the Taíno . D'Anghiera added another name , Haiti ( `` Mountainous Land '' ) , but later research shows that the word does not seem to derive from the original Arawak Taíno language . ( Quisqueya is today mostly used in the Dominican Republic . ) Although the Taínos ' use of Quizqueia is verified , and the name was used by all three historians , evidence suggests that it probably was the Taíno name of the whole island , and for a region ( now known as Los Haitises ) in the northeastern section of the present - day Dominican Republic . When Columbus took possession of the island in 1492 , he named it Insula Hispana in Latin and La Isla Española in Spanish , with both meaning `` the Spanish island '' . De las Casas shortened the name to `` Española '' , and when d'Anghiera detailed his account of the island in Latin , he rendered its name as Hispaniola . In the oldest documented map of the island , created by Andrés de Morales , Los Haitises is labeled Montes de Haití ( `` Haiti Mountains '' ) , and de las Casas apparently named the whole island Haiti on the basis of that particular region , as d'Anghiera states that the name of one part was given to the whole island . Due to Taíno , Spanish and French influences on the island , historically the whole island was often referred to as Haiti , Hayti , Santo Domingo , St. Domingue , or San Domingo . The colonial terms Saint - Domingue and Santo Domingo are sometimes still applied to the whole island , though these names refer , respectively , to the colonies that became Haiti and the Dominican Republic . Since Anghiera 's literary work was translated into English and French soon after being written , the name `` Hispaniola '' became the most frequently used term in English - speaking countries for the island in scientific and cartographic works . In 1918 , the United States occupation government , led by Harry Shepard Knapp , obliged the use of the name Hispaniola on the island , and recommended the use of that name to the National Geographic Society . The name Haïti was adopted by Haitian revolutionary Jean - Jacques Dessalines in 1804 , as the official name of independent Saint - Domingue , as a tribute to the Amerindian predecessors . It was also adopted as the official name of independent Santo Domingo , as the Republic of Spanish Haiti , a state that existed from November 1821 until its annexation by Haiti in February 1822 . Post-columbian ( edit ) Columbus landing on Hispaniola Christopher Columbus inadvertently landed on the island during his first voyage across the Atlantic in 1492 , where his flagship , the Santa Maria , sank after running aground on December 25 . A contingent of men were left at an outpost christened La Navidad , on the north coast of present - day Puerto Plata . On his return the following year , following the destruction of La Navidad by the local population , Columbus quickly established a second compound farther east in present - day Dominican Republic , La Isabela . The island was inhabited by the Taíno , one of the indigenous Arawak peoples . The Taino were at first tolerant of Columbus and his crew , and helped him to construct La Navidad on what is now Môle - Saint - Nicolas , Haiti , in December 1492 . European colonization of the island began in earnest the following year , when 1,300 men arrived from Spain under the watch of Bartolomeo Columbus . In 1496 , the town of Nueva Isabela was founded . After being destroyed by a hurricane , it was rebuilt on the opposite side of the Ozama River and called Santo Domingo . It is the oldest permanent European settlement in the Americas . Chiefdoms of Hispaniola Several 16th century writers estimated the 1492 population of Hispaniola at over 1 million people . 20th century estimates of the figure range from 60,000 to 8,000,000 , but center around the 500,000 to 1,000,000 range . Harsh enslavement by Spanish colonists , as well as redirection of food supplies and labor towards the colonists , had a devastating impact on both mortality and fertility over the first quarter century . Colonial administrators and Dominican and Hyeronimite priests observed that the search for gold and agrarian enslavement through the encomienda system were depressing population . Demographic data from two provinces in 1514 shows a low birth rate consistent with a 3.5 % annual population decline . Just 14,000 Taínos survived in 1517 . In 1503 the colony began to import African slaves after a charter was passed in 1501 allowing the import of slaves by Ferdinand and Isabel . The Spanish believed Africans would be more capable of performing physical labor . From 1519 to 1533 , the indigenous uprising known as Enriquillo 's Revolt ensued , resulting from escaped African slaves on the island possibly working with the Taino people . The first documented outbreak of smallpox , previously an Eastern hemisphere disease , occurred on Hispaniola in December 1518 among enslaved African miners . Some scholars speculate that European diseases arrived before this date , but there is no compelling evidence for an outbreak . The natives had no immunity to European diseases , including smallpox . By May 1519 , as many as one - third of the remaining Taínos had died . Christopher Columbus brought sugar cane on his second voyage to the island . Molasses was the chief product . Diego Colon 's plantation had 40 African slaves in 1522 . By 1526 , 19 mills were in operation from Azua to Santo Domingo . In 1574 , a census taken of the Greater Antilles reported 1,000 Spaniards and 12,000 African slaves on Hispaniola . As Spain conquered new regions on the mainland of the Americas ( Spanish Main ) , its interest in Hispaniola waned , and the colony 's population grew slowly . By the early 17th century , the island and its smaller neighbors ( notably Tortuga ) became regular stopping points for Caribbean pirates . In 1606 , the government of Philip III ordered all inhabitants of Hispaniola to move close to Santo Domingo , to avoid interaction with pirates . Rather than secure the island , his action meant that French , English and Dutch pirates established their own bases on the abandoned north and west coasts of the island . French map of Hispaniola by Nicolas de Fer In 1665 , French colonization of the island was officially recognized by King Louis XIV . The French colony was given the name Saint - Domingue . In the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick , Spain formally ceded the western third of the island to France . Saint - Domingue quickly came to overshadow the east in both wealth and population . Nicknamed the `` Pearl of the Antilles , '' it became the richest and most prosperous colony in the West Indies , with a system of human enslavement used to grow and harvest sugar cane , during a time when demand for sugar was high in Europe . Slavery kept prices low and profit was maximized at the expense of human lives . It was an important port in the Americas for goods and products flowing to and from France and Europe . With the treaty of Peace of Basel , revolutionary France emerged as a major European power . In the second 1795 Treaty of Basel ( July 22 ) , Spain ceded the eastern two - thirds of the island of Hispaniola , later to become the Dominican Republic . French settlers had begun to colonize some areas in the Spanish side of the territory . European colonists often died young due to tropical fevers , as well as from violent slave resistance in the late eighteenth century . When the French Revolution abolished slavery in the colonies on February 4 , 1794 , it was a European first , and when Napoleon reimposed slavery in 1802 it led to a major upheaval by the emancipated black slaves . Thousands of the French troops sent by Napoleon to reestablish slavery succumbed to yellow fever during the summer months , and more than half of the French army died because of disease . After the French removed the surviving 7,000 troops in late 1803 , the leaders of the revolution declared western Hispaniola the new nation of independent Haiti in early 1804 . France continued to rule Spanish Santo Domingo . In 1805 , Haitian troops of General Henri Christophe tried to conquer all of Hispaniola . They invaded Santo Domingo and sacked the towns of Santiago de los Caballeros and Moca , killing most of their residents , but news of a French fleet sailing towards Haiti forced General Christophe to return to Haiti , leaving the eastern Spanish side of the island in French hands . In 1808 , following Napoleon 's invasion of Spain , the criollos of Santo Domingo revolted against French rule and , with the aid of the United Kingdom ( Spain 's ally ) returned Santo Domingo to Spanish control . Fearing the influence of a society that had successfully fought and won against their enslavers , the United States and European powers refused to recognize Haiti , the second republic in the western hemisphere . France demanded a high payment for compensation to slaveholders who lost their property , and Haiti was saddled with unmanageable debt for decades . It became one of the poorest countries in the Americas , while the Dominican Republic gradually has developed into the largest economy of Central America and the Caribbean . Geography ( edit ) See also : Geography of Haiti and Geography of the Dominican Republic Topographic map of Hispaniola Hispaniola is the second - largest island in the Caribbean ( after Cuba ) , with an area of 76,192 square kilometers ( 29,418 sq mi ) , 48,440 square kilometers ( 18,700 sq mi ) of which is under the sovereignty of the Dominican Republic occupying the eastern portion and 27,750 square kilometers ( 10,710 sq mi ) under the sovereignty of Haiti occupying the western portion . The island of Cuba lies 80 kilometers ( 50 mi ) to the northwest across the Windward Passage ; 190 km to the southwest lies Jamaica , separated by the Jamaica Channel . Puerto Rico lies 130 km east of Hispaniola across the Mona Passage . The Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands lie to the north . Its westernmost point is known as Cap Carcasse . Cuba , Hispaniola , Jamaica , and Puerto Rico are collectively known as the Greater Antilles . The island has five major mountain ranges : The Central Range , known in the Dominican Republic as the Cordillera Central , spans the central part of the island , extending from the south coast of the Dominican Republic into northwestern Haiti , where it is known as the Massif du Nord . This mountain range boasts the highest peak in the Antilles , Pico Duarte at 3,098 meters ( 10,164 ft ) above sea level . The Cordillera Septentrional runs parallel to the Central Range across the northern end of the Dominican Republic , extending into the Atlantic Ocean as the Samaná Peninsula . The Cordillera Central and Cordillera Septentrional are separated by the lowlands of the Cibao Valley and the Atlantic coastal plains , which extend westward into Haiti as the Plaine du Nord ( Northern Plain ) . The lowest of the ranges is the Cordillera Oriental , in the eastern part of the country . The Sierra de Neiba rises in the southwest of the Dominican Republic , and continues northwest into Haiti , parallel to the Cordillera Central , as the Montagnes Noires , Chaîne des Matheux and the Montagnes du Trou d'Eau . The Plateau Central lies between the Massif du Nord and the Montagnes Noires , and the Plaine de l'Artibonite lies between the Montagnes Noires and the Chaîne des Matheux , opening westward toward the Gulf of Gonâve , the largest gulf of the Antilles . The southern range begins in the southwestern most Dominican Republic as the Sierra de Bahoruco , and extends west into Haiti as the Massif de la Selle and the Massif de la Hotte , which form the mountainous spine of Haiti 's southern peninsula . Pic de la Selle is the highest peak in the southern range , the third highest peak in the Antilles and consequently the highest point in Haiti , at 2,680 meters ( 8,790 ft ) above sea level . A depression runs parallel to the southern range , between the southern range and the Chaîne des Matheux - Sierra de Neiba . It is known as the Plaine du Cul - de-Sac in Haiti , and Haiti 's capital Port - au - Prince lies at its western end . The depression is home to a chain of salt lakes , including Lake Azuei in Haiti and Lake Enriquillo in the Dominican Republic . The island has four distinct ecoregions . The Hispaniolan moist forests ecoregion covers approximately 50 % of the island , especially the northern and eastern portions , predominantly in the lowlands but extending up to 2,100 meters ( 6,900 ft ) elevation . The Hispaniolan dry forests ecoregion occupies approximately 20 % of the island , lying in the rain shadow of the mountains in the southern and western portion of the island and in the Cibao valley in the center - north of the island . The Hispaniolan pine forests occupy the mountainous 15 % of the island , above 850 metres ( 2,790 ft ) elevation . The flooded grasslands and savannas ecoregion in the south central region of the island surrounds a chain of lakes and lagoons in which the most notable include that of Lake Azuei and Trou Caïman in Haiti and the nearby Lake Enriquillo in the Dominican Republic . Fauna ( edit ) There are many bird species in Hispaniola , and the island 's amphibian species are also diverse . Numerous land species on the island are endangered and could become extinct . There are many species endemic to the island including insects and other invertebrates , reptiles , and mammals . The most famous endemic mammal on the island is the Hispaniola Hutia ( Plagiodontia aedium ) . There are also many avian species on the island . The six endemic genera are Calyptophilus , Dulus , Nesoctites , Phaenicophilus , Xenoligea and Microligea . More than half of the original ecoregion has been lost to habitat destruction impacting the local fauna . Flora ( edit ) The island has four distinct ecoregions . The Hispaniolan moist forests ecoregion covers approximately 50 % of the island , especially the northern and eastern portions , predominantly in the lowlands but extending up to 2,100 meters ( 6,900 ft ) elevation . The Hispaniolan dry forests ecoregion occupies approximately 20 % of the island , lying in the rain shadow of the mountains in the southern and western portion of the island and in the Cibao valley in the center - north of the island . The Hispaniolan pine forests occupy the mountainous 15 % of the island , above 850 metres ( 2,790 ft ) elevation . The flooded grasslands and savannas ecoregion in the south central region of the island surrounds a chain of lakes and lagoons in which the most notable include that of Lake Azuei and Trou Caïman in Haiti and the nearby Lake Enriquillo in the Dominican Republic . Satellite image depicting the border between Haiti ( left ) and the Dominican Republic ( right ) In Haiti , deforestation has long been cited by scientists as a source of ecological crisis ; the timber industry dates back to French colonial rule . Haiti has seen a dramatic reduction of forests due to the excessive and increasing use of charcoal as fuel for cooking . Recent in - depth studies of satellite imagery and environmental analysis regarding forest classification conclude an accurate estimate of approximately 30 % tree cover , a stark decrease in the 60 % forest cover in 1925 . Despite recent in - depth studies , the notoriously unsubstantiated 2 % forest cover estimate has been widely circulated in media and in discourse concerning the country . Despite the drastic underestimation of Haiti 's forest cover , the country has been significantly deforested over the last 50 years , resulting in the desertification of portions of the Haitian territory . In the Dominican Republic the forest cover has increased . In 2003 the Dominican forest cover had been reduced to 32 % of the territory , but in 2011 the trend towards reducing reverts to increase forest cover by eight percentage points to stand at nearly 40 % of territory . The success of the Dominican forest growth is due to several Dominican government policies and private organizations for the purpose , and a strong educational campaign that has resulted in increased awareness on the Dominican people of the importance of forests for their welfare and in other forms of life on the island . Climate ( edit ) Cordillera Central , Dominican Republic Owing to its mountainous topography , Hispaniola 's climate shows considerable variation over short distances , and is the most varied of all the Antilles . Except in the Northern Hemisphere summer season , the predominant winds over Hispaniola are the northeast trade winds . As in Jamaica and Cuba , these winds deposit their moisture on the northern mountains , and create a distinct rain shadow on the southern coast , where some areas receive as little as 400 millimetres ( 16 in ) of rainfall , and have semi-arid climates . Annual rainfall under 600 millimetres ( 24 in ) also occurs on the southern coast of Haiti 's northwest peninsula and in the central Azúa region of the Plaine du Cul - de-Sac . In these regions , moreover , there is generally little rainfall outside hurricane season from August to October , and droughts are by no means uncommon when hurricanes do not come . Les Cayes , Sud , Haiti On the northern coast , in contrast , rainfall may peak between December and February , though some rain falls in all months of the year . Annual amounts typically range from 1,700 to 2,000 millimetres ( 67 to 79 in ) on the northern coastal lowlands ; there is probably much more in the Cordillera Septentrional , though no data exist . The interior of Hispaniola , along with the southeastern coast centered around Santo Domingo , typically receives around 1,400 millimetres ( 55 in ) per year , with a distinct wet season from May to October . Usually , this wet season has two peaks : one around May , the other around the hurricane season . In the interior highlands , rainfall is much greater , around 3,100 millimetres ( 120 in ) per year , but with a similar pattern to that observed in the central lowlands . As is usual for tropical islands , variations of temperature are much less marked than rainfall variations , and depend only on altitude . Lowland Hispaniola is generally oppressively hot and humid , with temperatures averaging 28 ° C ( 82 ° F ) . with high humidity during the daytime , and around 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) at night . At higher altitudes , temperatures fall steadily , so that frosts occur during the dry season on the highest peaks , where maxima are no higher than 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) . Demographics ( edit ) The Dominican Republic is a Hispanophone nation of approximately 10 million people . Spanish is spoken by all Dominicans as a primary language . Roman Catholicism is the official and dominant religion . Haiti is a Francophone nation of roughly 10 million people . Although French is spoken as a primary language by the educated and wealthy minority , virtually the entire population speaks Haitian Creole , one of several French - derived creole languages . Roman Catholicism is the dominant religion , practiced by more than half the population , although in some cases in combination with Haitian Vodou faith . Another 25 % of the populace belong to Protestant churches . Haiti emerged as the first Black republic in the world . Ethnic composition ( edit ) The ethnic composition of the Dominican population is 73 % mulatto , 16 % white and 11 % black . Descendants of early Spanish settlers and of black slaves from West Africa constitute the two main racial strains . The ethnic composition of Haiti is estimated to be 95 % black and 5 % white and mulatto . Economics ( edit ) The island has the largest economy in the Greater Antilles , however most of the economic development is found in the Dominican Republic , the Dominican economy being nearly 800 % larger than the Haitian economy . The estimated annual per capita income is US $1,300 in Haiti and US $8,200 in Dominican Republic . The divergence between the level of economic development between Haiti and Dominican Republic makes its border the higher contrast of all western land borders and is evident that the Dominican Republic has one of the highest migration issues in the Americas . Geologic map of Hispaniola . Mzb are Mesozoic amphibolites and associated metasedimentary rocks , Ki are Cretaceous plutons , Kv are Cretaceous volcanic rocks , uK are Upper Cretaceous marine strata , Ku are Cretaceous sedimentary and volcanic rocks , K are Cretaceous marine strata , IT are Eocene and / or Paleocene marine strata , uT are Post-Eocene marine strata , T are Tertiary marine strata , V are volcanic rocks , and Q are Quaternary alluvium . The black triangles indicate the Late Eocene Hatillo Thrust fault . Precious metals ( edit ) Christopher Columbus , noting `` the land and trees resembled those of Spain , and that the sailors caught in their nets many fish like those of Spain ... named it Espanola on Sunday , December 9th . '' One of the first inhabitants he came across on this island was `` a girl wearing only a gold nose plug . '' Columbus later learned that the `` land of gold was farther east . '' Soon the Tainos were trading pieces of gold for hawk 's bells with their cacique declaring the gold came from Cibao . Traveling further east from Navidad , Columbus came across the Yaque del Norte River , which he named Rio de Oro because its `` sands abound in gold dust . '' On Columbus ' return during his second voyage he learned it was the cacique Caonabo , `` lord of the mines '' , who had massacred his settlement at Navidad . While Columbus established a new settlement at La Isabela on Jan. 1494 , he sent Alonso de Ojeda and 15 men to search for the `` mines of Cibao . '' After a six - day journey , Ojeda came across an area `` very rich in gold '' , in which the `` Indians took gold out of a brook ... and many other streams in that province . '' Columbus himself visited the mines of Cibao on 12 March 1494 . He constructed the Fort of Santo Tomas , present day Janico , with Captain Pedro Margarit in command of 56 men . On 24 March 1495 , Columbus with his ally Guacanagarix , embarked on a war of revenge against Caonabo , capturing him and his family while `` killing many Indians and capturing others . '' Afterwards , `` every person of fourteen years of age or upward was to pay a large hawk 's bell of gold dust . '' Miguel Diaz and Francisco de Garay discovered large gold nuggets on the lower Haina River in 1496 . These San Cristobal mines were later known as the Minas Viejas mines . Then , in 1499 , the first major discovery of gold was made in the cordillera central , which led to a mining boom . By 1501 , Columbus ' cousin Giovanni Colombo , had discovered gold near Buenaventura , the deposits were later known as Minas Nuevas . Two major mining areas resulted , one along San Cristobal - Buenaventura , and another in Cibao within the La Vega - Cotuy - Bonao triangle , while Santiago de los Caballeros , Concepcion , and Bonao became mining towns . The gold rush of 1500 -- 1508 ensued . Ferdinand `` ordered gold from the richest mines reserved for the Crown . '' Thus , Ovando expropriated the gold mines of Miguel Diaz and Francisco de Garay in 1504 , as pit mines became royal mines , though placers were open to private prospectors . Furthermore , Ferdinand wanted the `` best Indians '' working his royal mines , and kept 967 in the San Cristobal mining area supervised by salaried miners . Under Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres ' governorship , the Indians were made to work in the gold mines , `` where they were grossly overworked , mistreated , and underfed , '' according to Pons . By 1503 , the Spanish Crown legalized the distribution of Indians to work the mines as part of the encomienda system . According to Pons , `` Once the Indians entered the mines , hunger and disease literally wiped them out . '' By 1508 the Indian population of about 400,000 was reduced to 60,000 , and by 1514 , only 26,334 remained . About half were located in the mining towns of Concepcion , Santiago , Santo Domingo , and Buenaventura . The repartimiento of 1514 accelerated emigration of the Spanish colonists , coupled with the exhaustion of the mines . In 1516 , a smallpox epidemic killed an additional 8,000 , of the remaining 11,000 Indians , in one month . By 1519 , according to Pons , `` Both the gold economy and the Indian population became extinct at the same time . '' However , writing in 1860 , Courtney observed , the island is `` one immense gold field '' , of which the early Spaniards had `` scarcely began to be developed . '' Additionally , `` The gold is still found in the Cibao regions as of old . '' By 1919 , Condit and Ross noted `` the greater part of the Republic is covered by concessions granted by the government for mining minerals of diverse sorts . '' Besides gold , these minerals included silver , manganese , copper , magnetite , iron and nickel . Mining operations in 2016 have taken advantage of the volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits ( VMS ) around Maimón . To the northeast , the Pueblo Viejo Gold Mine was operated by state - owned Rosario Dominicana from 1975 until 1991 . In 2009 , Pueblo Viejo Dominicana Corporation , formed by Barrick Gold and Goldcorp , started open - pit mining operations of the Monte Negro and Moore oxide deposits . The mined ore is processed with gold cyanidation . Pyrite and sphalerite are the main sulfide minerals found in the 120 m thick volcanic conglomerates and agglomerates , which constitute the world 's second largest sulphidation gold deposit . Between Bonao and Maimon , Falconbridge Dominicana has been mining nickel laterites since 1971 . The Cerro de Maimon copper / gold open - pit mine southeast of Maimon has been operated by Perilya since 2006 . Copper is extracted from the sulfide ores , while gold and silver are extracted from both the sulfide and the oxide ores . Processing is via froth flotation and cyanidation . The ore is located in the VMS Early Cretaceous Maimon Formation . Goethite enriched with gold and silver is found in the 30 m thick oxide cap . Below that cap is a supergene zone containing pyrite , chalcopyrite , and sphalerite . Below the supergene zone is found the unaltered massive sulphide mineralization . See also ( edit ) Casa de Contratación Dominican Republic -- Haiti relations Geography of the Dominican Republic Geography of Haiti List of divided islands References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency '' . www.cia.gov . Jump up ^ Haiti & The Dominican Republic IMF population estimates . ^ Jump up to : Anglería , Pedro Mártir de ( 1949 ) . Décadas del Nuevo Mundo , Tercera Década , Libro VII ( in Spanish ) . Buenos Aires : Editorial Bajel . ^ Jump up to : Las Casas , Fray Bartolomé de ( 1966 ) . Apologética Histórica Sumaria ( in Spanish ) . Mexico : UNAM . Jump up ^ `` Embassy of the Dominican Republic , in the United States '' . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2007 . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Haiti '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Jump up ^ `` Quam protinus Hispanam dixi '' : Epistola De Insulis Nuper Repertis ( Letter to Lord Raphael Sanchez , March 14 , 1493 ) . ^ Jump up to : McIntosh , Gregory C ( 2000 ) . The Piri Reis Map of 1513 . University of Georgia Press . p. 88 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 2157 - 8 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Albert ( 1989 ) . `` The Butterflies of Hispaniola '' . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 0902 - 5 . Retrieved 12 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Castillo Pantaleón , Juan Miguel ( 2012 ) . La Nacionalidad Dominicana ( in Spanish ) . Santo Domingo : Editora Nacional , Ministerio de Cultura . p. 329 . ISBN 978 - 9945 - 469 - 97 - 4 . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Lancer , Jalisco . `` The Conflict Between Haiti and the Dominican Republic '' . All Empires Online History Community . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Haiti -- Historical Flags '' . Flags of the World . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2005 . Retrieved December 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` What Are Some Facts About Christopher Columbus ? '' . Jump up ^ Centre , UNESCO World Heritage . `` Colonial City of Santo Domingo '' . whc.unesco.org . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Alchon , Suzanne Austin ( 2003 ) . A pest in the land : New world epidemics in a global perspective . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press . pp. 164 -- 167 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 2870 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Livi - Bacci , Massimo ( 2006 ) . `` The Depopulation of Hispanic America after the Conquest '' . Population and Development Review . 32 ( 2 ) : 208 -- 213 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1728 - 4457.2006. 00116. x . ISSN 0098 - 7921 . JSTOR 20058872 . Jump up ^ Lord , Lewis ( January 21 , 2007 ) . `` A Conqueror More Lethal Than the Sword '' . US News and World Report . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Early Trans - Atlantic Slave Trade : Nicolas Ovando African Laborers for a New Empire : Iberia , Slavery , and the Atlantic World Lowcountry Digital History Initiative '' . ldhi.library.cofc.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Hopkins , Donald R. ( 2002 - 09 - 15 ) . The Greatest Killer : Smallpox in History . University of Chicago Press . p. 205 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 35168 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` History of Smallpox -- Smallpox Through the Ages '' . Texas Department of State Health Services . Jump up ^ Austin Alchon , Suzanne ( 2003 ) . A pest in the land : new world epidemics in a global perspective . University of New Mexico Press . p. 62 . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 2871 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Floyd , Troy ( 1973 ) . The Columbus Dynasty in the Caribbean , 1492 -- 1526 . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press . pp. 44 , 50 , 57 -- 58 , 74 . Jump up ^ Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1972 ) . The Oxford History of the American People . New York City : Mentor . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 451 - 62600 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Hispaniola Article '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dominican Republic 2014 '' . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Popkin , Jeremy D. ( 2008 ) Facing Racial Revolution : Eyewitness Accounts of the Haitian Insurrection . pp. 184 -- 213 . ISBN 0226675831 Jump up ^ Bollet , A.J. ( 2004 ) . Plagues and Poxes : The Impact of Human History on Epidemic Disease . Demos Medical Publishing . pp. 48 -- 49 . ISBN 1 - 888799 - 79 - X . ^ Jump up to : Diamond , Jared M. and Robinson , James A. ( 2011 ) Natural Experiments of History . pp. 126 -- 128 . ISBN 9780674060197 Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency '' . www.cia.gov . ^ Jump up to : Bowin , Carl ( 1975 ) . Nairn , Alan ; Stehli , Francis , eds . The Geology of Hispaniola , in The Ocean Basins and Margins . New York : Springer Science + Business Media , LLC . p. 503 . ISBN 9781468485370 . Jump up ^ `` The island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Ecoregions WWF '' . World Wildlife Fund . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Haiti is Covered with Trees '' . EnviroSociety . Tarter , Andrew . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , M.R. , ed. ( 13 October 2016 ) . `` One of the Most Repeated Facts about Haiti is a Lie '' . Vice News . Jump up ^ `` República Dominicana aumenta su cobertura boscosa a 39.7 % - Fundación Global Democracia y Desarrollo '' . ^ Jump up to : Alpert , Leo ( 1941 ) . `` The Areal Distribution of Mean Annual Rainfall Over the Island of Hispaniola '' . Monthly Weather Review . 69 ( 7 ) : 201 . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1941 ) 069 < 0201 : TADOMA > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Camberlin , Pierre ( 2010 ) . `` More variable tropical climates have a slower demographic growth '' ( PDF ) . Climate Research . 41 : 157 . doi : 10.3354 / cr00856 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . Cia.gov . Jump up ^ `` Haitians Heroes '' ( PDF ) . Palmbeachschools.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DOMINICAN REPUBLIC '' . Encyclopedia of the Nations . Jump up ^ Bello , Marisol ( January 21 , 2010 ) . `` Hispaniola comparison '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ IMF -- PIB per cápita ( PPA ) República Dominicana / Haití ^ Jump up to : Columbus , Ferdinand ( 1959 ) . The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus by his son Ferdinand . New Brunswick : Rutgers , The State University . pp. 76 -- 77 , 83 , 87 . Jump up ^ Pons , Frank ( 1995 ) . The Dominican Republic , A National History . New Rochelle : Hispaniola Books . pp. 33 -- 37 . ISBN 1885509014 . Jump up ^ Courtney , W.S. ( 1860 ) . The Gold Fields of St. Domingo . New York : Anson P. Norton . pp. 123 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Condit , D. Dale ; Ross , Clyde P. ( 1921 ) . Economic Geology , Chapter X , in A Geological Reconnaissance of the Dominican Republic . Washington : United States Geological Survey . p. 228 . Jump up ^ `` Pueblo Viejo Gold Mine , Dominican Republic '' . mining-technology.com . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cerro de Maimon '' . Perilya.com . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutHispaniolaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Texts from Wikisource Travel guide from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Google maps Map of the Islands of Hispaniola and Puerto Rico from 1639 The Kraus Collection of Sir Francis Drake at the Library of Congress contains primary materials on Hispaniola . Dominican Republic articles History Cacicazgo Santo Domingo Colonial governors Slave trade Maroons Era de Francia Spanish Haiti Spanish reconquest España Boba Unification of Hispaniola La Trinitaria War of Independence Dominican Restoration War U.S. occupation 1916 -- 24 Trujillo Era ( Rafael and Héctor Trujillo ) Parsley Massacre Dominican Civil War Geography Cities Ciudad Colonial Hispaniola Islands Mountains Municipalities Protected areas Provinces Regions Rivers Wildlife Politics Cabinet Congress Senate Chamber of Deputies Constitution Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Law enforcement Military Politics Political parties President Economy Peso ( currency ) Banks Central Bank Companies Energy Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Crime Demographics Education Health Language Religion Water and sanitation Culture Anthem Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Flag Literature Music People Sports Outline Index Category Portal Haiti articles History Chiefdoms Captaincy General of Santo Domingo Colonial governors ( Santo Domingo ) Atlantic slave trade Maroons Treaty of Ryswick Saint - Domingue Colonial governors ( Saint - Domingue ) Slavery Revolution 1804 Massacre First Empire State Kingdom Unification of Hispaniola Second Empire Post-imperial Republic U.S. occupation Duvalier dynasty Anti-Duvalier protest movement 2004 coup d'état 2010 earthquake Hurricane Matthew Timeline Geography Administrative divisions Arrondissements Cities Deforestation Departments Earthquakes Environment Hispaniola Islands National parks Rivers Politics Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights Law enforcement Military Parliament Political parties President Prime Minister Supreme Court Economy Agriculture Central bank External debt Foreign aid Gourde ( currency ) Poverty Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health Religion People Social class Water and sanitation Culture Art Cinema Cuisine Haitian Creole Haitian French Literature Media Music Mythology Public holidays Television Outline Index Book Category Portal WorldCat Identities GND : 4094983 - 7 NKC : ge633597 VIAF : 242111207 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hispaniola&oldid=863263512 '' Categories : Hispaniola Greater Antilles Islands of Haiti Islands of the Dominican Republic Spanish West Indies French Caribbean Divided regions International islands Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from January 2014 Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Haitian Creole - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Articles using infobox islands with deprecated params Articles containing Taino - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Papiamentu Patois Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 87 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2018 , at 18 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | this country occupies the western part of hispaniola | [
"The 76,192-square-kilometre (29,418 sq mi) island is divided between two separate, sovereign nations: the Spanish-speaking Dominican Republic (48,445 km2, 18,705 sq mi) to the east, and French Creole-speaking Haiti (27,750 km2, 10,710 sq mi) to the west. The only other shared island in the Caribbean is Saint Martin, which is shared between France (Saint-Martin) and the Netherlands (Sint Maarten).\n"
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"Haiti"
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-2445388875030893078 | Rokusaburo Michiba | Rokusaburō Michiba - wikipedia Rokusaburō Michiba Jump to : navigation , search The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article should be divided into sections by topic , to make it more accessible . Please help by adding section headings in accordance with Wikipedia 's Manual of Style . ( June 2017 ) Rokusaburo Michiba ( 1931 - 01 - 03 ) 3 January 1931 ( age 86 ) Kaga , Ishikawa Prefecture , Japan Culinary career Cooking style Japanese cuisine Television show ( s ) ( show ) Iron Chef In this Japanese name , the family name is Michiba . Rokusaburo Michiba ( 道場 六三郎 , Michiba Rokusaburō , born 3 January 1931 ) is a Japanese cuisine chef most notable as the first Japanese Iron Chef on the television series Iron Chef . He was on the show from its inception in 1993 until his retirement on his 65th birthday , January 3 , 1996 . After his retirement as an Iron Chef , he made sporadic appearances on the show , and producers even dedicated a special 1996 tribute episode to him called The Legend of Michiba . Rokusaburo Michiba originally balked at his blue attire ( a samue outfit with a flat cap ) , but was flattered into wearing it . Michiba was once considered a maverick for his philosophy of `` there are no borders to ingredients . '' Although primarily a Japanese chef , Michiba was unafraid of incorporating decidedly non-Japanese elements into his dishes -- something that did not sit well with more traditional - minded Japanese cuisine chefs . Indeed , in his first battle against French cuisine - trained Kobayakawa Yousei , Michiba was given a theme ingredient virtually foreign to Japanese cuisine : foie gras . Michiba was declared the winner . In fact , of his outstanding career win - loss record of thirty - two wins , five losses , and one tie , he , arguably , can take some personal and professional satisfaction that his record against the traditionalists is a fine ten wins and one loss . Michiba 's trademark was `` Inochi no Dashi '' ( 命 の 出汁 ; いのち の だし or `` Broth of Vigour '' , ) a combination of plenty of katsuobushi , skipjack tuna shavings and edible kelp ( konbu ) , which he used during virtually every battle . Michiba was also skilled in calligraphy , often using precious minutes , usually at the beginning of a battle , to write a menu . On one occasion , however , Michiba forgot to write a menu and lost a battle ; on another occasion , he did it at the last moment and lost as well . In an episode where his sous - chef challenged Iron Chef Masaharu Morimoto , Michiba explained that he wrote out his menu partly to clarify what he wanted to present , and partly to inform his assistants so that they would know which ingredients to gather and prepare . Several challengers also wrote out their menus during their battle ; commentators referred to this as `` taking a page out of Iron Chef Michiba 's book . '' His imaginative mind and skills allowed him to , on occasion , finish a battle earlier than expected and prepare extra dishes . Despite being the oldest of the Iron Chefs , he holds the Kitchen Stadium record for most dishes in a battle : eight . In each contest , he would also try to create one dish that an ordinary person could duplicate without specialized equipment or knowledge . Because of his age , experience , and excellent time management skills , Rokusaburo Michiba was regarded as the senior Iron Chef . His `` borderless Japanese cuisine '' is often not only considered to be neo-Japanese in style , but a precursor to neo-Japanese cuisine . Michiba 's tenure was interrupted by an illness in mid-1995 that briefly hospitalized him , and afterwards , although his cooking form was as good as ever , he began tiring from the stress of appearing on the show and running his three restaurants : Poisson Rokusaburo in Akasaka , and Ginza Rokusan - tei and Kaishoku - Michiba in Ginza . It only worsened during overtime battles which were made possible by the addition of a fourth judge . First course of a tasting menu offered at Ginza Rokusan - tei According to Takeshi Kaga , after his decision to retire , Rokusaburo Michiba vowed to personally recruit his successor . The show continued with just Iron Chef French Hiroyuki Sakai and Iron Chef Chinese Chen Kenichi for two months . But , finally , it was announced that Michiba had completed his mission with the naming of Koumei Nakamura . `` All my instincts told me he was the one , '' said Michiba . Initially , Nakamura refused , but was convinced to accept . Nakamura 's first battle on March 1 , 1996 was against French chef Kiyoshi Suzuki . During the introduction of the theme ingredient of the day , Chairman Kaga stated that he could not resist choosing foie gras , wanting to relive some of the magic of Michiba 's first victory using the same ingredient . Michiba was also extremely supportive of Nakamura 's successor , Masaharu Morimoto . Inarguably , Morimoto took Michiba 's `` no borders to ingredients '' philosophy to a different level . The show often referred to the relationship between Michiba and Morimoto as that between master and student , especially after an episode when Michiba flew to New York to visit Morimoto 's restaurant , Nobu . So supportive of Morimoto was Michiba that , before his infamous New York battle with chef Bobby Flay , Michiba gave Morimoto a large box of katsuobushi flakes with a hand - calligraphed message : `` respect the old , but seek out the new . '' Michiba made appearances throughout the 2012 revival of Iron Chef through interviews on former assistant Kenichi Miyanaga , a seat on the tasting panel and as a competitor against new Iron Chef Jun Kurogi in the revival 's 2012 `` Ryouri no Tetsujin Dream Match ! World Iron Chef Live Battle Special . '' Manga ( edit ) The manga series Kandō Ō Retsuden featured a story about Michiba in volume 2 , called Michiba Rokusaburō Monogatari . The data collecting and organizing was made by Yasuo Negishi and it was illustrated by Yoshihiro Takahashi . External links ( edit ) official site Ginza Rokusantei References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Negishi , Yasuo ; Yoshihiro Takahashi ( 15 July 1998 ) . Kandō Ō Retsuden 2 : Michiba Rokusaburō Monogatari . Japan : Shōnen Sunday Comics . pp. 101 -- 190 . ISBN 4 - 09 - 125412 - 8 . Preceded by first Iron Chef Japanese October 17 , 1993 - January 3 , 1996 Succeeded by Koumei Nakamura Iron Chef Iron Chef ( episodes ) Iron Chefs Chen Kenichi Hiroyuki Sakai ( 1994 to 1999 ) Yutaka Ishinabe ( 1993 and 1995 ) Rokusaburo Michiba ( 1993 to 1996 ) Koumei Nakamura ( 1996 to 1998 ) Masahiko Kobe ( 1997 to 1999 ) Masaharu Morimoto ( 1998 to 1999 ) Chairman Takeshi Kaga Commentators Kenji Fukui Yukio Hattori Kitchen reporter Shinichiro Ohta Misc `` The 30 % Iron Chef '' Iron Chef 2012 Revival ( episodes ) Iron Chefs Jun Kurogi Yūji Wakiya Yōsuke Suga Chairman Hiroshi Tamaki Commentators Mizuki Sano Yukio Hattori Kitchen reporter Shinichi Tanioka Yurika Mita Daisuke Miyagawa Iron Chef USA Iron Chefs Jean - Francois Meteigner Alessandro Stratta Roy Yamaguchi Todd English Chairman William Shatner Commentators Michael Burger Anthony Dias Blue Kitchen reporter Sissy Biggers Iron Chef America ( episodes ) Current Iron Chefs Bobby Flay ( Battle of the Masters -- ) Masaharu Morimoto ( Season 1 -- ) Michael Symon ( Season 5 -- ) Jose Garces ( Season 8 -- ) Marc Forgione ( Season 9 -- ) Geoffrey Zakarian ( Season 10 -- ) Alex Guarnaschelli ( Season 11 -- ) Former Iron Chefs Wolfgang Puck ( Battle of the Masters ) Cat Cora ( Season 1 -- 10 ) Mario Batali ( Battle of the Masters -- 6 ) Chairman Mark Dacascos Commentator Alton Brown Kitchen reporter Kevin Brauch Other shows The Next Iron Chef Iron Chef America Countdown Iron Chef Gauntlet Video game Iron Chef America : Supreme Cuisine Iron Chef UK Iron Chefs Tom Aikens Judy Joo Sanjay Dwivedi Martin Blunos Presenters Olly Smith Nick Nairn Iron Chef Australia Iron Chefs Guillaume Brahimi Guy Grossi Neil Perry Chairman Mark Dacascos Presenter Grant Denyer Commentator Richard Cornish Iron Chef Vietnam Iron Chefs David Thái Nguyễn Minh Hải Đỗ Quang Long Vincent Tan Yu Zhi Da Presenter / chairman Bình Minh Kitchen reporter Nguyên Khang Thanh Tùng Công Cường Other shows The Next Iron Chef Vietnam Iron Chef Indonesia ( episodes ) Iron Chefs Chris Salans Adhika Maxi Sezai Zorlu Chairman Edward Akbar Field Reporter Yuda Bustara Commentator Kevindra Prianto Soemantri VIAF : 113994956 LCCN : n84154441 NDL : 00371033 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rokusaburo_Michiba&oldid=793849030 '' Categories : 1931 births Living people Japanese chefs Hidden categories : NPOV disputes from August 2017 All NPOV disputes Articles needing sections from June 2017 All articles needing sections Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from June 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with hCards Articles containing Japanese - language text Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2017 , at 10 : 23 . About Wikipedia | respect the old but seek out the new | [
"Michiba was also extremely supportive of Nakamura's successor, Masaharu Morimoto. Inarguably, Morimoto took Michiba's \"no borders to ingredients\" philosophy to a different level. The show often referred to the relationship between Michiba and Morimoto as that between master and student, especially after an episode when Michiba flew to New York to visit Morimoto's restaurant, Nobu. So supportive of Morimoto was Michiba that, before his infamous New York battle with chef Bobby Flay, Michiba gave Morimoto a large box of katsuobushi flakes with a hand-calligraphed message: \"respect the old, but seek out the new.\""
] | [
"Michiba"
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5415754698999333238 | The Punisher (season 2) | The Punisher ( season 2 ) - wikipedia The Punisher ( season 2 ) The Punisher ( season 2 ) Starring Jon Bernthal Ben Barnes Amber Rose Revah Jason R. Moore Josh Stewart Floriana Lima Giorgia Whigham Corbin Bernsen Annette O'Toole Country of origin United States Release Original network Netflix Season chronology ← Previous Season 1 List of The Punisher episodes The second season of the American web television series The Punisher , which is based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name , revolves around Frank Castle ruthlessly hunting down criminals . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films and other television series of the franchise . The season is produced by Marvel Television in association with ABC Studios and Bohemian Risk Productions , with Steven Lightfoot serving as showrunner . Jon Bernthal stars as Frank Castle , with principal cast members Ben Barnes , Amber Rose Revah , and Jason R. Moore also returning from the first season . They are joined by Josh Stewart , Floriana Lima , Giorgia Whigham , Corbin Bernsen , and Annette O'Toole . A second season of The Punisher was ordered in December 2017 , a month after the first season was released . The new cast members were added in February 2018 . Filming began in New York City the next month and wrapped in August . The season is set for release in 2019 . Contents 1 Cast and characters 2 Production 2.1 Development 2.2 Casting 2.3 Filming 3 Release 3.1 Marketing 4 References 5 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Jon Bernthal as Frank Castle / Punisher Ben Barnes as Billy Russo Amber Rose Revah as Dinah Madani Jason R. Moore as Curtis Hoyle Josh Stewart as John Pilgrim Floriana Lima as Krista Dumont Giorgia Whigham as Amy Bendix Corbin Bernsen as Anderson Schultz Annette O'Toole as Eliza Schultz Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) A second season of The Punisher was ordered by Netflix in December 2017 , less than a month after the first season was released . Showrunner Steve Lightfoot had an idea of what a second season would be when he first knew what the `` journey of Season 1 '' was at the start of his work on the series , and did not let the fan reaction to the first season affect his plans since `` some people love it , some people hate it , some people are in the middle . My personal opinion with that stuff is you just have to be true to the character and the story you choose to tell . '' Casting ( edit ) Stars returning for the season were confirmed in February 2018 , including Jon Bernthal as Frank Castle / Punisher , Ben Barnes as Billy Russo , Amber Rose Revah as Dinah Madani , and Jason R. Moore as Curtis Hoyle . Announced as joining them for the season were Josh Stewart as John Pilgrim , Floriana Lima as Krista Dumont , and Giorgia Whigham as Amy Bendix , with Corbin Bernsen as Anderson Shultz and Annette O'Toole as Eliza Schultz announced in May . Filming ( edit ) Filming for the season had begun by March 10 , 2018 , in The Bellmores , New York . Filming occurred in Albany , New York , in mid-July 2018 , with production on the season wrapping in August 2018 . Release ( edit ) The second season of The Punisher is scheduled to be released in 2019 on the streaming service Netflix , worldwide . Marketing ( edit ) By mid-June 2018 , discussions were underway regarding the season being promoted at San Diego Comic - Con that year . Bernthal was already set to be at the convention to promote his role in the ninth season of The Walking Dead . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ; Petski , Denise ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Marvel 's The Punisher ' : Josh Stewart , Floriana Lima & Giorgia Whigham Join Cast of Netflix Series For Season 2 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ramos , Dino - Ray ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` Corbin Bernsen And Annette O'Toole Join Marvel 's ' The Punisher ' At Netflix '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2018 . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Punisher ' Renewed For Season 2 By Netflix '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2017 . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( July 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Punisher ' Showrunner Steve Lightfoot on Season 2 , If He 'd Rather Do 10 Episodes , and More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2018 . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( March 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Punisher ' Season 2 Has Started Filming , First Photos Surface '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2018 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Actor confirms Albany trip to shoot Netflix show '' . WNYT . July 17 , 2018 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2018 . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dominguez , Noah ( August 12 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel 's Punisher Wraps Filming On Second Season '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2018 . Retrieved August 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lederer , Donnie ; Pockross , Adam ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` Exclusive : Jeph Loeb on Keeping The Defenders Dream Alive and Punisher Season 2 '' . Syfy Wire . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2018 . Retrieved July 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Patten , Dominic ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Iron Fist ' Set To Hit Comic - Con ; No Show For ' Captain Marvel ' & Film Side '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2018 . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Marvel 's The Punisher on IMDb Marvel 's The Punisher at TV.com The Punisher Created by Gerry Conway , Ross Andru and John Romita Sr. in `` The Punisher Strikes Twice ! '' Characters Supporting G.W. Bridge Rachel Cole - Alves Rampage Lynn Michaels Mickey Fondozzi Microchip Martin Soap Nick Fury Enemies Barracuda Bullseye Bushwacker Damage Hitman Hood Jigsaw Kingpin Lady Gorgon Ma Gnucci Olivier Rapido Rev Russian Saracen Sniper Thorn Comics Main 1986 series 1987 series 1995 series 1998 series 2000 series 2001 series 2004 series 2009 series 2011 series 2014 series Spin - offs War Journal 1988 series 2006 series War Zone 1992 series 2008 series 2012 series 2099 Punisher Max Other Punisher P.O.V. Archie Meets the Punisher Punisher Kills the Marvel Universe The Platoon The End In the Blood 5 Ronin In other media Films The Punisher ( 1989 ) score The Punisher ( 2004 ) score album Punisher : War Zone score soundtrack Dirty Laundry Do Not Fall In New York City Avengers Confidential : Black Widow & Punisher Video games The Punisher ( console ) The Punisher ( computer ) The Punisher : The Ultimate Payback ! The Punisher ( 1993 ) The Punisher ( 2005 ) The Punisher : No Mercy Television The Punisher ( TV series ) season 1 Related articles Alternative versions Garth Ennis The ' Nam Palm Beach Punishers Shadowmasters Category Marvel Cinematic Universe Feature films Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Phase Three Captain America : Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther accolades box office achievements Avengers : Infinity War production box office records Ant - Man and the Wasp Captain Marvel Untitled Avengers film production Post-Phase Three Spider - Man : Far From Home Television series ABC Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 5 6 characters Agent Carter season 1 characters Inhumans `` Behold ... The Inhumans '' `` Those Who Would Destroy Us '' Netflix Daredevil season 1 characters Jessica Jones season 1 characters Luke Cage season 1 characters Iron Fist season 1 characters The Defenders The Punisher season 1 Hulu Runaways `` Reunion '' Freeform Cloak & Dagger season 1 Other Most Wanted New Warriors Other media Short films Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King Digital series WHIH Newsfront Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot Tie - in comics Fury 's Big Week Cast and characters Film cast Television series cast Phil Coulson Erik Selvig Trevor Slattery Tony Stark Claire Temple Music Soundtracks Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Captain America : Civil War Luke Cage Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers : Infinity War Ant - Man and the Wasp Singles `` Live to Rise '' `` All the Stars '' `` King 's Dead '' `` Pray for Me '' MCU - inspired media Video games Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor : God of Thunder Captain America : Super Soldier Iron Man 3 Lego Marvel 's Avengers Disney Parks Iron Man Experience Marvel - themed areas Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! Other Team Thor Book Category Outline Portal Marvel Cinematic Universe portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Punisher_(season_2)&oldid=866387088 '' Categories : The Punisher ( TV series ) Marvel Cinematic Universe seasons Hidden categories : TV.com template with ID not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 01 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is season 2 of the punisher coming out | [
"The season is set for release in 2019.\n"
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1749583915740461981 | Freedom of the press in the United States | Freedom of the press in the United States - Wikipedia Freedom of the press in the United States Jump to : navigation , search Freedom of the press in the United States is protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution . This amendment is generally understood to prevent the government from interfering with the distribution of information and opinions . Nevertheless , freedom of the press is subject to certain restrictions , such as defamation law . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Thirteen Colonies 1.2 20th century 1.2. 1 Near v. Minnesota 1.2. 2 Branzburg v. Hayes 1.2. 3 Associated Press v. United States 1.2. 4 New York Times Co. v. Sullivan 1.2. 5 Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Association , Inc. v. Bresler 1.2. 6 New York Times Co. v. United States 1.3 21st century 1.3. 1 Stop Online Piracy Act 1.3. 2 Obsidian Finance Group , LLC v. Cox 2 Ranking of United States press freedom 3 Notable exceptions 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading History ( edit ) Thirteen Colonies ( edit ) In the Thirteen Colonies before the signing of the Declaration of Independence , the media was subject to a series of regulations . British authorities attempted to prohibit the publication and circulation of information of which they did not approve . One of the earliest cases concerning freedom of the press occurred in 1734 . In a libel case against The New York Weekly Journal publisher John Peter Zenger by British governor William Cosby , Zenger was acquitted and the publication continued until 1751 . At that time , there were only two newspapers in New York City and the second was not critical of Cosby 's government . The First Amendment permits information , ideas and opinions without interference , constraint or prosecution by the government . It was adopted on December 15 , 1791 , as one of the ten amendments that constitute the Bill of Rights . 20th century ( edit ) Near v. Minnesota ( edit ) The 1931 U.S. Supreme Court decision Near v. Minnesota recognized freedom of the press by roundly rejecting prior restraints on publication , a principle that applied to free speech generally in subsequent jurisprudence . The court ruled that a Minnesota law targeting publishers of malicious or scandalous newspapers violated the First Amendment ( as applied through the Fourteenth Amendment ) . Branzburg v. Hayes ( edit ) Freedom of the press was described in Branzburg v. Hayes as `` a fundamental personal right '' , not confined to newspapers and periodicals . In Lovell v. City of Griffin ( 1938 ) , Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes defined the press as `` every sort of publication which affords a vehicle of information and opinion . '' This right has been extended to newspapers , books , plays , movies , and video games . Associated press v. United States ( edit ) Associated Press v. United States ( 1945 ) dealt with media cooperation and consolidation . The court held that the AP violated the Sherman Antitrust Act by prohibiting the sale or proliferation of news to nonmember organizations and keeping nonmembers from joining ; the AP bylaws constituted restraint of trade , and the fact that AP had not achieved a monopoly was irrelevant . The First Amendment did not excuse newspapers from the Sherman Antitrust Act . News , traded between states , counts as interstate commerce and is subject to the act . Freedom of the press from governmental interference under the First Amendment does not sanction repression of that freedom by private interests ( 326 U.S. 20 ) . Justice Hugo Black wrote , `` The First Amendment ... rests on the assumption that the widest possible dissemination of information from diverse and antagonistic sources is essential to the welfare of the public ... Freedom to publish is guaranteed by the Constitution , but freedom to combine to keep others from publishing is not '' . New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( edit ) In New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that when a publication involves a public figure , to support a suit for libel the plaintiff bears the burden of proving that the publisher acted with actual malice : knew of the inaccuracy of the statement or acted with reckless disregard of its truth . Greenbelt cooperative publishing association , Inc. v. bresler ( edit ) Main article : Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n , Inc. v. Bresler In 1970 , the Supreme Court held that using the word `` blackmail '' in a newspaper article `` was no more than rhetorical hyperbole '' and that finding such usage as libel `` would subvert the most fundamental meaning of a free press '' guaranteed by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution . New York Times Co. v. United States ( edit ) Main article : New York Times Co. v. United States In 1971 , the Supreme Court upheld the publication of the Pentagon Papers . 21st century ( edit ) Although it had been uncertain whether people who blog or use other social media are journalists entitled to protection by media shield laws , they are protected by the Free Speech and Free Press Clauses ( neither of which differentiates between media businesses and nonprofessional speakers ) . This is further supported by the Supreme Court , which has refused to grant increased First Amendment protection to institutional media over other speakers ; In a case involving campaign finance laws , the court rejected the `` suggestion that communication by corporate members of the institutional press is entitled to greater constitutional protection than the same communication by '' non-institutional - press businesses . Stop Online Piracy Act ( edit ) On October 26 , 2011 the Stop Online Piracy Act , which opponents said would threaten free speech and censor the Internet , was introduced to the U.S. House of Representatives . White House Press Secretary Jay Carney said that President Obama `` ( would ) not support legislation that reduces freedom of expression . '' The bill was shelved in 2012 after widespread protests . Obsidian finance group , llc v. Cox ( edit ) Main article : Obsidian Finance Group , LLC v. Cox On 2014 , blogger Crystal Cox accused Obsidian and Kevin D. Padrick of corrupt and fraudulent conduct . Although the court dismissed most of Cox 's blog posts as opinion , it found one post to be more factual in its assertions ( and , therefore , defamatory ) . It was ruled for the first time , by the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit , that a blogger is entitled to the same free speech protection as a journalist and can not be liable for defamation unless the blogger acted negligently . In the decision , journalists and bloggers are equally protected under the First Amendment because the `` protections of the First Amendment do not turn on whether the defendant was a trained journalist , formally affiliated with traditional news entities , engaged in conflict - of - interest disclosure , went beyond just assembling others ' writings , or tried to get both sides of a story . '' Ranking of United States press freedom ( edit ) Freedom House , an independent watchdog organization , ranked the United States 30th out of 197 countries in press freedom in 2014 . Its report praised the constitutional protections given American journalists and criticized authorities for placing undue limits on investigative reporting in the name of national security . Freedom House gives countries a score out of 100 , with 0 the most free and 100 the least free . The score is broken down into three separately - weighted categories : legal ( out of 30 ) , political ( out of 40 ) and economic ( out of 30 ) . The United States scored 6 , 10 , and 5 , respectively , that year for a cumulative score of 21 . In 2014 , the U.S. ranked 46th in the Reporters Without Borders Press Freedom Index . This is a measure of freedom available to the press , which encompasses areas such as government censorship and is not indicative of journalistic quality . Its ranking fell from 20th in 2010 to 42nd in 2012 , which was attributed to arrests of journalists covering the Occupy movement . The U.S. ranked 49th in 2015 and 41st in 2016 . In 2012 , Finland and Norway tied for first place worldwide . Canada ranked 10th , Germany tied with Jamaica for 17th and Japan tied with Suriname for 22nd . The UK ranked 28th , Australia 30th and France 38th . Extraterritorial regions of the U.S. ranked 57th . Notable exceptions ( edit ) In 1798 , shortly after the adoption of the Constitution , the governing Federalist Party attempted to stifle criticism with the Alien and Sedition Acts . According to the Sedition Act , criticism of Congress or the President ( but not the Vice-President ) was a crime ; Thomas Jefferson -- a non-Federalist -- was Vice-President when the act was passed . These restrictions on the press were very unpopular , leading to the party 's eventual demise . Jefferson , who vehemently opposed the acts , was elected president in 1800 and pardoned most of those convicted under them . In his March 4 , 1801 inaugural address , he reiterated his longstanding commitment to freedom of speech and of the press : `` If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form , let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it . '' In mid-August 1861 , four New York City newspapers ( the New York Daily News , The Journal of Commerce , the Day Book and the New York Freeman 's Journal ) were given a presentment by a U.S. Circuit Court grand jury for `` frequently encouraging the rebels by expressions of sympathy and agreement '' . This began a series of federal prosecutions during the Civil War of northern U.S. newspapers which expressed sympathy for Southern causes or criticized the Lincoln administration . Lists of `` peace newspapers '' , published in protest by the New York Daily News , were used to plan retributions . The Bangor Democrat in Maine , was one of these newspapers ; assailants believed part of a covert Federal raid destroyed the press and set the building ablaze . These actions followed executive orders issued by President Abraham Lincoln ; his August 7 , 1861 order made it illegal ( punishable by death ) to conduct `` correspondence with '' or give `` intelligence to the enemy , either directly or indirectly '' . The Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 , which amended it , imposed restrictions on the press during wartime . The acts imposed a fine of $10,000 and up to 20 years ' imprisonment for those publishing `` ... disloyal , profane , scurrilous , or abusive language about the form of government of the United States , or the Constitution of the United States , or the military or naval forces of the United States , or the flag ... '' In Schenck v. United States ( 1919 ) the Supreme Court upheld the laws , setting the `` clear and present danger '' standard . Congress repealed both laws in 1921 , and Brandenburg v. Ohio ( 1969 ) revised the clear - and - present - danger test to the significantly less - restrictive `` imminent lawless action '' test . In Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier ( 1988 ) , the Supreme Court upheld the right of a school principal to review ( and suppress ) controversial articles in a school newspaper funded by the school and published in its name . In United States v. Manning ( 2013 ) , Chelsea Manning was found guilty of six counts of espionage for furnishing classified information to Wikileaks . See also ( edit ) United States portal Freedom of speech portal Freedom of speech in the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` First Amendment : An Overview '' . Wex Legal Dictionary / Encyclopedia . Legal Information Institute of the Cornell University . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McConnell , Michael W. ( November 2013 ) . `` Reconsidering Citizens United as a Press Clause Case '' . The Yale Law Journal . 123 2013 - 2014 ( 2 November 2013 Pages 266 - 529 ) . Retrieved 19 April 2014 . Jump up ^ 408 U.S. 665 ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ Lovell v. City of Griffin , 303 U.S. 444 ( 1938 ) Jump up ^ Lovell , at 452 Jump up ^ Adam Liptak ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` Justices Reject Ban on Violent Video Games for Children '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Associated Press v. United States 326 U.S. 1 ( 1945 ) '' , Justia . US Supreme Court . June 18 , 1945 . Retrieved 8 feb 2017 Jump up ^ `` Media Bias '' , Paul Ruschmann . Infobase Publishing , 2006 . p. 87 . Retrieved 8 feb 2017 Jump up ^ Mataconis , Doug ( May 28 , 2013 ) . `` Bloggers , Media Shield Laws , And The First Amendment '' . Outside The Beltway . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eugene Volokh ( Gary T. Schwartz Professor of Law at Los Angeles School of Law of the University of California . `` The American Heritage Foundatio 's Guide to the Constitution : Freedom of Speech and of the Press '' . The American Heritage Foundation . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ See Bartnicki v. Vopper , 532 U.S. 514 ( 2001 ) where the Court , `` draw no distinction between the media respondents and '' a non-institutional respondent . Jump up ^ See Cohen v. Cowles Media Co. , 501 U.S. 663 ( 1991 ) where the Court held that the press gets no special immunity from laws that apply to others , including those -- such as copyright law -- that target communication . Jump up ^ See also Henry v. Collins , 380 U.S. 356 , 357 ( 1965 ) ( per curiam ) ( applying Sullivan standard to a statement by an arrestee ) ; Garrison v. Louisiana , 379 U.S. 64 , 67 -- 68 ( 1964 ) ( applying Sullivan standard to statements by an elected district attorney ) ; New York Times Co. v. Sullivan , 376 U.S. at 286 ( applying identical First Amendment protection to a newspaper defendant and individual defendants ) . Jump up ^ First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti , 435 U.S. 765 ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ `` Texas Insider '' . Texas Insider . p. 1 . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SOPA bill shelved after global protests from Google , Wikipedia and others '' . Washington Post . January 20 , 2012 . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Paulson , Ken ( 24 January 2014 ) . `` Bloggers enjoy First Amendment protection against libel suits '' . First Amendment Center . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . In a landmark decision on Friday , a federal appellate court held for the first time that blogs enjoy the same First Amendment protection from libel suits as traditional news media . Jump up ^ Hull , Tim ( 17 January 2014 ) . `` Blogger 's Speech Rights Championed in the 9th '' . Courthouse News Service . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . I think it sets an important precedent that bloggers , for First Amendment purposes , have the same rights as others do , as for example the institutional media does , '' Volokh said in a phone interview . `` There have been plenty of past cases around the circuits that point in that direction , but this is the first time that the 9th Circuit has specifically ruled on this , and this is one of the cases that has focused on bloggers . Most cases have dealt with other nonprofessional media , but this one is particularly the first clear blogging case that I know from the circuit courts . ^ Jump up to : Arthur L. Alarcón , Milan D. Smith , Jr. , and Andrew D. Hurwitz ( 17 January 2014 ) . `` United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit case Obsidian Finance Group LLC and Kevin Padrick vs. Crystal Cox ( 12 - 35238 ) '' ( PDF ) . United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit . United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit case . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Levine , Dan ( 17 January 2014 ) . `` Blogger gets same speech protections as traditional press : U.S. court '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Hull , Tim ( 17 January 2014 ) . `` Blogger 's Speech Rights Championed in the 9th '' . Courthouse News Service . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Press Freedom Rankings - Freedom House '' . Jump up ^ `` United States - Country report - Freedom of the Press - 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jack Mirkinson ( January 25 , 2012 ) . `` Press Freedom Index : Occupy Wall Street Journalist Arrests Cost U.S. Dearly In Latest Survey '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Ranking 2015 '' . Reporters Without Borders . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ranking 2016 '' . Reporters Without Borders . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Avalon Project '' . Yale Law School . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2012 . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Words at War : The Civil War and American Journalism by David B. Sachsman , Purdue University Press , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Order '' . American Presidency Project . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Espionage Act , 7 May 1918 '' . firstworldwar.com . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2012 . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Tran , Jasper ( 2016 ) . `` Press Clause and 3D Printing '' . Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property . 14 : 75 . Epps , Garrett and David B. Oppenheimer . Freedom of the Press : The First Amendment : Its Constitutional History and the Contemporary Debate ( 2008 ) Martin , Robert W.T. The Free and Open Press : The Founding of American Democratic Press Liberty , 1640 - 1800 ( 2012 ) . Nelson , Harold Lewis , ed . Freedom of the Press from Hamilton to the Warren Court ( Bobbs - Merrill Company , 1967 ) Powe , Lucas A . The Fourth Estate and the Constitution : Freedom of the Press in America ( Univ of California Press , 1992 ) Ross , Gary . Who Watches the Watchmen ? : The Conflict Between National Security and Freedom of the Press ( 2015 ) ( hide ) United States First Amendment case law Establishment Clause Public funding Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) McCollum v. Board of Education ( 1948 ) Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York ( 1970 ) Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 ) Tilton v. Richardson ( 1971 ) Committee for Public Education & Religious Liberty v. Nyquist ( 1973 ) Sloan v. Lemon ( 1973 ) Wolman v. Walter ( 1977 ) Marsh v. Chambers ( 1983 ) Mueller v. Allen ( 1983 ) Aguilar v. Felton ( 1985 ) Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet ( 1994 ) Agostini v. Felton ( 1997 ) Mitchell v. Helms ( 2000 ) Zelman v. Simmons - Harris ( 2002 ) Locke v. Davey ( 2004 ) Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn ( 2011 ) Public displays Stone v. Graham ( 1980 ) Lynch v. Donnelly ( 1984 ) Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary ( 1985 ) County of Allegheny v. ACLU ( 1989 ) McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky ( 2005 ) Van Orden v. Perry ( 2005 ) Pleasant Grove City v. Summum ( 2009 ) School prayer Zorach v. Clauson ( 1952 ) Engel v. Vitale ( 1962 ) Abington School District v. Schempp ( 1963 ) Stone v. Graham ( 1980 ) Wallace v. Jaffree ( 1985 ) Lee v. Weisman ( 1992 ) Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe ( 2000 ) Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow ( 2004 ) Creationism Epperson v. Arkansas ( 1968 ) Edwards v. Aguillard ( 1987 ) Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District ( M.D. Pa. 2005 ) Legislature prayer Marsh v. Chambers ( 1983 ) Town of Greece v. Galloway ( 2014 ) Establishment Clause , Other McGowan v. Maryland ( 1961 ) Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York ( 1970 ) McDaniel v. Paty ( 1978 ) Widmar v. Vincent ( 1981 ) Larkin v. Grendel 's Den , Inc. ( 1982 ) Estate of Thornton v. Caldor , Inc. ( 1985 ) Texas Monthly , Inc. v. Bullock ( 1989 ) Hosanna - Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( 2012 ) Free Exercise Clause Vidal v. Girard 's Executors ( 1844 ) Reynolds v. United States ( 1879 ) Davis v. Beason ( 1890 ) Schneider v. New Jersey ( 1939 ) Cantwell v. Connecticut ( 1940 ) Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) Murdock v. Pennsylvania ( 1943 ) United States v. Ballard ( 1944 ) Braunfeld v. Brown ( 1961 ) Torcaso v. Watkins ( 1961 ) Sherbert v. Verner ( 1963 ) Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church ( 1969 ) Wisconsin v. Yoder ( 1972 ) NLRB v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago ( 1979 ) Harris v. McRae ( 1980 ) Thomas v. Review Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division ( 1981 ) United States v. Lee ( 1982 ) Bob Jones University v. United States ( 1983 ) Bowen v. Roy ( 1986 ) Goldman v. Weinberger ( 1986 ) Employment Division v. Smith ( 1990 ) Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah ( 1993 ) City of Boerne v. Flores ( 1997 ) Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton ( 2002 ) Cutter v. Wilkinson ( 2005 ) Gonzales v. UDV ( 2006 ) Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia , Inc. v. Comer ( 2017 ) Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission ( under consideration ) Freedom of speech ( portal ) Sedition and imminent danger Alien and Sedition Acts ( 1798 ) Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten ( S.D.N.Y. 1917 ) Schenck v. United States ( 1919 ) Abrams v. United States ( 1919 ) Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) Whitney v. California ( 1927 ) Dennis v. United States ( 1951 ) Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board ( 1955 , 1961 ) Yates v. United States ( 1957 ) Bond v. Floyd ( 1966 ) Brandenburg v. Ohio ( 1969 ) False speech Gertz v. Robert Welch , Inc. ( 1974 ) United States v. Alvarez ( 2012 ) Fighting words and the heckler 's veto Cantwell v. Connecticut ( 1940 ) Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire ( 1942 ) Terminiello v. Chicago ( 1949 ) Feiner v. New York ( 1951 ) Gregory v. Chicago ( 1969 ) National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie ( 1977 ) R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul ( 1992 ) Snyder v. Phelps ( 2011 ) Elonis v. United States ( 2015 ) Freedom of assembly and public forums Hague v. CIO ( 1939 ) Schneider v. New Jersey ( 1939 ) Thornhill v. Alabama ( 1940 ) Martin v. City of Struthers ( 1943 ) Marsh v. Alabama ( 1946 ) Niemotko v. Maryland ( 1951 ) Edwards v. South Carolina ( 1963 ) Cox v. Louisiana ( 1965 ) Brown v. Louisiana ( 1966 ) Adderley v. Florida ( 1966 ) Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne ( 1968 ) Coates v. Cincinnati ( 1971 ) Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe ( 1971 ) Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner ( 1972 ) Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins ( 1980 ) Widmar v. Vincent ( 1981 ) Hill v. Colorado ( 2000 ) McCullen v. Coakley ( 2014 ) Packingham v. North Carolina ( 2017 ) Symbolic speech Stromberg v. 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California ( 1973 ) Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton ( 1973 ) United States v. 12 200 - ft . Reels of Film ( 1973 ) Jenkins v. Georgia ( 1974 ) Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville ( 1975 ) Young v. American Mini Theatres ( 1976 ) New York v. Ferber ( 1982 ) American Booksellers v. Hudnut ( 7th Cir. , 1985 ) Renton v. Playtime Theatres , Inc. ( 1986 ) Osborne v. Ohio ( 1990 ) United States v. X-Citement Video ( 1994 ) Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union ( 1997 ) United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group ( 2000 ) Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition ( 2002 ) Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union ( 2002 ) Nitke v. Gonzales ( S.D.N.Y. , 2005 ) United States v. Williams ( 2008 ) FCC v. Fox Televisions Stations - 2 cases ( 2009 and 2012 ) American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland ( 6th Cir. , 2009 ) United States v. Kilbride ( 9th Cir. , 2009 ) United States v. Stevens ( 2010 ) Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association ( 2011 ) Public employees Pickering v. Board of Education ( 1968 ) Perry v. Sindermann ( 1972 ) Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth ( 1972 ) Mt . Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle ( 1977 ) Givhan v. Western Line Consolidated School District ( 1979 ) Connick v. Myers ( 1983 ) Rankin v. McPherson ( 1987 ) Waters v. Churchill ( 1994 ) Garcetti v. Ceballos ( 2006 ) Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri ( 2011 ) Heffernan v. City of Paterson ( 2016 ) Hatch Act and similar laws Ex parte Curtis ( 1882 ) United Public Workers v. Mitchell ( 1947 ) United States Civil Service Commission v. National Association of Letter Carriers ( 1973 ) Broadrick v. Oklahoma ( 1973 ) Licensing and restriction of speech Mutual Film Corporation v. Industrial Commission of Ohio ( 1915 ) Joseph Burstyn , Inc. v. Wilson ( 1952 ) Freedman v. Maryland ( 1965 ) Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council ( 1976 ) Hoffman Estates v . The Flipside , Hoffman Estates , Inc. ( 1982 ) Walker v. Texas Division , Sons of Confederate Veterans ( 2015 ) Matal v. Tam ( 2017 ) Commercial speech Valentine v. Chrestensen ( 1942 ) Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept. ( 1970 ) Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations ( 1973 ) Bigelow v. Commonwealth of Virginia ( 1974 ) Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council ( 1976 ) Bates v. State Bar of Arizona ( 1977 ) Linmark Associates , Inc. v. Willingboro ( 1977 ) Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Ass'n ( 1978 ) Friedman v. Rogers ( 1979 ) Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission ( 1980 ) Consol . Edison Co. v. Public Serv . Comm'n ( 1980 ) Bolger v. Youngs Drug Products ( 1983 ) Zauderer v. Office of Disciplinary Counsel ( 1985 ) Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Commission of California ( 1986 ) Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico ( 1986 ) San Francisco Arts & Athletics , Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee ( 1987 ) 44 Liquormart , Inc. v. Rhode Island ( 1996 ) Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc. ( 2011 ) Campaign finance and political speech Buckley v. Valeo ( 1976 ) First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti ( 1978 ) Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley ( 1981 ) California Medical Association v. FEC ( 1981 ) Brown v. Socialist Workers ' 74 Campaign Committee ( 1982 ) Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington ( 1983 ) FEC v. National Conservative Political Action Committee ( 1985 ) FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life ( 1986 ) Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce ( 1990 ) McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission ( 1995 ) Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC ( 1996 ) Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC ( 2000 ) FEC v. Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee ( 2001 ) Republican Party of Minnesota v. White ( 2002 ) McConnell v. FEC ( 2003 ) FEC v. Beaumont ( 2003 ) Randall v. Sorrell ( 2006 ) FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life , Inc. ( 2007 ) Davis v. FEC ( 2008 ) Citizens United v. FEC ( 2010 ) McComish v. Bennett ( 2011 ) American Tradition Partnership v. Bullock ( 2012 ) McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission ( 2014 ) Williams - Yulee v . The Florida Bar ( 2015 ) ( hide ) Freedom of the press Prior restraints and censorship Near v. Minnesota ( 1931 ) Lovell v. City of Griffin ( 1938 ) Hannegan v. Esquire , Inc. ( 1946 ) New York Times Co. v. United States ( 1971 ) Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo ( 1974 ) Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart ( 1976 ) Landmark Communications , Inc. v. Virginia ( 1978 ) Smith v. Daily Mail Publishing Co. ( 1979 ) Tory v. Cochran ( 2005 ) Privacy Time , Inc. v. Hill ( 1967 ) Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn ( 1975 ) Florida Star v. B.J.F. ( 1989 ) Taxation and privileges Grosjean v. American Press Co. ( 1936 ) Branzburg v. Hayes ( 1972 ) Minneapolis Star Tribune Company v. Commissioner ( 1983 ) Defamation Beauharnais v. Illinois ( 1952 ) New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts ( 1967 ) Gertz v. Robert Welch , Inc. ( 1974 ) Time , Inc. v. Firestone ( 1976 ) Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States , Inc. ( 1984 ) Dun & Bradstreet , Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders , Inc. ( 1985 ) McDonald v. Smith ( 1985 ) Hustler Magazine v. Falwell ( 1988 ) Harte - Hanks Communications v. Connaughton ( 1989 ) Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. ( 1990 ) Obsidian Finance Group , LLC v. Cox ( 9th Cir. , 2014 ) Broadcast media Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC ( 1969 ) FCC v. Pacifica Foundation ( 1978 ) Turner Broadcasting v. FCC ( 1994 ) Bartnicki v. Vopper ( 2001 ) Freedom of association Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath ( 1951 ) Watkins v. United States ( 1957 ) NAACP v. Alabama ( 1958 ) Baggett v. Bullitt ( 1964 ) In re Primus ( 1978 ) Roberts v. United States Jaycees ( 1984 ) Hurley v. Irish - American Gay , Lesbian , & Bisexual Group of Boston ( 1995 ) Boy Scouts of America v. Dale ( 2000 ) Freedom of the press in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_the_United_States&oldid=813726442 '' Categories : Freedom of the press by country American journalism Human rights in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 22 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was freedom of press established in america | [
"The 1931 U.S. Supreme Court decision Near v. Minnesota recognized freedom of the press by roundly rejecting prior restraints on publication, a principle that applied to free speech generally in subsequent jurisprudence. The court ruled that a Minnesota law targeting publishers of malicious or scandalous newspapers violated the First Amendment (as applied through the Fourteenth Amendment)."
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"1931"
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6553269678726144569 | Chicago Bulls | Chicago Bulls - wikipedia Chicago Bulls Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the basketball team . For the American football team , see Chicago Bulls ( AFL ) . Chicago Bulls 2017 -- 18 Chicago Bulls season Conference Eastern Division Central Founded 1966 History Chicago Bulls 1966 -- present Arena United Center Location Chicago , Illinois Team colors Red , black President Michael Reinsdorf General manager Gar Forman Head coach Fred Hoiberg Ownership Jerry Reinsdorf Affiliation ( s ) Windy City Bulls Championships 6 ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) Conference titles 6 ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) Division titles 9 Midwest : 1 ( 1975 ) Central : 8 ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2011 , 2012 ) Retired numbers 4 ( 4 , 10 , 23 , 33 ) Website www.nba.com/bulls Uniforms Home Away The Chicago Bulls are an American professional basketball team based in Chicago , Illinois . The Bulls compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Central Division . The team was founded on January 16 , 1966 . The team plays its home games at the United Center , an arena shared with the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Bulls saw their greatest success during the 1990s , when they were responsible for popularizing the NBA worldwide . They are known for having one of the NBA 's greatest dynasties , winning six NBA championships between 1991 and 1998 with two three - peats . All six championship teams were led by Hall of Famers Michael Jordan , Scottie Pippen and coach Phil Jackson . The Bulls are the only NBA franchise to win multiple championships and never lose an NBA Finals series in their history . The Bulls won 72 games during the 1995 -- 96 NBA season , setting an NBA record that stood until the Golden State Warriors won 73 games during the 2015 -- 16 NBA season . The Bulls were the first team in NBA history to win 70 games or more in a single season , and the only NBA franchise to do so until the 2015 -- 16 Warriors . Many experts and analysts consider the 1996 Bulls to be one of the greatest teams in NBA history . Michael Jordan and Derrick Rose have both won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award while playing for the Bulls , for a total of six MVP awards . The Bulls share rivalries with the Detroit Pistons , New York Knicks , and the Miami Heat . The Bulls ' rivalry with the Pistons was highlighted heavily during the late 1980s and early 1990s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Team creation 1.2 1966 -- 1974 : Early success 1.3 1976 -- 1984 : Gilmore and Theus 1.4 1984 -- 1998 : The Michael Jordan era 1.4. 1 1991 -- 1993 : First championship three - peat 1.4. 2 1993 -- 1995 : Jordan 's first retirement 1.4. 3 1995 -- 1998 : Second championship three - peat 1.5 1998 -- 2004 : Rebuilding 1.5. 1 2004 -- 2007 : Resurgence 1.5. 2 2007 -- 2008 : Missing the playoffs 1.6 2008 -- 2016 : Derrick Rose era 1.6. 1 2008 -- 2010 : Derrick Rose appearance 1.6. 2 2010 -- 2011 : Arrival of Tom Thibodeau 1.6. 3 2011 -- 2014 : Injury - plagued seasons for Derrick Rose 1.6. 4 2014 -- 2015 : Derrick Rose return to health 1.6. 5 2015 -- 2016 : Change in approach 1.6. 6 2016 -- 2017 : Derrick Rose departs 1.7 2017 -- present : Rebuilding 2 Rivalries 2.1 Cleveland Cavaliers 2.2 Detroit Pistons 2.3 Miami Heat 2.4 New York Knicks 3 Traditions 3.1 Starting lineup introductions 3.2 Black shoes and socks 3.3 The circus trip 4 Name , logo and uniforms 4.1 Name 4.2 Logo 4.3 Uniforms 4.3. 1 1966 -- 73 uniforms 4.3. 2 1973 -- 85 uniforms 4.3. 3 1985 -- present uniforms 4.3. 4 Alternate black uniforms 4.3. 5 Other uniforms 5 Mascots 6 Season - by - season records 7 Franchise records 8 Training facility 9 Home arenas 10 Players 10.1 Current roster 10.2 Retained draft rights 10.3 Franchise leaders 11 Head coaches 12 Hall of Famers , retired and honored numbers 12.1 Basketball Hall of Famers 12.2 FIBA Hall of Famers 12.3 Chicagoland Sports Hall of Fame 12.4 Retired numbers and honorees 13 Media 13.1 Radio 13.2 Television 14 References 15 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Team creation ( edit ) On January 16 , 1966 Chicago was granted an NBA franchise to be called the Bulls . The Chicago Bulls became the third NBA franchise in the city , after the Chicago Stags ( 1946 -- 1950 ) and the Chicago Packers / Zephyrs ( now the Washington Wizards ) . The Bulls ' founder , Dick Klein , was the Bulls ' only owner to ever play professional basketball ( for the Chicago American Gears ) . He served as the Bulls ' president and general manager in their initial years . After the 1966 NBA Expansion Draft , the newly founded Chicago Bulls were allowed to acquire players from the previously established teams in the league for the upcoming 1966 -- 67 season . The team started in the 1966 -- 67 NBA season , and posted the best record by an expansion team in NBA history . Coached by Chicagoan and former NBA star Johnny `` Red '' Kerr , and led by former NBA assist leader Guy Rodgers , guard Jerry Sloan and forward Bob Boozer , the Bulls qualified for the playoffs , the only NBA team to do so in their inaugural season . 1966 -- 1974 : early success ( edit ) The 1969 -- 70 Chicago Bulls In their first season , the Bulls played their home games at the International Amphitheatre , before moving to Chicago Stadium . Fan interest was diminishing after four seasons , with one game in the 1968 season having an official attendance of 891 and some games being played in Kansas City . In 1969 , Klein dropped out of the general manager job and hired Pat Williams , who as the Philadelphia 76ers ' business manager created promotions that helped the team become third in attendance the previous season . Williams revamped the team roster , acquiring Chet Walker from his old team in exchange for Jim Washington and drafting Norm Van Lier -- who was traded to the Cincinnati Royals and only joined the Bulls in 1971 -- while also investing in promotion , with actions such as creating mascot Benny the Bull . The Bulls under Williams and head coach Dick Motta qualified for four straight playoffs and had attendances grow to over 10,000 . In 1972 , the Bulls set a franchise win - loss record at 57 wins and 25 losses . During the 1970s , the Bulls relied on Jerry Sloan , forwards Bob Love and Chet Walker , point guard Norm Van Lier , and centers Clifford Ray and Tom Boerwinkle . The team made the conference finals in 1975 but lost to the eventual champions , the Golden State Warriors , 4 games to 3 . After four 50 - win seasons , Williams returned to Philadelphia , and Motta decided to take on the role of GM as well . The Bulls ended up declining , winning only 24 games in the 1975 -- 1976 season . Motta was fired and replaced by Ed Badger . 1976 -- 1984 : Gilmore and Theus ( edit ) Gilmore in 1977 Klein sold the Bulls to the Wirtz Family , longtime owners of the Chicago Blackhawks . Indifferent to NBA basketball , the new ownership group infamously implemented a shoestring budget , putting little time and investment into improving the team . Artis Gilmore , acquired in the ABA dispersal draft in 1976 , led a Bulls squad which included guard Reggie Theus , forward David Greenwood and forward Orlando Woolridge . In 1979 , the Bulls lost a coin flip for the right to select first in the NBA draft ( Rod Thorn , the Bulls ' General Manager , called `` heads '' ) . Had the Bulls won the toss , they would have selected Magic Johnson ; instead , they selected David Greenwood with the second pick . The Los Angeles Lakers selected Johnson with the pick acquired from the New Orleans Jazz , who traded the selection for Gail Goodrich . After Gilmore was traded to the San Antonio Spurs for center Dave Corzine , the Bulls employed a high - powered offense centered around Theus , and which soon included guards Quintin Dailey and Ennis Whatley . However , with continued dismal results , the Bulls decided to change direction , trading Theus to the Kansas City Kings during the 1983 -- 84 season . Attendance began to dwindle , with the Wirtz Family looking to sell to ownership groups interested in moving the team out of Chicago , before selling to local ownership . 1984 -- 1998 : the Michael Jordan era ( edit ) Michael Jordan was drafted third overall by the Bulls in 1984 . He won six championships and six Finals MVPs for Chicago . This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the summer of 1984 , the Bulls had the third pick of the 1984 NBA draft , after Houston and Portland . The Rockets selected Hakeem Olajuwon , the Blazers picked Sam Bowie and the Bulls chose shooting guard Michael Jordan . The team , with new management in owner Jerry Reinsdorf and general manager Jerry Krause , decided to rebuild around Jordan . Jordan set franchise records during his rookie campaign for scoring ( third in the league ) and steals ( fourth ) , and led the Bulls back to the playoffs , where they lost in four games to the Milwaukee Bucks . For his efforts , he was rewarded with a selection to the All - NBA Second Team and the NBA Rookie of the Year Award . In the following off - season , the team acquired point guard John Paxson and on draft day traded with the Cavaliers for the rights to power forward Charles Oakley . Along with Jordan and center Dave Corzine , they provided much of the Bulls ' offense for the next two years . After suffering a broken foot early in the 1985 -- 86 season , Jordan finished second on the team to Woolridge in scoring . Jordan returned for the playoffs , and led the eighth - place Bulls against the 67 -- 15 Boston Celtics , led by Larry Bird . At the time , the Bulls had the fifth worst record of any team to qualify for the playoffs in NBA history . Though the Bulls were swept , Jordan recorded a playoff single - game record 63 points in Game 2 ( which still stands to this day ) , prompting Bird to call him ' God disguised as Michael Jordan . ' In the 1986 -- 87 NBA season , Jordan continued his assault on the record books , leading the league in scoring with 37.1 points per game and becoming the first Bull named to the All - NBA First Team . The Bulls finished 40 -- 42 , which was good enough to qualify them for the playoffs . However , they were again swept by the Celtics in the playoffs . In the 1987 draft , to address their lack of depth , Krause selected center Olden Polynice eighth overall and power forward Horace Grant 10th overall , then sent Polynice to Seattle in a draft - day trade for the fifth selection , small forward Scottie Pippen . With Paxson and Jordan in the backcourt , Brad Sellers and Oakley at the forward spots , Corzine anchoring center , and rookies Pippen and Grant coming off the bench , the Bulls won 50 games and advanced to the Eastern Conference semifinals , where they were beaten by the eventual Eastern Conference Champions Detroit Pistons in five games . For his efforts , Jordan was named NBA Most Valuable Player , an award he would win four more times over his career . The 1987 -- 88 season would also mark the start of the Pistons - Bulls rivalry which was formed from 1988 to 1991 . The 1988 -- 89 season marked a second straight year of major off - season moves . Power forward Charles Oakley , who had led the league in total rebounds in both 1987 and 1988 , was traded on the eve of the 1988 NBA draft to the New York Knicks along with a first round draft pick used by the Knicks to select Rod Strickland for center Bill Cartwright and a first round pick , which the Bulls used to obtain center Will Perdue . In addition , the Bulls acquired three - point shooter Craig Hodges from Phoenix . The new starting lineup of Paxson , Jordan , Pippen , Grant , and Cartwright took some time to mesh , winning fewer games than the previous season , but made it all the way to the Eastern Conference Finals , where they were defeated in six games by the NBA champion Pistons . In 1989 -- 90 , Jordan led the league in scoring for the fourth straight season , and was joined on the all - star squad for the first time by Pippen . There was also a major change during the off - season , where head coach Doug Collins was replaced by assistant coach Phil Jackson . The Bulls also picked up rookie center Stacey King and rookie point guard B.J. Armstrong in the 1989 draft . With these additional players and the previous year 's starting five , the Bulls again made it to the Conference Finals , and pushed the Pistons to seven games before being eliminated for the third straight year , the Pistons going on to repeat as NBA champions . 1991 -- 1993 : first championship three - peat ( edit ) In the 1990 -- 91 season , the Bulls recorded a then - franchise record 61 wins , and romped through the playoffs , where they swept the Knicks in the first round , defeated the Philadelphia 76ers in the semifinals , then eliminated defending champion Pistons in the Conference Finals and won the NBA Finals in five games over the Magic Johnson - led Los Angeles Lakers . The Bulls won their second straight title in 1992 after racking up another franchise record for wins with 67 . They defeated the Miami Heat in four games in the first round , the Knicks in seven hard - fought games in the second round , then the Cleveland Cavaliers in six games in the Eastern Conference to the Finals for the second year in a row where they defeated the Clyde Drexler - led Portland Trail Blazers in six games . In 1993 , the Bulls won their third consecutive championship by defeating the Atlanta Hawks , Cleveland Cavaliers and New York Knicks in the first three rounds and then defeating regular season MVP Charles Barkley and the Phoenix Suns , with John Paxson 's three - pointer with 3.9 seconds left giving them a 99 -- 98 victory in Game 6 in Phoenix , Arizona . 1993 -- 1995 : Jordan 's first retirement ( edit ) United Center This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On October 6 , 1993 , Michael Jordan shocked the basketball community by announcing his retirement , three months after his father 's murder . The Bulls were then led by Scottie Pippen , who established himself as one of the top players in the league by winning the 1994 All - Star MVP . He received help from Horace Grant and B.J. Armstrong , who were named to their first all - star games . The three were assisted by Cartwright , Perdue , shooting guard Pete Myers , and Croatian rookie forward Toni Kukoč . Despite the Bulls winning 55 games during the 1993 -- 94 season , they were beaten in seven games by the Knicks in the second round of the playoffs , after a controversial foul call by referee Hue Hollins in game 5 of that series . The Knicks eventually reached the finals that year , but lost to the Houston Rockets . The Bulls opened the 1994 -- 95 season by leaving their home of 27 years , Chicago Stadium , and moving into their current home , the United Center . In 1994 , the Bulls lost Grant , Cartwright and Scott Williams to free agency , and John Paxson to retirement , but picked up shooting guard Ron Harper , the seeming heir apparent to Jordan in assistant coach Tex Winter 's triple - post offense , and small - forward Jud Buechler . The Bulls started Armstrong and Harper in the backcourt , Pippen and Kukoc at the forward spots , and Perdue at center . They also had sharpshooter Steve Kerr , whom they acquired via free agency before the 1993 -- 94 season , Myers , and centers Luc Longley ( acquired via trade in 1994 from the Minnesota Timberwolves ) and Bill Wennington . However , they were struggling during the season , on March 18 , 1995 , they received the news that Michael Jordan was coming out of retirement . He scored 55 points against the Knicks in only his fifth game back , and led the Bulls to the fifth seed in the playoffs , where they defeated the Charlotte Hornets . However , Jordan and the Bulls were unable to overcome the eventual Eastern Conference champion Orlando Magic , which included Horace Grant , Anfernee Hardaway , and Shaquille O'Neal . When Jordan returned to the Bulls , he initially wore No. 45 ( which was his number while playing for the Birmingham Barons , a minor - league affiliate of the Chicago White Sox ) . He chose the No. 45 because his older brother Larry wore that number in high school . Michael wanted to be half as good as his brother so he chose 23 which is half of 45 ( 22.5 ) rounded up . However , Jordan switched back to the familiar 23 before game 2 of the Orlando Magic series . In the off - season , the Bulls lost Armstrong in the expansion draft , and Krause traded Perdue to the San Antonio Spurs for rebounding specialist Dennis Rodman , who had won the past four rebounding titles , and who had also been a member of the Detroit Pistons ' `` Bad Boys '' squad that served as the Bulls ' chief nemesis in the late 1980s . 1995 -- 1998 : second championship three - peat ( edit ) Michael Jordan Scottie Pippen With a lineup of Harper , Jordan , Pippen , Rodman and Longley , and perhaps the league 's best bench in Steve Kerr , Kukoc , Wennington , Buechler , and guard Randy Brown , the Bulls posted one of the best single - season improvements in league history and the best single - season record at that time , moving from 47 -- 35 to 72 -- 10 , becoming the first NBA team to win 70 or more games . Jordan won his eighth scoring title , and Rodman his fifth straight rebounding title , while Kerr finished second in the league in three - point shooting percentage . Jordan garnered the elusive triple crown with the NBA MVP , NBA All - Star Game MVP , and NBA Finals MVP . Krause was named NBA Executive of the Year , Jackson Coach of the Year , and Kukoc the Sixth Man of the Year . Both Pippen and Jordan made the All - NBA First Team , and Jordan , Pippen , and Rodman made the All - Defensive First Team , making the Bulls the only team in NBA history with three players on the All - Defensive First Team . In addition , the 1995 -- 96 team holds several other records , including the best road record in a standard 41 - road - game season ( 33 -- 8 ) , the all - time best start by a team ( 41 -- 3 ) , and the best start at home ( 37 -- 0 ) . The Bulls also posted the second - best home record in history ( 39 -- 2 ) , behind only the 1985 -- 86 Celtics 40 -- 1 home mark . The team triumphed over the Miami Heat in the first round , the New York Knicks in the second round , the Orlando Magic in the Eastern Conference Finals and finally Gary Payton , Shawn Kemp and the Seattle SuperSonics for their fourth title . The 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls are widely regarded as one of the greatest teams in the history of basketball . Bulls head coach Phil Jackson consulting Michael Jordan in 1997 In the 1996 -- 97 season , the Bulls missed out on a second consecutive 70 - win season by losing their final two games to finish 69 -- 13 . They repeated their home dominance , going 39 -- 2 at the United Center . The Bulls capped the season by defeating the Bullets , Hawks and Heat in the first three rounds of the playoffs en route to winning their fifth NBA championship over John Stockton , Karl Malone and the Utah Jazz . Jordan earned his second straight and ninth career scoring title , while Rodman earned his sixth straight rebounding title . Jordan and Pippen , along with Robert Parish , who was a member of the Bulls at the time , were also honored as members of the 50 greatest players of all - time with the NBA celebrating its 50th season . Parish , whose single season with the Bulls would be his last year in the league , was nominated for his stellar career with the Boston Celtics . The 1997 -- 98 season was one of turmoil for the NBA champion Bulls . Many speculated this would be Michael Jordan 's final season with the team . Phil Jackson 's future with the team was also questionable , as his relationship with team general manager Jerry Krause was one of growing tension . Scottie Pippen was looking for a significant contract extension that he thought he deserved , but was not getting from the organization . In spite of the turmoil that surrounded the Bulls , they still had a remarkable season , with a final regular - season record of 62 -- 20 . Michael Jordan would be named the league MVP for the fifth and final time , and the Bulls went into the playoffs as the number one seed in the Eastern Conference . The first round of the playoffs for the Bulls was against the New Jersey Nets , a team led by Keith Van Horn , Kendall Gill and Sam Cassell . The Bulls swept the Nets three to nothing in a best of five series . The conference semi-finals were more challenging with the Charlotte Hornets stealing game two from the Bulls at the United Center , and tying the series 1 -- 1 . But the Bulls easily defeated the Hornets in the next three games of the series . The Conference Finals was a challenge for the Bulls as they went up against the Reggie Miller - led Indiana Pacers . Experts were of the opinion that the Pacers had the best chance to defeat the Bulls . The Pacers gave the Bulls no road wins , winning games 3 , 4 , and 6 , sending the series to a deciding game seven at the United Center . The Bulls prevailed and beat the Pacers 88 -- 83 , winning their 6th Eastern Conference Championship . In a much anticipated Finals , The Bulls faced the team they beat the previous year , the Utah Jazz . Led by Karl Malone and John Stockton , the Jazz felt confident that they could defeat the Bulls , winning game one at Utah 's Delta Center . Facing a potential two to nothing deficit , the Bulls won Game 2 at the Delta Center and tied the series . The Bulls returned to the United Center and , by winning the next two games , took a 3 -- 1 series lead . The Jazz won Game 5 by two points , 83 -- 81 . Game 6 was a tough battle for both teams , as the Jazz had a lead late in the game . Down by three points to the Jazz , Michael Jordan led the Bulls to one final win . Jordan hit a shot to bring the Bulls within 1 , then stole the ball from Karl Malone and hit the game winning shot with 5.2 seconds remaining on the clock . With a score of 87 -- 86 , John Stockton put up a three - pointer , but missed , giving the Bulls their sixth championship in eight years . Jordan would be named the Finals MVP for the sixth time in his career . He retired for the second time on January 13 , 1999 . 1998 -- 2004 : rebuilding ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The summer of 1998 brought an abrupt end to the championship era . Krause felt that the Bulls were on the verge of being too old and unable to compete . He decided that the team 's only choices were to rebuild or endure a slow decline . His plan was to trade away the aging talent and acquire high draft picks while clearing salary cap space to make a run at several promising free agents in two years ' time . After having been vetoed in a previous attempt by owner Jerry Reinsdorf , Krause traded Scottie Pippen for Roy Rogers ( who was released in February 1999 ) and a conditional second - round draft pick from the Houston Rockets . He also decided not to re-sign Dennis Rodman , and traded Luc Longley and Steve Kerr for other draft picks . He hired a new coach , Tim Floyd , who had run a successful program at Iowa State University . Upon Phil Jackson 's departure , Michael Jordan made his second retirement official . With a new starting lineup of point guard Randy Brown , shooting guard Ron Harper , newcomer Brent Barry at small forward , power forward Toni Kukoč , and center Bill Wennington , the team began the lockout - shortened 1998 -- 99 season . Kukoc led the team in scoring , rebounding , and assists , but the team won only 13 of 50 games . The lowest point of the season came on April 10 in a game against the Miami Heat . In that game , the Bulls scored 49 points to set an NBA record for the fewest points in a game in the shot clock era . The previous year 's dismal finish came with one highlight : the team won the draft lottery and the rights to power forward Elton Brand . Since the team lost Harper , Wennington and Barry in the offseason , Brand and fellow rookie Ron Artest led the team throughout the year , especially after Kukoc missed most of the season due to injury and was then dealt for a draft pick at the trading deadline . Brand recorded the first 20 -- 10 average for the Bulls since the days of Artis Gilmore . He led all rookies in scoring , rebounds , blocks , field goal percentage and minutes , while Artest led all rookies in steals and finished second on the team in scoring . For his efforts Brand was named 1999 -- 2000 co-Rookie of the Year with Houston 's Steve Francis , and to the all - rookie first team , while Artest was named to the all - rookie second team . However , the team established a franchise low at 17 -- 65 , second worst in the league . After a summer in which the Bulls witnessed most major and minor free agents Tim Duncan , Grant Hill , Tracy McGrady , Eddie Jones and even Tim Thomas choose to stay with their teams ( or go elsewhere ) rather than sign with them , Krause signed free agent center Brad Miller and shooting guard Ron Mercer , and drafted power forward Marcus Fizer and traded draft pick Chris Mihm to Cleveland for the rights of guard Jamal Crawford . Brand again led the team in scoring and rebounds with another 20 -- 10 season , but the new acquisitions failed to make a major impact , and they finished with the worst record in team history and the league 's worst for the season at 15 -- 67 . Krause shocked Bulls fans on draft day in 2001 when he traded franchise player Brand to the Los Angeles Clippers for the second pick in the draft , Tyson Chandler . He also selected Eddy Curry with the fourth pick . Since both Chandler and Curry came straight out of high school , neither was expected to make much of a contribution for several years , but they were seen as potential franchise players . The team floundered without veteran leadership . At mid-season , the Bulls traded their top three scorers -- Mercer , Artest , and Miller along with Kevin Ollie -- to the Indiana Pacers for veteran guard Jalen Rose , Travis Best and Norman Richardson . There was also a change in coaching , with Floyd being dismissed in favor of assistant coach and former Bulls co-captain Bill Cartwright , following a series of arguments with players and management . The Bulls improved from 15 to 21 wins , although they were still tied for last in the league . For the 2002 -- 03 season , the Bulls came to play with much optimism . They picked up college phenom Jay Williams with the second pick in the draft . Williams teamed with Jalen Rose , Crawford , Fizer , newcomer Donyell Marshall , Curry , Chandler , and guard Trenton Hassell to form a young and exciting nucleus which improved to 30 -- 52 in Bill Cartwright 's first full season as head coach . Curry led the league in field goal percentage , becoming the first Bull since Jordan to lead the league in a major statistical category . During the summer of 2003 , long - time GM Jerry Krause retired , and former player and color commentator John Paxson was tapped as his successor . Jay Williams , coming off a promising rookie campaign , was seriously injured in a motorcycle accident . His contract was bought out by the Bulls in February 2004 and he has yet to return to the game . Paxson selected point guard Kirk Hinrich with the seventh pick in the draft , and signed veteran free agent and former franchise player Scottie Pippen . With Pippen playing , Cartwright at the sidelines , and Paxson in the front office , the Bulls hoped that some of the championship magic from before would return . However , the 2003 -- 04 season was a resounding disappointment . Eddy Curry regressed , leading to questions about his conditioning and commitment . Tyson Chandler was plagued by a chronic back injury , missing more than thirty games . Pippen 's ability to influence games was impaired by knee problems , and he openly contemplated retirement . Jamal Crawford remained inconsistent . Bill Cartwright was fired as head coach in December and replaced with former Phoenix coach Scott Skiles . A trade with the Toronto Raptors brought Antonio Davis and Jerome Williams in exchange for Rose and Marshall in what was seen as a major shift in team strategy from winning with athleticism to winning with hard work and defense . After struggling throughout the season , the Bulls finished with 23 wins and 59 losses , the second - worst record in the league . Fizer was not re-signed , and Crawford was re-signed and traded to the Knicks for expiring contracts . Hinrich provided the lone bright spot , becoming a fan favorite for his gritty determination and tenacious defense . He won a place on the All - Rookie first team . 2004 -- 2007 : resurgence ( edit ) Luol Deng made his first All - Star appearance with the team in 2012 and his second in 2013 . During the 2004 off - season , Paxson traded a 2005 draft pick to the Phoenix Suns in return for an additional pick in the 2004 NBA draft . He used the picks to select Connecticut guard Ben Gordon and Duke small forward Luol Deng in the first round , and Duke point guard Chris Duhon in the second . Paxson also signed free agent small forward Andrés Nocioni , who had recently won an Olympic gold medal as a member of the Argentine national team . After losing the first nine games of the season , the Bulls began to show signs of improvement behind their improved team defense and clutch fourth - quarter play from Gordon . The Bulls , who were 0 -- 9 to start the season , finished the regular season 47 -- 35 , with the third - best record in the Eastern Conference and advanced to the NBA playoffs for the first time since Jordan 's departure . In the first round , the 4th - seeded Bulls played the Washington Wizards . Despite an injury to Deng and a heart issue with Curry , the Bulls opened the series with two wins at home , but lost the next four games and the series . After the season , Ben Gordon became the first rookie to win the NBA Sixth Man Award and the first Bull to win the award since 1996 with Toni Kukoč . During the 2005 off - season , the Bulls re-signed free agent Tyson Chandler . However , Curry showed possible symptoms of a heart disease resulting of a heart murmur during checkups , and Paxson would not clear him to play without extensive DNA testing . Ultimately , Curry refused to participate in the tests , and he was traded along with Antonio Davis to the New York Knicks for Michael Sweetney , Tim Thomas , and what became the second pick of the 2006 NBA draft -- as well as the right to swap picks with New York in the 2007 NBA draft . Without a significant post presence , the Bulls struggled for most of the 2005 -- 06 season . However , a late - season 12 -- 2 surge allowed them to finish 41 -- 41 and qualify for the 2006 playoffs as the seventh seed . There , the Bulls faced the Miami Heat . After two close losses in Miami , the Bulls broke through with a blowout win in Game 3 , and another win in Game 4 . However , the Heat took the next two games to win the series and went on to win that year 's championship . The Bulls ' several young players nevertheless earned additional postseason experience , and Nocioni turned in a remarkable series of performances that far exceeded his season averages . In the 2006 NBA Draft , the Bulls were awarded forward - center LaMarcus Aldridge and immediately traded him to the Portland Trail Blazers for forward Tyrus Thomas and forward Viktor Khryapa . In a second draft - day trade , the Bulls selected Rodney Carney and traded him to the Philadelphia 76ers for guard Thabo Sefolosha . Later that summer , four - time Defensive Player of the Year Ben Wallace signed with the Bulls for a reported four - year , $60 million contract . Following the signing of Wallace , the Bulls traded Tyson Chandler , the last remaining player of the Krause era , to the ( then ) New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets for veteran power forward P.J. Brown and J.R. Smith and salary cap space that was used to sign former Chicago co-captain Adrian Griffin . In 2006 -- 07 , the Bulls overcame a 3 -- 9 season start to finish 49 -- 33 , the third - best record in the Eastern Conference . In the first round , the Bulls again faced Miami , the defending NBA champions . The Bulls narrowly won Game 1 at home , then followed it with a blowout victory in Game 2 . In Miami , the Bulls rallied from a 12 - point second - half deficit to win Game 3 and then posted another comeback win in Game 4 . The Bulls ' four - game sweep of the defending champions stunned many NBA observers . It was Chicago 's first playoff series victory since 1998 , Jordan 's last season with the team . The Bulls then advanced to face the Detroit Pistons , marking the first time the Central Division rivals had met in the playoffs since 1991 . The Pistons won the first three games including a big comeback in Game 3 . No NBA team had ever come back from a 0 -- 3 deficit to win the series , but the Bulls avoided a sweep by winning Game 4 by 10 points . The Bulls then easily won Game 5 in Detroit , and had a chance to make NBA history . But they lost at home in game 6 by 10 , and the Pistons won the series 4 -- 2 on May 17 . 2007 -- 2008 : missing the playoffs ( edit ) Joakim Noah was drafted by the Bulls in 2007 . He was named an All Star for the first time in 2013 and for the second time in 2014 . This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) During the off season , the Bulls signed forward Joe Smith and guard Adrian Griffin , and drafted center Joakim Noah . However , distractions began when Luol Deng and Ben Gordon turned down contract extensions , never citing reasons . Then rumors surfaced that the Bulls were pursuing stars like Kevin Garnett , Pau Gasol , and most notably , Kobe Bryant . None of these deals happened , and general manager John Paxson denied a deal was ever imminent . The Bulls started the 2007 -- 08 NBA season by losing 10 of their first 12 games and on December 24 , 2007 , after a 9 -- 16 start , the Bulls fired head coach Scott Skiles . Jim Boylan was named the interim head coach on December 27 , 2007 . On February 21 , 2008 , Ben Wallace , Joe Smith , Adrian Griffin and the Bulls ' 2009 2nd round draft pick were exchanged for Drew Gooden , Cedric Simmons , Larry Hughes and Shannon Brown in a three - team trade deal involving the Cleveland Cavaliers and the Seattle SuperSonics . Boylan was not retained on April 17 at the conclusion of the 2007 -- 08 season after compiling a 24 -- 32 record with the Bulls . The Bulls ended the 2007 -- 08 campaign with a 33 -- 49 record , a complete reversal of last year 's record . After Jim Boylan 's interim tenure expired , the Bulls began the process of selecting a new head coach . They were in talks with former Phoenix head coach Mike D'Antoni , but on May 10 , 2008 , he signed with the New York Knicks . Other possible options included former Dallas head coach Avery Johnson and former Bulls head coach Doug Collins . Collins resigned from the coaching list on June 4 , 2008 , reporting that he did not want to ruin his friendship with Jerry Reinsdorf . On June 10 , 2008 , the Chicago Bulls G.M. John Paxson hired Vinny Del Negro , with no coaching experience , to coach the young Bulls . On July 3 , 2008 , the Chicago Tribune reported that Del Harris agreed to become an assistant coach for the Chicago Bulls along with former Charlotte Bobcats head coach Bernie Bickerstaff and longtime NBA assistant Bob Ociepka . Along with Bickerstaff and Ociepka , Harris helped establish a veteran presence on the coaching staff and helped rookie head coach Del Negro . 2008 -- 2016 : Derrick Rose era ( edit ) 2008 -- 2010 : Derrick Rose appearance ( edit ) With a slim 1.7 % chance of winning the rights to draft number 1 , the Bulls won the 2008 NBA Draft Lottery and selected first overall . With this , the Bulls became the team with the lowest chance of winning to ever win the lottery since it was modified for the 1994 NBA draft , and second lowest ever . On June 26 , 2008 , the Bulls drafted Chicago native Derrick Rose from the University of Memphis as the number 1 draft pick . At pick number 39 they selected Sonny Weems . The Bulls later traded Weems to the Denver Nuggets for Denver 's 2009 regular second - round draft pick . The Bulls then acquired Ömer Aşık from the Portland Trail Blazers ( selected with the 36th pick ) for Denver 's 2009 regular second - round draft pick , New York 's 2009 regular second - round draft pick , and the Bulls ' 2010 regular second - round draft pick . The Bulls re-signed Luol Deng to a six - year $71 million contract on July 30 , 2008 . He was later plagued with an injury keeping him from action for most of the 2008 -- 2009 season . Ben Gordon signed a one - year contract on October 2 , 2008 . Derrick Rose was drafted first overall by the Bulls in 2008 . He was the 2010 -- 2011 regular season MVP . On February 18 , 2009 , the Bulls made their first of several trades , sending Andrés Nocioni , Drew Gooden , Cedric Simmons , and Michael Ruffin to the Sacramento Kings for Brad Miller and John Salmons . Then on February 19 , 2009 , the NBA trade deadline , the Bulls traded Larry Hughes to the New York Knicks for Tim Thomas , Jerome James , and Anthony Roberson . Later that day the Bulls made the third trade in a span of less than 24 hours by sending swingman Thabo Sefolosha to the Oklahoma City Thunder for a 2009 first - round pick . The trades brought a late - season push for the Bulls , which finally clinched a playoff berth on April 10 , 2009 , their fourth in the last five years . They finished the season with a 41 -- 41 record . Their record was good enough to secure a No. 7 seed in the 2009 NBA Playoffs , playing a tough series against the Boston Celtics . In Game 1 , Derrick Rose scored 36 points , along with 11 assists , tying Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 's record for most points scored by a rookie in a playoff debut . After breaking the record for most overtimes played in an NBA Playoffs Series , the Boston Celtics managed to overcome the Bulls after 7 games and 7 overtimes played . The Bulls had two first round picks in the 2009 NBA draft and decided to take Wake Forest stand out forward James Johnson and athletic USC forward Taj Gibson . In the 2009 NBA off - season the Bulls lost their leading scorer , Ben Gordon , when he signed with their divisional rival , the Detroit Pistons . On February 18 , 2010 , John Salmons was traded to the Milwaukee Bucks for Joe Alexander and Hakim Warrick . Meanwhile , Tyrus Thomas was traded to the Charlotte Bobcats for Acie Law , Flip Murray and a future protected first round pick . On April 14 , 2010 , the Bulls clinched the playoffs with the number 8 seed . Unlike the previous year , however , the Bulls ' playoff run was shorter and less dramatic as they were eliminated by the Cleveland Cavaliers in five games . On May 4 , 2010 , the Bulls officially fired head coach Vinny Del Negro . 2010 -- 2011 : arrival of Tom Thibodeau ( edit ) Tom Thibodeau coached the Bulls to 62 wins in his first season . In early June 2010 , Boston Celtics assistant Tom Thibodeau accepted a three - year contract to fill the Bulls ' head coaching vacancy . He was officially introduced on June 23 . On July 7 , it was revealed that Carlos Boozer of the Utah Jazz had verbally agreed to an $80 million , five - year contract . Afterwards , the Bulls traded veteran point guard Kirk Hinrich to the Washington Wizards to create more cap space . The Bulls also signed former 76er and Jazz sharpshooter Kyle Korver to a three - year , $15 million contract . The same day that the Bulls signed Kyle Korver , they signed Turkish All - Star Ömer Aşık . After being matched by the Orlando Magic for J.J. Redick , they signed their third free agent from the Jazz in the off - season in shooting guard Ronnie Brewer , traded for former Warrior point guard C.J. Watson , and signed former Bucks power forward Kurt Thomas as well as former Spurs player Keith Bogans and former Celtic Brian Scalabrine . Rose earned the 2011 NBA MVP Award , thereby becoming the youngest player in NBA history to win it . He became the first Bulls player since Michael Jordan to win the award . As a team , Chicago finished the regular season with a league - best 62 -- 20 record and clinched the first seed in the Eastern Conference for the first time since 1998 . The Bulls defeated the Indiana Pacers and the Atlanta Hawks in five and six games , respectively , thereby reaching the Eastern Conference finals for the first time since 1998 , and faced the Miami Heat . After winning the first game of the series , they lost the next four games , ending their season . 2011 -- 2014 : injury - plagued seasons for Derrick Rose ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) During the off - season , the Bulls drafted Jimmy Butler 30th overall in the 2011 NBA draft . After the NBA lockout ended , the Bulls lost Kurt Thomas to free agency , and released Keith Bogans . The Bulls signed veteran shooting guard Richard `` Rip '' Hamilton to a three - year deal , after he was waived by the Detroit Pistons . The Bulls also gave MVP Derrick Rose a 5 - year contract extension worth $94.8 million . Derrick Rose was voted as an NBA All - Star starter for the second consecutive year , and was the third leading voted player overall behind Dwight Howard and Kobe Bryant . Luol Deng was also selected as a reserve for the Eastern Conference . This was the first time that the Bulls had two all stars since 1997 , when Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen were the duo . Derrick Rose was injured for most of the 2011 -- 12 NBA season ; however , the team was still able to finish with a 50 -- 16 record and clinched the first seed in the Eastern Conference for the second straight year and the best overall record in the NBA ( tied with the San Antonio Spurs ) . Rose suffered a new injury when he tore his ACL during the 4th quarter of the first playoff game on April 28 , 2012 , against the Philadelphia 76ers and missed the rest of the series . Head coach Tom Thibodeau was criticized for keeping Rose in the game even though the Bulls were essentially minutes away from their victory over the 76ers . The Bulls lost the next three games , and also lost Noah to a foot injury after he severely rolled his ankle stepping on Andre Iguodala 's foot in Game 3 ; he briefly returned for part of the fourth quarter of that game , but missed the following games in the series . After winning Game 5 at home , Bulls were eliminated by the 76ers in Game 6 in Philadelphia , becoming the fifth team in NBA history to be eliminated as a first seed by an eighth seed . In Game 6 , Andre Iguodala sank two free throws with 2.2 seconds left to put the 76ers up 79 -- 78 after getting fouled by Ömer Aşık , who had missed two free throws five seconds earlier . At the end of the season , Boozer and Aşık were the only members on the Bulls ' roster to have played in every game , with Korver and Brewer missing one game apiece . In the offseason , the Bulls gave up Lucas to the Toronto Raptors , Brewer to the New York Knicks , Korver to the Atlanta Hawks , Watson to the Brooklyn Nets and Aşık to the Houston Rockets , but brought back Kirk Hinrich . In addition , they added Marco Belinelli , Vladimir Radmanovic , Nazr Mohammed and Nate Robinson to the roster via free agency . Rose missed the entire 2012 -- 13 season , but despite his absence , the Bulls finished 45 -- 37 , second in the Central Division ( behind the Indiana Pacers ) and 5th in their conference . They defeated the Brooklyn Nets 4 -- 3 ( after leading 3 -- 1 ) in the first round of the playoffs and lost to the Miami Heat 4 -- 1 in the next round . During the season , the Bulls snapped both Miami 's 27 - game winning streak and the New York Knicks ' 13 - game winning streak , becoming the second team in NBA history to snap two winning streaks of 13 games or more in a season . Just 10 games into the 2013 -- 14 season , Derrick Rose would tear his medial meniscus on a non-contact play . He declared he would miss the remainder of the season . On January 7 , 2014 , veteran forward Luol Deng was traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers for center Andrew Bynum and a set of picks . Bynum was immediately waived after the trade went through . The Bulls would finish second in the Central Division with 48 wins , and earned home - court advantage in the first round . However , due to lack of a strong offensive weapon , they failed to win a single home game en route to losing to the Washington Wizards in five games . In the 2014 NBA draft , the Bulls traded their # 16 and # 19 picks for Doug McDermott , the former Creighton star and 5th leading scorer in NCAA history , who was selected with the 11th pick , and in the second round , took Cameron Bairstow with the 49th pick . That offseason , they signed Pau Gasol , re-signed Kirk Hinrich and brought over Eurostar Nikola Mirotić , who was acquired via a draft day trade in 2011 , but could not come over sooner , due to salary cap constraints . 2014 -- 2015 : Derrick Rose return to health ( edit ) The second return of Derrick Rose gave the Bulls and their fans optimism for the 2014 -- 15 season . With 2 - time NBA Champion Pau Gasol and a deep bench consisting of Taj Gibson , Nikola Mirotić , Tony Snell , Aaron Brooks , Doug McDermott , Kirk Hinrich , among others , the Bulls were one of the two favorite teams to come out of the Eastern Conference along with the Cleveland Cavaliers . The Bulls started off the season in style with a blowout win of the New York Knicks , and then winning 7 of their first 9 games ( losses coming to the Cleveland Cavaliers and Boston Celtics ) . The emergence of Jimmy Butler as a primary scorer for the Bulls was a major surprise and he surged into the forefront of the `` Most Improved Player of the Year '' award race . Butler 's statistical jump was noted by many as one of the greatest in NBA History , going from scoring just 13 points per game in 2013 -- 14 to scoring 20 points per game in 2014 -- 15 . Pau Gasol was considered a huge asset for the Bulls and averaged a double - double throughout the season . Both Butler and Gasol ended up making the Eastern Conference All - Star team . The Bulls ' second half of the season was marred by inconsistency and frustration set in with Derrick Rose blasting the team for not being on the same page . Tension between management and Tom Thibodeau continued to be a dark cloud hanging over the organization . The Bulls finished with a 50 -- 32 record and the 3rd seed in the Eastern Conference . They faced the Milwaukee Bucks in the first round , and took advantage of the young and inexperienced Bucks by going up a quick 3 -- 0 in the series . However , inconsistency and not being on the same page yet again plagued the Bulls as the Bucks won the next two games , sending a scare to Chicago . The Bulls bounced back with fury in Game 6 however , beating the Bucks by a playoff record 54 points winning the series 4 -- 2 . The next round saw the Bulls facing their arch - rival Cleveland Cavaliers , and their biggest nemesis , LeBron James , who had beaten the Bulls in all three of their previous playoff meetings . The Bulls shocked the Cavs in Game 1 dominating them and never trailing . The Cavs answered back in Game 2 in the same fashion , never trailing the entire game . In a pivotal Game 3 in Chicago , the Bulls and Cavs battled closely all the way through , but the Bulls prevailed on a last - second buzzer beating 3 - pointer by Derrick Rose . In Game 4 , the Cavs would answer once again , with LeBron James hitting the buzzer - beating shot to win the game . The Bulls lack of consistency and poor offensive showing doomed them once again as the Cavs won the next 2 games handily and closed out the series 4 -- 2 . After the series , speculation erupted about Tom Thibodeau 's job security due to escalating feud between Thibodeau and Bulls front office managers Gar Forman and John Paxson . 2015 -- 2016 : change in approach ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Fred Hoiberg is the 19th head coach in the franchise 's history . On May 28 , 2015 , the Bulls fired Tom Thibodeau to seek a `` change in approach '' . The Bulls named Fred Hoiberg as their head coach on June 2 , 2015 . The Bulls had only 1 draft pick in the 2015 NBA draft , and selected center Bobby Portis from the University of Arkansas . Bulls forward Mike Dunleavy Jr. was ruled out for at least the first four months of the season after completing back surgery . With Dunleavy out indefinitely , the Bulls promoted Doug McDermott to the starting lineup in his place at small forward . Before the season started , coach Fred Hoiberg made an incredibly controversial move by putting Nikola Mirotić as his starting power forward to pair with center Pau Gasol , meaning Joakim Noah , a long - time Bulls veteran and a fan - favorite was to come off the bench . Hoiberg told the media that the move was suggested by Noah himself but Noah denied having made any suggestions to Hoiberg , which sparked a distrust between the two before the season even began . The Bulls started the 2015 -- 16 season off well with an impressive season - opening 97 -- 95 victory against archrivals and defending Eastern Conference Champion Cleveland Cavaliers and jumped to an 8 -- 3 record in the first month . The Bulls went 10 -- 9 and through late November and December . The Bulls came back and won six straight games . However soon afterwards , they lost 12 of their next 17 games and Butler missed four weeks after injuring his knee . The Bulls were eliminated from playoff contention after a loss to the Miami Heat on April 7 , 2016 although finishing with season with a winning record of 42 -- 40 . It was the first time in 8 years that the Bulls had missed the playoffs . 2016 -- 2017 : Derrick Rose departs ( edit ) On June 22 , 2016 , Derrick Rose and Justin Holiday , along with a 2017 second - round draft pick , were traded to the New York Knicks for center Robin Lopez , and point guards Jerian Grant and José Calderón , who was soon traded to the Los Angeles Lakers . On July 7 , the Bulls announced the signing of Rose 's replacement , guard Rajon Rondo . On July 15 , the Bulls signed Chicago native Dwyane Wade . On October 17 , 2016 , the Bulls acquired 2014 Rookie of the Year Michael Carter - Williams in exchange for Tony Snell . The Bulls clinched the eighth seed in 2017 NBA Playoffs after winning seven of their final ten games and finishing the season with a 41 -- 41 record . The team struck an early 2 -- 0 lead against the top - seeded Boston Celtics in the first round of the playoffs , but ultimately lost the series after losing the next four games . 2017 -- present : rebuilding ( edit ) On June 22 , 2017 , Jimmy Butler , along with Chicago 's 2017 first - round pick , was traded to the Minnesota Timberwolves for Zach LaVine , Kris Dunn , and Minnesota 's 2017 first - round pick , which the Bulls used to select Lauri Markkanen . Additionally , on June 27 , the Bulls did not give a qualifying offer to Michael Carter - Williams , allowing him to enter unrestricted free agency . On June 30 , Rajon Rondo and Isaiah Canaan were waived by the Bulls . On September 24 , 2017 , Dwyane Wade and the Bulls reportedly agreed to a buyout of the remaining year on his contract . Adrian Wojnarowski reported that Wade gave back $8 million of his $23.2 million contract as part of the agreement . On October 17 , 2017 , a fight broke out in practice between Bobby Portis and Nikola Mirotić , who suffered a concussion and two broken bones in his face . Portis was suspended eight games for his role in the altercation , and Mirotić missed 23 games to start the regular season . On February 1 , 2018 , the Bulls traded Mirotić and a second - round draft pick to the New Orleans Pelicans for a first - round draft pick and Ömer Aşık , Tony Allen , and Jameer Nelson . Rivalries ( edit ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( edit ) Further information : Bulls -- Cavaliers rivalry Detroit Pistons ( edit ) Further information : Bulls -- Pistons rivalry The Bulls ' main division rivals have been the Detroit Pistons ever since the Jordan - led Bulls met the `` Bad Boy '' Pistons in the 1988 Eastern Conference semifinals . The two teams met in the playoffs four consecutive years , with the Pistons winning each time until 1991 . The Eastern Conference Finals in 1991 ended with a four - game sweep of the Pistons , who walked off the floor with time still on the game clock . The rivalry was renewed in the 2007 Eastern Conference Semifinals , in which former Detroit cornerstone Ben Wallace met his former team ( the Pistons won in 6 games ) . The geographic proximity and membership in the Central Division further intensify the rivalry , which has been characterized by intense , physical play ever since the teams met in the late 1980s . Chicago fans have been known to have a disliking for Detroit professional teams , as it was in the same division as Chicago in all four major North American sports until recently when the Red Wings moved to the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference for the 2013 -- 14 season . Miami Heat ( edit ) Further information : Bulls -- Heat rivalry The Bulls and the Miami Heat rivalry began once the Heat became contenders during the 1990s , a decade dominated by the Bulls . They were eliminated 3 times by Chicago , who went on to win the title each time . The rivalry has come back due to the return of the Bulls to the playoffs in the post-Michael Jordan era and the emergence of Dwyane Wade and Derrick Rose . The revived rivalry has been very physical , involving rough plays and hard fouls between players , most notably the actions of former Heat player James Posey . The Bulls and Heat met in the 2011 Eastern Conference Finals , with the Heat winning in 5 games . On March 27 , 2013 , Chicago snapped Miami 's 27 - game winning streak . The Bulls and Heat met later that year in the 2013 Eastern Conference Semifinals . Miami won the series 4 -- 1 . Since LeBron James 's departure from Miami , the Bulls - Heat rivalry has experienced a tough in comparison to the better part of the century as the Bulls chop the Heat 's playoff hopes in the 2017 regular season . New York Knicks ( edit ) Further information : Bulls -- Knicks rivalry Another franchise that the Bulls have competed fiercely with is the New York Knicks . The two teams met in the playoffs in four consecutive years ( 1991 -- 94 ) and again in 1996 , with the teams ' series twice ( 1992 and 1994 ) going the full seven games . Their first playoff confrontation , however , came in 1989 when both teams were called `` teams on the rise '' under Michael Jordan and Patrick Ewing , respectively ( rivalry that started their freshman year in the 1982 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship Game with Jordan hitting the deciding jumper of the final ) . That first confrontation would belong to Chicago with six games of the Eastern Semifinals . The Bulls won in the first three years ( 1991 -- 93 ) before losing in 1994 but got revenge in 1996 . As with Detroit , the historic rivalry between the cities has led to animosity between the teams and occasionally their fans . Traditions ( edit ) Starting lineup introductions ( edit ) During the Bulls ' run of dominance , the player introductions became world - famous . Longtime announcer Tommy Edwards was the first to use `` Sirius '' , `` On The Run '' and other songs in game presentation in the NBA . When Edwards moved to Boston for employment with CBS Radio , he was replaced by Ray Clay in 1990 , and Clay continued many of the traditional aspects of the Bulls introductions , including the music , The Alan Parsons Project 's `` Sirius '' , for all six championship runs . The lights are first dimmed during the visiting team introduction , accompanied by `` The Imperial March '' from Star Wars composed by John Williams or `` On the Run '' by Pink Floyd , or `` Tick of the Clock '' by Chromatics . Virtually all lights in the stadium are then shut off for the Bulls introduction , and a spotlight illuminates each player as he is introduced and runs onto the court ; the spotlight is also focused on the Bulls logo prior to the introductions . Since the move to the United Center , lasers and fireworks have been added , and with improvements to the arena 's White Way video screen , computer graphics on the stadium monitors have been added . These graphics feature the 3D - animated ' Running of the Bulls ' en route to the United Center , along the way smashing a bus featuring the opposing team 's logo . Coincidentally , Alan Parsons wrote `` Sirius '' for his own band and was the sound engineer for `` On the Run '' from Pink Floyd 's album The Dark Side of the Moon . Traditionally , the players have been introduced in the following order : small forward , power forward , center , point guard , shooting guard . During the championship era , Scottie Pippen was usually the first ( or second after Horace Grant ) Bulls player introduced , and Michael Jordan the last . ( Pippen and Jordan are the only players to play on all six Bulls championship teams . ) More recently with Derrick Rose 's arrival , the guards have been reversed in order , making the Chicago - bred point guard the last player introduced . Although internal disputes eventually led to the dismissal of Clay , the Bulls in 2006 announced the return of Tommy Edwards as the announcer . As part of Edwards ' return , the introductions changed as a new introduction was developed by Lily and Lana Wachowski , Ethan Stoller and Jamie Poindexter , all from Chicago . The introduction also included a newly composed remix of the traditional Sirius theme . Black shoes and socks ( edit ) The Bulls have an unofficial tradition of wearing black shoes ( regardless of being home or away ) during the playoffs , which dates all the way back to 1989 when they debuted the tradition . Then - Bulls backup center Brad Sellers suggested to wear black shoes as a way to show unity within the team . For the 1996 playoffs , they became the first team to wear black socks with the black shoes , similar to the University of Michigan and the Fab Five which started the trend in college earlier in the decade . Since , many teams have this look in both the regular season and playoffs . It was noted when the Bulls made their first playoff appearance during the 2004 -- 05 season after a six - year hiatus , they continued the tradition and wore black shoes . Even though the Bulls generally wear black footwear in the playoffs since 1989 , there have been some notable exceptions . In the 1995 playoffs against the Magic , when Michael Jordan debuted his Air Jordan XI shoe , he wore the white colorway during the Bulls ' playoff games in Orlando . He was fined by the Bulls for not complying with their colorway policy . During the 2009 playoffs , the Bulls again broke the tradition when all of their players wore white shoes and socks in Game 3 of the first round against the Boston Celtics . More recently , since the NBA 's relaxation of sneaker color rules , some Bulls players wore either red or white sneakers in defiance of the tradition . The circus trip ( edit ) The Bulls and their arena mates , the Chicago Blackhawks , shared an odd tradition dating to the opening of Chicago Stadium . Every fall , Feld Entertainment 's Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus came to Chicago on its nationwide tour . Since it used large indoor venues rather than tents , it took over the United Center for its entire run and the Bulls were forced , along with the Blackhawks , to take an extended road trip that lasted around two weeks . The start of the `` circus trip '' , as many sportscasters dubbed it , was noted in local newspapers , television and radio sports reports as `` the circus trip '' , along with national programs like SportsCenter . Blackhawks chairman Rocky Wirtz , who co-owns the United Center with Bulls chairman Jerry Reinsdorf , let the contract lapse after the circus ' 2016 run , and condensed the formerly two - week local run of Feld 's Disney on Ice to a week - long period effective February 2018 . Name , logo and uniforms ( edit ) Name ( edit ) Dick Klein wanted a name that evoked Chicago 's traditional meat packing industry and the Chicago Stadium 's proximity to the Union Stock Yards . Klein considered names like Matadors or Toreadors , but dismissed them , saying , `` If you think about it , no team with as many as three syllables in its nickname has ever had much success except for the ( Montreal Canadiens ) . '' After discussing possible names with his family , Klein settled on Bulls when his son Mark said , `` Dad , that 's a bunch of bull ! '' Chicago Bulls wordmark ( 1966 -- present ) Logo ( edit ) The iconic Bulls ' logo is a charging red bull 's face ( seen at left ) . The logo was designed by noted American graphic designer Dean P. Wessel and was adopted in 1966 . At one point , the Bulls also had an alternate logo during the early 1970s , featuring the same Bulls logo , but with a cloud that says `` Windy City '' below the bull 's nose . Uniforms ( edit ) 1966 -- 73 uniforms ( edit ) The Bulls currently wear three different uniforms : a white uniform , a red uniform , and a black alternate uniform . The original uniforms were aesthetically close to what the Bulls wear today , featuring the iconic diamond surrounding the Bulls logo on the shorts and block lettering . What distinguished the original uniforms were the black drop shadows , red or white side stripes with black borders , and white lettering on the red uniforms . For the 1969 -- 70 season , the red uniforms were tweaked to include the city name . 1973 -- 85 uniforms ( edit ) For the 1973 -- 74 season , the Bulls drastically changed their look , removing the side stripes and drop shadows while moving the front numbers to the left chest . While the white uniforms saw the `` Bulls '' wordmark go from a vertically arched to radially arched arrangement , the red uniforms saw a more significant makeover , featuring black lettering and a script `` Chicago '' wordmark . With a few tweaks in the lettering , these uniforms were used until 1985 . This uniform set was later revived as a throwback uniform during the 2003 -- 04 and 2015 -- 16 seasons . 1985 -- present uniforms ( edit ) Starting with the 1985 -- 86 season , the Bulls updated their uniform . Among the more notable changes in the look were centered uniform numbers and a vertically arched `` Bulls '' wordmark in both the red and white uniforms . Like the previous set , this uniform saw a few tweaks particularly in the treatment of the player 's name . When Nike became the NBA 's uniform provider in 2017 , the Bulls kept much of the same look save for the truncated shoulder striping and the addition of the Chicago four stars on the waistline . With Nike and the NBA eliminating any designations on home and away uniforms , the Bulls also announced that their red `` Icon '' uniforms would become their primary home uniforms while the white `` Association '' uniforms would become their primary away uniforms . Alternate black uniforms ( edit ) In the 1995 -- 96 season , the Bulls added a black uniform to their set . The initial look featured red pinstripes and lacked the classic diamond on the shorts . This set was revived as throwback uniforms in the 2007 -- 08 and 2012 -- 13 seasons . From the 1997 -- 98 to the 2005 -- 06 seasons , the Bulls wore slightly modified black uniforms without pinstripes . This set , with a few slight changes in the template , also marked the return of the city name in front of the uniform during the 1999 -- 2000 season . The 2006 -- 07 season saw another change in the Bulls ' black alternate uniform , now resembling the red and white uniform with the addition of a red diamond in the shorts . For the 2014 -- 15 season , the uniforms were tweaked a bit to include sleeves and a modernized diamond treatment in black with red and white borders . Since the 2017 -- 18 season , the Bulls ' black uniforms remained mostly untouched save for the aforementioned switch to the new Nike logo that affected the treatment towards the shoulder piping . Nike also dubbed this uniform as the `` Statement '' uniform in reference to its third jerseys . The Bulls began wearing the Statement uniforms after Thanksgiving and is currently used in away games against teams that wear their white or cream uniforms . Other uniforms ( edit ) During the 2005 -- 06 season , the Bulls honored the defunct Chicago Stags by wearing the team 's red and blue throwback uniforms . The set featured red tops and blue shorts . From 2006 to 2017 , the Bulls wore a green version of their red uniforms during the week of St. Patrick 's Day in March . The only red elements visible were those found on the team logo . For 2015 the Bulls wore sleeved versions of the green uniform that featured white lettering with gold and black trim and the `` Chicago '' wordmark replacing `` Bulls in front . In 2016 and 2017 , they wore the same uniforms minus the sleeves . Between 2009 and 2017 , the Bulls wore a variation of their red uniforms as part of the NBA 's `` Noche Latina '' festivities every March . The only notable change in this uniform was the `` Los Bulls '' wordmark in front . For 2014 , the Bulls briefly retired the look in favor of a black sleeved uniform featuring `` Los Bulls '' in white with red trim . During the NBA 's `` Green Week '' celebrations , the Bulls also wore green uniforms , but with a slightly darker shade from their St. Patrick 's Day counterparts . They used their black alternate uniforms as its template . They donned the uniforms in a game against the Philadelphia 76ers on April 9 , 2009 . The Bulls also wore special edition Christmas uniforms as part of the NBA 's Christmas Day games . The one - off Christmas uniforms were as follows : 2012 : Monochrome red uniforms with lettering in red with black trim . 2013 : Sleeved red uniforms with Bulls logo rendered in silver . 2014 : Modified version of red uniform featuring the Bulls logo in front and a contrasting white nameplate of the player 's first name . 2015 : Red uniforms with ornate script letters in cream . 2016 : Monochrome red uniforms with ornate script letters in black . From 2015 to 2017 , the Bulls wore a grey `` Pride '' sleeved uniform , featuring the team name and other lettering in red with white trim . The shorts featured a more modernized version of the diamond , along with four six - pointed stars on either side . In the 2017 -- 18 season , the Bulls will wear special `` City '' uniforms designed by Nike . The uniforms , designed to pay homage to Chicago 's flag , are in white and feature the classic `` Chicago '' script and numbers in red with light blue trim along with four six - pointed stars on each side . Mascots ( edit ) Benny the Bull in 2018 . See also : Benny the Bull Benny the Bull is the main mascot of the Chicago Bulls . He was first introduced in 1969 . Benny is a red bull who wears number 1 . Benny is one of the oldest and best known mascots in all of professional sports . The Bulls also had another mascot named Da Bull . Introduced in 1995 , he was described on the team website as being the high flying cousin of Benny , known for his dunking skills . The man who portrayed Da Bull was arrested in 2004 for possession and selling marijuana from his car . Da Bull was retired soon after the incident . While Benny has a family - friendly design , Da Bull was designed as a more realistic bull . Unlike Benny , Da Bull was brown . He also had a meaner facial expression and wore number 95 . Season - by - season records ( edit ) Further information : List of Chicago Bulls seasons This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2017 ) Franchise records ( edit ) Main article : Chicago Bulls accomplishments and records This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2017 ) Training facility ( edit ) In 1992 , the team began training at the Berto Center , located at 550 Lake Cook Rd. , Deerfield , Illinois . However , on June 13 , 2012 , the team announced that it would move its practice facility to a downtown location closer to the United Center to reduce game day commutes . On September 12 , 2014 , the Bulls officially opened their new training facility , the Advocate Center . Home arenas ( edit ) Arena Arena Tenure International Amphitheatre 1966 -- 1967 Chicago Stadium 1967 -- 1994 United Center 1994 -- present Players ( edit ) Further information : Chicago Bulls all - time roster and Chicago Bulls draft history Current roster ( edit ) Chicago Bulls roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 1.5 ! G 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Arcidiacono , Ryan ( TW ) 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 195 lb ( 88 kg ) 1994 -- 03 -- 26 Villanova 6.0 ! C 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Aşık , Ömer 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 255 lb ( 116 kg ) 1986 -- 07 -- 04 Turkey 1.5 ! G 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Blakeney , Antonio ( TW ) 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 197 lb ( 89 kg ) 1996 -- 10 -- 04 LSU 1.5 ! G 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 Dunn , Kris 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) 1994 -- 03 -- 18 Providence 5.5 ! F / C 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Felício , Cristiano 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 280 lb ( 127 kg ) 1992 -- 07 -- 07 CCSE Prep ( CA ) 1.5 ! G 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Grant , Jerian 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 198 lb ( 90 kg ) 1992 -- 10 -- 09 Notre Dame 2.5 ! G / F 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Holiday , Justin 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 185 lb ( 84 kg ) 1989 -- 04 -- 05 Washington 1.5 ! G 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Kilpatrick , Sean 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) 1990 -- 01 -- 06 Cincinnati 1.5 ! G 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 LaVine , Zach 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 185 lb ( 84 kg ) 1995 -- 03 -- 10 UCLA 6.0 ! C 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Lopez , Robin 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 277 lb ( 126 kg ) 1988 -- 04 -- 01 Stanford 4.0 ! F 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Markkanen , Lauri 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1997 -- 05 -- 22 Arizona 1.5 ! G 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Nwaba , David 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 209 lb ( 95 kg ) 1993 -- 01 -- 14 Cal Poly San Luis Obispo 1.5 ! G 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Payne , Cameron 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 185 lb ( 84 kg ) 1994 -- 08 -- 08 Murray State 4.0 ! F 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Portis , Bobby 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 248 lb ( 112 kg ) 1995 -- 02 -- 10 Arkansas 4.0 ! F 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 Valentine , Denzel 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 214 lb ( 97 kg ) 1993 -- 11 -- 16 Michigan State 4.0 ! F 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Vonleh , Noah 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1995 -- 08 -- 24 Indiana 4.0 ! F 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 Zipser , Paul 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 226 lb ( 103 kg ) 1994 -- 02 -- 18 Germany Head coach Fred Hoiberg Assistant coach ( es ) Randy Brown Nate Loenser Pete Myers Mike Wilhelm Jim Boylen ( Associate HC ) Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( GL ) On assignment to G League affiliate ( TW ) Two - way affiliate player Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2018 -- 03 -- 26 Retained draft rights ( edit ) The Bulls hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA . A drafted player , either an international draftee or a college draftee who is not signed by the team that drafted him , is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams . In this case , the team retains the player 's draft rights in the NBA until one year after the player 's contract with the non-NBA team ends . This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams . Draft Round Pick Player Pos . Nationality Current team Note ( s ) Ref 2011 59 Majok , Ater Ater Majok F / C Australia Sagesse Club ( Lebanon ) Acquired from the Los Angeles Lakers 2008 53 Dragićević , Tadija Tadija Dragićević Serbia Yeşilgiresun Belediye ( Turkey ) Acquired from the Utah Jazz ( via Dallas ) 39 Miralles , Albert Albert Miralles F / C Spain Free agent Acquired from the Toronto Raptors ( via Miami , Boston , Milwaukee and Cleveland ) Franchise leaders ( edit ) Bold denotes still active with team . Italic denotes still active but not with team . Points scored ( regular season ) ( as of the end of the 2017 -- 18 season ) 1 . Michael Jordan ( 29,277 ) 2 . Scottie Pippen ( 15,123 ) 3 . Bob Love ( 12,623 ) 4 . Luol Deng ( 10,286 ) 5 . Jerry Sloan ( 10,233 ) 6 . Chet Walker ( 9,788 ) 7 . Artis Gilmore ( 9,288 ) 8 . Kirk Hinrich ( 8,536 ) 9 . Reggie Theus ( 8,279 ) 10 . Derrick Rose ( 8,001 ) 11 . Ben Gordon ( 7,372 ) 12 . Horace Grant ( 6,866 ) 13 . Norm Van Lier ( 6,505 ) 14 . Jimmy Butler ( 6,208 ) 15 . Toni Kukoč ( 6,148 ) 16 . Orlando Woolridge ( 6,146 ) 17 . Dave Greenwood ( 5,824 ) 18 . B.J. Armstrong ( 5,553 ) 19 . Mickey Johnson ( 5,531 ) 20 . Dave Corzine ( 5,457 ) 21 . Joakim Noah ( 5,325 ) 22 . Taj Gibson ( 5,280 ) 23 . John Paxson ( 4,932 ) 24 . Bob Boozer ( 4,807 ) 25 . Tom Boerwinkle ( 4,596 ) 26 . Quintin Dailey ( 4,473 ) 27 . Bob Weiss ( 4,445 ) 28 . Carlos Boozer ( 4,347 ) 29 . Andres Nocioni ( 4,120 ) 30 . Clem Haskins ( 3,703 ) 31 . Bill Cartwright ( 3,638 ) 32 . Wilbur Holland ( 3,568 ) 33 . Eddy Curry ( 3,414 ) 34 . Charles Oakley ( 3,162 ) 35 . Elton Brand ( 3,117 ) 36 . Steve Kerr ( 3,109 ) 37 . Ricky Sobers ( 3,059 ) 38 . Scott May ( 3,048 ) 39 . Nikola Mirotic ( 2,774 ) 40 . Ron Harper ( 2,760 ) 41 . Jalen Rose ( 2,742 ) 42 . Jamal Crawford ( 2,737 ) 43 . Jim Washington ( 2,736 ) 44 . Pau Gasol ( 2,633 ) 45 . Marcus Fizer ( 2,426 ) 46 . Tyson Chandler ( 2,397 ) 47 . John Mengelt ( 2,386 ) 48 . Luc Longley ( 2,326 ) 49 . Stacey King ( 2,278 ) 50 . Will Perdue ( 2,264 ) Other statistics ( regular season ) ( as of April 18 , 2017 ) Most minutes played Player Minutes Michael Jordan 35,887 Scottie Pippen 30,269 Jerry Sloan 24,798 Kirk Hinrich 23,545 Luol Deng 22,882 Bob Love 22,073 Norm Van Lier 19,122 Horace Grant 18,204 Joakim Noah 16,858 Artis Gilmore 16,777 Most rebounds Player Rebounds Michael Jordan 5,836 Tom Boerwinkle 5,745 Scottie Pippen 5,726 Joakim Noah 5,387 Jerry Sloan 5,385 Artis Gilmore 5,342 Horace Grant 4,721 Dave Greenwood 4,222 Luol Deng 4,078 Bob Love 3,998 Most assists Player Assists Michael Jordan 5,012 Scottie Pippen 4,494 Kirk Hinrich 3,811 Norm Van Lier 3,676 Derrick Rose 2,516 Reggie Theus 2,472 John Paxson 2,394 Bob Weiss 2,008 Tom Boerwinkle 2007 Toni Kukoč 1,840 Most steals Player Steals Michael Jordan 2,306 Scottie Pippen 1,792 Kirk Hinrich 857 Norm Van Lier 724 Luol Deng 639 Horace Grant 587 Jimmy Butler 583 Reggie Theus 580 Joakim Noah 481 Toni Kukoč 476 Most blocks Player Blocks Artis Gilmore 1,029 Michael Jordan 828 Joakim Noah 803 Scottie Pippen 774 Taj Gibson 696 Horace Grant 579 Dave Corzine 573 Dave Greenwood 526 Tyson Chandler 487 Luol Deng 360 Most three - pointers made Player 3 - pointers made Kirk Hinrich 1,049 Ben Gordon 770 Scottie Pippen 664 Michael Jordan 555 Steve Kerr 430 Andrés Nocioni 403 Luol Deng 387 Nikola Mirotić 363 Toni Kukoč 351 Derrick Rose 350 Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Chicago Bulls head coaches Hall of Famers , retired and honored numbers ( edit ) Basketball Hall of Famers ( edit ) Chicago Bulls Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted 42 Nate Thurmond 1974 -- 1976 1985 8 George Gervin G / F 1985 -- 1986 00 Robert Parish 1996 -- 1997 2003 23 45 Michael Jordan 1984 -- 1993 1995 -- 1998 2009 33 Scottie Pippen 1987 -- 1998 2003 -- 2004 53 Artis Gilmore 1976 -- 1982 2011 91 Dennis Rodman 1995 -- 1998 2011 25 Chet Walker 1969 -- 1975 2012 5 Guy Rodgers 1966 -- 1967 2014 Coaches Name Position Tenure Inducted Phil Jackson Coach 1989 -- 1998 2007 Jerry Sloan Coach 1979 -- 1982 2009 Contributors Name Position Tenure Inducted Jerry Colangelo -- 1968 -- 1995 Jerry Reinsdorf Owner 1985 -- present 2016 Jerry Krause General Manager 1985 -- 2003 2017 Rod Thorn General Manager 1978 -- 1985 2018 Notes : In total , Jordan was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice -- as player and as a member of the 1992 Olympic team . In total , Pippen was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice -- as player and as a member of the 1992 Olympic team . Inducted as coach . He also played for the Bulls ( 1966 -- 1976 ) . Colangelo worked as a marketing director , scout , and assistant to the president of the team . Also served as Head Coach ( 1981 -- 1982 ) . FIBA Hall of Famers ( edit ) Chicago Bulls Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted 23 45 Michael Jordan 1984 -- 1993 1995 -- 1998 2015 7 Toni Kukoč 1993 -- 2000 2017 Chicagoland Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Chicagoland Sports Hall of Fame Retired numbers and honorees ( edit ) Chicago Bulls retired numbers and honorees No . Player Position / charge Tenure Date retired Sloan , Jerry Jerry Sloan G / SF 1966 -- 1976 000000001978 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 1978 10 Love , Bob Bob Love 1968 -- 1976 000000001994 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1994 23 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan SG 1984 -- 1993 1995 -- 1998 000000002003 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 2003 33 Pippen , Scottie Scottie Pippen SF 1987 -- 1998 2003 -- 2004 000000002005 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 2005 -- Jackson , Phil Phil Jackson Coach 1987 -- 1989 ( assistant ) 1989 -- 1998 ( head ) 000000001999 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1999 -- Kerr , Johnny Johnny Kerr Coach Business manager Broadcaster 1966 -- 1968 ( head coach ) 1973 -- 1975 ( business manager ) 1977 -- 2009 ( broadcaster ) 000000002009 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 2009 -- Krause , Jerry Jerry Krause General manager 000000001985 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 1985 -- 000000002003 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 2003 000000002003 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 , 2003 Media ( edit ) Main article : List of Chicago Bulls broadcasters Radio ( edit ) The team 's games are broadcast on Entercom 's WSCR ( 670 ) as of February 3 , 2018 . From October 2015 - January 2018 , games were carried on Cumulus Media 's WLS ( 890 ) in a deal that was expected to last until the 2020 - 21 season , but was nullified in the middle of the 2017 - 18 season after Cumulus filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy and nullified several large play - by - play and talent contracts . Chuck Swirsky does play - by - play , with Bill Wennington providing color commentary . Univision Radio 's WRTO ( 1200 ) has carried Spanish language game coverage since 2009 - 10 , with Omar Ramos as play - by - play announcer and Matt Moreno as color analyst . Television ( edit ) The Bulls ' television broadcasts are split among NBC Sports Chicago , which broadcasts most of the games , WGN - TV , and WCIU - TV . The announcers are Neil Funk and Stacey King . Also worth noting is that WGN - TV does not air all of its Chicago Bulls games nationwide : only a select few , usually Saturday games , were nationally televised on WGN America from 1999 -- 2014 . The rest are only available within the Chicago area . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` This Date in the NBA -- January '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Year - by - year history of the Chicago Bulls '' . NBA.com/Bulls . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com/Stats -- Chicago Bulls seasons '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History : Team by Team '' ( PDF ) . Official National Basketball Association Guide 2017 -- 18 . National Basketball Association . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Going Retro : Chicago Bulls '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bulls Reproduction and Usage Guideline Sheet '' . NBA Properties , Inc . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Become Second Team in NBA History to Win 70 Games in a Single Season '' . Golden State Warriors. April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Sam ( September 1 , 2012 ) . `` PAT WILLIAMS HELPED SAVE PRO BASKETBALL IN CHICAGO '' . Chicago Bulls . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Worst Records of Playoff Teams '' . The Sporting News . April 28 , 1986 . p. 46 . Jump up ^ databasebasketball.com , Chicago Bulls 1995 -- 96 Game Log and Scores Archived January 25 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved January 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ All - Defensive Teams , NBA.com , accessed May 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Teams in NBA History '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ databasebasketball.com , Chicago Bulls 1996 -- 97 Game Log and Scores Archived January 25 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The NBA at 50 '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Parish Bio '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wise , Mike ( October 29 , 1997 ) . `` N.B.A. PREVIEW ' 97 -- ' 98 : End of Line for Dynasty ? Aging Bulls to Face Challenge From Several Teams '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BULLS : BULLS SCHEDULE 1998 -- 99 '' . Chicago Bulls . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : February 2008 Transactions '' . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` KINGS ACQUIRE FOUR PLAYERS IN THREE - TEAM TRADE '' . NBA.com . February 18 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Sources : Knicks trade for Bulls ' Hughes '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Bulls trade Sefolosha for draft pick '' . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2009 . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ JIMMY GOLEN , AP Sports Writer May 3 , 12 : 33 am EDT ( July 22 , 2009 ) . `` OT hold - down : Celtics top Bulls in regulation -- NBA -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 01 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 2009 NBA Draft -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . June 21 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ K.C. JOHNSON , Chicago Tribune May 4 , 2 : 20 pm EDT ( May 4 , 2010 ) . `` No timetable for new Bulls coach ; Pax apologizes '' . ChicagoBreakingSports.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 04 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ K.C. Johnson , Thibodeau accepts Bulls ' 3 - year offer to be their 18th head coach , Chicago Tribune , June 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Thibodeau named 18th head coach in franchise history '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 23 , 2010 . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bulls ' Jimmy Butler Most Improved Players '' . ESPN . May 7 , 2015 . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Friedell , Nick ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tom Thibodeau out in Chicago as Bulls seek ' change in approach ' '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BULLS NAME FRED HOIBERG HEAD COACH '' ( Press release ) . Chicago Bulls . June 2 , 2015 . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Knicks Acquire Derrick Rose '' . NBA.com . June 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BULLS SIGN RAJON RONDO '' . Chicago Bulls . July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BULLS SIGN DWYANE WADE '' . Chicago Bulls . July 15 , 2016 . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bucks Acquire Tony Snell from the Bulls '' . NBA.com . October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls Clinch Playoff Berth , Will Face Celtics In 1st Round '' . CBS Chicago . 2017 - 04 - 12 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Aschburner , Steve ( 2017 - 04 - 29 ) . `` Isaiah Thomas , Boston Celtics complete emotional comeback over Chicago Bulls '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , K.C. ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Bulls trade Nikola Mirotic to Pelicans for 1st - round pick and 3 players '' . chicagotribune.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sykes II , Michael D. ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` Bobby Portis suspended 8 games for punching teammate Nikola Mirotic in face '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan '' . Classicsportsgamesondvd.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Staff , NBA.com . `` Jimmy Butler , Dwyane Wade call out teammates after tough loss - NBA.com '' . www.nba.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Ben . `` The One Record the Warriors Ca n't Take From the Bulls : Even as Golden State closes on a historic 73rd win , Chicago 's pre-game music still sets the standard , '' Wall Street Journal ( April 12 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` BULLS : Tommy Edwards '' . Nba.com . September 12 , 2006 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Ask Sam Smith : The Tribune 's pro basketball reporter answers reader questions '' . ChicagoSports.com. April 26 , 2007 . Retrieved September 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls Take Game 1 '' . ComcastSportsNet.com. April 24 , 2005 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved September 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tradition broken '' . ESPN . April 24 , 2009 . Retrieved April 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ K.C. Johnson . `` No clowning around : A win '' . Chicago Tribune . November 25 , 2004 . 1 . Jump up ^ Kuc , Chris ( November 14 , 2007 ) . `` Blackhawks ' circus trip starts with thud '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chris Kuc . `` Say goodbye to the circus trip : Scheduling quirk to end for Blackhawks , Bulls '' . Chicago Tribune . November 14 , 2016 . 1 . Jump up ^ Kuc , Chris ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Say goodbye to the circus trip : Scheduling quirk to end for Blackhawks , Bulls '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Behind The Name -- Chicago Bulls '' . National Basketball Association . September 25 , 2015 . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jon , Hilkevitch ( June 23 , 1993 ) . `` Logo Designer Has Reason To Horn In On Bulls ' Glory '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 9 eye - catching Bulls jerseys over the years '' . Chicago Bulls . December 16 , 2015 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LOOK : Chicago Bulls unveil revamped Nike jerseys , opt to wear red for home games '' . CBSSports.com . August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Mascots ' stigmata '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Channick , Robert ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` Bulls coming home to Chicago '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Byrne , John ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` Bulls open West Side practice facility '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Coon , Larry . `` NBA Salary Cap FAQ -- 2011 Collective Bargaining Agreement '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . If the player is already under contract to , or signs a contract with a non-NBA team , the team retains the player 's draft rights for one year after the player 's obligation to the non-NBA team ends . Essentially , the clock stops as long as the player plays pro ball outside the NBA . Jump up ^ `` BULLS TRADE JOSE CALDERON TO LOS ANGELES LAKERS '' . NBA.com . July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls trade Smith to Dallas '' . NBA.com . July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BULLS TRADE MIKE DUNLEAVY TO CLEVELAND '' . NBA.com . July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chicago Bulls : Players '' . Basketball Reference. 2017 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Charles , Mike . `` Jerry 's story '' . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ CSN Staff ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` White Sox , Bulls Announce Long - Term Deals with WLS AM 890 '' . CSNChicago.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Feder , Robert ( 31 January 2018 ) . `` Done deal : Bulls pivot to The Score '' . Robert Feder . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls Schedule '' . Nba.com . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 01 . External links ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chicago Bulls . Official website Chicago Bulls Founded in 1966 Based in Chicago , Illinois Franchise Franchise Expansion Draft All - time roster Draft history Seasons Records Broadcasters Head coaches Current season Arenas International Amphitheatre Chicago Stadium United Center Personnel Owner : Jerry Reinsdorf Vice president of basketball operations : John Paxson General manager : Gar Forman Head coach : Fred Hoiberg Culture Air Jordan Jumpman Tommy Edwards Benny the Bull `` Sirius '' Ray Clay Jordan Rules Triangle offense Ashland Green / Pink Line Station Tex Winter The Spirit ( Michael Jordan statue ) Lore Phantom Buzzer Game The Shot Championship riots Trent Tucker Rule Disputed foul against Scottie Pippen 72 -- 10 Michael Jordan 's last shot Rivals Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Miami Heat New York Knicks Retired numbers 10 23 33 Coach General Manager G League affiliate Windy City Bulls NBA Championships ( 6 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 Eastern Conference Championships ( 6 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 Division titles ( 9 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 2011 2012 Hall of Famers George Gervin Artis Gilmore Phil Jackson Michael Jordan Robert Parish Scottie Pippen Dennis Rodman Jerry Sloan Nate Thurmond Tex Winter Jerry Reinsdorf Media TV WGN ( through WGN Sports ) NBC Sports Chicago CN100 Radio WSCR Announcers Neil Funk Stacey King Chuck Swirsky Bill Wennington Links to related articles Chicago Bulls seasons Franchise History Seasons 1960s 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1970s 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1980s 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1990s 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 2000s 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2010s 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Bold indicates NBA Finals victory National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Eligibility Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game Global Games Africa 2015 Africa 2017 Playoffs List Finals Champions History Predecessors BAA NBL ABA Merger Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal Lockouts Seasons Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Personalities Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity First overall draft picks Highest paid Retired numbers Banned or suspended NBPA Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches NBCA Owners Referees Awards and honors Larry O'Brien Trophy NBA Awards NBA MVP Finals MVP All - Star Game MVP Hall of Fame Members NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players Others Arenas Business Collective bargaining agreement Salary cap NBA Store Culture Cheerleading Mascots Dress code G League Midwest Division Media TV NBA TV Rivalries Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season Sports teams based in the Chicago metropolitan area Baseball MLB Chicago Cubs Chicago White Sox MWL Kane County Cougars AA Chicago Dogs Gary SouthShore RailCats FL Joliet Slammers Schaumburg Boomers Windy City ThunderBolts MCL DuPage County Hounds Joliet Admirals NWI Oilmen Southland Vikings PL DuPage Drones Basketball NBA Chicago Bulls WNBA Chicago Sky G League Windy City Bulls ABA Chicago Fury Chicago Steam Libertyville VIpers Football NFL Chicago Bears WFA Chicago Force LFL Chicago Bliss Hockey NHL Chicago Blackhawks AHL Chicago Wolves USHL Chicago Steel Lacrosse CILL Chicago Outlaws MCLC Chicago Lacrosse Club Chitown Lacrosse Club Lincoln Park Lacrosse Club Windy City Lacrosse Club Roller derby USARS Chicago Red Hots WFTDA Chicago Outfit Roller Derby Windy City Rollers Rugby RSL Chicago Griffins RFC Chicago Lions RFC Soccer MLS Chicago Fire NWSL Chicago Red Stars PDL Chicago FC United Indoor soccer M2 Chicago Mustangs Softball NPF Chicago Bandits Australian rules football USAFL Chicago Swans College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) Chicago State Cougars DePaul Blue Demons Loyola Ramblers Northern Illinois Huskies Northwestern Wildcats UIC Flames Valparaiso Crusaders College athletics ( NCAA Division II ) Lewis Flyers Sports teams based in Illinois Baseball MLB Chicago Cubs Chicago White Sox MWL Kane County Cougars Peoria Chiefs FL Gateway Grizzlies Joliet Slammers Normal CornBelters Schaumburg Boomers Southern Illinois Miners Windy City ThunderBolts NWL Rockford Rivets PL Danville Dans Quincy Gems Springfield Sliders Basketball NBA Chicago Bulls WNBA Chicago Sky G League Windy City Bulls ABA Chicago Fury Chicago Steam Libertyville Vipers Windy City Groove IBA Kankakee County Soldiers Rockford Riverdawgs Windy City Blazers MPBA Champaign Swarm Chicago Force Pontiac 66ers Windy City Groove Football NFL Chicago Bears CIF Quad City Steamwheelers Ind Bloomington Edge , Chicago Falcons LFL Chicago Bliss Hockey NHL Chicago Blackhawks AHL Chicago Wolves Rockford IceHogs SPHL Peoria Rivermen FHL Danville Dashers USHL Central Illinois Flying Aces Chicago Steel NAHL Springfield Jr . Blues Inline hockey MLRH Chicago Carnage Roller derby USARS Chicago Red Hots WFTDA Chicago Outfit Roller Derby McLean County MissFits Rockford Rage Southern Illinois Roller Girls Twin City Derby Girls Windy City Rollers Rugby RSL Chicago Griffins RFC Chicago Lions RFC MRFU Rowdies Rugby Football Club Springfield Celts Rugby Club Soccer MLS Chicago Fire PDL Chicago Fire U-23 NPSL Quad City Eagles PLA Aurora Borealis SC RWB Adria NWSL Chicago Red Stars WPSL Chicago Red Stars Reserves Indoor soccer M2 Chicago Mustangs Softball NPF Chicago Bandits Ultimate AUDL Chicago Wildfire College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) Bradley Braves Chicago State Cougars DePaul Blue Demons Eastern Illinois Panthers Illinois Fighting Illini Illinois State Redbirds Loyola Ramblers Northern Illinois Huskies Northwestern Wildcats SIU Edwardsville Cougars Southern Illinois Salukis UIC Flames Western Illinois Leathernecks College athletics ( NCAA Division II ) Lewis Flyers McKendree Bearcats Quincy Hawks UIS Prairie Stars Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago_Bulls&oldid=843126290 '' Categories : Chicago Bulls National Basketball Association teams Basketball teams established in 1966 1966 establishments in Illinois Basketball in Chicago Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use mdy dates from August 2014 Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from March 2017 Articles to be expanded from December 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from December 2017 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مازِرونی Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük West - Vlams Yorùbá Žemaitėška 中文 57 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 01 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the bulls win their first championship | [
"\n\nChicago Bulls\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2017–18 Chicago Bulls season\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nConference\nEastern\n\n\nDivision\nCentral\n\n\nFounded\n1966[1]\n\n\nHistory\nChicago Bulls\n1966–present[2][3][4]\n\n\nArena\nUnited Center\n\n\nLocation\nChicago, Illinois\n\n\nTeam colors\nRed, black[5][6]\n \n\n\nPresident\nMichael Reinsdorf\n\n\nGeneral manager\nGar Forman\n\n\nHead coach\nFred Hoiberg\n\n\nOwnership\nJerry Reinsdorf\n\n\nAffiliation(s)\nWindy City Bulls\n\n\nChampionships\n6 (1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998)\n\n\nConference titles\n6 (1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998)\n\n\nDivision titles\n9\nMidwest: 1 (1975)\nCentral: 8 (1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2011, 2012)\n\n\nRetired numbers\n4 (4, 10, 23, 33)\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.nba.com/bulls\n\n\nUniforms\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHome\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAway\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"1991"
] |
-9070781475353339107 | List of The Amazing World of Gumball episodes | List of the Amazing World of Gumball episodes - wikipedia List of the Amazing World of Gumball episodes Jump to : navigation , search The Amazing World of Gumball is a British - American animated comedy television series created by Ben Bocquelet for Cartoon Network . Since its debut on May 3 , 2011 , 195 episodes of the series have been broadcast ; its fifth season premiered on September 1 , 2016 . The Amazing World of Gumball revolves around the life of a 12 - year - old cat named Gumball Watterson ( Logan Grove , seasons 1 - 2 - 3 ; Jacob Hopkins , season 3 to 5 ; Nicolas Cantu , rest of season 5 onward ) and his frequent shenanigans in the fictional American world of Elmore . Throughout the series , he interacts with characters such as his former pet , brother and best friend Darwin ( Kwesi Boakye , seasons 1 - 2 - 3 ; Terrell Ransom , Jr. , season 3 to 5 ; Donielle T. Hansley Jr. , rest of season 5 onward ) , sister Anais ( Kyla Rae Kowalewski ) , and parents Nicole and Richard ( Teresa Gallagher and Dan Russell ) . Bocquelet conceived The Amazing World of Gumball in 2007 while working as a development artist for Cartoon Network Development Studio Europe . Having been asked by the network to pitch an idea for a new series for Adult Swim , he took sketches of several unused characters he had created for commercials and started developing a concept for a new series based on them . When Adult Swim saw the pilot , they did n't accept it because they thought it was `` too cute '' . As Cartoon Network was heavily interested in `` family and school shows '' at the time , Bocquelet decided to make the series a kid series called The Amazing World of Gumball which was a combination of both . He pitched the series to Daniel Lennard , vice president of Original Series and Development at Turner Broadcasting , who was impressed by the series ' premise and ultimately greenlit its production . The first series to be greenlit by Cartoon Network Development Studio Europe , The Amazing World of Gumball premiered on May 3 , 2011 with the episode `` The DVD '' , which was watched by 2.120 million viewers in the United States . On June 2 , 2014 , Cartoon Network announced that the series had been renewed a fourth and fifth season . Both seasons combined will consist of 40 half - hour episodes . On June 22 , 2016 , Cartoon Network renewed the series for a sixth season which will consist of 44 episodes . On September 7 , 2016 , Ben Bocquelet announced on twitter that the sixth season would be his last working with the show , but production will continue without him . The series is rated TV - Y7 - FV in the United States ( and has a PG certificate in the UK on all DVD releases ) for comedic fantasy violence , mild to moderate suggestive content ( including use of sexual innuendo ) , rude ( often dark ) humor , and scenes of peril , threat , and danger . As of November 3 , 2017 , 195 episodes of the series have aired . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Pilot ( 2008 ) 2.2 Season 1 ( 2011 -- 12 ) 2.3 Season 2 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 2.4 Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.5 Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.6 Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.7 Season 6 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Pilot May 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 08 ) 36 May 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 03 ) March 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 13 ) 40 August 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 07 ) December 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 03 ) 40 June 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 05 ) August 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 06 ) 40 July 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 07 ) October 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 27 ) 5 40 September 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 01 ) November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) 6 44 November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) Pilot ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Title Written by Storyboarded by Date published `` Early Reel '' Ben Bocquelet Sylvain Marc May 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 08 ) Gumball and Darwin try to escape from school by building a Rube Goldberg machine . Season 1 ( 2011 -- 12 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Amazing World of Gumball ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Written by Storyboarded by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` The DVD '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , and James Lamont Ben Marsaud May 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 03 ) 2.12 `` The Responsible '' Ben Bocquelet , Andrew Brenner , Jon Foster , Mic Graves , and James Lamont Celine Gobinet May 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 09 ) 1.39 `` The Third '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Sam Ward George Gendi May 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 16 ) 1.96 `` The Debt '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster and James Lamont George Gendi , Dave Smith , Philip Warner , and Chuck Klein May 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 16 ) 1.96 5 5 `` The End '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster and James Lamont Ben Marsaud May 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 23 ) 1.89 6 6 `` The Dress '' Ben Bocquelet , Mic Graves , and David Cadji - Newby Chris Garbutt May 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 23 ) 1.89 7 7 `` The Quest '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster and James Lamont Aurelie Charbonnier and Chuck Klein May 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 30 ) 1.90 8 8 `` The Spoon '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Mic Graves Ben Marsaud May 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 30 ) 1.90 9 9 `` The Pressure '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Sam Ward Aurelie Charbonnier June 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 06 ) 2.18 10 10 `` The Painting '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Mic Graves Ben Marsaud June 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 13 ) 1.96 11 11 `` The Laziest '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Mic Graves George Gendi , Ben Marsaud , and Aurelie Charbonnier June 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 20 ) N / A 12 12 `` The Ghost '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Mic Graves George Gendi and Phillip Warner June 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 27 ) N / A 13 13 `` The Mystery '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Mic Graves George Gendi and Phillip Warner July 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 11 ) 2.53 14 14 `` The Prank '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , and James Lamont George Gendi July 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 18 ) 1.91 15 15 `` The Gi '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , and James Lamont Rob Latimer July 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 25 ) 2.30 16 16 `` The Kiss '' Ben Bocquelet and Mic Graves George Gendi , Kent Osborne , and Darren Vandenburg August 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 03 ) 2.18 17 17 `` The Party '' Ben Bocquelet and Mic Graves Aurelie Charbonnier and Rob Latimer August 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 08 ) 1.85 18 18 `` The Refund '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , and James Lamont Ben Marsaud August 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 15 ) 2.10 19 19 `` The Robot '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , and James Lamont Ben Marsaud August 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 22 ) 2.06 20 20 `` The Picnic '' Ben Bocquelet , James Lamont , and Mic Graves Amandine Pécharman and Phillip Warner August 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 29 ) 1.91 21 21 `` The Goons '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Mic Graves Aurelie Charbonnier September 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 05 ) 2.72 22 22 `` The Secret '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , and James Lamont George Gendi September 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 26 ) 2.05 23 23 `` The Sock '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Sam Ward Chuck Klein and Rob Latimer October 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 03 ) 2.00 24 24 `` The Genius '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Mic Graves Jacques Gauthier and Rob Latimer October 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 10 ) 1.80 25 25 `` The Poltergeist '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , James Lamont , Mic Graves , and Sam Ward Aurelie Charbonnier , Dave Needham , and Tom Parkinson October 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 17 ) 2.11 26 26 `` The Mustache '' Ben Bocquelet and Mic Graves Ben Marsaud November 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 21 ) 2.08 27 27 `` The Date '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , and James Lamont Ben Marsaud November 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 28 ) 2.20 28 28 `` The Club '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Mic Graves Rob Latimer and Ben Marsaud December 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 05 ) 2.18 29 29 `` The Wand '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Mic Graves George Gendi and Phillip Warner January 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 24 ) 1.83 30 30 `` The Ape '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Mic Graves Chuck Klein and Rob Latimer January 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 31 ) 1.79 31 31 `` The Car '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Mic Graves Ben Marsaud February 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 07 ) 1.68 32 32 `` The Curse '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Mic Graves Rob Latimer and George Gendi February 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 14 ) 1.91 33 33 `` The Microwave '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , and James Lamont Ben Marsaud February 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 21 ) 1.85 34 34 `` The Meddler '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , and James Lamont Ben Marsaud February 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 28 ) 1.69 35 35 `` The Helmet '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Tommy Panays Ben Marsaud March 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 06 ) 1.96 36 36 `` The Fight '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Mic Graves Michael Gendi , Jacques Ganthier , and Darren Vandenburg March 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 13 ) 2.10 Season 2 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Amazing World of Gumball ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Written by Storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 37 `` The Remote '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Mic Graves Aurelie Charbonnier August 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 07 ) GB202 1.81 38 `` The Colossus '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Mic Graves Chuck Klein August 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 14 ) GB208 1.59 39 `` The Knights '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Mic Graves Aurelie Charbonnier August 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 21 ) GB201 N / A 40 `` The Fridge '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Mic Graves Sebastian Hary September 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 04 ) GB203 2.00 41 5 `` The Flower '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Mic Graves William Laborie and Chuck Klein September 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 11 ) GB207 1.99 42 6 `` The Banana '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , and James Lamont Adrian Maganza September 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 11 ) GB209 1.99 43 7 `` The Phone '' Ben Bocquelet , Chris Garbutt , and Mic Graves Sebastian Hary September 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 18 ) GB204 1.83 44 8 `` The Job '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Mic Graves Ben Marsaud September 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 18 ) GB206 1.83 45 9 `` Halloween '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , and James Lamont Aurelie Charbonnier and William Laborie Sebastian Hary ( uncredited ) October 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 23 ) GB205 1.71 46 10 `` The Treasure '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Mic Graves Ben Marsaud October 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 25 ) GB211 1.95 47 11 `` The Apology '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , and James Lamont Adrian Maganza November 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 06 ) GB215 2.12 48 12 `` The Words '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , and James Lamont Ben Marsaud November 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 13 ) GB214 1.83 49 13 `` The Skull '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Mic Graves Akis Dimitrakopoulos November 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 20 ) GB212 1.86 50 14 `` The Bet '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , and James Lamont Adrian Maganza November 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 27 ) GB220 1.62 51 15 `` Christmas '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , and James Lamont Chuck Klein and William Laborie December 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 04 ) GB217 1.70 52 16 `` The Watch '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , and James Lamont Jean Texier January 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 22 ) GB219 1.75 53 17 `` The Bumpkin '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Mic Graves Akis Dimitrakopoulos January 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 29 ) GB222 1.84 54 18 `` The Flakers '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , and James Lamont Ben Marsaud February 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 05 ) GB218 1.65 55 19 `` The Authority '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Brittain , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Mic Graves Ben Marsaud February 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 12 ) GB223 1.78 56 20 `` The Virus '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , and James Lamont Akis Dimitrakopoulos June 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 05 ) GB216 2.57 57 21 `` The Pony '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Brittain , Mic Graves , Jon Foster , and James Lamont Ben Marsaud June 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 12 ) GB225 1.95 58 22 `` The Hero '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Mic Graves Jean Texier June 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 19 ) GB210 1.37 59 23 `` The Dream '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Brittain , Tom Crowley , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Tobi Wilson Adrian Maganza June 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 26 ) GB226 1.59 60 24 `` The Sidekick '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Brittain , Tom Crowley , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Tobi Wilson Adrian Maganza July 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 03 ) GB229 1.76 61 25 `` The Photo '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Brittain , Tom Crowley , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Tobi Wilson Jean Texier July 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 17 ) GB228 1.20 62 26 `` The Tag '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Brittain , Tom Crowley , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Tobi Wilson Akis Dimitrakopoulos July 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 24 ) GB230 1.42 63 27 `` The Storm '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Brittain , Jon Foster , and James Lamont Ben Marsaud July 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 31 ) GB221 1.57 64 28 `` The Lesson '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Brittain , Tom Crowley , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Tobi Wilson Akis Dimitrakopoulos August 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 07 ) GB227 1.42 65 29 `` The Game '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Brittain , Tom Crowley , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Tobi Wilson Ben Marsaud August 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 21 ) GB231 1.57 66 30 `` The Limit '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , Chris Garbutt , and James Lamont Sebastian Hary , William Laborie , and Adrian Maganza August 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 28 ) GB213 1.41 67 31 `` The Voice '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Brittain , Tom Crowley , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Tobi Wilson Adrian Maganza September 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 10 ) GB224 1.96 68 32 `` The Promise '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Brittain , Tom Crowley , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Tobi Wilson Adrian Maganza September 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 17 ) GB232 1.46 69 33 `` The Castle '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Brittain , Tom Crowley , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Tobi Wilson Jean Texier October 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 01 ) GB235 1.65 70 34 `` The Boombox '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Brittain , Tom Crowley , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Tobi Wilson Jean Texier October 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 08 ) GB234 1.46 71 35 `` The Tape '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , and James Lamont Akis Dimitrakopoulos October 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 15 ) GB238 1.44 72 36 `` The Sweaters '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , and James Lamont Adrian Maganza November 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 05 ) GB237 1.58 73 37 `` The Internet '' Yann Benedi , Ben Bocquelet , Guillaume Cassuto , and Antoine Perez Chuck Klein November 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 12 ) GB239 1.50 74 38 `` The Plan '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Tobi Wilson Charles Schneck November 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 19 ) GB240 1.53 75 39 `` The World '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Brittain , Tom Crowley , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Tobi Wilson Chuck Klein November 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 26 ) GB236 1.88 76 40 `` The Finale '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Brittain , Tom Crowley , Jon Foster , James Lamont , and Tobi Wilson Akis Dimitrakopoulos December 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 03 ) GB233 1.63 Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Amazing World of Gumball ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Written by Storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 77 `` The Kids '' Ben Bocquelet , Guillaume Cassuto , Mic Graves , and Tobi Wilson Aurelie Charbonnier and Akis Dimitrakopoulos June 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 05 ) GB301 2.39 78 `` The Fan '' Ben Bocquelet , Jess Ransom , Howard Read , and Tobi Wilson Adrian Maganza June 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 05 ) GB303 2.39 79 `` The Coach '' Ben Cottam , Paul McKenna , Jess Ransom , and Tobi Wilson Adrian Maganza June 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 12 ) GB306 1.68 80 `` The Joy '' Ben Bocquelet , Ben Cottam , Mic Graves , Kieran Hodgson , Tom Meltzer , Jess Ransom , Joe Parham , and Tobi Wilson Andy Kelly June 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 19 ) GB305 1.86 81 5 `` The Puppy '' Tim Allsop , Ben Bocquelet , Ben Cottam , Stewart Williams , and Guillaume Cassuto Aurelie Charbonnier June 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 26 ) GB304 2.15 82 6 `` The Recipe '' Ben Bocquelet , Guillaume Cassuto , Mic Graves , and Tobi Wilson Aurelie Charbonnier July 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 03 ) GB311 2.17 83 7 `` The Name '' Tim Allsop , Ben Bocquelet , Mic Graves , Tom Meltzer , Joe Parham , and Stewart Williams Chuck Klein July 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 10 ) GB307 2.32 84 8 `` The Extras '' Ben Bocquelet , Guillaume Cassuto , and Mic Graves Adrian Maganza July 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 17 ) GB312 1.93 85 9 `` The Gripes '' Tim Allsop , Ben Bocquelet , Guillaume Cassuto , Kieran Hodgson , Stewart Williams , and Tobi Wilson Adrian Maganza July 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 24 ) GB308 2.21 86 10 `` The Vacation '' Guillaume Cassuto , Mic Graves , and Tobi Wilson Andy Kelly July 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 31 ) GB310 1.90 87 11 `` The Fraud '' Ben Bocquelet , Guillaume Cassuto , Mic Graves , and Tobi Wilson Adrian Maganza August 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 07 ) GB316 1.91 88 12 `` The Void '' Ben Bocquelet , Guillaume Cassuto , Mic Graves , Paul Rice , and Tobi Wilson Akis Dimitrakopoulos and Wandrille Maunoury August 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 14 ) GB309 1.90 89 13 `` The Boss '' Ben Bocquelet , Guillaume Cassuto , Mic Graves , Joe Parham , and Tobi Wilson Andy Kelly and Wandrille Maunoury August 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 21 ) GB313 1.82 90 14 `` The Move '' Ben Bocquelet , Guillaume Cassuto , Mic Graves , Joe Parham , and Tobi Wilson Akis Dimitrakopoulos August 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 28 ) GB317 1.88 91 15 `` The Law '' Guillaume Cassuto , Mic Graves , Joe Parham , and Tobi Wilson Aurelie Charbonnier and Wandrille Maunoury September 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 04 ) GB314 2.15 92 16 `` The Allergy '' Ben Bocquelet , Guillaume Cassuto , Mic Graves , and Joe Parham Adrian Maganza September 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 11 ) GB318 1.91 93 17 `` The Mothers '' Ben Bocquelet , Guillaume Cassuto , Jon Foster , Mic Graves , James Lamont , Joe Parham , and Tobi Wilson Andy Kelly and Wandrille Maunoury September 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 18 ) GB315 N / A 94 18 `` The Password '' Ben Bocquelet , Guillaume Cassuto , Mic Graves , and Joe Parham Andy Kelly September 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) GB320 2.00 95 19 `` The Procrastinators '' Ben Bocquelet , Guillaume Cassuto , Mic Graves , Joe Parham , and Tobi Wilson Aurelie Charbonnier and Wandrille Maunoury October 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) GB319 2.26 96 20 `` The Shell '' Ben Bocquelet , Guillaume Cassuto , Tom Crowley , and Tobi Wilson Aurelie Charbonnier October 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 09 ) GB302 2.31 97 21 `` The Burden '' Ben Bocquelet , Guillaume Cassuto , Mic Graves , Joe Parham , Jess Ransom , and Tobi Wilson Adrian Maganza October 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 16 ) GB321 2.36 98 22 `` The Bros '' Ben Bocquelet , Guillaume Cassuto , Joe Parham , Jess Ransom , and Tobi Wilson Aurelie Charbonnier October 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 23 ) GB322 1.70 99 23 `` The Mirror '' Ben Bocquelet , Guillaume Cassuto , and Joe Parham Akis Dimitrakopoulos October 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 30 ) GB323 1.61 100 24 `` The Man '' Ben Bocquelet , Guillaume Cassuto , Joe Parham , and Tobi Wilson Aurelie Charbonnier October 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 30 ) GB326 1.40 101 25 `` The Pizza '' Ben Bocquelet , Guillaume Cassuto , Joe Parham , and Tobi Wilson Adrian Maganza November 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 13 ) GB325 1.55 102 26 `` The Lie '' Ben Bocquelet , Guillaume Cassuto , Joe Parham , Jess Ransom , and Tobi Wilson Adrian Maganza November 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 20 ) GB328 1.66 103 27 `` The Butterfly '' Ben Bocquelet , Guillaume Cassuto , Joe Parham , Jess Ransom , and Tobi Wilson Aurelie Charbonnier January 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 08 ) GB330 2.14 104 28 `` The Question '' Ben Bocquelet , Guillaume Cassuto , Tony Hull , Joe Parham , and Tobi Wilson Andy Kelly January 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 08 ) GB329 2.14 105 29 `` The Saint '' Ben Bocquelet , Joe Parham , Jess Ransom , and Tobi Wilson Ben Marsaud January 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) GB332 1.69 106 30 `` The Friend '' Ben Bocquelet , Guillaume Cassuto , Joe Parham , Jess Ransom , and Tobi Wilson Andy Kelly January 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 22 ) GB324 2.07 107 31 `` The Oracle '' Ben Bocquelet , Guillaume Cassuto , Mic Graves , Tony Hull , Richard Overall , Joe Parham , and Tobi Wilson Akis Dimitrakopoulos and Aurelie Charbonnier January 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 29 ) GB327 1.80 108 32 `` The Safety '' Ben Bocquelet , Louise Coats , Joe Parham , and Tobi Wilson Adrian Maganza February 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 05 ) GB333 1.89 109 33 `` The Society '' Ben Bocquelet , Jess Ransom , and Tobi Wilson Wandrille Maunoury February 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 12 ) GB334 1.64 110 34 `` The Spoiler '' Ben Bocquelet , Jess Ransom , and Tobi Wilson Akis Dimitrakopoulos February 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 19 ) GB335 2.21 111 35 `` The Countdown '' Ben Bocquelet , Guillaume Cassuto , Joe Parham , Jess Ransom , and Tobi Wilson Wandrille Maunoury February 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 26 ) GB331 1.90 112 36 `` The Nobody '' Ben Bocquelet , Louise Coats , Tim Mills , Jess Ransom , Paul Rice , and Tobi Wilson Akis Dimitrakopoulos March 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 05 ) GB339 1.84 113 37 `` The Downer '' Ben Bocquelet , Jess Ransom , and Tobi Wilson Aurelie Charbonnier , Chuck Klein , and Wandrille Maunoury July 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 06 ) GB338 1.66 114 38 `` The Egg '' Ben Bocquelet , Guillaume Cassuto , Mic Graves , Joe Parham , Jess Ransom , and Tobi Wilson Akis Dimitrakopoulos August 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 06 ) GB340 1.65 115 39 `` The Triangle '' Ben Bocquelet , Mic Graves , Tim Mills , Richard Overall , Richard Preddy , and Joe Parham Adrian Maganza July 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 08 ) GB337 1.76 116 40 `` The Money '' Ben Bocquelet , Guillaume Cassuto , Mic Graves , Joe Parham , Jess Ransom , Tobi Wilson , and Tim Mills Adrian Maganza July 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 09 ) GB336 1.75 Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Amazing World of Gumball ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Written by Storyboarded by Original air date U.K air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 117 `` The Return '' Ben Bocquelet , Louise Coats , Mic Graves , Andrew Jones , Ciaran Murtagh , Joe Parham , and Tobi Wilson Adrian Maganza July 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 07 ) October 8 , 2015 GB401 2.04 118 `` The Nemesis '' Ben Bocquelet , Louise Coats , Mic Graves , Timothy Mills , Joe Parham , and Jess Ransom Adrian Maganza July 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 10 ) October 8 , 2015 GB402 1.63 119 `` The Crew '' Ben Bocquelet , Louise Coats , Mic Graves , Tim Mills , Joe Parham , Richard Preddy , Jess Ransom , and Tobi Wilson Aurelie Charbonnier August 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 13 ) October 9 , 2015 GB407 1.54 120 `` The Others '' Nathan Auerbach , Daniel Berg , Ben Bocquelet , Louise Coats , Timothy Mills , and Joe Parham Aurelie Charbonnier August 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 20 ) October 12 , 2015 GB404 1.35 121 5 `` The Signature '' Nathan Auerbach , Daniel Berg , Ben Bocquelet , Louise Coats , and Tobi Wilson Wandrille Maunoury and Chuck Klein August 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 27 ) October 13 , 2015 GB403 1.44 122 6 `` The Check '' Nathan Auerbach , Daniel Berg , Ben Bocquelet , Louise Coats , Jess Ransom , and Tobi Wilson Wandrille Maunoury August 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 31 ) October 15 , 2015 GB406 1.64 123 7 `` The Pest '' Ben Bocquelet , Tobi Wilson , Jess Ransom , Louise Coats , Daniel Berg , Nathan Auerbach , and Joe Parham Aurelie Charbonnier September 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 01 ) October 23 , 2015 GB409 1.35 124 8 `` The Sale '' Nathan Auerbach , Daniel Berg , Ben Bocquelet , Louise Coats , Joe Parham , and Tobi Wilson Akis Dimitrakopoulos September 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 02 ) October 19 , 2015 GB410 1.43 125 9 `` The Gift '' Ben Bocquelet , Mark Evans , Louise Coats , Joe Parham , Daniel Berg , Nathan Auerbach , and Tobi Wilson Aurelie Charbonnier September 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 03 ) October 14 , 2015 GB408 1.50 126 10 `` The Parking '' Nathan Auerbach , Daniel Berg , Ben Bocquelet , Louise Coats , Mic Graves , Joe Parham and Tobi Wilson Adrian Maganza September 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 04 ) October 21 , 2015 GB413 1.44 127 11 `` The Routine '' Ben Bocquelet , Louise Coats , Nathan Auerbach , Daniel Berg , Andrew Jones , Ciaran Murtagh , Tom Neenan , Andy Wolton , Joe Parham and Tobi Wilson Wandrille Maunoury October 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 05 ) October 20 , 2015 GB412 1.32 128 12 `` The Upgrade '' Ben Bocquelet , Mic Graves , Louise Coats , Nathan Auerbach , Daniel Berg , Joe Parham and Tobi Wilson Akis Dimitakopoulos October 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) October 22 , 2015 GB412 1.26 129 13 `` The Comic '' Ben Bocquelet , Louise Coats , Andrew Jones , Ciaran Murtagh , Ollie Neck , Tobi Wilson and Matt Zeqiri Adrian Maganza October 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) October 26 , 2015 GB419 1.13 130 14 `` The Romantic '' Nathan Auerbach , Daniel Berg , Ben Bocquelet , Louise Coats , Joe Parham and Tobi Wilson Yani Ouabdesselam October 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) November 1 , 2015 GB414 1.39 131 15 `` The Uploads '' Ben Bocquelet , Louise Coats , Nathan Auerbach , Daniel Berg , Andrew Jones , Ciaran Murtagh , Joe Parham and Tobi Wilson Yani Ouabdesselam October 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 09 ) November 21 , 2015 GB420 1.24 132 16 `` The Apprentice '' Ben Bocquelet , Louise Coats , Phil Whelans , Daniel Berg , Nathan Auerbach , Mic Graves and Tobi Wilson Adrian Maganza December 4 , 2015 ( Online ) January 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 07 ) ( TV ) October 5 , 2015 GB411 1.16 133 17 `` The Hug '' Ben Bocquelet , Louise Coats , Andrew Jones , Ciaran Murtagh and Tobi Wilson Yani Ouabdesselam December 11 , 2015 ( Online ) January 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 14 ) ( TV ) October 16 , 2015 GB405 1.08 134 18 `` The Wicked '' Ben Bocquelet , Mic Graves , Louise Coats , Timothy Mills , Nathan Auerbach , Joe Parham , and Tobi Wilson Wandrille Maunoury December 18 , 2015 ( Online ) January 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) ( TV ) November 22 , 2015 GB417 1.54 135 19 `` The Traitor '' Ben Bocquelet , Guillaume Cassuto , Nathan Auerbach , Joe Parham , Daniel Berg and Tobi Wilson Adrian Maganza December 28 , 2015 ( Online ) January 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 28 ) ( TV ) April 11 , 2016 GB422 1.32 136 137 20 21 `` The Origins The Origins Part 2 '' Ben Bocquelet , Mic Graves , Louise Coats , Daniel Berg , Nathan Auerbach , Joe Parham and Tobi Wilson ( Part 1 ) Ben Bocquelet , Mic Graves , Louise Coats , Andrew Jones , Ciaran Murtagh , Daniel Berg , Nathan Auerbach , Joe Parham and Tobi Wilson ( Part 2 ) Aurelie Charbonnier February 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 15 ) February 15 , 2016 GB416 GB418 2.17 138 22 `` The Girlfriend '' Ben Bocquelet , Mic Graves , Louise Coats , Joe Parham , Tobi Wilson , Nathan Auerbach and Daniel Berg Yani Ouabdesselam March 4 , 2016 ( Online ) March 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 31 ) ( TV ) May 2 , 2016 GB426 1.18 139 23 `` The Advice '' Ben Bocquelet , Mic Graves , Louise Coats , Joe Parham , Tobi Wilson , Nathan Auerbach and Daniel Berg Wandrille Maunoury January 22 , 2016 ( Online ) April 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) ( TV ) April 18 , 2016 GB421 1.12 140 24 `` The Signal '' Ben Bocquelet , Mic Graves , Joe Parham , Andrew Jones , Ciaran Murtagh and Tobi Wilson Akis Dimitrakopoulos January 29 , 2016 ( Online ) April 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 28 ) ( TV ) April 25 , 2016 GB423 1.28 141 25 `` The Parasite '' Ben Bocquelet , Nathan Auerbach , Daniel Berg , Guillaume Cassuto and Tobi Wilson Yani Ouabdesselam March 11 , 2016 ( Online ) May 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 05 ) ( TV ) May 16 , 2016 GB425 1.04 142 26 `` The Love '' Ben Bocquelet , Tobi Wilson , Andrew Jones , Ciaran Murtagh and Joe Parham Aurelie Charbonnier March 18 , 2016 ( Online ) May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) ( TV ) May 23 , 2016 GB427 1.14 143 27 `` The Awkwardness '' Ben Bocquelet , Guillaume Cassuto , Nathan Auerbach , Daniel Berg , Joe Parham , and Tobi Wilson Yani Ouabdesselam March 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 25 ) ( Online ) May 19 , 2016 ( TV ) June 6 , 2016 GB428 1.10 144 28 `` The Nest '' Ben Bocquelet , Guillaume Cassuto , Nathan Auerbach , Daniel Berg , and Tobi Wilson Wandrille Maunoury May 17 , 2016 ( France ) May 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 26 ) ( USA ) May 28 , 2016 GB424 1.05 145 29 `` The Points '' Ben Bocquelet , Joe Parham , Tobi Wilson , Nathan Auerbach , and Daniel Berg Wandrille Maunoury May 18 , 2016 ( France ) June 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 02 ) ( USA ) June 20 , 2016 GB433 1.41 146 30 `` The Bus '' Ben Bocquelet , Mic Graves , Nathan Auerbach , Daniel Berg , Joe Parham , and Tobi Wilson Wandrille Maunoury June 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 09 ) June 13 , 2016 GB429 1.15 147 31 `` The Night '' Ben Bocquelet , Guillaume Cassuto , Nathan Auerbach , Daniel Berg , Joe Parham , and Tobi Wilson Aurelie Charbonnier June 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 16 ) July 12 , 2016 GB431 1.32 148 32 `` The Misunderstandings '' Ben Bocquelet , Tobi Wilson , Andrew Jones , Ciaran Murtagh , and Joe Parham Aurelie Charbonnier June 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 23 ) August 11 , 2016 GB432 1.45 149 33 `` The Roots '' Ben Bocquelet , Tobi Wilson , Nathan Auerbach , Daniel Berg , and Joe Parham Yani Ouabdesselam August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) September 5 , 2016 GB435 1.08 150 34 `` The Blame '' Ben Bocquelet , Louise Coats , Guillaume Cassuto , Nathan Auerbach , Daniel Berg , Joe Parham , and Tobi Wilson Adrian Maganza August 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 16 ) September 12 , 2016 GB434 1.43 151 35 `` The Slap '' Ben Bocquelet , Joe Parham , Joe Markham , John Sheerman , and Tobi Wilson Wandrille Maunoury August 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 17 ) September 19 , 2016 GB439 1.46 152 36 `` The Detective '' Ben Bocquelet , Tobi Wilson , Nathan Auerbach , Daniel Berg , and Joe Parham Wandrille Maunoury August 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 18 ) October 25 , 2016 GB437 1.11 153 37 `` The Fury '' Ben Bocquelet , Mic Graves , Louise Coats , Nathan Auerbach , Daniel Berg , Guillaume Cassuto , Joe Parham , and Tobi Wilson Adrian Maganza August 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 19 ) September 28 , 2016 GB430 1.28 154 38 `` The Compilation '' Ben Bocquelet , Rikke Asbjorn , James Hamilton , James Huntrods , Joe Markham , John Sheerman , and Tobi Wilson Yani Ouabdesselam and Oliver Hamilton August 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 25 ) October 18 , 2016 GB440 1.17 155 39 `` The Scam '' Ben Bocquelet , Joe Parham , Nathan Auerbach , Daniel Berg , Guillaume Cassuto , and Tobi Wilson Adrian Maganza October 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 27 ) May 15 , 2016 ( France and Asia ) August 9 , 2016 ( Canada ) GB426 1.14 156 40 `` The Disaster ( Part 1 ) '' Ben Bocquelet , Joe Parham , Andrew Jones , Ciaran Murtagh , and Tobi Wilson Adrian Maganza and Aurelie Charbonnier September 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 05 ) November 11 , 2016 GB438 1.19 Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Amazing World of Gumball ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Written by Storyboarded by Original air date U.K. air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 157 `` The Rerun ( Part 2 ) '' Ben Bocquelet , Joe Parham , Nathan Auerbach , Daniel Berg , and Tobi Wilson Adrian Maganza Aurelie Charbonnier September 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 05 ) November 5 , 2016 GB501 1.49 158 `` The Stories '' Ben Bocquelet , Joe Parham , Tobi Wilson , Andrew Jones , and Ciaran Murtagh Aurelie Charbonnier September 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 01 ) November 4 , 2016 GB502 1.22 159 `` The Guy '' Ben Bocquelet , Joe Parham , Tobi Wilson , Joe Markham , and John Sheerman Wandrille Maunoury September 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 08 ) November 3 , 2016 GB503 1.54 160 `` The Boredom '' Ben Bocquelet , Louise Coats , Joe Parham , Tobi Wilson , Nathan Auerbach , Daniel Berg , James Hamilton , James Huntrods , Joe Markham , and Jess Ransom Adrian Maganza September 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) November 1 , 2016 GB505 1.43 161 5 `` The Vision '' Ben Bocquelet , Tobi Wilson , Joe Markham , John Sheerman , Joe Parham , and Jess Ransom Wandrille Maunoury October 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 06 ) November 5 , 2016 GB511 1.27 162 6 `` The Choices '' Ben Bocquelet , Jon Foster , James Lamont , Tobi Wilson , Nathan Auerbach , Daniel Berg , and Joe Parham Adrian Maganza October 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 13 ) November 7 , 2016 TBA 1.55 163 7 `` The Code '' Ben Bocquelet , Joe Parham , Tobi Wilson , Andrew Jones , Ciaran Murtagh , Joe Markham , Jess Ransom , and John Sheerman Cedric Guarneri October 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) November 2 , 2016 TBA 1.44 164 8 `` The Test '' Ben Bocquelet , Joe Parham , Tobi Wilson , Nathan Auerbach , Daniel Berg , Joe Markham , Jess Ransom , and John Sheerman Aurelie Carbonnier , Oliver Hamilton , and Adrian Maganza November 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 03 ) November 9 , 2016 TBA 1.38 165 9 `` The Slide '' Ben Bocquelet , Tobi Wilson , James Hamilton , James Huntrods , and Joe Parham Richard Méril November 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 10 ) May 3 , 2017 TBA 1.65 166 10 `` The Loophole '' Ben Bocquelet , Joe Parham , Tobi Wilson , James Hamilton , James Huntrods , and Joe Markham Richard Méril November 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 17 ) February 5 , 2017 TBA 1.24 167 11 `` The Copycats '' Ben Bocquelet , Tobi Wilson , James Hamilton , James Huntrods , and Joe Markham Oliver Hamilton February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) May 9 , 2017 GB519 1.34 168 12 `` The Potato '' Mic Graves , Joe Markham , Jess Ransom , Andrew Jones , Ciaran Murtagh , and Tobi Wilson Yani Ouabdesselam February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) May 3 , 2017 GB515 1.29 169 13 `` The Fuss '' Ben Bocquelet , Joe Parham , Tobi Wilson , James Hamilton , James Huntrods , and Joe Markham Oliver Hamilton February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) May 1 , 2017 GB512 1.41 170 14 `` The Outside '' Ben Bocquelet , Mic Graves , Tobi Wilson , James Hamilton , James Huntrods , Jess Ransom , and Joe Markham Wandrille Maunoury February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) May 8 , 2017 GB518 1.57 171 15 `` The Vase '' Ben Bocquelet , Joe Parham , Tobi Wilson , Mic Graves , James Hamilton , James Huntrods , Joe Markham , and Jess Ransom Richard Méril February 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) May 2 , 2017 GB513 1.32 172 16 `` The Matchmaker '' Ben Bocquelet , Mic Graves , Joe Parham , Tobi Wilson , Andrew Jones , Ciaran Murtagh , James Hamilton , and Joe Markham Oliver Hamilton February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) March 2 , 2017 GB522 1.03 173 17 `` The Box '' Ben Bocquelet , Mic Graves , Joe Parham , Tobi Wilson , Brydie Lee - Kennedy , Joe Markham , and James Hamilton Wandrille Maunoury February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) September 4 , 2017 TBA 1.01 174 18 `` The Console '' Ben Bocquelet , Tobi Wilson , Nathan Auerbach , Daniel Berg , Joe Markham , and Joe Parham Aurelie Charbonnier Adrian Maganza February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) May 5 , 2017 GB517 0.97 175 19 `` The Ollie '' Ben Bocquelet , Joe Parham , James Hamilton , James Huntrods , Joe Markham , Tim Mills , Simon Landrein , and Tobi Wilson Yani Ouabdesselam February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) May 11 , 2017 GB514 1.30 176 20 `` The Catfish '' Ben Bocquelet , Joe Parham , Tobi Wilson , James Hamilton , James Huntrods , Jess Ransom , and Joe Markham Richard Méril February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) May 10 , 2017 GB520 1.14 177 21 `` The Cycle '' Ben Bocquelet , Joe Parham , Tobi Wilson , Andrew Jones , Ciaran Murtagh , James Hamilton , and Jess Ransom Yani Ouabdesselam February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) May 11 , 2017 GB521 1.14 178 22 `` The Stars '' Ben Bocquelet , Mic Graves , Joe Parham , Tobi Wilson , Andrew Jones , Ciaran Murtagh , and Joe Markham Richard Méril February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) September 4 , 2017 TBA 0.92 179 23 `` The Grades '' Ben Bocquelet , Joe Parham , Tobi Wilson , Andrew Jones , Ciaran Murtagh , and James Hamilton Wandrille Maunoury February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) April 22 , 2017 TBA 0.85 180 24 `` The Diet '' Ben Bocquelet , Mic Graves , Tobi Wilson , James Hamilton , James Huntrods , Jess Ransom , Joe Markham , and Joe Parham Adrian Maganza Bianca Ansems February 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) April 13 , 2017 TBA 0.83 181 25 `` The Ex '' Ben Bocquelet , Mic Graves , Joe Parham , Tobi Wilson , Joe Markham , Jon Purkis , Tom Neenan , and James Hamilton Oliver Hamilton March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) May 1 , 2017 TBA 0.96 182 26 `` The Sorcerer '' Ben Bocquelet , Joe Parham , Tobi Wilson , Jack Bernhardt , and Joe Markham Wandrille Maunoury March 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 02 ) May 4 , 2017 GB516 1.16 183 27 `` The Menu '' Ben Bocquelet , James Hamilton , Tobi Wilson , and James Huntrods Wandrille Maunoury March 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 06 ) September 20 , 2017 GB529 0.98 184 28 `` The Uncle '' Ben Bocquelet , Mic Graves , Joe Markham , Tobi Wilson , Jack Bernhardt , James Huntrods , and James Hamilton Oliver Hamilton March 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 07 ) May 10 , 2017 TBA 0.80 185 29 `` The Weirdo '' Ben Bocquelet , Mic Graves , James Hamilton , Joe Parham , Tobi Wilson , Andrew Jones , Ciaran Murtagh , Joe Markham , and Jess Ransom Richard Méril March 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) May 14 , 2017 TBA 0.87 186 30 `` The Heist '' Ben Bocquelet , Mic Graves , Tobi Wilson , Tom Neenan , Jon Purkis , James Hamilton , and Joe Markham Richard Méril March 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) May 26 , 2017 TBA 0.97 187 31 `` The Singing '' Ben Bocquelet , Mic Graves , Tobi Wilson , Tom Neenan , Jon Purkis , James Hamilton , and Joe Markham Oliver Hamilton , Adrian Maganza and Bianca Ansems September 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 01 ) TBA TBA 0.92 188 32 `` The Best '' Ben Bocquelet , Jess Ransom , Tobi Wilson , James Hamilton , James Huntrods , Joe Markham , and Joe Parham Kenneth Ladekjaer September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) October 25 , 2017 TBA 0.78 189 33 `` The Worst '' Ben Bocquelet , Tobi Wilson , Tom Neenan , Jon Purkis , James Hamilton , Joe Markham , and Jess Ransom Oliver Hamilton and Wandrille Maunoury September 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 15 ) TBA TBA 0.88 190 34 `` The Deal '' Ben Bocquelet , Mic Graves , James Hamilton , Jess Ransom , Bec Hill , Jonathan Leigh Wright , and Joe Markham Chloé Nicolay September 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 22 ) TBA TBA 0.81 191 35 `` The Petals '' Ben Bocquelet , Jess Ransom , Tobi Wilson , James Hamilton , James Huntrods , and Joe Markham Kenneth Ladekjaer September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) October 24 , 2017 TBA 0.87 192 36 `` The Nuisance '' Ben Bocquelet , Jess Ransom , Tobi Wilson , Jack Bernhardt , James Hamilton , and Joe Markham Chloé Nicolay October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) October 23 , 2017 TBA 0.91 193 37 `` The Line '' Mic Graves , James Hamilton , Tobi Wilson , James Huntrods , Brydie Lee - Kennedy , Joe Markham , and Jess Ransom Chloé Nicolay October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) TBA TBA 0.88 194 38 `` The List '' Ben Bocquelet , James Hamilton , Jess Ransom , Brydie Lee - Kennedy , Joe Markham , Joe Parham , and Tobi Wilson Chloé Nicolay November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) TBA TBA TBD 195 39 `` The News '' Ben Bocquelet , Joe Parham , Tobi Wilson , Nathan Auderbach , and Daniel Berg Oliver Hamilton November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) September 15 , 2017 TBA TBD 196 40 `` The Puppets '' Ben Bocquelet , Joseph Pelling , Rebeca Sloan , Louise Coats , James Hamilton , Tobi Wilson , Tom Neenan , and Jon Purkis Adrian Maganza October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) TBA TBA 0.86 Season 6 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Amazing World of Gumball ( season 6 ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Pilot May 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 08 ) 36 May 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 03 ) March 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 13 ) 40 August 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 07 ) December 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 03 ) 40 June 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 05 ) August 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 06 ) 40 July 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 07 ) October 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 27 ) 5 40 September 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 01 ) November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) 6 44 November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) TBA Notes ( edit ) The first season 3 episode , `` The Saint '' , was the last episode to be storyboarded by Ben Marsaud before he left Cartoon Network Development Studio Europe to work on new projects like Counterfeit Cat and Netflix 's original series F Is for Family . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Amazing World of Gumball Season 1 episodes '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2013 . Retrieved July 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Bocquelet '' . Turner Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2013 . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Daswani , Mansha ( October 2013 ) . `` Ben Bocquelet & ' The Amazing World of Gumball ' '' . TV Kids . Mipcom : 370 -- 71 . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Zahed , Ramin ( May 29 , 2011 ) . `` Gumball Begins Reign of Color '' . Animation . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Presents : The Amazing World of Gumball '' . The Children 's Media Conference . July 5 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Cartoon Net Charms With Clever Import ' Gumball ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : TNT Rides NBA Doubleheader '' . The Futon Critic . May 4 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barba , Jessica ; Lach , Dawn ; D'Amato , Adrienne ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` Cartoon Network Doubles Down on Global Hit Series The Amazing World of Gumball '' ( Press release ) . Los Angeles and New York City : Turner Press Site . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2014 . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marino , Joel ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` The Amazing World of Gumball Greenlit for 4th & 5th Seasons '' . TV Kids . World Screen . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2014 . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Amazing World of Gumball ' Renewed for Season Six '' . AWN . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing World of Gumball To End After Season Six '' . RegularCapital . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Post , iTech ( 8 October 2016 ) . `` ' Amazing World of Gumball ' Creator Leaves The Show ; Cartoon Network To Continue The Series Without Him ? '' . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV Parental Control '' . Cartoon Network . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing World of Gumball : The Lady '' . Zap2it . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bocquelet , Ben ( January 18 , 2013 ) . Gumball 1min animation test . YouTube . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing World of Gumball Season 1 episodes '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2013 . Retrieved July 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : TNT Rides NBA Doubleheader '' . The Futon Critic . May 4 , 2011 . Retrieved July 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Broadcast TV Ratings : Cartoon Network ( May 9 -- 15 , 2011 ) ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . May 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Broadcast TV Ratings : Cartoon Network ( May 16 -- 22 , 2011 ) ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . May 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Broadcast TV Ratings : Cartoon Network ( May 23 -- 29 , 2011 ) ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . June 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Broadcast TV Ratings : Cartoon Network ( May 30 -- June 4 , 2011 ) ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Broadcast TV Ratings : Cartoon Network ( June 5 -- 11 , 2011 ) ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Broadcast TV Ratings : Cartoon Network ( June 12 -- 19 , 2011 ) ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . June 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Broadcast TV Ratings : Cartoon Network ( July 11 -- 18 , 2011 ) ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Broadcast TV Ratings : Cartoon Network ( July 18 -- 24 , 2011 ) ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . June 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Broadcast TV Ratings : Cartoon Network ( July 25 -- 31 , 2011 ) ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . August 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Broadcast TV Ratings : Cartoon Network ( August 1 -- 7 , 2011 ) ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . August 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Broadcast TV Ratings : Cartoon Network ( August 8 -- 14 , 2011 ) ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . August 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Broadcast TV Ratings : Cartoon Network ( August 15 -- 21 , 2011 ) ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( August 31 , 2011 ) . `` Monday , August 22 , 2011 Broadcast & Cable Final Ratings '' . Son of the Bronx . Blogger . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( September 5 , 2011 ) . `` Monday , August 29 , 2011 Broadcast & Cable Final Ratings '' . Son of the Bronx . Blogger . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Broadcast TV Ratings : Cartoon Network ( September 5 -- 11 , 2011 ) ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Broadcast TV Ratings : Cartoon Network ( September 26 -- October 2 , 2011 ) ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Broadcast TV Ratings : Cartoon Network ( October 3 -- 9 , 2011 ) ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Broadcast TV Ratings : Cartoon Network ( October 10 -- 16 , 2011 ) ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . October 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Broadcast TV Ratings : Cartoon Network ( October 17 -- 23 , 2011 ) ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . October 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Broadcast TV Ratings : Cartoon Network ( November 21 -- 28 , 2011 ) ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . December 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Broadcast TV Ratings : Cartoon Network ( November 28 -- December 4 , 2011 ) ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Broadcast TV Ratings : Cartoon Network ( December 5 -- 11 , 2011 ) ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . December 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Broadcast TV Ratings : Cartoon Network ( January 23 -- 29 , 2012 ) ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . February 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Broadcast TV Ratings : Cartoon Network ( January 30 -- February 5 , 2012 ) ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Broadcast TV Ratings : Cartoon Network ( February 6 -- 12 , 2012 ) ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Broadcast TV Ratings : Cartoon Network ( February 13 -- 19 , 2012 ) ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Broadcast TV Ratings : Cartoon Network ( February 20 -- 26 , 2012 ) ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . March 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Broadcast TV Ratings : Cartoon Network ( February 27 -- March 4 , 2012 ) ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . March 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Broadcast TV Ratings : Cartoon Network ( March 5 -- 11 , 2012 ) ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Broadcast TV Ratings : Cartoon Network ( March 12 -- 19 , 2012 ) ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . March 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing World of Gumball Season 2 episodes '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2013 . Retrieved July 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ References for season 2 production codes : Benedi , Yann ( November 2012 ) . `` The Amazing World of Gumball '' ( Mouse over individual images for production codes . ) . Blogger . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Chabassol , Raphaël ( March 27 , 2013 ) . `` Animation Design '' ( Production codes are located in the `` episode '' field of each character model sheet . ) . Casamokë . Blogger . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Laborie , William ( January 8 , 2013 ) . `` ( no title available ) '' ( Production codes are located in the `` episode '' field of each character model sheet . ) . Johnny Boulgour . Blogger . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Nicholson , Paul ( animator , editor ) ( July 7 , 2014 ) . ' The Amazing World Of Gumball ' 2D Key Animation Showreel ( short film ) . Vimeo . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Petrov , Dimitar ( animator , editor ) ( January 24 , 2013 ) . LayoutsAndBackgroundsPortfolio2013 ( short film ) . Vimeo . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Thorn , Tina Lykke ( animator , editor ) ( February 26 , 2013 ) . Showreel 2013 ( short film ) . Vimeo . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . von Brockdorff , Birk ( May 6 , 2013 ) . `` The Amazing World of Gumball Season 2 '' ( Mouse over individual images for production codes . ) . Blogger . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : ' Storage Wars ' Claims Top Honors for A&E '' . The Futon Critic . August 8 , 2012 . Retrieved July 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Broadcast TV Ratings : Cartoon Network ( August 13 -- 19 , 2012 ) ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Broadcast TV Ratings : Cartoon Network ( September 3 -- 9 , 2012 ) ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . September 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Broadcast TV Ratings : Cartoon Network ( September 10 -- 16 , 2012 ) ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . September 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Broadcast TV Ratings : Cartoon Network ( September 17 -- 23 , 2012 ) ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . September 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Pucci , Douglas ( November 10 , 2012 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( October 22 -- 28 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Blogger . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( November 5 -- 11 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Blogger . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( November 24 , 2012 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( November 12 -- 18 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Blogger . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( December 1 , 2012 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( November 19 -- 25 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Blogger . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( December 6 , 2012 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( November 26 -- December 2 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Blogger . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( December 13 , 2012 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( December 3 -- 9 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Blogger . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( January 21 -- 27 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Blogger . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( February 8 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( January 28 -- February 3 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Blogger . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( February 4 -- 10 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Blogger . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( February 11 -- 17 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Blogger . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : NHL Hockey Wins Night + ' CMT Music Awards ' , ' The Real World ' , ' South Beach Tow ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( June 21 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( June 10 -- 16 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Blogger . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( June 28 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( June 17 -- 23 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Blogger . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( July 5 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( June 24 -- 30 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Blogger . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( July 13 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( July 1 -- 7 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Blogger . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( July 27 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( July 15 -- 21 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Blogger . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( August 3 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( July 22 -- 28 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Blogger . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( August 10 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( July 29 -- August 4 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Blogger . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( August 17 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( August 5 -- 11 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Blogger . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( August 31 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( August 19 -- 25 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Blogger . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( September 7 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( August 26 -- September 1 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Blogger . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( September 21 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( September 9 -- 15 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Blogger . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( September 28 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( September 16 -- 22 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Blogger . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( October 12 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( September 30 -- October 6 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Blogger . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( October 19 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( October 7 -- 13 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Blogger . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( October 26 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( October 14 -- 20 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Blogger . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( November 16 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( November 4 -- 10 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Blogger . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( November 23 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( November 11 -- 17 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Blogger . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( November 30 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( November 18 -- 24 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Blogger . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( December 7 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( November 25 -- December 1 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Blogger . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( December 14 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( December 2 -- 8 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Blogger . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing World of Gumball Season 3 episodes '' . TV Guide . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ References for season 3 production codes : Behind the Scenes The Amazing World of Gumball Cartoon Network ( short film ) . Cartoon Network . YouTube . May 2 , 2014 . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . `` Un ejemplo de lo absurdos que pueden llegar a ser los ' production designs ' de Gumball '' . Animac . Twitter . February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Béchet , Vincent . `` Character Design '' . Pulcomayo . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Dennis , Joe ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` Matte Paintings -- ' Amazing World of Gumball ' Season 3 '' . Blogger . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Hervo , Yoann ( July 14 , 2014 ) . `` Character Design -- Season 03 '' . Bēhance . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Laborie , William ( June 24 , 2014 ) . `` ( no title available ) '' ( Production codes are located in the `` episode '' field of each character model sheet . ) . Johnny Boulgour . Blogger . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Wins Night + ' Loiter Squad ' , ' American Restoration ' , ' The Challenge : Free Agents ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thursday Cable Finals ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . June 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : World Cup Soccer Leads Night + ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Kate Plus Eight ' , ' American Restoration ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 27 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : World Cup Soccer Wins Day , NBA Draft , ' The Challenge ' , ' Loiter Squad ' , ' Defiance ' , ' Dominion ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Loiter Squad ' Wins Night , ' Beyond Scared Straight ' , ' Dominion ' , ' Defiance ' , ' Impact Wrestling ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thursday Cable Finals ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thursday Cable Finals ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thursday Cable Finals ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thursday Cable Finals ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 8 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Black Jesus ' Wins Night , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Project Runway ' , ' Dominion ' , ' Defiance ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 15 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Preseason Football Leads Night + ' Sharkageddon ' , ' I Escaped Jaws II ' , ' Black Jesus ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thursday Cable Finals ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 22 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : College Football Leads Night + ' Project Runway ' , ' Black Jesus ' , ' SportsCenter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 5 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Black Jesus ' Wins Night , ' Project Runway ' , ' Braxton Family Values ' , ' Gypsy Sisters ' , ' Satisfaction ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Simulcast Tops Night + ' Project Runway ' , ' Black Jesus ' , ' Time Machine ' , ' Conan ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 26 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' on NFL Network Tops Night + ' Black Jesus ' , ' College Football ' , ' Project Runway ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 3 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Football & Baseball Win Night , ' Black Jesus ' , ' Project Runway ' , ' Pawn Stars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Leads Night + ' Black Jesus ' , ' Project Runway ' , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' The Daily Show ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Football & Baseball Win Night , ' Project Runway ' , ' Black Jesus ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Tops Night + ' Project Runway ' , ' Ridiculousness ' , ' Black Jesus ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Pucci , Douglas ( November 2 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Nationals : CBS , ABC Share Leadership '' . TV Media Insights . Cross-MediaWorks . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Nationals : CBS Wins with ' Big Bang Theory ' , Series - High for ' Mom ' '' . TV Media Insights . Cross-MediaWorks . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( November 21 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Nationals : ABC Wins with Fall Finales of ' TGIT ' Dramas '' . TV Media Insights . Cross-MediaWorks . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 9 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Archer ' Wins Night , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' The First 48 ' , ' Ridiculousness ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Nationals : Fox Still Prevails with ' American Idol ' '' . TV Media Insights . Cross-MediaWorks . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' & NBA Basketball Win Night , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Archer ' , ' Project Runway All Stars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Nationals : CBS and ABC Share Leadership , ' Parenthood ' Concludes on Positive Note for NBC '' . TV Media Insights . Cross-MediaWorks . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` ShowbuzzDaily 's Top 25 Thursday Cable Originals : 2.5. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Tops Night + ' Thursday Night SmackDown ' , ' Pawn Stars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` ShowbuzzDaily 's Top 25 Thursday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 2.19. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Tops Night + ' Vikings ' , ' Thursday Night SmackDown ' , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Archer ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` ShowbuzzDaily 's Top 25 Thursday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 3.5. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Monday Cable Ratings ( & Network Update ) : 7.6. 2015 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Republican Presidential Debate Wins Night , ' The Kelly File ' , ' The Daily Show ' , ' Teen Mom 2 ' , ' Project Runway ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 9 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : Shark Week Tops Night + ' Duck Dynasty ' , ' Suits ' , ' The Game ' , & ' Mr Robot ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-thursday-cable-originals-network-update-7-9-2015.html Jump up ^ `` The Amazing World of Gumball Season 4 episodes '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : Shark Week Wins Night , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Chrisley Knows Best ' , ' Proof ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Nemesis '' . TV Guide UK . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Friday Cable Ratings ( & Network Update ) : 7.10. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 8.13. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Others '' . TV Guide UK . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 8.20. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Signature '' . TV Guide UK . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 8.27. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Check '' . TV Guide UK . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . 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TV Guide UK . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.14. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Wicked '' . LocateTV . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.21. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.28. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://tvschedule.zap2it.com/tv/the-amazing-world-of-gumball-the-origins/EP014122930591?aid=tvschedule . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.15. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . 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RegularCapital. April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network UK The Amazing World Of Gumball New Episodes From 4th September '' . RegularCapital . August 23 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network UK The Amazing World Of Gumball And Teen Titans Go ! October Half Term 23rd to 27th October '' . RegularCapital. 18 October 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.5. 2016 Showbuzz Daily '' . Retrieved on 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.1. 2016 Showbuzz Daily '' . Retrieved on 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED with BROADCAST : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.8. 2016 Showbuzz Daily '' . Retrieved on 9 January 2017 . 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External links ( edit ) Official website Official page for The Amazing World of Gumball at Cartoon Network The Amazing World of Gumball at the Big Cartoon DataBase The Amazing World of Gumball at epguides The Amazing World of Gumball at TV.com ( hide ) The Amazing World of Gumball Characters Gumball Darwin Seasons 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Amazing_World_of_Gumball_episodes&oldid=808753280 '' Categories : The Amazing World of Gumball Lists of British animated television series episodes Lists of American animated television series episodes Cartoon Network - related lists Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Español Français 한국어 Magyar Português Simple English Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 23 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is the amazing world of gumball coming back | [
"\n\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally aired\n\n\nFirst aired\nLast aired\n\n\n\nPilot\nMay 8, 2008 (2008-05-08)\n\n\n\n1\n36\nMay 3, 2011 (2011-05-03)\nMarch 13, 2012 (2012-03-13)\n\n\n\n2\n40\nAugust 7, 2012 (2012-08-07)\nDecember 3, 2013 (2013-12-03)\n\n\n\n3\n40\nJune 5, 2014 (2014-06-05)\nAugust 6, 2015 (2015-08-06)\n\n\n\n4\n40\nJuly 7, 2015 (2015-07-07)\nOctober 27, 2016 (2016-10-27)\n\n\n\n5\n40\nSeptember 1, 2016 (2016-09-01)\nNovember 10, 2017 (2017-11-10)\n\n\n\n6\n44\nNovember 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)[14]\nTBA\n\n"
] | [
"November 17, 2017"
] |
-4284623815560868172 | 2002 World Series | 2002 World Series - wikipedia 2002 World Series Jump to : navigation , search 2002 World Series Team ( Wins ) Manager ( s ) Season Anaheim Angels ( 4 ) Mike Scioscia 99 -- 63 , . 611 , GB : 4 San Francisco Giants ( 3 ) Dusty Baker 95 -- 66 , . 590 , GB : 21⁄2 Dates October 19 -- 27 MVP Troy Glaus ( Anaheim ) Umpires Jerry Crawford ( crew chief ) , Ángel Hernández , Tim Tschida , Mike Winters , Mike Reilly , Tim McClelland ALCS Anaheim Angels over Minnesota Twins ( 4 -- 1 ) NLCS San Francisco Giants over St. Louis Cardinals ( 4 -- 1 ) Broadcast Television Fox TV announcers Joe Buck and Tim McCarver Radio ESPN ( National ) KLAC ( ANA ) KNBR ( SF ) Radio announcers Jon Miller and Joe Morgan ( ESPN Radio ) Rory Markas and Terry Smith ( KLAC ) Duane Kuiper , Joe Angel , and Mike Krukow ( KNBR ) World Series Program ← 2001 World Series 2003 → The 2002 World Series was a best - of - seven playoff series to determine Major League Baseball ( MLB ) 's champion for the 2002 season . It was the 98th series played between the American League ( AL ) and National League ( NL ) champions . The AL champion Anaheim Angels played the NL champion San Francisco Giants for the title . The series was played from October 19 -- 27 , 2002 at Pacific Bell Park ( now AT&T Park ) in San Francisco and Edison International Field of Anaheim ( now Angel Stadium ) in Anaheim . The Angels defeated the Giants four games to three to win their first World Series championship . This was the first World Series since the 1995 inception of the wild card in Major League Baseball ( and the last until 2014 ) in which both wild card teams would vie for the title . The Angels finished the regular season in second place in the American League West , four games behind the AL West champions Oakland Athletics . They defeated the four time defending A.L. champions New York Yankees three games to one in the best - of - five American League Division Series ( ALDS ) , and in doing so won their first postseason series in franchise history . They then defeated the Minnesota Twins four games to one in the best - of - seven American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) to advance to the World Series , another first in franchise history . The Giants , meanwhile , finished the regular season in second place in the National League West , 2 ⁄ games behind the NL West champions ( and defending World Series champions ) Arizona Diamondbacks . They defeated the Atlanta Braves in the National League Division Series ( NLDS ) and the St. Louis Cardinals in the National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) to advance to the World Series , giving the team their 20th NL pennant and 17th appearance in the Fall Classic but only their third since moving from New York to San Francisco in 1958 . The series was the fourth World Series played between two teams from California , after 1974 , 1988 , and 1989 . Barry Bonds , Reggie Sanders , and J.T. Snow each hit home runs to help propel the Giants to win Game one . Game two was a high - scoring affair that the Angels ultimately won on Tim Salmon 's eighth - inning home run . The Angels routed the Giants in Game three , but lost Game four on a tie - breaking eighth - inning single by the Giants ' David Bell . The Giants brought the Angels to the brink of elimination by winning Game five in a blowout . The Giants were eight outs away from winning the Series in Game six , but late game home runs by Scott Spiezio and Darin Erstad , as well as a two - RBI double by Troy Glaus helped the Angels overcome a five - run , seventh - inning deficit to win . A three - run double by Garret Anderson was the difference in the Angels ' Game seven win to clinch the series . Glaus was named the series MVP . As of 2016 , 2002 has been the only Fall Classic appearance for the Angels , and until 2017 , the most recent Fall Classic to feature a team from Southern California . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 San Francisco Giants 1.2 Anaheim Angels 2 Summary 3 Matchups 3.1 Game 1 3.2 Game 2 3.3 Game 3 3.4 Game 4 3.5 Game 5 3.6 Game 6 3.7 Game 7 4 Composite box 5 Impact and aftermath 5.1 Angels 5.2 Giants 6 Radio and television 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) This was the fourth World Series played between two teams from California and the last World Series as of today involving two teams from the same state . The 1974 World Series saw the Oakland Athletics defeat the Los Angeles Dodgers ; the 1988 series saw the Dodgers getting revenge by defeating the Athletics . In 1989 the San Francisco Giants were defeated by the Oakland Athletics . The managers of the two clubs , Mike Scioscia of the Angels and Dusty Baker of the Giants , were teammates on the Dodgers from 1980 -- 1983 , and won a World Series in 1981 . This was the first World Series to feature opposing managers who had been teammates on a World Championship team as players . San Francisco Giants ( edit ) Main article : 2002 San Francisco Giants season Since their 1958 move from New York to San Francisco , the Giants franchise and its fans had a long history of futility , frustration , and disappointment . The Giants had won their last World Series crown before the move , in 1954 . Since the move , the Giants made it to the Series twice but lost both times . These included a dramatic , down - to - the - wire loss to the New York Yankees in the seven - game classic 1962 World Series , and a four - game sweep by their crosstown rival Oakland Athletics in the 1989 World Series that was marred by the Loma Prieta earthquake . Their most recent postseason appearance was in 2000 , when they were defeated by the New York Mets in the NLDS . In addition , the Giants narrowly missed winning the N.L. pennant in 1959 , 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . They finished in second place five years in a row from 1965 -- 1969 and lost the 1971 NLCS to the Pittsburgh Pirates . 2002 was Dusty Baker 's tenth season as manager of the Giants . It was also their third season playing at Pacific Bell Park ( now AT&T Park ) . The Giants finished the previous season with a record of 90 -- 72 , finishing in second place in the NL West , two games behind the Arizona Diamondbacks . They also finished in second place in the NL wild card standings , three games behind the St. Louis Cardinals . Notable player departures included 2001 midseason acquisition Andrés Galarraga , who departed as a free agent , and Shawn Estes , who was traded to the New York Mets in exchange for Tsuyoshi Shinjo and Desi Relaford . Notable player acquisitions included Reggie Sanders , a free agent , and David Bell , who the Giants received from the Seattle Mariners in exchange for Desi Relaford and cash . During the season the Giants also acquired Kenny Lofton from the Chicago White Sox in exchange for two minor leaguers . Sanders , Bell , Shinjo , and Lofton helped bolster a Giants offense led by longtime Giants Barry Bonds , J.T. Snow , Rich Aurilia , and Jeff Kent , as well as relative newcomer Benito Santiago . The starting pitching rotation was led by Kirk Rueter and Jason Schmidt , with a bullpen led by Tim Worrell and closer Robb Nen . During the 2002 regular season , the Giants led the NL West standings for most of April and a few days in May ; however , by the end of May they had fallen to third place behind the Los Angeles Dodgers and Arizona Diamondbacks . They spent most of the next three months in third place , but on September 9 they took second place for good , while the Dodgers either tied them or fell to third place for the rest of the season . The Giants finished the regular season with a record of 95 -- 66 , 2 ⁄ games behind the NL West champion Diamondbacks . They won the NL wild card , 3 ⁄ games ahead of the runner - up Dodgers . Dusty Baker became the first black manager to participate in a World Series since Cito Gaston for Toronto in 1992 and 1993 . This was Giants ' outfielder Reggie Sanders ' second consecutive World Series appearance with different teams -- in 2001 he got there with the Arizona Diamondbacks . This was the first time this happened since Don Baylor did it in three consecutive years with the Boston Red Sox in 1986 , the Minnesota Twins in 1987 , and with the Oakland Athletics in 1988 . Anaheim Angels ( edit ) Main article : 2002 Anaheim Angels season Like the Giants , the Angels and their fans carried a long history of futility and disappointment . Enfranchised in 1961 , the Angels had never before played in the World Series . They came close several times , including ALCS losses in 1979 to the Baltimore Orioles , 1982 to the Milwaukee Brewers , and in 1986 to the Boston Red Sox . After dropping the 1979 ALCS in four games , the Angels brought their opponents to the brink of elimination in the last two series , but lost the next three consecutive games to lose the series . The 1986 ALCS was the Angels ' last postseason appearance , though they came close in 1995 when they lost a one - game tie - breaker for the AL West championship to the Seattle Mariners after blowing a 14 - game lead in the standings . 2002 was the Angels ' third season under manager Mike Scioscia . The Angels finished the previous injury marred season with a record of 75 -- 87 , finishing in third place in the AL West . The most notable personnel change during the offseason was the trade of first baseman Mo Vaughn to the New York Mets in exchange for pitcher Kevin Appier . Offensively , the team was led by longtime Angels Garret Anderson , Darin Erstad , Troy Glaus and Tim Salmon , as well as relative newcomers Adam Kennedy and David Eckstein . The starting pitching rotation was led by Ramón Ortiz and Jarrod Washburn , as well as mid-season call - up John Lackey , while the bullpen was led by setup man Brendan Donnelly and closer Troy Percival . The bullpen was bolstered in late September by the addition of 20 - year - old reliever prospect Francisco Rodriguez . The Angels spent much of the season trailing the first - place Seattle Mariners and on occasion the Oakland Athletics in the AL West standings . However , the A 's and Angels both mounted late - season comebacks that , coupled with a poor August record for the Mariners , knocked the Mariners down to third place . The A 's won 20 straight games at one point , and The Angels finished the season in second place with a 99 -- 63 record , four games behind the A 's , but won the AL wild card , six games ahead of the Boston Red Sox and Seattle Mariners . Their 99 wins was third best in the A.L. and fourth best in baseball . Summary ( edit ) AL Anaheim Angels ( 4 ) vs. NL San Francisco Giants ( 3 ) Game Date Score Location Time Attendance October 19 San Francisco Giants -- 4 , Anaheim Angels -- 3 Edison International Field of Anaheim 3 : 44 44,603 October 20 San Francisco Giants -- 10 , Anaheim Angels -- 11 Edison International Field of Anaheim 3 : 57 44,584 October 22 Anaheim Angels -- 10 , San Francisco Giants -- 4 Pacific Bell Park 3 : 37 42,707 October 23 Anaheim Angels -- 3 , San Francisco Giants -- 4 Pacific Bell Park 3 : 02 42,703 5 October 24 Anaheim Angels -- 4 , San Francisco Giants -- 16 Pacific Bell Park 3 : 53 42,713 6 October 26 San Francisco Giants -- 5 , Anaheim Angels -- 6 Edison International Field of Anaheim 3 : 48 44,506 7 October 27 San Francisco Giants -- 1 , Anaheim Angels -- 4 Edison International Field of Anaheim 3 : 16 44,598 Matchups ( edit ) Game 1 ( edit ) Saturday , October 19 , 2002 5 : 04 pm ( PDT ) at Edison International Field in Anaheim , California Team 5 6 7 8 9 San Francisco 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 Anaheim 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 WP : Jason Schmidt ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Jarrod Washburn ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Robb Nen ( 1 ) Home runs : SF : Barry Bonds ( 1 ) , Reggie Sanders ( 1 ) , J.T. Snow ( 1 ) ANA : Troy Glaus 2 ( 2 ) San Francisco won 4 -- 3 at Edison International Field of Anaheim ( now Angel Stadium of Anaheim ) to take a 1 -- 0 series lead . As he strode into the batter 's box to open the second inning , Barry Bonds was finally making his first ( and only ) World Series appearance ; in his first at bat on a 2 -- 1 pitch from Angels starter Jarrod Washburn , Bonds smoked a line drive for a home run to right field , which gave the Giants a quick 1 -- 0 lead . Reggie Sanders then followed that up with an opposite - field homer later in the inning . With the Giants leading 2 -- 1 in the fifth , Giants batter J.T. Snow ( who formerly played for the Angels ) hit a two - run shot over the center field wall to give San Francisco a three - run advantage . Eventual Series MVP Troy Glaus hit two home runs for the Angels , one in the second and another in the sixth off Giants starter Jason Schmidt . Adam Kennedy drove in a run with a base hit in the sixth as well to trim the deficit to 4 -- 3 . However , Schmidt was effective otherwise , along with reliever Felix Rodriguez and closer Robb Nen , as they held off the Halos the rest of the way . Game 2 ( edit ) Sunday , October 20 , 2002 5 : 04 pm ( PDT ) at Edison International Field in Anaheim , California Team 5 6 7 8 9 San Francisco 0 0 0 0 0 10 12 Anaheim 5 0 0 0 X 11 16 WP : Francisco Rodríguez ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Félix Rodríguez ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Troy Percival ( 1 ) Home runs : SF : Reggie Sanders ( 2 ) , David Bell ( 1 ) , Jeff Kent ( 1 ) , Barry Bonds ( 2 ) ANA : Tim Salmon 2 ( 2 ) Game 2 was a slugfest that saw the lead fluctuate wildly between the two teams . The Angels plated five runs in the first inning by batting around against Giants starting pitcher Russ Ortiz . David Eckstein singled to lead off and scored on Darin Erstad . After Tim Salmon singled , Garret Anderson 's RBI single made it 2 -- 0 Angels . After Troy Glaus flew out , consecutive RBI singles by Brad Fullmer and Scott Spiezio made it 4 -- 0 Angels . Fullmer stole home plate for the Angels ' fifth run of the inning . In the second inning , however , Kevin Appier surrendered most of the lead by allowing a three - run homer to Sanders followed by a solo shot to David Bell . The Angels answered with a two - run home run from veteran Tim Salmon to make it 7 - 4 in the Angels ' favor . Ortiz would not finish the inning and was relieved by Chad Zerbe , who provided four innings of relief . Appier did not last much longer than Ortiz , as he was pulled in the third and replaced by John Lackey , the Angels scheduled starter for Game 4 , after surrendering a lead - off home run to Jeff Kent . Lackey temporarily quieted the Giants ' offense but ran into trouble in the fifth inning , allowing a double and intentional walk . Ben Weber relieved him but allowed a single to Benito Santiago to load the bases , then a two - run single to J.T. Snow that tied the game . After Reggie Sanders struck out , consecutive RBI singles by David Bell and Shawon Dunston gave the Giants a 9 - 7 lead . The Angels turned to 20 - year - old rookie reliever Francisco Rodriguez , who answered by shutting down the Giants offense for the next three innings . He retired nine batters in a row on 25 pitches ( 22 were strikes ) . Meanwhile , the Angels chipped away at their deficit . In the bottom of the fifth , Glaus and Fullmer hit back - to - back leadoff singles before the former scored on Spezio 's sacrifice fly . Next inning , Erstad doubled with two outs . Zerbe was relieved by Jay Witasick , who walked Tim Salmon . Aaron Fultz relieved Witasick and allowed an RBI single to Anderson to tie the game , but Salmon was thrown out at third to end the inning . Salmon drilled a two - run home run with two outs in the eighth inning off of Felix Rodriguez , giving Anaheim an 11 - 9 lead . Closer Troy Percival retired the first two batters in the ninth , but allowed a mammoth shot from Bonds that landed halfway up the right field bleachers . It was only a solo shot with a two - run lead , and Percival retired Benito Santiago to even the series . Giants pitchers failed to strike out a batter for the entire game , the first time this had happened in the World Series since Game 7 of the 1960 World Series ; as of 2016 it remains the last time a team has not recorded a strikeout in a World Series game . Game 3 ( edit ) Tuesday , October 22 , 2002 5 : 27 pm ( PDT ) at Pacific Bell Park in San Francisco , California Team 5 6 7 8 9 Anaheim 0 0 0 0 0 10 16 0 San Francisco 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 WP : Ramón Ortiz ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Liván Hernández ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : ANA : None SF : Rich Aurilia ( 1 ) , Barry Bonds ( 3 ) Anaheim won 10 -- 4 in the first World Series game at Pacific Bell Park ( now AT&T Park ) . The Angels batted around twice without a home run in either of their four - run innings . They became the first team in World Series history to bat around in consecutive innings . Barry Bonds hit another home run , becoming the first player to homer in his first three World Series games . The Giants struck first on Benito Santiago 's based - loaded groundout in the first off of Ramon Ortiz , but Giants starter Liván Hernández walked David Eckstein to lead off the third and allowed a subsequent double to Darin Erstad . An error on Tim Salmon 's groundball allowed Eckstein to score . After Garret Anderson flew out , Troy Glaus hit an RBI single and Scott Spiezio followed with a two - run triple . Next inning , Anderson 's RBI groundout with runners on second and third chased Hernandez . Jay Witasick entered in relief and walked Glaus before allowing RBI singles to Spiezio , Adam Kennedy and Bengie Molina , which increased Anaheim 's lead to 8 - 1 . Rich Aurilia hit a one - out home run in the fifth for the Giants . After Jeff Kent singled , Bonds 's home run made it 8 -- 4 Angels , but the Giants did not score after that . The Angels added to their lead on Eckstein 's RBI single in the sixth off of Aaron Fultz and Erstad 's bases - loaded fielder 's choice in the eighth off of Scott Eyre . Giants public address announcer Renel Brooks - Moon is recognized by the Baseball Hall of Fame as the first female announcer of a championship game in any professional sport for her role in the 2002 World Series . Her scorecard from Game 3 is on display in the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown , New York . Until 2014 , this game was the Giants ' only World Series loss at home since Pacific Bell Park opened in 2000 . They proceeded to win the final two games in this series , then won four straight home games in their next two World Series appearances in 2010 and 2012 until finally losing at home in Game 3 in 2014 . Game 4 ( edit ) Wednesday , October 23 , 2002 5 : 35 pm ( PDT ) at Pacific Bell Park in San Francisco , California Team 5 6 7 8 9 Anaheim 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 San Francisco 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 12 WP : Tim Worrell ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Francisco Rodríguez ( 1 -- 1 ) Sv : Robb Nen ( 2 ) Home runs : ANA : Troy Glaus ( 3 ) SF : None San Francisco scored a 4 -- 3 victory to tie the series . The Angels struck first in the second on David Eckstein 's bases - loaded sacrifice fly , then made it 3 -- 0 next inning on Troy Glaus 's two - run home run off of starter Kirk Reuter . In the bottom of the fifth , however , Angels starter John Lackey allowed three consecutive leadoff singles , the last of which by Rich Aurilia scoring Rueter . Jeff Kent 's sacrifice fly cut the Giants ' lead to 3 -- 2 and NLCS MVP Benito Santiago tied the game with a single in after the Angels walked Barry Bonds with a runner on second and two outs . David Bell put the Giants ahead with an RBI single in the bottom of the eighth off of Francisco Rodriguez . The run was unearned , due to Anaheim catcher Bengie Molina 's passed ball during the previous at - bat , allowing J.T. Snow to move to second . Game 5 ( edit ) Thursday , October 24 , 2002 5 : 22 pm ( PDT ) at Pacific Bell Park in San Francisco , California Team 5 6 7 8 9 Anaheim 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 San Francisco 0 0 0 X 16 16 0 WP : Chad Zerbe ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Jarrod Washburn ( 0 -- 2 ) Home runs : ANA : None SF : Jeff Kent 2 ( 3 ) , Rich Aurilia ( 2 ) San Francisco took a 16 -- 4 blowout win in a game in which the Angels never led . The most well - known moment in this game occurred in the bottom of the seventh when Giants first baseman J.T. Snow scored off a Kenny Lofton triple . Three - year - old batboy Darren Baker , son of Giants manager Dusty Baker , ran to home plate to collect Lofton 's bat before the play was completed and was quickly lifted by the jacket by Snow with one hand as he crossed the plate , with David Bell close on his heels . Had Snow not acted quickly , Darren could have been seriously injured in a play at home plate . Giants ' second - baseman Jeff Kent hit two home runs to break out of a slump ( hitting his first home run since Game 2 ) , driving in four runs . In the bottom of the first , Barry Bonds 's double off of Jarrod Washburn with runners on first and second gave the Giants an early lead . Benito Santiago 's sacrifice fly , followed by three consecutive walks made it 3 -- 0 Giants . Next inning , Benito 's bases - loaded single scored two and Reggie Sanders 's sacrifice fly scored another . Orlando Palmeiro doubled to lead off the top of the fifth , moved to third on David Eckstein 's single and scored on Darin Erstad 's sacrifice fly . After Tim Salmon singled , a wild pitch by starter Jason Schmidt allowed Eckstein to score . After Garret Anderson struck out , Troy Glaus 's RBI double cut the Giants ' lead to 6 -- 3 . The Angels cut it to 6 -- 4 next inning off of Chad Zerbe on Eckstein 's groundout with runners on second and third , but did not score again . Kent 's two - run home run in the bottom half off of Ben Weber widened the Giants ' lead to 8 -- 4 . Next inning , Kenny Lofton 's two - run triple made it 10 -- 4 Giants . Scot Shields relieved Weber and after Aurilia struck out , Kent 's second home run of the game made it 12 -- 4 Giants . Next inning , Shields allowed consecutive one - out singles to J.T. Snow and David Bell , then an error on Tsuyoshi Shinjo 's ground ball made it 13 -- 4 Giants . After Lofton grounded out , Aurilia capped the scoring with a three - run home run . Scott Eyre retired the Angels in order in the ninth as the Giants were one win away from a World Series title . Game 6 ( edit ) Saturday , October 26 , 2002 4 : 58 pm ( PDT ) at Edison International Field in Anaheim , California Team 5 6 7 8 9 San Francisco 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 8 Anaheim 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 6 10 WP : Brendan Donnelly ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Tim Worrell ( 1 -- 1 ) Sv : Troy Percival ( 2 ) Home runs : SF : Shawon Dunston ( 1 ) , Barry Bonds ( 4 ) ANA : Scott Spiezio ( 1 ) , Darin Erstad ( 1 ) The turning point in the Series came in Game 6 . Leading 5 -- 0 with one out in the bottom of the seventh inning , eight outs away from the Giants ' first World Series title since moving to San Francisco in 1958 , Giants manager Dusty Baker pulled starting pitcher Russ Ortiz for setup man Félix Rodríguez after Ortiz gave up consecutive singles to third baseman Troy Glaus and designated hitter Brad Fullmer . In a widely publicized move , Baker gave Ortiz the game ball as he sent him back to the dugout . During the pitching change the Rally Monkey came on the JumboTron , sending 45,037 Angels fans into a frenzy . However , before the Angels ' big rally , after being held scoreless for four innings , San Francisco took the lead in the fifth inning . David Bell singled with one out , then Shawon Dunston 's home run made it 2 -- 0 Giants . After Kenny Lofton doubled , Francisco Rodríguez relieved Kevin Appier . Lofton stole third and scored on a wild pitch . On the sixth behind , a monster shot by Barry Bonds off K - Rod made it 4 -- 0 Giants , then added yet another run in the top of the seventh on Jeff Kent 's RBI single . Then in the bottom of the seventh inning , Anaheim started their comeback . Angels first baseman Scott Spiezio came to the plate and fouled off pitch after pitch before finally hitting a three - run home run that barely cleared the wall in right field . The rally continued in the eighth inning , as Angels center fielder Darin Erstad hit a leadoff line - drive home run , followed by consecutive singles by Tim Salmon and Garret Anderson ( Chone Figgins pinch - ran for Salmon ) . When Bonds misplayed Anderson 's shallow left field bloop single , Figgins and Anderson took third and second base , respectively . With no outs , two runners in scoring position and now only a 5 -- 4 lead , Baker brought in closer Robb Nen to pitch to Glaus , hoping that Nen could induce a strikeout that might yet preserve the Giants ' slim lead . However , Glaus slugged a double to the left - center field gap over Bonds ' head to drive in the tying and go - ahead runs . In the ninth inning , Angels closer Troy Percival struck out Rich Aurilia to preserve the 6 -- 5 victory in front of the jubilant home crowd . The comeback from a five - run deficit was the largest in World Series history for an elimination game . Game 7 ( edit ) Sunday , October 27 , 2002 5 : 02 pm ( PST ) at Edison International Field in Anaheim , California Team 5 6 7 8 9 San Francisco 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 Anaheim 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 0 WP : John Lackey ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Liván Hernández ( 0 -- 2 ) Sv : Troy Percival ( 3 ) Game 7 proved to be somewhat anticlimactic after the drama of Game 6 . The Giants scored the first run on a sacrifice fly , but the Angels responded with a run - scoring double from catcher Bengie Molina and a three - run double to right field from left fielder Garret Anderson to open a 4 -- 1 lead . Rookie starting pitcher John Lackey maintained that lead through five innings , and turned the game over to the strong Angels bullpen . In the ninth inning , closer Troy Percival provided some tense moments as he opened the inning by putting two Giants players on base , with only one out . But Tsuyoshi Shinjo -- the first Japanese - born player in a World Series game -- struck out swinging , and Kenny Lofton , also representing the tying run , flied out to Darin Erstad in right - center field to end the Series . The Angels won Game 7 , 4 -- 1 , to claim their franchise 's first and only World Series championship to date . John Lackey became the first rookie pitcher to win a World Series Game 7 since 1909 . In Game 7 , three rookie pitchers ( John Lackey , Brendan Donnelly , and Francisco Rodríguez ) combined to throw eight innings while only giving up one run combined . The Angels won the World Series despite scoring fewer runs ( 41 ) than the Giants ( 44 ) . The Angels lost the first game in all three rounds of the playoffs ( Division Series , League Championship Series , and World Series ) , yet rebounded to win each time . They were the first , and to date only , team to do this since the new postseason format was created in 1994 . The Angels became the first American League ( AL ) champion team not representing the AL East Division to win the World Series since the Minnesota Twins in 1991 . The Angels were also the first American League Wild Card winner to win the World Series . With this win The Angels got rid of the susposed curse on their head stemming from Anaheim Stadium being built on an acient indian burial ground . Composite box ( edit ) 2002 World Series ( 4 -- 3 ) : Anaheim Angels ( A.L. ) over San Francisco Giants ( N.L. ) Team 5 6 7 8 9 Anaheim Angels 5 5 9 5 6 0 41 76 5 San Francisco Giants 10 0 13 5 5 5 44 66 5 Total attendance : 306,414 Average attendance : 43,773 Winning player 's share : $272,147 Losing player 's share : $186,186 Impact and aftermath ( edit ) Victorious Angels players being honored at the White House Rose Garden by President George W. Bush . Angels ( edit ) The 2002 World Series win began the most successful era in Angels franchise history , making six postseason appearances from 2002 -- 2009 . Before 2002 they had been to the postseason three times in franchise history ( 1979 , 1982 , and 1986 ) . They advanced to the ALCS in 2005 and 2009 , but lost those series respectively to the Chicago White Sox and New York Yankees , each while en route to their own World Series championship . The Angels are the most recent team to win the championship in its first World Series appearance ; all teams that have reached their first World Series since have lost -- the Houston Astros in 2005 , Colorado Rockies in 2007 , Tampa Bay Rays in 2008 , and Texas Rangers in 2010 ) . The Angels are also the most recent team from their division to win the championship . Giants ( edit ) The Giants would return to the postseason the following season , but lost the NLDS to the Florida Marlins while they were en route to a World Series championship . After a second - place finish in 2004 , the Giants had losing seasons for the next four years . After losing 90 games in 2008 , the Giants won 88 games for a surprising third - place finish in 2009 . Building on their 2009 season , the Giants made the playoffs again in 2010 , defeating the Braves in the NLDS , and the Phillies in the NLCS en route to the World Series , where they defeated the Rangers in five games , earning the long - awaited championship they could not reach in 2002 . In 2012 , after fighting back from down two games to none in the NLDS against the Cincinnati Reds and down three games to one against the defending World Series Champions , the St. Louis Cardinals in the NLCS , they swept the Detroit Tigers for their second World Series Championship in three years . In 2014 , the Giants added their third title in five seasons by defeating the Kansas City Royals in seven games . This was the last World Series where home - field advantage alternated between the National and American Leagues each year . As a result of the tie in the 2002 All - Star Game , beginning in 2003 home - field advantage in the World Series was controversially granted to the league that won the All - Star Game . That practice ended after the 2016 Series ; beginning in 2017 , the team with the best regular season record will enjoy home field advantage , the same format used in the National Basketball Association 's Finals and National Hockey League 's Stanley Cup Finals . Radio and television ( edit ) Fox 's telecast of this World Series marked the first time the World Series was telecast in high - definition . Jon Miller , who called this World Series for ESPN Radio , has been play - by - play man for the San Francisco Giants since 1997 . Coincidentally , KNBR , the Giants ' longtime flagship station , was also San Francisco 's ESPN Radio affiliate . This would be the only World Series called by Angels play - by - play man Rory Markas , who died of a heart attack in January 2010 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2002 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 World Series Game 1 - San Francisco Giants vs. Anaheim Angels '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 World Series Game 2 - San Francisco Giants vs. Anaheim Angels '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 World Series Game 3 - Anaheim Angels vs. San Francisco Giants '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 World Series Game 4 - Anaheim Angels vs. San Francisco Giants '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 World Series Game 5 - Anaheim Angels vs. San Francisco Giants '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 World Series Game 6 - San Francisco Giants vs. Anaheim Angels '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 World Series Game 7 - San Francisco Giants vs. Anaheim Angels '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://sabr.org/research/witches-hexes-and-plain-bad-luck-reputed-curse-los-angeles-angels-anaheim Jump up ^ `` World Series Gate Receipts and Player Shares '' . Baseball Almanac . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2009 . Retrieved June 14 , 2009 . References ( edit ) Forman , Sean L. `` 2002 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com - Major League Statistics and Information . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2007 . Retrieved December 9 , 2007 . Gavant , David ( Prod . ) ; Chaplin , Curt ( Narrator ) ( September 26 , 2002 ) . 2002 World Series ( Documentary / DVD ) . Anaheim , California : MLB Productions / WEA . Retrieved September 21 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) 2002 World Series at WorldSeries.com ( MLB.com ) 2002 World Series at Baseball Almanac 2002 World Series at Baseball-Reference.com The 2002 Post-Season Games ( box scores and play - by - play ) at Retrosheet History of the World Series - 2002 at The SportingNews . Archived from the original on 2008 . Detailed Coverage of Game 6 , including video Detailed Coverage of Game 7 2002 Major League Baseball postseason World Series American League Championship Series National League Championship Series American League Division Series National League Division Series American League teams Anaheim Angels Minnesota Twins New York Yankees Oakland Athletics National League teams Arizona Diamondbacks Atlanta Braves St. Louis Cardinals San Francisco Giants 2002 MLB season by team AL East Baltimore Boston New York Tampa Bay Toronto AL Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Kansas City Minnesota AL West Anaheim Oakland Seattle Texas NL East Atlanta Florida New York Philadelphia Montréal NL Central Chicago Cincinnati Houston Milwaukee Pittsburgh St. Louis NL West Arizona Colorado Los Angeles San Diego San Francisco 2002 All - Star Game 2002 World Series World Series No World Series was held in 1904 because the NL champions refused to participate ; no World Series was held in 1994 due to a players ' strike . 1900s -- 1910s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s -- 1930s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s -- 1950s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s -- 1970s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s -- 1990s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s -- 2010s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 See also Pre-World Series champions World Series champions Most Valuable Players Starting pitchers Babe Ruth Award Commissioner 's Trophy World Series ring Appearances Streaks Droughts Series ( by franchise ) Broadcasters TV ratings ALCS NLCS ALDS NLDS ALWC NLWC Game 7 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Dauvray Cup Temple Cup Chronicle - Telegraph Cup Book : World Series Category : World Series Anaheim Angels 2002 World Series champions 1 Bengie Molina 2 Adam Kennedy ( ALCS MVP ) 3 Orlando Palmeiro 6 Chone Figgins 10 Benji Gil 15 Tim Salmon 16 Garret Anderson 17 Darin Erstad 18 Alex Ochoa 20 Brad Fullmer 22 David Eckstein 23 Scott Spiezio 25 Troy Glaus ( World Series MVP ) 27 Kevin Appier 28 José Molina 36 Ramón Ortiz 40 Troy Percival 41 John Lackey 44 Shawn Wooten 53 Brendan Donnelly 56 Jarrod Washburn 57 Francisco Rodríguez 60 Scott Schoeneweis 62 Scot Shields 77 Ben Weber Manager 14 Mike Scioscia Coaches First Base Coach 4 Alfredo Griffin Hitting Coach 7 Mickey Hatcher Third Base Coach 12 Ron Roenicke Bullpen Coach 13 Bobby Ramos Pitching Coach 24 Bud Black Bench Coach 70 Joe Maddon Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series Los Angeles Angels Formerly the California Angels , the Anaheim Angels , and the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Based in Anaheim , California ( Greater Los Angeles ) Franchise History Expansion draft Seasons Records No - hitters Broadcasters Awards and league leaders Players Managers Owners and executives Opening Day starting pitchers Ballparks Wrigley Field Chávez Ravine ( Dodger Stadium ) Angel Stadium Spring training Angels Stadium Tempe Diablo Stadium Culture and lore Big A Sign Continental League Mike Witt 's perfect game 1995 AL West tie - breaker game Rally Monkey Thundersticks The Naked Gun : From the Files of Police Squad ! 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Orem Owlz Rookie AZL Angels DSL Angels Key personnel Owner : Arte Moreno General Manager : Billy Eppler Manager : Mike Scioscia World Series championships ( 1 ) 2002 American League pennants ( 1 ) 2002 Division titles West 1979 1982 1986 2005 2007 2008 2009 2014 Wild Card berths 2002 Broadcasting Broadcasters KLAA - AM 830 Angels Radio Network Fox Sports West Seasons ( 58 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 San Francisco Giants Formerly the New York Gothams and the New York Giants Based in San Francisco , California ( Bay Area ) Franchise History in New York History in San Francisco Seasons Records No - hitters Players Managers Owners and executives Opening Day starting pitchers First - round draft picks Broadcasters Ballparks Polo Grounds Oakland Park St. George Grounds Hilltop Park Seals Stadium Candlestick Park AT&T Park Spring training Payne Park Flamingo Field LSU Varsity Baseball Field Al Lang Stadium Phoenix Municipal Stadium Scottsdale Stadium Culture and lore 1894 Temple Cup New York Brickley Giants Merkle 's Boner 1951 NL tie - breaker series `` Shot Heard ' Round the World '' The Catch Curse of Coogan 's Bluff 1962 NL tie - breaker series 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake White Flag Trade The Fan McCovey Cove Willie Mac Award Game 163 ( 1998 ) Do n't Stop Believin ' `` Lights '' ( Journey song ) The Franchise ( Showtime TV series ) Matt Cain 's perfect game 2014 NL Wild Card Game 2016 NL Wild Card Game KNBR Rivalries Los Angeles Dodgers Oakland Athletics Subway Series / New York Yankees Retired numbers NY NY 11 20 24 27 30 36 44 42 Pre-World Series Champions ( 2 ) 1888 1889 Temple Cup Champions ( 1 ) 1894 World Series Champions ( 8 ) 1905 1921 1922 1933 1954 2012 2014 National League Championships ( 23 ) 1888 1889 1904 1905 1911 1912 1913 1917 1921 1922 1923 1924 1933 1936 1937 1951 1954 1962 1989 2002 2012 2014 Division titles ( 8 ) 1971 1989 1997 2000 2003 2012 Wild card ( 3 ) 2002 2014 2016 Minor league affiliates AAA Sacramento River Cats AA Richmond Flying Squirrels A Adv . 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Giants , 1951 -- 1957 ; Brooklyn Dodgers , 1950 -- 1957 ; Mets , 1962 -- 1998 ; Yankees , 2005 -- 2014 ) Los Angeles : KTTV 11 ( Dodgers , 1958 -- 1992 ) , KCOP 13 ( Dodgers , 2002 -- 2005 ; Angels , 2006 -- 2012 ) Chicago : WFLD 32 ( White Sox , 1968 -- 1972 , 1982 -- 1989 ) Philadelphia : WTXF 29 ( Phillies , 1983 -- 1989 ) Dallas -- Fort Worth : KDFW 4 & KDFI 27 ( Texas Rangers , 2001 -- 2009 ) San Francisco -- Oakland : KTVU 2 ( Giants , 1961 -- 2007 ; Athletics , 1973 -- 1974 ) , KICU 36 ( Athletics , 1999 -- 2008 ) Boston : WFXT 25 ( Red Sox , 2000 -- 2002 ) Washington , D.C. : WTTG 5 ( Senators , 1948 -- 1958 ) , WDCA 20 ( Nationals , 2005 -- 2008 ) Houston : KRIV 26 ( Astros , 1979 -- 1982 ) , KTXH 20 ( Astros , 1983 -- 1997 , 2008 -- 2012 ) Detroit : WJBK 2 ( Tigers , 1953 -- 1974 ; 2007 ) Minneapolis -- Saint Paul : KMSP 9 ( Twins , 1979 -- 1988 , 1998 -- 2002 ) , WFTC 29 ( Twins , 1990 -- 1992 , 2005 -- 2010 ) Commentators All - Star Game ALCS ALDS NLCS NLDS World Series Key figures Kenny Albert Dick Bremer Thom Brennaman Joe Buck Joe Davis Aaron Goldsmith Mike Joy Justin Kutcher Josh Lewin Tom McCarthy Mel Proctor John Rooney Dave Sims Dick Stockton Daron Sutton Matt Vasgersian Rich Waltz Color commentators Rod Allen Bob Brenly Joe Girardi Mark Grace Mark Gubicza Rex Hudler Eric Karros Steve Lyons Rick Manning Tim McCarver José Mota A.J. Pierzynski Harold Reynolds Frank Robinson Ken Singleton John Smoltz Jeff Torborg Tom Verducci Guest commentators Bret Boone David Cone Terry Francona Luis Gonzalez Ozzie Guillén Al Leiter David Ortiz A.J. Pierzynski Lou Piniella Jimmy Rollins Nick Swisher Field reporters Erin Andrews Curt Menefee Chris Myers Ken Rosenthal Studio hosts Greg Amsinger Kevin Burkhardt Chip Caray Brian Kenny Keith Olbermann Patrick O'Neal Chris Rose Rob Stone Jeanne Zelasko Studio analysts Eric Byrnes Keith Hernandez Raúl Ibañez Gabe Kapler Kevin Kennedy Kevin Millar C.J. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the mlb world series in 2002 | [
"The 2002 World Series was a best-of-seven playoff series to determine Major League Baseball (MLB)'s champion for the 2002 season. It was the 98th[1] series played between the American League (AL) and National League (NL) champions. The AL champion Anaheim Angels played the NL champion San Francisco Giants for the title. The series was played from October 19–27, 2002 at Pacific Bell Park (now AT&T Park) in San Francisco and Edison International Field of Anaheim (now Angel Stadium) in Anaheim. The Angels defeated the Giants four games to three to win their first World Series championship."
] | [
"The AL champion Anaheim Angels"
] |
2005051494444052771 | Premier League records and statistics | Premier League records and Statistics - wikipedia Premier League records and Statistics This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The top tier of English football was renamed the Premier League for the start of the 1992 -- 93 season . The following page details the football records and statistics of the Premier League . Contents ( hide ) 1 League records 1.1 Titles 1.2 Points 1.3 Wins 1.4 Defeats 1.5 Draws 1.6 Goals 1.7 Attendances 2 Player records 2.1 Appearances 2.2 Goals 2.3 Assists 2.4 Goalkeepers 2.5 Disciplinary 2.6 Youngest goalscorers 3 Match records 3.1 Scorelines 4 All - time Premier League table 5 Managers 6 References League records ( edit ) Titles ( edit ) Most titles : 13 , Manchester United Most consecutive title wins : 3 Manchester United ( 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 ) Manchester United ( 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 ) Biggest title - winning margin : 19 points , 2017 -- 18 ; Manchester City ( 100 points ) over Manchester United ( 81 points ) Smallest title - winning margin : 0 points and 8 goal difference -- 2011 -- 12 ; Manchester City ( + 64 ) over Manchester United ( + 56 ) . Both finished on 89 points , but Manchester City won the title with a superior goal difference -- the only time that goal difference has determined the Premier League . Points ( edit ) Most points in a season : 100 , Manchester City ( 2017 -- 18 ) Fewest points in a season : 11 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most home points in a season : 55 , joint record : Chelsea ( 2005 -- 06 ) Manchester United ( 2010 -- 11 ) Manchester City ( 2011 -- 12 ) Fewest home points in a season : 7 , Sunderland ( 2005 -- 06 ) Most away points in a season : 50 , Manchester City ( 2017 -- 18 ) Fewest away points in a season : 3 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most points in a season without winning the league : 89 , Manchester United ( 2011 -- 12 ) Fewest points in a season while winning the league : 75 , Manchester United ( 1996 -- 97 ) Most points in a season while being relegated : 42 games : 49 , Crystal Palace ( 1992 -- 93 ) 38 games : 42 , West Ham United ( 2002 -- 03 ) Fewest points in a season while surviving relegation : 34 , West Bromwich Albion ( 2004 -- 05 ) Wins ( edit ) Most wins in total : 629 , Manchester United Most wins in a season ( 38 games ) : 32 , Manchester City ( 2017 -- 18 ) Fewest wins in a season ( 38 games ) : 1 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most home wins in a season ( 19 games ) : 18 , joint record : Chelsea ( 2005 -- 06 ) Manchester United ( 2010 -- 11 ) Manchester City ( 2011 -- 12 ) Fewest home wins in a season ( 19 games ) : 1 , joint record : Sunderland ( 2005 -- 06 ) Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most away wins in a season ( 19 games ) : 16 , Manchester City ( 2017 -- 18 ) Fewest away wins in a season ( 19 / 21 games ) : 0 , joint record : Leeds United ( 1992 -- 93 ) Coventry City ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 2003 -- 04 ) Norwich City ( 2004 -- 05 ) Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Hull City ( 2009 -- 10 ) Most consecutive wins : 18 , Manchester City ( between 26 August 2017 and 27 December 2017 ) Most consecutive home wins : 20 , Manchester City ( between 5 March 2011 and 21 March 2012 ) Most consecutive away wins : 11 , joint record : Chelsea ( between 6 April 2008 and 7 December 2008 ) Manchester City ( between 21 May 2017 and 27 December 2017 ) Most consecutive games without a win : 32 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most consecutive games without a win from beginning of season : 16 , Queens Park Rangers ( between 18 August 2012 and 8 December 2012 ) Defeats ( edit ) Most defeats in total : 351 , Everton Longest unbeaten run : 49 games , Arsenal ( 7 May 2003 -- 24 October 2004 ) Fewest defeats in a season ( 38 games ) : 0 , Arsenal ( 2003 -- 04 ) Fewest home defeats in a season ( 19 games ) : 0 , joint record : Manchester United ( 1995 -- 96 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2010 -- 11 ) Arsenal ( 1998 -- 99 , 2003 -- 04 , 2007 -- 08 ) Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2014 -- 15 ) Liverpool ( 2008 -- 09 , 2017 -- 18 ) Manchester City ( 2011 -- 12 ) Tottenham Hotspur ( 2016 -- 17 ) Fewest away defeats in a season ( 19 games ) : 0 , Arsenal ( 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 ) Most consecutive home games undefeated : 86 , Chelsea ( 20 March 2004 -- 5 October 2008 ) Most consecutive away games undefeated : 27 , Arsenal ( 5 April 2003 -- 25 September 2004 ) Most defeats in a season ( 42 games or 38 games ) : 29 , joint record : Ipswich Town ( 1994 -- 95 ) Sunderland ( 2005 -- 06 ) Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most home defeats in a season ( 19 games ) : 14 , Sunderland ( 2002 -- 03 , 2005 -- 06 ) Most away defeats in a season ( 19 games ) : 17 , Burnley ( 2009 -- 10 ) Most consecutive defeats over more than one season ( 38 games ) : 20 , Sunderland ( 2002 -- 03 , 2005 -- 06 ) Draws ( edit ) Most draws in total : 287 , Everton Most draws in a season ( 42 games ) : 18 -- joint record : Manchester City ( 1993 -- 94 ) Sheffield United ( 1993 -- 94 ) Southampton ( 1994 -- 95 ) Most draws in a season ( 38 games ) : 17 -- joint record : Newcastle United ( 2003 -- 04 ) Aston Villa ( 2006 -- 07 , 2011 -- 12 ) Sunderland ( 2014 -- 15 ) Most home draws in a season : 10 -- joint record : Sheffield Wednesday ( 1996 -- 97 ) Leicester City ( 1997 -- 98 , 2003 -- 04 ) Manchester United ( 2016 -- 17 ) Most away draws in a season : 10 , Newcastle United ( 2003 -- 04 ) Fewest draws in a season : 3 , Chelsea ( 1997 -- 98 , 2016 -- 17 ) Fewest home draws in a season : 0 -- joint record : Manchester City ( 2008 -- 09 ) Manchester United ( 2012 -- 13 ) Chelsea ( 2016 -- 17 ) Fewest away draws in a season : 1 -- joint record : Bolton Wanderers ( 1995 -- 96 ) Queens Park Rangers ( 1995 -- 96 , 2014 -- 15 ) Barnsley ( 1997 -- 98 ) Chelsea ( 1997 -- 98 ) Bradford City ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Everton ( 2000 -- 01 ) Ipswich Town ( 2000 -- 01 ) Portsmouth ( 2005 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08 ) Burnley ( 2009 -- 10 ) Liverpool ( 2011 -- 12 ) Newcastle United ( 2013 -- 14 ) Queens Park Rangers ( 2014 -- 15 ) Most consecutive draws : 7 -- joint record : Norwich City ( 1993 -- 94 ) Southampton ( 1994 -- 95 ) Manchester City ( 2009 -- 10 ) Goals ( edit ) Most goals scored in a season : 106 , Manchester City ( 2017 -- 18 ) Fewest goals scored in a season : 20 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most goals conceded in a season ( 42 games ) : 100 , Swindon Town ( 1993 -- 94 ) Most goals conceded in a season ( 38 games ) : 89 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Fewest goals conceded in a season : 15 , Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 ) Best goal difference in a season : 79 , Manchester City ( 2017 -- 18 ) Worst goal difference in a season : -- 69 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most goals scored in a season by a relegated team : 55 , Blackpool ( 2010 -- 11 ) Most goals scored at home in a season : 68 , Chelsea ( 2009 -- 10 ) Fewest goals scored at home in a season : 10 , Manchester City ( 2006 -- 07 ) Most goals conceded at home in a season ( 21 games ) : 45 , Swindon Town ( 1993 -- 94 ) Most goals conceded at home in a season ( 19 games ) : 43 Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 2011 -- 12 ) Fewest goals conceded at home in a season ( 21 games or 19 games ) : 4 , Manchester United ( 1994 -- 95 ) Most goals scored away in a season : 48 , Liverpool ( 2013 -- 14 ) Fewest goals scored away in a season : 8 Middlesbrough ( 1995 -- 96 ) Southampton ( 1998 -- 99 ) Sheffield United ( 2006 -- 07 ) Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most goals conceded away in a season ( 21 games ) : 59 , Ipswich Town ( 1994 -- 95 ) Most goals conceded away in a season ( 19 games ) : 55 , Wigan Athletic ( 2009 -- 10 ) Fewest goals conceded away in a season : 9 , Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 ) Fewest failures to score in a match in a season : 0 ( scored in every game ) , Arsenal ( 2001 -- 02 ) Most goals scored in total : 1,924 , Manchester United Most goals conceded in total : 1,267 , Tottenham Hotspur League history of current and former Premier League teams from 1992 -- 93 to 2013 -- 14 . Attendances ( edit ) Highest attendance , single game : 83,222 , Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 0 Arsenal ( at Wembley Stadium , 10 February 2018 ) Lowest attendance , single game : 3,039 , Wimbledon 1 -- 3 Everton ( at Selhurst Park , 26 January 1993 ) Highest season average attendance : 75,821 -- Old Trafford , Manchester United ( 2006 -- 07 ) Lowest season average attendance : 8,353 -- Selhurst Park , Wimbledon ( 1992 -- 93 ) Player records ( edit ) Appearances ( edit ) Most Premier League appearances : 653 , Gareth Barry ( 2 May 1998 to 24 February 2018 ) Oldest player : John Burridge , 43 years and 162 days ( for Manchester City v. Queens Park Rangers , 14 May 1995 ) Youngest player : Matthew Briggs , 16 years and 65 days ( for Fulham v. Middlesbrough , 13 May 2007 ) Most consecutive Premier League appearances : 310 , Brad Friedel ( 14 August 2004 until 7 October 2012 ) Most seasons appeared in : 22 , Ryan Giggs ( every season from 1992 -- 93 to 2013 -- 14 ) Goals ( edit ) Further information : List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals First Premier League goal : Brian Deane ( for Sheffield United v. Manchester United , 15 August 1992 ) Most Premier League goals : 260 , Alan Shearer Most Premier League goals at one club : 183 , Wayne Rooney ( Manchester United ) Oldest goalscorer : 40 years and 268 days , Teddy Sheringham ( for West Ham United v. Portsmouth , 26 December 2006 ) Youngest goalscorer : 16 years and 271 days , James Vaughan ( for Everton v. Crystal Palace , 10 April 2005 ) Most consecutive Premier League matches scored in : 11 , Jamie Vardy ( for Leicester City , 29 August to 28 November 2015 ) Most seasons scored in : 21 , Ryan Giggs ( every season from 1992 -- 93 to 2012 -- 13 ) Rank Name Goals Games Goals per game Playing position First goal Last goal Alan Shearer 260 441 0.59 Forward 1992 -- 93 2005 -- 06 Wayne Rooney 208 491 0.42 Forward 2002 -- 03 2017 -- 18 Andy Cole 187 414 0.45 Forward 1993 -- 94 2006 -- 07 Frank Lampard 177 609 0.29 Midfield 1997 -- 98 2014 -- 15 5 Thierry Henry 175 258 0.68 Forward 1999 -- 2000 2011 -- 12 6 Robbie Fowler 163 379 0.43 Forward 1993 -- 94 2006 -- 07 7 Jermain Defoe 162 492 0.33 Forward 2001 -- 02 2017 -- 18 8 Michael Owen 150 326 0.46 Forward 1996 -- 97 2012 -- 13 9 Les Ferdinand 149 351 0.42 Forward 1992 -- 93 2004 -- 05 10 Teddy Sheringham 146 418 0.35 Forward 1992 -- 93 2006 -- 07 Most goals in a season ( 42 games ) : 34 , joint record : Andy Cole ( Newcastle United , 1993 -- 94 ) Alan Shearer ( Blackburn Rovers , 1994 -- 95 ) Further information : Premier League Golden Boot Most goals in a season ( 38 games ) : 32 , Mohamed Salah ( Liverpool , 2017 -- 18 ) Most games scored in during a Premier League season : 24 , Mohamed Salah ( Liverpool , 2017 -- 18 ) Most Premier League goals in a calendar year : 39 , Harry Kane ( Tottenham Hotspur , 2017 ) Number of teams scored against in a season : 17 , joint record : 20 - team league : Ian Wright ( Arsenal , 1996 -- 97 ) Robin van Persie ( Arsenal , 2011 -- 12 ) Mohamed Salah ( Liverpool , 2017 -- 18 ) 22 - team league : Andy Cole ( Newcastle United , 1993 -- 94 ) Alan Shearer ( Blackburn Rovers , 1994 -- 95 ) Most goals in a debut season : 30 , Kevin Phillips ( Sunderland , 1999 -- 2000 ) Most Premier League hat - tricks in a season : 5 , Alan Shearer ( 38 games ) ( Blackburn Rovers , 1995 -- 96 ) Most Premier League hat - tricks : 11 , Alan Shearer Most goals in a game : 5 , joint record : Andy Cole ( for Manchester United v. Ipswich Town , 4 March 1995 ) W 9 -- 0 Alan Shearer ( for Newcastle United v. Sheffield Wednesday , 19 September 1999 ) W 8 -- 0 Jermain Defoe ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic , 22 November 2009 ) W 9 -- 1 Dimitar Berbatov ( for Manchester United v. Blackburn Rovers , 27 November 2010 ) W 7 -- 1 Sergio Agüero ( for Manchester City v. Newcastle United , 3 October 2015 ) W 6 -- 1 Further information : List of Premier League hat - tricks Most goals in one half : 5 , Jermain Defoe ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic , 22 November 2009 ) W 9 -- 1 Fastest goal : 10 seconds , Ledley King ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Bradford City , 9 December 2000 ) Most goals scored by a substitute in a game : 4 , Ole Gunnar Solskjær ( for Manchester United v. Nottingham Forest , 6 February 1999 ) Most consecutive away league matches scored in : 9 , Robin van Persie ( for Arsenal , 1 January 2011 to 22 May 2011 ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 30 goals : 3 ( 1993 -- 1996 ) , Alan Shearer ( all for Blackburn Rovers ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 25 goals : 4 ( 1993 -- 1997 ) , Alan Shearer ( 1993 -- 1996 for Blackburn Rovers , 1996 -- 1997 for Newcastle United ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 20 goals : 5 ( 2001 -- 2006 ) , Thierry Henry ( all for Arsenal ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 10 goals : 11 ( 2004 -- 2015 ) , Wayne Rooney ( all for Manchester United ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 1 goal : 21 ( 1992 -- 2013 ) , Ryan Giggs ( all for Manchester United ) Fastest Premier League hat - trick : 2 minutes 56 seconds , Sadio Mané ( for Southampton v. Aston Villa , 16 May 2015 ) Most different clubs to score for : 7 , Craig Bellamy ( for Coventry City , Newcastle United , Blackburn Rovers , Liverpool , West Ham United , Manchester City , Cardiff City ) Most own goals : 10 , Richard Dunne Most own goals in a season : 4 , joint record : Martin Škrtel ( 2013 -- 14 ) Lewis Dunk ( 2017 -- 18 ) Most hat - tricks against a single club : 3 , Luis Suárez ( for Liverpool v. Norwich City ) Most goals in a calendar month : 10 ( December 2013 ) , Luis Suárez ( Liverpool ) Assists ( edit ) Most assists ( career ) Rank Player Assists Ryan Giggs 162 Cesc Fàbregas 111 Wayne Rooney 103 Frank Lampard 102 5 Dennis Bergkamp 94 6 Steven Gerrard 92 7 David Beckham 80 8 James Milner 78 9 Teddy Sheringham 76 10 David Silva 75 Most Premier League assists in a season : 20 , Thierry Henry ( Arsenal , 2002 -- 03 ) Most consecutive Premier League matches with an assist : 7 , Mesut Özil ( for Arsenal , 26 September to 21 November 2015 ) Most assists in a single Premier League match : 4 , joint record : Dennis Bergkamp ( for Arsenal v. Leicester City , 20 February 1999 ) José Antonio Reyes ( for Arsenal v. Middlesbrough , 14 January 2006 ) Cesc Fàbregas ( for Arsenal v. Blackburn Rovers , 4 October 2009 ) Emmanuel Adebayor ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Newcastle United , 11 February 2012 ) Santi Cazorla ( for Arsenal v. Wigan Athletic , 14 May 2013 ) Dušan Tadić ( for Southampton v. Sunderland , 18 October 2014 ) Goalkeepers ( edit ) Further information : Premier League Golden Glove Most clean sheets ( career ) Rank Player Clean sheets Petr Čech 201 David James 169 Mark Schwarzer 151 David Seaman 140 5 Nigel Martyn 137 6 Pepe Reina 134 7 Edwin van der Sar 132 Tim Howard Brad Friedel 10 Peter Schmeichel 128 Most clean sheets in one season : 24 , Petr Čech ( for Chelsea , 2004 -- 05 ) Longest consecutive run without conceding a goal : 14 games ( 1,311 minutes ) , Edwin van der Sar ( for Manchester United , 2008 -- 09 ) Goalscoring goalkeepers ( excluding own goals ) : Peter Schmeichel ( Everton 3 -- 2 Aston Villa , 20 October 2001 ) Brad Friedel ( Charlton Athletic 3 -- 2 Blackburn Rovers , 21 February 2004 ) Paul Robinson ( Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 1 Watford , 17 March 2007 ) Tim Howard ( Everton 1 -- 2 Bolton Wanderers , 4 January 2012 ) Asmir Begović ( Stoke City 1 -- 1 Southampton , 2 November 2013 ) Disciplinary ( edit ) Most red cards : 8 , joint record : Duncan Ferguson Patrick Vieira Richard Dunne Most yellow cards for a player : 103 , Gareth Barry Most yellow cards for a single team in one game : 9 ( Tottenham Hotspur v. Chelsea , 2 May 2016 ) Fouling record : 782 , Kevin Davies ( since 2000 -- 01 , the first season for which reliable records are available ) Longest ban : 12 matches , Joey Barton . After being dismissed for violent conduct , Barton was found guilty of two further separate counts of violent conduct after his dismissal against Manchester City , 23 May 2012 Youngest Goalscorers ( edit ) This is a list of the top 10 youngest players to score a goal in the Premier League . Player Date Team Age Opposition James Vaughan 10 April 2005 Everton 16 years , 270 days Crystal Palace James Milner 26 December 2002 Leeds United 16 years , 346 days Sunderland Wayne Rooney 19 October 2002 Everton 16 years , 351 days Arsenal Cesc Fàbregas 25 August 2004 Arsenal 17 years , 114 days Blackburn Rovers 5 Michael Owen 6 May 1997 Liverpool 17 years , 144 days Wimbledon 6 Andy Turner 5 September 1992 Tottenham 17 years , 166 days Everton 7 Federico Macheda 5 April 2009 Manchester United 17 years , 226 days Aston Villa 8 Raheem Sterling 20 October 2012 Liverpool 17 years , 317 days Reading 9 Mikael Forssell 20 February 1999 Chelsea 17 years , 342 days Nottingham Forest 10 Danny Cadamarteri 20 September 1997 Everton 17 years , 344 days Barnsley Match records ( edit ) Scorelines ( edit ) Further information : List of Premier League highest scoring games Biggest home win : 9 -- 0 , Manchester United v. Ipswich Town ( 4 March 1995 ) Biggest away win : 1 -- 8 , Nottingham Forest v. Manchester United ( 6 February 1999 ) Biggest aggregate win : 12 -- 1 , joint record : Blackburn Rovers 7 -- 0 Nottingham Forest ( 18 November 1995 ) & Nottingham Forest 1 -- 5 Blackburn Rovers ( 13 April 1996 ) Tottenham Hotspur 9 -- 1 Wigan Athletic ( 22 November 2009 ) & Wigan Athletic 0 -- 3 Tottenham Hotspur ( 21 February 2010 ) Biggest loss by reigning champions : 1 -- 6 , joint record : Manchester United 1 -- 6 Manchester City ( 23 October 2011 ) , after Manchester United won the 2010 -- 11 season Leicester City 1 -- 6 Tottenham Hotspur ( 18 May 2017 ) , after Leicester City won the 2015 -- 16 season Largest goal deficit overcome to win : 3 Leeds United 4 -- 3 Derby County ( 8 November 1997 ) West Ham United 3 -- 4 Wimbledon ( 9 September 1998 ) Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 5 Manchester United ( 29 September 2001 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers 4 -- 3 Leicester City ( 25 October 2003 ) Largest goal deficit overcome to draw : 4 , Newcastle United 4 -- 4 Arsenal ( 5 February 2011 ) Highest scoring : 7 -- 4 , Portsmouth v. Reading ( 29 September 2007 ) Highest scoring draw : 5 -- 5 , West Bromwich Albion v. Manchester United ( 19 May 2013 ) Highest scoring in the first half : 7 goals , joint record : Blackburn Rovers 3 -- 4 Leeds United ( 14 September 1997 -- final score ; 3 -- 4 ) Bradford City 4 -- 3 Derby County ( 21 April 2000 -- final score ; 4 -- 4 ) Reading 3 -- 4 Manchester United ( 1 December 2012 -- final score ; 3 -- 4 ) Most individual goal scorers in one game : 9 , joint record : Tottenham Hotspur 4 -- 5 Arsenal ( 13 November 2004 ) Portsmouth 7 -- 4 Reading ( 29 September 2007 ) Most individual goal scorers in one game for the same team : 7 , joint record : Chelsea 8 -- 0 Aston Villa ( 23 December 2012 ) Manchester City 7 -- 0 Norwich City ( 2 November 2013 ) Southampton 8 -- 0 Sunderland ( 18 October 2014 ) All - time Premier League Table ( edit ) The all - time Premier League table is a cumulative record of all match results , points and goals of every team that has played in the Premier League since its inception in 1992 . The table that follows is accurate as of the end of the 2017 -- 18 season . Teams in bold are part of the 2018 -- 19 Premier League . Numbers in bold are the record ( highest either positive or negative ) numbers in each column . Pos . Club Seasons Pld Win Draw Loss GF GA GD Pts 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Relegated Avg Pts Best Pos . Manchester United 26 1000 629 215 156 1924 875 1049 2102 13 6 80.85 Arsenal 26 1000 544 253 203 1772 962 810 1885 6 5 7 72.50 Chelsea 26 1000 537 248 215 1707 963 744 1859 5 71.50 Liverpool 26 1000 499 255 246 1685 1024 661 1752 5 7 67.38 5 Tottenham Hotspur 26 1000 423 255 322 1480 1267 213 1524 58.62 6 Everton 26 1000 362 287 351 1303 1265 38 1373 52.81 7 Manchester City 21 810 359 194 257 1279 952 327 1271 60.52 8 Newcastle United 23 882 334 225 323 1207 1187 20 1227 53.35 9 Aston Villa 24 924 316 275 333 1117 1186 − 69 1223 50.96 10 West Ham United 22 844 275 221 348 1012 1214 − 202 1046 47.55 5 11 Blackburn Rovers 18 696 262 184 250 927 907 20 970 53.89 12 Southampton 19 734 229 202 303 892 1022 − 130 889 46.79 6 13 Leeds United 12 468 189 125 154 641 573 68 692 57.67 14 Middlesbrough 15 574 165 169 240 648 794 − 146 661 44.01 7 15 Sunderland 16 608 153 159 296 612 904 − 292 618 38.63 7 16 Fulham 13 494 150 136 208 570 697 − 127 586 45.08 7 17 Bolton Wanderers 13 494 149 128 217 575 745 − 170 575 44.23 6 18 Leicester City 12 460 142 129 189 572 670 − 98 555 46.25 19 West Bromwich Albion 12 456 112 128 216 475 696 − 221 464 38.67 8 20 Stoke City 10 380 116 109 155 398 525 − 127 457 45.70 9 21 Coventry City 9 354 99 112 143 387 490 − 103 409 45.40 11 22 Sheffield Wednesday 8 316 101 89 126 409 453 − 44 392 49.00 7 23 Wimbledon 8 316 99 94 123 384 472 − 88 391 48.88 6 24 Crystal Palace 9 350 97 89 164 374 511 − 137 380 42.22 10 25 Charlton Athletic 8 304 93 82 129 342 442 − 100 361 45.13 7 26 Norwich City 8 316 89 92 135 365 510 − 145 359 44.88 27 Wigan Athletic 8 304 85 76 143 316 482 − 166 331 41.38 10 28 Swansea City 7 266 82 66 118 306 383 − 77 312 44.57 8 29 Queens Park Rangers 7 278 81 65 132 339 431 − 92 308 44.00 5 30 Birmingham City 7 266 73 82 111 273 360 − 87 301 43.00 9 31 Portsmouth 7 266 79 65 122 292 380 − 88 293 41.86 8 32 Derby County 7 266 68 70 128 271 420 − 149 274 39.14 8 33 Nottingham Forest 5 198 60 59 79 229 287 − 58 239 47.80 34 Ipswich Town 5 202 57 53 92 219 312 − 93 224 44.80 5 35 Watford 5 190 45 43 102 188 318 − 130 178 35.60 13 36 Hull City 5 190 41 48 101 181 323 − 142 171 34.20 16 37 Burnley 152 40 37 75 145 229 − 84 157 39.25 7 38 Wolverhampton Wanderers 152 32 40 80 156 281 − 125 136 34.00 15 39 Sheffield United 122 32 36 54 128 168 − 40 132 44.00 14 40 Bournemouth 114 34 30 50 145 195 − 50 132 44.00 9 41 Reading 114 32 23 59 136 186 − 50 119 39.67 8 42 Oldham Athletic 84 22 23 39 105 142 − 37 89 44.50 19 43 Bradford City 76 14 20 42 68 138 − 70 62 31.00 17 44 Brighton & Hove Albion 38 9 13 16 34 54 -- 20 40 40.00 15 45 Blackpool 38 10 9 19 55 78 − 23 39 39.00 19 46 Huddersfield Town 38 9 10 19 28 58 -- 30 37 37.00 16 47 Barnsley 38 10 5 23 37 82 − 45 35 35.00 19 48 Cardiff City 38 7 9 22 32 74 − 42 30 30.00 20 49 Swindon Town 42 5 15 22 47 100 − 53 30 30.00 22 League or status at 2018 -- 19 : 2018 -- 19 Premier League 2018 -- 19 EFL Championship 2018 -- 19 EFL League One 2018 -- 19 EFL League Two Defunct : by a 2007 agreement , neither Milton Keynes Dons nor AFC Wimbledon regards itself as custodian of Wimbledon F.C. 's statistics . Managers ( edit ) Most Premier League titles : 13 , Sir Alex Ferguson ( Manchester United ) -- 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2013 Most Premier League Manager of the Month awards : 27 , Sir Alex Ferguson Most consecutive Premier League Manager of the Month awards : 4 , Pep Guardiola Most promotions to the Premier League : 4 , Steve Bruce ( Birmingham City in 2001 -- 02 and 2006 -- 07 and Hull City in 2012 -- 13 and 2015 -- 16 ) Most relegations from the Premier League : 3 , Dave Bassett ( Sheffield United in 1993 -- 94 , Nottingham Forest in 1996 -- 97 , and Leicester City in 2001 -- 02 ) Longest spell as manager : 21 years , 224 days , Arsène Wenger ( Arsenal , 1 October 1996 to 13 May 2018 ) Shortest spell as manager ( excluding caretakers ) : 41 days , Les Reed ( Charlton Athletic , 14 November 2006 to 24 December 2006 ) ( 8 games ) References ( edit ) General `` For the record : Premier League facts and figures '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Specific ^ Jump up to : `` England - List of Champions '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . 26 September 2014 . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Which records have Manchester City broken this season ? '' . Sky Sports . 14 May 2018 . Retrieved 17 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester City win Barclays Premier League title '' . Premier League . 13 May 2012 . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Lowest Ever Premier League Point Totals ( In The Noughties ) '' . Jump up ^ Manchester City aim for perfect home record Archived 10 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Ltd , Statto Organisation . `` English Premier League Table 2011 - 2012 - Statto.com '' . Archived from the original on 20 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brad friedel and other incredible premier league records '' . The Independent . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . 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Jump up ^ `` Brad Friedel and other incredible Premier League records '' . 8 October 2012 . hide Premier League Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Clubs 2018 -- 19 Arsenal Bournemouth Brighton & Hove Albion Burnley Cardiff City Chelsea Crystal Palace Everton Fulham Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Ham United Wolverhampton Wanderers Former Aston Villa Barnsley Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Charlton Athletic Coventry City Derby County Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough Norwich City Nottingham Forest Oldham Athletic Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Stoke City Sunderland Swansea City Swindon Town West Bromwich Albion Wigan Athletic Wimbledon ( defunct ) Competition Teams winners Players foreign foreign scorers winners Managers Stadia Founding Broadcasting foundation Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All - time table Hat - tricks Highest scores Golden Boot Golden Glove Manager of the Season Player of the Season Goal of the Season Playmaker of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Players with 500 + appearances Players with 100 + goals Top scorers by season Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Team owners Transfer records Game 39 Premier League -- Football League gulf Associated competitions Asia Trophy FA Community Shield FA Cup EFL Cup UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Premier League 2 U18 Premier League Premier League International Cup Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Premier_League_records_and_statistics&oldid=850479608 '' Categories : Premier League All - time football league tables Association football records and statistics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links Articles that may contain original research from April 2015 All articles that may contain original research Use British English from June 2015 Use dmy dates from April 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Eesti Italiano 日本 語 Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 03 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | highest premier league goal scorer in a single season | [
"Most goals in a season (42 games): 34, joint record:[68]\nAndy Cole (Newcastle United, 1993–94)\nAlan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1994–95)",
"Most goals in a season (42 games): 34, joint record:[68]\nAndy Cole (Newcastle United, 1993–94)\nAlan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1994–95)"
] | [
"Andy Cole",
"Alan Shearer"
] |
-5068627462623372439 | The White Princess (miniseries) | The White Princess ( miniseries ) - wikipedia The White Princess ( miniseries ) Jump to : navigation , search The White Princess Genre Drama Historical fiction Based on The White Princess by Philippa Gregory Written by Emma Frost Sarah Dollard Loren McLaughlan Amy Roberts Alice Nutter Sarah Phelps Directed by Jamie Payne Alex Kalymnios Starring Jodie Comer Rebecca Benson Jacob Collins - Levy Kenneth Cranham Essie Davis Rossy de Palma Richard Dillane Anthony Flanagan Patrick Gibson Caroline Goodall Amy Manson Adrian Rawlins Vincent Regan Suki Waterhouse Joanne Whalley Andrew Whipp Michelle Fairley Composer ( s ) John Lunn Country of origin United States United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 8 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Emma Frost Jamie Payne Colin Callender Scott Huff Michele Buck Producer ( s ) Lachlan MacKinnon Cinematography Chris Seager Editor ( s ) St. John O'Rorke Anne Sopel Jamie Trevill Production company ( s ) Company Pictures Playground Release Original network Starz Original release April 16 ( 2017 - 04 - 16 ) -- June 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 04 ) External links Website www.starz.com/series/thewhiteprincess/episodes The White Princess is a British - American historical fiction television series for Starz , based on Philippa Gregory 's 2013 novel of the same name . It is a sequel to The White Queen , a 2013 BBC - produced miniseries adapting three of Gregory 's previous novels . In the eight episode series , the marriage of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York effectively ends the Wars of the Roses by uniting houses of Lancaster and York . However , their mutual enmity and distrust -- as well as the political plots of their mothers -- threaten to tear both the marriage and the kingdom apart . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Development 4 Casting 5 Production 6 Marketing 7 References 8 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Jodie Comer as Elizabeth `` Lizzie '' of York , the Queen of England Rebecca Benson as Margaret `` Maggie '' Plantagenet , the Queen 's paternal cousin , sister of Teddy Jacob Collins - Levy as Henry VII , the King of England , Elizabeth 's husband Kenneth Cranham as Bishop ( later Cardinal ) John Morton , a confidant of the King 's mother Essie Davis as Dowager Queen Elizabeth Woodville , the Queen 's mother Rossy de Palma as Isabella I of Castile , the Queen of Castile Richard Dillane as Thomas Stanley , Margaret Beaufort 's husband Anthony Flanagan as Francis Lovell , a Yorkist supporter Patrick Gibson as Perkin Warbeck , a pretender to the English crown and husband of Cathy Gordon Caroline Goodall as Cecily Neville , Duchess of York , the Queen 's paternal grandmother . Goodall is the only actor appearing in both The White Queen and The White Princess . Amy Manson as Catherine `` Cathy '' Gordon , wife of Perkin Warbeck Adrian Rawlins as John de la Pole , Duke of Suffolk , husband of Eliza de la Pole Vincent Regan as Jasper Tudor , the King 's uncle Suki Waterhouse as Cecily of York , the Queen 's sister Joanne Whalley as Margaret , Duchess of Burgundy , the Queen 's paternal aunt Andrew Whipp as Sir Richard Pole , husband of Maggie Plantagenet Michelle Fairley as Margaret Beaufort , the King 's mother Recurring ( edit ) Nicholas Audsley as Lord Strange Rhys Connah ( child ) and Albert de Jongh ( teen ) as Edward `` Teddy '' Plantagenet , Earl of Warwick , the Queen 's cousin , brother of Maggie Heidi Ely as Princess Bridget , the Queen 's sister Oliver Hembrough as John de la Pole , Earl of Lincoln , the Duke of Suffolk 's son Rosie Knightley as Princess Anne , the Queen 's sister Ava Masters as Princess Catherine , the Queen 's sister Rollo Skinner as Ned , a stable boy Susie Trayling as Elizabeth `` Eliza '' de la Pole , Duchess of Suffolk , the Queen 's paternal aunt Guy Williams as William Stanley , Lord Thomas 's brother Iain Batchelor as Maximilian I , Holy Roman Emperor Dorian Grover as Philip Zazie Hayhurst as Rettie Billy Barratt as Prince Arthur , the King 's first son Woody Norman as Prince Harry , the King 's second son Philip Arditti as Rodrigo de Puebla , the Spanish ambassador Guest ( edit ) Ned Elliott as Prince Richard , the Queen 's brother Luc Webb as Prince Edward , the Queen 's brother Derek Frood as the Mayor of York Kitty Smith as Ruth Emmanuelle Bouaziz as Mary of Burgundy Max True as Lambert Simnel Nia Roberts as Catherine `` Kate '' Woodville , Duchess of Buckingham Norman Arthur Eshley as the Abbot Marc Danbury as the Priest Juan Echenique as Ferdinand II of Aragon , the King of Aragon Nicholas Gecks as the Wimborne Priest Alex Sawyer as Kofi , Novice Monk Mark Edel - Hunt as Thomas Wolsey Alasdair McLaughlin as Noah Luff Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` In Bed With The Enemy '' Jamie Payne Emma Frost April 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 16 ) 0.633 Arriving triumphantly in London after defeating Richard III in the Battle of Bosworth , the new king Henry Tudor is compelled to wed Elizabeth of York -- whom he despises due to her purported affair with Richard -- to join the warring houses of Lancaster and York . Lizzie hates Henry as well , even more so when he insists on getting her pregnant before committing himself to marry her . Recognizing the influence over Henry that her new pregnancy gives her , Lizzie decides to play the part of dutiful wife as she and her mother , the former Queen consort Elizabeth , plot against the Tudors . `` Hearts and Minds '' Jamie Payne Emma Frost April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) 0.712 Henry embarks on a tour of the kingdom to assert his sovereignty . Planning to accompany him to secretly rally York supporters , Lizzie 's mother Elizabeth is instead neutralized by Henry 's own mother Margaret and locked up in Westminster Palace . Henry survives an assassination attempt by Yorkist Francis Lovell but suspects Lizzie 's involvement ; she recognizes it as her mother 's handiwork , and denounces any intentions to actually kill Henry . In his absence , Lizzie wins favor with the common people by seizing funds from the Royal Treasury to aid those threatened by the sweating sickness . Though she is unable to convince Henry to free her young cousin Teddy Plantagenet from the Tower of London , Lizzie reinforces Henry 's growing attachment to her . `` Burgundy '' Jamie Payne Emma Frost April 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 30 ) 0.784 Lizzie gives birth to Prince Arthur , and finds common ground with Henry . Jasper Tudor visits Margaret of Burgundy seeking an alliance but peace negotiations are suddenly aborted by an incident at the Burgundy court . In the meantime , Lizzie 's mother Elizabeth is exiled to Bermondsey Abbey . `` The Pretender '' Alex Kalymnios Sarah Dollard & Emma Frost May 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 07 ) 0.845 As plans are made to safely marry the York princesses to Tudor loyalists , Margaret of Burgundy raises an army behind a peasant boy she has declared is Teddy Plantagenet . Lizzie convinces Henry to release the real Teddy from the Tower and make a public display that he is happily ensconced with the Tudors . Margaret , the King 's Mother , arranges a disturbance that sends Teddy back to the Tower as a threat to Henry 's rule . Henry defeats the pretender 's forces and shows mercy to the boy . Though Margaret declares the Dowager Queen Elizabeth complicit in the conspiracy , Henry declines executing his wife 's mother . 5 `` Traitors '' Alex Kalymnios Loren McLaughlan & Amy Roberts May 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 14 ) 0.951 Margaret of Burgundy is rallying European support around a boy she recognizes as the true heir to the English throne , Lizzie 's brother Richard Plantagenet , the Duke of York . Henry sends Margaret , now Lady Pole , to prove that the boy is an impostor . Henry and Lizzie name their own son Henry as the Duke of York , but Lizzie 's mother , the Dowager Queen , interrupts the ceremony with a pronouncement that her son , the rightful King of England , is alive in Burgundy . Though partially convinced of Richard 's authenticity , Margaret declares him an impostor when questioned by Henry . Jasper learns that Margaret , the King 's Mother , ordered the murders of the Princes in the Tower and is outraged ; to preserve her secret , Margaret smothers a sick Jasper to death while he is in bed . 6 `` English Blood on English Soil '' Alex Kalymnios Emma Frost & Alice Nutter May 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 21 ) 0.792 William Stanley is executed for his support to the pretender Perkin Warbeck , who -- through a marriage with the Scottish noblewoman Catherine Gordon -- is gaining the support of most European kingdoms except Spain . Lizzie and Henry travel to Spain to seek for an alliance , but Queen Isabella of Castile refuses to help the king until his traitors are dealt with . After the death of the Dowager Queen Elizabeth , Lizzie insipires Henry 's men to fight against the pretender , who ultimately finds sanctuary in a monastery . Warbeck is later retrieved by the King 's Mother , who drags him to London pending Henry 's reckoning . 7 `` Two Kings '' Jamie Payne Emma Frost May 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 28 ) 0.722 Though Warbeck , his wife , and their son are Henry 's prisoners , he refuses to denounce his claim to the throne . Margaret becomes an unlikely spy for her aunt , Margaret of Burgundy . Lizzie is convinced that Warbeck is her brother , but knows that his existence threatens her husband and sons . She starts a fire to allow him to escape , but he refuses . 8 `` Old Curses '' Jamie Payne Sarah Phelps June 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 04 ) 0.868 Lizzie finally admits to Henry that she and her mother cursed her brothers ' murderers ; if Henry kills Warbeck -- who she believes is Richard -- he will visit the curse on their sons . Lizzie offers up an imposter to be executed in Warbeck 's place , but Margaret of Burgundy is not fooled . Henry nearly strangles his mother as he realizes that she murdered the Princes in the Tower , cursing his bloodline . With the ruse discovered , Lizzie realizes that the only way to secure the alliance with Spain and assure her sons ' futures is to allow her brother and Teddy to be executed . The King 's Mother remarks to a furious Lizzie how alike they are . Development ( edit ) The 10 - part 2013 television series The White Queen adapted Gregory 's previous novels The White Queen ( 2009 ) , The Red Queen ( 2010 ) and The Kingmaker 's Daughter ( 2012 ) . The series was broadcast on BBC One in the United Kingdom and on Starz in the United States , and features Freya Mavor as a young Elizabeth of York . Despite initial plans for a second series , on 20 August 2013 the BBC announced they were not commissioning one , possibly due to the lukewarm reception the series received . However , in October 2013 , The Telegraph reported that Starz was planning to develop a sequel miniseries called The White Princess , based on Gregory 's novel . Starz CEO Chris Albrecht announced in January 2014 that the network was working with White Queen screenwriter Emma Frost on the project . Starz would produce the White Princess miniseries without involvement from the BBC . Gregory confirmed that the project was underway in August 2015 . On 7 February 2016 , Gregory announced on Facebook that the sequel was officially confirmed to be in production , with the scripts being written . The series was confirmed to be eight episodes in May 2016 . Casting ( edit ) Jodie Comer was cast in the title role of Elizabeth of York in April 2016 , with Michelle Fairley added as Margaret Beaufort in May . In June 2016 , Starz announced the casting of Essie Davis as Dowager Queen Elizabeth , Jacob Collins - Levy as Henry VII , Suki Waterhouse as Cecily of York , Rebecca Benson as Margaret Plantagenet , and Joanne Whalley as Margaret , Duchess of Burgundy . The remaining cast includes Caroline Goodall as Duchess Cecily , Kenneth Cranham as Bishop Morton , Vincent Regan as Jasper Tudor. and Rhys Connah as Teddy Plantagenet . Production ( edit ) Production on The White Princess began in June 2016 , with locations including Bradford on Avon , Bristol , Berkeley Castle , Gloucester Cathedral , Lacock , Salisbury Cathedral , and Wells . Jamie Payne , who directed three episodes of The White Queen , directed episodes 1 , 2 , 3 , 7 , and 8 . Frost is showrunner and executive producer . Lachlan MacKinnon is serving as producer , with Gregory as executive producer . Playground 's Colin Callender and Scott Huff are serving as executive producers with Company Pictures ' Michele Buck . In early January 2017 , the producers released a video clip from the series as a teaser trailer . Marketing ( edit ) In February 2017 , Starz announced that The White Princess would premiere on April 16 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The White Princess : Episode Guide '' . Screener . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The White Princess -- Crew '' . Starz . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The White Princess -- Listings '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( 18 April 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.16. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( 25 April 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.23. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( 2 May 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.30. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.4. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC -- Media Centre : The White Queen , a new ten - part drama for BBC One '' . BBC . 31 August 2012 . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reign over for The White Queen '' . Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved 20 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Walker , Tim ( 17 October 2013 ) . `` The White Queen is to make a comeback '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( 10 January 2014 ) . `` TCA : Starz 's Chris Albrecht On 2014 Plans , White Queen Sequel , Magic City Demise '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Walker - Arnott , Ellie ( 10 August 2015 ) . `` A sequel to The White Queen is definitely in the works '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 7 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Philippa Gregory '' . Facebook . 7 February 2016 . Retrieved 7 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( 10 May 2016 ) . `` Game Of Thrones Michelle Fairley Joins Starz 's The White Princess '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( 13 June 2016 ) . `` Two More Game of Thrones Actors Just Joined Starz 's The White Queen Follow - Up '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( 15 April 2016 ) . `` Doctor Foster Star Jodie Comer Lands Lead Role In Starz Sequel The White Princess '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bradley , Laura ( 13 June 2016 ) . `` Two More Game of Thrones Actors Just Joined Starz 's The White Queen Follow - Up '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( 13 June 2016 ) . `` The White Princess : Essie Davis , Joanne Whalley , More Join Cast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bradford on Avon is centre stage for filming of White Princess '' . Wiltshire Times . Newsquest. 3 September 2016 . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . in the Tithe Barn , near Frome Road , and St Laurence 's Church , in Church Street . ^ Jump up to : Lesnick , Silas ( 13 June 2016 ) . `` White Princess Miniseries : Production Begins on Starz Show '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Hawkins , John ( 16 June 2016 ) . `` Film friendly cathedral provides setting for another blockbuster '' . Gloucester Review . Gloucester Review . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lacock goes back to 1485 for filming of The White Princess '' . The Wiltshire Gazette and Herald . Jump up ^ `` TV crew filming historical drama at cathedral '' . Salisbury Journal . Jump up ^ Magistrates Reporter ( 25 December 2016 ) . `` Dunkirk , The White Princess , Broadchurch , Poldark : when will scenes shot in Somerset be on screen ? '' . Somerset Live . Local World . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . See the video in our story here for a glimpse of the actors filming the highly anticipated drama . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( 5 January 2017 ) . `` STARZ 's The White Princess Teaser Walks the Line '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` Starz 's The White Princess Sets Premiere Date , Unveils Key Art & Trailer '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website The White Princess on IMDb Works by Philippa Gregory The Wideacre trilogy Wideacre ( 1987 ) The Favored Child ( 1989 ) Meridon ( 1990 ) The Tudor Court series Novels The Other Boleyn Girl ( 2001 ) The Queen 's Fool ( 2003 ) The Virgin 's Lover ( 2004 ) The Constant Princess ( 2005 ) The Boleyn Inheritance ( 2006 ) The Other Queen ( 2008 ) The Taming of the Queen ( 2015 ) Three Sisters , Three Queens ( 2016 ) Adaptations The Other Boleyn Girl ( 2003 film ) The Other Boleyn Girl ( 2008 film ) The Cousins ' War series Novels The White Queen ( 2009 ) The Red Queen ( 2010 ) The Lady of the Rivers ( 2011 ) The Kingmaker 's Daughter ( 2012 ) The White Princess ( 2013 ) The King 's Curse ( 2014 ) Adaptations The White Queen ( TV series ) ( 2013 ) The White Princess ( miniseries ) ( 2017 ) Other novels A Respectable Trade ( 1995 ) The Little House ( 1996 ) Non-fiction The Women of the Cousins ' War ( 2011 ) Starz original programming Former 2000s debuts The Bronx Bunny Show ( 2007 ) Crash ( 2008 -- 09 ) Head Case ( 2007 -- 09 ) Kung Faux ( 2005 ) Hollywood Residential ( 2005 -- 07 ) Party Down ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2010s debuts Black Sails ( 2014 -- 17 ) Blunt Talk ( 2015 -- 16 ) Boss ( 2011 -- 12 ) Camelot ( 2011 ) Close to the Enemy ( 2016 ) Da Vinci 's Demons ( 2013 -- 15 ) Flesh and Bone ( 2015 ) Gravity ( 2010 ) Magic City ( 2012 -- 13 ) The Pillars of the Earth ( 2010 ) Spartacus : Blood and Sand ( 2010 ) Spartacus : Gods of the Arena ( 2011 ) Spartacus : Vengeance ( 2012 ) Spartacus : War of the Damned ( 2013 ) Torchwood : Miracle Day ( 2011 ) The White Princess ( 2017 ) The White Queen ( 2013 ) Current American Gods ( since 2017 ) Ash vs Evil Dead ( since 2015 ) The Girlfriend Experience ( since 2016 ) The Missing ( since 2014 ) Outlander ( since 2014 ) Power ( since 2014 ) Survivor 's Remorse ( since 2014 ) Upcoming Counterpart ( 2018 ) Havana Quartet ( TBA ) Howards End ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_White_Princess_(miniseries)&oldid=800536396 '' Categories : 2010s American television miniseries Costume drama television series English - language television programs Henry VII of England House of Tudor Serial drama television series Television programs based on British novels Television series about the history of England Television series set in the 15th century Television series set in the Middle Ages Works about women in war Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Magyar Polski Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 04 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many episodes is there of the white princess | [
"\n\nThe White Princess\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nDrama\nHistorical fiction\n\n\nBased on\nThe White Princess\nby Philippa Gregory\n\n\nWritten by\n\n\n\nEmma Frost\nSarah Dollard\nLoren McLaughlan\nAmy Roberts\nAlice Nutter\nSarah Phelps\n\n\n\n\n\nDirected by\nJamie Payne\nAlex Kalymnios\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nJodie Comer\nRebecca Benson\nJacob Collins-Levy\nKenneth Cranham\nEssie Davis\nRossy de Palma\nRichard Dillane\nAnthony Flanagan\nPatrick Gibson\nCaroline Goodall\nAmy Manson\nAdrian Rawlins\nVincent Regan\nSuki Waterhouse\nJoanne Whalley\nAndrew Whipp\nMichelle Fairley\n\n\n\n\n\nComposer(s)\nJohn Lunn\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\nUnited Kingdom\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nEnglish\n\n\nNo. of series\n1\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n8 (list of episodes)\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\n\n\n\nEmma Frost\nJamie Payne\nColin Callender\nScott Huff\nMichele Buck\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\nLachlan MacKinnon\n\n\nCinematography\nChris Seager\n\n\nEditor(s)\n\n\n\nSt. John O'Rorke\nAnne Sopel\nJamie Trevill\n\n\n\n\n\nProduction company(s)\n\n\n\nCompany Pictures Playground\n\n\n\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nStarz\n\n\nOriginal release\nApril 16 (2017-04-16) – June 4, 2017 (2017-06-04)\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.starz.com/series/thewhiteprincess/episodes\n\n"
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5283543891634564475 | Babylon | Babylon - wikipedia Babylon Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Babylon ( disambiguation ) . `` Babilu '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Babalu . Babylon بابل A partial view of the ruins of Babylon from Saddam Hussein 's Summer Palace Shown within Iraq Alternate name Akkadian : 𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠 , Bābili ( m ) Sumerian : 𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠 , KÁ. DINGIR. RA Aramaic : 𐡁𐡁𐡋 , Babel Hebrew : בָּבֶל , Bavel Greek : Βαβυλών , Babylṓn Old Persian : 𐎲𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎽𐎢 , Bābiru Elamite : 𒀸𒁀𒉿𒇷 , Babili Kassite : Karanduniash Location Hillah , Babil Governorate , Iraq Region Mesopotamia Coordinates 32 ° 32 ′ 11 '' N 44 ° 25 ′ 15 '' E / 32.53639 ° N 44.42083 ° E / 32.53639 ; 44.42083 Coordinates : 32 ° 32 ′ 11 '' N 44 ° 25 ′ 15 '' E / 32.53639 ° N 44.42083 ° E / 32.53639 ; 44.42083 Type Settlement Part of Babylonia Area 9 km ( 3.5 sq mi ) History Founded c. 2300 BC Abandoned c . AD 1000 Cultures Akkadian , Amorite , Kassite , Assyrian , Chaldean , Achaemenid , Hellenistic , Persian Site notes Archaeologists Hormuzd Rassam , Robert Koldewey Condition Ruined Ownership Public Public access Yes This article contains special characters . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols . Babylon ( 𒆍 𒀭 𒊏 𒆠KAN. DIĜIR. RA Akkadian : Bābili ( m ) ; Aramaic : בבל , Babel ; Arabic : بَابِل , Bābil ; Hebrew : בָּבֶל , Bavel ; Classical Syriac : ܒܒܠ , Bāwēl ) was a key kingdom in ancient Mesopotamia from the 18th to 6th centuries BCE . The city was built on the Euphrates river and divided in equal parts along its left and right banks , with steep embankments to contain the river 's seasonal floods . Babylon was originally a small Akkadian town dating from the period of the Akkadian Empire c. 2300 BC . The town became part of a small independent city - state with the rise of the First Amorite Babylonian Dynasty in the nineteenth century BC . After the Amorite king Hammurabi created a short - lived empire in the 18th century BC , he built Babylon up into a major city and declared himself its king , and southern Mesopotamia became known as Babylonia and Babylon eclipsed Nippur as its holy city . The empire waned under Hammurabi 's son Samsu - iluna and Babylon spent long periods under Assyrian , Kassite and Elamite domination . After being destroyed and then rebuilt by the Assyrians , Babylon became the capital of the short lived Neo-Babylonian Empire from 609 to 539 BC . The Hanging Gardens of Babylon was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , although a number of scholars believe these were actually in the Assyrian capital of Nineveh . After the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire , the city came under the rule of the Achaemenid , Seleucid , Parthian , Roman , and Sassanid empires . It has been estimated that Babylon was the largest city in the world from c. 1770 -- c. 1670 BC , and again between c. 612 -- c. 320 BC . It was perhaps the first city to reach a population above 200,000 . Estimates for the maximum extent of its area range from 890 to 900 hectares ( 2,200 acres ) . The remains of the city are in present - day Hillah , Babil Governorate , Iraq , about 85 kilometres ( 53 mi ) south of Baghdad , comprising a large tell of broken mud - brick buildings and debris . The main sources of information about Babylon -- excavation of the site itself , references in cuneiform texts found elsewhere in Mesopotamia , references in the Bible , descriptions in classical writing ( especially by Herodotus ) , and second - hand descriptions ( citing the work of Ctesias and Berossus ) -- present an incomplete and sometimes contradictory picture of the ancient city even at its peak in the sixth century BC . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Geography 3 Sources 3.1 Early references 3.2 Classical dating 4 History 4.1 Old Babylonian period 4.2 Middle Babylon 4.3 Assyrian period 4.4 Neo-Babylonian Empire 4.5 Persian conquest 4.6 Hellenistic period 4.7 Renewed Persian rule 4.8 Muslim conquest 5 Modern era 5.1 Excavation and research 5.2 Iraq government 5.3 US and Polish occupation 5.4 Present day 6 Cultural importance 6.1 Biblical narrative 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Sources 9.2 Further reading 10 External links Name ( edit ) Look up 𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠 in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . The English Babylon comes from Greek Babylṓn ( Βαβυλών ) , a transliteration of the Akkadian Bābilim . Archibald Sayce , writing in the 1870s , considered `` Bab - ilu '' or `` Bab - ili '' to be the translation of an earlier Sumerian ( formerly thought to be in the obsolete `` Turanian '' language - family ) name `` Ca - dimirra '' , meaning `` gate of god '' , based on the characters KAN DIĜIR. RA ( corresponding to the Sumerian phrase kan diĝirak `` god 's gate '' ) or perhaps based on other characters . According to Professor Dietz - Otto Edzard , the city was originally called Babilla , but by the time of the Third Dynasty of Ur , through a process of etymological speculation , had become Bāb - ili ( m ) meaning `` gate of god '' or `` god 's gate '' ( Bab - Il ) . The `` gate of god '' translation is increasingly viewed as a folk etymology to explain an unknown original non-Semitic placename . Linguist I.J. Gelb suggested in 1955 that Babil / Babilla is the basis of the city name , of unknown meaning and origin , as there were other similarly - named places in Sumer , and there are no other examples of Sumerian place - names being replaced with Akkadian translations . He deduced that it later transformed into Akkadian Bāb - ili ( m ) , and that the Sumerian Ka - dingirra was a later translation of that , rather than vice-versa . Joan Oates states in her book Babylon that the rendering Gateway of the gods is no longer accepted by modern scholars . In the Bible , the name appears as Babel ( Hebrew : בָּבֶל , Bavel , Tib . בָּבֶל , Bāvel ; Classical Syriac : ܒܒܠ , Bāwēl ) , interpreted in the Hebrew Scriptures ' Book of Genesis to mean `` confusion '' , from the verb bilbél ( בלבל , `` to confuse '' ) . The modern English verb , to `` babble '' , or to speak meaningless words , is popularly thought to derive from this name , but there is no direct connection . Ancient records in some situations use Babylon as a name for other cities , including cities like Borsippa within Babylon 's sphere of influence , and Nineveh for a short period after the Assyrian sack of Babylon . Geography ( edit ) Schematic showing Babylon on the Euphrates River with major areas within inner and outer walls . Babylon in 1932 Brick structures in Babylon , photographed in 2016 The remains of the city are in present - day Hillah , Babil Governorate , Iraq , about 85 kilometers ( 53 mi ) south of Baghdad , comprising a large tell of broken mud - brick buildings and debris . The site at Babylon consists of a number of mounds covering an area of about 2 by 1 kilometer ( 1.24 mi × 0.62 mi ) , oriented north to south , along the Euphrates to the west . Originally , the river roughly bisected the city , but the course of the river has since shifted so that most of the remains of the former western part of the city are now inundated . Some portions of the city wall to the west of the river also remain . Only a small portion of the ancient city ( 3 % of the area within the inner walls ; 1.5 % of the area within the outer walls ; 0.05 % at the depth of Middle and Old Babylon ) has been excavated . Known remains include : Kasr -- also called Palace or Castle , it is the location of the Neo-Babylonian ziggurat Etemenanki and lies in the center of the site . Amran Ibn Ali -- the highest of the mounds at 25 meters , to the south . It is the site of Esagila , a temple of Marduk which also contained shrines to Ea and Nabu . Homera -- a reddish colored mound on the west side . Most of the Hellenistic remains are here . Babil -- a mound about 22 meters high at the northern end of the site . Its bricks have been subject to looting since ancient times . It held a palace built by Nebuchadnezzar . Archaeologists have recovered few artifacts predating the Neo-Babylonian period . The water table in the region has risen greatly over the centuries and artifacts from the time before the Neo-Babylonian Empire are unavailable to current standard archaeological methods . Additionally , the Neo-Babylonians conducted significant rebuilding projects in the city , which destroyed or obscured much of the earlier record . Babylon was pillaged numerous times after revolting against foreign rule , most notably by the Hittites and Elamites in the 2nd millennium , then by the Neo-Assyrian Empire and the Achaemenid Empire in the 1st millennium . Much of the western half of the city is now beneath the river , and other parts of the site have been mined for commercial building materials . Only the Koldewey expedition recovered artifacts from the Old Babylonian period . These included 967 clay tablets , stored in private houses , with Sumerian literature and lexical documents . Nearby ancient settlements are Kish , Borsippa , Dilbat , and Kutha . Marad and Sippar were 60 km in either direction along the Euphrates . Sources ( edit ) Illustration by Leonard William King of fragment K. 8532 , a part of the Dynastic Chronicle listing rulers of Babylon grouped by dyansty . Historical knowledge of early Babylon must be pieced together from epigraphic remains found elsewhere , such as at Uruk , Nippur , and Haradum . Information on the Neo-Babylonian city is available from archaeological excavations and from classical sources . Babylon was described , perhaps even visited , by a number of classical historians including Ctesias , Herodotus , Quintus Curtius Rufus , Strabo , and Cleitarchus . These reports are of variable accuracy and some of the content was politically motivated , but these still provide useful information . Early references ( edit ) References to the city of Babylon can be found in Akkadian and Sumerian literature from the late third millennium BC . One of the earliest is a tablet describing the Akkadian king Šar - kali - šarri laying the foundations in Babylon of new temples for Annūnı̄tum and Ilaba . Babylon also appears in the administrative records of the Third Dynasty of Ur , which collected in - kind tax payments and appointed an ensi as local governor . The so - called Weidner Chronicle ( also known as ABC 19 ) states that Sargon of Akkad ( c. 23d century BC in the short chronology ) had built Babylon `` in front of Akkad '' ( ABC 19 : 51 ) . A later chronicle states that Sargon `` dug up the dirt of the pit of Babylon , and made a counterpart of Babylon next to Akkad '' . ( ABC 20 : 18 -- 19 ) . Van de Mieroop has suggested that those sources may refer to the much later Assyrian king Sargon II of the Neo-Assyrian Empire rather than Sargon of Akkad . The Book of Genesis , chapter 10 , claims that king Nimrod founded Babel , Uruk , and Akkad . Classical dating ( edit ) Ctesias , quoted by Diodorus Siculus and in George Syncellus 's Chronographia , claimed to have access to manuscripts from Babylonian archives , which date the founding of Babylon to 2286 BC , under the reign of its first king , Belus . A similar figure is found in the writings of Berossus , who according to Pliny , stated that astronomical observations commenced at Babylon 490 years before the Greek era of Phoroneus , indicating 2243 BC . Stephanus of Byzantium wrote that Babylon was built 1002 years before the date given by Hellanicus of Lesbos for the siege of Troy ( 1229 BC ) , which would date Babylon 's foundation to 2231 BC . All of these dates place Babylon 's foundation in the ( ( 23rd century BC ; however , cuneiform records have not been found to correspond with these classical ( post-cuneiform ) accounts . History ( edit ) The Queen of the Night relief . The figure could be an aspect of the goddess Ishtar , Babylonian goddess of sex and love . By around the 19th century BC , much of southern Mesopotamia was occupied by Amorites , nomadic tribes from the northern Levant who were Northwest Semitic speakers , unlike the native Akkadians of southern Mesopotamia and Assyria , who spoke East Semitic . The Amorites at first did not practice agriculture like more advanced Mesopotamians , preferring a semi-nomadic lifestyle , herding sheep . Over time , Amorite grain merchants rose to prominence and established their own independent dynasties in several south Mesopotamian city - states , most notably Isin , Larsa , Eshnunna , Lagash , and later , founding Babylon as a state . Old Babylonian period ( edit ) Map showing the Babylonian territory upon Hammurabi 's ascension in 1792 BC and upon his death in 1750 BC Old Babylonian cylinder seal , hematite . This seal was probably made in a workshop at Sippar ( about 40 miles north of Babylon on the map above ) either during , or shortly before , the reign of Hammurabi . It depicts the king making an animal offering to the Sun god Shamash . Linescan camera image of the cylinder seal above ( reversed to resemble an impression ) . According to a Babylonian date list , Amorite rule in Babylon began ( c. 19th or 18th century BC ) with a chieftain named Sumu - abum , who declared independence from the neighboring city - state of Kazallu . Sumu - la - El , whose dates may be concurrent with those of Sumu - abum , is usually given as the progenitor of the First Babylonian Dynasty . Both are credited with building the walls of Babylon . In any case , the records describe Sumu - la - El 's military successes establishing a regional sphere of influence for Babylon . Babylon was initially a minor city - state , and controlled little surrounding territory ; its first four Amorite rulers did not assume the title of king . The older and more powerful states of Assyria , Elam , Isin and Larsa overshadowed Babylon until it became the capital of Hammurabi 's short lived empire about a century later . Hammurabi ( r . 1792 -- 1750 BC ) is famous for codifying the laws of Babylonia into the Code of Hammurabi . He conquered all of the cities and city states of southern Mesopotamia , including Isin , Larsa , Ur , Uruk , Nippur , Lagash , Eridu , Kish , Adab , Eshnunna , Akshak , Akkad , Shuruppak , Bad - tibira , Sippar and Girsu , coalescing them into one kingdom , ruled from Babylon . Hammurabi also invaded and conquered Elam to the east , and the kingdoms of Mari and Ebla to the north west . After a protracted struggle with the powerful Assyrian king Ishme - Dagan of the Old Assyrian Empire , he forced his successor to pay tribute late in his reign , spreading Babylonian power to Assyria 's Hattian and Hurrian colonies in Asia Minor . After the reign of Hammurabi , the whole of southern Mesopotamia came to be known as Babylonia , whereas the north had already coalesced centuries before into Assyria . From this time , Babylon supplanted Nippur and Eridu as the major religious centers of southern Mesopotamia . Hammurabi 's empire destabilized after his death . Assyrians defeated and drove out the Babylonians and Amorites . The far south of Mesopotamia broke away , forming the native Sealand Dynasty , and the Elamites appropriated territory in eastern Mesopotamia . The Amorite dynasty remained in power in Babylon , which again became a small city state . Texts from Old Babylon often include references to Shamash , the sun - god of Sippar , treated as a supreme deity , and Marduk , considered as his son . Marduk was later elevated to a higher status and Shamash lowered , perhaps reflecting Babylon 's rising political power Middle Babylon ( edit ) In 1595 BC the city was overthrown by the Hittite Empire from Asia Minor . Thereafter , Kassites from the Zagros Mountains of north western Ancient Iran captured Babylon , ushering in a dynasty that lasted for 435 years , until 1160 BC . The city was renamed Karanduniash during this period . Kassite Babylon eventually became subject to the Middle Assyrian Empire ( 1365 -- 1053 BC ) to the north , and Elam to the east , with both powers vying for control of the city . The Assyrian king Tukulti - Ninurta I took the throne of Babylon in 1235 BC . By 1155 BC , after continued attacks and annexing of territory by the Assyrians and Elamites , the Kassites were deposed in Babylon . An Akkadian south Mesopotamian dynasty then ruled for the first time . However , Babylon remained weak and subject to domination by Assyria . Its ineffectual native kings were unable to prevent new waves of foreign West Semitic settlers from the deserts of the Levant , including the Arameans and Suteans in the 11th century BC , and finally the Chaldeans in the 9th century BC , entering and appropriating areas of Babylonia for themselves . The Arameans briefly ruled in Babylon during the late 11th century BC . Assyrian period ( edit ) Sennacherib of Assyria during his Babylonian war , relief from his palace in Nineveh During the rule of the Neo-Assyrian Empire ( 911 -- 609 BC ) , Babylonia was under constant Assyrian domination or direct control . During the reign of Sennacherib of Assyria , Babylonia was in a constant state of revolt , led by a chieftain named Merodach - Baladan , in alliance with the Elamites , and suppressed only by the complete destruction of the city of Babylon . In 689 BC , its walls , temples and palaces were razed , and the rubble was thrown into the Arakhtu , the sea bordering the earlier Babylon on the south . Destruction of the religious center shocked many , and the subsequent murder of Sennacherib by two of his own sons while praying to the god Nisroch was considered an act of atonement . Consequently , his successor Esarhaddon hastened to rebuild the old city and make it his residence during part of the year . After his death , Babylonia was governed by his elder son , the Assyrian prince Shamash - shum - ukin , who eventually started a civil war in 652 BC against his own brother , Ashurbanipal , who ruled in Nineveh . Shamash - shum - ukin enlisted the help of other peoples subject to Assyria , including Elam , Persia , Chaldeans and Suteans of southern Mesopotamia , and the Canaanites and Arabs dwelling in the deserts south of Mesopotamia . Once again , Babylon was besieged by the Assyrians , starved into surrender and its allies were defeated . Ashurbanipal celebrated a `` service of reconciliation '' , but did not venture to `` take the hands '' of Bel . An Assyrian governor named Kandalanu was appointed as ruler of the city . Ashurbanipal did collect texts from Babylon for inclusion in his extensive library at Ninevah . After the death of Ashurbanipal , the Assyrian empire destabilized due to a series of internal civil wars throughout the reigns of Assyrian kings Ashur - etil - ilani , Sin - shumu - lishir and Sinsharishkun . Eventually Babylon , like many other parts of the near east , took advantage of the anarchy within Assyria to free itself from Assyrian rule . In the subsequent overthrow of the Assyrian Empire by an alliance of peoples , the Babylonians saw another example of divine vengeance . Neo-Babylonian Empire ( edit ) Cuneiform cylinder from reign of Nebuchadnezzar II honoring the exorcism and reconstruction of the ziggurat Etemenanki by Nabopolassar . This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Neo-Babylonian Empire Detail of the Ishtar Gate reconstruction A reconstruction of the blue - tiled Ishtar Gate which was the northern entrance to Babylon . It was named for the goddess of love and war . Bulls and dragons , symbols of the god Marduk , decorated the gate . Under Nabopolassar , a previously unknown Chaldean chieftain , Babylon escaped Assyrian rule , and in an alliance with Cyaxares , king of the Medes and Persians together with the Scythians and Cimmerians , finally destroyed the Assyrian Empire between 612 BC and 605 BC . Babylon thus became the capital of the Neo-Babylonian ( sometimes and possibly erroneously called the Chaldean ) Empire . With the recovery of Babylonian independence , a new era of architectural activity ensued , particularly during the reign of his son Nebuchadnezzar II ( 604 -- 561 BC ) . Nebuchadnezzar ordered the complete reconstruction of the imperial grounds , including the Etemenanki ziggurat , and the construction of the Ishtar Gate -- the most prominent of eight gates around Babylon . A reconstruction of the Ishtar Gate is located in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin . Nebuchadnezzar is also credited with the construction of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon -- one of the seven wonders of the ancient world -- said to have been built for his homesick wife Amyitis . Whether the gardens actually existed is a matter of dispute . German archaeologist Robert Koldewey speculated that he had discovered its foundations , but many historians disagree about the location . Stephanie Dalley has argued that the hanging gardens were actually located in the Assyrian capital , Nineveh . Nebuchandnezzar is also notoriously associated with the Babylonian exile of the Jews , the result of an imperial technique of pacification , used also by the Assyrians , in which ethnic groups in conquered areas were deported en masse to the capital . Chaldean rule of Babylon did not last long ; it is not clear whether Neriglissar and Labashi - Marduk were Chaldeans or native Babylonians , and the last ruler Nabonidus ( 556 -- 539 BC ) and his co-regent son Belshazzar were Assyrians from Harran . Persian conquest ( edit ) In 539 BC , the Neo-Babylonian Empire fell to Cyrus the Great , king of Persia , with a military engagement known as the Battle of Opis . Babylon 's walls were considered impenetrable . The only way into the city was through one of its many gates or through the Euphrates River . Metal grates were installed underwater , allowing the river to flow through the city walls while preventing intrusion . The Persians devised a plan to enter the city via the river . During a Babylonian national feast , Cyrus ' troops diverted the Euphrates River upstream , allowing Cyrus ' soldiers to enter the city through the lowered water . The Persian army conquered the outlying areas of the city while the majority of Babylonians at the city center were unaware of the breach . The account was elaborated upon by Herodotus and is also mentioned in parts of the Hebrew Bible . ( Herodotus also described a moat , an enormously tall and broad wall cemented with bitumen and with buildings on top , and a hundred gates to the city . He also writes that the Babylonians wear turbans and perfume and bury their dead in honey , that they practice ritual prostitution , and that three tribes among them eat nothing but fish . The hundred gates can be considered a reference to Homer , and following the pronouncement of Archibald Henry Sayce in 1883 , Herodotus 's account of Babylon has largely been considered to represent Greek folklore rather than an authentic voyage to Babylon . Dalley and others have recently suggested taking Herodotus 's account seriously again . ) According to 2 Chronicles 36 of the Hebrew Bible , Cyrus later issued a decree permitting captive people , including the Jews , to return to their own lands . Text found on the Cyrus Cylinder has traditionally been seen by biblical scholars as corroborative evidence of this policy , although the interpretation is disputed because the text only identifies Mesopotamian sanctuaries but makes no mention of Jews , Jerusalem , or Judea . Under Cyrus and the subsequent Persian king Darius I , Babylon became the capital city of the 9th Satrapy ( Babylonia in the south and Athura in the north ) , as well as a center of learning and scientific advancement . In Achaemenid Persia , the ancient Babylonian arts of astronomy and mathematics were revitalized , and Babylonian scholars completed maps of constellations . The city became the administrative capital of the Persian Empire and remained prominent for over two centuries . Many important archaeological discoveries have been made that can provide a better understanding of that era . The early Persian kings had attempted to maintain the religious ceremonies of Marduk , but by the reign of Darius III , over-taxation and the strain of numerous wars led to a deterioration of Babylon 's main shrines and canals , and the destabilization of the surrounding region . There were numerous attempts at rebellion and in 522 BC ( Nebuchadnezzar III ) , 521 BC ( Nebuchadnezzar IV ) and 482 BC ( Bel - shimani and Shamash - eriba ) native Babylonian kings briefly regained independence . However these revolts were quickly repressed and Babylon remained under Persian rule for two centuries , until Alexander the Great 's entry in 331 BC . Hellenistic period ( edit ) `` Entry of Alexander into Babylon '' , a 1665 painting by Charles LeBrun , depicts Alexander the Great 's uncontested entry into the city of Babylon , envisioned with pre-existing Hellenistic architecture . In October of 331 BC , Darius III , the last Achaemenid king of the Persian Empire , was defeated by the forces of the Ancient Macedonian Greek ruler Alexander the Great at the Battle of Gaugamela . A native account of this invasion notes a ruling by Alexander not to enter the homes of its inhabitants . Under Alexander , Babylon again flourished as a center of learning and commerce . However , following Alexander 's death in 323 BC in the palace of Nebuchadnezzar , his empire was divided amongst his generals , the Diadochi , and decades of fighting soon began . The constant turmoil virtually emptied the city of Babylon . A tablet dated 275 BC states that the inhabitants of Babylon were transported to Seleucia , where a palace and a temple ( Esagila ) were built . With this deportation , Babylon became insignificant as a city , although more than a century later , sacrifices were still performed in its old sanctuary . Renewed Persian rule ( edit ) Main article : Babylonia § Persian_Babylonia Under the Parthian and Sassanid Empires , Babylon ( like Assyria ) became a province of these Persian Empires for nine centuries , until after AD 650 . It maintained its own culture and people , who spoke varieties of Aramaic , and who continued to refer to their homeland as Babylon . Examples of their culture are found in the Babylonian Talmud , the Gnostic Mandaean religion , Eastern Rite Christianity and the religion of the prophet Mani . Christianity was introduced to Mesopotamia in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD , and Babylon was the seat of a Bishop of the Church of the East until well after the Arab / Islamic conquest . Muslim conquest ( edit ) Main article : Muslim conquest of Persia In the mid-7th century , Mesopotamia was invaded and settled by the expanding Muslim Empire , and a period of Islamization followed . Babylon was dissolved as a province and Aramaic and Church of the East Christianity eventually became marginalized . Ibn Hauqal mentions a small village called Babel in the tenth century ; subsequent travelers describe only ruins . Babylon is mentioned in medieval Arabic writings as a source of bricks , said to have been used in cities from Baghdad to Basra . European travelers in many cases could not discover the city 's location , or mistook Fallujah for it . Twelfth - century traveler Benjamin of Tudela mentions Babylon but it 's not clear if he really went there . Others referred to Baghdad as Babylon or New Babylon and described various structures encountered in the region as the Tower of Babel . Pietro della Valle found the ancient site in the seventeenth century and noted the existence of both baked and dried mudbricks cemented with bitumen . Modern era ( edit ) From the accounts of modern travellers , I had expected to have found on the site of Babylon more , and less , than I actually did . Less , because I could have formed no conception of the prodigious extent of the whole ruins , or of the size , solidity , and perfect state , of some of the parts of them ; and more , because I thought that I should have distinguished some traces , however imperfect , of many of the principle structures of Babylon . I imagined , I should have said : `` Here were the walls , and such must have been the extent of the area . There stood the palace , and this most assuredly was the tower of Belus . '' -- I was completely deceived : instead of a few insulated mounds , I found the whole face of the country covered with vestiges of building , in some places consisting of brick walls surprisingly fresh , in others merely of a vast succession of mounds of rubbish of such indeterminate figures , variety and extent , as to involve the person who should have formed any theory in inextricable confusion . Claudius J. Rich , Memoir on the Ruins of Babylon ( 1815 ) , pp. 1 -- 2 . Lion of Babylon The eighteenth century saw an increasing flow of travelers to Babylon , including Carsten Niebuhr and Pierre - Joseph de Beauchamp , as well as measurements of its latitude . Beauchamp 's memoir , published in English translation in 1792 , provoked the British East India Company to direct its agents in Baghdad and Basra to acquire Mesopotamian relics for shipment to London . Excavation and Research ( edit ) Claudius Rich , working for the East India Company in Baghdad , excavated Babylon in 1811 -- 12 and again in 1817 . Robert Mignan excavated at the site briefly in 1827 . William Loftus visited there in 1849 . Austen Henry Layard made some soundings during a brief visit in 1850 before abandoning the site . Fulgence Fresnel and Julius Oppert heavily excavated Babylon from 1852 to 1854 . However , many of the fruits of their work was lost when a raft containing over forty crates of artifacts sank into the Tigris river . Original tiles of the processional street . Ancient Babylon , Mesopotamia , Iraq . Sir Henry Rawlinson , 1st Baronet and George Smith worked there briefly in 1854 . The next excavation was conducted by Hormuzd Rassam on behalf of the British Museum . Work began in 1879 , continuing until 1882 , and was prompted by widespread looting of the site . Using industrial scale digging in search of artifacts , Rassam recovered a large quantity of cuneiform tablets and other finds . The zealous excavation methods , common at the time , caused significant damage to the archaeological context . Many tablets had appeared on the market in 1876 before Rassam 's excavation began . Mušḫuššu ( sirrush ) and aurochs on either side of the processional street . Ancient Babylon , Mesopotamia , Iraq A team from the German Oriental Society led by Robert Koldewey conducted the first scientific archaeological excavations at Babylon . The work was conducted daily from 1899 until 1917 . Primary efforts of the dig involved the temple of Marduk and the processional way leading up to it , as well as the city wall . Artifacts including pieces of the Ishtar Gate and hundreds of recovered tablets were sent back to Germany , where Koldewey 's colleague Walter Andrae reconstructed them into displays at Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin. , The German archaeologists fled before oncoming British troops in 1917 and again many objects went missing in the following years . Further work by the German Archaeological Institute was conducted by Heinrich J. Lenzen in 1956 and Hansjörg Schmid in 1962 . Lenzen 's work dealt primarily with the Hellenistic theatre , and Schmid focused on the temple ziggurat Etemenanki . The site was excavated in 1974 on behalf of the Turin Centre for Archaeological Research and Excavations in the Middle East and Asia and the Iraqi - Italian Institute of Archaeological Sciences . The focus was on clearing up issues raised by re-examination of the old German data . Additional work in 1987 -- 1989 concentrated on the area surrounding the Ishara and Ninurta temples in the Shu - Anna city - quarter of Babylon . During the restoration efforts in Babylon , the Iraqi State Organization for Antiquities and Heritage excavation and clearing , but wider publication of these archaeological activities has been limited . Indeed , most of the known tablets from all modern excavation remain unpublished . Iraq government ( edit ) The site of Babylon has been a cultural asset to Iraq since the creation of the modern Iraqi government in 1920 . Babylonian images periodically appear on Iraqi postcards and stamps . In the 1960s a replica of the Ishtar gate and a reconstruction of Ninmakh temple were built on site . On 14 February 1978 , the Baathist government of Iraq under Saddam Hussein began the `` Archaeological Restoration of Babylon Project '' : reconstructing features of the ancient city atop its ruins . These features included the Southern Palace of Nebuchandnezzar , with 250 rooms , five courtyards , and a 30 - meter entrance arch . The project also reinforced the Processional Way , the Lion of Babylon , and an amphitheater constructed in the city 's Hellenistic era . In 1982 the government minted a set of seven coins displaying iconic features of Babylon . A Babylon International Festival was held in September 1987 , and annually thereafter until 2002 ( excepting 1990 and 1991 ) , to showcase this work . Proposed reconstruction of the Hanging Gardens and the great ziggurat never took place . Hussein installed a portrait of himself and Nebuchadnezzar at the entrance to the ruins and inscribed his name on many of the bricks , in imitation of Nebuchadnezzar . One frequent inscription reads : `` This was built by Saddam Hussein , son of Nebuchadnezzar , to glorify Iraq '' . These bricks became sought after as collectors ' items after Hussein 's downfall . Similar projects were conducted at Nineveh , Nimrud , Assur and Hatra , to demonstrate the magnificence of Arab achievement . When the 1991 Gulf War ended , Hussein wanted to build a modern palace called Saddam Hill over some of the old ruins , in the pyramidal style of a ziggurat . In 2003 , he intended the construction of a cable car line over Babylon , but plans were halted by the 2003 invasion of Iraq . US and Polish occupation ( edit ) US Marines in front of the rebuilt ruins of Babylon , 2003 Play media World Monuments Fund video on conservation of Babylon Following the 2003 invasion of Iraq , the area around Babylon came under the control of US troops , before being handed over to Polish forces in September 2003 . US forces under the command of General James T. Conway of the I Marine Expeditionary Force were criticized for building the military base `` Camp Alpha '' , with a helipad and other facilities on ancient Babylonian ruins during the Iraq War . US forces have occupied the site for some time and have caused irreparable damage to the archaeological record . In a report of the British Museum 's Near East department , Dr. John Curtis described how parts of the archaeological site were levelled to create a landing area for helicopters , and parking lots for heavy vehicles . Curtis wrote of the occupation forces : They caused substantial damage to the Ishtar Gate , one of the most famous monuments from antiquity ( ... ) US military vehicles crushed 2,600 - year - old brick pavements , archaeological fragments were scattered across the site , more than 12 trenches were driven into ancient deposits and military earth - moving projects contaminated the site for future generations of scientists . A US Military spokesman claimed that engineering operations were discussed with the `` head of the Babylon museum '' . The head of the Iraqi State Board for Heritage and Antiquities , Donny George , said that the `` mess will take decades to sort out '' and criticised Polish troops for causing `` terrible damage '' to the site . Poland resolved in 2004 to place the city under Iraq control , and commissioned a report titled Report Concerning the Condition of the Preservation of the Babylon Archaeological Site , which it presented at a meeting on 11 -- 13 December 2004 . In 2005 the site was handed over to the Iraqi Ministry of Culture . In April 2006 , Colonel John Coleman , former Chief of Staff for the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force , offered to issue an apology for the damage done by military personnel under his command . However , he also claimed that the US presence had deterred far greater damage by other looters . An article published in April 2006 stated that UN officials and Iraqi leaders have plans to restore Babylon , making it into a cultural center . Two museums and a library , containing replicas of artifacts and local maps and reports , were raided and destroyed . Present day ( edit ) In May 2009 , the provincial government of Babil reopened the site to tourists , but not many have come . An oil pipeline runs through an outer wall of the city . Panoramic view of ruins in Babylon photographed in 2005 during a tour for U.S. soldiers . Cultural importance ( edit ) Woodcut in 1493 Nuremberg Chronicle depicting the fall of Babylon . `` The Walls of Babylon and the Temple of Bel ( Or Babel ) '' , by 19th - century illustrator William Simpson -- influenced by early archaeological investigations . Before modern archaeological excavations in Mesopotamia , the appearance of Babylon was largely a mystery , and typically envisioned by Western artists as a hybrid between ancient Egyptian , classical Greek , and contemporary Ottoman culture . Due to Babylon 's historical significance as well as references to it in the Bible , the word `` Babylon '' in various languages has acquired a generic meaning of a large , bustling diverse city . Examples include : Babylon is used in reggae music as a concept in the Rastafari belief system , denoting the materialistic capitalist world . Freemasonry , which has its own versions of biblical legends , classically considered Babylon as its birthplace and a haven for science and knowledge . Babylon 5 -- a science fiction series about a multi-racial futuristic space station . Babylon A.D. takes place in New York City , decades in the future . Babilonas ( Lithuanian name for `` Babylon '' ) -- a real estate development in Lithuania . Biblical narrative ( edit ) In Genesis 10 : 10 , Babel ( Babylon ) is described as founded by Nimrod along with Uruk , Akkad and perhaps Calneh -- all of them in Shinar ( `` Calneh '' is now sometimes translated not as a proper name but as the phrase `` all of them '' ) . Another story is given in Genesis 11 , which describes a united human race , speaking one language , migrating to Shinar to establish a city and tower -- the Tower of Babel . God halts construction of the tower by scattering humanity across the earth and confusing their communication so they are unable to understand each other in the same language . Babylon appears throughout the Hebrew Bible , including several prophecies and in descriptions of the destruction of Jerusalem and subsequent Babylonian captivity . Consequently , in Jewish tradition , Babylon symbolizes an oppressor against which righteous believers must struggle . In Christianity , Babylon symbolizes worldliness and evil . Prophecies sometimes symbolically link the kings of Babylon with Lucifer . Nebuchadnezzar , sometimes conflated with Nabonidus , appears as the foremost ruler in this narrative . The Revelation of St. John in the Christian Bible refers to Babylon many centuries after it ceased to be a major political center . The city is personified by the `` Whore of Babylon '' , riding on a scarlet beast with seven heads and ten horns , and drunk on the blood of the righteous . Some scholars of apocalyptic literature believe this New Testament `` Babylon '' to be a dysphemism for the Roman Empire . See also ( edit ) Cities of the ancient Near East Jehoiachin 's Rations Tablets List of Kings of Babylon Tomb of Daniel Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Amorites were not native to Mesopotamia , but were semi-nomadic Canaanite Northwest Semitic invaders from the northern Levant . They ( together with the Elamites to the east ) had originally been prevented from taking control of the Akkadian states of southern Mesopotamia by the intervention of powerful Assyrian kings of the Old Assyrian Empire during the 21st and 20th centuries BC , intervening from northern Mesopotamia . However , when the Assyrians turned their attention to expanding their colonies in Asia Minor , the Amorites eventually began to supplant native rulers across the region . Jump up ^ Please see Chronology of the ancient Near East for more discussion on dating events in the 2nd millennium BC , including the Sack of Babylon . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Cambridge Ancient History : Prolegomena & Prehistory : Vol. 1 , Part 1 . Accessed 15 Dec 2010 . ) Jump up ^ Tertius Chandler . Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth : An Historical Census ( 1987 ) , St. David 's University Press ( `` etext.org '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 18 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ) . ISBN 0 - 88946 - 207 - 0 . See Historical urban community sizes . Jump up ^ Mieroop , Marc van de ( 1997 ) . The Ancient Mesopotamian City . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 95 . ISBN 9780191588457 . Jump up ^ Boiy , T. ( 2004 ) . Late Achaemenid and Hellenistic Babylon . Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta. 136 . Leuven : Peeters Publishers . p. 233 . ISBN 9789042914490 . Jump up ^ Seymour ( 2006 ) , pp. 140 -- 142 . Jump up ^ Sayce 1878 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Archibald Henry Sayce , `` The Origin of Semitic Civilisation , Chiefly Upon Philological Evidence '' , Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archaeology Vol. 1 , p. 298 ; read 2 April 1872 . ^ Jump up to : Sayce , Archibald Henry ( 1878b ) . `` Babylon -- Babylonia '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . III ( 9th ed . ) . pp. 182 -- 194 . Jump up ^ Ernest A. Budge , The history of Esarhaddon ( son of Sennacherib ) king of Assyria , B.C. 681 -- 688 ; London : Trübner & Co. , 1880 ; pp. 135 -- 136 . Jump up ^ Dietz Otto Edzard : Geschichte Mesopotamiens . Von den Sumerern bis zu Alexander dem Großen , Beck , München 2004 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Liane Jakob - Rost , Joachim Marzahn : Babylon , ed . Staatliche Museen zu Berlin . Vorderasiatisches Museum , ( Kleine Schriften 4 ) , 2 . Auflage , Putbus 1990 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Gelb , I.J. ( 1994 ) . `` The Name of Babylon '' . In Hess , Richard S. ; Tsumura , David Toshio . I studied inscriptions from before the flood : ancient Near Eastern , literary , and linguistic approaches to Genesis 1 - 11 . Winona Lake , Ind. : Eisenbrauns . pp. 266 -- 269 . ISBN 9780931464881 . OCLC 31239619 . ^ Jump up to : Wilfred G. Lambert , `` Babylon : Origins '' ; in Cancik - Kirschbaum et al. ( 2011 ) , pp. 71 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Gen. 11 : 9 . Jump up ^ Magnus Magnusson , BC : The Archaeology of the Bible Lands . BBC Publications 1977 , pages 198 -- 199 . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary -- babble '' . Jump up ^ Stephanie Dalley , `` Nineveh , Babylon and the Hanging Gardens : Cuneiform and Classical Sources Reconciled '' ; Iraq 56 , 1994 . ^ Jump up to : Stephanie Dalley , Babylon as a Name for other Cities Including Nineveh , in Proceedings of the 51st Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale , Oriental Institute SAOC 62 , pp. 25 -- 33 , 2005 ^ Jump up to : Olof Pedersén , `` Excavated and Unexcavated Libraries in Babylon '' , in Cancik - Kirschbaum et al. ( 2011 ) , pp. 47 -- 67 . ^ Jump up to : MacGinnis , John ( 1986 ) . `` Herodotus ' Description of Babylon '' . Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies . 33 : 67 -- 86 . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Vedeler ( 2006 ) , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Records of the Past , Archibald Sayce , 2nd series , Vol. 1 , 1888 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ N.H. vii. 57 Jump up ^ The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World , George Rawlinson , Vol. 4 , p. 526 - 527 . Jump up ^ Al - Gailani Werr , L. , 1988 . Studies in the chronology and regional style of Old Babylonian Cylinder Seals . Bibliotheca Mesopotamica , Volume 23 . Jump up ^ Vedeler ( 2006 ) , pp. 8 -- 15 . `` However , this later tradition is almost certainly a simplification or even a reworking of the actual events surrounding Sumu - abum , who was never regarded as an actual ancestor to the other kings of the Babylon I dynasty ( Edzard 1957 : 122 ) ; in reality the relationship of Sumu - abum to Babylon was much more complex . It was long been noted that many of Sumu - abum 's year names are identical or virtually identical to the year names of Sumu - la - el , whom we know for certain was king of Babylon . Goddeeris ( 2002 : 319 - 320 ) sums these parallels up as follows : Sa 1 and 2 / Sl 5 and 6 : building the wall of Babylon . Sa 9 / Sl ' b ' : building the wall of Dilbat . Sa 13 / 14 / Sl 20 / 21 : the destruction and seizure of Kazallu . '' Jump up ^ Albert Houtum - Schindler , `` Babylon , '' Encyclopædia Britannica , 11th ed . Jump up ^ `` 170 . MMA 86.11. 284 '' in Ira Spar & Michael Jursa , Cuneiform Texts in the Metropolitan Museum of Art : IV . The Ebabbar Temple Archive and Other Texts from the Fourth to the First Millennium B.C. ; Eisenbrauns , 2014 ; pp. 288 -- 290 . Jump up ^ Bradford , Alfred S. ( 2001 ) . With Arrow , Sword , and Spear : A History of Warfare in the Ancient World , pp. 47 -- 48 . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95259 - 2 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Adrian ; Herbert Gordon May ( 2007 ) . Oxford Bible Atlas Oxford University Press ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 100158 - 1 p. 122 Google Books Search Jump up ^ von Soden , Wilfred ; Donald G. Schley ( 1996 ) . William B. Eerdmanns ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 0142 - 5 p. 60 Google Books Search Jump up ^ Saggs , H.W.F. ( 2000 ) . Babylonians , p. 165 . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 20222 - 8 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Dalley , ( 2013 ) The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon : an elusive World Wonder traced , OUP ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 966226 - 5 Jump up ^ Seymour ( 2006 ) , pp. 88 -- 89 . `` Preventing uprisings on the fringes of the empire was a major concern for Assyrian kings , and a number of policies developed to meet this need , among them mass deportations . When new territory was conquered or a rebellious vassal crushed , an increased imperial presence in the trouble spot was often complemented by the removal of large numbers of the indigenous population to the imperial core , effectively breaking up the rebellious population and reducing the potential for future resistance . This practice was effective , and continued throughout the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires until 539 BC and Cyrus 's conquest of Babylon . The majority of the immigrant population were not slaves ( Yamauchi 2002 : 365 ) , and some did rise to high status positions at the core of the empire ( a possibility reflected in the career of the biblical Daniel , who rises to the status of trusted royal confidant ) . '' ^ Jump up to : Herodotus , Book 1 , ch. 178 -- 200 ; or see `` Herodotus ' Description of Babylon and the Babylonians '' . Jump up ^ Isaiah 44 : 27 Jump up ^ Jeremiah 50 -- 51 Jump up ^ Seymour ( 2006 ) , pp. 107 -- 115 . Jump up ^ Cyrus Cylinder The British Museum . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mesopotamia : The Persians '' . Wsu.edu:8080. 1999 - 06 - 06 . Archived from the original on 6 December 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Beck , Roger B. ; Linda Black ; Larry S. Krieger ; Phillip C. Naylor ; Dahia Ibo Shabaka ( 1999 ) . World History : Patterns of Interaction . Evanston , IL : McDougal Littell . ISBN 0 - 395 - 87274 - X . Jump up ^ Sayce 1911 , p. 98 Jump up ^ Seymour ( 2006 ) , p. 148 . ^ Jump up to : Julian E. Reade , `` Disappearance and rediscovery '' ; in Finkel & Seymour , eds. , Babylon ( 2009 ) ; pp. 13 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Seymour ( 2006 ) , p. 148 -- 151 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Seymour ( 2006 ) , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Seymour ( 2006 ) , pp. 169 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Claudius J. Rich , Memoirs on the Ruins of Babylon , 1815 Jump up ^ Claudius J. Rich , Second memoir on Babylon ; containing an inquiry into the correspondence between the ancient descriptions of Babylon , and the remains still visible on the site , 1818 Jump up ^ Google Books Search , Robert Mignan , Travels in Chaldæa , Including a Journey from Bussorah to Bagdad , Hillah , and Babylon , Performed on Foot in 1827 , H. Colburn and R. Bentley , 1829 ISBN 1 - 4021 - 6013 - 5 Jump up ^ Google Books Search , William K. Loftus , Travels and Researches in Chaldaea and Susiana , Travels and Researches in Chaldaea and Susiana : With an Account of Excavations at Warka , the `` Erech '' of Nimrod , and Shush , `` Shushan the Palace '' of Esther , in 1849 -- 52 , Robert Carter & Brothers , 1857 Jump up ^ A.H. Layard , Discoveries among the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon ; New York : Harper & Brothers , 1853 . Jump up ^ J. Oppert , Expédition scientifique en Mésopotamie exécutée par ordre du gouvernement de 1851 à 1854 . Tome I : Rélation du voyage et résultat de l'expédition , 1863 ( also as ISBN 0 - 543 - 74945 - 2 ) Tome II : ' Déchiffrement des inscriptions cuneiforms , 1859 ( also as ISBN 0 - 543 - 74939 - 8 ) Jump up ^ H V. Hilprecht , Exploration in the Bible Lands During the 19th Century ; Philadelphia : A.J. Holman and Company , 1903 . Jump up ^ Hormuzd Rassam , Asshur and the Land of Nimrod : Being an Account of the Discoveries Made in the Ancient Ruins of Nineveh , Asshur , Sepharvaim , Calah , ( ... ) , Curts & Jennings , 1897 . Jump up ^ Julian Reade , Hormuzd Rassam and his discoveries , Iraq , vol. 55 , pp. 39 -- 62 , 1993 Jump up ^ Robert Koldewey , Das wieder erstehende Babylon , die bisherigen Ergebnisse der deutschen Ausgrabungen , J.C. Hinrichs , 1913 ; Agnes Sophia Griffith Johns ( translator ) , The Excavations at Babylon , Macmillan and Co. , 1914 . `` Up to the present time only about half the work has been accomplished , although since it began we have worked daily , both summer and winter , with from 200 to 250 workmen '' ( p. v ) . Jump up ^ R. Koldewey , Die Tempel von Babylon und Borsippa , WVDOG , vol. 15 , pp. 37 -- 49 , 1911 ( in German ) Jump up ^ R. Koldewey , Das Ischtar - Tor in Babylon , WVDOG , vol. 32 , 1918 Jump up ^ F. Wetzel , Die Stadtmauren von Babylon , WVDOG , vol. 48 , pp. 1 -- 83 , 1930 Jump up ^ F. Wetzel and F.H. Weisbach , Das Hauptheiligtum des Marduk in Babylon : Esagila und Etemenanki , WVDOG , vol. 59 , pp. 1 -- 36 , 1938 Jump up ^ F. Wetzel et al. , Das Babylon der Spätzeit , WVDOG , vol. 62 , Gebr . Mann , 1957 ( 1998 reprint ISBN 3 - 7861 - 2001 - 3 ) Jump up ^ Brittney Garcia , `` Ishtar Gate '' , Ancient History Encyclopedia , 23 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Can Bilsel , Antiquities on Display : Regimes of the Authentic in Berlin 's Pergamon Museum ; Oxford University Press , 2012 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 957055 - 3 ; pp. 163 -- 183 . Jump up ^ Hansjörg Schmid , Der Tempelturm Etemenanki in Babylon , Zabern , 1995 , ISBN 3 - 8053 - 1610 - 0 Jump up ^ Centro Ricerche Archeologiche e Scavi di Torino per il Medio Oriente e l'Asia . Projects : IRAQ : Babylon and The Iraqi - Italian Institute of Archaeological Sciences and the Iraqi - Italian Centre for the Restoration of Monuments in Baghdad . Jump up ^ G. Bergamini , `` Levels of Babylon Reconsidered '' , Mesopotamia , vol. 12 , pp. 111 -- 152 , 1977 Jump up ^ G. Bergamini , `` Excavations in Shu - anna Babylon 1987 '' , Mesopotamia , vol. 23 , pp. 5 -- 17 , 1988 Jump up ^ G. Bergamini , `` Preliminary report on the 1988 -- 1989 operations at Babylon Shu - Anna '' , Mesopotamia , vol. 25 , pp. 5 -- 12 , 1990 Jump up ^ `` Excavations in Iraq 1981 -- 1982 '' , Iraq , vol. 45 , no . 2 , pp. 199 -- 224 , 1983 Jump up ^ Farouk N.H. Al - Rawi , Nabopolassar 's Restoration Work on the Wall `` Imgur - Enlil at Babylon , Iraq , vol. 47 , pp. 1 -- 13 , 1985 ^ Jump up to : John Curtis , `` The Present Condition of Babylon '' ; in Cancik - Kirschbaum et al. ( 2011 ) . ^ Jump up to : John Curtis , `` The Site of Babylon Today '' ; in Finkel & Seymour , eds. , Babylon ( 2009 ) ; pp. 213 -- 220 . Jump up ^ Paul Lewis , `` Babylon Journal ; Ancient King 's Instructions to Iraq : Fix My Palace '' ( archive ) , New York Times , 19 April 1989 . Jump up ^ `` Saddam removed from ancient Babylon ' brick by brick ' '' , ABC News 20 April 2003 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Rothfield ( 1 Aug 2009 ) . The Rape of Mesopotamia : Behind the Looting of the Iraq Museum . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 9780226729435 . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy , Rory ; Kennedy , Maev ( 2016 - 05 - 15 ) . `` Babylon wrecked by war '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Bajjaly , Joanne Farchakh ( 2005 - 04 - 25 ) . `` History lost in dust of war - torn Iraq '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Leeman , Sue ( January 16 , 2005 ) . `` Damage seen to ancient Babylon '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Marozzi , Justin ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Lost cities # 1 : Babylon -- how war almost erased ' mankind 's greatest heritage site ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Heritage News from around the world , World Heritage Alert ! . Retrieved April 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cornwell , Rupert . US colonel offers Iraq an apology of sorts for devastation of Babylon , The Independent , April 15 , 2006 . Retrieved April 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gettleman , Jeffrey . Unesco intends to put the magic back in Babylon , International Herald Tribune , April 21 , 2006 . Retrieved April 19 , 2008 . Archived June 12 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ McBride , Edward . Monuments to Self : Baghdad 's grands projects in the age of Saddam Hussein , MetropolisMag . Retrieved April 19 , 2008 . Archived December 10 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Maryam U. Musa , `` The Situation of the Babylon Archaeological Site until 2006 '' , in Cancik - Kirschbaum et al. ( 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Arawa Damon , `` Bringing Babylon back from the dead '' , CNN , 4 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Steven Lee Myers , `` Babylon Ruins Reopen in Iraq , to Controversy '' , New York Times , 2 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Liverani 2016 , pp. 21 -- 22 . `` In practice , the solution adopted to visualize cities which were in fact unknown was a mixture of classical ( Greek ) and Egyptian elements , with long colonnades , even built on more than one level -- which will then prove totally foreign to the unfired brick architecture of Mesopotamian cities -- and with plenty of obelisks and the odd sphinx . To this mixture is added , often and willingly , something of Ottoman architecture , showing cupolas and minarets , clearly useful in picturing an unchangeable Near East which therefore needed to retain elements of remote antiquity in a modern age . '' Jump up ^ Albert Mackey , History of Freemasonry ( Vol. 1 ) ; New York and London : Masonic History Company , 1898 / 1906 ; p. 61 . Jump up ^ `` What is the significance of the Babylonian Empire in biblical history ? '' . GotQuestions.org . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Seymour ( 2006 ) , pp. 91 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Merrill Tenney : New Testament Survey , Inter-varsity Press , 1985 , pp383 Sources ( edit ) Cancik - Kirschbaum , Eva , Margarete van Ess , & Joachim Marzahn , eds. ( 2011 ) . Babylon : Wissenskultur in Orient und Okzident . Berlin / Boston : De Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 022212 - 8 . Finkel , I.L. and M.J. Seymour , eds . Babylon . Oxford University Press , 2009 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 538540 - 3 . Exhibition organized by British Museum , Musée du Louvre & Réunion des Musées Nationaux , and Staatliche Museen zu Berlin . Liverani , Mario . Imagining Babylon : The Modern Story of an Ancient City . Translated from Italian to English by Ailsa Campbell . Boston : De Gruyter , 2016 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61451 - 602 - 6 . Originally published as Immaginare Babele in 2013 . Sayce , Archibald Henry ( 1878 ) . `` Babel '' . In Baynes , T.S. Encyclopædia Britannica . III ( 9th ed . ) . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . p. 178 . Sayce , Archibald Henry ( 1911 ) . `` Babylon '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 98 -- 99 . Seymour , Michael John . The Idea of Babylon : Archaeology and Representation in Mesopotamia . Volume I : Text . PhD dissertation accepted at University College , London , 2006 . Vedeler , Harold Torger . A Social and Economic Survey of the Reign of Samsuiluna of Babylon ( 1794 - 1712 BCE ) . PhD dissertation accepted at Yale , May 2006 . Further reading ( edit ) `` Babel '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . p. 91 . Oates , Joan ( 1986 ) . Babylon . Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 02095 - 7 . and ISBN 0 - 500 - 27384 - 7 ( paperback ) Maul , Stefan ( 1997 ) . `` The Ancient Middle Eastern Capital City -- Reflection and Navel of the World '' . Stanford Presidential Lectures and Symposia in the Humanities and Arts . -- originally published in German `` Die altorientalische Hauptstadt -- Abbild und Nabel der Wel '' . Die Orientalische Stadt : kontinuitat . Wandel . Bruch. 1 Internationale Colloquium der Deutschen Orient - Gesellschaft. 9 -- 10 . Mai 1996 in Halle / Saale . Saarbrücker Druckerei und Verlag : 109 -- 124 . 1997 . Rich , Claudius : 1815 . Memoir on the Ruins of Babylon . Third Edition , 1818 . 1818 . Second Memoir on Babylon . 1839 . Narrative of a journey to the site of Babylon in 1811 . Posthumous compilation . `` UNESCO : Iraq invasion harmed historic Babylon '' . Associated Press . 10 July 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Babylon . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Babylon . Babylon on In Our Time at the BBC . Ancient Babylon Iraq Image -- Babylon Satellite Observation Site Photographs of Babylon -- Oriental Institute Encyclopædia Britannica , Babylon 1901 -- 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia , Babylon Beyond Babylon : art , trade , and diplomacy in the second millennium B.C. , Issued in connection with an exhibition held Nov. 18 , 2008 - Mar. 15 , 2009 , Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York Osama S.M. Amin , `` Visiting the ancient city of Babylon '' , Ancient History Et Cetera , 17 November 2014 . Video of reconstructed palace : Iraq elections : The palace that Nebuchadnezzar built Iraq war Babylon wrecked by war , The Guardian , January 15 , 2005 Mirosław Olbryś , The Polish contribution to protection of the archaeological heritage in central south Iraq , November 2003 to April 2005 , Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites , Volume 8 , Number 2 , 2007 , pp. 88 -- 104 ( 17 ) `` Experts : Iraq invasion harmed historic Babylon '' . Associated Press . July 10 , 2009 . UNESCO Final Report on Damage Assessment in Babylon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babylon&oldid=825861917 '' Categories : Babylon Amorite cities Archaeological sites in Iraq Babil Governorate Former populated places in Iraq Hebrew Bible cities Historic Jewish communities Levant Populated places on the Euphrates River Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9 Articles with German - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles containing Akkadian - language text Articles containing Aramaic - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles containing Old Persian - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Classical Syriac - language text All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from February 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles needing additional references from June 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc ܐܪܡܝܐ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Gagana Samoa Scots Shqip Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray Wolof ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 21 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the city of babylon cease to exist | [
"\nBabylon\n\nبابل\n\n\n\nA partial view of the ruins of Babylon from Saddam Hussein's Summer Palace\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nShown within Iraq\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAlternate name\nAkkadian: 𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠, Bābili(m)[1]\nSumerian: 𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠, KÁ.DINGIR.RAKI[1]\nAramaic: 𐡁𐡁𐡋, Babel\nHebrew: בָּבֶל, Bavel[1]\nGreek: Βαβυλών, Babylṓn\nOld Persian: 𐎲𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎽𐎢, Bābiru\nElamite: 𒀸𒁀𒉿𒇷 , Babili\nKassite: Karanduniash\n\n\nLocation\nHillah, Babil Governorate, Iraq\n\n\nRegion\nMesopotamia\n\n\nCoordinates\n32°32′11″N 44°25′15″E / 32.53639°N 44.42083°E / 32.53639; 44.42083Coordinates: 32°32′11″N 44°25′15″E / 32.53639°N 44.42083°E / 32.53639; 44.42083\n\n\nType\nSettlement\n\n\nPart of\nBabylonia\n\n\nArea\n9 km2 (3.5 sq mi)\n\n\nHistory\n\n\nFounded\nc. 2300 BC\n\n\nAbandoned\nc. AD 1000\n\n\nCultures\nAkkadian, Amorite, Kassite, Assyrian, Chaldean, Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Persian\n\n\nSite notes\n\n\nArchaeologists\nHormuzd Rassam, Robert Koldewey\n\n\nCondition\nRuined\n\n\nOwnership\nPublic\n\n\nPublic access\nYes\n\n"
] | [
"c. AD 1000"
] |
3162653103036736940 | Athenian democracy | Athenian democracy - wikipedia Athenian democracy Jump to : navigation , search Nineteenth - century painting by Philipp Foltz depicting the Athenian politician Pericles delivering his famous funeral oration in front of the Assembly Part of the Politics series Democracy History Types Athenian Anticipatory Cellular Consensus Conservative Cosmopolitan Delegative Deliberative Direct Economic Electronic Empowered Ethnic Grassroots Guided Illiberal Inclusive Industrial Interactive Jacksonian Jeffersonian Liberal Media New Non-partisan Participatory People 's Popular Procedural Radical Representative Religious Christian Islamic Jewish Sectarian Semi Social Socialist Sociocracy Sovereign Soviet Substantive Theodemocracy Totalitarian Workplace Related topics Anarchism Democratic capitalism Democratic confederalism Democratic socialism Liberalism Libertarianism Majoritarianism Ochlocracy Polyarchy Sortition Tyranny of the majority Politics portal Athenian democracy developed around the fifth century BC in the Greek city - state ( known as a polis ) of Athens , comprising the city of Athens and the surrounding territory of Attica , and is the first known democracy in the world . Other Greek cities set up democracies , most following the Athenian model , but none are as well documented as Athens ' . It was a system of direct democracy , in which participating citizens voted directly on legislation and executive bills . Participation was not open to all residents : to vote one had to be an adult , male citizen i.e. neither a foreign resident nor a slave , and the number of these `` varied between 30,000 and 50,000 out of a total population of around 250,000 to 300,000 '' or `` no more than 30 percent of the total adult population . '' The longest - lasting democratic leader was Pericles . After his death , Athenian democracy was twice briefly interrupted by oligarchic revolutions towards the end of the Peloponnesian War . It was modified somewhat after it was restored under Eucleides ; the most detailed accounts of the system are of this fourth - century modification rather than the Periclean system . Democracy was suppressed by the Macedonians in 322 BC . The Athenian institutions were later revived , but how close they were to a real democracy is debatable . Solon ( 594 BC ) , Cleisthenes ( 508 / 7 BC ) , and Ephialtes ( 462 BC ) contributed to the development of Athenian democracy . Cleisthenes broke up the power of the nobility by organizing citizens into ten groups based on where they lived rather than on their wealth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Development 2.2 Aftermath 3 Participation and exclusion 3.1 Size and make - up of the Athenian population 3.2 Citizenship in Athens 4 Main bodies of governance 4.1 Assembly / Ecclesia 4.2 The Council / The Boule 4.3 Courts 4.4 Shifting balance between assembly and courts 4.5 Citizen - initiator 4.6 Archons and the Areopagus 4.7 Officeholders 4.7. 1 Selection by lot ( sortition / allotment ) 4.7. 2 Election 5 Individualism in Athenian democracy 6 Criticism of the democracy 7 Legacy 8 References and sources 9 External links Etymology ( edit ) The word `` democracy '' ( Greek : δημοκρατία ) combines the elements dêmos ( δῆμος , which means `` people '' , `` neighbourhood '' , `` district '' ) and krátos ( κράτος , which means `` force '' or `` power '' ) , and thus means literally `` people power '' . In the words `` monarchy '' and `` oligarchy '' , the second element comes from archē ( ἀρχή ) , meaning `` beginning ( that which comes first ) '' , and hence also `` first place or power '' , `` sovereignty '' . One might expect the term `` demarchy '' to have been adopted , by analogy , for the new form of government introduced by Athenian democrats . However , the word `` demarchy '' ( δημαρχία ) had already been taken and meant `` mayoralty '' , the office or rank of a high municipal magistrate . ( In present - day use , the term `` demarchy '' has acquired a new meaning . ) We are not certain that the word `` democracy '' was in existence when systems that came to be called democratic were first instituted . The word is attested in Herodotus ( Histories 6.43 ) , who wrote some of the earliest surviving Greek prose , but this might not have been before 440 or 430 BC . Around 460 BC an individual is known with the name of ' Democrates ' , a name possibly coined as a gesture of democratic loyalty ; the name can also be found in Aeolian Temnus . History ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Athens was not the only polis in Ancient Greece that instituted a democratic regime . Aristotle cites many other cities as well . `` Yet , it is only with reference to Athens that we can attempt to trace some of specific sixth century events that led to the institution of democracy at the end of the century . '' Before the first attempt at democratic government , Athens was ruled by a series of archons or chief magistrates , and the Areopagus , made up of ex-archons . The members of these institutions were generally aristocrats , who ruled the polis for their own advantage . In 621 BC Draco codified a set of `` notoriously harsh '' laws that were `` a clear expression of the power of the aristocracy over everybody else . '' This did not stop the aristocratic families feuding amongst themselves to obtain as much power as possible . Therefore , by the 6th century BC , the majority of Athenians `` had been ' enslaved ' to the rich '' , and they called upon Plato 's ancestor Solon , premier archon at the time , to liberate them and halt the feuding of the aristocracy . However , the `` enfranchisement of the local laboring classes was succeeded by the development of chattel slavery , the enslavement of , in large part , foreigners . '' Solon , the mediator , reshaped the city `` by absorbing the traditional aristocracy in a definition of citizenship which allotted a political function to every free resident of Attica . Athenians were not slaves but citizens , with the right , at the very least , to participate in the meetings of the assembly . '' Under these reforms , the position of archon `` was opened to all with certain property qualifications , and a Boule , a rival council of 400 , was set up . The Areopagus , nevertheless , retained ' guardianship of the laws ' '' . A major contribution to democracy was Solon 's setting up of an Ecclesia or Assembly , which was open to all male citizens . However , `` one must bear in mind that its agenda was apparently set entirely by the Council of 400 '' , `` consisting of 100 members from each of the four tribes '' , that had taken `` over many of the powers which the Areopagos had previously exercised . '' Cleisthenes Not long afterwards , the nascent democracy was overthrown by the tyrant Peisistratos , but was reinstated after the expulsion of his son , Hippias , in 510 . This sort of aristocratic takeover `` was ended by the appeal by one contender , Cleisthenes , for the support of the populace . '' The reforms of Cleisthenes in 508 / 7 undermined the domination of the aristocratic families and connected every Athenian to the city 's rule . `` Cleisthenes fixed the boundaries of the polis as a political rather than a geographical entity -- boundaries which Solon had left permeable -- by formally identifying the free inhabitants of Attica at that time as Athenian citizens . '' He did this by making the traditional tribes politically irrelevant and instituting ten new tribes , each made up of about three trytties , each consisting of several demes . `` Every male citizen on reaching the age of 18 was now to be registered in his deme . It was this registration which confirmed his citizenship . '' A third set of reforms was instigated by Ephialtes in 462 / 1 . While his opponents were away attempting to assist the Spartans , Ephialtes persuaded the Assembly to reduce the powers of the Areopagus : `` in effect stripping it of all its controlling and supervisory powers and leaving it only as a court for cases of homicide and certain offences of sacrilege . '' At the same time or soon afterwards , the membership of the Areopagus was extended to the lower level of the propertied citizenship . In the wake of Athens ' disastrous defeat in the Sicilian campaign in 413 BCE , a group of citizens took steps to limit the radical democracy they thought was leading the city to ruin . Their efforts , initially conducted through constitutional channels , culminated in the establishment of an oligarchy , the Council of 400 , in the Athenian coup of 411 BCE . The oligarchy endured for only four months before it was replaced by a more democratic government . Democratic regimes governed until Athens surrendered to Sparta in 404 BCE , when government was placed in the hands of the so - called Thirty Tyrants , pro-Spartan oligarchs . After a year pro-democracy elements regained control , and democratic forms persisted until the Macedonian army of Phillip II conquered Athens in 338 BC . Aftermath ( edit ) Alexander the Great had led a coalition of the Greek states to war with Persia in 336 BC , but his Greek soldiers were hostages for the behavior of their states as much as allies . His relations with Athens were already strained when he returned to Babylon in 324 BC ; after his death , Athens and Sparta led several Greek states to war with Macedon and lost . This led to the Hellenistic control of Athens , when the Macedonian king appointed a local agent as political governor in Athens . However , the governors , like Demetrius of Phalerum , appointed by Cassander , kept some of the traditional institutions in formal existence , although the Athenian public would consider them to be nothing more than Macedonian puppet dictators . Once Demetrius Poliorcetes ended Cassander 's rule over Athens , Demetrius of Phalerum went into exile and the democracy was restored in 307 BC . However , by now Athens had become `` politically impotent '' . An example of this was that , in 307 , in order to curry favour with Macedonia and Egypt , three new tribes were created , two in honour of the Macedonian king and his son , and the other in honour of the Egyptian king . However , when Rome fought Macedonia in 200 , the Athenians abolished the first two new tribes and created a twelfth tribe in honour of the Pergamene king . The Athenians declared for Rome , and in 146 BC Athens became an autonomous civitas foederata . `` Her independence was however little more than municipal , and , though the forms of the democracy survived , Rome ... strengthened the aristocratic elements in the constitution . '' Under Roman rule , the archons ranked as the highest officials . They were elected , and even foreigners such as Domitian and Hadrian held the office as a mark of honour . Four presided over the judicial administration . The Council ( whose numbers varied at different times from three hundred to seven hundred and fifty ) was appointed by lot . It was superseded in importance by the Areopagus , which , recruited from the elected archons , had an aristocratic character and was entrusted with wide powers . From the time of Hadrian an imperial curator superintended the finances . The shadow of the old constitution lingered on and Archons and Areopagus survived the fall of the Roman Empire . In 88 BC , there was a revolution under the philosopher Athenion , who , as tyrant , forced the Assembly to agree to elect whomever he might ask to office . Athenion allied with Mithridates of Pontus , and went to war with Rome ; he was killed during the war , and was replaced by Aristion . The victorious Roman general , Publius Cornelius Sulla , left the Athenians their lives and did not sell them into slavery ; he also restored the previous government , in 86 BC . After Rome became an Empire under Augustus , the nominal independence of Athens dissolved and its government converged to the normal type for a Roman municipality , with a Senate of decuriones . Participation and exclusion ( edit ) Size and make - up of the Athenian population ( edit ) Estimates of the population of ancient Athens vary . During the 4th century BC , there might well have been some 250,000 -- 300,000 people in Attica . Citizen families could have amounted to 100,000 people and out of these some 30,000 would have been the adult male citizens entitled to vote in the assembly . In the mid-5th century the number of adult male citizens was perhaps as high as 60,000 , but this number fell precipitously during the Peloponnesian War . This slump was permanent , due to the introduction of a stricter definition of citizen described below . From a modern perspective these figures may seem small , but among Greek city - states Athens was huge : most of the thousand or so Greek cities could only muster 1000 -- 1500 adult male citizens each ; and Corinth , a major power , had at most 15,000 . The non-citizen component of the population was made up of resident foreigners ( metics ) and slaves , with the latter perhaps somewhat more numerous . Around 338 BC the orator Hyperides ( fragment 13 ) claimed that there were 150,000 slaves in Attica , but this figure is probably no more than an impression : slaves outnumbered those of citizen stock but did not swamp them . Citizenship in Athens ( edit ) Only adult male Athenian citizens who had completed their military training as ephebes had the right to vote in Athens . The percentage of the population that actually participated in the government was 10 % to 20 % of the total number of inhabitants , but this varied from the fifth to the fourth century BC . This excluded a majority of the population : slaves , freed slaves , children , women and metics ( foreigners resident in Athens ) . The women had limited rights and privileges , had restricted movement in public , and were very segregated from the men . Also excluded from voting were citizens whose rights were under suspension ( typically for failure to pay a debt to the city : see atimia ) ; for some Athenians this amounted to permanent ( and in fact inheritable ) disqualification . Given the exclusive and ancestral concept of citizenship held by Greek city - states , a relatively large portion of the population took part in the government of Athens and of other radical democracies like it , compared to oligarchies and aristocracies . At Athens some citizens were far more active than others , but the vast numbers required for the system to work testify to a breadth of direct participation among those eligible that greatly surpassed any present - day democracy . Athenian citizens had to be descended from citizens -- after the reforms of Pericles and Cimon in 450 BC , they `` would be confined to those whose parents were both Athenian '' . Although the legislation was not retrospective , five years later , when a free gift of grain had arrived from the Egyptian king , to be distributed among all citizens , `` many ' illegitimates ' were discovered '' and removed from the registers . Citizenship , `` commonly applied not only to the individuals themselves but to their descendants as well '' , could be granted by the assembly , and was sometimes given to large groups ( e.g. Plateans in 427 BC and Samians in 405 BC ) but , by the 4th century , only to individuals and by a special vote with a quorum of 6000 . This was generally done as a reward for some service to the state . In the course of a century , the number of citizenships so granted was in the hundreds rather than thousands . Main bodies of governance ( edit ) Constitution of the Athenians , 4th century BC There were three political bodies where citizens gathered in numbers running into the hundreds or thousands . These are the assembly ( in some cases with a quorum of 6000 ) , the council of 500 ( boule ) and the courts ( a minimum of 200 people , but running at least on some occasions up to 6000 ) . Of these three bodies it is the assembly and the courts that were the true sites of power -- although courts , unlike the assembly , were never simply called the demos ( the People ) as they were manned by a subset of the citizen body , those over thirty . But crucially citizens voting in both were not subject to review and prosecution as were council members and all other officeholders . In the 5th century BC we often hear of the assembly sitting as a court of judgment itself for trials of political importance and it is not a coincidence that 6000 is the number both for the full quorum for the assembly and for the annual pool from which jurors were picked for particular trials . By the mid-4th century however the assembly 's judicial functions were largely curtailed , though it always kept a role in the initiation of various kinds of political trial . Assembly / Ecclesia ( edit ) Main article : Ecclesia ( ancient Athens ) The central events of the Athenian democracy were the meetings of the assembly ( ἐκκλησία , ekklêsia ) . Unlike a parliament , the assembly 's members were not elected , but attended by right when they chose . Greek democracy created at Athens was direct , rather than representative : any adult male citizen over the age of 20 could take part , and it was a duty to do so . The officials of the democracy were in part elected by the Assembly and in large part chosen by lottery in a process called sortition . The assembly had four main functions : it made executive pronouncements ( decrees , such as deciding to go to war or granting citizenship to a foreigner ) ; it elected some officials ; it legislated ; and it tried political crimes . As the system evolved , the last function was shifted to the law courts . The standard format was that of speakers making speeches for and against a position followed by a general vote ( usually by show of hands ) of yes or no . Though there might be blocs of opinion , sometimes enduring , on important matters , there were no political parties and likewise no government or opposition ( as in the Westminster system ) . Voting was by simple majority . In the 5th century at least there were scarcely any limits on the power exercised by the assembly . If the assembly broke the law , the only thing that might happen is that it would punish those who had made the proposal that it had agreed to . If a mistake had been made , from the assembly 's viewpoint it could only be because it had been misled . As usual in ancient democracies , one had to physically attend a gathering in order to vote . Military service or simple distance prevented the exercise of citizenship . Voting was usually by show of hands ( χειροτονία , kheirotonia , `` arm stretching '' ) with officials judging the outcome by sight . This could cause problems when it became too dark to see properly . However , `` any member of the Assembly could demand a recount '' . For a small category of votes a quorum of 6000 was required , principally grants of citizenship , and here small coloured stones were used , white for yes and black for no . At the end of the session , each voter tossed one of these into a large clay jar which was afterwards cracked open for the counting of the ballots . Ostracism required the voters to scratch names onto pieces of broken pottery ( ὄστρακα , ostraka ) , though this did not occur within the assembly as such . The Pnyx with the speaker 's platform , the meeting place of the people of Athens . In the 5th century BC , there were 10 fixed assembly meetings per year , one in each of the ten state months , with other meetings called as needed . In the following century the meetings were set to forty a year , with four in each state month . One of these was now called the main meeting , kyria ekklesia . Additional meetings might still be called , especially as up until 355 BC there were still political trials that were conducted in the assembly rather than in court . The assembly meetings did not occur at fixed intervals , as they had to avoid clashing with the annual festivals that followed the lunar calendar . There was also a tendency for the four meetings to be aggregated toward the end of each state month . Attendance at the assembly was not always voluntary . In the 5th century public slaves forming a cordon with a red - stained rope herded citizens from the agora into the assembly meeting place ( Pnyx ) , with a fine being imposed on those who got the red on their clothes . After the restoration of the democracy in 403 BC , pay for assembly attendance was introduced . This promoted a new enthusiasm for assembly meetings . Only the first 6000 to arrive were admitted and paid , with the red rope now used to keep latecomers at bay . The council / the boule ( edit ) Main article : Boule ( ancient Greece ) § The Athenian Boule In 594 BC Solon is said to have created a boule of 400 to guide the work of the assembly . After the reforms of Cleisthenes , the Athenian Boule was expanded to 500 , and was elected by lot every year . Each of Cleisthenes 's 10 tribes provided 50 councillors who were at least 30 years old . The most important task of the Athenian Boule was to draft the deliberations ( probouleumata ) for discussion and approval in the Ecclesia . The Boule also directed finances , controlled the maintenance of the fleet and of the cavalry , judged the fitness of the magistrates - elect , received foreign ambassadors , advised the stratēgoi ( generals ) in military matters , and could be given special powers by the Ecclesia in an emergency . According to John Thorley , its membership was very carefully vetted . Cleisthenes restricted its membership , `` to those of zeugitai status and above , probably arguing that these classes had a financial interest in good government '' . A member had to be approved by his deme , `` and one can well imagine that demes were careful to select only those of known good sense who also had experience of local politics , and who were actually available to do the time - consuming job which demanded frequent attendance in Athens ; and they probably favoured those who were well past 30 '' . The members from each of the ten tribes in the Boule took it in turns to act as a standing committee ( the prytaneis ) of the Boule for a period of thirty - six days . All fifty members of the prytaneis on duty were housed and fed in the tholos of the Prytaneion , a building adjacent to the bouleuterion , where the boule met . `` Each day one of their number was chosen by lot as chairman , and he was required to stay in the tholos for the twenty - four - hour period of his office . The chairman for the day presided over any meeting of the Boule held that day , and if there was a meeting of the Assembly that day ... he also presided over that '' . The boule also served as an executive committee for the assembly , and oversaw the activities of certain other magistrates . The boule coordinated the activities of the various boards and magistrates that carried out the administrative functions of Athens and provided from its own membership randomly selected boards of ten responsible for areas ranging from naval affairs to religious observances . Altogether , the boule was responsible for a great portion of the administration of the state , but was granted relatively little latitude for initiative ; the boule 's control over policy was executed in its probouleutic , rather than its executive function ; in the former , it prepared measures for deliberation by the assembly , in the latter , it merely executed the wishes of the assembly . Courts ( edit ) Athens had an elaborate legal system centered on full citizen rights ( see atimia ) . The age limit of 30 or older , the same as that for office holders but ten years older than that required for participation in the assembly , gave the courts a certain standing in relation to the assembly . Jurors were required to be under oath , which was not required for attendance at the assembly . The authority exercised by the courts had the same basis as that of the assembly : both were regarded as expressing the direct will of the people . Unlike office holders ( magistrates ) , who could be impeached and prosecuted for misconduct , the jurors could not be censured , for they , in effect , were the people and no authority could be higher than that . A corollary of this was that , at least acclaimed by defendants , if a court had made an unjust decision , it must have been because it had been misled by a litigant . Essentially there were two grades of suit , a smaller kind known as dike ( δίκη ) or private suit , and a larger kind known as graphe or public suit . For private suits the minimum jury size was 200 ( increased to 401 if a sum of over 1000 drachmas was at issue ) , for public suits 501 . Under Cleisthenes ' reforms , juries were selected by lot from a panel of 600 jurors , there being 600 jurors from each of the ten tribes of Athens , making a jury pool of 6000 in total . For particularly important public suits the jury could be increased by adding in extra allotments of 500 . 1000 and 1500 are regularly encountered as jury sizes and on at least one occasion , the first time a new kind of case was brought to court ( see graphē paranómōn ) , all 6,000 members of the jury pool may have attended to one case . Water Clock in the Ancient Agora of Athens . The cases were put by the litigants themselves in the form of an exchange of single speeches timed by a water clock or clepsydra , first prosecutor then defendant . In a public suit the litigants each had three hours to speak , much less in private suits ( though here it was in proportion to the amount of money at stake ) . Decisions were made by voting without any time set aside for deliberation . Jurors did talk informally amongst themselves during the voting procedure and juries could be rowdy , shouting out their disapproval or disbelief of things said by the litigants . This may have had some role in building a consensus . The jury could only cast a ' yes ' or ' no ' vote as to the guilt and sentence of the defendant . For private suits only the victims or their families could prosecute , while for public suits anyone ( ho boulomenos , ' whoever wants to ' i.e. any citizen with full citizen rights ) could bring a case since the issues in these major suits were regarded as affecting the community as a whole . Justice was rapid : a case could last no longer than one day and `` completed by sunset '' . Some convictions triggered an automatic penalty , but where this was not the case the two litigants each proposed a penalty for the convicted defendant and the jury chose between them in a further vote . No appeal was possible . There was however a mechanism for prosecuting the witnesses of a successful prosecutor , which it appears could lead to the undoing of the earlier verdict . Payment for jurors was introduced around 462 BC and is ascribed to Pericles , a feature described by Aristotle as fundamental to radical democracy ( Politics 1294a37 ) . Pay was raised from 2 to 3 obols by Cleon early in the Peloponnesian war and there it stayed ; the original amount is not known . Notably , this was introduced more than fifty years before payment for attendance at assembly meetings . Running the courts was one of the major expenses of the Athenian state and there were moments of financial crisis in the 4th century when the courts , at least for private suits , had to be suspended . The system showed a marked anti-professionalism . No judges presided over the courts nor did anyone give legal direction to the jurors ; magistrates had only an administrative function and were laymen . Most of the annual magistracies at Athens could only be held once in a lifetime . There were no lawyers as such ; litigants acted solely in their capacity as citizens . Whatever professionalism there was tended to disguise itself ; it was possible to pay for the services of a speechwriter or logographer ( logographos ) , but this may not have been advertised in court . Probably jurors would be more impressed if it seemed as though the litigant were speaking for themselves . Shifting balance between assembly and courts ( edit ) As the system evolved , the courts ( that is , citizens under another guise ) intruded upon the power of the assembly . From 355 BC political trials were no longer held in the assembly , but only in a court . In 416 BC the graphē paranómōn ( `` indictment against measures contrary to the laws '' ) was introduced . Under this , anything passed by the assembly or even proposed but not yet voted on , could be put on hold for review before a jury -- which might annul it and perhaps punish the proposer as well . Remarkably , it seems that a measure blocked before the assembly voted on it did not need to go back to the assembly if it survived the court challenge : the court was enough to validate it . Once again it is important to bear in mind the lack of ' neutral ' state intervention . To give a schematic scenario by way of illustration : two men have clashed in the assembly about a proposal put by one of them ; it passed , and now the two of them go to court with the loser in the assembly prosecuting both the law and its proposer . The quantity of these suits was enormous : in effect the courts became a kind of upper house . In the 5th century there was in effect no procedural difference between an executive decree and a law : they were both simply passed by the assembly . But from 403 BC they were set sharply apart . Henceforth laws were made not in the assembly , but by special panels of citizens drawn from the annual jury pool of 6000 . They were known as the nomothetai ( νομοθέται ) , the lawmakers . Citizen - initiator ( edit ) The institutions sketched above -- assembly , officeholders , council , courts -- are incomplete without the figure that drove the whole system , Ho boulomenos , he who wishes , or anyone who wishes . This expression encapsulated the right of citizens to take the initiative : to stand to speak in the assembly , to initiate a public lawsuit ( that is , one held to affect the political community as a whole ) , to propose a law before the lawmakers or to approach the council with suggestions . Unlike officeholders , the citizen initiator was not voted before taking up office or automatically reviewed after stepping down -- it had after all no set tenure and might be an action lasting only a moment . But any stepping forward into the democratic limelight was risky and if someone chose ( another citizen initiator ) they could be called to account for their actions and punished . There were also other terms used for `` the persons who pleaded in public actions and those who had initiated private suits . Although the expression ho diokon ( literally ' the one who pursues ' ) was applied to the initiators of both public and private actions , the designations kategoros ( ' accuser ' ) ... were used only of prosecutors in public actions and in the actions for homicide heard by the Areiopagos and other homicide courts . '' Archons and the Areopagus ( edit ) Main articles : Archon and Areopagus Just before the reforms of Solon in the 7th century BC , Athens was governed by a few archons ( three rising to nine ) and the council of the Areopagus `` ( appointed by the powerful noble families from their own members ) '' . There also seems to have been a type of citizen assembly , presumably of the hoplite class . However , `` There seems little doubt that it was the arkhons , with the advice of the Areopagos , who really ran the state . '' The mass of people had no say in government at all . Solon 's reforms allowed the archons to come from some of the higher propertied classes and not only from the aristocratic families . Since the Areopagus was made up of ex-archons , this would eventually mean the weakening of the hold of the nobles there as well . However , even with Solon 's creation of the citizen 's assembly , the Archons and Areopagus still wielded a great deal of power . The reforms of Cleisthenes meant that the archons were elected by the Assembly , but were still selected from the upper classes . The Areopagus kept its power as ' Guardian of the Laws ' , `` which probably gave the Areopagos the power to intervene and to apply a veto if the Council of 500 or the Assembly or any magistrate acted or proposed to act ' unconstitutionally ' '' , however this worked in practice . Ephialtes , and later Pericles , reduced the power of the Areopagus dramatically . The Assembly `` passed a measure to limit the powers of the Areopagos , in effect stripping it of all its controlling and supervisory powers . '' In the play The Eumenides , performed in 458 , Aeschylus , himself a noble , portrays the Areopagus as a court established by Athena herself . It appears that Aeschylus `` is trying to preserve the dignity of a severely battered institution . '' Officeholders ( edit ) Approximately 1100 citizens ( including the members of the council of 500 ) held office each year . They were mostly chosen by lot , with a much smaller ( and more prestigious ) group of about 100 elected . Neither was compulsory ; individuals had to nominate themselves for both selection methods . In particular , those chosen by lot were citizens acting without particular expertise . This was almost inevitable since , with the notable exception of the generals ( strategoi ) , each office could be held by the same person only once . For example , `` The same person could not be a member of the Boule in two consecutive years , and could only be a member twice in a lifetime . '' Part of the ethos of democracy , however , was the building of general competence by ongoing involvement . In the 5th century version of the democracy , the ten annually elected generals were often very prominent , but for those who had power , it lay primarily in their frequent speeches and in the respect accorded them in the assembly , rather than their vested powers . While citizens voting in the assembly were the people and so were free of review or punishment , those same citizens when holding an office served the people and could be punished very severely . All of them were subject to a review beforehand that might disqualify them for office and an examination after stepping down . Officeholders were the agents of the people , not their representatives . Citizens active as office holders served in a quite different capacity from when they voted in the assembly or served as jurors . The assembly and the courts were regarded as the instantiation of the people of Athens : they were the people , no power was above them and they could not be reviewed , impeached or punished . However , when an Athenian took up an office , he was regarded as ' serving ' the people . As such , he could be regarded as failing in his duty and be punished for it . There were in fact some limitations on who could hold office . Age restrictions were in place with thirty years as a minimum , rendering about a third of the adult citizen body ineligible at any one time . An unknown proportion of citizens were also subject to disenfranchisement ( atimia ) , excluding some of them permanently and others temporarily ( depending on the type ) . Furthermore , all citizens selected were reviewed before taking up office ( dokimasia ) at which they might be disqualified . Competence does not seem to have been the main issue , but rather , at least in the 4th century BC , whether they were loyal democrats or had oligarchic tendencies . However , magistrates , after leaving office were subject to a scrutiny ( euthunai , literally ' straightenings ' or ' submission of accounts ' ) to review their performance . Both of these processes were in most cases brief and formulaic , but they opened up in the possibility , if some citizen wanted to take some matter up , of a contest before a jury court . In the case of a scrutiny going to trial , there was the risk for the former officeholder of suffering severe penalties . Finally , even during his period of office , any officeholder could be impeached and removed from office by the assembly . In each of the ten `` main meetings '' ( kuriai ekklesiai ) a year , the question was explicitly raised in the assembly agenda : were the office holders carrying out their duties correctly ? By and large the power exercised by these officials was routine administration and quite limited . The powers of officials were precisely defined and their capacity for initiative limited . They administered rather than governed . When it came to penal sanctions , no officeholder could impose a fine over fifty drachmas . Anything higher had to go before a court . Selection by lot ( sortition / allotment ) ( edit ) The use of a lottery to select officeholders was regarded as the most democratic means : elections would favour those who were rich , noble , eloquent and well - known , while allotment spread the work of administration throughout the whole citizen body , engaging them in the crucial democratic experience of , to use Aristotle 's words , `` ruling and being ruled in turn '' ( Politics 1317b28 -- 30 ) . The allotment of an individual was based on citizenship rather than merit or any form of personal popularity which could be bought . Allotment therefore was seen as a means to prevent the corrupt purchase of votes and it gave citizens a unique form of political equality as all had an equal chance of obtaining government office . Samons writes that `` the system of selection by lottery for members of the Council of 500 and other officials ( like the treasurers of the sacred funds ) provided a potentially significant check on the dangers of demagoguery . '' However , this may not have been completely successful , as some `` increasingly pandered to the electorate and ... often told the people only what they wanted to hear . '' The random assignment of responsibility to individuals who may or may not be competent has obvious risks , but the system included features meant to obviate possible problems . Athenians selected for office served as teams ( boards , panels ) . In a group someone will know the right way to do things and those that do not may learn from those that do . During the period of holding a particular office everyone on the team is observing everybody else . There were however officials such as the nine archons , who while seemingly a board carried out very different functions from each other . No office appointed by lot could be held twice by the same individual . The only exception was the boule or council of 500 . In this case , simply by demographic necessity , an individual could serve twice in a lifetime . This principle extended down to the secretaries and undersecretaries who served as assistants to magistrates such as the archons . To the Athenians it seems what had to be guarded against was not incompetence but any tendency to use office as a way of accumulating ongoing power . Election ( edit ) During an Athenian election , approximately one hundred officials out of a thousand were elected rather than chosen by lot . There were two main categories in this group : those required to handle large sums of money , and the 10 generals , the strategoi . One reason that financial officials were elected was that any money embezzled could be recovered from their estates ; election in general strongly favoured the rich , but in this case wealth was virtually a prerequisite . Generals were elected not only because their role required expert knowledge but also because they needed to be people with experience and contacts in the wider Greek world where wars were fought . In the 5th century BC , principally as seen through the figure of Pericles , the generals could be among the most powerful people in the pols . Yet in the case of Pericles , it is wrong to see his power as coming from his long series of annual generalships ( each year along with nine others ) . His office holding was rather an expression and a result of the influence he wielded . That influence was based on his relation with the assembly , a relation that in the first instance lay simply in the right of any citizen to stand and speak before the people . Under the 4th century version of democracy the roles of general and of key political speaker in the assembly tended to be filled by different persons . In part this was a consequence of the increasingly specialized forms of warfare practiced in the later period . Elected officials too were subject to review before holding office and scrutiny after office . And they too could be removed from office at any time that the assembly met . There was also a death penalty for `` inadequate performance '' while in office . Individualism in Athenian democracy ( edit ) A good example of the contempt the first democrats felt for those who did not participate in politics can be found in the modern word ' idiot ' , which finds its origins in the ancient Greek word ἰδιώτης , idiōtēs , meaning a private person , a person who is not actively interested in politics ; such characters were talked about with contempt , and the word eventually acquired its modern meaning . According to Thucydides , Pericles may have declared in a funeral oration : We do not say that a man who takes no interest in politics is a man who minds his own business ; we say that he has no business here at all . Criticism of the democracy ( edit ) Main article : Slavery in ancient Greece Athenian democracy has had many critics , both ancient and modern . Ancient Greek critics of the democracy include Thucydides the general and historian , Aristophanes the playwright , Plato the pupil of Socrates , Aristotle the pupil of Plato , and a writer known as the Old Oligarch . Modern critics are more likely to find fault with the narrow definition of the citizen body , but in the ancient world the complaint , if anything , went in the opposite direction . For them , the common people were not necessarily the right people to rule and made huge mistakes . According to Samons : The modern desire to look to Athens for lessons or encouragement for modern thought , government , or society must confront this strange paradox : the people that gave rise to and practiced ancient democracy left us almost nothing but criticism of this form of regime ( on a philosophical or theoretical level ) . And what is more , the actual history of Athens in the period of its democratic government is marked by numerous failures , mistakes , and misdeeds -- most infamously , the execution of Socrates -- that would seem to discredit the ubiquitous modern idea that democracy leads to good government . Thucydides , from his Aristocratic and historical viewpoint , reasoned that the common people were often much too credulous about even contemporary facts to rule justly . Josiah Ober notes that `` Thucydides cites examples of two errors regarding Sparta : the beliefs that the two Spartan kings each had two votes in council and that there was a Spartan battalion called the ' Pitanate lochos . ' Thucydides sums up : ' Such is the degree of carelessness among the many ( hoi polloi ) in the search for truth ( aletheia ) and their preference for ready - made accounts ' . '' He contrasted his own critical - historical approach to history with the way the demos decided upon the truth . So `` Thucydides has established for his reader the existence of a potentially fatal structural flaw in the edifice of democratic ways of knowing and doing . The identification of this `` flaw '' is a key to his criticism of Athenian popular rule . '' Also , Donald Kagan writes that `` In the fourth century , Plato and Aristotle must have been repeating old complaints when they pointed out the unfairness of democracy : ' it distributes a sort of equality to equal and unequal alike ' . '' Instead of seeing it as a fair system under which ' everyone ' has equal rights , the critics saw it as the numerically preponderant poor tyrannizing the rich . They regarded this as manifestly unjust . In Aristotle this is categorized as the difference between ' arithmetic ' and ' geometric ' ( i.e. proportional ) equality . To its ancient detractors rule by the demos was also reckless and arbitrary . Two examples demonstrate this : In 406 BC , after years of defeats in the wake of the annihilation of their vast invasion force in Sicily , the Athenians at last won a naval victory at Arginusae over the Spartans . After the battle a storm arose and the generals in command failed to collect survivors : the Athenians tried and sentenced six of the eight generals to death . Technically , it was illegal , as the generals were tried and sentenced together , rather than one by one as Athenian law required . Socrates happened to be the citizen presiding over the assembly that day and refused to cooperate ( though to little effect ) and stood against the idea that it was outrageous for the people to be unable to do whatever they wanted . Later , `` the demos is reported to have regretted what had happened ... They decided that those who had misled the demos should be charged and put on trial , including ( the ) author of the motion by which the generals were tried and condemned en masse in the Assembly . This passage is often interpreted as a confession of collective regret and guilt on the part of the demos , once their anger gave way to second thoughts . '' In 399 BC Socrates was put on trial and executed for ' corrupting the young and believing in strange gods ' . His death gave Europe one of the first intellectual martyrs still recorded , but guaranteed the democracy an eternity of bad press at the hands of his disciple and enemy to democracy Plato . From Socrates ' arguments at his trial , Loren Samons writes , `` It follows , of course , that any majority -- including the majority of jurors -- is unlikely to choose rightly . '' However , `` some might argue , Athens is the only state that can claim to have produced a Socrates . Surely , some might continue , we may simply write off events such as Socrates ' execution as examples of the Athenians ' failure to realize fully the meaning and potential of their own democracy . '' While Plato blamed democracy for killing Socrates , his criticisms of the rule of the demos were much more extensive . Much of his writings were about his alternatives to democracy . His The Republic , The Statesman and Laws contained many arguments against democratic rule and in favour of a much narrower form of government : `` The organization of the city must be confided to those who possess knowledge , who alone can enable their fellow - citizens to attain virtue , and therefore excellence , by means of education . '' Whether the democratic failures should be seen as systemic , or as a product of the extreme conditions of the Peloponnesian war , there does seem to have been a move toward correction . A new version of democracy was established from 403 BC , but it can be linked with both earlier and subsequent reforms ( graphē paranómōn 416 BC ; end of assembly trials 355 BC ) . For instance , the system of nomothesia was introduced . In this : A new law might be proposed by any citizen . Any proposal to modify an existing law had to be accompanied by a proposed replacement law . The citizen making the proposal had to publish it ( in ) advance : publication consisted of writing the proposal on a whitened board located next to the statues of the Eponymous Heroes in the agora . The proposal would be considered by the Council , and would be placed on the agenda of the Assembly in the form of a motion . If the Assembly voted in favor of the proposed change , the proposal would be referred for further consideration by a group of citizens called nomothetai ( literally `` establishers of the law '' ) . Increasingly , responsibility was shifted from the assembly to the courts , with laws being made by jurors and all assembly decisions becoming reviewable by courts . That is to say , the mass meeting of all citizens lost some ground to gatherings of a thousand or so which were under oath , and with more time to focus on just one matter ( though never more than a day ) . One downside was that the new democracy was less capable of rapid response . Another tack of criticism is to notice the disquieting links between democracy and a number of less than appealing features of Athenian life . Although democracy predated Athenian imperialism by over thirty years , they are sometimes associated with each other . For much of the 5th century at least democracy fed off an empire of subject states . Thucydides the son of Milesias ( not the historian ) , an aristocrat , stood in opposition to these policies , for which he was ostracised in 443 BC . At times the imperialist democracy acted with extreme brutality , as in the decision to execute the entire male population of Melos and sell off its women and children simply for refusing to become subjects of Athens . The common people were numerically dominant in the navy , which they used to pursue their own interests in the form of work as rowers and in the hundreds of overseas administrative positions . Further they used the income from empire to fund payment for officeholding . This is the position set out by the anti-democratic pamphlet known whose anonymous author is often called the Old Oligarch . This writer ( also called pseudo-Xenophon ) produced several comments critical of democracy , such as : 1 . Democracy is not the rule of the demos qua citizenship in the interest of the entire polis , but the self - interested rule of a sociological faction. 2 . The collectivization of political responsibility for decisions and agreements in a democracy leads to dishonesty and the tendency to scapegoat individual speakers or magistrates. 3 . Because it is an integrated system , democracy seems incapable of internal amelioration , yet because of its inclusivist tendencies , especially in regard to citizenship , it coopts its natural enemies and so generates few active opponents . 4 . There is a strong relationship between a democracy 's domestic and foreign policies ; a rational imperial democracy will be likely to foment democracy among its subjects . 5 . Democracy depends on naval power ; naval power in turn depends on the control of capital resources ; ergo a democracy will tend to be aggressively acquisitive. 6 . Democracy 's core values of freedom and equality are not exclusive to the citizen population ; noncitizens are also treated more equitably than is seemly. 7 . Democracy tends to blur the distinction between nature and political culture , thereby blinding elites to their own best interests and luring them into immorality . Aristotle also wrote about what he considered to be a better form of government than democracy . Rather than any citizen partaking with equal share in the rule , he thought that `` Virtue understood as embracing courage and temperance and prudence as well as justice turns out to be the chief determinant for shares in rule . Those who are superior in virtue should receive greater shares in rule . '' A case can be made that discriminatory lines came to be drawn more sharply under Athenian democracy than before or elsewhere , in particular in relation to women and slaves , as well as in the line between citizens and non-citizens . By so strongly validating one role , that of the male citizen , it has been argued that democracy compromised the status of those who did not share it . Originally , a male would be a citizen if his father was a citizen , Under Pericles , in 450 BC , restrictions were tightened so that a citizen had to be born to an Athenian father and an Athenian mother . So Metroxenoi , those with foreign mothers , were now to be excluded . Also , `` at least by Demosthenes ' time , mixed marriages were actually heavily penalized . '' Many Athenians prominent earlier in the century would have lost citizenship , had this law applied to them : Cleisthenes , the founder of democracy , had a non-Athenian mother , and the mothers of Cimon and Themistocles were not Greek at all , but Thracian . Likewise the status of women seems lower in Athens than in many Greek cities . At Sparta women competed in public exercise -- so in Aristophanes ' Lysistrata the Athenian women admire the tanned , muscular bodies of their Spartan counterparts -- and women could own property in their own right , as they could not at Athens . Misogyny was by no means an Athenian invention , but it has been claimed that in regard to the position of women , it `` was worse in Athens than in other states '' . Yet democracy may well have been impossible without the contribution of women 's labour ( Hansen 1987 : 318 ) . Slavery was more widespread at Athens than in other Greek cities . Indeed , the extensive use of imported non-Greeks ( `` barbarians '' ) as chattel slaves seems to have been an Athenian development . This triggers the paradoxical question : Was democracy `` based on '' slavery ? It does seem clear that possession of slaves allowed even poorer Athenians -- owning a few slaves was by no means equated with wealth -- to devote more of their time to political life . But whether democracy depended on this extra time is impossible to say . The breadth of slave ownership also meant that the leisure of the rich ( the small minority who were actually free of the need to work ) rested less than it would have on the exploitation of their less well - off fellow citizens . Working for wages was clearly regarded as subjection to the will of another , but at least debt servitude had been abolished at Athens ( under the reforms of Solon at the start of the 6th century BC ) . By allowing a new kind of equality among citizens this opened the way to democracy , which in turn called for a new means , chattel slavery , to at least partially equalise the availability of leisure between rich and poor . In the absence of reliable statistics all these connections remain speculative . However , as Cornelius Castoriadis pointed out , other societies also kept slaves but did not develop democracy . Even with respect to slavery the new citizen law of 450 BC might have had effect : it is speculated that originally Athenian fathers had been able to register for citizenship offspring conceived with slave women . Since the 19th century , the Athenian version of democracy has been seen by one group as a goal yet to be achieved by modern societies . They want representative democracy to be added to or even replaced by direct democracy in the Athenian way , perhaps by utilizing electronic democracy . Another group , on the other hand , considers that , since many Athenians were not allowed to participate in its government , Athenian democracy was not a democracy at all . `` ( C ) omparisons with Athens will continue to be made as long as societies keep striving to realize democracy under modern conditions and their successes and failures are discussed . '' Legacy ( edit ) Since the middle of the 20th century , most countries have claimed to be a democracy , regardless of the actual makeup of its government . Yet , after the demise of Athenian democracy , few looked upon it as a good form of government . This was because no legitimation of that rule was formulated to counter the negative accounts of Plato and Aristotle . They saw it as the rule of the poor that plundered the rich , and so democracy was viewed as a sort of `` collective tyranny '' . `` Well into the 18th century democracy was consistently condemned . '' Sometimes , mixed constitutions evolved with a democratic element , but `` it definitely did not mean self - rule by citizens . '' In the age of Cicero and Caesar , Rome was a republic , but not a democracy . Furthermore , it would be misleading to say that the tradition of Athenian democracy was an important part of the 18th - century revolutionaries ' intellectual background . The classical example that inspired the American and French revolutionaries as well as the English radicals was Rome rather than Greece . Thus , the Founding Fathers who met in Philadelphia in 1787 , did not set up a Council of the Areopagos , but a Senate , that , eventually , met on the Capitol . Following Rousseau ( 1712 -- 1778 ) , `` democracy came to be associated with popular sovereignty instead of popular participation in the exercise of power . '' Several German philosophers and poets took delight in the fullness of life in Athens , and not long afterwards `` the English liberals put forward a new argument in favor of the Athenians '' . In opposition , thinkers such as Samuel Johnson were worried about the ignorance of a democratic decision - making body . However , `` Macaulay and John Stuart Mill and George Grote saw the great strength of the Athenian democracy in the high level of cultivation that citizens enjoyed and called for improvements in the educational system of Britain that would make possible a shared civic consciousness parallel to that achieved by the ancient Athenians . '' Therefore , it was George Grote , in his History of Greece ( 1846 -- 1856 ) , who would claim that `` Athenian democracy was neither the tyranny of the poor , nor the rule of the mob . '' He argued that only by giving every citizen the vote would people ensure that the state would be run in the general interest . Later , to the end of World War Il , democracy became dissociated from its ancient frame of reference . It was not anymore only one of the many possible ways in which political rule could be organised in a polity : it became the only possible political system in an egalitarian society . References and sources ( edit ) References Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Raaflaub , Kurt A. ( 2007 ) : The Breakthrough of Demokratia in Mid-Fifth - Century Athens , p. 112 , in : Raaflaub , Kurt A. ; Ober , Josiah ; Wallace , Robert , eds. ( 2007 ) . Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece . Berkeley : University of California Press . Jump up ^ Xenophon , Anabasis 4.4. 15 . Jump up ^ Clarke , PB. and Foweraker , Encyclopedia of Democratic Thought . Routledge , 2003 , p. 196 . ^ Jump up to : Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Farrar , C. , The Origins of Democratic Thinking : The Invention of Politics in Classical Athens , CUP Archive , 25 Aug 1989 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , Areopagus . Jump up ^ Farrar , C. , The Origins of Democratic Thinking : The Invention of Politics in Classical Athens , CUP Archive , 25 Aug 1989 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , pp. 55 -- 56 Jump up ^ Blackwell , Christopher . `` The Development of Athenian Democracy '' . Dēmos : Classical Athenian Democracy . Stoa . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.pbs.org/empires/thegreeks/background/48.html Jump up ^ Habicht , C. , Athens from Alexander to Antony , Harvard University Press , 1997 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Green , P. , Alexander to Actium : The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age , University of California Press , 1993 , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : A Companion to Greek Studies , CUP Archive , p. 447 . Jump up ^ Cartledge , P , Garnsey , P. and Gruen , ES. , Hellenistic Constructs : Essays in Culture , History , and Historiography , University of California Press , 1997 , Ch. 5 . Jump up ^ Habicht , passim ^ Jump up to : Rothchild , JA. , Introduction to Athenian Democracy of the Fifth and Fourth Centuries BCE . Jump up ^ Dixon , MD. , Late Classical and Early Hellenistic Corinth : 338 -- 196 BC , Routledge , 2014 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Kamen , D. , Status in Classical Athens , Princeton University Press , 2013 p. 9 . Jump up ^ agathe.gr : The Unenfranchised II -- Slaves and Resident Aliens Jump up ^ agathe.gr : The Unenfranchised I -- Women Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Cohen D. and Gagarin , M. , The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek Law Cambridge University Press , 2005 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , RK. , Democracy and Participation in Athens , Cambridge University Press , 30 Aug 1991 , pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Manville , PB. , The Origins of Citizenship in Ancient Athens , Princeton University Press , 2014 p. 182 . Jump up ^ Aristophanes Acharnians 17 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Aristoph . Ekklesiazousai 378 - 9 Jump up ^ Terry Buckley , Aspects of Greek History : A Source - Based Approach , Routledge , 2006 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica : boule . Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , pp. 31 -- 32 Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Hignett , History of the Athenian Constitution , 238 Jump up ^ Hignett , History of the Athenian Constitution , 241 Jump up ^ Dover , KJ. , Greek Popular Morality in the Time of Plato and Aristotle , Hackett Publishing , 1994 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , pp. 36 -- 38 . Jump up ^ MacDowell , DM. , The Law in Classical Athens , Cornell University Press , 1978 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Bertoch , MJ. , The Greeks had a jury for it , ABA Journal , October , 1971 , Vol. 57 , p. 1013 . Jump up ^ Arnason , JP. , Raaflaub , KA. and Wagner , P. , The Greek Polis and the Invention of Democracy : A Politico - cultural Transformation and Its Interpretations , John Wiley & Sons , 2013 ' p. 167 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , PJ. , A History of the Classical Greek World : 478 -- 323 BC , John Wiley & Sons , 2011 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ MacDowell , DM. , The Law in Classical Athens , Cornell University Press , 1978 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Cohen D. and Gagarin , M. , The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek Law Cambridge University Press , 2005 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , RK. , Democracy and Participation in Athens , Cambridge University Press , 30 Aug 1991 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica : archon Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Samons , L. , What 's Wrong with Democracy ? : From Athenian Practice to American Worship , University of California Press , 2004 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Raaflaub , Kurt A. , Ober , Josiah and Wallace Robert W. , Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece , University of California Press , 2007 p. 182 . Jump up ^ Cartledge , Paul ( July 2006 ) . `` Ostracism : selection and de-selection in ancient Greece '' . History & Policy . United Kingdom : History & Policy . Retrieved 9 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldhill , S. , 2004 , The Good Citizen , in Love , Sex & Tragedy : Why Classics Matters . John Murray , London , 179 - 94 . Jump up ^ Thucydides II. 40 , trans . Rex Warner ( 1954 ) . Jump up ^ Samons , L. , What 's Wrong with Democracy ? : From Athenian Practice to American Worship , University of California Press , 2004 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Ober , J. , Political Dissent in Democratic Athens : Intellectual Critics of Popular Rule , Princeton University Press , 2001 , pp. 54 & 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Kagan , D. , The Fall of the Athenian Empire , Cornell University Press , 2013 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Hobden , F. and Tuplin , C. , Xenophon : Ethical Principles and Historical Enquiry , BRILL , 2012 , pp. 196 -- 199 . Jump up ^ Samons , L. , What 's Wrong with Democracy ? : From Athenian Practice to American Worship , University of California Press , 2004 , p. 12 & 195 . Jump up ^ Beck , H. , Companion to Ancient Greek Government , John Wiley & Sons , 2013 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Ober , J. , Political Dissent in Democratic Athens : Intellectual Critics of Popular Rule , Princeton University Press , 2001 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Beck , H. , Companion to Ancient Greek Government , John Wiley & Sons , 2013 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Hansen , MH. , The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes : Structure , Principles , and Ideology , University of Oklahoma Press , 1991 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Just , R. , Women in Athenian Law and Life , Routledge , 2008 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , JP. , The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery , Volume 7 , ABC - CLIO , 1997 , pp. 312 -- 314 . Jump up ^ Grafton , A. , Most , GA. and Settis , S. , The Classical Tradition , Harvard University Press , 2010 , p. 259 . Jump up ^ Grafton , A. , Most , GA. and Settis , S. , The Classical Tradition , Harvard University Press , 2010 , pp. 256 -- 259 . Jump up ^ Hansen , MH. , The Tradition of Ancient Greek Democracy and Its Importance for Modern Democracy , Kgl . Danske Videnskabernes Selskab , 2005 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Roberts , J. , in Euben , JP et al. , Athenian Political Thought and the Reconstruction of American Democracy ' , Cornell University Press , 1994 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Vlassopoulos , K. , Politics Λntiqvity and Its Legacy , Oxford University Press , 2009 . Sources Habicht , Christian ( 1997 ) . Athens from Alexander to Antony . Harvard . ISBN 0 - 674 - 05111 - 4 . Hansen , M.H. ( 1987 ) . The Athenian Democracy in the age of Demosthenes . Oxford . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3143 - 6 . Hignett , Charles ( 1962 ) . A History of the Athenian Constitution . Oxford . ISBN 0 - 19 - 814213 - 7 . Manville , B. ; Ober , Josiah ( 2003 ) . A company of citizens : what the world 's first democracy teaches leaders about creating great organizations . Boston . Meier C. 1998 , Athens : a portrait of the city in its Golden Age ( translated by R. and R. Kimber ) . New York Ober , Josiah ( 1989 ) . Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens : Rhetoric , Ideology and the Power of the People . Princeton . Ober , Josiah ; Hendrick , C. ( 1996 ) . Demokratia : a conversation on democracies , ancient and modern . Princeton . Rhodes , P.J. ( 2004 ) . Athenian democracy . Edinburgh . Sinclair , R.K. ( 1988 ) . Democracy and Participation in Athens . Cambridge University Press . External links ( edit ) Ancient History Encyclopedia -- Athenian Democracy Ewbank , N. The Nature of Athenian Democracy , Clio History Journal , 2009 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the central meeting place for government officials in ancient greece was | [
"Attendance at the assembly was not always voluntary. In the 5th century public slaves forming a cordon with a red-stained rope herded citizens from the agora into the assembly meeting place (Pnyx), with a fine being imposed on those who got the red on their clothes.[30] After the restoration of the democracy in 403 BC, pay for assembly attendance was introduced. This promoted a new enthusiasm for assembly meetings. Only the first 6000 to arrive were admitted and paid, with the red rope now used to keep latecomers at bay.[31]"
] | [
"Pnyx"
] |
2006232844899138691 | American English | American English - Wikipedia American English Jump to : navigation , search `` U.S. English '' redirects here . For the political organization , see U.S. English ( organization ) . Not to be confused with North American English . For other uses , see American English ( disambiguation ) . American English Region United States Native speakers 225 million , all varieties of English in the United States ( 2010 census ) 25.6 million L2 speakers of English in the United States ( 2003 ) Language family Indo - European Germanic West Germanic Ingvaeonic Anglo -- Frisian English American English Writing system Latin ( English alphabet ) Unified English Braille Language codes ISO 639 - 3 -- Glottolog None IETF en - US This article contains IPA phonetic symbols . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Unicode characters . For an introductory guide on IPA symbols , see Help : IPA . English language prevalence in the United States . Darker shades of blue indicate higher concentrations of native English speakers in the corresponding states Comparison of American and British English American English British English Computing Keyboards Orthography Spelling Speech Accent Pronunciation Vocabulary Glossary of American terms not widely used in the United Kingdom Glossary of British terms not widely used in the United States Lists of words having different meanings in American and British English : ( A -- L M -- Z ) Works Works with different titles in the UK and US American English ( AmE , AE , AmEng , USEng , en - US ) , sometimes called United States English or U.S. English , is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United States . English is the most widely spoken language in the United States and is the common language used by the federal government , considered the de facto language of the country because of its widespread use . English has been given official status by 32 of the 50 state governments . As an example , while both Spanish and English have equivalent status in the local courts of Puerto Rico , under federal law , English is the official language for any matters being referred to the United States district court for the territory . The use of English in the United States is a result of British colonization of the Americas . The first wave of English - speaking settlers arrived in North America during the 17th century , followed by further migrations in the 18th and 19th centuries . Since then , American English has developed into new dialects , in some cases under the influence of West African and Native American languages , German , Dutch , Irish , Spanish , and other languages of successive waves of immigrants to the United States . Any American or even Canadian English accent perceived as free of noticeably local , ethnic , or cultural markers is popularly called `` General American '' , described by sociolinguist William Labov as `` a fairly uniform broadcast standard in the mass media '' . Otherwise , however , historical and present linguistic evidence does not support the notion of there being a mainstream standard English of the United States . According to Labov , with the major exception of Southern American English , regional accents throughout the country are not yielding to this broadcast standard . On the contrary , the sound of American English continues to evolve , with some local accents disappearing , but several larger regional accents emerging . Contents ( hide ) 1 Varieties 1.1 Eastern New England 1.2 New York City 1.3 South 1.4 Inland North and North Central 1.5 Midland 1.6 West 1.7 Other varieties 2 Phonology 3 Vocabulary 3.1 Creation of an American lexicon 3.1. 1 19th century onwards 3.2 Morphology 3.3 English words that survived in the United States and not in the United Kingdom 3.4 Regionally distinct terms within the United States 4 Differences between British and American English 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 Further reading 10 External links Varieties ( edit ) Main articles : Regional vocabularies of American English and North American English regional phonology While written American English is ( in general ) standardized across the country , there are several recognizable variations in the spoken language , both in pronunciation and in vernacular vocabulary . The regional sounds of present - day American English are reportedly engaged in a complex phenomenon of `` both convergence and divergence '' : some accents are homogenizing and levelling , while others are diversifying and deviating further away from one another . In 2010 , William Labov summarized the current state of regional American accents as follows : Some regional American English has undergone `` vigorous new sound changes '' since the mid-nineteenth century onwards , spawning relatively recent Mid-Atlantic ( centered on Philadelphia and Baltimore ) , Western Pennsylvania ( centered on Pittsburgh ) , Inland Northern ( centered on Chicago , Detroit , and the Great Lakes region ) , Midland ( centered on Indianapolis , Columbus , and Kansas City ) and Western accents , all of which `` are now more different from each other than they were fifty or a hundred years ago . '' Meanwhile , the unique features of the Eastern New England ( centered on Boston ) and New York City accents appear to be stable . `` On the other hand , dialects of many smaller cities have receded in favor of the new regional patterns '' ; for example , the traditional accents of Charleston and of Cincinnati have given way to the general Midland accent , and of St. Louis now approaches the sounds of an Inland Northern or Midland accent . At the same time , the Southern accent , despite its huge geographic coverage , `` is on the whole slowly receding due to cultural stigma : younger speakers everywhere in the South are shifting away from the marked features of Southern speech . '' Finally , the `` Hoi Toider '' dialect shows the paradox of receding among younger speakers in North Carolina 's Outer Banks islands , yet strengthening in the islands of the Chesapeake Bay . Major regional dialects of American English ENE WNE NYC MID-ATLANTIC INLAND NORTHERN WPA NORTH CENTRAL WESTERN MIDLAND SOUTHERN Texas New Mexico California Appalachia Boston Rhode Island Pacific Northwest Chesapeake & Outer Banks Maine New Orleans Upper Peninsula Philadelphia & Baltimore The map above shows the major regional dialects of American English ( in all caps ) plus smaller and more local dialects , as demarcated primarily by Labov et al. 's Atlas of North American English , as well as the related Telsur Project 's regional maps . Any region may also contain speakers of a `` General American '' accent that resists the marked features of their region . Furthermore , this map does not account for speakers of ethnic or cultural varieties ( such as African - American Vernacular English , Chicano English , Cajun English , etc . ) . All regional American English , unless specifically stated otherwise , can be assumed to be rhotic , with the father -- bother merger , Mary -- marry -- merry merger , and pre-nasal `` short a '' tensing . Western ( show ) The Western dialect , including Californian and New Mexican sub-types ( with Pacific Northwest English also , arguably , a sub-type ) , is defined by : Cot -- caught merger to ( ɑ ) ( listen ) / oʊ / is ( oʊ ) / uː / is ( ü ~ ʉ ) North Central ( show ) The North Central ( `` Upper Midwest '' ) dialect , including an Upper Michigan sub-type , is defined by : Cot -- caught merger to ( ä ) ( listen ) / oʊ / is ( oʊ ) ( and may even monophthongize to ( o ) ) / uː / is ( u ) Inland Northern ( show ) The Inland Northern ( `` Great Lakes '' ) dialect , including its less advanced Western New England ( WNE ) sub-types , is defined by : No cot -- caught merger : the cot vowel is ( ä ~ a ) and caught vowel is ( ɒ ) / æ / is universally ( ɛə ) , the triggering event for the Northern Cities Vowel Shift in more advanced sub-types ( ( ɛə ) ← / æ / ← / ɑː / ~ / ɒ / ← / ɔː / ← / ʌ / ← / ɛ / ) / oʊ / is ( oʊ ~ ʌo ) Midland ( show ) The Midland dialect is defined by : Cot -- caught merger is in transition / aɪ / may be ( aː ) , often only before / l / , / m / , / n / , or / ɹ / / aʊ / is ( æɵ ~ æo ) / oʊ / is ( ɜʊ ~ ɵʊ ) WPA ( show ) The Western Pennsylvania dialect , including its advanced Pittsburgh sub-type , is defined by : Cot -- caught merger to ( ɒ ~ ɔ ) , the triggering event for the Pittsburgh Chain Shift in the city itself ( ( ɒ ~ ɔ ) ← / ɑː / ← / ʌ / ) but no trace of the Canadian Shift / oʊ / is ( ɜʊ ~ ɞʊ ) Full -- fool -- foal merger to ( ʊɫ ~ ʊw ) Specifically in Greater Pittsburgh , / aʊ / is ( aʊ ~ aː ) , particularly before / l / and / r / , and in unstressed function words Southern ( show ) The Southern dialects , including several sub-types , are defined by : No ( or transitional ) cot -- caught merger : the cot vowel is ( ɑ ) and caught vowel is ( ɑɒ ) / aɪ / is ( aː ) at least before / b / , / d / , / g / , / v / , or / z / , or word - finally , and potentially elsewhere , the triggering event for the Southern Shift ( ( aː ) ← / aɪ / ← / eɪ / ← / iː / ) `` Southern drawl '' may break short front vowels into gliding vowels : / æ / → ( ɛ ( j ) ə ) ; / ɛ / → ( ɪ ( j ) ə ) ; / ɪ / → ( i ( j ) ə ) / aʊ / is ( æo ) , the triggering event for the Back Upglide Shift in more advanced sub-types ( ( æo ) ← / aʊ / ← / ɔː / ← / ɔɪ / ) / oʊ / is ( ɜʉ ~ ɜʊ ) Mid-Atlantic ( show ) The Mid-Atlantic ( `` Delaware Valley '' ) dialect , including Philadelphia and Baltimore sub-types , is defined by : No cot -- caught merger : the cot vowel is ( ä ~ ɑ ) and caught vowel is ( ɔə ~ ʊə ) ; this severe distinction is the triggering event for the Back Vowel Shift before / r / ( / ʊər / ← / ɔːr / ~ / ɔər / ← / ɑːr / ) Unique Mid-Atlantic / æ / split system : the bad vowel is ( eə ) and sad vowel is ( æ ) / oʊ / is ( ɜʊ ~ əʊ ) / aʊ / is ( ɛɔ ) No Mary -- marry -- merry merger NYC ( show ) The New York City dialect ( with New Orleans English an intermediate sub-type between NYC and Southern ) is defined by : No cot -- caught merger : the cot vowel is ( ä ~ ɑ ) and caught vowel is ( ɔə ~ ʊə ) ; this severe distinction is the triggering event for the Back Vowel Shift before / r / ( / ʊər / ← / ɔːr / ~ / ɔər / ← / ɑːr / ) Non-rhoticity or variable rhoticity Unique New York City / æ / split system : the bad vowel is ( eə ) and bat vowel is ( æ ) / oʊ / is ( oʊ ~ ʌʊ ) No Mary -- marry -- merry merger ENE ( show ) Eastern New England dialect , including Maine and Boston sub-types ( with Rhode Island English an intermediate sub-type between ENE and NYC ) , is defined by : Cot -- caught merger to ( ɒ ~ ɑ ) ( lacking only in Rhode Island ) Non-rhoticity or variable rhoticity / aʊ / is ( ɑʊ ~ äʊ ) / oʊ / is ( oʊ ~ ɔʊ ) / uː / is ( u ) Commonly , beginnings of / aɪ / and / aʊ / in a raised position when before voiceless consonants : ( əɪ ~ ʌɪ ) and ( əʊ ~ ʌʊ ) , respectively Possibly no Mary -- marry -- merry merger No father -- bother merger ( except in Rhode Island ) : the father vowel is ( a ~ ä ) and bother vowel is ( ɒ ~ ɑ ) Below , eleven major American English accents are defined by their particular combinations of certain characteristics : Accent name Most populous urban center Strong / aʊ / fronting Strong / oʊ / fronting Strong / uː / fronting Strong / ɑːr / fronting / æ / split system Cot -- caught merger Pin -- pen merger African American English Mixed No No No No Mixed Yes Chicano English No No Mixed No No Yes No Inland Northern U.S. English Chicago No No No Yes No No No Mid-Atlantic U.S. English Philadelphia Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Midland U.S. English Indianapolis Yes Yes Yes No No Mixed Mixed New York City English New York City Yes No No No Yes No No North - Central U.S. English Minneapolis No No No Yes No Yes No Northern New England English Boston No No No Yes No Yes No Southern U.S. English San Antonio Yes Yes Yes No No Mixed Yes Western U.S. English Los Angeles No No Yes No No Yes No Western Pennsylvania English Pittsburgh Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Mixed Eastern New England ( edit ) Main article : Eastern New England English Marked New England speech is mostly associated with eastern New England , centering on Boston and Providence , and traditionally includes some notable degree of r - dropping ( or non-rhoticity ) , as well as the back tongue positioning of the / uː / vowel ( to ( u ) ) and the / aʊ / vowel ( to ( ɑʊ ~ äʊ ) ) . In and north of Boston , the / ɑːr / sound is famously centralized or even fronted . Boston shows a cot -- caught merger , while Providence keeps the same two vowels sharply distinct . New York City ( edit ) Main article : New York City English New York City English , which prevails in a relatively small but nationally recognizable dialect region in and around New York City ( including Long Island and northeastern New Jersey ) . Its features include some notable degree of non-rhoticity and a locally unique short - a vowel pronunciation split . New York City English otherwise broadly follows Northern patterns , except that the / aʊ / vowel is fronted . The cot -- caught merger is markedly resisted around New York City , as depicted in popular stereotypes like tawwk and cawwfee , with this thought vowel being typically tensed and diphthongal . South ( edit ) Main article : Southern American English Most older Southern speech along the Eastern seaboard was non-rhotic , though , today , all local Southern dialects are strongly rhotic , defined most recognizably by the / aɪ / vowel losing its gliding quality and approaching ( aː ~ äː ) , the initiating event for the Southern Vowel Shift , which includes the famous `` Southern drawl '' that makes short front vowels into gliding vowels . Inland North and North central ( edit ) Since the mid-twentieth century , a distinctive new Northern speech pattern has developed near the Canadian border of the United States , centered on the central and eastern Great Lakes region ( but only on the American side ) . Linguists call this region the `` Inland North '' , as defined by its local vowel shift -- occurring in the same region whose `` standard Midwestern '' speech was the basis for General American in the mid-20th century ( though prior to this recent vowel shift ) . Those not from this area frequently confuse it with the North Midland dialect treated below , referring to both , plus areas to the immediate west of the Great Lakes region , all collectively as `` the Midwest '' : a common but vaguely delineated term for what is now the central or north - central United States . The North Central or `` Minnesotan '' dialect is also prevalent in the Upper Midwest , and is characterized by influences from the German and Scandinavian settlers of the region ( like `` yah '' for yes , pronounced similarly to `` ja '' in German , Norwegian and Swedish ) . In parts of Pennsylvania and Ohio , another dialect known as Pennsylvania Dutch English is also spoken . Midland ( edit ) Between the traditional American dialect areas of the `` North '' and `` South '' is what linguists have long called the `` Midland '' . This geographically overlaps with some states situated in the lower Midwest . West of the Appalachian Mountains begins the broad zone of modern - day Midland speech . Its vocabulary has been divided into two discrete subdivisions , the `` North Midland '' that begins north of the Ohio River valley area , and the `` South Midland '' speech , which to the American ear has a slight trace of the `` Southern accent '' ( especially due to some degree of / aɪ / glide weakening ) . The South Midland dialect follows the Ohio River in a generally southwesterly direction , moves across Arkansas and Oklahoma west of the Mississippi , and peters out in West Texas . Modern Midland speech is transitional regarding a presence or absence of the cot -- caught merger . Historically , Pennsylvania was a home of the Midland dialect , however , this state of early English - speaking settlers has now largely split off into new dialect regions , with distinct Philadelphia and Pittsburgh dialects documented since the latter half of the twentieth century . West ( edit ) Main article : Western American English A generalized Midland speech continues westward until becoming a somewhat internally diverse Western American English that unites the entire western half of the country . This Western dialect is mostly unified by a firm cot -- caught merger and a conservatively backed pronunciation of the long oh sound in goat , toe , show , etc. , but a fronted pronunciation of the long oo sound in goose , lose , tune , etc . Western speech itself contains such advanced sub-types as Pacific Northwest English and California English , with the Chicano English accent also being a sub-type primarily of the Western accent . In the immediate San Francisco area , some older speakers do not have the normal Western cot -- caught merger . The island state of Hawaii , though primarily English - speaking , is also home to a creole language known commonly as Hawaiian Pidgin , and some native Hawaiians may even speak English with a Pidgin accent . Other varieties ( edit ) Although no longer region - specific , African American Vernacular English , which remains prevalent particularly among working - and middle - class African Americans , has a close relationship to Southern dialects and has greatly influenced everyday speech of many Americans , including hip hop culture . The same aforementioned socioeconomic groups , but among Hispanic and Latino Americans , have also developed native - speaker varieties of English . The best - studied Latino Englishes are Chicano English , spoken in the West and Midwest , and New York Latino English , spoken in the New York metropolitan area . Additionally , ethnic varieties such as Yeshiva English and `` Yinglish '' are spoken by some American Jews , and Cajun Vernacular English by some Cajuns in southern Louisiana . Phonology ( edit ) See also : North American English regional phonology Pure vowels in General American English ( Monophthongs ) GenAm phonemes GenAm realization Example words / æ / ( æ ) ( listen ) bath , trap , yak ( æ ~ ɛə ~ eə ) ban , tram , yeah / ɑ / ( ɑ ~ ä ) ( listen ) ah , father , spa bother , lot , wasp ( father - bother merger ) / ɔ / ( ɑ ~ ɒ ~ ɔ̞ ) boss , cloth , dog , off ( lot - cloth split ) all , bought , flaunt / ɛ / ( ɛ ) ( listen ) dress , met , bread / ə / ( ə ) ( listen ) about , syrup , arena / ɪ / ( ɪ ) ( listen ) kit , pink , tip ( ɪ̈ ~ ɪ ~ ə ) ( listen ) private , muffin , wasted ( allophone of / ɪ / ) / i / ( i ) ( listen ) beam , chic , fleece ( i ) ( listen ) happy , money , parties ( allophone of / i / ) / ʌ / ( ʌ̈ ~ ɐ ) ( listen ) bus , flood , what / ʊ / ( ʊ ) ( listen ) book , put , should / u / ( u̟ ~ ʊu ~ ʉu ~ ɵu ) ( listen ) goose , new , true Compared with English as spoken in England , North American English is more homogeneous , and any North American accent that exhibits a majority of the most common phonological features is known as `` General American . '' This section mostly refers to such widespread or mainstream pronunciation features that characterize American English . Studies on historical usage of English in both the United States and the United Kingdom suggest that spoken American English did not simply deviate away from period British English , but retained certain now - archaic features contemporary British English has since lost . One of these is the rhoticity common in most American accents , because in the 17th century , when English was brought to the Americas , most English in England was also rhotic . The preservation of rhoticity has been further supported by the influences of Hiberno - English , West Country English and Scottish English . In most varieties of North American English , the sound corresponding to the letter ⟨ r ⟩ is a postalveolar approximant ( ɹ̠ ) or retroflex approximant ( ɻ ) rather than a trill or tap ( as often heard , for example , in the English accents of Scotland or India ) . A unique `` bunched tongue '' variant of the approximant r sound is also associated with the United States , and seems particularly noticeable in the Midwest and South . The red dots show every U.S. metropolitan area where over 50 % non-rhotic speech has been documented among some of that area 's local white speakers . Non-rhotic speech may be heard from black speakers throughout the whole country . Traditionally , the `` East Coast '' comprises three or four major linguistically distinct regions , each of which possesses English varieties both distinct from each other as well as quite internally diverse : New England , the New York metropolitan area , the Mid-Atlantic states ( centering on Philadelphia and Baltimore ) , and the Southern United States . The only r - dropping ( or non-rhotic ) regional accents of American English are all spoken along the East Coast , except the Mid-Atlantic region , because these areas were in close historical contact with England and imitated prestigious varieties of English at a time when these were undergoing changes ; in particular , the London prestige of non-rhoticity ( or dropping the ⟨ r ⟩ sound , except before vowels ) from the 17th century onwards , which is now widespread throughout most of England . Today , non-rhoticity is confined in the United States to the accents of eastern New England , the former plantation South , New York City , and African American Vernacular English ( though the vowel - consonant cluster found in `` bird '' , `` work '' , `` hurt '' , `` learn '' , etc. usually retains its r pronunciation today , even in these non-rhotic accents ) . Other than these varieties , American accents are rhotic , pronouncing every instance of the ⟨ r ⟩ sound . Many British accents have evolved in other ways compared to which General American English has remained relatively more conservative , for example , regarding the typical southern British features of a trap -- bath split , fronting of / oʊ / , and H - dropping . The innovation of / t / glottaling , which does occur before a consonant ( including a syllabic coronal nasal consonant , like in the words button or satin ) and word - finally in General American , additionally occurs variably between vowels in British English . On the other hand , General American is more innovative than the dialects of England , or English elsewhere in the world , in a number of its own ways : The merger of / ɑ / and / ɒ / , making father and bother rhyme . This change , known as the father -- bother merger is in a transitional or completed stage nearly universally in North American English . Exceptions are in northeastern New England English , such as the Boston accent , New York City English , Philadelphia English , Baltimore English , and many Southern dialects , such as the Yat dialect . About half of all Americans merge of the vowels / ɑ / and / ɔ / . This is the so - called cot -- caught merger , where words like cot and caught are homophones . This change has occurred most firmly in eastern New England ( Boston area ) , Greater Pittsburgh , and the whole western half of the country . For speakers who do not merge caught and cot , the lot -- cloth split has taken hold . This change took place prior to the unrounding of the cot . It is the result of the lengthening and raising of the cot vowel , merging with the caught vowel in many cases before voiceless fricatives ( as in cloth , off ) , which is also found in some varieties of British English , as well as before / ŋ / ( as in strong , long ) , usually in gone , often in on , and irregularly before / ɡ / ( log , hog , dog , fog ) . The strut vowel , rather than the lot or thought vowel , is used in the function words was , of , from , what , everybody , nobody , somebody , anybody , and , for some speakers , because and want , when stressed . Vowel mergers before intervocalic / ɹ / : The Mary -- marry -- merry , serious -- Sirius , and hurry -- furry mergers are found in most American English dialects . However , exceptions exist primarily along the east coast . Americans vary slightly in their pronunciations of R - colored vowels -- such as those in / ɛəɹ / and / ɪəɹ / -- sometimes monophthongizing towards ( ɛɹ ) and ( ɪɹ ) or tensing towards ( eɪɹ ) and ( i ( ə ) ɹ ) respectively , causing pronunciations like ( pheɪɹ ) for pair / pear and ( phiəɹ ) for peer / pier . Also , / jʊər / is often reduced to ( jɚ ) , so that cure , pure , and mature may all end with the sound ( ɚ ) , thus rhyming with blur and sir . The word sure is also part of this rhyming set as it is commonly pronounced ( ʃɚ ) . Dropping of / j / is much more extensive than in most of England . In most North American accents , / j / is dropped after all alveolar and interdental consonants ( i.e. everywhere except after / p / , / b / , / f / , / h / , / k / , and / m / ) so that new , duke , Tuesday , presume are pronounced ( nu ) , ( duk ) , ( ˈthuzdeɪ ) , ( phɹɪˈzum ) . / æ / tensing in environments that vary widely from accent to accent . With most American speakers , for whom the phoneme / æ / operates under a somewhat continuous system , / æ / has both a tense and a lax allophone ( with a kind of `` continuum '' of possible sounds between those two extremes , rather than a definitive split ) . In these accents , / æ / is overall realized before nasal stops as more tense ( approximately ( eə̯ ) ) , while other environments are more lax ( approximately the standard ( æ ) ) ; for example , note the vowel sound in ( mæs ) for mass , but ( meə̯n ) for man ) . In some American accents , though , specifically those from Baltimore , Philadelphia , and New York City , ( æ ) and ( eə̯ ) are entirely separate ( or `` split '' ) phonemes , for example , in planet ( phɫænɪ̈t̚ ) vs. plan it ( phɫeənɪ̈t̚ ) . This is often called the Mid-Atlantic split - a system . Note that these vowels move in the opposite direction in the mouth compared to the backed British `` broad A '' ; this phenomenon has been noted as related to the increasingly rare phenomenon of older speakers of the eastern New England ( Boston ) area for whom / æ / changes to / ɑ / before / f / , / s / , / θ / , / ð / , / z / , / v / alone or when preceded by a homorganic nasal . / æ / tensing in North American English Environment Dialect Consonant after / æ / Syllable type Example words New York City & New Orleans Baltimore & Philadelphia Eastern New England General American , Midland U.S. , & Western U.S. Canadian , Northwestern U.S. , & Upper Midwestern U.S. Southern U.S. & African American Vernacular Great Lakes / r / Open ( show ) arable , arid , baron , barrel , barren , carry , carrot , chariot , charity , clarity , Gary , Harry , Larry , marionette , maritime , marry , marriage , paragon , parent , parish , parody , parrot , etc. ; this feature is determined by the presence or absence of the Mary - marry - merry merger ( æ ) ( æ ~ ɛ ( ə ) ) ( ɛ ( ə ) ) / m / , / n / Closed ( show ) Alexander , answer , ant , band , can ( the noun ) , ca n't , clam , dance , ham , hamburger , hand , handy , man , manly , pants , plan , planning , ranch , sand , slant , tan , understand , etc. ; in Philadelphia , began , ran , and swam alone remain lax ( eə ) ( æ ~ eə ) ( æ ~ ɛə ) ( ɛ ( j ) ə ~ eə ) ( eə ) Open ( show ) amity , animal , can ( the verb ) , Canada , ceramic , family ( varies by speaker ) , , gamut , hammer , janitor , manager , manner , Montana , panel , planet , profanity , salmon , Spanish , etc . ( æ ) / ɡ / Closed ( show ) agriculture , bag , crag , drag , flag , magnet , rag , sag , tag , tagging , etc . ( eə ) ( æ ) ( æ ) ( æ ~ e ) ( æ ~ ɛ ( j ) ə ) Open ( show ) agate , agony , dragon , magazine , ragamuffin , etc . ( æ ) / b / , / d / , / dʒ / , / ʃ / , / v / , / z / , / ʒ / Closed ( show ) absolve , abstain , add , ash , as , bad , badge , bash , cab , cash , clad , crag , dad , drab , fad , flash , glad , grab , had , halve ( varies by speaker ) , jazz ( varies by speaker ) , kashmir , mad , magnet , pad , plaid , rag , raspberry , rash , sad , sag , smash , splash , tab , tadpole , trash , etc . In NYC , this environment , particularly , / v / and / z / , has a lot of variance and many exceptions to the rules . In Philadelphia , bad , mad , and glad alone in this set become tense . Similarly , in New York City , the / dʒ / set is often tense even in open syllables ( magic , imagine , etc . ) ( eə ) ( æ ~ ɛə ) ( æ ) / f / , / s / , / θ / Closed ( show ) ask , bask , basket , bath , brass , casket , cast , class , craft , crass , daft , drastic , glass , grass , flask , half , last , laugh , laughter , mask , mast , math , pass , past , path , plastic , task , wrath , etc . ( eə ) All other consonants ( show ) act , agony , allergy , apple , aspirin , athlete , avid , back , bat , brat , café , cafeteria , cap , cashew , cat , Catholic , chap , clap , classy , diagonal , fashion , fat , flap , flat , gap , gnat , latch , magazine , mallet , map , mastiff , match , maverick , Max , pack , pal , passive , passion , pat , patch , pattern , rabid , racket , rally , rap , rat , sack , sat , Saturn , savvy , scratch , shack , slack , slap , tackle , talent , trap , travel , wrap , etc . ( æ ) Footnotes ( show ) Nearly all American English speakers pronounce / æŋ / somewhere between ( æŋ ) and ( eɪŋ ) , though Western speakers specifically favor ( eɪŋ ) . The NYC , Philadelphia , and Baltimore dialects ' rule of tensing / æ / in certain closed - syllable environments also applies to words inflectionally derived from those closed - syllable / æ / environments that now have an open - syllable / æ / . For example , in addition to pass being tense ( according to the general rule ) , so are its open - syllable derivatives passing and passer - by , but not passive . Flapping of intervocalic / t / and / d / to alveolar tap ( ɾ ) before unstressed vowels ( as in butter ( ˈbʌɾəɹ ) , party ( ˈphɑɹɾi ) ) and syllabic / l / ( bottle ( ˈbɑɾəɫ ) ) , as well as at the end of a word or morpheme before any vowel ( what else ( wʌˈɾɛɫs ) , whatever ( wʌˈɾɛvəɹ ) ) . Thus , for most speakers , pairs such as ladder / latter , metal / medal , and coating / coding are pronounced the same , except with the stressed / aɪ / ( see below ) . Canadian raising of / aɪ / : many speakers split the sound / aɪ / based on its presence before either a voiceless or voiced consonant , so that in writer it is pronounced ( ʌɪ ) but in rider it is pronounced ( äɪ ) ( because ( t ) is a voiceless consonant while ( d ) is voiced ) . This is a form of Canadian raising but , unlike more extreme forms of that process , does not affect / aʊ / . In many areas and idiolects , a distinction between what elsewhere become homophones through this process is maintained by vowel lengthening in the vowel preceding the formerly voiced consonant , e.g. , ( ˈɹʌɪɾɚ ) for `` writer '' as opposed to ( ˈɹäɪɾɚ ) for `` rider '' . Many speakers in the Inland North , North Central American English , and Philadelphia dialect areas raise / aɪ / before voiced consonants in certain words as well , particularly ( d ) , ( g ) and ( n ) . Hence , words like tiny , spider , cider , tiger , dinosaur , cyber - , beside , idle ( but sometimes not idol ) , and fire may contain a raised nucleus . The use of ( ʌɪ ) rather than ( aɪ ) in such words is unpredictable from phonetic environment alone , though it may have to do with their acoustic similarity to other words that do contain ( ʌɪ ) before a voiceless consonant , per the traditional Canadian - raising system . Hence , some researchers have argued that there has been a phonemic split in these dialects ; the distribution of the two sounds is becoming more unpredictable among younger speakers . T glottalization is common when / t / is in the final position of a syllable or word ( get , fretful : ( ɡɛʔ ) , ( ˈfɹɛʔfəɫ ) ) , though this is always superseded by the aforementioned rules of flapping L - velarization : England 's typical distinction between a `` clear L '' ( i.e. ( l ) ) and a `` dark L '' ( i.e. ( ɫ ) or sometimes even ( ʟ ) ) is much less noticeable in nearly all dialects of American English ; it may even be altogether absent . Instead , most U.S. speakers pronounce all `` L '' sounds with a tendency to be `` dark '' , meaning with some degree of velarization . The only notable exceptions to this are in some Spanish - influenced U.S. English varieties ( such as East Coast Latino English , which typically shows a clear `` L '' in syllable onsets ) ; in New York City English , where the / l / is clear in prevocalic positions ; and in older , moribund Southern speech of the U.S. , where `` L '' is clear in an intervocalic environment between front vowels . Both intervocalic / nt / and / n / may commonly be realized as ( ɾ̃ ) or simply ( n ) , making winter and winner homophones in fast or non-careful speech . The vowel / ɪ / in unstressed syllables generally merges with / ə / ( weak - vowel merger ) , so roses is pronounced like Rosa 's . Some mergers found in most varieties of both American and British English include : Horse -- hoarse merger , making the vowels / ɔ / and / o / before ' r ' homophones , with homophonous pairs like horse / hoarse , corps / core , for / four , morning / mourning , war / wore , etc . homophones . Wine -- whine merger , making pairs like wine / whine , wet / whet , Wales / whales , wear / where , etc . homophones , in most cases eliminating / ʍ / , the voiceless labiovelar fricative . Many older varieties of southern and western American English still keep these distinct , but the merger appears to be spreading . Vocabulary ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) North America has given the English lexicon many thousands of words , meanings , and phrases . Several thousand are now used in English as spoken internationally . Creation of an American lexicon ( edit ) The process of coining new lexical items started as soon as the colonists began borrowing names for unfamiliar flora , fauna , and topography from the Native American languages . Examples of such names are opossum , raccoon , squash and moose ( from Algonquian ) . Other Native American loanwords , such as wigwam or moccasin , describe articles in common use among Native Americans . The languages of the other colonizing nations also added to the American vocabulary ; for instance , cookie , cruller , stoop , and pit ( of a fruit ) from Dutch ; angst , kindergarten , sauerkraut from German , levee , portage ( `` carrying of boats or goods '' ) and ( probably ) gopher from French ; barbecue , stevedore , and rodeo from Spanish . Among the earliest and most notable regular `` English '' additions to the American vocabulary , dating from the early days of colonization through the early 19th century , are terms describing the features of the North American landscape ; for instance , run , branch , fork , snag , bluff , gulch , neck ( of the woods ) , barrens , bottomland , notch , knob , riffle , rapids , watergap , cutoff , trail , timberline and divide . Already existing words such as creek , slough , sleet and ( in later use ) watershed received new meanings that were unknown in England . Other noteworthy American toponyms are found among loanwords ; for example , prairie , butte ( French ) ; bayou ( Choctaw via Louisiana French ) ; coulee ( Canadian French , but used also in Louisiana with a different meaning ) ; canyon , mesa , arroyo ( Spanish ) ; vlei , skate , kill ( Dutch , Hudson Valley ) . The word corn , used in England to refer to wheat ( or any cereal ) , came to denote the plant Zea mays , the most important crop in the U.S. , originally named Indian corn by the earliest settlers ; wheat , rye , barley , oats , etc. came to be collectively referred to as grain . Other notable farm related vocabulary additions were the new meanings assumed by barn ( not only a building for hay and grain storage , but also for housing livestock ) and team ( not just the horses , but also the vehicle along with them ) , as well as , in various periods , the terms range , ( corn ) crib , truck , elevator , sharecropping and feedlot . Ranch , later applied to a house style , derives from Mexican Spanish ; most Spanish contributions came after the War of 1812 , with the opening of the West . Among these are , other than toponyms , chaps ( from chaparreras ) , plaza , lasso , bronco , buckaroo , rodeo ; examples of `` English '' additions from the cowboy era are bad man , maverick , chuck ( `` food '' ) and Boot Hill ; from the California Gold Rush came such idioms as hit pay dirt or strike it rich . The word blizzard probably originated in the West . A couple of notable late 18th century additions are the verb belittle and the noun bid , both first used in writing by Thomas Jefferson . With the new continent developed new forms of dwelling , and hence a large inventory of words designating real estate concepts ( land office , lot , outlands , waterfront , the verbs locate and relocate , betterment , addition , subdivision ) , types of property ( log cabin , adobe in the 18th century ; frame house , apartment , tenement house , shack , shanty in the 19th century ; project , condominium , townhouse , split - level , mobile home , multi-family in the 20th century ) , and parts thereof ( driveway , breezeway , backyard , dooryard ; clapboard , siding , trim , baseboard ; stoop ( from Dutch ) , family room , den ; and , in recent years , HVAC , central air , walkout basement ) . Ever since the American Revolution , a great number of terms connected with the U.S. political institutions have entered the language ; examples are run ( i.e , for office ) , gubernatorial , primary election , carpetbagger ( after the Civil War ) , repeater , lame duck ( a British term used originally in Banking ) and pork barrel . Some of these are internationally used ( for example , caucus , gerrymander , filibuster , exit poll ) . 19th century onwards ( edit ) The development of industry and material innovations throughout the 19th and 20th centuries were the source of a massive stock of distinctive new words , phrases and idioms . Typical examples are the vocabulary of railroading ( see further at rail terminology ) and transportation terminology , ranging from names of roads ( from dirt roads and back roads to freeways and parkways ) to road infrastructure ( parking lot , overpass , rest area ) , and from automotive terminology to public transit ( for example , in the sentence `` riding the subway downtown '' ) ; such American introductions as commuter ( from commutation ticket ) , concourse , to board ( a vehicle ) , to park , double - park and parallel park ( a car ) , double decker or the noun terminal have long been used in all dialects of English . Trades of various kinds have endowed ( American ) English with household words describing jobs and occupations ( bartender , longshoreman , patrolman , hobo , bouncer , bellhop , roustabout , white collar , blue collar , employee , boss ( from Dutch ) , intern , busboy , mortician , senior citizen ) , businesses and workplaces ( department store , supermarket , thrift store , gift shop , drugstore , motel , main street , gas station , hardware store , savings and loan , hock ( also from Dutch ) ) , as well as general concepts and innovations ( automated teller machine , smart card , cash register , dishwasher , reservation ( as at hotels ) , pay envelope , movie , mileage , shortage , outage , blood bank ) . Already existing English words -- such as store , shop , dry goods , haberdashery , lumber -- underwent shifts in meaning ; some -- such as mason , student , clerk , the verbs can ( as in `` canned goods '' ) , ship , fix , carry , enroll ( as in school ) , run ( as in `` run a business '' ) , release and haul -- were given new significations , while others ( such as tradesman ) have retained meanings that disappeared in England . From the world of business and finance came break - even , merger , delisting , downsize , disintermediation , bottom line ; from sports terminology came , jargon aside , Monday - morning quarterback , cheap shot , game plan ( football ) ; in the ballpark , out of left field , off base , hit and run , and many other idioms from baseball ; gamblers coined bluff , blue chip , ante , bottom dollar , raw deal , pass the buck , ace in the hole , freeze - out , showdown ; miners coined bedrock , bonanza , peter out , pan out and the verb prospect from the noun ; and railroadmen are to be credited with make the grade , sidetrack , head - on , and the verb railroad . A number of Americanisms describing material innovations remained largely confined to North America : elevator , ground , gasoline ; many automotive terms fall in this category , although many do not ( hatchback , sport utility vehicle , station wagon , tailgate , motorhome , truck , pickup truck , to exhaust ) . In addition to the above - mentioned loans from French , Spanish , Mexican Spanish , Dutch , and Native American languages , other accretions from foreign languages came with 19th and early 20th century immigration ; notably , from Yiddish ( chutzpah , schmooze , tush ) and German -- hamburger and culinary terms like frankfurter / franks , liverwurst , sauerkraut , wiener , deli ( catessen ) ; scram , kindergarten , gesundheit ; musical terminology ( whole note , half note , etc . ) ; and apparently cookbook , fresh ( `` impudent '' ) and what gives ? Such constructions as Are you coming with ? and I like to dance ( for `` I like dancing '' ) may also be the result of German or Yiddish influence . Finally , a large number of English colloquialisms from various periods are American in origin ; some have lost their American flavor ( from OK and cool to nerd and 24 / 7 ) , while others have not ( have a nice day , for sure ) ; many are now distinctly old - fashioned ( swell , groovy ) . Some English words now in general use , such as hijacking , disc jockey , boost , bulldoze and jazz , originated as American slang . Among the many English idioms of U.S. origin are get the hang of , bark up the wrong tree , keep tabs , run scared , take a backseat , have an edge over , stake a claim , take a shine to , in on the ground floor , bite off more than one can chew , off / on the wagon , stay put , inside track , stiff upper lip , bad hair day , throw a monkey wrench / monkeywrenching , under the weather , jump bail , come clean , come again ? , it ai n't over till it 's over , and what goes around comes around . Morphology ( edit ) American English has always shown a marked tendency to use nouns as verbs . Examples of verbed nouns are interview , advocate , vacuum , lobby , pressure , rear - end , transition , feature , profile , spearhead , skyrocket , showcase , service ( as a car ) , corner , torch , exit ( as in `` exit the lobby '' ) , factor ( in mathematics ) , gun ( `` shoot '' ) , author ( which disappeared in English around 1630 and was revived in the U.S. three centuries later ) and , out of American material , proposition , graft ( bribery ) , bad - mouth , vacation , major , backpack , backtrack , intern , ticket ( traffic violations ) , hassle , blacktop , peer - review , dope and OD , and , of course verbed as used at the start of this sentence . Compounds coined in the U.S. are for instance foothill , flatlands , badlands , landslide ( in all senses ) , overview ( the noun ) , backdrop , teenager , brainstorm , bandwagon , hitchhike , smalltime , deadbeat , frontman , lowbrow and highbrow , hell - bent , foolproof , nitpick , about - face ( later verbed ) , upfront ( in all senses ) , fixer - upper , no - show ; many of these are phrases used as adverbs or ( often ) hyphenated attributive adjectives : non-profit , for - profit , free - for - all , ready - to - wear , catchall , low - down , down - and - out , down and dirty , in - your - face , nip and tuck ; many compound nouns and adjectives are open : happy hour , fall guy , capital gain , road trip , wheat pit , head start , plea bargain ; some of these are colorful ( empty nester , loan shark , ambulance chaser , buzz saw , ghetto blaster , dust bunny ) , others are euphemistic ( differently abled ( physically challenged ) , human resources , affirmative action , correctional facility ) . Many compound nouns have the form verb plus preposition : add - on , stopover , lineup , shakedown , tryout , spin - off , rundown ( `` summary '' ) , shootout , holdup , hideout , comeback , cookout , kickback , makeover , takeover , rollback ( `` decrease '' ) , rip - off , come - on , shoo - in , fix - up , tie - in , tie - up ( `` stoppage '' ) , stand - in . These essentially are nouned phrasal verbs ; some prepositional and phrasal verbs are in fact of American origin ( spell out , figure out , hold up , brace up , size up , rope in , back up / off / down / out , step down , miss out , kick around , cash in , rain out , check in and check out ( in all senses ) , fill in ( `` inform '' ) , kick in or throw in ( `` contribute '' ) , square off , sock in , sock away , factor in / out , come down with , give up on , lay off ( from employment ) , run into and across ( `` meet '' ) , stop by , pass up , put up ( money ) , set up ( `` frame '' ) , trade in , pick up on , pick up after , lose out ) . Noun endings such as - ee ( retiree ) , - ery ( bakery ) , - ster ( gangster ) and - cian ( beautician ) are also particularly productive . Some verbs ending in - ize are of U.S. origin ; for example , fetishize , prioritize , burglarize , accessorize , itemize , editorialize , customize , notarize , weatherize , winterize , Mirandize ; and so are some back - formations ( locate , fine - tune , evolute , curate , donate , emote , upholster , peeve and enthuse ) . Among syntactical constructions that arose in the U.S. are as of ( with dates and times ) , outside of , headed for , meet up with , back of , convince someone to , not about to and lack for . Americanisms formed by alteration of some existing words include notably pesky , phony , rambunctious , pry ( as in `` pry open '' , from prize ) , putter ( verb ) , buddy , sundae , skeeter , sashay and kitty - corner . Adjectives that arose in the U.S. are for example , lengthy , bossy , cute and cutesy , grounded ( of a child ) , punk ( in all senses ) , sticky ( of the weather ) , through ( as in `` through train '' , or meaning `` finished '' ) , and many colloquial forms such as peppy or wacky . American blends include motel , guesstimate , infomercial and televangelist . English words that survived in the United States and not in the United Kingdom ( edit ) A number of words and meanings that originated in Middle English or Early Modern English and that have been in everyday use in the United States dropped out in most varieties of British English ; some of these have cognates in Lowland Scots . Terms such as fall ( `` autumn '' ) , faucet ( `` tap '' ) , diaper ( `` nappy '' ) , candy ( `` sweets '' ) , skillet , eyeglasses and obligate are often regarded as Americanisms . Fall for example came to denote the season in 16th century England , a contraction of Middle English expressions like `` fall of the leaf '' and `` fall of the year '' . During the 17th century , English immigration to the British colonies in North America was at its peak and the new settlers took the English language with them . While the term fall gradually became obsolete in Britain , it became the more common term in North America . Gotten ( past participle of get ) is often considered to be an Americanism , although there are some areas of Britain , such as Lancashire and North East England , that still continue to use it and sometimes also use putten as the past participle for put ( which is not done by most speakers of American English ) . Other words and meanings , to various extents , were brought back to Britain , especially in the second half of the 20th century ; these include hire ( `` to employ '' ) , quit ( `` to stop '' , which spawned quitter in the U.S. ) , I guess ( famously criticized by H.W. Fowler ) , baggage , hit ( a place ) , and the adverbs overly and presently ( `` currently '' ) . Some of these , for example monkey wrench and wastebasket , originated in 19th century Britain . The mandative subjunctive ( as in `` the City Attorney suggested that the case not be closed '' ) is livelier in American English than it is in British English . It appears in some areas as a spoken usage and is considered obligatory in contexts that are more formal . The adjectives mad meaning `` angry '' , smart meaning `` intelligent '' , and sick meaning `` ill '' are also more frequent in American ( these meanings are also frequent in Hiberno - English ) than British English . Regionally distinct terms within the United States ( edit ) Linguist Bert Vaux created a survey , completed in 2003 , polling English speakers across the United States about the specific words they would use in everyday speech for various concepts . This 2003 study concluded that : For a `` long sandwich that contains cold cuts , lettuce , and so on '' , the most common term found in the survey , throughout the country ( preferred by 77 % of the participants ) , was the word sub ( an abbreviation for submarine sandwich ) . The New York metropolitan area shows the greatest variety of terms for this idea in one single region , largely counting for the 5 % of the survey who preferred the term hero , nearly 7 % ( which is even more prevalent in the Pittsburgh and Philadelphia metropolitan areas , including southern New Jersey as well as eastern Pennsylvania ) who preferred hoagie , and just less than 3 % ( also notably prevalent throughout New England , except Maine ) who prefer grinder . The U.S. is largely divided about the `` generic term for a sweetened carbonated beverage '' . Nearly 53 % of the surveyed sample preferred soda , particularly in the Northeast , eastern Wisconsin , Greater St. Louis , the far West , and some of South Florida , with it also called tonic in some parts of southeastern New England . Over 25 % preferred pop , particularly around the Midwest ( including the Great Lakes region ) and the Western regions along the Canada -- US border . Over 12 % preferred coke ( which is also trademarked for a specific cola product ) , particularly scattered throughout the South . Urban , coastal California speakers use all three terms , though especially soda . Speakers of the West generally use soda or pop . The most common word or phrase `` to address a group of two or more people '' ( in the second person ) was you guys at almost 43 % , particularly throughout the Northeast and Great Lakes region ( along with simply you at nearly 13 % ) . Y'all was preferred by 14 % , particularly in the South , but reaching somewhat noticeably into the Northern regions as well . Yous ( e ) was largely confined to the New York and Philadelphia metropolitan areas , at just over 0.5 % . The expression `` yinz '' is a distinctive feature of Western Pennsylvania speech . The most common term for generic , rubber - soled shoes worn for athletic activities is sneakers as said by 46 % of those surveyed throughout the country , but particularly in the Northeast . 41 % , particularly outside of the Northeast , said tennis shoes . Several much rarer other terms were also documented in various regions of the country . Nearly 68 % of the participating speakers make no distinction between dinner and supper , or simply never use the term supper . 64 % of the participants said they use `` Where are you at ? '' to mean `` How are you coming along ? '' This also incorporated the 34 % who use `` Where are you at ? '' in any context , for example , to even mean `` Where are you physically located right now ? '' Freshwater `` miniature lobsters '' were identified by 40 % of polled speakers as crawfish , 32 % as crayfish , and 19 % as crawdads within no particular regional boundaries , except that crayfish was especially uncommon in the South . 5 % reported having no term for this animal . The most common nicknames for grandparents were grandpa / grampa and grandma / gramma . Nearly all American English speakers called the lampyrid insect a firefly or lightning bug , with nearly 40 % using the two terms interchangeably . The use of the word anymore with a positive sense , simply as a synonym for nowadays ( e.g. I do only figurative paintings anymore ) , was reported as sounding acceptable to 5 % of participants . However , in example sentences with a clearly disheartened tone or dismissive attitude , the positive use of anymore sounded acceptable to as many as 29 % of participants ( e.g. Forget your baby wearing nice clothes anymore ) . This rare use of the word was observed much more around Pennsylvania and going westward into the Midland region . The `` wheeled contraption '' for carrying groceries was identified by 77 % of participants as a shopping cart and by nearly 14 % as a grocery cart . 4 % preferred the term buggy : a clearly Southern phenomenon . Differences between British and American English ( edit ) Main article : Comparison of American and British English American English and British English ( BrE ) often differ at the levels of phonology , phonetics , vocabulary , and , to a much lesser extent , grammar and orthography . The first large American dictionary , An American Dictionary of the English Language , known as Webster 's Dictionary , was written by Noah Webster in 1828 , codifying several of these spellings . Differences in grammar are relatively minor , and do not normally affect mutual intelligibility ; these include : different use of some auxiliary verbs ; formal ( rather than notional ) agreement with collective nouns ; different preferences for the past forms of a few verbs ( for example , AmE / BrE : learned / learnt , burned / burnt , snuck / sneaked , dove / dived ) although the purportedly `` British '' forms can occasionally be seen in American English writing as well ; different prepositions and adverbs in certain contexts ( for example , AmE in school , BrE at school ) ; and whether or not a definite article is used , in very few cases ( AmE to the hospital , BrE to hospital ; contrast , however , AmE actress Elizabeth Taylor , BrE the actress Elizabeth Taylor ) . Often , these differences are a matter of relative preferences rather than absolute rules ; and most are not stable , since the two varieties are constantly influencing each other , and American English is not a standardized set of dialects . Differences in orthography are also minor . The main differences are that American English usually uses spellings such as flavor for British flavour , fiber for fibre , defense for defence , analyze for analyse , license for licence , catalog for catalogue and traveling for travelling . Noah Webster popularized such spellings in America , but he did not invent most of them . Rather , `` he chose already existing options ( ... ) on such grounds as simplicity , analogy or etymology '' . Other differences are due to the francophile tastes of the 19th century Victorian era Britain ( for example they preferred programme for program , manoeuvre for maneuver , cheque for check , etc . ) . AmE almost always uses - ize in words like realize . BrE prefers - ise , but also uses - ize on occasion ( see Oxford spelling ) . There are a few differences in punctuation rules . British English is more tolerant of run - on sentences , called `` comma splices '' in American English , and American English requires that periods and commas be placed inside closing quotation marks even in cases in which British rules would place them outside . American English also favors the double quotation mark over single . AmE sometimes favors words that are morphologically more complex , whereas BrE uses clipped forms , such as AmE transportation and BrE transport or where the British form is a back - formation , such as AmE burglarize and BrE burgle ( from burglar ) . However , while individuals usually use one or the other , both forms will be widely understood and mostly used alongside each other within the two systems . British English also differs from American English in that `` schedule '' can be pronounced with either ( sk ) or ( ʃ ) . See also ( edit ) United States portal Language portal Dictionary of American Regional English List of English words from indigenous languages of the Americas IPA chart for English Regional accents of English speakers Canadian English North American English International English Received Pronunciation Transatlantic accent American and British English spelling differences Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dialects are considered `` rhotic '' if they pronounce the r sound in all historical environments , without ever `` dropping '' this sound . The father -- bother merger is the pronunciation of the unrounded / ɒ / vowel variant ( as in cot , lot , bother , etc . ) the same as the / ɑː / vowel ( as in spa , haha , Ma ) , causing words like con and Kahn and like sob and Saab to sound identical , with the vowel usually realized in the back or middle of the mouth as ( ɑ ~ ä ) . Finally , most of the U.S. participates in a continuous nasal system of the `` short a '' vowel ( in cat , trap , bath , etc . ) , causing / æ / to be pronounced with the tongue raised and with a glide quality ( typically sounding like ( ɛə ) ) particularly when before a nasal consonant ; thus , mad is ( mæd ) , but man is more like ( mɛən ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ English ( United States ) at Ethnologue ( 18th ed. , 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` Unified English Braille ( UEB ) '' . Braille Authority of North America ( BANA ) . 2 November 2016 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ en - US is the language code for U.S. English , as defined by ISO standards ( see ISO 639 - 1 and ISO 3166 - 1 alpha - 2 ) and Internet standards ( see IETF language tag ) . Jump up ^ Plichta , Bartlomiej , and Dennis R. Preston ( 2005 ) . `` The / ay / s Have It : The Perception of / ay / as a North - South Stereotype in the United States English . '' Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 37.1 : 107 - 130 . Jump up ^ Zentella , A.C. ( 1982 ) . Spanish and English in contact in the United States : The Puerto Rican experience . Word , 33 ( 1 - 2 ) , 41 . Jump up ^ Crystal , David ( 1997 ) . English as a Global Language . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 53032 - 6 . Jump up ^ Crawford , James ( 1 February 2012 ) . `` Language Legislation in the U.S.A. '' . languagepolicy.net . Retrieved 29 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. English Efforts Lead West Virginia to Become 32nd State to Recognize English as Official Language '' . us-english.org . Retrieved 13 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 48 U.S. Code § 864 - Appeals , certiorari , removal of causes , etc. ; use of English language LII / Legal Information Institute '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Labov , William ( 2012 ) . Dialect diversity in America : The politics of language change . University of Virginia Press . pp. 1 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kretzchmar , William A. ( 2004 ) , Kortmann , Bernd ; Schneider , Edgar W. , eds. , A Handbook of Varieties of English , Berlin / New York : Mouton de Gruyter , p. 262 , ISBN 9783110175325 Jump up ^ Labov , William ( 2010 ) . The Politics of Language Change : Dialect Divergence in America . The University of Virginia Press . Pre-publication draft . p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : `` Do You Speak American : What Lies Ahead '' . PBS . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Labov , William . 2012 . Dialect diversity in America : the politics of language change . Charlottesville : University of Virginia Press . ^ Jump up to : Labov , William ( 2010 ) . The Politics of Language Change : Dialect Divergence in America . The University of Virginia Press . Pre-publication draft . p. 53 - 4 . Jump up ^ Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 ) , p. 148 ^ Jump up to : Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 : 141 ) Jump up ^ Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 : 123 -- 4 ) Jump up ^ Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 : 135 ) ^ Jump up to : Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 : 237 ) Jump up ^ Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 : 271 -- 2 ) Jump up ^ Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 : 130 ) Jump up ^ Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 : 133 ) ^ Jump up to : Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 : 125 ) Jump up ^ Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 : 127 , 254 ) Jump up ^ Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 : 124 , 229 ) Jump up ^ Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 : 124 ) ^ Jump up to : Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 : 137 , 141 ) ^ Jump up to : Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 : 230 ) Jump up ^ Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 : 231 ) Jump up ^ Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 : 107 ) Jump up ^ Cf . Trudgill , p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Kortmann ( 2004 : 263 , 264 ) Jump up ^ Labov et al. ( 2006 : 180 ) Jump up ^ Kortmann ( 2004 : 315 , 340 ) ^ Jump up to : Wells ( 1982b : 476 ) Jump up ^ Kortmann ( 2004 : 263 , 264 ) Jump up ^ Kortmann ( 2004 : 263 , 264 ) Jump up ^ Kortmann & Boberg ( 2004 : 154 , 343 , 361 ) Jump up ^ Heggarty , Paul et al. , eds. ( 2015 ) . `` Accents of English from Around the World '' . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . See under `` Std US + ' up - speak ' '' CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ North American English ( Trudgill , p. 2 ) is a collective term used for the varieties of the English language that are spoken in both the United States and Canada . Jump up ^ `` What Is the Difference between Theater and Theatre ? '' . Wisegeek.org. 2015 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Early Mainland Residues in Southern Hiberno - English '' . 20 . JSTOR 25484343 . doi : 10.2307 / 25484343 . Retrieved 29 May 2013 . Jump up ^ A Handbook of Varieties of English , Bernd Kortmann & Edgar W. Schneider , Walter de Gruyter , 2004 , p. 317 . Jump up ^ Labov , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Trudgill , pp. 46 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Wells , John C. ( 1982 ) . Accents of English . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 136 -- 37 , 203 -- 6 , 234 , 245 -- 47 , 339 -- 40 , 400 , 419 , 443 , 576 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 22919 - 7 . 0 - 521 - 22919 - 7 ( vol. 1 ) , ISBN 0 - 521 - 24224 - X ( vol. 2 ) , ISBN 0 - 521 - 24225 - 8 ( vol. 3 ) Jump up ^ Labov et al. ( 2006 ) , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 : 61 ) Jump up ^ According to Merriam - Webster Collegiate Dictionary , Eleventh Edition . Jump up ^ `` Want : meaning and definitions '' . Dictionary.infoplease.com . Retrieved 29 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` want . The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language : Fourth Edition . 2000 . '' . Bartleby.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 29 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Want -- Definition and More from the Free Merriam - Webster Dictionary '' . M-w.com . Retrieved 29 May 2013 . Jump up ^ J.C. Wells . Accents of English . 3 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 481 -- 482 . Jump up ^ Labov , William ; Ash , Sharon ; Boberg , Charles ( 2006 ) . The Atlas of North American English . Berlin : Mouton de Gruyter . p. 182 . ISBN 3 - 11 - 016746 - 8 . Jump up ^ Trager , George L. ( 1940 ) One Phonemic Entity Becomes Two : The Case of ' Short A ' in American Speech : 3rd ed . Vol. 15 : Duke UP. 256 . Print . Jump up ^ Freuhwald , Josef T. ( November 11 , 2007 ) . `` The Spread of Raising : Opacity , lexicalization , and diffusion '' . University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grzegorz Dogil , Susanne Maria Reiterer , and Walter de Gruyter , eds. ( 2009 ) . `` general + american '' + `` velarized '' Language Talent and Brain Activity : Trends in Applied Linguistics . Walter de Gruyter GmbH . p. 299 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Wells ( 1982 : 490 ) Jump up ^ Wells , John C. ( April 8 , 1982 ) . Accents of English : Vowel 3 : Beyond the British Isles . Cambridge University Press . p. 515 . Jump up ^ A Handbook of Varieties of English , Bernd Kortmann & Edgar W. Schneider , Walter de Gruyter , 2004 , p. 319 . ^ Jump up to : Principles of English etymology : The native element - Walter William Skeat . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` You Already Know Some German Words ! '' . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' The history of Mexican folk foodways of South Texas : Street vendors , o '' by Mario Montano `` . Repository.upenn.edu. 1992 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ What 's in a Word ? : Etymological Gossip about Some Interesting English Words - Robert M. Gorrell . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ The Pocket Gophers of the United States - Vernon Bailey . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ The American Language : A Preliminary Inquiry Into the Development of English ... - H.L. Mencken . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Lame Duck '' . Word Detective.com . Retrieved 29 May 2013 . Jump up ^ A few of these are now chiefly found , or have been more productive , outside of the U.S. ; for example , jump , `` to drive past a traffic signal '' ; block meaning `` building '' , and center , `` central point in a town '' or `` main area for a particular activity '' ( cf . Oxford English Dictionary ) . Jump up ^ `` The Maven 's Word of the Day : gesundheit '' . Random House . Retrieved 29 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Trudgill , Peter ( 2004 ) . New - Dialect Formation : The Inevitability of Colonial Englishes . Jump up ^ `` Definition of day noun from the Oxford Advanced Learner 's Dictionary '' . Oup.com . Retrieved 29 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of sure adjective from the Oxford Advanced Learner 's Dictionary '' . Oup.com . Retrieved 29 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Trudgill , p. 69 . Jump up ^ British author George Orwell ( in English People , 1947 , cited in OED s.v. lose ) criticized an alleged `` American tendency '' to `` burden every verb with a preposition that adds nothing to its meaning ( win out , lose out , face up to , etc . ) '' . Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` fall '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ A Handbook of Varieties of English , Bernd Kortmann & Edgar W. Schneider , Walter de Gruyter , 2004 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ `` angry '' . Oxford Advanced Learner 's Dictionary . Retrieved 29 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` intelligent '' . Oxford Advanced Learner 's Dictionary . Retrieved 29 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of ill adjective from the Oxford Advanced Learner 's Dictionary '' . Oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com . Retrieved 29 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Vaux , Bert and Scott Golder. 2003 . The Harvard Dialect Survey . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Linguistics Department . Jump up ^ Katz , Joshua ( 2013 ) . `` Beyond ' Soda , Pop , or Coke . ' North Carolina State University . Jump up ^ Algeo , John ( 2006 ) . British or American English ? . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 37993 - 8 . Jump up ^ Algeo , John . `` The Effects of the Revolution on Language '' , in A Companion to the American Revolution . John Wiley & Sons , 2008 . p. 599 Jump up ^ Peters , Pam ( 2004 ) . The Cambridge Guide to English Usage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 62181 - X , pp. 34 and 511 . Jump up ^ `` Punctuating Around Quotation Marks '' ( blog ) . Style Guide of the American Psychological Association . 2011 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Jones , Daniel ( 1991 ) . English Pronouncing Dictionary . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521425865 . Bibliography ( edit ) Labov , William ; Sharon Ash ; Charles Boberg ( 2006 ) . The Atlas of North American English . Berlin : Mouton de Gruyter . ISBN 3 - 11 - 016746 - 8 . Further reading ( edit ) Bailey , Richard W. ( 2012 ) . Speaking American : A History of English in the United States 20th - 21st century usage in different cities Bartlett , John R. ( 1848 ) . Dictionary of Americanisms : A Glossary of Words and Phrases Usually Regarded As Peculiar to the United States . New York : Bartlett and Welford . Garner , Bryan A. ( 2003 ) . Garner 's Modern American Usage . New York : Oxford University Press . Mencken , H.L. ( 1977 ) ( 1921 ) . The American Language : An Inquiry into the Development of English in the United States ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Knopf . History of American English Bailey , Richard W. ( 2004 ) . `` American English : Its origins and history '' . In E. Finegan & J.R. Rickford ( Eds . ) , Language in the USA : Themes for the twenty - first century ( pp. 3 -- 17 ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Finegan , Edward . ( 2006 ) . `` English in North America '' . In R. Hogg & D. Denison ( Eds . ) , A history of the English language ( pp. 384 -- 419 ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . External links ( edit ) Look up American English in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Americanisms . Wikiversity has learning resources about American English Do You Speak American : PBS special Dialect Survey of the United States , by Bert Vaux et al. , Harvard University . 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ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime Incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination Affirmative action Intersex rights Islamophobia LGBT rights Racism Same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care Health insurance Health care reform Abortion Hunger Obesity Smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Portal Dialects and accents of Modern English by continent Europe United Kingdom England Varieties by common name Barrovian Black Country Brummie Bristolian Cheshire Cockney `` Mockney '' Cornish Cumbrian East Anglian East Midlands Essex Estuary Geordie Kentish Lancastrian Mackem Mancunian Multicultural London Norfolk Northern Pitmatic Potteries Received Pronunciation Scouse Southern Suffolk Sussex West Country `` Mummerset '' West Midlands Yorkshire Varieties by geographic location East of England Essex Norfolk Suffolk East Midlands North Cheshire Cumbria Barrow Lancashire Manchester Merseyside Sunderland Tyneside Yorkshire South Kent Thames Estuary ; London Multicultural London Sussex West Country Bristol Cornwall Dorset West Midlands Black Country Birmingham Stoke - on - Trent Northern Ireland Mid Ulster Ulster Scots Scotland Glasgow Highlands Wales Cardiff Gower Ireland Dublin D4 South - West Cork Supraregional Ulster Channel Islands Alderney Guernsey Jersey Elsewhere Gibraltar Isle of Man Malta North and South America United States Varieties by common name African American Appalachian Boston Cajun California Chicago ; Detroit ; Great Lakes Chicano Mid-Atlantic Philadelphia ; South Jersey Baltimorese General American High Tider Maine Miami Midland Midwestern New England New Mexican New York Old Southern Pacific Northwest Pennsylvania Dutch Pittsburghese Rhode Island Southern Texan Upper Midwestern Western Vermont Yat Yeshivish Yooper Varieties by geographic location Delaware Valley ; Mid-Atlantic Pennsylvania Dutch Philadelphia ; South Jersey Baltimore Midland Midwest Great Lakes ; Inland North Upper Midwest Upper Peninsula of Michigan New England Boston Maine Rhode Island Vermont New York City ; Northeastern New Jersey New York Latino North South Acadiana Appalachia Chesapeake ; Pamlico Miami New Orleans Texas West California New Mexico Pacific Northwest Western Pennsylvania Canada Aboriginal Atlantic Cape Breton Newfoundland Lunenburg Standard Ottawa Valley Pacific Northwest Quebec Caribbean Bahamas Barbados Dominican Republic Jamaica Puerto Rico Trinidad Elsewhere Bermuda Falkland Islands Guyana Oceania Australia Aboriginal Broad ; Strine General South Australian Torres Strait West Australian Elsewhere Fiji New Zealand Palau Solomon Islands Other continents Africa Cameroon Ghana Kenya Liberia Malawi Namibia Nigeria Sierra Leone South Africa White Cultivated General Broad Cape Flats Black Indian Uganda Asia Bangladesh Brunei Burma or Myanmar Hong Kong India Malaysia Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka English - speaking world Click on a coloured area to see an article about English in that country or region Further links Articles English - speaking world History of the English language British Empire English in the Commonwealth of Nations Lists List of countries by English - speaking population List of countries where English is an official language Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority Africa Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Americas Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Dominica Falkland Islands Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Saba Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States United States Virgin Islands Europe Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Norfolk Island Pitcairn Islands Countries and territories where English is an official language , but not the majority first language Africa Botswana Cameroon The Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Puerto Rico Asia Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Special Administrative Region India Pakistan Philippines Singapore Europe Gibraltar Malta Oceania American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tuvalu Vanuatu Dependencies shown in italics . Languages of the United States Languages in italics are extinct . English Dialects of American English African American Vernacular English Appalachian English Baltimore English Boston English Cajun English California English Chicano English Eastern New England English General American English High Tider English Inland Northern American English Miami English Mid-Atlantic American / Delaware Valley English Maine English Midland American English New England Englishes New Mexican Englishes New Orleans English New York City English New York Latino English Northern American English North - Central American English Ozark English Pacific Northwest English Pennsylvania Dutch English Philadelphia English Pittsburgh English Puerto Rican English Southern American English Texan English Tidewater English Transatlantic English Upper Michigan English Western American English Western New England English Yeshiva English Oral Indigenous Languages Families Algic Abenaki Anishinnabemowin Arapaho Blackfoot Cheyenne Cree Fox Gros Ventre Mahican Massachusett Menominee Mi'kmaq Mohegan - 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3 BNF : cb126474421 ( data ) NDL : 00560167 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_English&oldid=801006595 '' Categories : American English English dialects English language Languages of the United States North American English Languages attested from the 17th century 17th - century establishments in North America Hidden categories : Language articles citing Ethnologue 18 CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Use American English from March 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Languages without Glottolog code Language articles with IETF language tag Dialects of languages with ISO 639 - 3 code Articles with hAudio microformats All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from May 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2017 Articles needing additional references from June 2009 All articles needing additional references All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from April 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Aragonés Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Sardu සිංහල Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 02 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the american english language come from | [
"The use of English in the United States is a result of British colonization of the Americas. The first wave of English-speaking settlers arrived in North America during the 17th century, followed by further migrations in the 18th and 19th centuries. Since then, American English has developed into new dialects, in some cases under the influence of West African and Native American languages, German, Dutch, Irish, Spanish, and other languages of successive waves of immigrants to the United States.",
"The use of English in the United States is a result of British colonization of the Americas. The first wave of English-speaking settlers arrived in North America during the 17th century, followed by further migrations in the 18th and 19th centuries. Since then, American English has developed into new dialects, in some cases under the influence of West African and Native American languages, German, Dutch, Irish, Spanish, and other languages of successive waves of immigrants to the United States."
] | [
"British colonization of the Americas",
"17th century"
] |
-7819139608309257165 | History of time in the United States | History of time in the United States - wikipedia History of time in the United States Jump to : navigation , search 1913 Map of U.S. time zones between April 2 , 2006 , and March 11 , 2007 . The current situation is different only in that six Indiana counties have since been moved from the Central time zone to the Eastern time zone . The history of standard time in the United States began November 18 , 1883 , when United States and Canadian railroads instituted standard time in time zones . Before then , time of day was a local matter , and most cities and towns used some form of local solar time , maintained by some well - known clock ( for example , on a church steeple or in a jeweler 's window ) . The new standard time system was not immediately embraced by all . Use of standard time gradually increased because of its obvious practical advantages for communication and travel . Standard time in time zones was not established in U.S. law until the Standard Time Act of 1918 of March 19 , 1918 , also known as the Calder Act ( 15 USC 260 ) . The act also established daylight saving time , itself a contentious idea . Daylight saving time was repealed in 1919 , but standard time in time zones remained in law , with the Interstate Commerce Commission ( ICC ) having the authority over time zone boundaries . Daylight time became a local matter . It was re-established nationally early in World War II , and was continuously observed until the end of the war . After the war its use varied among states and localities . The Uniform Time Act of 1966 provided standardization in the dates of beginning and end of daylight time in the U.S. but allowed for local exemptions from its observance . The act also continued the authority of the ICC over time zone boundaries . In subsequent years , the United States Congress transferred the authority over time zones to the U.S. Department of Transportation ( DOT ) , modified ( several times ) the beginning date of daylight time , and renamed the three westernmost time zones . Time zone boundaries have changed greatly since their original introduction and changes still occasionally occur . DOT issues press releases when these changes are made . Generally , time zone boundaries have tended to shift westward . Places on the eastern edge of a time zone can effectively move sunset an hour later ( by the clock ) by shifting to the time zone immediately to their east . If they do so , the boundary of that zone is locally shifted to the west ; the accumulation of such changes results in the long - term westward trend . The process is not inexorable , however , since the late sunrises experienced by such places during the winter may be regarded as too undesirable . Furthermore , under the law , the principal standard for deciding on a time zone change is the `` convenience of commerce '' . Proposed time zone changes have been both approved and rejected based on this criterion , although most such proposals have been accepted . Contents ( hide ) 1 War Time 1918 and 1942 2 Daylight Saving Time 1945 to 1966 3 DST 1966 4 DST 2007 5 Start and end dates of United States Daylight Saving Time 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links War time 1918 and 1942 ( edit ) `` War Time '' redirects here . This usage refers to the changes of the US War Time Act , not a general period of war . Daylight saving time was established by the Standard Time Act of 1918 . The Act was intended to save electricity for seven months of the year , during World War I. DST was repealed in 1919 over a Presidential veto , but standard time in time zones remained in law , with the Interstate Commerce Commission ( ICC ) having the authority over time zone boundaries . Daylight time became a local matter . During World War II , Congress enacted the War Time Act ( 56 Stat. 9 ) on January 20 , 1942 . Year - round DST was reinstated in the United States on February 9 , 1942 , again as a wartime measure to conserve energy resources . This remained in effect until after the end of the war . The Amendment to the War Time Act ( 59 Stat. 537 ) , enacted September 25 , 1945 , ended DST as of September 30 , 1945 . During this period , the official designation War Time was used for year - round DST . For example , Eastern War Time ( EWT ) would be the equivalent of Eastern Daylight Time during this period . Daylight saving time 1945 to 1966 ( edit ) From 1945 to 1966 U.S. federal law did not address DST . States and cities were free to observe DST or not , and most places that did observe DST did so from the last Sunday in April to the last Sunday in September . In the mid-1950s many areas in the northeastern United States began extending DST to the last Sunday in October . The lack of standardization led to a patchwork where some areas observed DST while adjacent areas did not , and it was not unheard of to have to reset a clock several times during a short trip ( e.g. , bus drivers operating on West Virginia Route 2 between Moundsville , West Virginia , and Steubenville , Ohio had to reset their watches seven times over 35 miles ) . In summer 1960 April -- October Daylight Time was nearly universal in Pennsylvania , Maryland , Delaware and states east and north of there . In Minnesota , Iowa , Missouri , Kentucky and Virginia and states north and east of there , some areas had it and some did not . Except for California and Nevada , which had April - Sept Daylight Time , 99 % of the rest of the country used Standard Time year - round . ( The Official Guide says `` State law prohibits the observance of `` Daylight Saving '' time in Kentucky but Anchorage , Louisville and Shelbyville will advance their clocks one hour from Central Standard time for the period April 24 to October 29 , inclusive. `` ) In the middle 1960s the airline and other transportation industries lobbied for uniformity of Daylight dates in the United States . DST 1966 ( edit ) The U.S. federal Uniform Time Act became law on April 13 , 1966 and it mandated that DST begin nationwide on the last Sunday in April and end on the last Sunday in October , effective in 1967 . The act explicitly preempted all previously enacted state laws related to the beginning and ending of DST . Any state that wanted to be exempt from DST could do so by passing a state law , provided that it exempted the entire state , and Alaska , Arizona , Hawaii , Indiana , and Michigan chose to do so . However , Alaska , Indiana , and Michigan subsequently chose to observe DST . The law was amended in 1972 to permit states that straddle a time zone boundary to exempt the entire area of the state lying in one time zone . Indiana chose to exempt the portion of the state lying in the Eastern Time Zone ; however , that exemption was eliminated in 2006 and the entire state of Indiana now observes DST , leaving Arizona ( with the exception of the Navajo Indian Reservation ) and Hawaii as the only two states not to observe DST . On July 8 , 1986 , President Ronald Reagan signed the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1986 into law that contained a daylight saving rider authored by Senator Slade Gorton ( R - WA ) . The starting date of DST was amended to the first Sunday in April effective in 1987 . DST continued to end on the last Sunday in October . While the states retain the capability to exempt themselves from DST , they are forbidden by the 1966 federal law ( 15 USC 260a ( b ) ) from increasing a state 's time spent on DST , unless the United States Congress does this for the entire nation . In response to the 1973 energy crisis , DST in the United States began earlier in both 1974 and 1975 , commencing on the first Sunday in January ( January 6 ) in the former year and the last Sunday in February ( February 23 ) in the latter . The extension of daylight saving time was not continued due to public opposition to late sunrise times during the winter months . In 1976 , the United States reverted to the schedule set in the Uniform Time Act . DST 2007 ( edit ) Starting March 11 , 2007 , DST was extended another four to five weeks , from the second Sunday of March to the first Sunday of November . The change was introduced by Representatives Fred Upton ( R - MI ) and Edward Markey ( D - MA ) and added to the Energy Policy Act of 2005 ; the House had originally approved a motion that would have extended DST even farther from the first Sunday in March to the last Sunday in November , but Senators Jeff Bingaman ( D - NM ) and Pete Domenici ( R - NM ) agreed to scale back the proposal in conference committee due to complaints from farmers and the airline industry . Proponents claimed that the extension would save `` the equivalent of '' 10,000 barrels ( 1,600 m ) of oil per day , but this figure was based on U.S. Department of Energy information from the 1970s , the accuracy and relevance of which the DoE no longer stands by . Later studies by the U.S. Department of Energy and the California Energy Commission have predicted much smaller energy benefits . There is very little recent research on what the actual positive effects , if any , might be . Since DST moves sunrise one hour later by the clock , late sunrise times become a problem when DST is observed either too far before the vernal equinox or too far after the autumnal equinox . Because of this , the extension was greeted with criticism by those concerned for the safety of children who would have been forced to travel to school before sunrise , especially in the month of March . In addition , the airline industry was especially concerned if DST were to be extended through to the last Sunday in November , as this is very often ( 6 out of every 7 years ) the Sunday after Thanksgiving . This is one of the busiest travel days at American airports , and could have resulted in much havoc among travelers who forgot that the clocks were changing that day . If the original proposal to extend DST through the last Sunday in November had been adopted , the entire United States , with the exception of the states that exempted themselves , would have experienced the latest sunrises of the year during the month of November , which would have approached the extremely late sunrise times when DST went into effect on January 6 , 1974 due to the 1973 energy crisis creeping after 9 am in places like New Salem , North Dakota at the northwestern edges of time zones . Start and end dates of United States Daylight Saving Time ( edit ) Key to colors future date 2nd Sunday March 1st Sunday November 1st Sunday April last Sunday October last Sunday April last Sunday October Year Begins ( local ) Ends ( local ) Notes 2020 Sun March 8 02 : 00 Sun November 1 02 : 00 2019 Sun March 10 02 : 00 Sun November 3 02 : 00 2018 Sun March 11 02 : 00 Sun November 4 02 : 00 2017 Sun March 12 02 : 00 Sun November 5 02 : 00 2016 Sun March 13 02 : 00 Sun November 6 02 : 00 2015 Sun March 8 02 : 00 Sun November 1 02 : 00 2014 Sun March 9 02 : 00 Sun November 2 02 : 00 2013 Sun March 10 02 : 00 Sun November 3 02 : 00 2012 Sun March 11 02 : 00 Sun November 4 02 : 00 2011 Sun March 13 02 : 00 Sun November 6 02 : 00 Sun March 14 02 : 00 Sun November 7 02 : 00 2009 Sun March 8 02 : 00 Sun November 1 02 : 00 2008 Sun March 9 02 : 00 Sun November 2 02 : 00 2007 Sun March 11 02 : 00 Sun November 4 02 : 00 Energy Policy Act of 2005 2006 Sun April 2 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 All of Indiana now on DST 2005 Sun April 3 02 : 00 Sun October 30 02 : 00 Sun April 4 02 : 00 Sun October 31 02 : 00 2003 Sun April 6 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 2002 Sun April 7 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 Sun April 1 02 : 00 Sun October 28 02 : 00 2000 Sun April 2 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 1999 Sun April 4 02 : 00 Sun October 31 02 : 00 1998 Sun April 5 02 : 00 Sun October 25 02 : 00 Sun April 6 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 Sun April 7 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 1995 Sun April 2 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 Sun April 3 02 : 00 Sun October 30 02 : 00 Sun April 4 02 : 00 Sun October 31 02 : 00 Sun April 5 02 : 00 Sun October 25 02 : 00 1991 Sun April 7 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 Sun April 1 02 : 00 Sun October 28 02 : 00 Sun April 2 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 Sun April 3 02 : 00 Sun October 30 02 : 00 Sun April 5 02 : 00 Sun October 25 02 : 00 Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1986 1986 Sun April 27 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 1985 Sun April 28 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 1984 Sun April 29 02 : 00 Sun October 28 02 : 00 Sun April 24 02 : 00 Sun October 30 02 : 00 Alaska time zones changed Sun October 30 02 : 00 1982 Sun April 25 02 : 00 Sun October 31 02 : 00 1981 Sun April 26 02 : 00 Sun October 25 02 : 00 1980 Sun April 27 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 1979 Sun April 29 02 : 00 Sun October 28 02 : 00 1978 Sun April 30 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 1977 Sun April 24 02 : 00 Sun October 30 02 : 00 1976 Sun April 25 02 : 00 Sun October 31 02 : 00 Sun February 23 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 Emergency Daylight Time Act Michigan exempted , began DST Sun April 27 02 : 00 Sun January 6 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 Emergency Daylight Time Act Southern Idaho and eastern Oregon ( Mountain time zone ) began DST Sun February 3 02 : 00 1973 Sun April 29 02 : 00 Sun October 28 02 : 00 All of Michigan now on DST 1972 Sun April 30 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 1971 Sun April 25 02 : 00 Sun October 31 02 : 00 Indiana ( Eastern time zone ) opts out 1970 Sun April 26 02 : 00 Sun October 25 02 : 00 1969 Sun April 27 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 All of Alaska and Indiana now on DST 1968 Sun April 28 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 Arizona and Michigan opt out 1967 Sun April 30 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 Uniform Time Act of 1966 Alaska , Hawaii , Indiana and territories opt out 1946 -- 66 Local decision , various dates 1945 Sun September 30 02 : 00 War Time ends 1944 War Time all year Arizona War Time not observed Sat January 1 02 : 00 -- Sat April 1 02 : 00 Arizona War Time ends Sat September 30 02 : 00 1943 War Time all year 1942 Mon February 9 02 : 00 War Time begins year round 1920 -- 41 Local decision , various dates 1919 Sun March 30 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 War Time ends 1918 Sun March 31 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 War Time begins summer only See also ( edit ) Time in the United States Time in Indiana Daylight saving time in the United States - gives a list of future daylight saving dates Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ United States statutes at large : containing the laws and concurrent resolutions enacted during the second session of the one hundred fifth congress of the United States of America 1998 and proclamations . Government Printing Office . 1999 . p. 599 . Jump up ^ History of Daylight Time in the U.S. , United States Naval Observatory ^ Jump up to : A Time - Change Timeline , National Public Radio , March 8 , 2007 Jump up ^ An Act For the repeal of the daylight - saving law , Pub. L. 66 -- 40 , 41 Stat. 280 , enacted August 20 , 1919 Jump up ^ 24 / 7 : A Resource Guide to the Law of Time Standards '' Archived 2006 - 06 - 18 at the Wayback Machine. , June 3 , 2002 Jump up ^ Daylight Saving Time : Early adoption in law Jump up ^ 15 USC 260a Jump up ^ Energy Concerns Push Clocks Forward this Weekend by Nell Boyce . Morning Edition , National Public Radio , 9 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Daylight Saving Time in Arizona References ( edit ) Prerau , David . Seize the Daylight : The Curious and Contentious Story of Daylight Saving Time ( Thunder 's Mouth Press ; ISBN 1 - 56025 - 655 - 9 ) Discusses the establishment of standard time and daylight saving time . External links ( edit ) U.S. Navy time zone page Standard Time Zone Boundaries 49CFR71 U.S. Law 15USC260 - 267 History of Daylight Saving Time at WebExhibits Congressional Research on Daylight Saving Time History of DST in Arizona A Resource Guide to the Law of Time Standards 1918 and 1942 Acts Indiana Time Zone Article Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_time_in_the_United_States&oldid=810691610 '' Categories : Economic history of the United States History of science and technology in the United States Time in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 21 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the united states start doing daylight savings time | [
"Use of standard time gradually increased because of its obvious practical advantages for communication and travel. Standard time in time zones was not established in U.S. law until the Standard Time Act of 1918 of March 19, 1918, also known as the Calder Act (15 USC 260).[1][2] The act also established daylight saving time, itself a contentious idea."
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"1918"
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-3977461446181444821 | Cellular respiration | Cellular respiration - wikipedia Cellular respiration Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Typical eukaryotic cell Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , and then release waste products . The reactions involved in respiration are catabolic reactions , which break large molecules into smaller ones , releasing energy in the process , as weak so - called `` high - energy '' bonds are replaced by stronger bonds in the products . Respiration is one of the key ways a cell releases chemical energy to fuel cellular activity . Cellular respiration is considered an exothermic redox reaction which releases heat . The overall reaction occurs in a series of biochemical steps , most of which are redox reactions themselves . Although cellular respiration is technically a combustion reaction , it clearly does not resemble one when it occurs in a living cell because of the slow release of energy from the series of reactions . Nutrients that are commonly used by animal and plant cells in respiration include sugar , amino acids and fatty acids , and the most common oxidizing agent ( electron acceptor ) is molecular oxygen ( O ) . The chemical energy stored in ATP ( its third phosphate group is weakly bonded to the rest of the molecule and is cheaply broken allowing stronger bonds to form , thereby transferring energy for use by the cell ) can then be used to drive processes requiring energy , including biosynthesis , locomotion or transportation of molecules across cell membranes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Aerobic respiration 1.1 Aerobic respiration summed up 1.2 Glycolysis 1.3 Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate 1.4 Citric acid cycle 1.5 Oxidative phosphorylation 2 Efficiency of ATP production 3 Fermentation 4 Anaerobic respiration 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Aerobic respiration Aerobic respiration ( red arrows ) is the main means by which both fungi and animals utilize chemical energy in the form of organic compounds that were previously created through photosynthesis ( green arrow ) . Aerobic respiration requires oxygen ( O ) in order to create ATP . Although carbohydrates , fats , and proteins are consumed as reactants , it is the preferred method of pyruvate breakdown in glycolysis and requires that pyruvate enter the mitochondria in order to be fully oxidized by the Krebs cycle . The products of this process are carbon dioxide and water , but the energy transferred is used to break bonds in ADP as the third phosphate group is added to form ATP ( adenosine triphosphate ) , by substrate - level phosphorylation , NADH and FADH Simplified reaction : C H O ( s ) + 6 O ( g ) → 6 CO ( g ) + 6 H O ( l ) + heat ΔG = − 2880 kJ per mol of C H O The negative ΔG indicates that the reaction can occur spontaneously . The potential of NADH and FADH is converted to more ATP through an electron transport chain with oxygen as the `` terminal electron acceptor '' . Most of the ATP produced by aerobic cellular respiration is made by oxidative phosphorylation . This works by the energy released in the consumption of pyruvate being used to create a chemiosmotic potential by pumping protons across a membrane . This potential is then used to drive ATP synthase and produce ATP from ADP and a phosphate group . Biology textbooks often state that 38 ATP molecules can be made per oxidised glucose molecule during cellular respiration ( 2 from glycolysis , 2 from the Krebs cycle , and about 34 from the electron transport system ) . However , this maximum yield is never quite reached because of losses due to leaky membranes as well as the cost of moving pyruvate and ADP into the mitochondrial matrix , and current estimates range around 29 to 30 ATP per glucose . Aerobic metabolism is up to 15 times more efficient than anaerobic metabolism ( which yields 2 molecules ATP per 1 molecule glucose ) . However some anaerobic organisms , such as methanogens are able to continue with anaerobic respiration , yielding more ATP by using other inorganic molecules ( not oxygen ) as final electron acceptors in the electron transport chain . They share the initial pathway of glycolysis but aerobic metabolism continues with the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation . The post-glycolytic reactions take place in the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells , and in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells . Aerobic respiration summed up 1 . Glycolysis : -- - 2 ATPs + Glucose → 2 Pyruvic Acid + 4 Hydrogen + 4 ATPs 2 . Formation of Acetyl CoA : -- - 2 Pyruvic Acid + 2 CoA → 2 Acetyl CoA + 2 Carbon Dioxide + 2 Hydrogen 3 . Krebs Cycle : -- - 2 Acetyl CoA + 3 O2 → 6 Hydrogen + 4 Carbon Dioxide + 2 ATPs 4 . Electron Transport System : -- - 12 Hydrogen + 3 O2 → 6 Water + 32 ATPs Overall Reaction : -- - Glucose + 6 O2 → 6 Carbon Dioxide + 6 Water + 36 ATPs Glycolysis Out of the cytoplasm it goes into the Krebs cycle with the acetyl CoA . It then mixes with CO and makes 2 ATP , NADH , and FADH . From there the NADH and FADH go into the NADH reductase , which produces the enzyme . The NADH pulls the enzyme 's electrons to send through the electron transport chain . The electron transport chain pulls H ions through the chain . From the electron transport chain , the released hydrogen ions make ADP for an end result of 32 ATP . O attracts itself to the left over electron to make water . Lastly , ATP leaves through the ATP channel and out of the mitochondria . Main article : Glycolysis Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that takes place in the cytosol of cells in all living organisms . This pathway can function with or without the presence of oxygen . In humans , aerobic conditions produce pyruvate and anaerobic conditions produce lactate . In aerobic conditions , the process converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate ( pyruvic acid ) , generating energy in the form of two net molecules of ATP . Four molecules of ATP per glucose are actually produced , however , two are consumed as part of the preparatory phase . The initial phosphorylation of glucose is required to increase the reactivity ( decrease its stability ) in order for the molecule to be cleaved into two pyruvate molecules by the enzyme aldolase . During the pay - off phase of glycolysis , four phosphate groups are transferred to ADP by substrate - level phosphorylation to make four ATP , and two NADH are produced when the pyruvate are oxidized . The overall reaction can be expressed this way : Glucose + 2 NAD + 2 P + 2 ADP → 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H + 2 H O + heat Starting with glucose , 1 ATP is used to donate a phosphate to glucose to produce glucose 6 - phosphate . Glycogen can be converted into glucose 6 - phosphate as well with the help of glycogen phosphorylase . During energy metabolism , glucose 6 - phosphate becomes fructose 6 - phosphate . An additional ATP is used to phosphorylate fructose 6 - phosphate into fructose 1 , 6 - disphosphate by the help of phosphofructokinase . Fructose 1 , 6 - diphosphate then splits into two phosphorylated molecules with three carbon chains which later degrades into pyruvate . Glycolysis can be literally translated as `` sugar splitting '' . Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate Main article : Pyruvate decarboxylation Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl - CoA and CO by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex ( PDC ) . The PDC contains multiple copies of three enzymes and is located in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes . In the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl - CoA , one molecule of NADH and one molecule of CO is formed . Citric acid cycle Main article : Citric acid cycle This is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle . When oxygen is present , acetyl - CoA is produced from the pyruvate molecules created from glycolysis . Once acetyl - CoA is formed , aerobic or anaerobic respiration can occur . When oxygen is present , the mitochondria will undergo aerobic respiration which leads to the Krebs cycle . However , if oxygen is not present , fermentation of the pyruvate molecule will occur . In the presence of oxygen , when acetyl - CoA is produced , the molecule then enters the citric acid cycle ( Krebs cycle ) inside the mitochondrial matrix , and is oxidized to CO while at the same time reducing NAD to NADH . NADH can be used by the electron transport chain to create further ATP as part of oxidative phosphorylation . To fully oxidize the equivalent of one glucose molecule , two acetyl - CoA must be metabolized by the Krebs cycle . Two waste products , H O and CO , are created during this cycle . The citric acid cycle is an 8 - step process involving 18 different enzymes and co-enzymes . During the cycle , acetyl - CoA ( 2 carbons ) + oxaloacetate ( 4 carbons ) yields citrate ( 6 carbons ) , which is rearranged to a more reactive form called isocitrate ( 6 carbons ) . Isocitrate is modified to become α - ketoglutarate ( 5 carbons ) , succinyl - CoA , succinate , fumarate , malate , and , finally , oxaloacetate . The net gain of high - energy compounds from one cycle is 3 NADH , 1 FADH , and 1 GTP ; the GTP may subsequently be used to produce ATP . Thus , the total yield from 1 glucose molecule ( 2 pyruvate molecules ) is 6 NADH , 2 FADH , and 2 ATP . Oxidative phosphorylation Main articles : Oxidative phosphorylation , Electron transport chain , Electrochemical gradient , and ATP synthase In eukaryotes , oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondrial cristae . It comprises the electron transport chain that establishes a proton gradient ( chemiosmotic potential ) across the boundary of inner membrane by oxidizing the NADH produced from the Krebs cycle . ATP is synthesized by the ATP synthase enzyme when the chemiosmotic gradient is used to drive the phosphorylation of ADP . The electrons are finally transferred to exogenous oxygen and , with the addition of two protons , water is formed . Efficiency of ATP production The table below describes the reactions involved when one glucose molecule is fully oxidized into carbon dioxide . It is assumed that all the reduced coenzymes are oxidized by the electron transport chain and used for oxidative phosphorylation . Step coenzyme yield ATP yield Source of ATP Glycolysis preparatory phase − 2 Phosphorylation of glucose and fructose 6 - phosphate uses two ATP from the cytoplasm . Glycolysis pay - off phase Substrate - level phosphorylation 2 NADH 3 or 5 Oxidative phosphorylation : Each NADH produces net 1.5 ATP ( instead of usual 2.5 ) due to NADH transport over the mitochondrial membrane Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate 2 NADH 5 Oxidative phosphorylation Krebs cycle Substrate - level phosphorylation 6 NADH 15 Oxidative phosphorylation 2 FADH Oxidative phosphorylation Total yield 30 or 32 ATP From the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule to carbon dioxide and oxidation of all the reduced coenzymes . Although there is a theoretical yield of 38 ATP molecules per glucose during cellular respiration , such conditions are generally not realized because of losses such as the cost of moving pyruvate ( from glycolysis ) , phosphate , and ADP ( substrates for ATP synthesis ) into the mitochondria . All are actively transported using carriers that utilize the stored energy in the proton electrochemical gradient . Pyruvate is taken up by a specific , low Km transporter to bring it into the mitochondrial matrix for oxidation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex . The phosphate carrier ( PiC ) mediates the electroneutral exchange ( antiport ) of phosphate ( H PO ; P ) for OH or symport of phosphate and protons ( H ) across the inner membrane , and the driving force for moving phosphate ions into the mitochondria is the proton motive force . The ATP - ADP translocase ( also called adenine nucleotide translocase , ANT ) is an antiporter and exchanges ADP and ATP across the inner membrane . The driving force is due to the ATP ( − 4 ) having a more negative charge than the ADP ( − 3 ) , and thus it dissipates some of the electrical component of the proton electrochemical gradient . The outcome of these transport processes using the proton electrochemical gradient is that more than 3 H are needed to make 1 ATP . Obviously this reduces the theoretical efficiency of the whole process and the likely maximum is closer to 28 -- 30 ATP molecules . In practice the efficiency may be even lower because the inner membrane of the mitochondria is slightly leaky to protons . Other factors may also dissipate the proton gradient creating an apparently leaky mitochondria . An uncoupling protein known as thermogenin is expressed in some cell types and is a channel that can transport protons . When this protein is active in the inner membrane it short circuits the coupling between the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis . The potential energy from the proton gradient is not used to make ATP but generates heat . This is particularly important in brown fat thermogenesis of newborn and hibernating mammals . Stoichiometry of aerobic respiration and most known fermentation types in eucaryotic cell . Numbers in circles indicate counts of carbon atoms in molecules , C6 is glucose C H O , C1 carbon dioxide CO . Mitochondrial outer membrane is omitted . According to some of newer sources the ATP yield during aerobic respiration is not 36 -- 38 , but only about 30 -- 32 ATP molecules / 1 molecule of glucose , because : ATP : NADH + H and ATP : FADH ratios during the oxidative phosphorylation appear to be not 3 and 2 , but 2.5 and 1.5 respectively . Unlike in the substrate - level phosphorylation , the stoichiometry here is difficult to establish . ATP synthase produces 1 ATP / 3 H. However the exchange of matrix ATP for cytosolic ADP and Pi ( antiport with OH or symport with H ) mediated by ATP -- ADP translocase and phosphate carrier consumes 1 H / 1 ATP as a result of regeneration of the transmembrane potential changed during this transfer , so the net ratio is 1 ATP : 4 H . The mitochondrial electron transport chain proton pump transfers across the inner membrane 10 H / 1 NADH + H ( 4 + 2 + 4 ) or 6 H / 1 FADH ( 2 + 4 ) . So the final stoichiometry is 1 NADH + H : 10 H : 10 / 4 ATP = 1 NADH + H : 2.5 ATP 1 FADH : 6 H : 6 / 4 ATP = 1 FADH : 1.5 ATP ATP : NADH + H coming from glycolysis ratio during the oxidative phosphorylation is 1.5 , as for FADH , if hydrogen atoms ( 2H + 2e ) are transferred from cytosolic NADH + H to mitochondrial FAD by the glycerol phosphate shuttle located in the inner mitochondrial membrane . 2.5 in case of malate - aspartate shuttle transferring hydrogen atoms from cytosolic NADH + H to mitochondrial NAD So finally we have , per molecule of glucose Substrate - level phosphorylation : 2 ATP from glycolysis + 2 ATP ( directly GTP ) from Krebs cycle Oxidative phosphorylation 2 NADH + H from glycolysis : 2 × 1.5 ATP ( if glycerol phosphate shuttle transfers hydrogen atoms ) or 2 × 2.5 ATP ( malate - aspartate shuttle ) 2 NADH + H from the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and 6 from Krebs cycle : 8 × 2.5 ATP 2 FADH from the Krebs cycle : 2 × 1.5 ATP Altogether this gives 4 + 3 ( or 5 ) + 20 + 3 = 30 ( or 32 ) ATP per molecule of glucose The total ATP yield in ethanol or lactic acid fermentation is only 2 molecules coming from glycolysis , because pyruvate is not transferred to the mitochondrion and finally oxidized to the carbon dioxide ( CO ) , but reduced to ethanol or lactic acid in the cytoplasm . Fermentation Main article : Fermentation Without oxygen , pyruvate ( pyruvic acid ) is not metabolized by cellular respiration but undergoes a process of fermentation . The pyruvate is not transported into the mitochondrion , but remains in the cytoplasm , where it is converted to waste products that may be removed from the cell . This serves the purpose of oxidizing the electron carriers so that they can perform glycolysis again and removing the excess pyruvate . Fermentation oxidizes NADH to NAD+ so it can be re-used in glycolysis . In the absence of oxygen , fermentation prevents the buildup of NADH in the cytoplasm and provides NAD+ for glycolysis . This waste product varies depending on the organism . In skeletal muscles , the waste product is lactic acid . This type of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation . In strenuous exercise , when energy demands exceed energy supply , the respiratory chain can not process all of the hydrogen atoms joined by NADH . During anaerobic glycolysis , NAD+ regenerates when pairs of hydrogen combine with pyruvate to form lactate . Lactate formation is catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase in a reversible reaction . Lactate can also be used as an indirect precursor for liver glycogen . During recovery , when oxygen becomes available , NAD+ attaches to hydrogen from lactate to form ATP . In yeast , the waste products are ethanol and carbon dioxide . This type of fermentation is known as alcoholic or ethanol fermentation . The ATP generated in this process is made by substrate - level phosphorylation , which does not require oxygen . Fermentation is less efficient at using the energy from glucose : only 2 ATP are produced per glucose , compared to the 38 ATP per glucose nominally produced by aerobic respiration . This is because the waste products of fermentation still contain chemical potential energy that can be released by oxidation . Ethanol , for example , can be burned in an internal combustion engine like gasoline . Glycolytic ATP , however , is created more quickly . For prokaryotes to continue a rapid growth rate when they are shifted from an aerobic environment to an anaerobic environment , they must increase the rate of the glycolytic reactions . For multicellular organisms , during short bursts of strenuous activity , muscle cells use fermentation to supplement the ATP production from the slower aerobic respiration , so fermentation may be used by a cell even before the oxygen levels are depleted , as is the case in sports that do not require athletes to pace themselves , such as sprinting . Anaerobic respiration Main article : Anaerobic respiration Cellular respiration is the process by which biological fuels are oxidised in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor ( such as oxygen ) to produce large amounts of energy , to drive the bulk production of ATP . Anaerobic respiration is used by some microorganisms in which neither oxygen ( aerobic respiration ) nor pyruvate derivatives ( fermentation ) is the final electron acceptor . Rather , an inorganic acceptor such as sulfate or nitrate is used . Such organisms are typically found in unusual places such as underwater caves or near hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the ocean . See also Maintenance respiration : maintenance as a functional component of cellular respiration Pasteur point Respirometry : research tool to explore cellular respiration Tetrazolium chloride : cellular respiration indicator Complex 1 : NADH : ubiquinone oxidoreductes References Jump up ^ Bailey , Regina . `` Cellular Respiration '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Rich , P.R. ( 2003 ) . `` The molecular machinery of Keilin 's respiratory chain '' . Biochemical Society Transactions . 31 ( Pt 6 ) : 1095 -- 1105 . doi : 10.1042 / BST0311095 . PMID 14641005 . Jump up ^ Reece1 Urry2 Cain3 Wasserman4 Minorsky5 Jackson6 , Jane1 Lisa2 Michael3 Steven4 Peter5 Robert6 ( 2010 ) . Campbell Biology Ninth Edition . Pearson Education , Inc. p. 168 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cellular Respiration '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Porter , R. ; Brand , M. ( 1 September 1995 ) . `` Mitochondrial proton conductance and H+ / O ratio are independent of electron transport rate in isolated hepatocytes '' . The Biochemical Journal ( Free full text ) . 310 ( Pt 2 ) : 379 -- 382 . doi : 10.1042 / bj3100379 . ISSN 0264 - 6021 . PMC 1135905 . PMID 7654171 . ^ Jump up to : Stryer , Lubert ( 1995 ) . Biochemistry ( fourth ed . ) . New York -- Basingstoke : W.H. Freeman and Company . ISBN 978 - 0716720096 . External links A detailed description of respiration vs. fermentation Kimball 's online resource for cellular respiration Cellular Respiration and Fermentation at Clermont College Library resources about Cellular respiration Resources in your library Metabolism , catabolism , anabolism General Metabolic pathway Metabolic network Primary nutritional groups Energy metabolism Aerobic respiration Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation ( electron transport chain + ATP synthase ) Anaerobic respiration Electron acceptors are other than oxygen Fermentation Glycolysis → Substrate - level phosphorylation ABE Ethanol Lactic acid Specific paths Protein metabolism Protein synthesis Catabolism Carbohydrate metabolism ( carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism ) Human Glycolysis ⇄ Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis ⇄ Glycogenesis Pentose phosphate pathway Fructolysis Galactolysis Glycosylation N - linked O - linked Nonhuman Photosynthesis Anoxygenic photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Carbon fixation Xylose metabolism Radiotrophism Lipid metabolism ( lipolysis , lipogenesis ) Fatty acid metabolism Fatty acid degradation ( Beta oxidation ) Fatty acid synthesis Other Steroid metabolism Sphingolipid metabolism Eicosanoid metabolism Ketosis Reverse cholesterol transport Amino acid Amino acid synthesis Urea cycle Nucleotide metabolism Purine metabolism Nucleotide salvage Pyrimidine metabolism Other Metal metabolism Iron metabolism Ethanol metabolism Metabolism map Carbon Fixation Photo - respiration Pentose Phosphate Pathway Citric Acid Cycle Glyoxylate Cycle Urea Cycle Fatty Acid Synthesis Fatty Acid Elongation Beta Oxidation Peroxisomal Beta Oxidation Glyco - genolysis Glyco - genesis Glyco - lysis Gluconeo - genesis Decarb - oxylation Fermentation Keto - lysis Keto - genesis feeders to Gluconeo - genesis Direct / C4 / CAM Carbon Intake Light Reaction Oxidative Phosphorylation Amino Acid Deamination Citrate Shuttle Lipogenesis Lipolysis Steroidogenesis MVA Pathway MEP Pathway Shikimate Pathway Transcription & Replication Translation Proteolysis Glycosy - lation Sugar Acids Double / Multiple Sugars & Glycans Simple Sugars Inositol - P Amino Sugars & Sialic Acids Nucleotide Sugars Hexose - P Triose - P Glycerol P - glycerates Pentose - P Tetrose - P Propionyl - CoA Succinate Acetyl - CoA Pentose - P P - glycerates Glyoxylate Photosystems Pyruvate Lactate Acetyl - CoA Citrate Oxalo - acetate Malate Succinyl - CoA α - Keto - glutarate Ketone Bodies Respiratory Chain Serine Group Alanine Branched - chain Amino Acids Aspartate Group Homoserine Group & Lysine Glutamate Group & Proline Arginine Creatine & Polyamines Ketogenic & Glucogenic Amino Acids Amino Acids Shikimate Aromatic Amino Acids & Histidine Ascorbate ( Vitamin C ) δ - ALA Bile Pigments Hemes Cobalamins ( Vitamin B ) Various Vitamin B 's Calciferols ( Vitamin D ) Retinoids ( Vitamin A ) Quinones ( Vitamin K ) & Carotenoids ( Vitamin E ) Cofactors Vitamins & Minerals Antioxidants PRPP Nucleotides Nucleic Acids Proteins Glycoproteins & Proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl - CoA Polyketides Terpenoid Backbones Terpenoids & Carotenoids ( Vitamin A ) Cholesterol Bile Acids Glycero - phospholipids Glycerolipids Acyl - CoA Fatty Acids Glyco - sphingolipids Sphingolipids Waxes Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Neurotransmitters & Thyroid Hormones Steroids Endo - cannabinoids Eicosanoids Major metabolic pathways in metro - style map . Click any text ( name of pathway or metabolites ) to link to the corresponding article . Single lines : pathways common to most lifeforms . Double lines : pathways not in humans ( occurs in e.g. plants , fungi , prokaryotes ) . Orange nodes : carbohydrate metabolism . Violet nodes : photosynthesis . Red nodes : cellular respiration . Pink nodes : cell signaling . Blue nodes : amino acid metabolism . Grey nodes : vitamin and cofactor metabolism . Brown nodes : nucleotide and protein metabolism . Green nodes : lipid metabolism . Metabolism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellular_respiration&oldid=843421813 '' Categories : Cellular respiration Metabolism Plant physiology Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Lietuvių Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 01 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | most of atp produced in cellular respiration is due to | [
"The potential of NADH and FADH2 is converted to more ATP through an electron transport chain with oxygen as the \"terminal electron acceptor\". Most of the ATP produced by aerobic cellular respiration is made by oxidative phosphorylation. This works by the energy released in the consumption of pyruvate being used to create a chemiosmotic potential by pumping protons across a membrane. This potential is then used to drive ATP synthase and produce ATP from ADP and a phosphate group. Biology textbooks often state that 38 ATP molecules can be made per oxidised glucose molecule during cellular respiration (2 from glycolysis, 2 from the Krebs cycle, and about 34 from the electron transport system).[2] However, this maximum yield is never quite reached because of losses due to leaky membranes as well as the cost of moving pyruvate and ADP into the mitochondrial matrix, and current estimates range around 29 to 30 ATP per glucose.[2]"
] | [
"oxidative phosphorylation"
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-8425428266403419425 | Positivism | Positivism - wikipedia Positivism For other uses , see Positivism ( disambiguation ) . Sociology History Outline Portal Main theories Structural functionalism Conflict theory Symbolic interactionism Utilitarianism Methods Quantitative Qualitative Historical Comparative Mathematical Computational Ethnography Ethnomethodology Network analysis Positivism Critical theory Subfields and other major theories Conflict Criminology Social constructionism Culture Development Deviance Demography Education Economic Environmental Family Feminist sociology Gender Health Immigration Industrial Inequality Knowledge Law Literature Medical Military Organizational Political Race and ethnicity Religion Rural Science Social change Social movements Social psychology in sociology Stratification Science and technology Technology Terrorism Urban Browse Bibliography By country Index Journals Organizations People Timeline Positivism is a philosophical theory stating that certain ( `` positive '' ) knowledge is based on natural phenomena and their properties and relations . Thus , information derived from sensory experience , interpreted through reason and logic , forms the exclusive source of all certain knowledge . Positivism holds that valid knowledge ( certitude or truth ) is found only in this a posteriori knowledge . Verified data ( positive facts ) received from the senses are known as empirical evidence ; thus positivism is based on empiricism . Positivism also holds that society , like the physical world , operates according to general laws . Introspective and intuitive knowledge is rejected , as are metaphysics and theology because metaphysical and theological claims can not be verified by sense experience . Although the positivist approach has been a recurrent theme in the history of western thought , the modern sense of the approach was formulated by the philosopher Auguste Comte in the early 19th century . Comte argued that , much as the physical world operates according to gravity and other absolute laws , so does society , and further developed positivism into a Religion of Humanity . Contents 1 Etymology 2 Overview 2.1 Antecedents 2.2 Positivists 2.3 Antipositivism 2.4 Logical positivism and postpositivism 2.5 In historiography 2.6 In other fields 2.7 In 20th century sociology 2.8 In 21st century sociology 3 Sociological positivism 3.1 Comte 's positivism 3.2 Proletarian positivism 3.3 Durkheim 's positivism 3.4 Antipositivism and critical theory 3.5 Contemporary positivism 3.6 The role of science in social change 4 Logical positivism 5 Historical positivism 6 Further thinkers 7 In science today 8 Criticisms 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Etymology ( edit ) The English noun positivism was re-imported in the 19th century from the French word positivisme , derived from positif in its philosophical sense of ' imposed on the mind by experience ' . The corresponding adjective ( lat . positīvus ) has been used in a similar sense to discuss law ( positive law compared to natural law ) since the time of Chaucer . Overview ( edit ) Antecedents ( edit ) Positivism is part of a more general ancient quarrel between philosophy and poetry , notably laid out by Plato and later reformulated as a quarrel between the sciences and the humanities , Plato elaborates a critique of poetry from the point of view of philosophy in his dialogues Phaedrus 245a , Symposium 209a , Republic 398a , Laws 817 b-d and Ion . Wilhelm Dilthey ( 1833 -- 1911 ) popularized the distinction between Geisteswissenschaft ( humanities ) and Naturwissenschaften ( natural sciences ) . The consideration that laws in physics may not be absolute but relative , and , if so , this might be more true of social sciences , was stated , in different terms , by G.B. Vico in 1725 . Vico , in contrast to the positivist movement , asserted the superiority of the science of the human mind ( the humanities , in other words ) , on the grounds that natural sciences tell us nothing about the inward aspects of things . Positivists ( edit ) Positivism asserts that all authentic knowledge allows verification and that all authentic knowledge assumes that the only valid knowledge is scientific . Thinkers such as Henri de Saint - Simon ( 1760 -- 1825 ) , Pierre - Simon Laplace ( 1749 -- 1827 ) and Auguste Comte ( 1798 -- 1857 ) believed the scientific method , the circular dependence of theory and observation , must replace metaphysics in the history of thought . Émile Durkheim ( 1858 -- 1917 ) reformulated sociological positivism as a foundation of social research . Wilhelm Dilthey ( 1833 -- 1911 ) , in contrast , fought strenuously against the assumption that only explanations derived from science are valid . He reprised the argument , already found in Vico , that scientific explanations do not reach the inner nature of phenomena and it is humanistic knowledge that gives us insight into thoughts , feelings and desires . Dilthey was in part influenced by the historicism of Leopold von Ranke ( 1795 -- 1886 ) . Antipositivism ( edit ) Main article : Antipositivism At the turn of the 20th century the first wave of German sociologists , including Max Weber and Georg Simmel , rejected the doctrine , thus founding the antipositivist tradition in sociology . Later antipositivists and critical theorists have associated positivism with `` scientism '' ; science as ideology . Later in his career ( 1969 ) , German theoretical physicist Werner Heisenberg , Nobel laureate for pioneering work in quantum mechanics , distanced himself from positivism by saying : The positivists have a simple solution : the world must be divided into that which we can say clearly and the rest , which we had better pass over in silence . But can any one conceive of a more pointless philosophy , seeing that what we can say clearly amounts to next to nothing ? If we omitted all that is unclear we would probably be left with completely uninteresting and trivial tautologies . Logical positivism and postpositivism ( edit ) Main articles : Logical positivism and Postpositivism In the early 20th century , logical positivism -- a descendant of Comte 's basic thesis but an independent movement -- sprang up in Vienna and grew to become one of the dominant schools in Anglo - American philosophy and the analytic tradition . Logical positivists ( or ' neopositivists ' ) rejected metaphysical speculation and attempted to reduce statements and propositions to pure logic . Strong critiques of this approach by philosophers such as Karl Popper , Willard Van Orman Quine and Thomas Kuhn have been highly influential , and led to the development of postpositivism . In historiography ( edit ) In historiography the debate on positivism has been characterized by the quarrel between positivism and historicism . ( Historicism is also sometimes termed historism in the German tradition . ) Arguments against positivist approaches in historiography include that history differs from sciences like physics and ethology in subject matter and method . That much of what history studies is nonquantifiable , and therefore to quantify is to lose in precision . Experimental methods and mathematical models do not generally apply to history , and it is not possible to formulate general ( quasi-absolute ) laws in history . In other fields ( edit ) Positivism in the social sciences is usually characterized by quantitative approaches and the proposition of quasi-absolute laws . A significant exception to this trend is represented by cultural anthropology , which tends naturally toward qualitative approaches . In psychology the positivist movement was influential in the development of operationalism . The 1927 philosophy of science book The Logic of Modern Physics in particular , which was originally intended for physicists , coined the term operational definition , which went on to dominate psychological method for the whole century . In economics , practising researchers tend to emulate the methodological assumptions of classical positivism , but only in a de facto fashion : the majority of economists do not explicitly concern themselves with matters of epistemology . Economic thinker Friedrich Hayek ( see `` Law , Legislation and Liberty '' ) rejected positivism in the social sciences as hopelessly limited in comparison to evolved and divided knowledge . For example , much ( positivist ) legislation falls short in contrast to pre-literate or incompletely defined common or evolved law . In jurisprudence , `` legal positivism '' essentially refers to the rejection of natural law ; thus its common meaning with philosophical positivism is somewhat attenuated and in recent generations generally emphasizes the authority of human political structures as opposed to a `` scientific '' view of law . In the early 1970s , urbanists of the positivist - quantitative school like David Harvey started to question the positivist approach itself , saying that the arsenal of scientific theories and methods developed so far in their camp were `` incapable of saying anything of depth and profundity '' on the real problems of contemporary cities . In 20th century sociology ( edit ) In contemporary social science , strong accounts of positivism have long since fallen out of favour . Practitioners of positivism today acknowledge in far greater detail observer bias and structural limitations . Modern positivists generally eschew metaphysical concerns in favour of methodological debates concerning clarity , replicability , reliability and validity . This positivism is generally equated with `` quantitative research '' and thus carries no explicit theoretical or philosophical commitments . The institutionalization of this kind of sociology is often credited to Paul Lazarsfeld , who pioneered large - scale survey studies and developed statistical techniques for analyzing them . This approach lends itself to what Robert K. Merton called middle - range theory : abstract statements that generalize from segregated hypotheses and empirical regularities rather than starting with an abstract idea of a social whole . In 21st century sociology ( edit ) Other new movements , such as critical realism , have emerged to reconcile the overarching aims of social science with various so - called ' postmodern ' critiques . There are now at least twelve distinct epistemologies that are referred to as positivism . Sociological positivism ( edit ) Comte 's positivism ( edit ) Auguste Comte Auguste Comte ( 1798 -- 1857 ) first described the epistemological perspective of positivism in The Course in Positive Philosophy , a series of texts published between 1830 and 1842 . These texts were followed by the 1844 work , A General View of Positivism ( published in French 1848 , English in 1865 ) . The first three volumes of the Course dealt chiefly with the physical sciences already in existence ( mathematics , astronomy , physics , chemistry , biology ) , whereas the latter two emphasized the inevitable coming of social science . Observing the circular dependence of theory and observation in science , and classifying the sciences in this way , Comte may be regarded as the first philosopher of science in the modern sense of the term . For him , the physical sciences had necessarily to arrive first , before humanity could adequately channel its efforts into the most challenging and complex `` Queen science '' of human society itself . His View of Positivism therefore set out to define the empirical goals of sociological method . `` The most important thing to determine was the natural order in which the sciences stand -- not how they can be made to stand , but how they must stand , irrespective of the wishes of any one ... This Comte accomplished by taking as the criterion of the position of each the degree of what he called `` positivity , '' which is simply the degree to which the phenomena can be exactly determined . This , as may be readily seen , is also a measure of their relative complexity , since the exactness of a science is in inverse proportion to its complexity . The degree of exactness or positivity is , moreover , that to which it can be subjected to mathematical demonstration , and therefore mathematics , which is not itself a concrete science , is the general gauge by which the position of every science is to be determined . Generalizing thus , Comte found that there were five great groups of phenomena of equal classificatory value but of successively decreasing positivity . To these he gave the names astronomy , physics , chemistry , biology , and sociology . '' -- Lester F. Ward , The Outlines of Sociology ( 1898 ) , Comte offered an account of social evolution , proposing that society undergoes three phases in its quest for the truth according to a general `` law of three stages '' . The idea bears some similarity to Marx 's belief that human society would progress toward a communist peak ( see dialectical materialism ) . This is perhaps unsurprising as both were profoundly influenced by the early Utopian socialist , Henri de Saint - Simon , who was at one time Comte 's mentor . Comte intended to develop a secular - scientific ideology in the wake of European secularisation . Comte 's stages were ( 1 ) the theological , ( 2 ) the metaphysical , and ( 3 ) the positive . The theological phase of man was based on whole - hearted belief in all things with reference to God . God , Comte says , had reigned supreme over human existence pre-Enlightenment . Humanity 's place in society was governed by its association with the divine presences and with the church . The theological phase deals with humankind 's accepting the doctrines of the church ( or place of worship ) rather than relying on its rational powers to explore basic questions about existence . It dealt with the restrictions put in place by the religious organization at the time and the total acceptance of any `` fact '' adduced for society to believe . Comte describes the metaphysical phase of humanity as the time since the Enlightenment , a time steeped in logical rationalism , to the time right after the French Revolution . This second phase states that the universal rights of humanity are most important . The central idea is that humanity is invested with certain rights that must be respected . In this phase , democracies and dictators rose and fell in attempts to maintain the innate rights of humanity . The final stage of the trilogy of Comte 's universal law is the scientific , or positive , stage . The central idea of this phase is that individual rights are more important than the rule of any one person . Comte stated that the idea of humanity 's ability to govern itself makes this stage inherently different from the rest . There is no higher power governing the masses and the intrigue of any one person can achieve anything based on that individual 's free will . The third principle is most important in the positive stage . Comte calls these three phases the universal rule in relation to society and its development . Neither the second nor the third phase can be reached without the completion and understanding of the preceding stage . All stages must be completed in progress . Comte believed that the appreciation of the past and the ability to build on it towards the future was key in transitioning from the theological and metaphysical phases . The idea of progress was central to Comte 's new science , sociology . Sociology would `` lead to the historical consideration of every science '' because `` the history of one science , including pure political history , would make no sense unless it was attached to the study of the general progress of all of humanity '' . As Comte would say : `` from science comes prediction ; from prediction comes action . '' It is a philosophy of human intellectual development that culminated in science . The irony of this series of phases is that though Comte attempted to prove that human development has to go through these three stages , it seems that the positivist stage is far from becoming a realization . This is due to two truths : The positivist phase requires having a complete understanding of the universe and world around us and requires that society should never know if it is in this positivist phase . Anthony Giddens argues that since humanity constantly uses science to discover and research new things , humanity never progresses beyond the second metaphysical phase . Positivist temple in Porto Alegre , Brazil Comte 's fame today owes in part to Emile Littré , who founded The Positivist Review in 1867 . As an approach to the philosophy of history , positivism was appropriated by historians such as Hippolyte Taine . Many of Comte 's writings were translated into English by the Whig writer , Harriet Martineau , regarded by some as the first female sociologist . Debates continue to rage as to how much Comte appropriated from the work of his mentor , Saint - Simon . He was nevertheless influential : Brazilian thinkers turned to Comte 's ideas about training a scientific elite in order to flourish in the industrialization process . Brazil 's national motto , Ordem e Progresso ( `` Order and Progress '' ) was taken from the positivism motto , `` Love as principle , order as the basis , progress as the goal '' , which was also influential in Poland . In later life , Comte developed a ' religion of humanity ' for positivist societies in order to fulfil the cohesive function once held by traditional worship . In 1849 , he proposed a calendar reform called the ' positivist calendar ' . For close associate John Stuart Mill , it was possible to distinguish between a `` good Comte '' ( the author of the Course in Positive Philosophy ) and a `` bad Comte '' ( the author of the secular - religious system ) . The system was unsuccessful but met with the publication of Darwin 's On the Origin of Species to influence the proliferation of various Secular Humanist organizations in the 19th century , especially through the work of secularists such as George Holyoake and Richard Congreve . Although Comte 's English followers , including George Eliot and Harriet Martineau , for the most part rejected the full gloomy panoply of his system , they liked the idea of a religion of humanity and his injunction to `` vivre pour autrui '' ( `` live for others '' , from which comes the word `` altruism '' ) . The early sociology of Herbert Spencer came about broadly as a reaction to Comte ; writing after various developments in evolutionary biology , Spencer attempted ( in vain ) to reformulate the discipline in what we might now describe as socially Darwinistic terms . Proletarian positivism ( edit ) Fabien Magnin was the first working class adherent to Comte 's ideas . Comte appointed him as his successor as president of the Positive Society in the event of Comte 's death . Magnin filled this role from 1857 to 1880 , when he resigned . Magnin was in touch with the English positivists Richard Congreve and Edward Spencer Beesly . He established the Cercle des prolétaires positivistes in 1863 which was affiliated to the First International . Eugène Sémérie was a psychiatrist who was also involved in the Positivist movement , setting up a positivist club in Paris after the foundation of the French Third Republic in 1870 . `` Positivism is not only a philosophical doctrine , it is also a political party which claims to reconcile order -- the necessary basis for all social activity -- with Progress , which is its goal . '' he wrote . Durkheim 's positivism ( edit ) Émile Durkheim The modern academic discipline of sociology began with the work of Émile Durkheim ( 1858 -- 1917 ) . While Durkheim rejected much of the details of Comte 's philosophy , he retained and refined its method , maintaining that the social sciences are a logical continuation of the natural ones into the realm of human activity , and insisting that they may retain the same objectivity , rationalism , and approach to causality . Durkheim set up the first European department of sociology at the University of Bordeaux in 1895 , publishing his Rules of the Sociological Method ( 1895 ) . In this text he argued : `` ( o ) ur main goal is to extend scientific rationalism to human conduct ... What has been called our positivism is but a consequence of this rationalism . '' Durkheim 's seminal monograph , Suicide ( 1897 ) , a case study of suicide rates amongst Catholic and Protestant populations , distinguished sociological analysis from psychology or philosophy . By carefully examining suicide statistics in different police districts , he attempted to demonstrate that Catholic communities have a lower suicide rate than Protestants , something he attributed to social ( as opposed to individual or psychological ) causes . He developed the notion of objective sui generis `` social facts '' to delineate a unique empirical object for the science of sociology to study . Through such studies , he posited , sociology would be able to determine whether a given society is ' healthy ' or ' pathological ' , and seek social reform to negate organic breakdown or `` social anomie '' . Durkheim described sociology as the `` science of institutions , their genesis and their functioning '' . Ashley Ornstein has alleged , in a consumer textbook published by Pearson Education , that accounts of Durkheim 's positivism are possibly exaggerated and oversimplified ; Comte was the only major sociological thinker to postulate that the social realm may be subject to scientific analysis in exactly the same way as natural science , whereas Durkheim saw a far greater need for a distinctly sociological scientific methodology . His lifework was fundamental in the establishment of practical social research as we know it today -- techniques which continue beyond sociology and form the methodological basis of other social sciences , such as political science , as well of market research and other fields . Antipositivism and critical theory ( edit ) Main articles : Antipositivism and Critical theory At the turn of the 20th century , the first wave of German sociologists formally introduced methodological antipositivism , proposing that research should concentrate on human cultural norms , values , symbols , and social processes viewed from a subjective perspective . Max Weber argued that sociology may be loosely described as a ' science ' as it is able to identify causal relationships -- especially among ideal types , or hypothetical simplifications of complex social phenomena . As a nonpositivist , however , one seeks relationships that are not as `` ahistorical , invariant , or generalizable '' as those pursued by natural scientists . Weber regarded sociology as the study of social action , using critical analysis and verstehen techniques . The sociologists Georg Simmel , Ferdinand Tönnies , George Herbert Mead , and Charles Cooley were also influential in the development of sociological antipositivism , whilst neo-Kantian philosophy , hermeneutics , and phenomenology facilitated the movement in general . Karl Marx 's theory of historical materialism and critical analysis drew upon positivism , a tradition which would continue in the development of critical theory . However , following in the tradition of both Weber and Marx , the critical theorist Jürgen Habermas has critiqued pure instrumental rationality ( in its relation to the cultural `` rationalisation '' of the modern West ) as meaning that scientific thinking becomes something akin to ideology itself . Positivism may be espoused by `` technocrats '' who believe in the inevitability of social progress through science and technology . New movements , such as critical realism , have emerged in order to reconcile postpositivist aims with various so - called ' postmodern ' perspectives on the social acquisition of knowledge . Contemporary positivism ( edit ) In the original Comtean usage , the term `` positivism '' roughly meant the use of scientific methods to uncover the laws according to which both physical and human events occur , while `` sociology '' was the overarching science that would synthesize all such knowledge for the betterment of society . `` Positivism is a way of understanding based on science '' ; people do n't rely on the faith of God but instead of the science behind humanity . `` Antipositivism '' formally dates back to the start of the twentieth century , and is based on the belief that natural and human sciences are ontologically and epistemologically distinct . Neither of these terms is used any longer in this sense . There are no fewer than twelve distinct epistemologies that are referred to as positivism . Many of these approaches do not self - identify as `` positivist '' , some because they themselves arose in opposition to older forms of positivism , and some because the label has over time become a term of abuse by being mistakenly linked with a theoretical empiricism . The extent of antipositivist criticism has also become broad , with many philosophies broadly rejecting the scientifically based social epistemology and other ones only seeking to amend it to reflect 20th century developments in the philosophy of science . However , positivism ( understood as the use of scientific methods for studying society ) remains the dominant approach to both the research and the theory construction in contemporary sociology , especially in the United States . The majority of articles published in leading American sociology and political science journals today are positivist ( at least to the extent of being quantitative rather than qualitative ) . This popularity may be because research utilizing positivist quantitative methodologies holds a greater prestige in the social sciences than qualitative work ; quantitative work is easier to justify , as data can be manipulated to answer any question . Such research is generally perceived as being more scientific and more trustworthy , and thus has a greater impact on policy and public opinion ( though such judgments are frequently contested by scholars doing non-positivist work ) . The role of science in social change ( edit ) The contestation over positivism is reflected in older ( see the Positivism dispute ) and current debates over the proper role science in the public sphere . Public sociology -- especially as described by Michael Burawoy -- argues that sociologists should use empirical evidence to display the problems of society so they might be changed . Conversely , Thibodeaux argued that critical theory -- public sociology in particular -- relies on a dialectical , unilineal evolutionary view of social change . If a public sociologists assumes a multi-lineal interpretation of social change , public sociology will fail to affect social change for three reasons : ( 1 ) there 's no objective criteria for the assessment of different goals ( 2 ) the rejection of one goal does not necessarily lead to an adherence to some other particular goal and ( 3 ) criticizing a goal maintains its relevance at the expense of possible alternatives . Logical positivism ( edit ) Main article : Logical positivism Moritz Schlick , the founding father of logical positivism and the Vienna Circle . Logical positivism ( later and more accurately called logical empiricism ) is a school of philosophy that combines empiricism , the idea that observational evidence is indispensable for knowledge of the world , with a version of rationalism , the idea that our knowledge includes a component that is not derived from observation . Logical positivism grew from the discussions of a group called the `` First Vienna Circle '' which gathered at the Café Central before World War I. After the war Hans Hahn , a member of that early group , helped bring Moritz Schlick to Vienna . Schlick 's Vienna Circle , along with Hans Reichenbach 's Berlin Circle , propagated the new doctrines more widely in the 1920s and early 1930s . It was Otto Neurath 's advocacy that made the movement self - conscious and more widely known . A 1929 pamphlet written by Neurath , Hahn , and Rudolf Carnap summarized the doctrines of the Vienna Circle at that time . These included : the opposition to all metaphysics , especially ontology and synthetic a priori propositions ; the rejection of metaphysics not as wrong but as meaningless ( i.e. , not empirically verifiable ) ; a criterion of meaning based on Ludwig Wittgenstein 's early work ( which he himself later set out to refute ) ; the idea that all knowledge should be codifiable in a single standard language of science ; and above all the project of `` rational reconstruction , '' in which ordinary - language concepts were gradually to be replaced by more precise equivalents in that standard language . However , the project is widely considered to have failed . After moving to the United States , Carnap proposed a replacement for the earlier doctrines in his Logical Syntax of Language . This change of direction , and the somewhat differing beliefs of Reichenbach and others , led to a consensus that the English name for the shared doctrinal platform , in its American exile from the late 1930s , should be `` logical empiricism . '' While the logical positivism movement is now considered dead , it has continued to influence philosophy development . Historical positivism ( edit ) Historical positivism is the historiographical view that historical evidence requires no interpretation , the work of the historian being to compile the primary sources , `` letting them speak for themselves '' . Many of its tenets were later contradicted by Postmodernism . Further thinkers ( edit ) Within years of the publication of Comte 's book A General View of Positivism ( 1848 ) , other scientific and philosophical thinkers began creating their own definitions for positivism . They included Émile Zola , Emile Hennequin , Wilhelm Scherer , and Dimitri Pisarev . Émile Zola was an influential French novelist , the most important example of the literary school of naturalism , and a major figure in the political liberalization of France . Emile Hennequin was a Parisian publisher and writer who wrote theoretical and critical pieces . He `` exemplified the tension between the positivist drive to systematize literary criticism and the unfettered imagination inherent in literature . '' He was one of the few thinkers who disagreed with the notion that subjectivity invalidates observation , judgment and prediction . Unlike many positivist thinkers before him , he believed that subjectivity does play a role in science and society . His contribution to positivism pertains not to science and its objectivity , but rather to the subjectivity of art and the way artists , their work , and audiences interrelate . Hennequin tried to analyse positivism strictly on the predictions , and the mechanical processes , but was perplexed due to the contradictions of the reactions of patrons to artwork that showed no scientific inclinations . Wilhelm Scherer was a German philologist , a university professor , and a popular literary historian . He was known as a positivist because he based much of his work on `` hypotheses on detailed historical research , and rooted every literary phenomenon in ' objective ' historical or philological facts '' . His positivism is different due to his involvement with his nationalist goals . His major contribution to the movement was his speculation that culture cycled in a six - hundred - year period . Dimitri Pisarev was a Russian critic who showed the greatest contradictions with his belief in positivism . His ideas incorporated imagination and style though he did not believe in romantic ideas because they reminded him of the oppressive tsarist government under which he lived . His basic beliefs were `` an extreme anti-aesthetic scientistic position . '' He focused his efforts on defining the relation between literature and the environment . Stephen Hawking Stephen Hawking was a recent high - profile advocate of positivism , at least in the physical sciences . In The Universe in a Nutshell ( p. 31 ) he wrote : Any sound scientific theory , whether of time or of any other concept , should in my opinion be based on the most workable philosophy of science : the positivist approach put forward by Karl Popper and others . According to this way of thinking , a scientific theory is a mathematical model that describes and codifies the observations we make . A good theory will describe a large range of phenomena on the basis of a few simple postulates and will make definite predictions that can be tested ... If one takes the positivist position , as I do , one can not say what time actually is . All one can do is describe what has been found to be a very good mathematical model for time and say what predictions it makes . However , the claim that Popper was a positivist is a common misunderstanding that Popper himself termed the `` Popper legend . '' In fact , he developed his beliefs in stark opposition to and as a criticism of positivism and held that scientific theories talk about how the world really is , not , as positivists claim , about phenomena or observations experienced by scientists . In the same vein , continental philosophers like Theodore Adorno and Jürgen Habermas regarded Popper as a positivist because of his alleged devotion to a unified science . However , this was also part of the `` Popper legend '' ; Popper had in fact been the foremost critic of this doctrine of the Vienna Circle , critiquing it , for instance , in his Conjectures and Refutations . In science today ( edit ) See also : Constructive empiricism The key features of positivism as of the 1950s , as defined in the `` received view '' , are : A focus on science as a product , a linguistic or numerical set of statements ; A concern with axiomatization , that is , with demonstrating the logical structure and coherence of these statements ; An insistence on at least some of these statements being testable ; that is , amenable to being verified , confirmed , or shown to be false by the empirical observation of reality . Statements that would , by their nature , be regarded as untestable included the teleological ; thus positivism rejects much of classical metaphysics . The belief that science is markedly cumulative ; The belief that science is predominantly transcultural ; The belief that science rests on specific results that are dissociated from the personality and social position of the investigator ; The belief that science contains theories or research traditions that are largely commensurable ; The belief that science sometimes incorporates new ideas that are discontinuous from old ones ; The belief that science involves the idea of the unity of science , that there is , underlying the various scientific disciplines , basically one science about one real world . The belief that science is nature and nature is science ; and out of this duality , all theories and postulates are created , interpreted , evolve , and are applied . Positivism is elsewhere defined as the belief that all true knowledge is scientific , and that all things are ultimately measurable . Positivism is closely related to reductionism , in that both involve the belief that `` entities of one kind ... are reducible to entities of another , '' such as societies to configurations of individuals , or mental events to neural phenomena . It also involves the contention that `` processes are reducible to physiological , physical or chemical events , '' and even that `` social processes are reducible to relationships between and actions of individuals , '' or that `` biological organisms are reducible to physical systems . '' While most social scientists today are not explicit about their epistemological commitments , articles in top American sociology and political science journals generally follow a positivist logic of argument . It can be thus argued that `` natural science and social science ( research articles ) can therefore be regarded with a good deal of confidence as members of the same genre '' . Criticisms ( edit ) See also : Positivism dispute Historically , positivism has been criticized for its reductionism , i.e. , for contending that all `` processes are reducible to physiological , physical or chemical events , '' `` social processes are reducible to relationships between and actions of individuals , '' and that `` biological organisms are reducible to physical systems . '' Max Horkheimer criticized the classic formulation of positivism on two grounds . First , he claimed that it falsely represented human social action . The first criticism argued that positivism systematically failed to appreciate the extent to which the so - called social facts it yielded did not exist ' out there ' , in the objective world , but were themselves a product of socially and historically mediated human consciousness . Positivism ignored the role of the ' observer ' in the constitution of social reality and thereby failed to consider the historical and social conditions affecting the representation of social ideas . Positivism falsely represented the object of study by reifying social reality as existing objectively and independently and labour actually produced those conditions . Secondly , he argued , representation of social reality produced by positivism was inherently and artificially conservative , helping to support the status quo , rather than challenging it . This character may also explain the popularity of positivism in certain political circles . Horkheimer argued , in contrast , that critical theory possessed a reflexive element lacking in the positivistic traditional theory . Some scholars today hold the beliefs critiqued in Horkheimer 's work , but since the time of his writing critiques of positivism , especially from philosophy of science , have led to the development of postpositivism . This philosophy greatly relaxes the epistemological commitments of logical positivism and no longer claims a separation between the knower and the known . Rather than dismissing the scientific project outright , postpositivists seek to transform and amend it , though the exact extent of their affinity for science varies vastly . For example , some postpositivists accept the critique that observation is always value - laden , but argue that the best values to adopt for sociological observation are those of science : skepticism , rigor , and modesty . Just as some critical theorists see their position as a moral commitment to egalitarian values , these postpositivists see their methods as driven by a moral commitment to these scientific values . Such scholars may see themselves as either positivists or antipositivists . Positivism has also come under fire on religious and philosophical grounds , whose proponents state that truth begins in sense experience , but does not end there . Positivism fails to prove that there are not abstract ideas , laws , and principles , beyond particular observable facts and relationships and necessary principles , or that we can not know them . Nor does it prove that material and corporeal things constitute the whole order of existing beings , and that our knowledge is limited to them . According to positivism , our abstract concepts or general ideas are mere collective representations of the experimental order -- for example ; the idea of `` man '' is a kind of blended image of all the men observed in our experience . This runs contrary to a Platonic or Christian ideal , where an idea can be abstracted from any concrete determination , and may be applied identically to an indefinite number of objects of the same class From the idea 's perspective , Platonism is more precise . Defining an idea as a sum of collective images is imprecise and more or less confused , and becomes more so as the collection represented increases . An idea defined explicitly always remains clear . Experientialism , which arose with second generation cognitive science , asserts that knowledge begins and ends with experience itself . Echoes of the `` positivist '' and `` antipositivist '' debate persist today , though this conflict is hard to define . Authors writing in different epistemological perspectives do not phrase their disagreements in the same terms and rarely actually speak directly to each other . To complicate the issues further , few practicing scholars explicitly state their epistemological commitments , and their epistemological position thus has to be guessed from other sources such as choice of methodology or theory . However , no perfect correspondence between these categories exists , and many scholars critiqued as `` positivists '' are actually postpositivists . One scholar has described this debate in terms of the social construction of the `` other '' , with each side defining the other by what it is not rather than what it is , and then proceeding to attribute far greater homogeneity to their opponents than actually exists . Thus , it is better to understand this not as a debate but as two different arguments : the `` antipositivist '' articulation of a social meta - theory which includes a philosophical critique of scientism , and `` positivist '' development of a scientific research methodology for sociology with accompanying critiques of the reliability and validity of work that they see as violating such standards . See also ( edit ) Cliodynamics Charvaka Gödel 's incompleteness theorems London Positivist Society Nature versus nurture Scientific politics The New Paul and Virginia Vladimir Solovyov Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : John J. Macionis , Linda M. Gerber , Sociology , Seventh Canadian Edition , Pearson Canada Jump up ^ Cohen , Louis ; Maldonado , Antonio ( 2007 ) . `` Research Methods In Education '' . British Journal of Educational Studies . Routledge. 55 ( 4 ) : 9 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8527.2007. 00388_4. x ... Jump up ^ `` Auguste Comte '' . Sociology Guide . Jump up ^ Macionis , John J. ( 2012 ) . Sociology 14th Edition . Boston : Pearson . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 11671 - 3 . Jump up ^ Le petit Robert s.v. positivisme ; OED s.v. positive Jump up ^ Egan , Kieran ( 1997 ) . The Educated Mind . University of Chicago Press . pp. 115 -- 116 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 19036 - 6 . Positivism is marked by the final recognition that science provides the only valid form of knowledge and that facts are the only possible objects of knowledge ; philosophy is thus recognized as essentially no different from science ( ... ) Ethics , politics , social interactions , and all other forms of human life about which knowledge was possible would eventually be drawn into the orbit of science ( ... ) The positivists ' program for mapping the inexorable and immutable laws of matter and society seemed to allow no greater role for the contribution of poets than had Plato . ( ... ) What Plato represented as the quarrel between philosophy and poetry is resuscitated in the `` two cultures '' quarrel of more recent times between the humanities and the sciences . Jump up ^ Saunders , T.J. Introduction to Ion . London : Penguin Books , 1987 , p. 46 ^ Jump up to : Wallace and Gach ( 2008 ) p. 27 ^ Jump up to : Wallace , Edwin R. and Gach , John ( 2008 ) History of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology : With an Epilogue on Psychiatry and the Mind - Body Relation . p. 14 Jump up ^ Giambattista Vico , Principi di scienza nuova , Opere , ed . Fausto Nicolini ( Milan : R. Ricciardi , 1953 ) , p. 365 -- 905 . Jump up ^ Morera , Esteve ( 1990 ) p. 13 Gramsci 's Historicism : A Realist Interpretation Jump up ^ Larrain , Jorge ( 1979 ) . The Concept of Ideology . London : Hutchinson . p. 197 . one of the features of positivism is precisely its postulate that scientific knowledge is the paradigm of valid knowledge , a postulate that indeed is never proved nor intended to be proved . Jump up ^ Craig J. Calhoun ( 2002 ) . Classical Sociological Theory . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 21348 - 2 . Jump up ^ Jürgen Habermas , Technik und Wissenschaft als Ideologie , Frankfurt am Main : Suhrkamp , 1968 , chap. 1 . Jump up ^ Heisenberg ( 1969 ) The Part and The Whole Jump up ^ Heisenberg , Werner ( 1971 ) . `` Positivism , Metaphysics and Religion '' . In Ruth Nanda Nanshen. Werner Heisenberg - Physics and Beyond - Encounters and Conversations . World Perspectives. 42 . Translator : Arnold J. Pomerans . New York : Harper and Row . p. 213 . LCCN 78095963 . OCLC 15379872 . Jump up ^ Raymond Boudon and François Bourricaud , A Critical Dictionary of Sociology , Routledge , 1989 : `` Historicism '' , p. 198 . ^ Jump up to : Wallace and Gach ( 2008 ) p. 28 Jump up ^ Koch , Sigmund ( 1992 ) Psychology 's Bridgman vs. Bridgman 's Bridgman : An Essay in Reconstruction. , in Theory and Psychology vol. 2 no . 3 ( 1992 ) p. 275 Jump up ^ Lawrence A. Boland , Economic Positivism positivists.org 2012 . Jump up ^ Portugali , Juval and Han Meyer , Egbert Stolk ( 2012 ) Complexity Theories of Cities Have Come of Age p. 51 Jump up ^ Gartell , David , and Gartell , John . 1996 . `` Positivism in sociological practice : 1967 - 1990 '' . Canadian Review of Sociology , Vol. 33 No. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Wacquant , Loic. 1992 . `` Positivism . '' In Bottomore , Tom and William Outhwaite , ed. , The Blackwell Dictionary of Twentieth - Century Social Thought Jump up ^ Boudon , Raymond . 1991 . `` Review : What Middle - Range Theories are '' . Contemporary Sociology , Vol. 20 Num. 4 pp 519 - 522 . Jump up ^ Macionis , John ( 2011 ) . Sociology . Pearson Education Canada . p. 688 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 800270 - 3 . Jump up ^ Straker , David . `` Positivism '' . changingminds.org . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Halfpenny , Peter . Positivism and Sociology : Explaining Social Life . London : Allen and Unwin , 1982 . ^ Jump up to : Auguste Comte in Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy ^ Jump up to : Durkheim , Emile . 1895 . The Rules of the Sociological Method . Cited in Wacquant ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ Giddens , Positivism and Sociology , 1 Jump up ^ Mill , Auguste Comte and Positivism 3 Jump up ^ Richard von Mises , Positivism : A Study In Human Understanding , 5 ( Paperback , Dover Books , 1968 ISBN 0 - 486 - 21867 - 8 ) Jump up ^ Mill , Auguste Comte and Positivism , 4 ^ Jump up to : Giddens , Positivism and Sociology , 9 Jump up ^ Mary Pickering , Auguste Comte : An Intellectual Biography , Volume I , 622 Jump up ^ Mary Pickering , Auguste Comte : An Intellectual Biography , Volume I , 566 Jump up ^ Pickering , Mary ( 1993 ) Auguste Comte : an intellectual biography Cambridge University Press , pp. 192 Jump up ^ `` Comte 's secular religion is no vague effusion of humanistic piety , but a complete system of belief and ritual , with liturgy and sacraments , priesthood and pontiff , all organized around the public veneration of Humanity , the Nouveau Grand - Être Suprême ( New Supreme Great Being ) , later to be supplemented in a positivist trinity by the Grand Fétish ( the Earth ) and the Grand Milieu ( Destiny ) '' According to Davies ( p. 28 - 29 ) , Comte 's austere and `` slightly dispiriting '' philosophy of humanity viewed as alone in an indifferent universe ( which can only be explained by `` positive '' science ) and with nowhere to turn but to each other , was even more influential in Victorian England than the theories of Charles Darwin or Karl Marx . Jump up ^ Pickering , Mary ( 2009 ) . Auguste Comte : Volume 3 : An Intellectual Biography . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 561 . Jump up ^ Sémérie , Eugène . `` Founding of a Positivist Club '' . Marxists Internet Archive . Marxists Internet Archive . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Gianfranco Poggi ( 2000 ) . Durkheim . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Durkheim , Émile ( 1895 ) `` The Rules of Sociological Method '' 8th edition , trans . Sarah A. Solovay and John M. Mueller , ed . George E.G. Catlin ( 1938 , 1964 edition ) , pp. 45 Jump up ^ Ashley D , Orenstein DM ( 2005 ) . Sociological theory : Classical statements ( 6th ed . ) . Boston , MA , US : Pearson Education . pp. 94 -- 98 , 100 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Ashley D , Orenstein DM ( 2005 ) . Sociological theory : Classical statements ( 6th ed . ) . Boston , MA , USA : Pearson Education . pp. 239 -- 240 . Jump up ^ Ashley D , Orenstein DM ( 2005 ) . Sociological theory : Classical statements ( 6th ed . ) . Boston , MA , USA : Pearson Education . p. 241 . Jump up ^ `` Main Currents of Marxism '' by Leszek Kolakowski page 331 , 327 , Jump up ^ Schunk , Learning Theories : An Educational Perspective , 5th , 315 Jump up ^ Outhwaite , William , 1988 Habermas : Key Contemporary Thinkers , Polity Press ( Second Edition 2009 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 4328 - 1 p. 68 ^ Jump up to : Holmes , Richard . 1997 . `` Genre analysis , and the social sciences : An investigation of the structure of research article discussion sections in three disciplines '' . English For Specific Purposes , vol. 16 , num. 4 : 321 -- 337 . ^ Jump up to : Brett , Paul . 1994 . `` A genre analysis of the results section of sociology articles '' . English For Specific Purposes . Vol 13 , Num 1 : 47 -- 59 . ^ Jump up to : Grant , Linda ; Ward , Kathryn B. ; Xue Lan Rong ( 1987 ) . `` Is There An Association between Gender and Methods in Sociological Research ? '' . American Sociological Review . 52 ( 6 ) : 856 -- 862 . doi : 10.2307 / 2095839 . JSTOR 2095839 . Jump up ^ Burawoy , Michael : `` For Public Sociology '' ( American Sociological Review , February 2005 Jump up ^ Thibodeaux , Jarrett. 2016 . Production as Social Change : Policy Sociology as a Public Good . Sociological Spectrum. 36 ( 3 ) : 183 -- 190 . Jump up ^ Bunge , M.A. ( 1996 ) . Finding Philosophy in Social Science . Yale University Press . p. 317 . ISBN 9780300066067 . LCCN lc96004399 . To conclude , logical positivism was progressive compared with the classical positivism of Ptolemy , Hume , d'Alembert , Compte , Mill , and Mach . It was even more so by comparison with its contemporary rivals -- neo-Thomisism , neo-Kantianism , intuitionism , dialectical materialism , phenomenology , and existentialism . However , neo-positivism failed dismally to give a faithful account of science , whether natural or social . It failed because it remained anchored to sense - data and to a phenomenalist metaphysics , overrated the power of induction and underrated that of hypothesis , and denounced realism and materialism as metaphysical nonsense . Although it has never been practiced consistently in the advanced natural sciences and has been criticized by many philosophers , notably Popper ( 1959 ( 1935 ) , 1963 ) , logical positivism remains the tacit philosophy of many scientists . Regrettably , the anti-positivism fashionable in the metatheory of social science is often nothing but an excuse for sloppiness and wild speculation . Jump up ^ `` Popper , Falsifiability , and the Failure of Positivism '' . 7 August 2000 . Archived from the original on 7 January 2014 . Retrieved 30 June 2012 . The upshot is that the positivists seem caught between insisting on the V.C. ( Verifiability Criterion ) -- but for no defensible reason -- or admitting that the V.C. requires a background language , etc. , which opens the door to relativism , etc . Jump up ^ Hanfling , Oswald ( 2003 ) . `` Logical Positivism '' . Routledge History of Philosophy . IX . Routledge . pp. 193 -- 194 . Jump up ^ https://colegiomoz.blogspot.com/2017/11/historiografia-positivista.html?m=1 Jump up ^ Postmodernism and the Holocaust , p. 16 Jump up ^ Friedrich Stadler , The Vienna Circle : Studies in the Origins , Development , and Influence of Logical Empiricism , Springer , 2015 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Karl Popper , The Logic of Scientific Discovery , 1934 , 1959 ( 1st English ed . ) Jump up ^ Karl Popper , Conjectures and Refutations , p256 Routledge , London , 1963 Jump up ^ Hacking , I. ( ed . ) 1981 . Scientific revolutions . - Oxford Univ . Press , New York . ^ Jump up to : Alan Bullock and Stephen Trombley , ( Eds ) The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought , London : Harper - Collins , 1999 , pp. 669 -- 737 ^ Jump up to : Fagan , Andrew . `` Theodor Adorno ( 1903 - 1969 ) '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Tittle , Charles . 2004 . `` The Arrogance of Public Sociology '' . Social Forces , June 2004 , 82 ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Varela , F.J. , Thompson , E.T. , & Rosch , E. ( 1991 ) . The Embodied Mind : Cognitive Science and Human Experience . The MIT Press . Jump up ^ Lakoff , G. , & Johnson , M. ( 1999 ) . Philosophy in the Flesh : The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought . Basic books . ^ Jump up to : Hanson , Barbara . 2008 . `` Wither Qualitative / Quantitative ? : Grounds for Methodological Convergence . '' Quality and Quantity 42 : 97 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Bryman , Alan . 1984 . `` The Debate about Quantitative and Qualitative Research : A Question of Method or Epistemology ? . '' The British Journal of Sociology 35 : 75 -- 92 . References ( edit ) Amory , Frederic. `` Euclides da Cunha and Brazilian Positivism '' , Luso - Brazilian Review . Vol. 36 , No. 1 ( Summer , 1999 ) , pp. 87 -- 94 . Giddens , Anthony . Positivism and Sociology . Heinemann . London . 1974 . Gilson , Gregory D. and Irving W. Levinson , eds . Latin American Positivism : New Historical and Philosophic Essays ( Lexington Books ; 2012 ) 197 pages ; Essays on positivism in the intellectual and political life of Brazil , Colombia , and Mexico , Kremer - Marietti , Angèle . L'Anthropologie positiviste d'Auguste Comte , Librairie Honoré Champion , Paris , 1980 . Kremer - Marietti , Angèle . Le positivisme , Collection `` Que sais - je ? '' , Paris , PUF , 1982 . LeGouis , Catherine . Positivism and Imagination : Scientism and Its Limits in Emile Hennequin , Wilhelm Scherer and Dmitril Pisarev . Bucknell University Press . London : 1997 . Mill , John Stuart . Auguste Comte and Positivism . Mises , Richard von . Positivism : A Study In Human Understanding . Harvard University Press . Cambridge ; Massachusetts : 1951 . Petit , Annie . Le Système d'Auguste Comte . De la science à la religion par la philosophie . Vrin , Paris ( 2016 ) . Pickering , Mary . Auguste Comte : An Intellectual Biography . Cambridge University Press . Cambridge , England ; 1993 . Richard Rorty ( 1982 ) Consequences of Pragmatism Schunk , Dale H. Learning Theories : An Educational Perspective , 5th . Pearson , Merrill Prentice Hall . 1991 , 1996 , 2000 , 2004 , 2008 . `` Positivism . '' Marxists Internet Archive . Web . 23 Feb. 2012 . < http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/help/mach1.htm > . Thibodeaux , Jarrett . Production as Social Change : Policy Sociology as a Public Good . Sociological Spectrum. 36 ( 3 ) : 183 - 190 . 2016 . Whetsell , Travis and Patricia M. Shields ( forthcoming ) `` The Dynamics of Positivism in the Study of Public Administration : A Brief Intellectual History and Reappraisal , Administration & Society . ( doi : 10.1177 / 0095399713490157 ) External links ( edit ) Library resources about positivism Resources in your library The full text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article `` Positivism '' at Wikisource Parana , Brazil Porto Alegre , Brazil Present positivistic Sociological theory Rio de Janeiro , Brazil Posnan , Poland Positivists Worldwide Maison d'Auguste Comte , France Positivism Perspectives Antihumanism Empiricism Rationalism Scientism Declinations Legal positivism Logical positivism / analytic philosophy Positivist school Postpositivism Sociological positivism Machian positivism ( empiriocriticism ) Rankean historical positivism Polish positivism Russian positivism Principal concepts Consilience Demarcation Evidence Induction Justificationism Pseudoscience Critique of metaphysics Unity of science Verificationism Antitheses Antipositivism Confirmation holism Critical theory Falsifiability Geisteswissenschaft Hermeneutics Historicism Historism Human science Humanities Problem of induction Reflectivism Related paradigm shifts in the history of science Non-Euclidean geometry ( 1830s ) Uncertainty principle ( 1927 ) Related topics Behavioralism Post-behavioralism Critical rationalism Criticism of science Epistemology anarchism idealism nihilism pluralism realism Holism Instrumentalism Modernism Naturalism in literature Nomothetic -- idiographic distinction Objectivity in science Operationalism Phenomenalism Philosophy of science Deductive - nomological model Ramsey sentence Sense - data theory Qualitative research Relationship between religion and science Sociology Social science Philosophy Structural functionalism Structuralism Structuration theory Positivist - related debate Method Methodenstreit ( 1890s ) Werturteilsstreit ( 1909 -- 1959 ) Positivismusstreit ( 1960s ) Fourth Great Debate in international relations ( 1980s ) Science wars ( 1990s ) Contributions The Course in Positive Philosophy ( 1830 ) A General View of Positivism ( 1848 ) Critical History of Philosophy ( 1869 ) Idealism and Positivism ( 1879 -- 1884 ) The Analysis of Sensations ( 1886 ) The Logic of Modern Physics ( 1927 ) Language , Truth , and Logic ( 1936 ) The Two Cultures ( 1959 ) The Universe in a Nutshell ( 2001 ) Proponents Richard Avenarius A.J. Ayer Auguste Comte Eugen Dühring Émile Durkheim Ernst Laas Ernst Mach Berlin Circle Vienna Circle Criticism Materialism and Empirio - criticism ( 1909 ) History and Class Consciousness ( 1923 ) The Logic of Scientific Discovery ( 1934 ) The Poverty of Historicism ( 1936 ) World Hypotheses ( 1942 ) Two Dogmas of Empiricism ( 1951 ) Truth and Method ( 1960 ) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions ( 1962 ) Conjectures and Refutations ( 1963 ) One - Dimensional Man ( 1964 ) Knowledge and Human Interests ( 1968 ) The Poverty of Theory ( 1978 ) The Scientific Image ( 1980 ) The Rhetoric of Economics ( 1986 ) Critics Theodor W. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is closely associated with the term positivism | [
"Positivism also holds that society, like the physical world, operates according to general laws. Introspective and intuitive knowledge is rejected, as are metaphysics and theology because metaphysical and theological claims cannot be verified by sense experience. Although the positivist approach has been a recurrent theme in the history of western thought,[2] the modern sense of the approach was formulated by the philosopher Auguste Comte in the early 19th century.[3] Comte argued that, much as the physical world operates according to gravity and other absolute laws, so does society,[4] and further developed positivism into a Religion of Humanity.\n"
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"Auguste Comte"
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6843431291168763175 | Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki | Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki - wikipedia Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Jump to : navigation , search Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Part of the Pacific War of World War II Atomic bomb mushroom clouds over Hiroshima ( left ) and Nagasaki ( right ) Date August 6 and August 9 , 1945 Location Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Empire of Japan Result Allied victory Belligerents United States Manhattan Project : United Kingdom Canada Japan Commanders and leaders William S. Parsons Paul W. Tibbets , Jr . Charles Sweeney Frederick Ashworth Shunroku Hata Units involved Manhattan District : 50 U.S. , 2 British 509th Composite Group : 1,770 U.S. Second General Army : Hiroshima : 40,000 ( 5 Anti-aircraft batteries ) Nagasaki : 9,000 ( 4 Anti-aircraft batteries ) Casualties and losses 20 British , Dutch , and American prisoners of war killed Hiroshima : 20,000 soldiers killed 70,000 -- 126,000 civilians killed Nagasaki : 39,000 -- 80,000 killed Total : 129,000 -- 226,000 + killed Pacific War Central Pacific Hawaii Marshalls - Gilberts raids Doolittle Raid Coral Sea Midway RY Solomons Gilberts & Marshalls Marianas & Palau Volcano & Ryukyu Truk Southeast Asia Indochina ( 1940 ) Indian Ocean ( 1940 -- 45 ) Philippines 1941 -- 42 Franco - Thai War Thailand Dutch East Indies Malaya Hong Kong Singapore Indochina ( 1945 ) Malacca Strait Jurist Tiderace Zipper Strategic bombing ( 1944 -- 45 ) Burma Burma ( 1941 -- 42 ) Burma ( 1942 -- 43 ) Burma ( 1944 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) Southwest Pacific Dutch East Indies 1941 -- 42 Portuguese Timor Australia New Guinea Philippines 1944 -- 45 Borneo 1945 North America Attack on Pearl Harbor Ellwood Aleutian Islands Estevan Point Lighthouse Fort Stevens Lookout Air Raids Fire balloon Project Hula PX Japan Air raids Mariana Islands Volcano & Ryukyu Is Tokyo Starvation Naval bombardments Yokosuka Sagami Bay Kure Downfall Hiroshima & Nagasaki Kurils Karafuto Japanese surrender Manchuria Kantokuen Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mutanchiang Sakhalin Island Kuril Islands Shumshu Second Sino - Japanese War During the final stage of World War II , the United States detonated two nuclear weapons over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9 , 1945 , respectively . The United States dropped the bombs after obtaining the consent of the United Kingdom , as required by the Quebec Agreement . The two bombings killed at least 129,000 people , most of whom were civilians . They remain the only use of nuclear weapons in the history of warfare . In the final year of the war , the Allies prepared for what was anticipated to be a bloody invasion of the Japanese mainland . This undertaking was preceded by a conventional and firebombing campaign that destroyed 67 Japanese cities . The war in Europe had concluded when Germany signed its instrument of surrender on May 8 , 1945 . As the Allies turned their full attention to the war in the Pacific War , the Japanese faced the same fate . The Allies called for the unconditional surrender of the Imperial Japanese armed forces in the Potsdam Declaration on July 26 , 1945 -- the alternative being `` prompt and utter destruction '' . The Japanese ignored the ultimatum and the war continued . By August 1945 , the Allies ' Manhattan Project had produced two types of atomic bomb , and the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) was equipped with the specialized Silverplate version of the Boeing B - 29 Superfortress that could deliver them from Tinian in the Mariana Islands . Orders for atomic bombs to be used on four Japanese cities were issued on July 25 . On August 6 , one of its B - 29s dropped a Little Boy uranium gun - type bomb on Hiroshima . Three days later , on August 9 , a Fat Man plutonium implosion - type bomb was dropped by another B - 29 on Nagasaki . The bombs immediately devastated their targets . Over the next two to four months , the acute effects of the atomic bombings killed 90,000 -- 146,000 people in Hiroshima and 39,000 -- 80,000 people in Nagasaki ; roughly half of the deaths in each city occurred on the first day . Large numbers of people continued to die from the effects of burns , radiation sickness , and other injuries , compounded by illness and malnutrition , for many months afterward . In both cities , most of the dead were civilians , although Hiroshima had a sizable military garrison . Japan announced its surrender to the Allies on August 15 , six days after the bombing of Nagasaki and the Soviet Union 's declaration of war . On September 2 , the Japanese government signed the instrument of surrender , effectively ending World War II . The ethical and legal justification for the bombings is still debated to this day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Pacific War 1.2 Preparations to invade Japan 1.3 Air raids on Japan 1.4 Atomic bomb development 2 Preparations 2.1 Organization and training 2.2 Choice of targets 2.3 Proposed demonstration 2.4 Leaflets 2.5 Consultation with Britain and Canada 2.6 Potsdam Declaration 2.7 Bombs 3 Hiroshima 3.1 Hiroshima during World War II 3.2 Bombing of Hiroshima 3.3 Events on the ground 3.4 Japanese realization of the bombing 4 Events of August 7 -- 9 5 Nagasaki 5.1 Nagasaki during World War II 5.2 Bombing of Nagasaki 5.3 Events on the ground 6 Plans for more atomic attacks on Japan 7 Surrender of Japan and subsequent occupation 8 Reportage 9 Post-attack casualties 9.1 Cancer increases 9.2 Birth defect investigations 9.3 Investigations into brain development 10 Hibakusha 10.1 Double survivors 10.2 Korean survivors 11 Memorials 12 Debate over bombings 13 Legacy 14 Notes 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links Background Pacific War Main article : Pacific War Situation of the Pacific War on August 1 , 1945 . Areas still controlled by Japan ( in white and green ) included Korea , Taiwan , Indochina , and much of China , including most of the main cities , and the Dutch East Indies . Allied - held areas are in red , with the neutral Soviet Union and Mongolia in grey . In 1945 , the Pacific War between the Empire of Japan and the Allies entered its fourth year . Most Japanese military units fought fiercely , ensuring that the Allied victory would come at an enormous cost . The 1.25 million battle casualties incurred in total by the United States in World War II included both military personnel killed in action and wounded in action . Nearly one million of the casualties occurred during the last year of the war , from June 1944 to June 1945 . In December 1944 , American battle casualties hit an all - time monthly high of 88,000 as a result of the German Ardennes Offensive . America 's reserves of manpower were running out . Deferments for groups such as agricultural workers were tightened , and there was consideration of drafting women . At the same time , the public was becoming war - weary , and demanding that long - serving servicemen be sent home . In the Pacific , the Allies returned to the Philippines , recaptured Burma , and invaded Borneo . Offensives were undertaken to reduce the Japanese forces remaining in Bougainville , New Guinea and the Philippines . In April 1945 , American forces landed on Okinawa , where heavy fighting continued until June . Along the way , the ratio of Japanese to American casualties dropped from 5 : 1 in the Philippines to 2 : 1 on Okinawa . Although some Japanese soldiers were taken prisoner , most fought until they were killed or committed suicide . Nearly 99 % of the 21,000 defenders of Iwo Jima were killed . Of the 117,000 Okinawan and Japanese troops defending Okinawa in April -- June 1945 , 94 % were killed ; 7,401 Japanese soldiers surrendered , an unprecedented large number . As the Allies advanced towards Japan , conditions became steadily worse for the Japanese people . Japan 's merchant fleet declined from 5,250,000 gross tons in 1941 to 1,560,000 tons in March 1945 , and 557,000 tons in August 1945 . Lack of raw materials forced the Japanese war economy into a steep decline after the middle of 1944 . The civilian economy , which had slowly deteriorated throughout the war , reached disastrous levels by the middle of 1945 . The loss of shipping also affected the fishing fleet , and the 1945 catch was only 22 % of that in 1941 . The 1945 rice harvest was the worst since 1909 , and hunger and malnutrition became widespread . U.S. industrial production was overwhelmingly superior to Japan 's . By 1943 , the U.S. produced almost 100,000 aircraft a year , compared to Japan 's production of 70,000 for the entire war . By the middle of 1944 , the U.S. had almost a hundred aircraft carriers in the Pacific , far more than Japan 's twenty - five for the entire war . In February 1945 , Prince Fumimaro Konoe advised Emperor Hirohito that defeat was inevitable , and urged him to abdicate . Preparations to invade Japan Main article : Operation Downfall Even before the surrender of Nazi Germany on May 8 , 1945 , plans were underway for the largest operation of the Pacific War , Operation Downfall , the Allied invasion of Japan . The operation had two parts : Operation Olympic and Operation Coronet . Set to begin in October 1945 , Olympic involved a series of landings by the U.S. Sixth Army intended to capture the southern third of the southernmost main Japanese island , Kyūshū . Operation Olympic was to be followed in March 1946 by Operation Coronet , the capture of the Kantō Plain , near Tokyo on the main Japanese island of Honshū by the U.S. First , Eighth and Tenth Armies , as well as a Commonwealth Corps made up of Australian , British and Canadian divisions . The target date was chosen to allow for Olympic to complete its objectives , for troops to be redeployed from Europe , and the Japanese winter to pass . U.S. Army propaganda poster prepares the public for the invasion of Japan after ending war on Germany and Italy Japan 's geography made this invasion plan obvious to the Japanese ; they were able to predict the Allied invasion plans accurately and thus adjust their defensive plan , Operation Ketsugō , accordingly . The Japanese planned an all - out defense of Kyūshū , with little left in reserve for any subsequent defense operations . Four veteran divisions were withdrawn from the Kwantung Army in Manchuria in March 1945 to strengthen the forces in Japan , and 45 new divisions were activated between February and May 1945 . Most were immobile formations for coastal defense , but 16 were high quality mobile divisions . In all , there were 2.3 million Japanese Army troops prepared to defend the home islands , backed by a civilian militia of 28 million men and women . Casualty predictions varied widely , but were extremely high . The Vice Chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff , Vice Admiral Takijirō Ōnishi , predicted up to 20 million Japanese deaths . A study from June 15 , 1945 , by the Joint War Plans Committee , who provided planning information to the Joint Chiefs of Staff , estimated that Olympic would result in between 130,000 and 220,000 U.S. casualties , of which U.S. dead would be in the range from 25,000 to 46,000 . Delivered on June 15 , 1945 , after insight gained from the Battle of Okinawa , the study noted Japan 's inadequate defenses due to the very effective sea blockade and the American firebombing campaign . The Chief of Staff of the United States Army , General of the Army George Marshall , and the Army Commander in Chief in the Pacific , General of the Army Douglas MacArthur , signed documents agreeing with the Joint War Plans Committee estimate . The Americans were alarmed by the Japanese buildup , which was accurately tracked through Ultra intelligence . Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson was sufficiently concerned about high American estimates of probable casualties to commission his own study by Quincy Wright and William Shockley . Wright and Shockley spoke with Colonels James McCormack and Dean Rusk , and examined casualty forecasts by Michael E. DeBakey and Gilbert Beebe . Wright and Shockley estimated the invading Allies would suffer between 1.7 and 4 million casualties in such a scenario , of whom between 400,000 and 800,000 would be dead , while Japanese fatalities would have been around 5 to 10 million . Marshall began contemplating the use of a weapon that was `` readily available and which assuredly can decrease the cost in American lives '' : poison gas . Quantities of phosgene , mustard gas , tear gas and cyanogen chloride were moved to Luzon from stockpiles in Australia and New Guinea in preparation for Operation Olympic , and MacArthur ensured that Chemical Warfare Service units were trained in their use . Consideration was also given to using biological weapons against Japan . Air raids on Japan Main article : Air raids on Japan A B - 29 over Osaka on June 1 , 1945 While the United States had developed plans for an air campaign against Japan prior to the Pacific War , the capture of Allied bases in the western Pacific in the first weeks of the conflict meant that this offensive did not begin until mid-1944 when the long - ranged Boeing B - 29 Superfortress became ready for use in combat . Operation Matterhorn involved India - based B - 29s staging through bases around Chengdu in China to make a series of raids on strategic targets in Japan . This effort failed to achieve the strategic objectives that its planners had intended , largely because of logistical problems , the bomber 's mechanical difficulties , the vulnerability of Chinese staging bases , and the extreme range required to reach key Japanese cities . Brigadier General Haywood S. Hansell determined that Guam , Tinian , and Saipan in the Mariana Islands would better serve as B - 29 bases , but they were in Japanese hands . Strategies were shifted to accommodate the air war , and the islands were captured between June and August 1944 . Air bases were developed , and B - 29 operations commenced from the Marianas in October 1944 . These bases were easily resupplied by cargo ships . The XXI Bomber Command began missions against Japan on November 18 , 1944 . The early attempts to bomb Japan from the Marianas proved just as ineffective as the China - based B - 29s had been . Hansell continued the practice of conducting so - called high - altitude precision bombing , aimed at key industries and transportation networks , even after these tactics had not produced acceptable results . These efforts proved unsuccessful due to logistical difficulties with the remote location , technical problems with the new and advanced aircraft , unfavorable weather conditions , and enemy action . The Operation Meetinghouse firebombing of Tokyo on the night of March 9 -- 10 , 1945 , was the single deadliest air raid in history ; with a greater area of fire damage and loss of life than either of the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima or Nagasaki . Hansell 's successor , Major General Curtis LeMay , assumed command in January 1945 and initially continued to use the same precision bombing tactics , with equally unsatisfactory results . The attacks initially targeted key industrial facilities but much of the Japanese manufacturing process was carried out in small workshops and private homes . Under pressure from United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) headquarters in Washington , LeMay changed tactics and decided that low - level incendiary raids against Japanese cities were the only way to destroy their production capabilities , shifting from precision bombing to area bombardment with incendiaries . Like most strategic bombing during World War II , the aim of the air offensive against Japan was to destroy the enemy 's war industries , kill or disable civilian employees of these industries , and undermine civilian morale . Over the next six months , the XXI Bomber Command under LeMay firebombed 67 Japanese cities . The firebombing of Tokyo , codenamed Operation Meetinghouse , on March 9 -- 10 killed an estimated 100,000 people and destroyed 16 square miles ( 41 km ) of the city and 267,000 buildings in a single night . It was the deadliest bombing raid of the war , at a cost of 20 B - 29s shot down by flak and fighters . By May , 75 % of bombs dropped were incendiaries designed to burn down Japan 's `` paper cities '' . By mid-June , Japan 's six largest cities had been devastated . The end of the fighting on Okinawa that month provided airfields even closer to the Japanese mainland , allowing the bombing campaign to be further escalated . Aircraft flying from Allied aircraft carriers and the Ryukyu Islands also regularly struck targets in Japan during 1945 in preparation for Operation Downfall . Firebombing switched to smaller cities , with populations ranging from 60,000 to 350,000 . According to Yuki Tanaka , the U.S. fire - bombed over a hundred Japanese towns and cities . These raids were devastating . The Japanese military was unable to stop the Allied attacks and the country 's civil defense preparations proved inadequate . Japanese fighters and antiaircraft guns had difficulty engaging bombers flying at high altitude . From April 1945 , the Japanese interceptors also had to face American fighter escorts based on Iwo Jima and Okinawa . That month , the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service and Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service stopped attempting to intercept the air raids in order to preserve fighter aircraft to counter the expected invasion . By mid-1945 the Japanese only occasionally scrambled aircraft to intercept individual B - 29s conducting reconnaissance sorties over the country , in order to conserve supplies of fuel . In July 1945 , the Japanese had 1,156,000 US barrels ( 137,800,000 l ) of avgas stockpiled for the invasion of Japan . About 604,000 US barrels ( 72,000,000 l ) had been consumed in the home islands area in April , May and June 1945 . While the Japanese military decided to resume attacks on Allied bombers from late June , by this time there were too few operational fighters available for this change of tactics to hinder the Allied air raids . Atomic bomb development Main article : Manhattan Project The discovery of nuclear fission by German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in 1938 , and its theoretical explanation by Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch , made the development of an atomic bomb a theoretical possibility . Fears that a German atomic bomb project would develop atomic weapons first , especially among scientists who were refugees from Nazi Germany and other fascist countries , were expressed in the Einstein - Szilard letter . This prompted preliminary research in the United States in late 1939 . Progress was slow until the arrival of the British MAUD Committee report in late 1941 , which indicated that only 5 to 10 kilograms of isotopically enriched uranium - 235 were needed for a bomb instead of tons of natural uranium and a neutron moderator like heavy water . The 1943 Quebec Agreement merged the nuclear weapons projects of the United Kingdom and Canada , Tube Alloys and the Montreal Laboratory , with the Manhattan Project , under the direction of Major General Leslie R. Groves , Jr. , of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . Groves appointed J. Robert Oppenheimer to organize and head the project 's Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico , where bomb design work was carried out . Two types of bombs were eventually developed , both named by Robert Serber. Little Boy was a gun - type fission weapon that used uranium - 235 , a rare isotope of uranium separated at the Clinton Engineer Works at Oak Ridge , Tennessee . The other , known as a Fat Man device , was a more powerful and efficient , but more complicated , implosion - type nuclear weapon that used plutonium created in nuclear reactors at Hanford , Washington . There was a Japanese nuclear weapon program , but it lacked the human , mineral and financial resources of the Manhattan Project , and never made much progress towards developing an atomic bomb . Preparations Organization and training Aircraft of the 509th Composite Group that took part in the Hiroshima bombing . Left to right : Big Stink , The Great Artiste , Enola Gay The 509th Composite Group was constituted on December 9 , 1944 , and activated on December 17 , 1944 , at Wendover Army Air Field , Utah , commanded by Colonel Paul Tibbets . Tibbets was assigned to organize and command a combat group to develop the means of delivering an atomic weapon against targets in Germany and Japan . Because the flying squadrons of the group consisted of both bomber and transport aircraft , the group was designated as a `` composite '' rather than a `` bombardment '' unit . Working with the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos , Tibbets selected Wendover for his training base over Great Bend , Kansas , and Mountain Home , Idaho , because of its remoteness . Each bombardier completed at least 50 practice drops of inert or conventional explosive pumpkin bombs and Tibbets declared his group combat - ready . The `` Tinian Joint Chiefs '' : Captain William S. Parsons ( left ) , Rear Admiral William R. Purnell ( center ) , and Brigadier General Thomas F. Farrell ( right ) The 509th Composite Group had an authorized strength of 225 officers and 1,542 enlisted men , almost all of whom eventually deployed to Tinian . In addition to its authorized strength , the 509th had attached to it on Tinian 51 civilian and military personnel from Project Alberta , known as the 1st Technical Detachment . The 509th Composite Group 's 393d Bombardment Squadron was equipped with 15 Silverplate B - 29s . These aircraft were specially adapted to carry nuclear weapons , and were equipped with fuel - injected engines , Curtiss Electric reversible - pitch propellers , pneumatic actuators for rapid opening and closing of bomb bay doors and other improvements . The ground support echelon of the 509th Composite Group moved by rail on April 26 , 1945 , to its port of embarkation at Seattle , Washington . On May 6 the support elements sailed on the SS Cape Victory for the Marianas , while group materiel was shipped on the SS Emile Berliner . The Cape Victory made brief port calls at Honolulu and Eniwetok but the passengers were not permitted to leave the dock area . An advance party of the air echelon , consisting of 29 officers and 61 enlisted men flew by C - 54 to North Field on Tinian , between May 15 and May 22 . There were also two representatives from Washington , D.C. , Brigadier General Thomas Farrell , the deputy commander of the Manhattan Project , and Rear Admiral William R. Purnell of the Military Policy Committee , who were on hand to decide higher policy matters on the spot . Along with Captain William S. Parsons , the commander of Project Alberta , they became known as the `` Tinian Joint Chiefs '' . Choice of targets The mission runs of August 6 and 9 , with Hiroshima , Nagasaki , and Kokura ( the original target for August 9 ) displayed In April 1945 , Marshall asked Groves to nominate specific targets for bombing for final approval by himself and Stimson . Groves formed a Target Committee , chaired by himself , that included Farrell , Major John A. Derry , Colonel William P. Fisher , Joyce C. Stearns and David M. Dennison from the USAAF ; and scientists John von Neumann , Robert R. Wilson and William Penney from the Manhattan Project . The Target Committee met in Washington on April 27 ; at Los Alamos on May 10 , where it was able to talk to the scientists and technicians there ; and finally in Washington on May 28 , where it was briefed by Tibbets and Commander Frederick Ashworth from Project Alberta , and the Manhattan Project 's scientific advisor , Richard C. Tolman . The Target Committee nominated five targets : Kokura , the site of one of Japan 's largest munitions plants ; Hiroshima , an embarkation port and industrial center that was the site of a major military headquarters ; Yokohama , an urban center for aircraft manufacture , machine tools , docks , electrical equipment and oil refineries ; Niigata , a port with industrial facilities including steel and aluminum plants and an oil refinery ; and Kyoto , a major industrial center . The target selection was subject to the following criteria : The target was larger than 3 mi ( 4.8 km ) in diameter and was an important target in a large city . The blast would create effective damage . The target was unlikely to be attacked by August 1945 . These cities were largely untouched during the nightly bombing raids and the Army Air Forces agreed to leave them off the target list so accurate assessment of the damage caused by the atomic bombs could be made . Hiroshima was described as `` an important army depot and port of embarkation in the middle of an urban industrial area . It is a good radar target and it is such a size that a large part of the city could be extensively damaged . There are adjacent hills which are likely to produce a focusing effect which would considerably increase the blast damage . Due to rivers it is not a good incendiary target . '' The Target Committee stated that `` It was agreed that psychological factors in the target selection were of great importance . Two aspects of this are ( 1 ) obtaining the greatest psychological effect against Japan and ( 2 ) making the initial use sufficiently spectacular for the importance of the weapon to be internationally recognized when publicity on it is released ... Kyoto has the advantage of the people being more highly intelligent and hence better able to appreciate the significance of the weapon . Hiroshima has the advantage of being such a size and with possible focussing from nearby mountains that a large fraction of the city may be destroyed . The Emperor 's palace in Tokyo has a greater fame than any other target but is of least strategic value . '' Edwin O. Reischauer , a Japan expert for the U.S. Army Intelligence Service , was incorrectly said to have prevented the bombing of Kyoto . In his autobiography , Reischauer specifically refuted this claim : ... the only person deserving credit for saving Kyoto from destruction is Henry L. Stimson , the Secretary of War at the time , who had known and admired Kyoto ever since his honeymoon there several decades earlier . On May 30 , Stimson asked Groves to remove Kyoto from the target list due to its historical , religious and cultural significance , but Groves pointed to its military and industrial significance . Stimson then approached President Harry S. Truman about the matter . Truman agreed with Stimson , and Kyoto was temporarily removed from the target list . Groves attempted to restore Kyoto to the target list in July , but Stimson remained adamant . On July 25 , Nagasaki was put on the target list in place of Kyoto . It was a major military port , one of Japan 's largest shipbuilding and repair centers , and an important producer of naval ordnance . Proposed demonstration In early May 1945 , the Interim Committee was created by Stimson at the urging of leaders of the Manhattan Project and with the approval of Truman to advise on matters pertaining to nuclear energy . During the meetings on May 31 and June 1 , scientist Ernest Lawrence had suggested giving the Japanese a non-combat demonstration . Arthur Compton later recalled that : It was evident that everyone would suspect trickery . If a bomb were exploded in Japan with previous notice , the Japanese air power was still adequate to give serious interference . An atomic bomb was an intricate device , still in the developmental stage . Its operation would be far from routine . If during the final adjustments of the bomb the Japanese defenders should attack , a faulty move might easily result in some kind of failure . Such an end to an advertised demonstration of power would be much worse than if the attempt had not been made . It was now evident that when the time came for the bombs to be used we should have only one of them available , followed afterwards by others at all - too - long intervals . We could not afford the chance that one of them might be a dud . If the test were made on some neutral territory , it was hard to believe that Japan 's determined and fanatical military men would be impressed . If such an open test were made first and failed to bring surrender , the chance would be gone to give the shock of surprise that proved so effective . On the contrary , it would make the Japanese ready to interfere with an atomic attack if they could . Though the possibility of a demonstration that would not destroy human lives was attractive , no one could suggest a way in which it could be made so convincing that it would be likely to stop the war . The possibility of a demonstration was raised again in the Franck Report issued by physicist James Franck on June 11 and the Scientific Advisory Panel rejected his report on June 16 , saying that `` we can propose no technical demonstration likely to bring an end to the war ; we see no acceptable alternative to direct military use . '' Franck then took the report to Washington , D.C. , where the Interim Committee met on June 21 to re-examine its earlier conclusions ; but it reaffirmed that there was no alternative to the use of the bomb on a military target . Like Compton , many U.S. officials and scientists argued that a demonstration would sacrifice the shock value of the atomic attack , and the Japanese could deny the atomic bomb was lethal , making the mission less likely to produce surrender . Allied prisoners of war might be moved to the demonstration site and be killed by the bomb . They also worried that the bomb might be a dud since the Trinity test was of a stationary device , not an air - dropped bomb . In addition , although more bombs were in production , only two would be available at the start of August , and they cost billions of dollars , so using one for a demonstration would be expensive . Leaflets Various leaflets were dropped on Japan , three versions showing the names of 11 or 12 Japanese cities targeted for destruction by firebombing . The other side contained text stating `` ... we can not promise that only these cities will be among those attacked ... '' For several months , the U.S. had warned civilians of potential air raids by dropping more than 63 million leaflets across Japan . Many Japanese cities suffered terrible damage from aerial bombings ; some were as much as 97 % destroyed . LeMay thought that leaflets would increase the psychological impact of bombing , and reduce the international stigma of area - bombing cities . Even with the warnings , Japanese opposition to the war remained ineffective . In general , the Japanese regarded the leaflet messages as truthful , with many Japanese choosing to leave major cities . The leaflets caused such concern that the government ordered the arrest of anyone caught in possession of a leaflet . Leaflet texts were prepared by recent Japanese prisoners of war because they were thought to be the best choice `` to appeal to their compatriots '' . In preparation for dropping an atomic bomb on Hiroshima , the Oppenheimer - led Scientific Panel of the Interim Committee decided against a demonstration bomb and against a special leaflet warning . Those decisions were implemented because of the uncertainty of a successful detonation and also because of the wish to maximize shock in the leadership . No warning was given to Hiroshima that a new and much more destructive bomb was going to be dropped . Various sources gave conflicting information about when the last leaflets were dropped on Hiroshima prior to the atomic bomb . Robert Jay Lifton wrote that it was July 27 , and Theodore H. McNelly wrote that it was July 30 . The USAAF history noted that eleven cities were targeted with leaflets on July 27 , but Hiroshima was not one of them , and there were no leaflet sorties on July 30 . Leaflet sorties were undertaken on August 1 and August 4 . Hiroshima may have been leafleted in late July or early August , as survivor accounts talk about a delivery of leaflets a few days before the atomic bomb was dropped . Three versions were printed of a leaflet listing 11 or 12 cities targeted for firebombing ; a total of 33 cities listed . With the text of this leaflet reading in Japanese `` ... we can not promise that only these cities will be among those attacked ... '' Hiroshima was not listed . Consultation with Britain and Canada General Thomas Handy 's order to General Carl Spaatz ordering the dropping of the atomic bombs Under the Quebec Agreement with the United Kingdom , nuclear weapons would not be used against another country without mutual consent . Stimson therefore had to obtain British permission . A meeting of the Combined Policy Committee was held at the Pentagon on July 4 , 1945 . Field Marshal Sir Henry Maitland Wilson announced that the British government concurred with the use of nuclear weapons against Japan , which would be officially recorded as a decision of the Combined Policy Committee . As the release of information to third parties was also controlled by the Quebec Agreement , discussion then turned to what scientific details would be revealed in the press announcement of the bombing . The meeting also considered what Truman could reveal to Joseph Stalin , the leader of the Soviet Union , at the upcoming Potsdam Conference , as this also required British concurrence . Orders for the attack were issued to General Carl Spaatz on July 25 under the signature of General Thomas T. Handy , the acting Chief of Staff , since Marshall was at the Potsdam Conference with Truman . It read : The 509th Composite Group , 20th Air Force will deliver its first special bomb as soon as weather will permit visual bombing after about 3 August 1945 on one of the targets : Hiroshima , Kokura , Niigata and Nagasaki . To carry military and civilian scientific personnel from the War Department to observe and record the effects of the explosion of the bomb , additional aircraft will accompany the airplane carrying the bomb . The observing planes will stay several miles distant from the point of impact of the bomb . Additional bombs will be delivered on the above targets as soon as made ready by the project staff . Further instructions will be issued concerning targets other than those listed above . That day , Truman noted in his diary that : This weapon is to be used against Japan between now and August 10th . I have told the Sec. of War , Mr. Stimson , to use it so that military objectives and soldiers and sailors are the target and not women and children . Even if the Japs are savages , ruthless , merciless and fanatic , we as the leader of the world for the common welfare can not drop that terrible bomb on the old capital ( Kyoto ) or the new ( Tokyo ) . He and I are in accord . The target will be a purely military one . Potsdam declaration Main article : Potsdam Declaration The July 16 success of the Trinity Test in the New Mexico desert exceeded expectations . On July 26 , Allied leaders issued the Potsdam Declaration , which outlined the terms of surrender for Japan . The declaration was presented as an ultimatum and stated that without a surrender , the Allies would attack Japan , resulting in `` the inevitable and complete destruction of the Japanese armed forces and just as inevitably the utter devastation of the Japanese homeland '' . The atomic bomb was not mentioned in the communiqué . On July 28 , Japanese papers reported that the declaration had been rejected by the Japanese government . That afternoon , Prime Minister Suzuki Kantarō declared at a press conference that the Potsdam Declaration was no more than a rehash ( yakinaoshi ) of the Cairo Declaration and that the government intended to ignore it ( mokusatsu , `` kill by silence '' ) . The statement was taken by both Japanese and foreign papers as a clear rejection of the declaration . Emperor Hirohito , who was waiting for a Soviet reply to non-committal Japanese peace feelers , made no move to change the government position . Japan 's willingness to surrender remained conditional on the preservation of the kokutai ( Imperial institution and national polity ) , assumption by the Imperial Headquarters of responsibility for disarmament and demobilization , no occupation of the Japanese Home Islands , Korea or Formosa , and delegation of the punishment of war criminals to the Japanese government . At Potsdam , Truman agreed to a request from Winston Churchill that Britain be represented when the atomic bomb was dropped . William Penney and Group Captain Leonard Cheshire were sent to Tinian , but found that LeMay would not let them accompany the mission . All they could do was send a strongly worded signal to Wilson . Bombs The Little Boy bomb , except for the uranium payload , was ready at the beginning of May 1945 . There were two uranium - 235 components , a hollow cylindrical projectile and a cylindrical target insert . The projectile was completed on June 15 , and the target insert on July 24 . The projectile and eight bomb pre-assemblies ( partly assembled bombs without the powder charge and fissile components ) left Hunters Point Naval Shipyard , California , on July 16 aboard the cruiser USS Indianapolis , and arrived on Tinian on July 26 . The target insert followed by air on July 30 , accompanied by Commander Francis Birch from Project Alberta . Responding to concerns expressed by the 509th Composite Group about the possibility of a B - 29 crashing on takeoff , Birch had modified the Little Boy design to incorporate a removable breech plug that would permit the bomb to be armed in flight . The first plutonium core , along with its polonium - beryllium urchin initiator , was transported in the custody of Project Alberta courier Raemer Schreiber in a magnesium field carrying case designed for the purpose by Philip Morrison . Magnesium was chosen because it does not act as a tamper . The core departed from Kirtland Army Air Field on a C - 54 transport aircraft of the 509th Composite Group 's 320th Troop Carrier Squadron on July 26 , and arrived at North Field July 28 . Three Fat Man high - explosive pre-assemblies , designated F31 , F32 , and F33 , were picked up at Kirtland on July 28 by three B - 29s , two from the 393d Bombardment Squadron plus one from the 216th Army Air Force Base Unit , and transported to North Field , arriving on August 2 . Hiroshima Hiroshima during World War II The Enola Gay dropped the `` Little Boy '' atomic bomb on Hiroshima . In this photograph are five of the aircraft 's ground crew with mission commander Paul Tibbets in the center . At the time of its bombing , Hiroshima was a city of both industrial and military significance . A number of military units were located nearby , the most important of which was the headquarters of Field Marshal Shunroku Hata 's Second General Army , which commanded the defense of all of southern Japan , and was located in Hiroshima Castle . Hata 's command consisted of some 400,000 men , most of whom were on Kyushu where an Allied invasion was correctly anticipated . Also present in Hiroshima were the headquarters of the 59th Army , the 5th Division and the 224th Division , a recently formed mobile unit . The city was defended by five batteries of 7 - cm and 8 - cm ( 2.8 and 3.1 inch ) anti-aircraft guns of the 3rd Anti-Aircraft Division , including units from the 121st and 122nd Anti-Aircraft Regiments and the 22nd and 45th Separate Anti-Aircraft Battalions . In total , an estimated 40,000 Japanese military personnel were stationed in the city . Hiroshima was a supply and logistics base for the Japanese military . The city was a communications center , a key port for shipping , and an assembly area for troops . It was a beehive of war industry , manufacturing parts for planes and boats , for bombs , rifles , and handguns . The center of the city contained several reinforced concrete buildings and lighter structures . Outside the center , the area was congested by a dense collection of small timber workshops set among Japanese houses . A few larger industrial plants lay near the outskirts of the city . The houses were constructed of timber with tile roofs , and many of the industrial buildings were also built around timber frames . The city as a whole was highly susceptible to fire damage . It was the second largest city in Japan after Kyoto that was still undamaged by air raids , primarily because it lacked the aircraft manufacturing industry that was the XXI Bomber Command 's priority target . On July 3 , the Joint Chiefs of Staff placed it off limits to bombers , along with Kokura , Niigata and Kyoto . The population of Hiroshima had reached a peak of over 381,000 earlier in the war but prior to the atomic bombing , the population had steadily decreased because of a systematic evacuation ordered by the Japanese government . At the time of the attack , the population was approximately 340,000 -- 350,000 . Residents wondered why Hiroshima had been spared destruction by firebombing . Some speculated that the city was to be saved for U.S. occupation headquarters , others thought perhaps their relatives in Hawaii and California had petitioned the U.S. government to avoid bombing Hiroshima . More realistic city officials had ordered buildings torn down to create long , straight firebreaks . These continued to be expanded and extended up to the morning of August 6 , 1945 . Bombing of Hiroshima Hiroshima was the primary target of the first nuclear bombing mission on August 6 , with Kokura and Nagasaki as alternative targets . The 393d Bombardment Squadron B - 29 Enola Gay , named after Tibbets ' mother and piloted by Tibbets , took off from North Field , Tinian , about six hours ' flight time from Japan . Enola Gay was accompanied by two other B - 29s . The Great Artiste , commanded by Major Charles Sweeney , which carried instrumentation , and a then - nameless aircraft later called Necessary Evil , commanded by Captain George Marquardt , which served as the photography aircraft . Strike order for the Hiroshima bombing as posted on August 5 , 1945 Special Mission 13 , Primary target Hiroshima , August 6 , 1945 Aircraft Pilot Call Sign Mission role Straight Flush Major Claude R. Eatherly Dimples 85 Weather reconnaissance ( Hiroshima ) Jabit III Major John A. Wilson Dimples 71 Weather reconnaissance ( Kokura ) Full House Major Ralph R. Taylor Dimples 83 Weather reconnaissance ( Nagasaki ) Enola Gay Colonel Paul W. Tibbets Dimples 82 Weapon delivery The Great Artiste Major Charles W. Sweeney Dimples 89 Blast measurement instrumentation Necessary Evil Captain . George W. Marquardt Dimples 91 Strike observation and photography Top Secret Captain Charles F. McKnight Dimples 72 Strike spare -- did not complete mission After leaving Tinian the aircraft made their way separately to Iwo Jima to rendezvous with Sweeney and Marquardt at 05 : 55 at 9,200 feet ( 2,800 m ) , and set course for Japan . The aircraft arrived over the target in clear visibility at 31,060 feet ( 9,470 m ) . Parsons , who was in command of the mission , armed the bomb in flight to minimize the risks during takeoff . He had witnessed four B - 29s crash and burn at takeoff , and feared that a nuclear explosion would occur if a B - 29 crashed with an armed Little Boy on board . His assistant , Second Lieutenant Morris R. Jeppson , removed the safety devices 30 minutes before reaching the target area . The Hiroshima atom bomb cloud 2 -- 5 minutes after detonation During the night of August 5 -- 6 , Japanese early warning radar detected the approach of numerous American aircraft headed for the southern part of Japan . Radar detected 65 bombers headed for Saga , 102 bound for Maebashi , 261 en route to Nishinomiya , 111 headed for Ube and 66 bound for Imabari . An alert was given and radio broadcasting stopped in many cities , among them Hiroshima . The all - clear was sounded in Hiroshima at 00 : 05 . About an hour before the bombing , the air raid alert was sounded again , as Straight Flush flew over the city . It broadcast a short message which was picked up by Enola Gay . It read : `` Cloud cover less than 3 / 10th at all altitudes . Advice : bomb primary . '' The all - clear was sounded over Hiroshima again at 07 : 09 . At 08 : 09 , Tibbets started his bomb run and handed control over to his bombardier , Major Thomas Ferebee . The release at 08 : 15 ( Hiroshima time ) went as planned , and the Little Boy containing about 64 kg ( 141 lb ) of uranium - 235 took 44.4 seconds to fall from the aircraft flying at about 31,000 feet ( 9,400 m ) to a detonation height of about 1,900 feet ( 580 m ) above the city . Enola Gay traveled 11.5 mi ( 18.5 km ) before it felt the shock waves from the blast . Due to crosswind , the bomb missed the aiming point , the Aioi Bridge , by approximately 800 ft ( 240 m ) and detonated directly over Shima Surgical Clinic . It released the equivalent energy of 16 kilotons of TNT ( 67 TJ ) , ± 2 kt . The weapon was considered very inefficient , with only 1.7 % of its material fissioning . The radius of total destruction was about 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) , with resulting fires across 4.4 square miles ( 11 km ) . Enola Gay stayed over the target area for two minutes and was ten miles away when the bomb detonated . Only Tibbets , Parsons , and Ferebee knew of the nature of the weapon ; the others on the bomber were only told to expect a blinding flash and given black goggles . `` It was hard to believe what we saw '' , Tibbets told reporters , while Parsons said `` the whole thing was tremendous and awe - inspiring ... the men aboard with me gasped ' My God ' '' . He and Tibbets compared the shockwave to `` a close burst of ack - ack fire '' . Events on the ground People on the ground reported a pika ( ピカ ) -- a brilliant flash of light -- followed by a don ( ドン ) -- a loud booming sound . Some 70,000 -- 80,000 people , or around 30 % of the population of Hiroshima , were killed by the blast and resultant firestorm , and another 70,000 were injured . Perhaps as many as 20,000 Japanese military personnel were killed . U.S. surveys estimated that 4.7 square miles ( 12 km ) of the city were destroyed . Japanese officials determined that 69 % of Hiroshima 's buildings were destroyed and another 6 -- 7 % damaged . Some of the reinforced concrete buildings in Hiroshima had been very strongly constructed because of the earthquake danger in Japan , and their framework did not collapse even though they were fairly close to the blast center . Since the bomb detonated in the air , the blast was directed more downward than sideways , which was largely responsible for the survival of the Prefectural Industrial Promotional Hall , now commonly known as the Genbaku ( A-bomb ) dome . This building was designed and built by the Czech architect Jan Letzel , and was only 150 m ( 490 ft ) from ground zero . The ruin was named Hiroshima Peace Memorial and was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996 over the objections of the United States and China , which expressed reservations on the grounds that other Asian nations were the ones who suffered the greatest loss of life and property , and a focus on Japan lacked historical perspective . The bombing started fires that spread rapidly through timber and paper homes . As in other Japanese cities , the firebreaks proved ineffective . The intense fires started gutted everything in a 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) radius . Hiroshima bombing Hiroshima in the aftermath of the bombing Injured civilian casualties The Hiroshima Genbaku Dome after the bombing The clothes pattern , in the tight - fitting areas on this survivor , shown burnt into the skin . Direct , thermal flash burns 22 - year old victim Toyoko Kugata being treated at the Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital ( October 6 , 1945 ) The air raid warning had been cleared at 07 : 31 , and many people were outside , going about their activities . Eizō Nomura was the closest known survivor , being in the basement of a reinforced concrete building ( it remained as the Rest House after the war ) only 170 metres ( 560 ft ) from ground zero ( the hypocenter ) at the time of the attack . He died in 1982 , aged 84 . Akiko Takakura was among the closest survivors to the hypocenter of the blast . She was in the solidly built Bank of Hiroshima only 300 meters ( 980 ft ) from ground - zero at the time of the attack . For decades this `` Hiroshima strike '' photo was misidentified as the mushroom cloud of the bomb that formed at c. 08 : 16 . However , due to its much greater height , the scene was identified by a researcher in March 2016 as the firestorm - cloud that engulfed the city , a fire that reached its peak intensity some three hours after the bomb . Over 90 % of the doctors and 93 % of the nurses in Hiroshima were killed or injured -- most had been in the downtown area which received the greatest damage . The hospitals were destroyed or heavily damaged . Only one doctor , Terufumi Sasaki , remained on duty at the Red Cross Hospital . Nonetheless , by early afternoon , the police and volunteers had established evacuation centres at hospitals , schools and tram stations , and a morgue was established in the Asano library . Most elements of the Japanese Second General Army headquarters were at physical training on the grounds of Hiroshima Castle , barely 900 yards ( 820 m ) from the hypocenter . The attack killed 3,243 troops on the parade ground . The communications room of Chugoku Military District Headquarters that was responsible for issuing and lifting air raid warnings was in a semi-basement in the castle . Yoshie Oka , a Hijiyama Girls High School student who had been mobilized to serve as a communications officer had just sent a message that the alarm had been issued for Hiroshima and neighboring Yamaguchi , when the bomb exploded . She used a special phone to inform Fukuyama Headquarters ( some 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) away ) that `` Hiroshima has been attacked by a new type of bomb . The city is in a state of near - total destruction . '' Since Mayor Senkichi Awaya had been killed while eating breakfast with his son and granddaughter at the mayoral residence , Field Marshal Hata , who was only slightly wounded , took over the administration of the city , and coordinated relief efforts . Many of his staff had been killed or fatally wounded , including a Korean prince of the Joseon Dynasty , Yi Wu , who was serving as a lieutenant colonel in the Japanese Army . Hata 's senior surviving staff officer was the wounded Colonel Kumao Imoto , who acted as his chief of staff . Soldiers from the undamaged Hiroshima Ujina Harbor used suicide boats , intended to repel the American invasion , to collect the wounded and take them down the rivers to the military hospital at Ujina . Trucks and trains brought in relief supplies and evacuated survivors from the city . Twelve American airmen were imprisoned at the Chugoku Military Police Headquarters , about 1,300 feet ( 400 m ) from the hypocenter of the blast . Most died instantly , although two were reported to have been executed by their captors , and two prisoners badly injured by the bombing were left next to the Aioi Bridge by the Kempei Tai , where they were stoned to death . Eight U.S. prisoners of war killed as part of the medical experiments program at Kyushu University were falsely reported by Japanese authorities as having been killed in the atomic blast as part of an attempted cover up . Japanese realization of the bombing Hiroshima before the bombing Hiroshima after the bombing and firestorm The Tokyo control operator of the Japan Broadcasting Corporation noticed that the Hiroshima station had gone off the air . He tried to re-establish his program by using another telephone line , but it too had failed . About 20 minutes later the Tokyo railroad telegraph center realized that the main line telegraph had stopped working just north of Hiroshima . From some small railway stops within 16 km ( 10 mi ) of the city came unofficial and confused reports of a terrible explosion in Hiroshima . All these reports were transmitted to the headquarters of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff . Military bases repeatedly tried to call the Army Control Station in Hiroshima . The complete silence from that city puzzled the General Staff ; they knew that no large enemy raid had occurred and that no sizable store of explosives was in Hiroshima at that time . A young officer was instructed to fly immediately to Hiroshima , to land , survey the damage , and return to Tokyo with reliable information for the staff . It was felt that nothing serious had taken place and that the explosion was just a rumor . The staff officer went to the airport and took off for the southwest . After flying for about three hours , while still nearly 160 km ( 100 mi ) from Hiroshima , he and his pilot saw a great cloud of smoke from the bomb . After circling the city in order to survey the damage they landed south of the city , where the staff officer , after reporting to Tokyo , began to organize relief measures . Tokyo 's first indication that the city had been destroyed by a new type of bomb came from President Truman 's announcement of the strike , sixteen hours later . Events of August 7 -- 9 See also : Mokusatsu Truman announcing the bombing of Hiroshima President Truman announces the bombing of Hiroshima , which he describes as `` a military base '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . After the Hiroshima bombing , Truman issued a statement announcing the use of the new weapon . He stated , `` We may be grateful to Providence '' that the German atomic bomb project had failed , and that the United States and its allies had `` spent two billion dollars on the greatest scientific gamble in history -- and won '' . Truman then warned Japan : `` If they do not now accept our terms , they may expect a rain of ruin from the air , the like of which has never been seen on this earth . Behind this air attack will follow sea and land forces in such numbers and power as they have not yet seen and with the fighting skill of which they are already well aware . '' This was a widely broadcast speech picked up by Japanese news agencies . Leaflet AB12 , with information on the Hiroshima bomb and a warning to civilians to petition the Emperor to surrender was dropped over Japan beginning on August 9 , by the 509th Composite Group . An AB11 is in the possession of the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum . The 50,000 - watt standard wave station on Saipan , the OWI radio station , broadcast a similar message to Japan every 15 minutes about Hiroshima , stating that more Japanese cities would face a similar fate in the absence of immediate acceptance of the terms of the Potsdam Declaration and emphatically urged civilians to evacuate major cities . Radio Japan , which continued to extoll victory for Japan by never surrendering , had informed the Japanese of the destruction of Hiroshima by a single bomb . Prime Minister Suzuki felt compelled to meet the Japanese press , to whom he reiterated his government 's commitment to ignore the Allies ' demands and fight on . Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov informed Tokyo of the Soviet Union 's unilateral abrogation of the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact on August 5 . At two minutes past midnight on August 9 , Tokyo time , Soviet infantry , armor , and air forces had launched the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation . Four hours later , word reached Tokyo of the Soviet Union 's official declaration of war . The senior leadership of the Japanese Army began preparations to impose martial law on the nation , with the support of Minister of War Korechika Anami , in order to stop anyone attempting to make peace . On August 7 , a day after Hiroshima was destroyed , Dr. Yoshio Nishina and other atomic physicists arrived at the city , and carefully examined the damage . They then went back to Tokyo and told the cabinet that Hiroshima was indeed destroyed by an atomic bomb . Admiral Soemu Toyoda , the Chief of the Naval General Staff , estimated that no more than one or two additional bombs could be readied , so they decided to endure the remaining attacks , acknowledging `` there would be more destruction but the war would go on '' . American Magic codebreakers intercepted the cabinet 's messages . Purnell , Parsons , Tibbets , Spaatz , and LeMay met on Guam that same day to discuss what should be done next . Since there was no indication of Japan surrendering , they decided to proceed with dropping another bomb . Parsons said that Project Alberta would have it ready by August 11 , but Tibbets pointed to weather reports indicating poor flying conditions on that day due to a storm , and asked if the bomb could be readied by August 9 . Parsons agreed to try to do so . Nagasaki Nagasaki during World War II The Bockscar and its crew , who dropped a Fat Man atomic bomb on Nagasaki The city of Nagasaki had been one of the largest seaports in southern Japan , and was of great wartime importance because of its wide - ranging industrial activity , including the production of ordnance , ships , military equipment , and other war materials . The four largest companies in the city were Mitsubishi Shipyards , Electrical Shipyards , Arms Plant , and Steel and Arms Works , which employed about 90 % of the city 's labor force , and accounted for 90 % of the city 's industry . Although an important industrial city , Nagasaki had been spared from firebombing because its geography made it difficult to locate at night with AN / APQ - 13 radar . Unlike the other target cities , Nagasaki had not been placed off limits to bombers by the Joint Chiefs of Staff 's July 3 directive , and was bombed on a small scale five times . During one of these raids on August 1 , a number of conventional high - explosive bombs were dropped on the city . A few hit the shipyards and dock areas in the southwest portion of the city , and several hit the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works . By early August , the city was defended by the 134th Anti-Aircraft Regiment of the 4th Anti-Aircraft Division with four batteries of 7 cm ( 2.8 in ) anti-aircraft guns and two searchlight batteries . In contrast to Hiroshima , almost all of the buildings were of old - fashioned Japanese construction , consisting of timber or timber - framed buildings with timber walls ( with or without plaster ) and tile roofs . Many of the smaller industries and business establishments were also situated in buildings of timber or other materials not designed to withstand explosions . Nagasaki had been permitted to grow for many years without conforming to any definite city zoning plan ; residences were erected adjacent to factory buildings and to each other almost as closely as possible throughout the entire industrial valley . On the day of the bombing , an estimated 263,000 people were in Nagasaki , including 240,000 Japanese residents , 10,000 Korean residents , 2,500 conscripted Korean workers , 9,000 Japanese soldiers , 600 conscripted Chinese workers , and 400 Allied prisoners of war in a camp to the north of Nagasaki . Bombing of Nagasaki Responsibility for the timing of the second bombing was delegated to Tibbets . Scheduled for August 11 against Kokura , the raid was moved earlier by two days to avoid a five - day period of bad weather forecast to begin on August 10 . Three bomb pre-assemblies had been transported to Tinian , labeled F - 31 , F - 32 , and F - 33 on their exteriors . On August 8 , a dress rehearsal was conducted off Tinian by Sweeney using Bockscar as the drop airplane . Assembly F - 33 was expended testing the components and F - 31 was designated for the August 9 mission . Strike order for the Nagasaki bombing as posted August 8 , 1945 Special Mission 16 , Secondary target Nagasaki , August 9 , 1945 Aircraft Pilot Call Sign Mission role Enola Gay Captain George W. Marquardt Dimples 82 Weather reconnaissance ( Kokura ) Laggin ' Dragon Captain Charles F. McKnight Dimples 95 Weather reconnaissance ( Nagasaki ) Bockscar Major Charles W. Sweeney Dimples 77 Weapon delivery The Great Artiste Captain Frederick C. Bock Dimples 89 Blast measurement instrumentation Big Stink Major James I. Hopkins , Jr . Dimples 90 Strike observation and photography Full House Major Ralph R. Taylor Dimples 83 Strike spare -- did not complete mission At 03 : 49 on the morning of August 9 , 1945 , Bockscar , flown by Sweeney 's crew , carried Fat Man , with Kokura as the primary target and Nagasaki the secondary target . The mission plan for the second attack was nearly identical to that of the Hiroshima mission , with two B - 29s flying an hour ahead as weather scouts and two additional B - 29s in Sweeney 's flight for instrumentation and photographic support of the mission . Sweeney took off with his weapon already armed but with the electrical safety plugs still engaged . During pre-flight inspection of Bockscar , the flight engineer notified Sweeney that an inoperative fuel transfer pump made it impossible to use 640 US gallons ( 2,400 l ; 530 imp gal ) of fuel carried in a reserve tank . This fuel would still have to be carried all the way to Japan and back , consuming still more fuel . Replacing the pump would take hours ; moving the Fat Man to another aircraft might take just as long and was dangerous as well , as the bomb was live . Tibbets and Sweeney therefore elected to have Bockscar continue the mission . This time Penney and Cheshire were allowed to accompany the mission , flying as observers on the third plane , Big Stink , flown by the group 's operations officer , Major James I. Hopkins , Jr . Observers aboard the weather planes reported both targets clear . When Sweeney 's aircraft arrived at the assembly point for his flight off the coast of Japan , Big Stink failed to make the rendezvous . According to Cheshire , Hopkins was at varying heights including 9,000 feet ( 2,700 m ) higher than he should have been , and was not flying tight circles over Yakushima as previously agreed with Sweeney and Captain Frederick C. Bock , who was piloting the support B - 29 The Great Artiste . Instead , Hopkins was flying 40 - mile ( 64 km ) dogleg patterns . Though ordered not to circle longer than fifteen minutes , Sweeney continued to wait for Big Stink for forty minutes . Before leaving the rendezvous point , Sweeney consulted Ashworth , who was in charge of the bomb . As commander of the aircraft , Sweeney made the decision to proceed to the primary , the city of Kokura . Nagasaki before and after the bombing and the fires had long since burnt out After exceeding the original departure time limit by nearly a half - hour , Bockscar , accompanied by The Great Artiste , proceeded to Kokura , thirty minutes away . The delay at the rendezvous had resulted in clouds and drifting smoke over Kokura from fires started by a major firebombing raid by 224 B - 29s on nearby Yahata the previous day . Additionally , the Yawata Steel Works intentionally burned coal tar , to produce black smoke . The clouds and smoke resulted in 70 % of the area over Kokura being covered , obscuring the aiming point . Three bomb runs were made over the next 50 minutes , burning fuel and exposing the aircraft repeatedly to the heavy defenses around Kokura , but the bombardier was unable to drop visually . By the time of the third bomb run , Japanese antiaircraft fire was getting close , and Second Lieutenant Jacob Beser , who was monitoring Japanese communications , reported activity on the Japanese fighter direction radio bands . After three runs over the city , and with fuel running low because of the failed fuel pump , Bockscar and The Great Artiste headed for their secondary target , Nagasaki . Fuel consumption calculations made en route indicated that Bockscar had insufficient fuel to reach Iwo Jima and would be forced to divert to Okinawa , which had become entirely Allied - occupied territory only six weeks earlier . After initially deciding that if Nagasaki were obscured on their arrival the crew would carry the bomb to Okinawa and dispose of it in the ocean if necessary , Ashworth agreed with Sweeney 's suggestion that a radar approach would be used if the target was obscured . At about 07 : 50 Japanese time , an air raid alert was sounded in Nagasaki , but the `` all clear '' signal was given at 08 : 30 . When only two B - 29 Superfortresses were sighted at 10 : 53 , the Japanese apparently assumed that the planes were only on reconnaissance and no further alarm was given . A few minutes later at 11 : 00 , The Great Artiste dropped instruments attached to three parachutes . These instruments also contained an unsigned letter to Professor Ryokichi Sagane , a physicist at the University of Tokyo who studied with three of the scientists responsible for the atomic bomb at the University of California , Berkeley , urging him to tell the public about the danger involved with these weapons of mass destruction . The messages were found by military authorities but not turned over to Sagane until a month later . In 1949 , one of the authors of the letter , Luis Alvarez , met with Sagane and signed the document . At 11 : 01 , a last - minute break in the clouds over Nagasaki allowed Bockscar 's bombardier , Captain Kermit Beahan , to visually sight the target as ordered . The Fat Man weapon , containing a core of about 5 kg ( 11 lb ) of plutonium , was dropped over the city 's industrial valley . It exploded 47 seconds later at 1,650 ± 33 ft ( 503 ± 10 m ) , above a tennis court , halfway between the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works in the south and the Nagasaki Arsenal in the north . This was nearly 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) northwest of the planned hypocenter ; the blast was confined to the Urakami Valley and a major portion of the city was protected by the intervening hills . The resulting explosion released the equivalent energy of 21 ± 2 kt ( 87.9 ± 8.4 TJ ) . Big Stink spotted the explosion from a hundred miles away , and flew over to observe . Urakami Tenshudo ( Catholic Church in Nagasaki ) destroyed by the bomb , the dome / bell of the church , at right , having toppled off Bockscar flew on to Okinawa , arriving with only sufficient fuel for a single approach . Sweeney tried repeatedly to contact the control tower for landing clearance , but received no answer . He could see heavy air traffic landing and taking off from Yontan Airfield . Firing off every flare on board to alert the field to his emergency landing , the Bockscar came in fast , landing at 140 miles per hour ( 230 km / h ) instead of the normal 120 miles per hour ( 190 km / h ) . The number two engine died from fuel starvation as he began the final approach . Touching down midway down the landing strip , Bockscar bounced up into the air again for about 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) before slamming back down hard . The heavy B - 29 slewed left and towards a row of parked B - 24 bombers before the pilots managed to regain control . Its reversible propellers were insufficient to slow the aircraft adequately , and with both pilots standing on the brakes , Bockscar made a swerving 90 - degree turn at the end of the runway to avoid running off it . A second engine died from fuel exhaustion before the plane came to a stop . The flight engineer later measured fuel in the tanks and concluded that less than five minutes total remained . Following the mission , there was confusion over the identification of the plane . The first eyewitness account by war correspondent William L. Laurence of The New York Times , who accompanied the mission aboard the aircraft piloted by Bock , reported that Sweeney was leading the mission in The Great Artiste . He also noted its `` Victor '' number as 77 , which was that of Bockscar . Laurence had interviewed Sweeney and his crew , and was aware that they referred to their airplane as The Great Artiste . Except for Enola Gay , none of the 393d 's B - 29s had yet had names painted on the noses , a fact which Laurence himself noted in his account . Unaware of the switch in aircraft , Laurence assumed Victor 77 was The Great Artiste , which was in fact , Victor 89 . Events on the ground The Nagasaki Prefecture Report on the bombing characterized Nagasaki as `` like a graveyard with not a tombstone standing '' . Although the bomb was more powerful than the one used on Hiroshima , the effect was confined by hillsides to the narrow Urakami Valley . Of 7,500 Japanese employees who worked inside the Mitsubishi Munitions plant , including `` mobilized '' students and regular workers , 6,200 were killed . Some 17,000 -- 22,000 others who worked in other war plants and factories in the city died as well . Casualty estimates for immediate deaths vary widely , ranging from 22,000 to 75,000 . At least 35,000 -- 40,000 people were killed and 60,000 others injured . In the days and months following the explosion , more people died from their injuries . Because of the presence of undocumented foreign workers , and a number of military personnel in transit , there are great discrepancies in the estimates of total deaths by the end of 1945 ; a range of 39,000 to 80,000 can be found in various studies . Unlike Hiroshima 's military death toll , only 150 Japanese soldiers were killed instantly , including thirty - six from the 134th AAA Regiment of the 4th AAA Division . At least eight known POWs died from the bombing and as many as 13 may have died , including a British prisoner of war , Royal Air Force Corporal Ronald Shaw , and seven Dutch POWs . One American POW , Joe Kieyoomia , was in Nagasaki at the time of the bombing but survived , reportedly having been shielded from the effects of the bomb by the concrete walls of his cell . There were 24 Australian POWs in Nagasaki , all of whom survived . Partially incinerated child in Nagasaki . Photo from Japanese photographer Yosuke Yamahata , one day after the blast and building fires had subsided . Once the American forces had Japan under their military control , they imposed censorship on all such images including those from the conventional bombing of Tokyo , this prevented the distribution of Yamahata 's photographs . These restrictions were lifted in 1952 . The radius of total destruction was about 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) , followed by fires across the northern portion of the city to 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) south of the bomb . About 58 % of the Mitsubishi Arms Plant was damaged , and about 78 % of the Mitsubishi Steel Works . The Mitsubishi Electric Works suffered only 10 % structural damage as it was on the border of the main destruction zone . The Nagasaki Arsenal was destroyed in the blast . Although many fires likewise burnt following the bombing , in contrast to Hiroshima where sufficient fuel density was available , no firestorm developed in Nagasaki as the damaged areas did not furnish enough fuel to generate the phenomenon . Instead , the ambient wind at the time pushed the fire spread along the valley . As in Hiroshima , the bombing badly dislocated the city 's medical facilities . A makeshift hospital was established at the Shinkozen Primary School , which served as the main medical centre . The trains were still running , and evacuated many victims to hospitals in nearby towns . A medical team from a naval hospital reached the city in the evening , and fire - fighting brigades from the neighboring towns assisted in fighting the fires . Takashi Nagai was a doctor working in the radiology department of Nagasaki Medical College Hospital . He received a serious injury that severed his right temporal artery , but joined the rest of the surviving medical staff in treating bombing victims . Plans for more Atomic attacks on Japan Memorandum from Groves to Marshall regarding the third bomb , with Marshall 's hand - written endorsement Groves expected to have another atomic bomb ready for use on August 19 , with three more in September and a further three in October . On August 10 , he sent a memorandum to Marshall in which he wrote that `` the next bomb ... should be ready for delivery on the first suitable weather after 17 or 18 August . '' Marshall endorsed the memo with the hand - written comment , `` It is not to be released over Japan without express authority from the President '' , something Truman had requested that day . This modified the previous order that the target cities were to be attacked with atomic bombs `` as made ready '' . There was already discussion in the War Department about conserving the bombs then in production for Operation Downfall , and Marshall suggested to Stimson that the remaining cities on the target list be spared attack with atomic bombs . Two more Fat Man assemblies were readied , and scheduled to leave Kirtland Field for Tinian on August 11 and 14 , and Tibbets was ordered by LeMay to return to Albuquerque , New Mexico , to collect them . At Los Alamos , technicians worked 24 hours straight to cast another plutonium core . Although cast , it still needed to be pressed and coated , which would take until August 16 . Therefore , it could have been ready for use on August 19 . Unable to reach Marshall , Groves ordered on his own authority on August 13 that the core should not be shipped . Surrender of Japan and subsequent occupation Main articles : Surrender of Japan and Occupation of Japan Until August 9 , Japan 's war council still insisted on its four conditions for surrender . The full cabinet met on 14 : 30 on August 9 , and spent most of the day debating surrender . Anami conceded that victory was unlikely , but argued in favour of continuing the war nonetheless . The meeting ended at 17 : 30 , with no decision having been reached . Suzuki went to the palace to report on the outcome of meeting , where he met with Kōichi Kido , the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan . Kido informed him that the emperor had agreed to hold an imperial conference , and gave a strong indication that the emperor would consent to surrender on condition that kokutai be preserved . A second cabinet meeting was held at 18 : 00 . Only four ministers supported Anami 's position of adhering to the four conditions , but since cabinet decisions had to be unanimous , no decision was reached before it ended at 22 : 00 . Calling an imperial conference required the signatures of the prime minister and the two service chiefs , but the Chief Cabinet Secretary Hisatsune Sakomizu had already obtained signatures from Toyoda and General Yoshijirō Umezu in advance , and he reneged on his promise to inform them if a meeting was to be held . The meeting commenced at 23 : 50 . No consensus had emerged by 02 : 00 , but the emperor gave his `` scared decision '' , authorizing the Foreign Minister , Shigenori Tōgō , to notify the Allies that Japan would accept their terms on one condition , that the declaration `` does not comprise any demand which prejudices the prerogatives of His Majesty as a Sovereign ruler . '' On August 12 , the Emperor informed the imperial family of his decision to surrender . One of his uncles , Prince Asaka , then asked whether the war would be continued if the kokutai could not be preserved . Hirohito simply replied , `` Of course . '' As the Allied terms seemed to leave intact the principle of the preservation of the Throne , Hirohito recorded on August 14 his capitulation announcement which was broadcast to the Japanese nation the next day despite a short rebellion by militarists opposed to the surrender . In his declaration , Hirohito referred to the atomic bombings , and did not explicitly mention the Soviets as a factor for surrender : Despite the best that has been done by every one -- the gallant fighting of military and naval forces , the diligence and assiduity of Our servants of the State and the devoted service of Our one hundred million people , the war situation has developed not necessarily to Japan 's advantage , while the general trends of the world have all turned against her interest . Moreover , the enemy now possesses a new and terrible weapon with the power to destroy many innocent lives and do incalculable damage . Should we continue to fight , not only would it result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation , but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization . Such being the case , how are we to save the millions of our subjects , or to atone ourselves before the hallowed spirits of our imperial ancestors ? This is the reason why we have ordered the acceptance of the provisions of the joint declaration of the powers . In his `` Rescript to the Soldiers and Sailors '' delivered on August 17 , however , he stressed the impact of the Soviet invasion on his decision to surrender . Reportage See also : Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in popular culture Play media The Hiroshima ruins in March and April 1946 , by Daniel A. McGovern and Harry Mimura On August 10 , 1945 , the day after the Nagasaki bombing , Yōsuke Yamahata , correspondent Higashi , and artist Yamada arrived in the city with orders to record the destruction for maximum propaganda purposes , Yamahata took scores of photographs , and on August 21 , they appeared in Mainichi Shimbun , a popular Japanese newspaper . Wilfred Burchett was the first western journalist to visit Hiroshima after the bombing , arriving alone by train from Tokyo on September 2 . His Morse code dispatch , `` The Atomic Plague '' , was printed by the Daily Express newspaper in London on September 5 , 1945 , and was the first public report to mention the effects of radiation and nuclear fallout . His reporting was unpopular with the U.S. military , who accused Burchett of being under the sway of Japanese propaganda , and suppressed a supporting story submitted by George Weller of the Chicago Daily News . Laurence dismissed the reports on radiation sickness as Japanese efforts to undermine American morale , ignoring his own account published one week earlier . A member of the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey , Lieutenant Daniel McGovern , used a film crew to document the effects of the bombings in early 1946 . The film crew shot 90,000 ft ( 27,000 m ) of film , resulting in a three - hour documentary titled The Effects of the Atomic Bombs Against Hiroshima and Nagasaki . The documentary included images from hospitals showing the human effects of the bomb ; it showed burned - out buildings and cars , and rows of skulls and bones on the ground . It was classified `` secret '' for the next 22 years . Motion picture company Nippon Eigasha started sending cameramen to Nagasaki and Hiroshima in September 1945 . On October 24 , 1945 , a U.S. military policeman stopped a Nippon Eigasha cameraman from continuing to film in Nagasaki . All Nippon Eigasha 's reels were confiscated by the American authorities , but they were requested by the Japanese government , and declassified . The public release of film footage of the city post-attack , and some research about the effects of the attack , was restricted during the occupation of Japan , but the Hiroshima - based magazine , Chugoku Bunka , in its first issue published on March 10 , 1946 , devoted itself to detailing the damage from the bombing . Play media Life among the rubble in Hiroshima in March and April 1946 . Film footage taken by Lieutenant Daniel A. McGovern ( director ) and Harry Mimura ( cameraman ) for a United States Strategic Bombing Survey project . The book Hiroshima , written by Pulitzer Prize winner John Hersey , which was originally published in article form in the popular magazine The New Yorker , on August 31 , 1946 , is reported to have reached Tokyo in English by January 1947 , and the translated version was released in Japan in 1949 . It narrated the stories of the lives of six bomb survivors from immediately prior to , and months after , the dropping of the Little Boy bomb . Beginning in 1974 , a compilation of drawings and artwork made by the survivors of the bombings began to be compiled , with completion in 1977 , and under both book and exhibition format , it was titled The Unforgettable Fire . The bombing amazed Otto Hahn and other German atomic scientists , whom the British held at Farm Hall in Operation Epsilon . Hahn stated that he had not believed an atomic weapon `` would be possible for another twenty years '' ; Werner Heisenberg did not believe the news at first . Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker said `` I think it 's dreadful of the Americans to have done it . I think it is madness on their part '' , but Heisenberg replied , `` One could equally well say ' That 's the quickest way of ending the war ' '' . Hahn was grateful that the German project had not succeeded in developing `` such an inhumane weapon '' ; Karl Wirtz observed that even if it had , `` we would have obliterated London but would still not have conquered the world , and then they would have dropped them on us '' . The Vatican agreed ; L'Osservatore Romano expressed regret that the bomb 's inventors did not destroy the weapon for the benefit of humanity . Rev. Cuthbert Thicknesse , the Dean of St Albans , prohibited using St Albans Abbey for a thanksgiving service for the war 's end , calling the use of atomic weapons `` an act of wholesale , indiscriminate massacre '' . Nonetheless , news of the atomic bombing was greeted enthusiastically in the U.S. ; a poll in Fortune magazine in late 1945 showed a significant minority of Americans ( 22.7 % ) wishing that more atomic bombs could have been dropped on Japan . The initial positive response was supported by the imagery presented to the public ( mainly the powerful images of the mushroom cloud ) . During this time in America , it was a common practice for editors to keep graphic images of death out of films , magazines , and newspapers . Post-attack casualties See also : Epidemiology data for low - linear energy transfer radiation , Acute radiation syndrome § History , Radiobiology , Hiroshima ( book ) , and Dr. Terufumi Sasaki Play media Silent film footage taken in Hiroshima in March 1946 showing survivors with severe burns and keloid scars . Survivors were asked to stand in the orientation they were in at the time of the flash , to document and convey the line - of - sight nature of flash burns , and to show that , much like a sunburn , thick clothing and fabric offered protection in many cases . The sometimes extensive burn scar contracture is not unusual , being common to all 2nd and 3rd degree burns when they cover a large area of skin . Frequent estimates are that 140,000 people in Hiroshima ( 38.9 % of the population ) and 70,000 people in Nagasaki ( 28.0 % of the population ) died in 1945 , though the number which died immediately as a result of exposure to the blast , heat , or due to radiation , is unknown . One Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission report discusses 6,882 people examined in Hiroshima , and 6,621 people examined in Nagasaki , who were largely within 2000 meters from the hypocenter , who suffered injuries from the blast and heat but died from complications frequently compounded by acute radiation syndrome ( ARS ) , all within about 20 -- 30 days . The average radiation dose that will kill approximately 50 % of adults , the LD50 , was approximately halved when the individual experienced concurrent blast or burn effect injuries , conventional skin injuries that cover a large area , frequently result in bacterial infection , the risk of which is increased when a usually non-lethal radiation dose , moderately suppresses the white blood cell count . In the spring of 1948 , the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission ( ABCC ) was established in accordance with a presidential directive from Truman to the National Academy of Sciences -- National Research Council to conduct investigations of the late effects of radiation among the survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Cancer increases As cancers do not immediately emerge after exposure to radiation instead radiation - induced cancer has a minimum latency period of some 5 + years . An epidemiology study by the RERF estimates that from 1950 to 2000 , 46 % of leukemia deaths and 11 % of solid cancers of unspecificed lethality , could be due to radiation from the bombs , with the statistical excess being 200 leukemia deaths and 1,700 solid cancers of undeclared lethality . Both of these statistics being derived from the observation of approximately half of the total survivors , strictly those who took part in the study . Birth defect investigations While during the preimplantation period , that is 1 -- 10 days following conception , interuterine radiation exposure of `` at least 0.2 Gy '' can cause complications of implantation and death of the embryo . The number of miscarriages caused by the radiation from the bombings , during this radiosensitive period , is not known . One of the early studies conducted by the ABCC was on the outcome of pregnancies occurring in Hiroshima and Nagasaki , and in a control city , Kure , located 18 mi ( 29 km ) south of Hiroshima , in order to discern the conditions and outcomes related to radiation exposure . James V. Neel led the study which found that the number of birth defects was not significantly higher among the children of survivors who were pregnant at the time of the bombings . He also studied the longevity of the children who survived the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , reporting that between 90 and 95 percent were still living 50 years later . The National Academy of Sciences questioned Neel 's procedure which did not filter the Kure population for possible radiation exposure . Overall , while a statistically insignificant increase in birth defects occurred directly after the bombings of Nagasaki and Hiroshima , Neel and others noted that in approximately 50 humans who were of an early gestational age at the time of the bombing and who were all within about 1 kilometre ( 0.62 mi ) from the hypocenter , an increase in microencephaly and anencephaly was observed upon birth , with the incidence of these two particular malformations being nearly 3 times what was to be expected when compared to the control group in Kure , were approximately 20 cases were observed in a similar sample size . In 1985 , Johns Hopkins University geneticist James F. Crow examined Neel 's research and confirmed that the number of birth defects was not significantly higher in Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Many members of the ABCC and its successor Radiation Effects Research Foundation ( RERF ) were still looking for possible birth defects or other causes among the survivors decades later , but found no evidence that they were more common among the survivors . Investigations into brain development Despite the small sample size of 1600 to 1800 persons who came forth as prenatally exposed at the time of the bombings , that were both within a close proximity to the two hypocenters , to survive the In utero absorption of a substantial dose of radiation and then the malnourished post-attack environment , data from this cohort does support the increased risk of severe mental retardation ( SMR ) , that was observed in some 30 individuals , with SMR being a common outcome of the aforementioned microencephaly . While a lack of statistical data , with just 30 individuals out of 1800 , prevents a definitive determination of a threshold point , the data collected suggests a threshold interuterine or fetal dose for SMR , at the most radiosensitive period of cognitive development , when there is the largest number of undifferentiated neural cells ( 8 to 15 weeks post-conception ) to begin at a threshold dose of approximately `` 0.09 '' to `` 0.15 '' Gy , with the risk then linearly increasing to a 43 % rate of SMR when exposed to a fetal dose of 1 Gy at any point during these weeks of rapid Neurogenesis . However either side of this radiosensitive age , none of the prenatally exposed to the bombings at an age less than 8 weeks , that is prior to synaptogenesis or at a gestational age more than 26 weeks `` were observed to be mentally retarded '' , with the condition therefore being isolated to those solely of 8 -- 26 weeks of age and who absorbed more than approximately `` 0.09 '' to `` 0.15 '' Gy of radiation energy . Examination of the prenatally exposed in terms of IQ performance and school records , determined the beginning of a statistically significant reduction in both , when exposed to greater than 0.1 to 0.5 Gray , during the same gestational period of 8 -- 25 weeks . However outside this period , at less than 8 weeks and greater than 26 after conception , `` there is no evidence of a radiation - related effect on scholastic performance . '' The reporting of doses in terms of absorbed energy ( Gy and rad ) rather than the use of the biologically significant , biologically weighted Sievert , in both the SMR and cognitive performance data is typical . The reported threshold dose variance , between the two cities is sometimes explained due to Little Boy emitting substantially more neutron flux , whereas the Baratol that surrounded the core of Fat Man , filtered or shifted the absorbed radiation profile , so that the dose of radiation energy received in Nagasaki , is mostly that from exposure to gamma rays , in contrast to the environment within 1500 meters of the hypocenter at Hiroshima , were instead the dose was primarily due to absorbed neutrons , which have a higher biological effect per unit of energy absorbed . Many other investigations into cognitive outcomes , such as Schizophrenia as a result of prenatal exposure , have been conducted with `` no statistically significant linear relationship seen '' , there is a suggestion that in the most extremely exposed , those who survived within a kilometer or so of the hypocenters , a trend emerges akin to that seen in SMR , though the sample size is too small to determine with any significance . Hibakusha Main article : Hibakusha The survivors of the bombings are called hibakusha ( 被爆 者 , Japanese pronunciation : ( çibakɯ̥ɕa ) ) , a Japanese word that literally translates to `` explosion - affected people '' . The Japanese government has recognized about 650,000 people as hibakusha . As of March 31 , 2017 , 164,621 were still alive , mostly in Japan . The government of Japan recognizes about 1 % of these as having illnesses caused by radiation . The memorials in Hiroshima and Nagasaki contain lists of the names of the hibakusha who are known to have died since the bombings . Updated annually on the anniversaries of the bombings , as of August 2017 the memorials record the names of almost 485,000 hibakusha ; 308,725 in Hiroshima and 175,743 in Nagasaki . Hibakusha and their children were ( and still are ) victims of severe discrimination in Japan due to public ignorance about the consequences of radiation sickness , with much of the public believing it to be hereditary or even contagious . This is despite the fact that no statistically demonstrable increase of birth defects or congenital malformations was found among the later conceived children born to survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . A study of the long - term psychological effects of the bombings on the survivors found that even 17 -- 20 years after the bombings had occurred survivors showed a higher prevalence of anxiety and somatization symptoms . Double survivors Perhaps as many as 200 people from Hiroshima sought refuge in Nagasaki . The 2006 documentary Twice Survived : The Doubly Atomic Bombed of Hiroshima and Nagasaki documented 165 nijū hibakusha ( lit . double explosion - affected people ) , nine of whom claimed to be in the blast zone in both cities . On March 24 , 2009 , the Japanese government officially recognized Tsutomu Yamaguchi as a double hibakusha . He was confirmed to be 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) from ground zero in Hiroshima on a business trip when the bomb was detonated . He was seriously burnt on his left side and spent the night in Hiroshima . He arrived at his home city of Nagasaki on August 8 , the day before the bombing , and he was exposed to residual radiation while searching for his relatives . He was the first officially recognized survivor of both bombings . He died on January 4 , 2010 , at the age of 93 , after a battle with stomach cancer . Korean survivors See also : Anti-Korean sentiment § Japan During the war , Japan brought as many as 670,000 Korean conscripts to Japan to work as forced labor . About 5,000 -- 8,000 Koreans were killed in Hiroshima and another 1,500 -- 2,000 died in Nagasaki . For many years , Korean survivors had a difficult time fighting for the same recognition as Hibakusha as afforded to all Japanese survivors , a situation which resulted in the denial of the free health benefits to them in Japan . Most issues were eventually addressed in 2008 through lawsuits . Memorials Hiroshima was subsequently struck by Typhoon Ida on September 17 , 1945 . More than half the bridges were destroyed , and the roads and railroads were damaged , further devastating the city . The population increased from 83,000 soon after the bombing to 146,000 in February 1946 . The city was rebuilt after the war , with help from the national government through the Hiroshima Peace Memorial City Construction Law passed in 1949 . It provided financial assistance for reconstruction , along with land donated that was previously owned by the national government and used for military purposes . In 1949 , a design was selected for the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park . Hiroshima Prefectural Industrial Promotion Hall , the closest surviving building to the location of the bomb 's detonation , was designated the Hiroshima Peace Memorial . The Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum was opened in 1955 in the Peace Park . Hiroshima also contains a Peace Pagoda , built in 1966 by Nipponzan - Myōhōji . Panoramic view of Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park . The Genbaku Dome can be seen in the center left of the image . The original target for the bomb was the `` T '' - shaped Aioi Bridge seen in the left of the image . Nagasaki was also rebuilt after the war , but was dramatically changed in the process . The pace of reconstruction was initially slow , and the first simple emergency dwellings were not provided until 1946 . The focus on redevelopment was the replacement of war industries with foreign trade , shipbuilding and fishing . This was formally declared when the Nagasaki International Culture City Reconstruction Law was passed in May 1949 . New temples were built , as well as new churches owing to an increase in the presence of Christianity . Some of the rubble was left as a memorial , such as a torii at Sannō Shrine , and an arch near ground zero . New structures were also raised as memorials , such as the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum , which was opened in the mid-1990s . Panoramic view of the monument marking the hypocenter , or ground zero , of the atomic bomb explosion over Nagasaki Debate over bombings Main article : Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The role of the bombings in Japan 's surrender , and the ethical , legal , and military controversies surrounding the United States ' justification for them have been the subject of scholarly and popular debate . On one hand , it has been argued , that the bombings caused the Japanese surrender , thereby preventing casualties that an invasion of Japan would have involved . Stimson talked of saving one million casualties . The naval blockade might have starved the Japanese into submission without an invasion , but this would also have resulted in many more Japanese deaths . It has also been pointed out that the conventional bombing of Japan caused just as much destruction as the atomic bombs , if not more so . Indeed , Operation Meetinghouse , known as the Great Tokyo Air Raid in Japan , was the single most devastating air raid of the war , with a higher death toll than either of the two atomic bombings . Japanese historian Tsuyoshi Hasegawa argued that the entry of the Soviet Union into the war against Japan `` played a much greater role than the atomic bombs in inducing Japan to surrender because it dashed any hope that Japan could terminate the war through Moscow 's mediation '' . A view among critics of the bombings , that was popularized by American historian Gar Alperovitz in 1965 , is the idea of atomic diplomacy : that the United States used nuclear weapons in order to intimidate the Soviet Union in the early stages of the Cold War . Although not accepted by mainstream historians , this became the position in Japanese school history textbooks . Those who oppose the bombings , give other reasons for their view ; among them : a belief , that atomic bombing is fundamentally immoral , that the bombings counted as war crimes , that they constituted state terrorism , and that they involved racism against and the dehumanization of the Japanese people . Legacy Main article : Nuclear warfare Like the way it began , the manner in which World War II ended cast a long shadow over international relations for decades to come . By June 30 , 1946 , there were components for only nine atomic bombs in the US arsenal , all Fat Man devices identical to the one used in the bombing of Nagasaki . The nuclear weapons were handmade devices , and a great deal of work remained to improve their ease of assembly , safety , reliability and storage before they were ready for production . There were also many improvements to their performance that had been suggested or recommended , but that had not been possible under the pressure of wartime development . The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy had decried the use of the atomic bombs as adopting `` an ethical standard common to the barbarians of the Dark Ages '' , but in October 1947 , he reported a military requirement for 400 bombs . The American monopoly on nuclear weapons lasted only four years before the Soviet Union detonated an atomic bomb in September 1949 . The United States responded with the development of the hydrogen bomb , a nuclear weapon a thousand times as powerful as the bombs that devastated Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Such ordinary fission bombs would henceforth be regarded as small tactical nuclear weapons . By 1986 , the United States would have 23,317 nuclear weapons , while the Soviet Union had 40,159 . By 2017 , nine nations had nuclear weapons , but Japan was not one of them . Japan reluctantly signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in February 1970 , but it still sheltered under the American nuclear umbrella . American nuclear weapons were stored on Okinawa , and sometimes in Japan itself , albeit in contravention of agreements between the two nations . Lacking the resources to fight the Soviet Union using conventional forces , the Western Alliance came to depend on the use of nuclear weapons to defend itself during the Cold War , a policy that became known in the 1950s as the New Look . In the decades after Hiroshima and Nagasaki , the United States would threaten to use its nuclear weapons many times . Notes ^ Jump up to : Giangreco 2009 , pp. 2 -- 3 , 49 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 532 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 527 . Jump up ^ Long 1963 , pp. 48 -- 49 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks & Stanley 2007 , pp. 41 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Appleman et al. 1948 , pp. 462 -- 467 . Jump up ^ Coox 1969 , pp. 2540 -- 2544 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 32 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 125 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 169 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 45 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 70 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 121 -- 124 . Jump up ^ `` The Final Months of the War With Japan . Part III ( note 24 ) '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carroll 2007 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Drea 1992 , pp. 202 -- 225 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 98 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , p. 340 . ^ Jump up to : Giangreco 2009 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Schaffer 1985 , pp. 164 -- 165 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 22 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 169 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 29 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 507 -- 509 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 514 -- 521 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 548 -- 551 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 536 -- 545 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 558 -- 560 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 566 . Jump up ^ Sandler 2001 , pp. 24 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 574 -- 576 . Jump up ^ Long , Tony ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` March 9 , 1945 : Burning the Heart Out of the Enemy '' . Wired . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Laurence M. Vance ( August 14 , 2009 ) . `` Bombings Worse than Nagasaki and Hiroshima '' . The Future of Freedom Foundation . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Joseph Coleman ( March 10 , 2005 ) . `` 1945 Tokyo Firebombing Left Legacy of Terror , Pain '' . CommonDreams.org . Associated Press . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 608 -- 610 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 568 -- 570 . Jump up ^ Edwards 1996 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Werrell 1996 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 614 -- 617 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 642 -- 643 . Jump up ^ Kerr 1991 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Tanaka & Young 2009 , pp. 5 , 84 -- 85 , 117 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 653 -- 658 . Jump up ^ Coox 1994 , pp. 412 -- 414 . Jump up ^ Coox 1994 , p. 422 . Jump up ^ Zaloga & Noon 2010 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Zaloga & Noon 2010 , pp. 58 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 79 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Coox 1994 , p. 429 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Gowing 1964 , pp. 40 -- 43 , 76 -- 79 . Jump up ^ `` Quebec Agreement '' . atomicarchive.com . August 19 , 1943 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Gordon . `` Canada 's Role in the Atomic Bomb Programs of the United States , Britain , France and India '' . Canadian Coalition for Nuclear Responsibility . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved December 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 82 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 522 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 511 -- 516 . Jump up ^ Grunden 1998 , pp. 50 -- 52 . Jump up ^ `` Factsheets : 509th Operational Group '' . Air Force Historical Studies Office . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History of 509th Composite Group -- 313th Bombardment Wing -- Twentieth Air Force -- Activation to August 15 , 1945 '' ( PDF ) . 509th Composite Group . 1945 . pp. 8 -- 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998 , pp. 163 , 167 -- 168 . Jump up ^ `` Minutes of 3rd Target Committee Meeting 28 May 1945 '' ( PDF ) . National Archives . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on August 9 , 2006 . Retrieved August 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 706 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ `` History of 509th Composite Group -- 313th Bombardment Wing -- Twentieth Air Force -- Activation to 15 August 1945 '' ( PDF ) . Tinian : Air Force Historical Research Agency . 1945 . pp. 17 -- 22 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Christman 1998 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 528 -- 529 . ^ Jump up to : `` Atomic Bomb : Decision -- Target Committee , May 10 -- 11 , 1945 '' . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2005 . Retrieved August 6 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Reischauer 1986 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Kelly 2012 , pp. 183 -- 203 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1985 , p. 529 . Jump up ^ Hasegawa 2006 , pp. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Hasegawa 2006 , pp. 149 -- 150 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1985 , p. 530 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 255 -- 256 . Jump up ^ Compton 1956 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Compton 1956 , pp. 238 -- 239 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 255 -- 260 . Jump up ^ Newman 1995 , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II , A Collection of Primary Sources '' ( PDF ) . National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 162 . George Washington University . August 13 , 1945 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Josette H. `` The Information War in the Pacific , 1945 Paths to Peace '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved December 5 , 2016. ) ^ Jump up to : Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 656 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , p. 153 . ^ Jump up to : McNelly 2000 , p. 138 . ^ Jump up to : Lifton 1991 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ 空襲 予告 ビラ 、 高山 市民 が 保管 市 内 で 展示 ( Air Raid Notice ) ( in Japanese ) . 岐阜 新聞 社 ( Gifu Shinbunsha ( Open Library ) ) . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2013 . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bungei 1981 , p. 215 . ^ Jump up to : Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 372 -- 373 . Jump up ^ Gowing 1964 , p. 372 . Jump up ^ `` Minutes of a Meeting of the Combined Policy Committee , '' . Washington , DC : United States Department of State . July 4 , 1945 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 712 -- 713 . Jump up ^ `` Letter received from General Thomas Handy to General Carl Spaatz authorizing the dropping of the first atomic bomb '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pages from President Truman 's diary , July 17 , 18 , and 25 , 1945 '' . Harry S. Truman Library & Museum . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 389 -- 390 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 395 -- 396 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 233 -- 234 . The meaning of mokusatsu can fall anywhere in the range of `` ignore '' to `` treat with contempt '' . Jump up ^ Bix 1996 , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Asada 1996 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 326 , 356 , 370 . ^ Jump up to : Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 262 . ^ Jump up to : Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Coster - Mullen 2012 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Coster - Mullen 2012 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , pp. 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 64 -- 65 , 163 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Dillon & Wenger 1995 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 70 , 163 . ^ Jump up to : Zaloga & Noon 2010 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ United States Strategic Bombing Survey ( June 1946 ) . `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . Nuclear Age Peace Foundation . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2004 . Retrieved July 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 224 -- 225 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , p. 316 . ^ Jump up to : Frank 1999 , p. 263 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions # 1 '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation ( Formerly known as the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission ( ABCC ) ) . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2007 . Retrieved September 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bodden 2007 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Preston 2005 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Fiévé & Waley 2003 , p. 330 . Jump up ^ Rotter 2008 , p. 267 . ^ Jump up to : `` 509th Timeline : Inception to Hiroshima '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline # 2 -- the 509th ; The Hiroshima Mission '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dietz & Van Kirk 2012 , p. 462 . Jump up ^ Dietz & Van Kirk 2012 , p. 467 . Jump up ^ Lewis & Tolzer 1957 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline # 2 - the 509th ; The Hiroshima Mission '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Rebecca J. `` Rare Photo of the Mushroom Cloud Over Hiroshima Discovered in a Former Japanese Elementary School '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 391 -- 392 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , p. 414 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , p. 415 . Jump up ^ Allen 1969 , p. 2566 . ^ Jump up to : Kerr et al 2005 , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Malik , John ( September 1985 ) . `` The Yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki Explosions '' ( PDF ) . Los Alamos National Laboratory . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . describes how various values were recorded for the B - 29 's altitude at the moment of bomb release over Hiroshima . The strike report said 30,200 ft , the official history said 31,600 ft , Commander Parson 's log entry was 32,700 ft , and the navigator 's log was 31,060 ft -- the latter possibly an error transposing two digits . A later calculation using the indicated atmospheric pressure arrived at the figure of 32,200 ft . Similarly , several values have been reported as the altitude of the Little Boy bomb at the moment of detonation . Published sources vary in the range of 1,800 to 2,000 ft ( 550 to 610 m ) above the city . The device was set to explode at 1,885 ft ( 575 m ) , but this was approximate . Malik uses the figure of 1,903 ft ( 580 m ) plus or minus 50 ft ( 15 m ) , determined after data review by Hubbell et al 1969 . Radar returns from the tops of multistory buildings near the hypocenter may have triggered the detonation at a somewhat higher altitude than planned . Kerr et al. ( 2005 ) found that a detonation altitude of 600 m ( 1,968.5 ft ) , plus or minus 20 m ( 65.6 ft ) , gave the best fit for all the measurement discrepancies . Jump up ^ `` The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima , Aug 6 , 1945 '' . United States Department of Energy . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2010 . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 423 . 427 . Jump up ^ `` The Bomb - '' Little Boy `` '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Radiation Dose Reconstruction U.S. Occupation Forces in Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Japan , 1945 -- 1946 ( DNA 5512F ) '' ( PDF ) . Defense Nuclear Agency . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 24 , 2006 . Retrieved June 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Super-fortress crew tell their story '' . The Guardian . August 8 , 1945 . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 264 -- 265 . Jump up ^ `` Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombing -- Facts about the Atomic Bomb '' . Hiroshima Day Committee . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . p. 6 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . p. 37 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 286 -- 287 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' Harry S. Truman Library & Museum . p. 9 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . 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Archived from the original on April 16 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Photo - Essay on the Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Broad , William J. ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` The Hiroshima Mushroom Cloud That Was n't '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Toon et al. 2007 , p. 1994 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . p. 7 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ham 2011 , pp. 330 -- 331 . Jump up ^ Ham 2011 , p. 325 . Jump up ^ `` Memories of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . The Asahi Shimbun . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 443 -- 444 . Jump up ^ `` Heart of Hiroshima Wiped Out as by Giant Bulldozer '' . Advocate ( Burnie , Tas. : 1890 -- 1954 ) . Burnie , Tasmania : National Library of Australia . August 9 , 1945 . p. 1 . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ham 2011 , p. 333 . Jump up ^ `` Americans Killed by Atomic Bomb to be Honored in Hiroshima '' . Allgov.com . June 4 , 2009 . Retrieved December 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 444 -- 445 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Greg ( August 5 , 2011 ) . `` Hidden History : American POWS Were Killed in Hiroshima '' . The Nation . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2018 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sheryl P. Walter Declassified / Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 20 Mar 2014 Sheryl P. Walter Declassified / Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 20 Mar 2014 '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ `` Steel mill worker reveals blocking view of U.S. aircraft on day of Nagasaki atomic bombing '' . Mainichi Weekly . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Antonucci & Antonucci 1997 , pp. 213 -- 215 . Jump up ^ `` Spitzer Personal Diary Page 25 ( CGP - ASPI - 025 ) '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Antonucci & Antonucci 1997 , pp. 216 -- 217 . Jump up ^ Chun 2008 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 295 . Jump up ^ `` Stories from Riken '' ( PDF ) . Riken . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 10 , 2012 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kerr et al 2005 , pp. 43 , 46 . Jump up ^ Wainstock 1996 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , p. 346 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Antonucci & Antonucci 1997 , pp. 222 -- 226 . Jump up ^ Laurence , William L. `` Eyewitness Account of Atomic Bomb Over Nagasaki '' . Atomic Archive . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . 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Retrieved January 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How Effective Was Navajo Code ? One Former Captive Knows '' . News from Indian Country . August 1997 . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` POW 's Remarkable Escapes in Nagasaki '' . The Argus . Melbourne : National Library of Australia . September 19 , 1945 . p. 20 . Retrieved February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yosuke Yamahata '' . www.noorderlicht.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` A Veiled Truth : The U.S. Censorship of the Atomic Bomb '' . Duke East Asia Nexus . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Nagasaki marks tragic anniversary '' . People 's Daily . August 10 , 2005 . Retrieved April 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' Harry S. Truman Library & Museum . p. 19 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Glasstone & Dolan 1977 , p. 304 . Jump up ^ `` Rescue and Relief Activities 長崎 市 平和 ・ 原爆 '' . City of Nagasaki . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Achievements of Dr. Takashi Nagai 長崎 市 平和 ・ 原爆 '' . City of Nagasaki . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bernstein 1991 , pp. 149 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 111 -- 112 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp. 396 -- 397 . Jump up ^ Terkel , Studs ( November 1 , 2007 ) . `` Paul Tibbets Interview '' . Aviation Publishing Group . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lawrence Litz 's Interview ( 2012 ) '' . Voices of the Manhattan Project . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wellerstein , Alex ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` The Third Core 's Revenge '' . nuclearsecrecy.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hasegawa 2006 , pp. 207 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Hasegawa 2006 , pp. 209 -- 210 . Jump up ^ Kido & Yoshitake 1966 , p. 1223 . Jump up ^ Fujiwara 1991 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 316 -- 319 . Jump up ^ `` Imperial Rescript ending war -- What Hirohito really said in his acceptance speech '' . translated by William Wetherall . Yosha Research . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Emperor Hirohito 's Surrender Rescript to Japanese Troops '' . Taiwan Document Project . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2012 . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Bombing of Nagasaki After Yosuke Yamahata : A collection of 24 photographs taken the day after the bombing , ( Japan ) 1945 -- 46 '' . Bonhams . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burchett 2004 , pp. 10 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Amy ; Goodman , David ( August 5 , 2005 ) . `` The Hiroshima Cover - Up '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Moore 1995 , p. 73 . ^ Jump up to : Greg Mitchell ( August 7 , 2009 ) . `` The Great Hiroshima Cover - Up '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ishikawa & Swain 1981 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Destructive Effects '' . Atomic Bomb Museum . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Angell , Roger ( July 31 , 1995 ) . `` Hersey and History '' . The New Yorker . From the Archives . p. 66 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Richie , Donald ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` The pure horror of Hiroshima '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sharp 2000 , pp. 434 -- 452 . Jump up ^ Michaub , Jon ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` Eighty - Five from the Archive : John Hersey '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Japanese Broadcasting Corporation ( NHK ) 1977 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript of Surreptitiously Taped Conversations among German Nuclear Physicists at Farm Hall ( August 6 -- 7 , 1945 ) '' ( PDF ) . German History in Documents and Images . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vatican Regrets Inventors Did Not Destroy Bomb '' . The Miami News . Associated Press . August 7 , 1945 . pp. 1 -- A. Archived from the original on August 23 , 2013 . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No Abbey Service '' . The Guardian . August 15 , 1945 . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hixson 2002 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ White 1995 , pp. 1 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Hein & Selden 1997 , pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Latest Knowledge on Radiological Effects : Radiation Health Effects of Atomic Bomb Explosions and Nuclear Power Plant Accidents Jump up ^ Medical Effects Of Atomic Bombs The Report Of The Joint Commission For The Investigation Of The Effects Of The Atomic Bomb In Japan Volume 1 Jump up ^ Nuclear fallout medical effects . Mettler Jump up ^ Putnam , Frank W . `` The Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission in Retrospect '' . National Academy of Sciences . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions # 2 '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( Biological Effects of Prenatal Irradiation Christian Streffer doi.org/10.1002/9780470515006.ch11 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` The Radiation Effects Research Foundation '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2009 . Retrieved March 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Voosen , Paul ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Nuclear Crisis : Hiroshima and Nagasaki cast long shadows over radiation science '' . E&E News . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The American Spectator , Volume 35 '' . Saturday Evening Club . 2002 . p. 57 . Jump up ^ Johnston 2008 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ `` Birth defects among the children of atomic - bomb survivors ( 1948 -- 1954 ) '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Krimsky & Shorett 2005 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ `` Data India '' . Press Institute of India . 2008 . p. 697 . Jump up ^ NAP pg 354 effects of growth and development Jump up ^ ICRP and impairment of mental function following prenatal irradiation . RH Mole . Journal of Radiological Protection , Volume 12 , Number 2 . 1992 Jump up ^ pg 354 effects of growth and development Jump up ^ Prenatal Exposure to Atomic Radiation and Brain Damage doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-4520.1989.tb00751.x Congenital Anomalies 1989 . Schull Jump up ^ NAP pg 360 effects of growth and development Jump up ^ Prenatal Exposure to Atomic Radiation and Brain Damage doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-4520.1989.tb00751.x Congenital Anomalies 1989 Jump up ^ Mental Retardation Following In Utero Exposure to the Atomic Bombs of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Pediatric Radiology doi.org/10.1148/106.3.617 . `` Significant increases at doses greater than 50 rads in Hiroshima and 200 in Nagasaki were found , with the risk of mental retardation generally rising directly with increasing dose . The lower dose - effect in Hiroshima may have been due to irradiation by neutrons which were virtually absent in Nagasaki . '' Jump up ^ Lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia among individuals prenatally exposed to atomic bomb radiation in Nagasaki City / doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb10877.x Jump up ^ `` Hiroshima marks 72nd A-bomb anniversary with eyes on ban treaty '' . The Mainichi . August 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Relief for A-bomb victims '' . The Japan Times . August 15 , 2007 . Retrieved October 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` UN chief calls for intensified effort on nuclear disarmament '' . Asian News Service . August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atomic bombing of Nagasaki remembered '' . The Japan News . August 9 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prejudice haunts atomic bomb survivors '' . The Japan Times . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2007 . Retrieved August 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Birth defects among the children of atomic - bomb survivors ( 1948 -- 1954 ) '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yamada & Izumi 2002 , pp. 409 -- 415 . Jump up ^ `` Twice Bombed , Twice Survived : Film Explores Untold Stories from Hiroshima & Nagasaki '' . Columbia University . August 2 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2009 . Retrieved March 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Confirms First Double A-Bomb Survivor '' . Sky News . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Man who survived two atom bombs dies '' . CNN . January 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2010 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gruhl 2007 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Dower 1996 , p. 140 Dower says that Korean survivor groups use higher estimates . Jump up ^ Palmer , David ( February 20 , 2008 ) . `` Korean Hibakusha , Japan 's Supreme Court and the International Community : Can the U.S. and Japan Confront Forced Labor and Atomic Bombing ? '' . Asia - Pacific Journal . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ishikawa & Swain 1981 , p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` After the Bomb '' . Atomic Bomb Museum . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peace Memorial City , Hiroshima '' . Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Years for the Peace Memorial Museum '' . Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park '' . Japan Deluxe Tours . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nagasaki History Facts and Timeline '' . World Guides . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker 2005 , p. 334 . Jump up ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002 , pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Selden & Selden 1990 , pp. xxx -- xxxi . Jump up ^ Walker 1990 , pp. 97 -- 114 . Jump up ^ `` Historians : Soviet offensive , key to Japan 's WWII surrender , was eclipsed by A-bombs '' . Fox News . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Orr 2008 , pp. 521 -- 529 . Jump up ^ Stohl 1979 , p. 279 ) . Jump up ^ Gunter , Linda ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` The Racism of the Nagasaki and Hiroshima Bombings '' . Counter Punch . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ellsberg 2017 , pp. 266 -- 267 . Jump up ^ Rhodes 1995 , pp. 212 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Khan , Shahedul Anam ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' `` An ethical standard common to the barbarians of the Dark Ages '' `` . The Daily Star . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ellsberg 2017 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ Ellsberg 2017 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Ellsberg 2017 , p. 269 . Jump up ^ Ellsberg 2017 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Quester 1970 , p. 765 . Jump up ^ Ellsberg 2017 , pp. 80 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Holl 1989 , p. 272 . 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( 2000 ) . `` From Yellow Peril to Japanese Wasteland : John Hersey 's ' Hiroshima ' '' . Twentieth Century Literature. 46 : 434 -- 452 . ISSN 0041 - 462X . JSTOR 827841 . Sherwin , Martin J. ( 2003 ) . A World Destroyed : Hiroshima and its Legacies . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3957 - 9 . OCLC 52714712 . Sklar , Morty , ed. ( 1984 ) . Nuke - rebuke : Writers & Artists Against Nuclear Energy & Weapons . Iowa City , Iowa : The Spirit That Moves Us Press . ISBN 0 - 930370 - 16 - 3 . OCLC 10072916 . Slavinskiĭ , Boris Nikolaevich ( 2004 ) . The Japanese - Soviet Neutrality Pact : A Diplomatic History , 1941 -- 1945 . Nissan Institute / Routledge Japanese Studies Series . London ; New York : RoutledgeCurzon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 32292 - 8 . Stohl , Michael ( 1979 ) . The Politics of Terrorism . New York : M. Dekker . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8247 - 6764 - 8 . OCLC 4495087 . Sweeney , Charles ; Antonucci , James A. ; Antonucci , Marion K. ( 1997 ) . War 's End : An Eyewitness Account of America 's Last Atomic Mission . New York : Quill Publishing . ISBN 0 - 380 - 78874 - 8 . Tanaka , Yuki ; Young , Marilyn B. ( 2009 ) . Bombing Civilians : A Twentieth Century History . New York : New Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59558 - 547 - 9 . OCLC 624416971 . Thomas , Gordon ; Morgan - Witts , Max ( 1977 ) . Ruin from the Air . London : Hamilton . ISBN 0 - 241 - 89726 - 2 . OCLC 252041787 . Tibbets , Paul W. ( 1998 ) . Return Of The Enola Gay . New Hope , Pennsylvania : Enola Gay Remembered . ISBN 0 - 9703666 - 0 - 4 . OCLC 69423383 . Toon , O.B. ; Turco , R.P. ; Robock , A. ; Bardeen , C. ; Oman , L. ; Stenchikov , G.L. ( 2007 ) . `` Atmospheric Effects and Societal Consequences of Regional Scale Nuclear Conflicts and Acts of Individual Nuclear Terrorism '' ( PDF ) . Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 7 : 1973 -- 2002 . ISSN 1680 - 7316 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . United States Department of State ( 1960 ) . Foreign Relations of the United States : Diplomatic Papers : the Conference of Berlin ( the Potsdam Conference ) , 1945 . Foreign Relations of the United States . 2 . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . OCLC 22435734 . Wainstock , Dennis D. ( 1996 ) . The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb . Westport , Connecticut : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95475 - 7 . OCLC 33243854 . Walker , J. Samuel ( January 1990 ) . `` The Decision to Use the Bomb : A Historiographical Update '' . Diplomatic History . 14 ( 1 ) : 97 -- 114 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.1990. tb00078. x . ISSN 1467 - 7709 . Walker , J. Samuel ( April 2005 ) . `` Recent Literature on Truman 's Atomic Bomb Decision : A Search for Middle Ground '' . Diplomatic History . 29 ( 2 ) : 311 -- 334 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.2005. 00476. x . ISSN 1467 - 7709 . Werrell , Kenneth P. ( 1996 ) . Blankets of Fire : U.S. Bombers over Japan during World War II . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . ISBN 1 - 56098 - 665 - 4 . OCLC 32921746 . White , Geoffrey . M. ( July 1995 ) . `` Memory Wars : The Politics of Remembering the Asia - Pacific War '' ( PDF ) . Asia - Pacific Issues ( 21 ) . ISSN 1522 - 0966 . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Williams , M.H. ( 1960 ) . Chronology , 1941 -- 1945 . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Chief of Military History , Department of the Army . OCLC 1358166 . Yamada , Michiko ; Izumi , Shizue ( 2002 ) . `` Psychiatric Sequelae in Atomic Bomb Survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki Two Decades After the Explosions '' . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 37 ( 9 ) : 409 -- 415 . doi : 10.1007 / s00127 - 002 - 0572 - 5 . ISSN 0933 - 7954 . Zaloga , Steven J. ; Noon , Steve ( 2010 ) . Defense of Japan 1945 . Fortress . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84603 - 687 - 9 . OCLC 503042143 . Further reading Allen , Thomas ; Polmar , Norman ( 1995 ) . Code - Name Downfall . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80406 - 9 . Alperovitz , Gar ; Tree , Sanho ( 1996 ) . The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb . New York : Vintage . ISBN 0 - 679 - 76285 - X . The Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki ( 1981 ) . Hiroshima and Nagasaki : The Physical , Medical , and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 02985 - X . Delgado , James P. ( 2009 ) . Nuclear Dawn : the Atomic Bomb , from the Manhattan Project to the Cold War . New York : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 396 - 4 . OCLC 297147193 . Gordin , Michael D. ( 2007 ) . Five Days in August : How World War II Became a Nuclear War . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 12818 - 9 . OCLC 70630623 . Gosling , Francis George ( 1994 ) . The Manhattan Project : Making the Atomic Bomb . Washington , D.C. : United States Department of Energy , History Division . OCLC 637052193 . Krauss , Robert ; Krauss , Amelia ( 2005 ) . The 509th Remembered : A History of the 509th Composite Group as Told by the Veterans Themselves . Buchanan , Michigan : 509th Press . ISBN 0 - 923568 - 66 - 2 . OCLC 59148135 . Merton , Thomas ( 1962 ) . Original Child Bomb : Points for Meditation to be Scratched on the Walls of a Cave . New York : New Directions . OCLC 4527778 . Murakami , Chikayasu ( 2007 ) . Hiroshima no shiroi sora ( The White Sky in Hiroshima ) . Tokyo : Bungeisha . ISBN 4 - 286 - 03708 - 8 . Ogura , Toyofumi ( 2001 ) . Letters from the End of the World : A Firsthand Account of the Bombing of Hiroshima . Tokyo : Kodansha International . ISBN 4 - 7700 - 2776 - 1 . Sekimori , Gaynor ( 1986 ) . Hibakusha : Survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Tokyo : Kosei Publishing Company . ISBN 4 - 333 - 01204 - X . Ward , Wilson ( Spring 2007 ) . `` The Winning Weapon ? Rethinking Nuclear Weapons in Light of Hiroshima '' . International Security . 31 ( 4 ) : 162 -- 179 . doi : 10.1162 / isec. 2007.31. 4.162 . ISSN 1531 - 4804 . Warren , Stafford L. ( 1966 ) . `` Manhattan Project '' . In Ahnfeldt , Arnold Lorentz . Radiology in World War II . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Surgeon General , Department of the Army . pp. 831 -- 922 . OCLC 630225 . External links Find more aboutAtomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasakiat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Present day Are Nagasaki and Hiroshima still radioactive ? -- No . Includes explanation . The decision `` Order from General Thomas Handy to General Carl Spaatz authorizing the dropping of the first atomic bomb '' . Wikisource. 2015 . `` Documents on the Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb '' . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` President Truman Defends Use of Atomic Bomb , 1945 : Original Letters '' . Shapell Manuscript Foundation . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . `` Correspondence Regarding Decision to Drop the Bomb '' . Nuclear Age Peace Foundation . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . The effects `` The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . 1946 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` Scientific Data of the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Disaster '' . Atomic Bomb Disease Institute , Nagasaki University . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` Tale of Two Cities : The Story of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . National Science Digital Library . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . Atomic Archive. 1946 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II '' ( PDF ) . National Security Archive . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . The short film Children of Hiroshima ( Reel 1 of 2 ) ( 1952 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Children of Hiroshima ( Reel 2 of 2 ) ( 1952 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive `` Photo gallery of aftermath pictures '' . Time - Life . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2012 . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Video footage of the bombing of Nagasaki ( silent ) on YouTube Video footage of the bombing of Hiroshima on YouTube The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima & Nagasaki public domain audiobook at LibriVox Archives `` Nagasaki Archive '' . Google Earth mapping of Nagasaki bombing archives . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` Hiroshima Archive '' . Google Earth mapping of Hiroshima bombing archives . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Bibliographies `` Annotated bibliography for atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where were the two atomic bombs dropped in japan | [
"During the final stage of World War II, the United States detonated two nuclear weapons over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively. The United States dropped the bombs after obtaining the consent of the United Kingdom, as required by the Quebec Agreement. The two bombings killed at least 129,000 people, most of whom were civilians. They remain the only use of nuclear weapons in the history of warfare.",
"During the final stage of World War II, the United States detonated two nuclear weapons over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively. The United States dropped the bombs after obtaining the consent of the United Kingdom, as required by the Quebec Agreement. The two bombings killed at least 129,000 people, most of whom were civilians. They remain the only use of nuclear weapons in the history of warfare."
] | [
"Hiroshima",
"Nagasaki"
] |
-9178430382186304778 | David Farragut | David Farragut - wikipedia David Farragut Jump to : navigation , search David Farragut Birth name James Glasgow Farragut ( 1801 - 07 - 05 ) July 5 , 1801 Campbell 's Station , Tennessee U.S. ( now Farragut , Tennessee , U.S. ) August 14 , 1870 ( 1870 - 08 - 14 ) ( aged 69 ) Portsmouth , New Hampshire , U.S. ( now Kittery , Maine , U.S. ) Buried Woodlawn Cemetery , the Bronx Allegiance United States of America Union Service / branch United States Navy Union Navy Years of service 1810 -- 1870 Rank Admiral Commands held USS Ferret USS Saratoga USS Brooklyn Mare Island Navy Yard European Squadron Western Gulf Blockading Squadron Battles / wars War of 1812 USS Essex vs. HMS Alert Action off Charles Island Nuku Hiva Campaign Battle of Valparaiso ( WIA ) ( POW ) West Indies anti-piracy operations Mexican -- American War American Civil War Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip Battle of New Orleans Siege of Vicksburg Siege of Port Hudson Battle of Mobile Bay Signature David Glasgow Farragut / ˈfærəɡət / ( also spelled Glascoe ; July 5 , 1801 -- August 14 , 1870 ) was a flag officer of the United States Navy during the American Civil War . He was the first rear admiral , vice admiral , and admiral in the United States Navy . He is remembered for his order at the Battle of Mobile Bay usually paraphrased as `` Damn the torpedoes , full speed ahead '' in U.S. Navy tradition . Born near Knoxville , Tennessee , Farragut was fostered by naval officer David Porter after the death of his mother . Despite his young age , Farragut served in the War of 1812 under the command of his adoptive father . He received his first command in 1824 and participated in anti-piracy operations in the Caribbean Sea . He served in the Mexican - American War under the command of Matthew C. Perry , participating in the blockade of Tuxpan . After the war , he oversaw the construction of the Mare Island Naval Shipyard , the first U.S. Navy base established on the Pacific Ocean . Though Farragut resided in Norfolk , Virginia prior to the Civil War , he strongly opposed secession and remained loyal to the Union after the outbreak of the Civil War . Despite some doubts about Farragut 's loyalty , Farragut was assigned command of an attack on the important Confederate port city of New Orleans . After fighting past Fort St. Philip and Fort Jackson , Farragut captured New Orleans in April 1862 . He was promoted to rear admiral after the battle and helped extend Union control up along the Mississippi River , participating in the Siege of Port Hudson . With the Union in control of the Mississippi , Farragut led a successful attack on Mobile Bay , home to the last major Confederate port on the Gulf of Mexico . Farragut was promoted to Admiral following the end of the Civil War and remained on active duty until his death in 1870 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 War of 1812 2.2 West Indies 2.3 Mexican -- American War 2.4 Mare Island Navy Yard 2.5 Civil War service 2.6 Post-Civil War service 3 Death 4 Personal life 5 Timeline of service 6 Legacy 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 11.1 External links Early life ( edit ) Coat of Arms of David Farragut Farragut was born in 1801 to Jordi ( George ) Farragut , a native of Menorca , Spain , and his wife Elizabeth ( née Shine , 1765 -- 1808 ) , of North Carolina Scots - Irish American descent , at Lowe 's Ferry on the Holston River in Tennessee . It was a few miles southeast of Campbell 's Station , near Knoxville . His father operated the ferry and also served as a cavalry officer in the Tennessee militia . Jordi Farragut , son of Antoni Farragut and Joana Mesquida , became a Spanish merchant captain from Menorca . He joined the American Revolutionary cause after arriving in America in 1766 , when he changed his first name to George . George was a naval lieutenant during the Revolutionary War , serving first with the South Carolina Navy then the Continental Naval forces . George and Elizabeth had moved west to Tennessee after his service in the American Revolution . In 1805 , George Farragut accepted a position at the U.S. port of New Orleans . He traveled there first and his family followed , in a 1,700 - mile ( 2,700 km ) flatboat adventure aided by hired rivermen , the then four - year - old Farragut 's first voyage . The family was still living in New Orleans when Elizabeth died of yellow fever . His father made plans to place the young children with friends and family who could better care for them . David 's birth name was James . In 1808 , after his mother 's death , he agreed to live with David Porter , a naval officer whose father had been friends with James 's father , as Porter 's foster son . In 1812 , James adopted the name `` David '' in honor of his foster father , with whom he went to sea late in 1810 . David Farragut grew up in a naval family , as the foster brother of future Civil War admiral , David Dixon Porter , and Commodore William D. Porter . Career ( edit ) Farragut as he appears in the National Portrait Gallery in Washington , D.C. David Farragut 's naval career began as a midshipman when he was nine years old , and continued for 60 years until his death at the age of 69 . This included service in several wars , most notably during the American Civil War , where he gained fame for winning several decisive naval battles . War of 1812 ( edit ) Through the influence of his adoptive father , Farragut was commissioned a midshipman in the United States Navy on December 17 , 1810 , at the age of nine . A prize master by the age of 12 , Farragut fought in the War of 1812 , serving under Captain David Porter . While serving aboard USS Essex , Farragut participated in the capture of HMS Alert on August 13 , 1812 , then helped to establish America 's first naval base and colony in the Pacific , named Fort Madison , during the ill - fated Nuku Hiva Campaign . At the same time , the Americans battled the hostile tribes on the islands with the help of their Te I'i allies . Farragut was 12 years old when , during the War of 1812 , he was given the assignment to bring a ship captured by the Essex safely to port . He was wounded and captured while serving on the Essex during the engagement at Valparaíso Bay , Chile , against the British on March 28 , 1814 . West Indies ( edit ) Farragut was promoted to lieutenant in 1822 , during the operations against West Indian pirates . In 1824 , he was placed in command of USS Ferret , which was his first command of a U.S. naval vessel . He served in the Mosquito Fleet , a fleet of ships fitted out to fight pirates in the Caribbean Sea . After learning his old captain , Commodore Porter , would be commander of the fleet , he asked for , and received , orders to serve aboard Greyhound , one of the smaller vessels , commanded by John Porter , brother of David Porter . On February 14 , 1823 , the fleet set sail for the West Indies where , for the next six months , they would drive the pirates off the sea , and rout them from their hiding places in among the islands . He was executive officer aboard the Experiment during its campaign in the West Indies fighting pirates . Mexican -- American War ( edit ) In 1847 , Farragut , now a commander , took command of the sloop - of - war USS Saratoga when she was recommissioned at Norfolk Navy Yard in Norfolk , Virginia . Assigned to the Home Squadron for service in the Mexican -- American War , Saratoga departed Norfolk on March 29 , 1847 bound for the Gulf of Mexico under Farragut 's command and upon arriving off Veracruz , Mexico , on April 26 , 1847 reported to the squadron 's commander , Commodore Matthew C. Perry , for duty . On April 29 , Perry ordered Farragut to sail Saratoga 150 nautical miles ( 173 miles ; 278 km ) to the north to blockade Tuxpan , where she operated from April 30 to July 12 before Farragut returned to Veracruz . About two weeks later , Farragut began a round - trip voyage to carry dispatches to Tabasco , returning to Veracruz on August 11 , 1847 . On September 1 , 1847 , Farragut and Saratoga returned to blockade duty off Tuxpan , remaining there for two months despite a yellow fever outbreak on board . Farragut then brought the ship back to Veracruz and , after a month there , got underway for the Pensacola Navy Yard in Pensacola , Florida , where Saratoga arrived on January 6 , 1848 , disembarked all of her seriously sick patients at the base hospital , and replenished her stores . On January 31 , 1848 , Farragut took the ship out of Pensacola bound for New York City , arriving there on February 19 . Saratoga was decommissioned there on February 26 , 1848 . Mare Island Navy Yard ( edit ) In 1853 , Secretary of the Navy James C. Dobbin selected Commander David G. Farragut to create Mare Island Navy Yard near San Francisco in San Pablo Bay . In August 1854 , Farragut was called to Washington from his post as assistant inspector of ordnance at Norfolk , Virginia . President Franklin Pierce congratulated Farragut on his naval career and the task he was to undertake . On September 16 , 1854 , Commander Farragut arrived to oversee the building of the Mare Island Navy Yard at Vallejo , California , which became the port for ship repairs on the West Coast . Captain Farragut commissioned Mare Island on July 16 , 1858 . Farragut returned to a hero 's welcome at Mare Island on August 11 , 1859 . Civil War service ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rear Admiral David G. Farragut , c. 1863 Though living in Norfolk , Virginia , prior to the American Civil War , Farragut made it clear to all who knew him that he regarded secession as treason . Just before the war 's outbreak , Farragut moved with his Virginian - born wife to Hastings - on - Hudson , a small town just outside New York City . He offered his services to the Union , and was initially given a seat on the Naval Retirement Board . Offered a command by his foster brother , David Dixon Porter , for a special assignment , he hesitated upon learning the target might be Norfolk . As he had friends and relatives living there , he was relieved to learn the target was changed to his former childhood home of New Orleans . The navy had some doubts about Farragut 's loyalty to the Union because of his Southern birth as well as that of his wife . Porter argued on his behalf , and Farragut was accepted for the major role of attacking New Orleans . Farragut was appointed under secret instructions on February 3 , 1862 , to command the Gulf Blockading Squadron , sailing from Hampton Roads on the screw steamer USS Hartford , bearing 25 guns , which he made his flagship , accompanied by a fleet of 17 ships . He reached the mouth of the Mississippi River , near Confederate forts St. Philip and Jackson , situated opposite one another along the banks of the river , with a combined armament of more than 100 heavy guns and a complement of 700 men . Now aware of Farragut 's approach , the Confederates had amassed a fleet of 16 gunboats just outside New Orleans . On April 18 , Farragut ordered the mortar boats , under the command of Porter , to commence bombardment on the two forts , inflicting considerable damage , but not enough to compel the Confederates into surrender . After two days of heavy bombardment , Farragut ran past forts Jackson and St. Philip and the Chalmette batteries to take the city and port of New Orleans on April 29 , a decisive event in the war . Congress honored him by creating the rank of rear admiral on July 16 , 1862 , a rank never before used in the U.S. Navy . Before this time , the American Navy had resisted the rank of admiral , preferring the term `` flag officer '' , to distinguish the rank from the traditions of the European navies . Later that year , Farragut passed the batteries defending Vicksburg , Mississippi , but had no success there . A makeshift Confederate ironclad forced his flotilla of 38 ships to withdraw in July 1862 . While an aggressive commander , Farragut was not always cooperative . At the Siege of Port Hudson , the plan was that Farragut 's flotilla would pass by the guns of the Confederate stronghold with the help of a diversionary land attack by the Army of the Gulf , commanded by General Nathaniel Banks , to commence at 8 : 00 a.m. on March 15 , 1863 . Farragut unilaterally decided to move the timetable up to 9 : 00 p.m. on March 14 , and initiated his run past the guns before Union ground forces were in position . The consequently uncoordinated attack allowed the Confederates to concentrate on Farragut 's flotilla and inflict heavy damage to his warships . Farragut on board Hartford Farragut 's battle group was forced to retreat with only two ships able to pass the heavy cannon of the Confederate bastion . After surviving the gauntlet , Farragut played no further part in the battle for Port Hudson , and General Banks was left to continue the siege without the advantage of naval support . The Union Army made two major attacks on the fort ; both were repulsed with heavy losses . Farragut 's flotilla was splintered , yet was able to blockade the mouth of the Red River with the two remaining warships ; he could not efficiently patrol the section of the Mississippi between Port Hudson and Vicksburg . Farragut 's decision proved costly to the Union Navy and the Union Army , which suffered its highest casualty rate of the war at Port Hudson . Vicksburg surrendered on July 4 , 1863 , leaving Port Hudson as the last remaining Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River . General Banks accepted the surrender of the Confederate garrison at Port Hudson on July 9 , ending the longest siege in U.S. military history . Control of the Mississippi River was the centerpiece of the Union strategy to win the war , and , with the surrender of Port Hudson , the Confederacy was now cut in two . On August 5 , 1864 , Farragut won a great victory in the Battle of Mobile Bay . Mobile , Alabama , was then the Confederacy 's last major open port on the Gulf of Mexico . The bay was heavily mined ( tethered naval mines were then known as `` torpedoes '' ) . Farragut ordered his fleet to charge the bay . When the monitor USS Tecumseh struck a mine and sank , the others began to pull back . Admiral David Farragut and General Gordon Granger Farragut could see the ships pulling back from his high perch , where he was lashed to the rigging of his flagship , USS Hartford . `` What 's the trouble ? '' , he shouted through a trumpet to USS Brooklyn . `` Torpedoes '' , was the shouted reply . `` Damn the torpedoes . '' , said Farragut , `` Four bells , Captain Drayton , go ahead . Jouett , full speed . '' The bulk of the fleet succeeded in entering the bay . Farragut triumphed over the opposition of heavy batteries in Fort Morgan and Fort Gaines to defeat the squadron of Admiral Franklin Buchanan . On December 21 , 1864 , Lincoln promoted Farragut to vice admiral . Post-civil War service ( edit ) After the Civil War , Farragut was elected a companion of the first class of the New York Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States on March 18 , 1866 and assigned insignia number 231 . He served as the commander of the Commandery of New York from May 1866 to until his death . Farragut was promoted to full admiral on July 25 , 1866 , becoming the first U.S. Naval officer to hold that rank . His last active service was in command of the European Squadron , from 1867 to 1868 , with the screw frigate USS Franklin as his flagship . Farragut remained on active duty for life , an honor accorded to only seven other U.S. Naval officers after the Civil War . Death ( edit ) The monument of Admiral David Farragut in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx , New York City . Admiral Farragut died from a heart attack at the age of 69 in Portsmouth , New Hampshire , while on vacation in the late summer of 1870 . He had served almost sixty years in the navy . He is interred at Woodlawn Cemetery , in The Bronx , New York City . His gravesite is listed on the National Register of Historic Places , as is Woodlawn Cemetery itself . Personal life ( edit ) After appointment and an initial cruise as acting lieutenant commanding USS Ferret , Farragut married Susan Caroline Marchant on September 2 , 1824 . After years of ill - health , Susan Farragut died on December 27 , 1840 . Farragut was noted for his kindly treatment of his wife during her illness . After the death of his first wife , Farragut married Virginia Dorcas Loyall , on December 26 , 1843 , with whom he had one surviving son , named Loyall Farragut , born October 12 , 1844 . Loyall Farragut graduated from West Point in 1868 , and served as a second lieutenant in the US Army before resigning in 1872 . He spent most of the remainder of his career as an executive with the Central Railroad Company of New Jersey . He died in 1916 . Timeline of service ( edit ) December 17 , 1810 , appointed midshipman . 1812 , assigned to the USS Essex . 1815 -- 1817 , served in the Mediterranean Sea aboard the Independence and the Macedonian . 1818 , studied ashore for nine months at Tunis . 1819 , served as a lieutenant on the USS Shark . 1823 , placed in command of the USS Ferret . January 10 , 1825 , promoted to lieutenant on the frigate Brandywine . 1826 -- 1838 , served in subordinate capacities on various vessels . 1838 , placed in command of the sloop Erie . September 8 , 1841 , promoted to the rank of commander . Mexican -- American War , commanded the sloop of war , Saratoga . 1848 -- 1853 , duty at Norfolk , Navy Yard in Virginia as Assistant Inspector of Ordinance . September 1852 -- August 1853 , assigned to superintend the testing of the endurance of naval gun batteries at Old Point Comfort at Fort Monroe in Virginia . 1853 -- 1854 , duty at Washington , D.C. September 14 , 1855 , promoted to the rank of captain . 1854 -- 1858 , duty establishing Mare Island Navy Yard at San Francisco Bay . 1858 -- 1859 , commander of the sloop of war USS Brooklyn . 1860 -- 1861 , stationed at Norfolk Navy Yard . January 1862 , commanded USS Hartford and the West Gulf blockading squadron of 17 vessels . April 1862 , took command of occupied New Orleans . July 16 , 1862 , promoted to rear admiral . June 23 , 1862 , wounded near Vicksburg , Mississippi . May 1863 , commanded USS Monongahela . May 1863 , commanded the USS Pensacola . July 1863 , commanded USS Tennessee . August 5 , 1864 , Battle of Mobile Bay September 5 , 1864 , offered command of the North Atlantic Blocking Squadron , but he declined because of family issues . December 21 , 1864 , promoted to vice admiral . April 1865 , pallbearer for the funeral of Abraham Lincoln . July 25 , 1866 , promoted to admiral . June 1867 , commanded USS Franklin . 1867 -- 1868 , commanded European Squadron . Legacy ( edit ) The area formerly known as Campbell 's Station , Tennessee , only a few miles from Admiral Farragut 's birthplace , was renamed as the town of Farragut in his honor . Farragut Square in Washington , D.C. is named in his honor . A statue of him , named Admiral David G. Farragut , is in the center of Farragut Square . Two Washington Metro stations , Farragut West and Farragut North , also share his name . There is a statue of Admiral Farragut at the South Boston Marine Park adjacent to Castle Island , and an outdoor sculpture of him in Madison Square Park , Manhattan . Two separate classes of U.S. Navy destroyers have been named for Farragut : the Farragut class of 1934 and the Farragut class of 1958 . Several individual U.S. Navy ships also have been named USS Farragut in his honor . Few naval officers in American history have been honored on a U.S. postage stamp , but David Farragut has been so honored more than once . The first postage stamp ( at left ) to honor Farragut was the 1 - dollar black issue of 1903 . The Navy Issue of 1937 includes ( among five in a series ) a 3 - cent purple stamp which depicts Admirals David Farragut ( left ) and David Porter , with a warship under sail displayed at center . The most recent postage issue honoring Farragut was released from Gettysburg , Pennsylvania on June 29 , 1995 . Issue of 1903 First U.S. Postage stamp to honor Admiral Farragut Navy Issue of 1937 Farragut honored along with Porter , his foster brother Memorialized on the 1891 $100 Treasury Note , and one of 53 people depicted on United States banknotes . In memoriam ( show ) Admiral David G. Farragut ( Ream statue ) , crafted in 1881 from the propeller of his flagship , stands in Farragut Square in downtown Washington , D.C. The National Park Service interpretive plaque in the foreground prominently quotes his famous order . World War I poster with Admiral Farragut at Mobile Bay shouting out : `` Damn the torpedoes , go ahead ! '' Farragut Monument at Madison Square Park off Fifth Avenue in New York City Muskegon , Michigan Numerous places and things are named in remembrance of Admiral Farragut : Admiral Farragut Academy is a college preparatory school with naval training founded in 1933 by navy admirals in Pine Beach , New Jersey . In 1945 the current and now only campus opened in St. Petersburg , Florida . In 1946 it was designated by Congress as a Naval Honor School . Farragut , Tennessee , Admiral Farragut 's hometown of Campbell 's Station ( see Battle of Campbell 's Station ) , Tennessee , was renamed Farragut when it became incorporated in 1982 . Admiral Farragut was actually born at Lowe 's Ferry on the Holston ( now Tennessee ) River a few miles southeast of the town , but at that time Campbell 's Station was the nearest settlement . Farragut Square in Washington , D.C. is named in his honor . Farragut High School was built at Admiral Farragut 's home town of Campbell 's Station ( now Farragut ) in 1904 . Today Farragut High School , boasting nearly 2,500 students , is one of the largest schools in Tennessee . The school 's colors are blue and white , and its sporting teams are known as `` The Admirals '' . Farragut , a neighborhood in Brooklyn Farragut Field is a sports field at the United States Naval Academy . Farragut Career Academy in Chicago , Illinois is a high school in the Chicago Public Schools system that was founded in 1894 ; its sporting teams are also known as the Admirals . The school displays an oil painting of the admiral , presented to the school by the Farragut Post of the Grand Army of the Republic in 1896 . NBA star Kevin Garnett attended Farragut Career Academy . Wheel of Fortune host Pat Sajak is also a prominent alum . Farragut , Iowa is a small farming town in southwestern Iowa . Admiral Farragut 's famous slogan greets visitors from a billboard on the edge of town . The local school , Farragut Community High School , fields varsity `` Admiral '' and JV `` Sailor '' teams . The school also houses memorabilia from the ships that have borne the Farragut name . Five U.S. Navy destroyers have been named USS Farragut , including two class leaders . In World War II , the United States liberty ship SS David G. Farragut was named in his honor . Farragut Square , a park in Washington , D.C. ; the square lends its name to two nearby Metro stations : Farragut North and Farragut West . Three U.S. postage stamps : the $1 stamp of 1903 , the $0.03 stamp with Admiral David Porter in 1937 and a $0.32 stamp in 1995 . 100 - dollar Treasury notes , also called coin notes , of the Series 1890 and 1891 , feature portraits of Farragut on the obverse . The 1890 Series note is called a $100 Watermelon Note by collectors , because the large zeroes on the reverse resemble the pattern on a watermelon . A stained glass window in the United States Naval Academy Chapel depicts Farragut in the rigging of USS Hartford at Mobile Bay . David Glasgow Farragut High School is the U.S. Department of Defense High School located on the Naval Station in Rota , Spain . Their sporting teams are also known as `` The Admirals '' . Farragut Parkway in Hastings - on - Hudson , New York . Farragut Middle School in Hastings - on - Hudson , New York . David Farragut School in Philadelphia A grade school in Mayagüez , Puerto Rico . A grade school ( PS 44 ) in the Bronx . Farragut State Park in Idaho , which was used as a naval base for basic training during World War II . A hotel in Menorca at Cala'n Forcat . A bust in full naval regalia on the top floor of the Tennessee State Capitol . Admiral Farragut condominium on waterway in Coral Gables , Florida . Farragut elementary school in Vallejo Ca . Located just outside the Mare Island Gate . A monument is located off Northshore Drive in Concord , Tennessee . The monument reads `` BIRTHPLACE OF ADMIRAL FARRAGUT / BORN JULY 5 , 1801 ... DEDICATED BY ADMIRAL DEWEY , MAY 15 , 1900 '' . The David Farragut School is an elementary school in Boston , Massachusetts The Farragut House bar -- restaurant located in South Boston , Massachusetts . A larger than life statue near the beach in South Boston . Farragut Bay , Alaska , by Thomas , 1887 ( Latitude : 57.11889 : Longitude : - 133.23056 ) Farragut Inn at Touro University California located on the Mare Island Naval Shipyard . Monuments Madison Square Park , New York City , by Augustus Saint Gaudens , 1881 , replica in Cornish , New Hampshire , 1994 Farragut Square , Washington , D.C. , by Vinnie Ream , 1881 Marine Park , Boston Massachusetts , by Henry Hudson Kitson , 1881 Hackley Park , Muskegon , Michigan , by Charles Niehaus , 1900 Contemporary uses , art and literature ( show ) A `` Commodore Farragut '' , who is clearly based on David Farragut , appears in Jules Verne 's 1870 novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea . In the Star Trek franchise , a number of Starfleet starships are named Farragut . The album Damn the Torpedoes by Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers is named after David Farragut 's famous quote . The album MDFMK by MDFMK contains a song entitled `` Damn the Torpedoes '' . In the comedy film Galaxy Quest , Tim Allen 's character says `` Never give up ! Never surrender ! Damn the resonance cannons ! Full speed ahead ! '' Farragut is played by actor Scott Brady in the feature film Yankee Buccaneer ( 1952 ) In her 2010 spoken - word debut Olivia Hedrick released a track `` How I love thee Mister Farragut '' In the 1943 film The More the Merrier , Charles Coburn views the famous quote on a statue , and uses the phrase as a motto ; it drives the plot forward . In the video game The Elder Scrolls 4 : Oblivion , there is a Fort Farragut . In the opening scene of Damages , Season 2 , Episode 10 , Ellen Parsons and Wes Krulik meet to talk on the left - side seating within the Admiral Farragut Memorial in Madison Square , Manhattan . Among his last acting roles , Ronald W. Reagan played Farragut in the 1965 episode `` The Battle of San Francisco Bay '' of the syndicated western television series , Death Valley Days . The episode focuses on the 1856 San Francisco Vigilance Committee . June Dayton was cast in the episode as Farragut 's second wife , Virginia . Farragut is mentioned in The Wild Wild West episode `` The Night of the Kraken '' , although he does not appear . At the climax , the story 's villains try to destroy Farragut 's ship with a naval mine , but are foiled by the series ' heroes . See also ( edit ) Bibliography of early American naval history Blockade runners of the American Civil War Confederate States Navy Naval battles of the American Civil War Union Navy Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Some sources place the age at eleven . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dabney McCabe ( 1876 ) The Centennial Book of American Biography , P.W. Ziegler & Company , Philadelphia Jump up ^ Joel Tyler Headley ( 1867 ) Farragut , and Our Naval Commanders , E.B. Treat & Co. , New York Jump up ^ Samuel Fallows et al. ( 1900 ) Splendid Deeds of American Heroes on Sea and Land , J.L. Nichols & Co . Jump up ^ P.T. Barnum et al. ( 1890 ) Dollars and Sense , or , How to Get On , People 's Publishing Company , Chicago Jump up ^ Farragut , 1879 p. 3 ^ Jump up to : Hickman , 2010 , p. 216 Jump up ^ Stein , 2005 p. 5 Jump up ^ Spears , 1905 p. 328 ^ Jump up to : Schouler , 1899 p. 170 ^ Jump up to : `` Admiral David Farragut '' . Son of the South . Retrieved 11 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Houston , Blaine , Mellette , 1916 p. 438 Jump up ^ Spears , 1905 p. 11 Jump up ^ Mahan , 1892 pp. 27 -- 28 Jump up ^ Barnes , 1909 pp. 36 -- 38 Jump up ^ Kennedy Hickman , `` Admiral David G. Farragut : Hero of the Union Navy '' ; About.com , Retrieved March 28 , 2007 Jump up ^ Spears , 1905 pp. 74 -- 80 Jump up ^ Spears , 1905 pp. 123 , 126 Jump up ^ Mahan , 1892 pp. 63 -- 64 Jump up ^ Spears , 1905 pp. 32 -- 33 Jump up ^ Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships : Saratoga ( Sloop - of - War ) iii Jump up ^ Spears , 1905 p. 143 . Jump up ^ Farragut , 1879 pp. 168 -- 169 . ^ Jump up to : John D. Winters , The Civil War in Louisiana , Baton Rouge , Louisiana : Louisiana State University Press , 1963 , ISBN 0 - 8071 - 0834 - 0 , p. 56 Jump up ^ # Schouler1899Schouler , 1899 pp. 171 -- 172 Jump up ^ Rhodes , 1917 pp. 119 -- 120 Jump up ^ `` '' DAMN THE TORPEDOES ! '' `` Full speed ahead ! '' '' ( PDF ) , Vicksburg ( PDF ) format = requires url = ( help ) , Vicksburg National Military Park , retrieved 2012 - 01 - 30 Jump up ^ Spears , 1905 p. 359 Jump up ^ Farragut , 1879 pp. 416 -- 17 Jump up ^ The others were his foster brother David Dixon Porter , Stephen Clegg Rowan , George Dewey , William Leahy , Ernest King , Chester W. Nimitz , and William Halsey . Jump up ^ Shorto , 1991 p. 306 Jump up ^ Schneller , Robert J. , Farragut : America 's First Admiral p. 19 Jump up ^ Hearn , Chester G. ( 1998 ) . Admiral David Glasgow Farragut : The Civil War Years . Annapolis , MD : Naval Institute Press . pp. xxi + 385 . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 384 - 2 . Jump up ^ http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/America/United_States/Army/USMA/Cullums_Register/2266*.html Jump up ^ Farragut , Commander D.L. Report from the Naval Testing Battery at Old Point Comfort Va , a journal book filed with the Bureau of Ordnance & Hydrography on August 31 , 1853 . Jump up ^ Smithsonian National Postal Museum Jump up ^ Scott 's U.S. Stamp Catalogue Jump up ^ Admiral Farragut Academy website Jump up ^ Neely , Jack . Knoxville 's Secret History , page 17 . Scruffy City Publishing , 1995 . Bibliography ( edit ) Adelson , Bruce ( 2001 ) . David Farragut : Union Admiral . Infobase Publishing . p. 80 . ISBN 0791064174 . Url Barnes , James ( 1899 ) . David G. Farragut . Small , Maynard & Company , . p. 132 . ISBN 1592963838 . Url -- -- ( 1909 ) . Midshipman Farragut . D. Appleton and Company , New York . p. 151 . Url Farragut , Loyall ( 1879 ) . The life of David Glasgow Farragut , first admiral of the United States navy : embodying his journal and letters . D. Appleton and Company , New York . p. 586 . Url Hickman , Kennedy About.com . `` Admiral David G. Farragut : Hero of the Union Navy '' . New York Times ; about.com . Retrieved 11 November 2010 . Houston , Florence Amelia Wilson ; Blaine , Laura Anna Cowan ; Mellette , Ella Dunn ( 1916 ) . Maxwell History and Genealogy : Including the Allied Families of . Press of C.E. Pauley , Indianapolis Engraving Company . p. 642 . Url Mahan , Alfred Thayer ( 1892 ) . Admiral Farragut . D. Appleton and Company , New York . p. 333 . Url Rhodes , James Ford ( 1917 ) . History of the Civil War . Macmillan & Co. , New York , Boston , London . p. 467 . E'Book Schouler , James ( 1899 ) . History of the Civil War : being vol . VI of History of the United States of America , under the constitution , 1861 -- 1865 . Dodd , Meade & Co. , New York . p. 699 . E'Book Shorto , Russell ( 1991 ) . David Farragut and the Great Naval Blockade . Silver Burdett Press . p. 128 . ISBN 0382240502 . Url Soley , James Russell ( 1903 ) . Admiral Porter . D. Appleton , New York . p. 499 . Url Spears , John Randolph ( 1905 ) . David G. Farragut . G.W. Jacobs , Philadelphia . p. 407 . Url Stein , R. Conrad ( 2005 ) . David Farragut : first admiral of the U.S. Navy . Chelsea House Publishers . p. 40 . ISBN 1592963838 . Url This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships . Further reading ( edit ) Anderson , Bern ( 1989 ) . By Sea And By River ( 7th printing ed . ) . Da Capo Press , USA . p. 342 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80367 - 4 . Url Fowler , William M. Fowler ( 1990 ) . Under Two Flags : The American Navy in the Civil War . Naval Institute Press . p. 352 . ISBN 9781557502896 . Url Hearn , Chester G. ( 1995 ) The Capture of New Orleans 1862 , Louisiana State University Press , Baton Rouge , Louisiana , pp. 292 ISBN 0 - 8071 - 1945 - 8 , Url Nash , Howard Pervear ( 1972 ) . A naval history of the Civil WarA . S. Barnes , p. 375 , ISBN 9780498078415 , Url Tenney , W.J. ( 1867 ) . The Military and Naval History of the Rebellion in the United States : . D. Appleton , New York . p. 843 . Url External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to David Farragut . Wikisource has the text of a 1900 Appletons ' Cyclopædia of American Biography article about David Farragut . 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"David Glasgow Farragut /ˈfærəɡət/ (also spelled Glascoe;[1][2][3][4] July 5, 1801 – August 14, 1870) was a flag officer of the United States Navy during the American Civil War. He was the first rear admiral, vice admiral, and admiral in the United States Navy.[5][6] He is remembered for his order at the Battle of Mobile Bay usually paraphrased as \"Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead\" in U.S. Navy tradition.[7][8]"
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"David Glasgow Farragut"
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-5741532061363371071 | The Princess and the Frog | The Princess and the Frog - wikipedia The Princess and the Frog Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For the soundtrack , see The Princess and the Frog ( soundtrack ) . For other uses , see The Princess and the Frog ( disambiguation ) . The Princess and the Frog Theatrical release poster Directed by Ron Clements John Musker Produced by Peter Del Vecho John Lasseter Screenplay by Ron Clements John Musker Rob Edwards Story by Ron Clements John Musker Greg Erb Jason Oremland Don Hall Based on The Frog Princess by E.D. Baker The Frog Prince by Brothers Grimm Starring Anika Noni Rose Bruno Campos Keith David Michael - Leon Wooley Jim Cummings Jennifer Cody Peter Bartlett Jenifer Lewis Oprah Winfrey Terrence Howard John Goodman Music by Randy Newman Edited by Jeff Draheim Production company Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Animation Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date November 25 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 25 ) ( Los Angeles premiere ) December 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 11 ) ( United States ) Running time 97 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $105 million Box office $267 million The Princess and the Frog is a 2009 American animated musical film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures . The 49th Disney animated feature film , the film is loosely based on the novel The Frog Princess by E.D. Baker , which is in turn based on the Brothers Grimm fairy tale `` The Frog Prince '' . Written and directed by Ron Clements and John Musker , the film features an ensemble voice cast that stars Anika Noni Rose , Bruno Campos , Keith David , Michael - Leon Wooley , Jennifer Cody , and Jim Cummings , with Peter Bartlett , Jenifer Lewis , Oprah Winfrey , Terrence Howard , and John Goodman . Set in 1920s New Orleans , the film tells the story of a hardworking waitress named Tiana who dreams of owning her own restaurant . After kissing a prince who has been turned into a frog by an evil voodoo sorcerer , Tiana becomes a frog herself and must find a way to turn back into a human before it is too late . The Princess and the Frog began production under the working title The Frog Princess . It marked Disney 's return to traditional animation , as it was the studio 's first traditionally animated film since Home on the Range ( 2004 ) . Co-directors Ron Clements and John Musker , directors of Disney 's highly successful films The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) and Aladdin ( 1992 ) , returned to Disney to direct The Princess and the Frog . The studio returned to a Broadway musical - style format frequently used during the Disney Renaissance , and features music written by composer Randy Newman , well known for his musical involvement in Pixar films such as A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) , Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 ) , Cars ( 2006 ) , and the Toy Story trilogy ( 1995 , 1999 and 2010 ) . The film also marked the return of Disney animated musical films based on well - known stories since the Disney Renaissance . The Princess and the Frog opened in limited release in New York and Los Angeles on November 25 , 2009 , and in wide release on December 11 , 2009 . The film was successful at the box - office , ranking first place on its opening weekend in North America , and grossing $267 million worldwide . It received three Academy Award nominations at the 82nd Academy Awards : one for Best Animated Feature and two for its achievement in music ( Original Song ) . It lost to Up and Crazy Heart , respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Early development 3.2 Writing and themes 3.3 Voice cast 3.4 Animation and design 3.5 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Awards and nominations 6 Television 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1912 New Orleans a seamstress , Eudora , is reading the story of The Frog Prince to her daughter , Tiana , and her friend , Charlotte La Bouff . Charlotte finds the story to be romantic , while Tiana proclaims she will never kiss a frog . Fourteen years later , Tiana has grown into an aspiring young chef who works as a waitress for two local diners , so she can save enough money to start her own restaurant , a dream she shared with her deceased father James . Prince Naveen of Maldonia arrives in New Orleans to better his financial situation . After being cut off by his parents , Naveen intends to marry a rich southern belle , and Charlotte is the perfect candidate . Eli `` Big Daddy '' La Bouff , a rich sugar baron and Charlotte 's father , is hosting a masquerade ball in Naveen 's honor . Charlotte hires Tiana to make beignets for the ball , giving her enough money to buy an old sugar mill to convert into her restaurant . Meanwhile , Naveen and his valet , Lawrence , meet Dr. Facilier , a voodoo witch doctor who plans to rule the city of New Orleans . Inviting them into his emporium , Facilier convinces them that he can make their dreams come true , but neither man gets what they are expecting ; Naveen is transformed into a frog , while Lawrence is given a voodoo charm that makes him resemble Naveen . Facilier intends for Lawrence to marry Charlotte , after which he will kill Big Daddy and claim his fortune . At the ball , Tiana discovers she may lose the mill to a higher bidder . Tiana then meets Naveen , who , believing her to be a princess because of her costume , asks her to kiss him and break Facilier 's spell . In exchange for the money needed , Tiana accepts , but when she kisses Naveen , she is turned into a frog herself . A chase ensues , and Tiana and Naveen escape to a bayou . At the bayou , Tiana and Naveen meet Louis , a trumpet - playing alligator who longs to be human , and Ray , a Cajun firefly who is in love with the morning star , whom he calls Evangeline . Louis and Ray offer to lead Tiana and Naveen to the hoodoo priestess Mama Odie , who they believe can undo the curse . During this time , Tiana and Naveen develop feelings for each other . Meanwhile , Facilier makes a deal with the voodoo spirits , offering them the souls of the people of New Orleans in exchange for finding Naveen . When the four find Mama Odie , she tells them that Naveen must kiss a true princess in order to break the spell . They return to New Orleans to find Charlotte , who is the princess of the Mardi Gras Parade , but only until midnight . Naveen tells Ray he loves Tiana and is willing to give up his dreams for her , but before he can tell her , he is captured by the demons and brought to Facilier . After Ray tells Tiana that Naveen loves her , Tiana goes to the Mardi Gras parade to find a human `` Naveen '' marrying Charlotte ; but Ray rescues the real Naveen and steals the charm that disguises Lawrence . Ray finds Tiana , gives her the charm and attempts to hold off the demons so she can escape , but Facilier kills him . Facilier then offers Tiana to make her restaurant dream come true in exchange for the charm . Realizing she would rather be with Naveen , and realizing Facilier 's true intentions , Tiana destroys the charm . The angered voodoo spirits claim Facilier himself as payment for his debts to them and drag him to his death in hell . Tiana and Naveen then reveal their love to each other and explain the situation to Charlotte , who agrees to kiss Naveen , as Lawrence is taken away by the police . However , the clock strikes midnight before she can kiss him , but the two decide they are content to live together as frogs . Then they bid farewell to Ray along with Louie , later to find out Ray finally joined Evangeline . Tiana and Naveen are wed by Mama Odie ; and because of Tiana 's new status as princess , they are restored back to human form after their kiss . Later , the couple returns to New Orleans to legally get married and celebrate , and together the two open their new restaurant . The movie ends with Tiana and Naveen dancing as the two stars , Ray and Evangeline , twinkle in the sky . Cast ( edit ) Anika Noni Rose as Tiana / `` Tia '' , a 19 - year - old waitress and aspiring chef / restaurateur . She is a smart , hard - working , and independent young woman , but one who works so hard that she often forgets important things such as love , fun , and family . Originally , Tiana was supposed to be known as `` Maddy '' . Mark Henn served as the supervising animator for Tiana in both human and frog form , making her one of several Disney lead female characters he has animated . Henn declared that he attempted to make a character that could stand on its own `` without repeating what I 've done on Belle , Ariel , and Jasmine '' , with Tiana having a more cynical and grounded personality . Rose 's performance influenced much of the animation , with the actress even suggesting to Henn for Tiana to be left - handed like herself . Elizabeth Dampier voices Tiana as a child . Bruno Campos as Prince Naveen , the prince of Maldonia . Naveen is a 24 - year - old ne'er - do - well and playboy who has been cut off from his family 's riches until he learns the value of responsibility . Randy Haycock served as the supervising animator of Naveen in both human and frog form . As a prince from the fictional kingdom of Maldonia ( which the directors describe as `` located in an East of the Sun and West of the Moon location '' ) , Campos adlibbed a French accent with his Brazilian accent to make up a Maldonian accent . Michael - Leon Wooley as Louis , a friendly , neurotic , trumpet - playing alligator whose dream is to become human so he can join a jazz band . His name comes from the famous jazz artist and trumpeter , Louis Armstrong . Eric Goldberg , the supervising animator of Louis and other miscellaneous characters , won the Annie Award for Character Animation in a Feature Production for his work on the film . Jim Cummings as Ray , a Cajun firefly . He and his vast family are close friends with Mama Odie , so he offers to help the frogs get to her . Ray has an unrequited love for the Evening Star , which he believes is another firefly named `` Evangeline '' ( a reference to the 19th - century Longfellow poem ) . Mike Surrey was the supervising animator for Ray . Ray 's name comes from the blind pianist Ray Charles . Keith David as Doctor Facilier , also known as The Shadow Man , a voodoo bokor ( witch doctor ) . Bruce W. Smith , supervising animator of Doctor Facilier , referred to the character as the `` lovechild '' of his two favorite Disney Villains : Captain Hook from Peter Pan ( 1953 ) , and Cruella de Vil from One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) . Smith was nominated for the Annie Award for Character Animation in a Feature Production for his work . Jennifer Cody as Charlotte `` Lottie '' La Bouff , a wealthy Southern débutante and Tiana 's best friend since childhood who dreams of marrying a prince . Nik Ranieri served as the supervising animator of Charlotte as an adult and child . Jennifer Cody won the Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Feature Production for her performance . Breanna Brooks voices Charlotte as a child . Jenifer Lewis as Mama Odie , a blind , 197 - year - old voodoo priestess , who serves as the film 's ' Fairy Godmother figure ' . Andreas Deja was the supervising animator for both Mama Odie and her pet snake , Juju , and was nominated for the Annie Award for Character Animation in a Feature Production . Peter Bartlett as Lawrence , Prince Naveen 's valet , whom Dr. Facilier recruits as a partner in his scheme by transforming him to look like Naveen using a blood charm . Anthony DeRosa was the supervising animator for the Lawrence character , whose design was influenced by the Mr. Smee character from Peter Pan . John Goodman as Eli `` Big Daddy '' La Bouff , a very wealthy Southern sugar mill owner and father of Charlotte La Bouff . While he spoils Charlotte with everything she asks for , he is a loving and generous man , and loves Tiana 's cooking . Duncan Marjoribanks was the supervising animator for Eli `` Big Daddy '' La Bouff . Oprah Winfrey as Eudora , Tiana 's mother who wants to see her happy and worries that Tiana focuses too much on her dream of owning a restaurant . Ruben A. Aquino animated both Eudora and her husband , James . Terrence Howard as James , Tiana 's father , who helped instil a strong work ethic in Tiana . He served in World War I as evidenced by a dresser - top portrait photo of him in a World War I uniform . The circumstances of his death were not stated in the film ; however , his portrait is accompanied by the Distinguished Service Cross , a US medal awarded to soldiers who demonstrated great heroism or risk of life in battle . Frank Welker as Stella ( vocal effects ) , Charlotte 's pet dog who talks to Tiana during the film , when she is chasing Tiana and Naveen as frogs on the table . She loves Tiana 's beignets and begs at Tiana when she wants one . Dee Bradley Baker as Juju , Mama Odie 's green pet snake . Corey Burton and Jerry Kernion as the Fenner Brothers , two real estate agents who eventually sell Tiana the sugar mill . Ritchie Montgomery , Don Hall , and Paul Briggs as Reggie , Darnell , and Two - Fingers , three bumbling frog hunters who try to catch Tiana and Naveen as frogs . Their resemblance to the Three Stooges has been noted . Kevin Michael Richardson and Emeril Lagasse as Ian and Marlon , the two alligators . Production ( edit ) Early development ( edit ) Disney had once announced that 2004 's Home on the Range would be their last traditionally animated film . After the company 's acquisition of Pixar in early 2006 , Ed Catmull and John Lasseter , the new president and chief creative officer of Disney Animation Studios , reversed this decision and reinstated hand - drawn animation at the studio . Many animators who had either been laid off or had left the studio when the traditional animation units were dissolved in 2003 were located and re-hired for the project . Lasseter also brought back directors Ron Clements and John Musker , whose earlier works include The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) , The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) , Aladdin ( 1992 ) , Hercules ( 1997 ) , and Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) . The duo had left the company in 2005 , but Lasseter requested their return to Disney to direct and write the film and had let them choose the style of animation ( traditional or CGI ) they wanted to use . The story for the film began development by merging two separate projects in development at Disney and Pixar at the time , both based around the `` Frog Prince '' fairy tale . One of the projects was based on E.D. Baker 's The Frog Princess , in which the story 's heroine ( Princess Emma ) kisses a prince turned frog ( Prince Eadric ) , only to become a frog herself . The Princess and the Frog returns to the musical film format used in many of the previously successful Disney animated films , with a style Musker and Clements declared , like with Aladdin and The Little Mermaid , had inspiration from Golden Age Disney features such as Cinderella . Musker and Clements thought that given all fairy tales were set in Europe , they could do an American fairy tale . They stated that they chose New Orleans as a tribute to the history of the city , for its `` magical '' qualities , and because it was Lasseter 's favorite city . The directors spent ten days in Louisiana before starting to write the film . The Princess and the Frog was originally announced as The Frog Princess in July 2006 , and early concepts and songs were presented to the public at the Walt Disney Company 's annual shareholders ' meeting in March 2007 . These announcements drew criticism from African - American media outlets , due to elements of the Frog Princess story , characters , and settings considered distasteful . African - American critics disapproved of the original name for the heroine , `` Maddy '' , due to its similarity to the derogatory term `` mammy '' . Also protested were Maddy 's original career as a chambermaid , the choice to have the black heroine 's love interest be a non-black prince , which upset opponents of on - screen interracial romance , and the use of a black male voodoo witchdoctor as the film 's villain . The Frog Princess title was also thought by critics to be a slur on French people . Also questioned was the film 's setting of New Orleans , which had been heavily damaged by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 , resulting in the expulsion of a large number of mostly black residents . Critics claimed the choice of New Orleans as the setting for a Disney film with a black heroine was an affront to the Katrina victims ' plight . In response to these early criticisms , the film 's title was changed in May 2007 from The Frog Princess to The Princess and the Frog . The name `` Maddy '' was changed to `` Tiana '' , and the character 's occupation was altered from chambermaid to waitress . Talk show host Oprah Winfrey was hired as a technical consultant for the film , leading to her taking a voice acting role in the film as Tiana 's mother Eudora . Writing and themes ( edit ) The head of story , Don Hall , described the plot as a fairy tale `` twisted enough that it seems new and fresh '' , with a kingdom that is a modern city , a handsome prince that is a `` knuckleheaded playboy '' and a variation on the fairy godmother with Mama Odie . Co-writer Rob Edwards also said The Princess and the Frog was `` a princess movie for people who do n't like princess movies '' . As the writers thought Tiana 's character motivation of simply dreaming of having her own restaurant was not appealing enough , they expanded so it was her father 's as well , with the extra philosophy of `` food bringing people together from all walks of life '' . Musker and Clements stated that while Tiana already starts as a sympathetic character , the events of the plot make her `` understand things in a deeper level '' and change people around her . Both protagonists would learn from each other -- Naveen to take responsibilities , Tiana to enjoy life -- as well as figuring from Ray 's passion for Evangeline that the perfect balance is brought by having someone you love to share the experience . Tiana became the first African - American Disney Princess . Voice cast ( edit ) Anika Noni Rose voiced Tiana . On December 1 , 2006 , a detailed casting call was announced for the film at the Manhattan Theatre Source forum . The casting call states the film as being an American fairy tale musical set in New Orleans during the 1920s Jazz Age and provides a detailed list of the film 's major characters . In February 2007 , it was reported that Dreamgirls actresses Jennifer Hudson and Anika Noni Rose were top contenders for the voice of Tiana , and that Alicia Keys directly contacted Walt Disney Studios chairman Dick Cook about voicing the role . It was later reported that Tyra Banks was considered for the role as well . By April 2007 , it was confirmed that Rose would be voicing Tiana . Three months later , it was reported that Keith David would be doing the voice of Dr. Facilier , the villain of the film . Animation and design ( edit ) Clements and Musker had agreed from very early on that the style they were aiming for was primarily that of Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) , a film which they and John Lasseter feel represents `` the pinnacle of Disney 's style '' . `` After that , everything started becoming more stylized , like Sleeping Beauty , 101 Dalmatians -- which are fantastic films as well , but there 's a particular style ( to ' Lady and the Tramp ' ) that 's so classically Disney . '' Lady and the Tramp also heavily informed the style of the New Orleans scenes , while Disney 's Bambi ( 1942 ) served as the template for the bayou scenes . Bambi was described as a stylistic reference for the painted backgrounds , as according to art director Ian Gooding `` Bambi painted what it feels like to be in the forest instead of the forest '' so The Princess and the Frog would in turn try capturing the essence of roaming through New Orleans . The former trend in Disney 's hand - drawn features where the characters and cinematography were influenced by a CGI - look has been abandoned . Andreas Deja , a veteran Disney animator who supervised the character of Mama Odie , says `` I always thought that maybe we should distinguish ourselves to go back to what 2D is good at , which is focusing on what the line can do rather than volume , which is a CG kind of thing . So we are doing less extravagant Treasure Planet kind of treatments . You have to create a world but ( we 're doing it more simply ) . What we 're trying to do with Princess and the Frog is hook up with things that the old guys did earlier . It 's not going to be graphic ... '' . Deja also mentions that Lasseter was aiming for the Disney sculptural and dimensional look of the 1950s : `` All those things that were non-graphic , which means go easy on the straight lines and have one volume flow into the other -- an organic feel to the drawing . '' Lasseter also felt that traditional animation created more character believability . For example , with Louis the alligator , created by Eric Goldberg , Lasseter said : `` It 's the believability of this large character being able to move around quite like that . '' Choreographer Betsy Baytos was brought by the directors to lead a team of eccentric dancers that gave reference to make each character a different style of movement . The character design tried to create beautiful drawings through subtle shapes , particularly for most characters being human . For the frog versions of Tiana and Naveen , while the animators started with realistic designs , they eventually went for cutesy characters `` removing all that is unappealing in frogs '' , similar to Pinocchio 's Jiminy Cricket . Toon Boom Animation 's Toon Boom Harmony software was used as the main software package for the production of the film , as the Computer Animation Production System ( CAPS ) system that Disney developed with Pixar in the 1980s for use on their previous traditionally animated films had become outdated . The Harmony software was augmented with a number of plug - ins to provide CAPS - like effects such as shading on cheeks and smoke effects . The reinstated traditional unit 's first production , a 2007 Goofy cartoon short entitled How to Hook Up Your Home Theater , was partly animated without paper by using Harmony and Wacom Cintiq pressure - sensitive tablets . The character animators found some difficulty with this approach , and decided to use traditional paper and pencil drawings , which were then scanned into the computer systems , for The Princess and the Frog . The one exception to the new Toon Boom Harmony pipeline was the `` Almost There '' dream sequence , which utilized an Art Deco graphic style based on the art of Harlem Renaissance painter Aaron Douglas . Supervised by Eric Goldberg and designed by Sue Nichols , the `` Almost There '' sequence 's character animation was done on paper without going through the clean - up animation department , and scanned directly into Photoshop . The artwork was then enhanced to affect the appearance of painted strokes and fills , and combined with backgrounds , using Adobe After Effects . The visual effects and backgrounds for the film were created digitally using Cintiq tablet displays . Marlon West , one of Disney 's veteran animation visual effects supervisors , says about the production ; `` Those guys had this bright idea to bring back hand - drawn animation , but everything had to be started again from the ground up . One of the first things we did was focus on producing shorts , to help us re-introduce the 2D pipeline . I worked as vfx supervisor on the Goofy short , How to Hook Up Your Home Theater . It was a real plus for the effects department , so we went paperless for The Princess and the Frog . '' The backgrounds were painted digitally using Adobe Photoshop , and many of the architectural elements were based upon 3D models built in Autodesk Maya . Much of the clean - up animation , digital ink - and - paint , and compositing were outsourced to third - party companies in Orlando , Florida ( Premise Entertainment ) , Toronto , Ontario , Canada ( Yowza Digital Animation ) , and Brooklin , São Paulo , Brazil ( HGN Produções ) Music ( edit ) Main article : The Princess and the Frog ( soundtrack ) During Disney 's 2007 shareholder meeting , Randy Newman and the Dirty Dozen Brass Band performed the film 's opening number , `` Down in New Orleans '' , with famous New Orleans singer Dr. John singing , while slides of pre-production art from the film played on a screen . Other songs in the film include `` Almost There '' ( a solo for Tiana ) , `` Dig a Little Deeper '' ( a song for Mama Odie ) , `` When We 're Human '' ( a song for Louis , Tiana and Naveen ( as frogs ) ) , `` Friends on the Other Side '' ( a solo for Doctor Facilier ) , and `` Gonna Take You There '' and `` Ma Belle Evangeline '' ( two solos for Ray ) . Newman composed , arranged , and conducted the music for the film , a mixture of jazz , zydeco , blues , and gospel styles performed by the voice cast members for the respective characters while R&B singer - songwriter Ne - Yo wrote and performed the end title song `` Never Knew I Needed '' , an R&B love song referring to the romance between the film 's two main characters , Tiana and Naveen . Supported by a music video by Melina , `` Never Knew I Needed '' was issued to radio outlets as a commercial single from the Princess and the Frog soundtrack . The film 's soundtrack album , The Princess and the Frog : Original Songs and Score , contains the ten original songs from the film and seven instrumental pieces . The soundtrack was released on November 23 , 2009 , the day before the limited release of the film in New York and Los Angeles . Release ( edit ) The film premiered in theaters with a limited run in New York and Los Angeles beginning on November 25 , 2009 , followed by wide release on December 11 , 2009 . The film was originally set for release on Christmas Day 2009 , but its release date was changed due to a competing family film , Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel , scheduled for release the same day . The Princess and the Frog will have a limited re-release in AMC Theatres , lasting from October 6 -- 12 , 2017 as part of the Dream Big , Princess campaign . Marketing ( edit ) The Princess and the Frog was supported by a wide array of merchandise leading up to and following the film 's release . Although Disney 's main marketing push was not set to begin until November 2009 , positive word - of - mouth promotion created demand for merchandise well in advance of the film . Princess Tiana costumes were selling out prior to Halloween 2009 , and a gift set of Tiana - themed hair - care products from Carol 's Daughter sold out in seven hours on the company 's website . Other planned merchandise includes a cookbook for children and even a wedding gown . Princess Tiana was also featured a few months before the release in the Disney on Ice : Let 's Celebrate ! show . The film itself was promoted through advertisements , including one from GEICO where Naveen , as a frog , converses with the company 's gecko mascot . A live parade and show called Tiana 's Showboat Jubilee ! premiered on October 26 , 2009 , at the Magic Kingdom theme park at Walt Disney World Resort in Florida , and on November 5 at Disneyland in California . In Disneyland , actors in New Orleans Square paraded to the Rivers of America and boarded the park 's steamboat . From there , the cast , starring Princess Tiana , Prince Naveen , Louis the alligator , and Doctor Facilier , would sing songs from the movie , following a short storyline taking place after the events of the film . The Disneyland version 's actors actually partook in singing , while the Walt Disney World rendition incorporated lip - syncing . Tiana 's Showboat Jubilee ! ran at both parks until January 3 , 2010 . At Disneyland Park , the show was replaced by a land - based event called Princess Tiana 's Mardi Gras Celebration , which features Princess Tiana along with five of the original presentation 's `` Mardi Gras dancers '' and the park 's `` Jambalaya Jazz Band '' as they perform songs from the movie . `` Tiana 's Mardi Gras Celebration '' officially ended on October 3 , 2010 . However , it returned to Disneyland from 2011 - 2013 as part of the `` Limited Time Magic '' family - fun weekends . Tiana also appears in Disneyland Paris ' New Generation Festival . Some of the characters appear frequently during World of Color , the nightly fountain and projection show presented at Disney California Adventure . Disney announced on June 4 , 2009 , that they would release a video game inspired by the film and it was released on November 2009 exclusively for Wii and Nintendo DS platforms . It has been officially described an `` adventure through the exciting world of New Orleans in a family - oriented video game '' , featuring events from the film and challenges for Princess Tiana . Home Media ( edit ) The Princess and the Frog was released in North America on DVD and Blu - ray Disc on March 16 , 2010 . The film is available on DVD , Blu - ray Disc , and Blu - ray Disc combo pack editions ; the combo pack includes DVD and digital copies of the film , along with the Blu - ray Disc version . The film was released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc in Australia on June 2 , 2010 , and on June 21 , 2010 , in the United Kingdom . As of December 2010 the DVD has sold 4,475,227 copies and has made $71.3 million in DVD sales , making it the ninth - best - selling DVD of 2010 . Reception ( edit ) The financial and critical success of The Princess and the Frog persuaded Disney to green - light at least one new hand - drawn animated film to be released every two years . However , the blog / Film noted in July 2014 with the release of hand - drawn concept art for the 2013 computer animated film Frozen , that any future hand - drawn animated films have been `` killed '' for the time being due to The Princess and the Frog failing `` to ignite the box office '' . Two months later , however , many Disney artists announced they were working on a new independent hand drawn animated film , Hullabaloo as part of an attempt to bring back hand - drawn animation . Despite such speculation , Walt Disney Animation Studios has continued to use both hand - drawn animation and computer animation in subsequent films . Box Office ( edit ) On its limited day release , the film grossed $263,890 at two theaters and grossed $786,190 its opening weekend . On its opening day in wide release , the film grossed $7 million at 3,434 theaters . It went on to gross $24.2 million over the opening weekend averaging $7,050 per theater , ranking at # 1 for the weekend , and making it the highest - grossing start to date for an animated movie in December , a record previously held by Beavis and Butt - Head Do America . The film went on to gross $104.4 million ( in the United States and Canada ) and $267 million ( worldwide ) , making it a box office success , and became the fifth - highest - grossing animated film of 2009 . While the film did out - gross Disney 's more recent hand - drawn films such as The Emperor 's New Groove , Atlantis : The Lost Empire , Treasure Planet , Brother Bear , and Home on the Range , it was less auspicious than the animated films from Walt Disney Animation Studios ' 1990s heyday . Disney animator Tom Sito compared the film 's box office performance to that of The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) , which was a step up from the theatrical run of the 1985 box office bomb The Black Cauldron . Looking back on the experience four years later , Catmull acknowledged that Disney had made a `` serious mistake '' in the process of marketing and releasing the film . The Walt Disney Studios ' marketing department had warned Disney Animation that the word `` princess '' in the title `` would lead moviegoers to think that the film was for girls only , '' but the animation studio 's management insisted on keeping the `` princess '' title because they truly believed that the film 's excellent quality and beautiful hand - drawn animation would bring in all quadrants anyway . In Catmull 's words , this belief `` was our own version of a stupid pill . '' The marketing department turned out to be correct in their prediction that many moviegoers would and did avoid the film because they thought it was `` for little girls only . '' This error was further compounded by the fact that the film opened five days before Avatar . Looking back seven years later , Lasseter told Variety : `` I was determined to bring back ( hand - drawn animation ) because I felt it was such a heritage of the Disney studio , and I love the art form ... I was stunned that Princess did n't do better . We dug into it and did a lot of research and focus groups . It was viewed as old - fashioned by the audience . '' Critical reception ( edit ) The film received largely positive reviews from critics , praising the animation , characters , music and themes . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 85 % of 185 critics have given the film a positive review , with a rating average of 7.4 out of 10 . The site 's general consensus is that `` The warmth of traditional Disney animation makes this occasionally lightweight fairy - tale update a lively and captivating confection for the holidays . '' Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score out of 0 -- 100 from film critics , has a rating score of 73 based on 29 reviews . Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gave the film an `` A '' grade and applauded the film 's creative team for `` uphold ( ing ) the great tradition of classic Disney animation '' . Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter praised Walt Disney Animation for `` rediscovering its traditional hand - drawn animation '' and for `` a thing called story '' . David Germain of the Associated Press wrote that `` The Princess and the Frog is not the second coming of Beauty and the Beast or The Lion King . It 's just plain pleasant , an old - fashioned little charmer that 's not straining to be the next glib animated compendium of pop - culture flotsam . '' Justin Chang of Variety was less receptive , stating `` this long - anticipated throwback to a venerable house style never comes within kissing distance of the studio 's former glory '' . Joe Neumaier of the New York Daily News gave the film 3 / 5 stars while saying `` The Princess and the Frog breaks the color barrier for Disney princesses , but is a throwback to traditional animation and her story is a retread '' . Village Voice 's Scott Foundas found that `` the movie as a whole never approache ( d ) the wit , cleverness , and storytelling brio of the studio 's early - 1990s animation renaissance ( Beauty and the Beast , The Lion King ) or pretty much anything by Pixar '' . Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times gave the film a positive review claiming that `` the dialogue is fresh - prince clever , the themes are ageless , the rhythms are riotous and the return to a primal animation style is beautifully executed . '' Chicago Sun - Times film critic Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars and admired Disney 's step back to traditional animation , writing , `` No 3 - D ! No glasses ! No extra ticket charge ! No frantic frenzies of meaningless action ! And ... good gravy ! A story ! Characters ! A plot ! This is what classic animation once was like ! '' , but stated that the film `` inspires memories of Disney 's Golden Age it does n't quite live up to , as I 've said , but it 's spritely and high - spirited , and will allow kids to enjoy it without visually assaulting them . '' S. Jhoanna Robledo of Common Sense Media gave the film three out of five stars , writing , `` First African - American Disney princess is a good role model '' . Saint Bryan of the NBC - TV Seattle praised the film and called it `` The Best Disney Movie Since The Lion King '' . Upon its release , the film created controversy among some Christians over its use of Louisiana Voodoo as a plot device . Christianity Today 's review of the film cited its sexual undertones and use of voodoo , arguing that the scenes with Dr. Facilier and his `` friends on the other side '' contain many horror elements and that young children might be frightened by the film . The film 's treatment of Louisiana voodoo as a type of magic instead of a religion also drew criticism from non-Christian factions . Awards and Nominations ( edit ) The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature and twice for the Academy Award for Best Original Song , but lost to Up and Crazy Heart , respectively . It was also nominated for eight Annie Awards and , at the 37th Annie Awards Ceremony on February 6 , 2010 , won three . Award Nominee Result 2009 Satellite Awards Best Motion Picture , Animated or Mixed Media The Princess and the Frog Nominated Best Original Song Randy Newman ( Almost There ) Randy Newman ( Down in New Orleans ) African - American Film Critics Association Awards 2009 Top 10 Films The Princess and the Frog Won Best Screenplay John Musker , Ron Clements and Rob Edwards -- Tied with Geoffrey Fletcher for Precious : Based on the Novel `` Push '' by Sapphire 2009 Producers Guild of America Awards Animated Theatrical Motion Pictures Peter Del Vecho Nominated 2009 Online Film Critics Society Awards Best Animated Feature The Princess and the Frog 67th Golden Globe Awards Best Animated Feature Film 2009 Chicago Film Critics Association Best Animated Feature 2009 Critics Choice Awards Best Animated Feature Best Score Randy Newman Best Song ( Almost There ) 2009 Black Reel Awards Best Film The Princess and the Frog Best Song , Original or Adapted Ne - Yo ( Never Knew I Needed ) Anika Noni Rose ( Almost There ) Won Anika Noni Rose ( Down in New Orleans ) Nominated Best Voice Performance Keith David Anika Noni Rose Won Best Ensemble The Princess and the Frog Nominated 37th Annie Awards Best Animated Feature Animated Effects James DeValera Mansfield Won Production Design in a Feature Production Ian Gooding Nominated Character Animation in a Feature Production Andreas Deja Eric Goldberg Won Bruce W. Smith Nominated Voice Acting in a Feature Production Jennifer Cody ( `` Charlotte '' ) Won Jenifer Lewis ( `` Mama Odie '' ) Nominated 82nd Academy Awards Best Animated Feature John Musker and Ron Clements Best Music , Original Song Randy Newman ( Almost There ) Randy Newman ( Down in New Orleans ) 41st NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Motion Picture Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture Anika Noni Rose 36th Saturn Awards Best Animated Film The Princess and the Frog 2010 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Animated 2011 Grammy Awards Best Song Written for a Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media Randy Newman ( Down in New Orleans ) Women Film Critics Circle Best Animated Females Anika Noni Rose ( Tiana ) , Jennifer Cody ( Charlotte La Bouff ) , Oprah Winfrey ( Eudora ) , Jenifer Lewis ( Mama Odie ) , and all other female characters in The Princess and the Frog . Won Television ( edit ) Tiana made a guest - appearance on Sofia the First in the season 2 episode titled `` Winter 's Gift '' . A live - action version of Tiana is also a main character on the seventh season of Once Upon a Time . See also ( edit ) Disney portal Film in the United States portal Cartoon portal 2000s portal List of animated feature - length films List of traditional animated feature films List of Disney theatrical animated features List of Disney animated films based on fairy tales References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( December 14 , 2009 ) . `` ' The Princess And The Frog ' Leaps Over The Competition At The Box Office '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . ( ... ) cost Disney $105 million to produce ( ... ) Jump up ^ `` The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) -- Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' The Hurt Locker '' Takes Top Honors at 82nd Academy Awards `` . playbill.com . Playbill . 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External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Princess and the Frog Official website The Princess and the Frog at AllMovie The Princess and the Frog at The Big Cartoon DataBase The Princess and the Frog on IMDb The Princess and the Frog at Box Office Mojo The Princess and the Frog at Rotten Tomatoes The Princess and the Frog Sources The Frog Princess The Frog Prince Songs `` Never Knew I Needed '' `` Down in New Orleans '' `` Almost There '' `` Friends on the Other Side '' `` When We 're Human '' Other Tiana Original Songs and Score `` The Frog Prince '' by the Brothers Grimm Film The Frog Prince ( 1971 ) The Frog Prince ( 1986 ) Prince Charming ( 2001 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Other The Frog Prince ( play ) The Frog Prince , Continued ( picture book ) Flycatcher ( comics ) Conrad ( comic strip ) `` Yeojin '' ( song ) Related The Frog Princess ( fairy tale ) Superfrog ( game ) Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Films directed by Ron Clements and John Musker The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Randy Newman Studio albums Randy Newman ( 1968 ) 12 Songs ( 1970 ) Sail Away ( 1972 ) Good Old Boys ( 1974 ) Little Criminals ( 1977 ) Born Again ( 1979 ) Trouble in Paradise ( 1983 ) Land of Dreams ( 1988 ) Bad Love ( 1999 ) Harps and Angels ( 2008 ) Dark Matter ( 2017 ) Live albums Randy Newman Live ( 1971 ) Compilations Lonely at the Top : The Best of Randy Newman ( 1987 ) Guilty : 30 Years of Randy Newman ( 1998 ) The Randy Newman Songbook Vol. 1 ( 2003 ) The Randy Newman Songbook Vol. 2 ( 2011 ) Musicals Randy Newman 's Faust ( 1995 ) Films scored Cold Turkey ( 1971 ) Ragtime ( 1981 ) The Natural ( 1984 ) Parenthood ( 1989 ) Awakenings ( 1990 ) Avalon ( 1990 ) The Paper ( 1994 ) Maverick ( 1994 ) Toy Story ( 1995 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Michael ( 1996 ) Cats Do n't Dance ( 1997 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Pleasantville ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Meet the Parents ( 2000 ) Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 ) Seabiscuit ( 2003 ) Meet the Fockers ( 2004 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Leatherheads ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Monsters University ( 2013 ) Cars 3 ( 2017 ) Soundtrack albums Avalon ( 1990 ) Meet the Parents ( 2000 ) Cars ( 2006 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Songs `` Mama Told Me Not to Come '' `` Sail Away '' `` He Gives Us All His Love '' `` Simon Smith and the Amazing Dancing Bear '' `` Political Science '' `` You Can Leave Your Hat On '' `` Louisiana 1927 '' `` Rednecks '' `` Short People '' `` I Love L.A. '' `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' `` When She Loved Me '' `` We Belong Together '' `` It 's a Jungle Out There '' Related Discography Brill Building Nilsson Sings Newman Family Alfred Newman David Newman Emil Newman Joey Newman Lionel Newman Thomas Newman Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Princess_and_the_Frog&oldid=804970812 '' Categories : 2009 films English - language films The Princess and the Frog 2009 animated films 2000s adventure films American films 2000s American animated films 2000s comedy - drama films 2000s fantasy films 2000s musical comedy films 2000s romantic comedy films African - American animated films African - American musical films American animated fantasy films American children 's animated films American children 's fantasy films American fantasy - comedy films American musical fantasy films Animated adventure films Animated comedy films Animated drama films Animated duos Animated films about reptiles and amphibians Animated films based on novels Animated musical films Animated romance films Cooking films Film scores by Randy Newman Films about shapeshifting Films about Vodou Films about wish fulfillment Films based on American novels Films based on Grimms ' Fairy Tales Films based on multiple works Films directed by Ron Clements Films directed by John Musker Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films produced by Peter Del Vecho Films set in 1912 Films set in 1926 Films set in the 1910s Films set in the 1920s Films set in the Roaring Twenties Films set in New Orleans Louisiana Voodoo in fiction Mardi Gras in New Orleans Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Pictures films African - American films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Use mdy dates from June 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 06 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the princesses name in princess and the frog | [
"Tiana and Naveen then reveal their love to each other and explain the situation to Charlotte, who agrees to kiss Naveen, as Lawrence is taken away by the police. However, the clock strikes midnight before she can kiss him, but the two decide they are content to live together as frogs. Then they bid farewell to Ray along with Louie, later to find out Ray finally joined Evangeline. Tiana and Naveen are wed by Mama Odie; and because of Tiana's new status as princess, they are restored back to human form after their kiss. Later, the couple returns to New Orleans to legally get married and celebrate, and together the two open their new restaurant. The movie ends with Tiana and Naveen dancing as the two stars, Ray and Evangeline, twinkle in the sky."
] | [
"Tiana"
] |
1466131420120226527 | List of National Football League records (individual) | List of National Football League records ( individual ) - wikipedia List of National Football League records ( individual ) Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of records in the National Football League ( NFL ) set by individual players . Contents ( hide ) 1 Service 2 Scoring 2.1 Touchdowns 2.2 Points after touchdown 2.3 Field goals 2.4 Safeties 3 Rushing 3.1 Rushing attempts 3.2 Rushing yards 3.3 Rushing touchdowns 4 Passing 4.1 Passer rating 4.2 Passing attempts 4.3 Pass completions 4.4 Pass completion percentage 4.5 Passing yards 4.6 Average passing yards 4.7 Passing touchdowns 4.8 Interceptions thrown 4.9 Passing interception differential / ratio 4.10 Lowest percentage passes had intercepted 4.11 Sacked 5 Receiving 5.1 Receptions 5.2 Yards receiving 5.3 Average yards / reception 5.4 Receiving touchdowns 6 Yards from scrimmage 7 All - purpose 7.1 All - purpose attempts 7.2 All - purpose yards 8 Interceptions 8.1 Interception return yards 8.2 Interception return touchdowns 9 Punting 9.1 Punts 9.2 Punting yards 9.3 Average punting yards 9.4 Average net punting yards 9.5 Punts had blocked 9.6 Punts inside the 20 10 Punt returns 10.1 Punt return attempts 10.2 Fair catches 10.3 Punt return yards 10.4 Average punt return yards 10.5 Punt return touchdowns 11 Kickoff returns 11.1 Kickoff return attempts 11.2 Kickoff return yards 11.3 Average kickoff return yards 11.4 Kickoff return touchdowns 12 Combined kick / punt returns 12.1 Kick / punt return yards 12.2 Kick / punt return touchdowns 13 Fumbles 13.1 Fumbles recovered 13.2 Opponent fumbles recovered 13.3 Fumble return yards 13.4 Fumble return touchdowns 13.5 Fumbles forced 14 Tackles 15 Sacks 16 Records in a single decade 17 Records in a single month 18 Overtime records 19 Miscellaneous 20 Other 21 Age 22 Starts / games played 23 QB Wins 24 QB Losses 25 Professional football firsts 25.1 Rushing 25.2 Passing 25.3 Receiving 25.4 Scrimmage 25.5 Combined yards 25.6 Touchdowns 25.7 Scoring 25.8 Starts 25.9 Wins 26 Longest play 27 Notes 28 See also 29 References 30 External links Service ( edit ) Most seasons : 26 , George Blanda 1949 -- 1958 , 1960 -- 1975 Most seasons , one team : 21 , Jason Hanson 1992 -- 2012 Most games played , career : 382 , Morten Andersen 1982 -- 2007 Most games played , one team : 327 , Jason Hanson 1992 -- 2012 Most consecutive games played , career : 352 , Jeff Feagles 1988 -- 2009 Most consecutive games played , one team : 270 , Jim Marshall 1961 -- 1979 Scoring ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 5 , Don Hutson , 1940 -- 1944 ; Gino Cappelletti , 1961 , 1963 -- 1966 ; Stephen Gostkowski , 2008 , 2012 -- 2015 Most consecutive seasons leading league : 5 , Don Hutson , 1940 -- 1944 Most points scored , career : 2,544 , Morten Andersen , 1983 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2007 Most points scored , season : 186 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 Most points scored , season , home : 102 , Shaun Alexander , 2005 Most points scored , season , away : 100 , Gino Cappelletti , 1964 Highest average points per game scored , career : 8.67 , Stephen Gostkowski ( 1,457 Points / 168 Games ) , 2006 -- 2016 Highest average points per game scored , season : 14.67 , Paul Hornung ( 176 Points / 12 Games ) , 1960 Most points scored , season , no touchdowns : 166 , David Akers , 2011 Most points scored , game , no touchdowns : 26 , Rob Bironas on October 21 , 2007 Most seasons , 100 + points : 19 , Adam Vinatieri , 1996 -- 2008 , 2010 , 2012 -- 2016 Most consecutive seasons , 100 + points : 16 , Jason Elam , 1993 -- 2008 Most points , season , rookie : 150 , Cody Parkey , 2014 Most points , game : 40 , Ernie Nevers , November 28 , 1929 Most consecutive quarters scoring : 38 , Stephen Gostkowski Sep 10 , 2015 - Nov 23 , 2015 Touchdowns ( edit ) Note : this section applies to touchdowns scored running , receiving , or returning . Passing touchdowns are listed separately . Most seasons leading league touchdowns : 8 , Don Hutson , 1935 -- 1938 , 1941 -- 1944 Most consecutive seasons leading league touchdowns : 4 , Don Hutson , 1935 -- 1938 , 1941 -- 1944 Most touchdowns , career : 208 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most touchdowns , season : 31 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 Most touchdowns , rookie season : 22 , Gale Sayers , 1965 Most touchdowns , game : 6 , Ernie Nevers November 28 , 1929 ; Dub Jones November 25 , 1951 ; Gale Sayers December 12 , 1965 Most touchdowns , half : 5 , Shaun Alexander , Sep 29 , 2002 Most touchdowns , quarter : 4 , Don Hutson , Oct 7 , 1945 Most consecutive games touchdown : 18 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2004 -- 05 ; Lenny Moore , 1963 -- 65 Most consecutive games 2 + touchdown : 8 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 Most consecutive games 3 + touchdown : 4 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 Most consecutive games 4 + touchdown : 2 , Jim Taylor , 1962 ; Marshall Faulk 2000 ; LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 Most consecutive seasons 1 + touchdowns : 20 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most consecutive seasons 2 + touchdowns : 17 , Tony Gonzalez , 1997 -- 2013 Most consecutive seasons 3 + touchdowns : 15 , Terrell Owens , 1996 -- 2010 Most consecutive seasons 4 + touchdowns : 15 , Terrell Owens , 1996 -- 2010 Most consecutive seasons 5 + touchdowns : 11 , Don Hutson , 1935 -- 1945 ; Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 ; Cris Carter , 1991 -- 2001 ; Tim Brown , 1991 -- 2001 ; Marvin Harrison , 1996 -- 2006 ; Terrell Owens , 2000 -- 2010 ; Frank Gore , 2006 -- 2016 Most consecutive seasons 6 + touchdowns : 11 , Don Hutson , 1935 - 1945 ; Jerry Rice , 1986 - 1996 ; Marvin Harrison , 1996 -- 2006 ; Terrell Owens , 2000 -- 2010 Most consecutive seasons 7 + touchdowns : 11 , Don Hutson , 1935 -- 1945 ; Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 Most consecutive seasons 8 + touchdowns : 11 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 Most consecutive seasons 9 + touchdowns : 11 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 Most consecutive seasons 10 + touchdowns : 10 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1995 Most consecutive seasons 11 + touchdowns : 8 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 - 2009 Most consecutive seasons 12 + touchdowns : 8 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 - 2009 Most consecutive seasons 13 + touchdowns : 6 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 - 2007 Most consecutive seasons 14 + touchdowns : 6 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 - 2007 Most consecutive seasons 15 + touchdowns : 6 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 - 2007 Points after touchdown ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 8 , George Blanda , 1956 , 1961 -- 62 , 1967 -- 69 , 1972 , 1974 Most kicking attempts , career : 959 , George Blanda , 1949 -- 1976 Most kicking attempts , season : 75 , Matt Prater , 2013 Most kicks attempted , game : 10 , Charlie Gogolak on November 27 , 1966 Most kicks made , career : 943 , George Blanda , 1949 -- 1976 Most kicks made , season : 75 , Matt Prater , 2013 Most kicks made , rookie season : 60 , Doug Brien , 1994 Most kicks made , game : 9 , Pat Harder on October 17 , 1948 , Bob Waterfield on October 22 , 1950 and Charlie Gogolak on November 27 , 1966 Most kicks made no misses , season : 75 , Matt Prater , 2013 Most kicks made no misses , rookie season : 54 , Cody Parkey , 2014 Most kicks made no misses , game : 9 , Pat Harder on October 17 , 1948 and Bob Waterfield on October 22 , 1950 Most kicks made , half : 7 , Jan Stenerud ; October 2 , 1983 Most kicks made , quarter ( including playoffs ) : 5 , Stephen Gostkowski November 22 , 2012 , October 18 , 2009 ; Ali Haji - Sheikh January 31 , 1988 ; Jan Stenerud October 2 , 1983 ; Don Chandler November 12 , 1967 ; Pat Harder October 24 , 1948 ; Don Hutson October 7 , 1945 Most consecutive kicks made : 479 , Stephen Gostkowski ; 2006 -- 2016 Most consecutive kicks made ( including playoffs ) : 523 , Stephen Gostkowski ; December 31 , 2006 -- January 16 , 2016 Most consecutive kicks made to start a career : 321 , Rian Lindell ; October 5 , 2000 -- November 7 , 2010 Highest percentage kicks made career ( minimum 200 attempts ) : 100.0 , Dan Bailey , ( 250 / 250 ) 2011 -- 2016 Most two point conversions , career : 7 , Marshall Faulk , 1994 -- 2005 Most two point conversions , season : 4 , Todd Heap , 2003 Most two point conversions , rookie season : 3 , Gino Cappelletti , 1960 Most two point conversions game : 2 , by 11 players , most recently Ladarius Green on October 25 , 2015 Field goals ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 5 , Lou Groza , 1950 , 1952 -- 1954 , 1957 Most consecutive seasons leading league : 3 , Lou Groza , 1952 -- 1954 Most field goals attempted , career : 709 , Morten Andersen , 1982 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2007 Most field goals attempted , season : 52 , David Akers , 2011 Most field goals attempted , rookie season : 48 , Chester Marcol , 1972 Most field goals missed , season : 26 , Paul Hornung , 1964 Most field goals missed , career : 304 , George Blanda , 1949 -- 1976 Most field goals attempted , game : 9 , Jim Bakken on September 24 , 1967 Most field goals made , career : 565 , Morten Andersen , 1982 -- 2004 ; 2006 -- 2007 Most field goals made , season : 44 , David Akers , 2011 Most field goals made , season , no misses : 37 , Mike Vanderjagt , 2003 Most field goals made , rookie season : 35 , Ali Haji - Sheikh , 1983 and Blair Walsh , 2012 Most field goals made , game : 8 , Rob Bironas on October 21 , 2007 Most field goals made , game , no misses : 8 , Rob Bironas on October 21 , 2007 Most field goals made , postseason game : 6 , Chris Boswell on January 15 , 2017 Most field goals made , one half : 5 ; Chris Boniol on November 18 , 1996 , Morten Andersen on September 3 , 2000 , Rob Bironas on October 21 , 2007 , and Mike Nugent on September 7 , 2014 Most field goals made , one quarter : 4 ; by 8 players , most recently Shayne Graham on November 11 , 2007 Most consecutive games with field goal made : 38 , Matt Stover , 1999 -- 2001 Most consecutive games with field goal made of 40 + yards : 10 , Rob Bironas , 2011 -- 2012 Most consecutive games with 2 + field goals made : 19 , Stephen Gostkowski 2013 -- 2014 Most consecutive games with 3 + field goals made : 6 , Olindo Mare 1999 ; Gary Anderson 1985 Most consecutive games with 4 + field goals made : 4 , Olindo Mare 1999 Most consecutive games with 5 + field goals made : 2 , Dan Carpenter 2010 ; Richie Cunningham , 1997 ; John Kasay , 1996 ; John Carney , 1994 Most consecutive field goals made : 44 , Adam Vinatieri ; October 4 , 2015 -- October 20 , 2016 Most consecutive field goals made ( postseason ) : 23 , Mason Crosby ; January 15 , 2011 -- January 22 , 2017 Most consecutive field goals made to start a career : 18 , Travis Coons , 2015 Most consecutive field goals made ( regular season and postseason combined ) : 46 , Gary Anderson ; December 15 , 1997 -- Jan. 17 , 1999 Most consecutive field goals made from under 30 yards : 122 , John Kasay November 30 , 1997 -- January 1 , 2012 ( end of career ) Most consecutive field goals made from under 30 yards to start a career : 93 , Robbie Gould 2005 - 2017 Most consecutive field goals made from under 40 yards : 53 , Rian Lindell Dec. 17 , 2005 - Nov. 30 , 2008 Most consecutive field goals made from under 50 yards : 55 , Ryan Succop Dec. 14 , 2014 - current Most consecutive field goals made from 40 + yards : 24 , Jason Hanson , 2007 -- 2009 Most consecutive field goals made from 50 + yards : 12 , Blair Walsh , 2012 -- 2013 ; Robbie Gould , 2010 -- 2013 Longest field goal : 64 yards , Matt Prater ( vs. Tennessee ) , December 8 , 2013 Longest field goal , rookie : 61 yards , Jake Elliott ( vs. NY Giants ) on September 24 , 2017 Longest field goal in 1st quarter : 58 yards , Nick Lowery on September 18 , 1983 and Greg Zuerlein on September 30 , 2012 Longest field goal in 3rd quarter : 60 yards , Greg Zuerlein on September 30 , 2012 Longest field goal in 4th quarter : 63 yards , Tom Dempsey on November 8 , 1970 Longest field goal in overtime : 57 yards , Sebastian Janikowski on October 19 , 2008 Highest field goal percentage , career ( minimum 100 FG made ) : 89.8 % ( 168 / 187 ) , Justin Tucker , 2011 -- 2016 Highest field goal percentage , 50 + yards , career ( minimum 30 FG made ) : 80.0 % ( 36 / 45 ) , Matt Prater , 2007 -- 2016 Highest field goal percentage , 40 + yards , career ( minimum 30 FG made ) : 81.7 % ( 76 / 93 ) , Justin Tucker , 2007 -- 2016 Highest field goal percentage , under 50 yards , career ( minimum 50 FG made ) : 95.2 % ( 140 / 147 ) , Justin Tucker , 2012 -- 2016 Highest field goal percentage , under 40 yards , career ( minimum 50 FG made ) : 97.9 % ( 92 / 94 ) , Justin Tucker , 2012 -- 2016 Highest field goal percentage , season ( minimum 20 attempts ) : 100.0 ; Gary Anderson , 1998 ( 35 / 35 ) ; Mike Vanderjagt , 2003 ( 37 / 37 ) in 2003 Highest field goal percentage season rookie ( minimum 10 attempts ) : 100.0 , Garrett Hartley ( 13 / 13 ) , 2008 Highest field goal percentage , season rookie ( minimum 20 attempts ) : 92.1 , Blair Walsh , Minnesota Vikings ( 35 / 38 ) , 2012 Lowest field goal percentage , season ( most attempts , none made ) : 0.0 , Boris Shlapak ( 0 / 8 ) , 1972 Lowest field goal percentage , season ( minimum 10 attempts ) : 6.67 , Bob Timberlake ( 1 / 15 ) , 1965 Most field goals made , 40 + yards , career : 188 , Jason Hanson , 1992 -- 2012 Most field goals made , 50 + yards , career : 55 , Sebastian Janikowski , 2000 -- 2016 Most field goals made , 60 + yards , career : 2 , Sebastian Janikowski , December 27 , 2009 , September 12 , 2011 ; Greg Zuerlein , September 30 , 2012 , November 8 , 2015 Most field goals attempted 50 + yards , career : 98 , Sebastian Janikowski , 2000 -- 2016 Most field goals attempted 60 + yards , career : 9 , Sebastian Janikowski , 2005 -- 2015 Most field goals attempted 50 + yards , season : 13 , Greg Zuerlein , 2012 Most field goals attempted 50 + more , rookie season : 13 , Greg Zuerlein , 2012 Most field goals made , 50 + yards , season : 10 , Blair Walsh , 2012 ; Justin Tucker , 2016 Most field goals made , 50 + yards , rookie season : 10 , Blair Walsh , 2012 Most field goals made , 50 + yards , season no misses : 10 , Blair Walsh , 2012 Most field goals made , 50 + yards , game : 3 , by 9 players , most recently Justin Tucker on November 27 , 2016 Most field goals made , 58 + yards , game : 2 , Greg Zuerlein ; September 30 , 2012 Most field goals made , 54 + yards , game : 3 , Kris Brown , October 7 , 2007 Most field goals made , 46 + yards , game : 4 , John Kasay , September 24 , 2006 Most field goals made , 40 + yards , game : 5 , Mason Crosby , November 22 , 2015 ; Chris Boswell , December 18 , 2016 Most field goals made , 35 + yards , game : 6 , Chris Boniol , November 18 , 1996 Most field goals made , 50 + yards , half : 3 , Phil Dawson September 27 , 2012 , Justin Tucker November 27 , 2016 Most field goals made , 55 + yards , quarter : 2 , Neil Rackers , October 24 , 2004 , Brandon McManus , on September 13 , 2015 , Steven Hauschka , on October 1 , 2017 Most games , 1 + field goals made , career : 299 , Morten Andersen , 1983 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2007 Most games , 2 + field goals made , career : 178 , Morten Andersen , 1983 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2007 Most games , 3 + field goals made , career : 80 , Adam Vinatieri , 1996 -- 2016 Most games , 4 + field goals made , career : 29 , John Carney , 1990 -- 2008 Most games , 5 + field goals made , career : 11 , John Carney , 1992 -- 2004 Most games , 6 + field goals made , career : 2 , John Carney , 1993 ; Gary Anderson 1988 -- 1998 ; Jeff Wilkins , 1996 -- 2006 ; Jim Bakken , 1967 -- 1973 Most games , 7 + field goals made , career : 1 ; Jim Bakken on September 24 , 1967 ; Rich Karlis on November 5 , 1989 ; Chris Boniol on November 18 , 1996 ; Billy Cundiff on September 15 , 2003 ; Rob Bironas on October 21 , 2007 ; Shayne Graham on November 11 , 2007 ; Cairo Santos on October 4 , 2015 Greg Zuerlein on October 1 , 2017 Most games , 2 + field goals made , season : 16 , Stephen Gostkowski , New England Patriots , 2013 Most games , 3 + field goals made , season : 9 , Al Del Greco , Tennessee Oilers , 1998 Most games , 4 + field goals made , season : 6 , David Akers , San Francisco 49ers 2011 Most games , 5 + field goals made , season : 3 , Rich Karlis , Minnesota Vikings , 1989 Most games , 6 + field goals made , season : 2 , John Carney , San Diego Chargers , 1993 Most overtime field goals made , career : 10 , Adam Vinatieri 1996 -- 2015 Safeties ( edit ) Most safeties , career : 4 , Ted Hendricks 1969 -- 1983 , Doug English 1975 -- 1985 , Jared Allen 2004 -- 2015 Most safeties , season : 2 ; by 18 players , most recently Junior Galette 2014 Most safeties , rookie season : 2 , Jameel McClain 2008 , Jim Young 1977 Most safeties , game : 2 , Fred Dryer October 21 , 1973 Most safeties , one quarter : 2 , Fred Dryer October 21 , 1973 Most consecutive games , safety : 2 , Doug English September 4 , 1983 -- September 11 , 1983 Most consecutive seasons , safety : 3 , Charlie Krueger 1959 -- 1961 , Ted Hendricks 1974 -- 1976 , Eric Swann 1992 -- 1994 Rushing ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League rushing yards leaders . Rushing attempts ( edit ) Most seasons leading league , rushing attempts : 6 , Jim Brown ; 1958 -- 1959 , 1963 , 1963 -- 1965 Most consecutive seasons leading league , rushing attempts : 4 ; Steve Van Buren , 1947 -- 1950 and Walter Payton 1976 -- 1979 Most rushing attempts per game average , career : 21.2 , Terrell Davis , 1995 -- 2001 Most rushing attempts , career : 4,409 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2004 Most rushing attempts , season : 416 , Larry Johnson , 2006 Most rushing attempts , rookie , season : 390 , Eric Dickerson , 1983 Most rushing attempts , game : 45 , Jamie Morris ; Dec 17 , 1988 ( OT ) Most rushing attempts , game , rookie : 45 , Jamie Morris ; Dec 17 , 1988 ( OT ) Most rushing attempts , first game : 36 , LaDainian Tomlinson ; Sep 9 , 2001 Most rushing attempts , no fumbles , season : 397 , Gerald Riggs , 1985 Most consecutive rushing attempts , no fumbles , to start a career : 559 , BenJarvus Green - Ellis , 2008 -- 2012 Most consecutive rushing attempts , no fumbles : 1,001 , LaDainian Tomlinson , Oct 22 , 2006 - Nov 29 , 2009 Most rushing attempts , no rushing touchdowns , season : 240 , Joe Washington , 1978 Most rushing attempts , no rushing touchdowns , career : 247 , Emmett Mortell , 1937 -- 1939 Most rushing attempts , no rushing touchdowns , career ( since AFL - NFL merger ) : 221 , Brian Leonard , 2007 -- 2014 Most consecutive rushing attempts , no rushing touchdowns : 507 - 524 , Archie Griffin , Dec 6 , 1976 - Sep 6 , 1981 Most seasons , 200 rushing attempts : 14 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 Most seasons , 250 rushing attempts : 13 , Emmitt Smith 1991 -- 2004 Most seasons , 300 rushing attempts : 10 , Walter Payton 1976 -- 1986 Most consecutive seasons , 200 rushing attempts : 13 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2002 Most consecutive seasons , 250 rushing attempts : 12 , Emmitt Smith 1991 -- 2002 Most consecutive seasons , 300 rushing attempts : 8 , Eddie George 1996 -- 2003 Most games , 20 rushing attempts , career : 121 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 Most games , 25 rushing attempts , career : 56 , Emmitt Smith 1991 -- 2004 Most games , 30 rushing attempts , career : 21 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1991 Most games , 35 rushing attempts , career : 7 , Walter Payton 1976 -- 1984 Most games , 40 rushing attempts , career : 2 , James Wilder 1983 -- 1984 , Ricky Williams 1999 -- 2003 Most games , 20 rushing attempts , season : 14 , by 8 players , most recently Shaun Alexander 2005 Most games , 25 rushing attempts , season : 10 , Larry Johnson 2006 , Jamal Anderson 1998 , Emmitt Smith 1994 Most games , 30 rushing attempts , season : 7 , Earl Campbell 1979 Most games , 35 rushing attempts , season : 3 , Earl Campbell 1980 , Eddie George 2000 Rushing yards ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 8 , Jim Brown , 1957 -- 1961 1963 -- 1965 Most consecutive seasons leading league : 5 , Jim Brown , 1957 -- 1961 Most rushing yards per game average , career : 104.3 , Jim Brown , 1957 - 1965 Most yards gained , career : 18,355 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2004 Most seasons , 500 + yards rushing : 14 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2004 Most seasons , 1,000 + yards rushing : 11 , Emmitt Smith , 1991 -- 2001 Most seasons , 1,500 + yards rushing : 5 , Barry Sanders , 1991 -- 1997 Most consecutive seasons , 500 + yards rushing : 13 , Walter Payton , 1975 -- 1987 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2002 Most consecutive seasons , 1,000 + yards rushing : 11 , Emmitt Smith , 1991 -- 2001 Most consecutive seasons , 1,500 + yards rushing : 4 , Barry Sanders , 1994 -- 1997 Most yards gained , season : 2,105 , Eric Dickerson 1984 Most yards gained , no fumbles , season : 1,883 , Barry Sanders , 1994 Most yards gained , rookie , season : 1,808 Eric Dickerson , 1983 Most yards , no touchdowns , season : 956 , Joe Washington , 1978 Most yards gained , no rushing touchdowns , game : 237 , Barry Sanders , November 13 , 1994 Most yards gained , season , at Home : 1,125 Walter Payton , 1977 Most yards gained , season , Away : 1,087 Eric Dickerson , 1984 Most yards gained , back - to - back games : 476 , O.J. Simpson Nov 25 , 1976 - Dec 5 , 1976 Most yards gained , game : 296 , Adrian Peterson Nov 4 , 2007 Most yards gained , outdoor game : 295 , Jamal Lewis Sep 14 , 2003 Most yards gained , away game : 286 , Jerome Harrison Dec 20 , 2009 Most yards gained , one half : 253 , Adrian Peterson Nov 4 , 2007 Most yards gained , first game : 194 , Alan Ameche Sep 25 , 1955 Most yards gained , game , rookie : 296 , Adrian Peterson Nov 4 , 2007 Most yards gained , one quarter : 165 , Jamaal Charles Dec 23 , 2012 Longest run from scrimmage : 99 yard ( touchdown ) , Tony Dorsett , January 3 , 1983 Highest yards gained per game average , career : 104.3 , Jim Brown , 1957 -- 1965 Highest yards gained per game average , season : 143.1 , O.J. Simpson , 1973 Highest average gain , game ( minimum 100 yards ) : 52.50 ( 2 carries , 105 yards ) , Brian Mitchell Oct 1 , 2000 Most games , 50 + yards rushing , career : 173 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2004 Most games , 100 + yards rushing , career : 78 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2004 Most games , 150 + yards rushing , career : 25 , Barry Sanders , 1989 -- 1998 Most games , 200 + yards rushing , career : 6 , O.J. Simpson , 1969 -- 1979 ; Adrian Peterson , 2007 -- 2015 Most games , 250 + yards rushing , career : 2 , O.J. Simpson , 1973 -- 1976 Most games , 100 + yards rushing , season : 14 , Barry Sanders , 1997 Most games , 150 + yards rushing , season : 7 , Earl Campbell , 1980 , Adrian Peterson 2012 Most games , 200 + yards rushing , season : 4 , Earl Campbell , 1980 Most consecutive games , 50 + yards rushing : 38 , Priest Holmes , 2001 -- 2003 Most consecutive games , 100 + yards rushing : 14 , Barry Sanders , 1997 Most consecutive games , 150 + yards rushing : 4 , Earl Campbell , 1980 Most consecutive games , 200 + yards rushing : 2 , O.J. Simpson , 1973 , 1976 ; Earl Campbell 1980 ; Ricky Williams 2002 ; Jay Ajayi 2016 Most consecutive games to start a season , 100 + yards rushing : 8 , DeMarco Murray 2014 Most rushing yards by a quarterback , career : 6,109 , Michael Vick , 2001 -- 2015 Most rushing yards by a quarterback , season : 1,039 , Michael Vick , 2006 Most rushing yards by a quarterback , game : 181 , Colin Kaepernick , Jan 12 , 2013 ( playoffs ) Highest average gain per attempt , career ( minimum 750 attempts ) : 7.0 yards ( 6,109 yards / 873 attempts ) , Michael Vick , 2001 -- 2015 Highest average gain per attempt , career ( minimum 1,000 attempts ) : 5.45 yards ( 7,260 yards / 1,332 attempts ) , Jamaal Charles , 2008 -- present Highest average gain per attempt , season ( qualifiers ) : 8.45 yards ( 1,039 yards / 123 attempts ) , Michael Vick , 2006 Highest average gain per attempt , game ( minimum 10 attempts ) : 17.3 yards , Michael Vick December 1 , 2002 vs. Minnesota Vikings Fewest games to reach 1,000 career rushing yards : 8 , Adrian Peterson 2007 Fewest games to reach 2,000 career rushing yards : 18 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1984 Fewest games to reach 3,000 career rushing yards : 27 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1984 Fewest games to reach 4,000 career rushing yards : 33 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1985 Fewest games to reach 5,000 career rushing yards : 45 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1985 Fewest games to reach 6,000 career rushing yards : 53 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1986 Fewest games to reach 7,000 career rushing yards : 63 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1986 Fewest games to reach 8,000 career rushing yards : 73 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1987 Fewest games to reach 9,000 career rushing yards : 82 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1988 Fewest games to reach 10,000 career rushing yards : 91 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1989 Fewest games to reach 11,000 career rushing yards : 103 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1989 Fewest games to reach 12,000 career rushing yards : 118 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1991 Fewest games to reach 13,000 career rushing yards : 133 , Barry Sanders 1989 - 1997 Rushing touchdowns ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League rushing touchdowns leaders . Most seasons leading league , touchdowns : 5 , Jim Brown , 1957 -- 1959 , 1963 , 1965 Most consecutive seasons leading league , touchdowns : 3 , Steve Van Buren , 1947 -- 1949 ; Jim Brown , 1957 -- 1959 ; Abner Haynes ( American Football League ) , 1960 -- 1962 ; Cookie Gilchrist ( American Football League ) , 1962 -- 1964 ; Jim Brown , 1966 -- 1968 Most touchdowns , career : 164 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2004 Most rushing touchdowns , season : 28 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 Most rushing touchdowns , rookie , season : 18 Eric Dickerson , 1983 Most rushing touchdowns , season , at Home : 16 , Terry Allen , 1996 ; Priest Holmes , 2003 ; Shaun Alexander , 2005 Most rushing touchdowns , season , Away : 16 , John Riggins , 1983 Most rushing touchdowns , game : 6 , Ernie Nevers ; Nov 28 , 1929 Most rushing touchdowns , one half : 4 , Jim Brown , Nov 18 , 1962 ; Roland Hooks , Sep 9 , 1979 ; Chuck Muncie , Nov 29 , 1981 ; Eric Dickerson , Oct 31 , 1988 ; Shaun Alexander , Sep 29 , 2002 ; Priest Holmes , Oct 24 , 2004 ; Doug Martin , Nov 4 , 2012 Most seasons , 1 + rushing touchdowns : 16 , Marcus Allen 1982 -- 1997 Most seasons , 2 + rushing touchdowns : 16 , Marcus Allen 1982 -- 1997 Most seasons , 3 + rushing touchdowns : 14 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 Most seasons , 4 + rushing touchdowns : 13 , Marcus Allen 1982 -- 1997 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 Most seasons , 5 + rushing touchdowns : 13 , Marcus Allen 1982 -- 1997 Most seasons , 6 + rushing touchdowns : 11 , Walter Payton 1975 -- 1986 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 Most seasons , 7 + rushing touchdowns : 11 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 Most seasons , 8 + rushing touchdowns : 11 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 Most seasons , 9 + rushing touchdowns : 11 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 Most seasons , 10 + rushing touchdowns : 9 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2009 Most seasons , 11 + rushing touchdowns : 8 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 -- 2009 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 1999 Most seasons , 12 + rushing touchdowns : 7 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 -- 2009 Most seasons , 13 + rushing touchdowns : 6 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 -- 2007 Most seasons , 14 + rushing touchdowns : 5 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2004 -- 2007 , Shaun Alexander 2001 -- 2005 Most seasons , 15 + rushing touchdowns : 4 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2004 -- 2007 Most seasons , 16 + rushing touchdowns : 3 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2004 -- 2006 , Shaun Alexander 2002 -- 2005 , Emmitt Smith 1992 -- 1995 Most seasons , 17 + rushing touchdowns : 3 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2004 -- 2006 , Emmitt Smith 1992 -- 1995 Most seasons , 18 + rushing touchdowns : 3 , Emmitt Smith 1992 -- 1995 Most seasons , 19 + rushing touchdowns : 2 , Priest Holmes 2002 -- 2003 , Emmitt Smith 1994 -- 1995 Most seasons , 20 + rushing touchdowns : 2 , Priest Holmes 2002 -- 2003 , Emmitt Smith 1994 -- 1995 Most consecutive seasons , 1 + rushing touchdowns : 16 , Marcus Allen 1982 -- 1997 Most consecutive seasons , 2 + rushing touchdowns : 16 , Marcus Allen 1982 -- 1997 Most consecutive seasons , 3 + rushing touchdowns : 13 , Jerome Bettis 1993 -- 2005 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2002 Most consecutive seasons , 4 + rushing touchdowns : 11 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2000 , Steven Jackson 2004 -- 2014 Most consecutive seasons , 5 + rushing touchdowns : 10 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2010 , Marshall Faulk 1994 -- 2003 Most consecutive seasons , 6 + rushing touchdowns : 10 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2010 , Marshall Faulk 1994 -- 2003 Most consecutive seasons , 7 + rushing touchdowns : 9 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2009 , Jim Brown 1957 -- 1965 Most consecutive seasons , 8 + rushing touchdowns : 9 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2009 Most consecutive seasons , 9 + rushing touchdowns : 9 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2009 Most consecutive games , 1 + rushing touchdown : 14 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2004 -- 2005 Most consecutive games , 2 + rushing touchdowns : 8 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 Most consecutive games , 3 + rushing touchdowns : 3 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 Most consecutive games , 4 + rushing touchdowns : 2 , Jim Taylor , 1962 Most games , 1 + rushing touchdowns , career : 117 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 Most games , 2 + rushing touchdowns , career : 38 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2010 Most games , 3 + rushing touchdowns , career : 12 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2008 Most games , 4 + rushing touchdowns , career : 5 , Jim Brown 1957 -- 1962 Most games , 5 + rushing touchdowns , career : 1 , Jimmy Conzelman 10 - 15 - 1922 , Ernie Nevers 11 - 28 - 1929 , Jim Brown 11 - 1 - 1959 , Cookie Gilchrist 12 - 8 - 1963 , Ricky Watters 1 - 15 - 1994 , James Stewart ( American football ) 10 - 12 - 1997 , Clinton Portis 12 - 7 - 2003 Most games , rushing 6 + touchdowns , career : 1 , Ernie Nevers 11 - 28 - 1929 Most games , 1 + rushing touchdowns , season : 15 , Emmitt Smith 1995 Most games , 2 + rushing touchdowns , season : 10 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2006 , Priest Holmes 2003 Most games , 3 + rushing touchdowns , season : 5 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2006 Most games , 4 + rushing touchdowns , season : 2 , Jim Taylor 1962 , Shaun Alexander 2005 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2006 , DeAngelo Williams 2008 Most rushing touchdowns by a quarterback , career : 52 , Cam Newton , 2011 -- 2017 . Most rushing touchdowns by a quarterback , season : 14 , Cam Newton 2011 Most rushing touchdowns by a quarterback , game : 4 , many players Passing ( edit ) For passing records that include other professional football leagues , see List of gridiron football quarterbacks passing statistics . Passer Rating ( edit ) Most seasons led league : 6 , Sammy Baugh , 1937 , 1940 , 1943 , 1945 , 1948 1949 ; Steve Young , 1991 -- 1994 , 1996 -- 1997 Most consecutive seasons led league : 4 , Steve Young , 1991 -- 1994 Highest passer rating , career ( minimum 1,500 attempts ) : 104.1 , Aaron Rodgers , 2005 -- 2017 Highest passer rating , season ( minimum 100 attempts ) : 122.5 , Aaron Rodgers , 2011 Highest passer rating , rookie , season : 104.9 , Dak Prescott 2016 Youngest player , 158.3 perfect passer rating , game : Marcus Mariota ( 21 years , 318 days ) Sep 13 , 2015 Most games , 100 + passer rating , career : 113 , Tom Brady , 2001 - 2017 . Most games , 105 + passer rating , career : 97 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2014 Most games , 110 + passer rating , career : 82 , Drew Brees , 2002 -- 2017 Most games , 115 + passer rating , career : 67 , Drew Brees , 2002 -- 2017 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2014 Most games , 120 + passer rating , career : 57 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2014 Most games , 125 + passer rating , career : 50 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2014 Most games , 130 + passer rating , career : 37 , Peyton Manning , 1999 -- 2014 Most games , 135 + passer rating , career : 27 , Peyton Manning , 2000 -- 2014 Most games , 140 + passer rating , career : 21 , Peyton Manning , 2000 -- 2014 Most games , 145 + passer rating , career : 14 , Tom Brady , 2001 - 2017 Most games , 150 + passer rating , career : 8 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2004 -- 2017 Most games , 155 + passer rating , career : 5 , Peyton Manning , 2000 -- 2014 ; Most games , 158.3 perfect passer rating , career ( including playoffs ) : 4 , Peyton Manning , 2000 -- 2003 Highest minimum passer rating , season ( minimum 16 games ) : 84.5 , Philip Rivers , 2009 Most games , 90 + passer rating , season : 15 , Peyton Manning , 2004 , 2013 Most games , 95 + passer rating , season : 14 , Aaron Rodgers , 2011 Most games , 100 + passer rating , season : 13 , Aaron Rodgers , 2011 Most games , 105 + passer rating , season : 13 , Aaron Rodgers , 2011 Most games , 110 + passer rating , season : 12 , Aaron Rodgers , 2011 Most games , 115 + passer rating , season : 10 , Aaron Rodgers , 2011 ; Tom Brady , 2007 ; Steve Young , 1994 . Most games , 120 + passer rating , season : 8 , Tom Brady , 2007 , Philip Rivers , 2008 , Matt Ryan , 2016 Most games , 125 + passer rating , season : 7 , Tony Romo , 2014 ; Tom Brady , 2007 ; Matt Ryan , 2016 Most games , 130 + passer rating , season : 6 , Tony Romo , 2014 , Aaron Rodgers , 2011 Most games , 135 + passer rating , season : 6 , Tony Romo , 2014 Most games , 140 + passer rating , season : 4 , Jacky Lee 1961 , Roger Staubach 1973 , Tom Brady 2007 & 2010 , Aaron Rodgers 2011 Most games , 145 + passer rating , season : 4 , Tom Brady 2007 , Roger Staubach 1973 Most games , 150 + passer rating , season : 2 , Steve Young 1993 , Kurt Warner 1999 , Tom Brady 2007 , Ben Roethlisberger 2007 , Drew Brees 2009 , Aaron Rodgers 2014 Most games , 158.3 passer rating , season : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger 2007 Most seasons , 95 + passer rating ( minimum 10 games started ) : 10 , Peyton Manning 2003 -- 2014 Most seasons , 100 + passer rating ( minimum 10 games started ) : 6 , Steve Young 1991 -- 1994 , 1997 -- 1998 ; Aaron Rodgers 2009 -- 2012 , 2014 , 2016 ; Peyton Manning 2004 -- 2006 , 2012 -- 2014 ; Drew Brees 2004 , 2009 , 2011 , 2013 , 2015 -- 2016 Most seasons , 105 + passer rating ( minimum 10 games started ) : 4 , Tom Brady 2007 , 2010 , 2011 , 2016 Most seasons , 110 + passer rating ( minimum 10 games started ) : 3 , Tom Brady 2007 , 2010 , 2016 Most seasons , 115 + passer rating ( minimum 10 games started ) : 2 , Peyton Manning 2004 , 2013 Most seasons , 120 + passer rating ( minimum 10 games started ) : 1 , Aaron Rodgers 2011 , Peyton Manning 2004 Passing attempts ( edit ) Most seasons led league : 5 , Dan Marino , 1984 , 1986 , 1988 , 1992 , 1997 Most consecutive seasons led league : 3 , Johnny Unitas 1959 -- 1961 , George Blanda 1963 -- 1965 , Drew Bledsoe 1994 -- 1996 Most pass attempts , career : 10,169 , Brett Favre , 1991 -- 2010 Most pass attempts , season : 727 , Matthew Stafford 2012 Most pass attempts , rookie , season : 627 , Andrew Luck 2012 Most pass attempts per game , career : 39.22 , Matthew Stafford , ( 4,510 Attempts / 115 Games ) , 2009 -- 2017 . Most pass attempts per game , season : 45.44 , Matthew Stafford , ( 727 Attempts / 16 Games ) , 2012 Most consecutive pass attempts , no touchdown passes to start a career : 228 , Ryan Lindley , 2012 -- 2014 Most consecutive pass attempts , no touchdown passes : 231 , Bobby Hoying , 1998 -- 2000 Most consecutive pass attempts , no touchdown passes , season : 224 , Bobby Hoying , 1998 Most pass attempts , game : 70 , Drew Bledsoe ; Nov 13 , 1994 ( OT ) Most pass attempts , non-overtime game : 69 , Vinny Testaverde Dec 24 , 2000 Most pass attempts , game , perfect passer rating ( 158.3 ) : 32 , Ken O'Brien Nov 2 , 1986 Most seasons , 500 + pass attempts : 16 , Brett Favre , 1993 -- 2009 Most seasons , 550 + pass attempts : 11 , Peyton Manning , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 -- 2003 , 2006 , 2008 -- 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 Pass completions ( edit ) Most seasons led league : 6 , Dan Marino 1984 -- 1986 , 1988 , 1992 , 1997 Most consecutive seasons led league : 3 , George Blanda 1963 -- 1965 , Dan Marino 1984 -- 1986 Most pass completions , career : 6,300 , Brett Favre , 1991 -- 2010 Most pass completions , season : 471 , Drew Brees , 2016 . Most pass completions per game , career : 25.05 , Drew Brees , ( 6,011 Passing completions / 240 Games ) , 2001 -- 2017 . Most pass completions per game , season : 29.44 , Drew Brees , 2016 Most pass completions , rookie , season : 379 , Carson Wentz , 2016 Most seasons 300 + completions : 18 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2009 Most seasons 350 + completions : 11 , Drew Brees , 2006 -- 2016 . Most seasons 400 + completions : 9 , Drew Brees , 2007 -- 2008 , 2010 -- 2016 . Most consecutive seasons 300 + completions : 18 , Brett Favre 1992 -- 2009 Most consecutive seasons 350 + completions : 11 , Drew Brees , 2006 -- 2016 . Most consecutive seasons 400 + completions : 7 , Drew Brees , 2010 -- 2016 . Most pass completions , game : 45 , Drew Bledsoe on November 13 , 1994 ( OT ) Most pass completions , non-overtime game : 43 , Rich Gannon on September 15 , 2002 , Philip Rivers on October 18 , 2015 Most pass completions , game , perfect passer rating ( 158.3 ) : 26 , Ken O'Brien on November 2 , 1986 Most consecutive pass completions : 25 , Ryan Tannehill , October 18 -- 25 , 2015 ( last 7 completions on October 18 , 2015 ; first 18 completions on October 25 , 2015 ) Most games , pass completions : 299 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most consecutive games , pass completions : 298 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most consecutive games 20 pass completions : 57 , Drew Brees , 2009 -- 2013 Most games 20 pass completions , career : 202 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 Most games 25 pass completions , career : 136 , Drew Brees , 2002 -- 2017 . Most games 30 pass completions , career : 57 , Drew Brees , 2005 -- 2017 . Most games 35 pass completions , career : 19 , Drew Brees , 2005 -- 2017 . Most games 40 pass completions , career : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2014 -- 2017 . Most games 20 pass completions , season : 16 , Drew Brees , 2010 -- 2012 Most games 25 pass completions , season : 14 , Drew Brees 2011 Most games 30 pass completions , season : 9 , Drew Brees 2011 Most games 35 pass completions , season : 4 , Drew Brees 2016 Pass completion percentage ( edit ) Most seasons led league : 8 , Len Dawson , 1962 , 1964 -- 1969 , 1975 Most consecutive seasons led league : 6 , Len Dawson , 1964 -- 1969 Highest completion percentage , career ( minimum 1,500 attempts ) : 66.74 , Drew Brees ( 6,011 Passing completions / 9,006 Attempts ) , 2001 -- 2017 . Highest completion percentage , season ( among qualified players ) : 71.56 , Sam Bradford , 2016 ( 395 / 552 ) Highest completion percentage , rookie , season : 67.76 , Dak Prescott , 2016 ( 311 / 459 ) Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 15 attempts ) : 94.7 , Alex Smith ; Oct 29 , 2012 ( 18 / 19 ) and Ryan Tannehill ; Oct 25 , 2015 ( 18 / 19 ) Most games with at least 80 % pass completion rate , career ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 19 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . Most games with at least 80 % pass completion rate , season ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 3 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2007 ; Brett Favre , 2009 ; Drew Brees , 2011 , 2014 ; Philip Rivers , 2013 ; Peyton Manning , 2013 -- 2014 ; Kirk Cousins , 2015 Most games with at least 80 % pass completion rate and no interceptions , career ( minimum 20 passes per game ) : 17 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . Most games with at least 80 % pass completion rate and no interceptions , season ( minimum 20 passes per game ) : 3 , Brett Favre , 2009 ; Peyton Manning , 2013 -- 2015 ; Drew Brees , 2014 ; Kirk Cousins , 2015 Most games with at least 75 % pass completion rate , career ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 52 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . Most games with at least 75 % pass completion rate , season ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 8 , Tom Brady , 2007 Most games with at least 75 % pass completion rate and no interceptions , career ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 40 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . Most games with at least 75 % pass completion rate and no interceptions , season ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 6 , Tom Brady , 2007 Most games with at least 70 % pass completion rate , career ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 84 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 Most games with at least 70 % pass completion rate , season ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 10 , Drew Brees , 2011 ; Peyton Manning , 2012 Most games with at least 70 % pass completion rate and no interceptions , career ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 58 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . Most seasons with at least 70 % pass completion rate ( minimum 100 attempts per season ) : 3 , Drew Brees , 2009 , 2011 , 2016 Most seasons with at least 60 % pass completion rate ( minimum 100 attempts per season ) : 15 , Peyton Manning , 1999 -- 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 500 passing yards ) : 81.63 , Ben Roethlisberger ; Oct. 26 , 2014 Highest completion percentage , postseason game ( minimum 450 passing yards ) : 81.82 , Peyton Manning ; Jan 9 , 2005 Highest completion percentage , regular season game ( minimum 450 passing yards ) : 81.63 , Ben Roethlisberger ; 10 - 26 - 2014 . Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 400 passing yards ) : 83.3 , Philip Rivers ; Sep 29 , 2013 Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 350 passing yards ) : 89.5 , Rich Gannon ; Nov 11 , 2002 Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 300 passing yards ) : 94.4 , Craig Morton ; Sep 27 , 1981 Highest completion percentage , game ( 7 TD passes ) : 78.57 , Nick Foles on Nov. 3 , 2013 Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 6 TD passes ) : 85.3 , Tom Brady on Oct 18 , 2009 Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 5 TD passes ) : 92.3 , Frank Ryan on Dec 12 , 1964 Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 4 TD passes ) : 94.7 , Ryan Tannehill on Oct 25 , 2015 Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 3 TD passes ) : 94.7 , Alex Smith on Oct 29 , 2012 ; Ryan Tannehill on Oct 25 , 2015 Passing yards ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 7 , Drew Brees 2006 , 2008 , 2011 -- 2012 , 2014 -- 2016 . Most consecutive seasons leading league : 4 , Dan Fouts 1979 -- 1982 Most passing yards , career : 71,940 , Peyton Manning 1998 -- 2015 Highest yards per game , career : 283.59 , Drew Brees , ( 68,062 yards / 240 Games ) , 2001 -- 2017 . Highest yards per game , season : 342.31 , Peyton Manning , ( 5,477 yards / 16 Games ) 2013 Most seasons , 2,000 + yards : 19 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most seasons , 2,500 + yards : 19 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most seasons , 3,000 + yards : 18 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2009 Most seasons 3,500 + yards : 16 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 Most seasons 4,000 + yards : 14 , Peyton Manning , 1999 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 Most seasons 4,500 + yards : 8 , Drew Brees , 2008 , 2010 -- 2016 . Most seasons 5,000 + yards : 5 , Drew Brees , 2008 , 2011 -- 2013 , 2016 Most consecutive seasons 2,000 + yards : 19 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most consecutive seasons 2,500 + yards : 19 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most consecutive seasons 3,000 + yards : 18 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2009 Most consecutive seasons 3,500 + yards : 13 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2010 Most consecutive seasons 4,000 + yards : 11 , Drew Brees , 2006 -- 2016 Most consecutive seasons 4,500 + yards : 7 , Drew Brees 2010 -- 2016 Most consecutive seasons 5,000 + yards : 3 , Drew Brees 2011 -- 2013 Most passing yards , season : 5,477 , Peyton Manning 2013 Most passing yards , rookie , season : 4,374 , Andrew Luck 2012 Most passing yards , combined , game : 1,000 , Matthew Stafford , ( 520 ) and Matt Flynn , ( 480 ) on January 1 , 2012 Most passing yards , season , home : 2,853 , Drew Brees 2015 Most passing yards , season , away : 2,852 , Drew Brees 2011 Most passing yards , game : 554 , Norm Van Brocklin on September 28 , 1951 Most passing yards , 1st half : 361 , Peyton Manning on January 9 , 2005 Most passing yards , 2nd half : 373 , Kurt Warner on September 28 , 2008 Most passing yards , 1st quarter : 247 , Peyton Manning on September 26 , 2004 Most passing yards , 2nd quarter , NFL : 267 , Matthew Stafford on November 17 , 2013 Most passing yards , 2nd quarter , AFL : 277 , Tom Flores on December 22 , 1963 Most passing yards , 3rd quarter : 256 , Kurt Warner on October 31 , 1999 Most passing yards , 4th quarter : 264 , Ben Roethlisberger on November 14 , 2010 Most passing yards , Overtime : 219 , Derek Carr on October 30 , 2016 Most passing yards , game , perfect passer rating ( 158.3 ) : 431 , Ken O'Brien on November 11 , 1986 Most passing yards , game , rookie : 433 , Andrew Luck on November 4 , 2012 Most passing yards , game , first NFL game : 422 , Cam Newton , Sep 11 , 2011 Most games , 150 + yards passing , career : 269 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most games , 200 + yards passing , career : 222 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 Most games , 250 + yards passing , career : 168 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 Most games , 300 + yards passing , career : 108 , Drew Brees , 2002 -- 2017 . Most games , 350 + yards passing , career : 56 , Drew Brees , 2002 -- 2017 . Most games , 400 + yards passing , career : 15 , Drew Brees , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games , 450 + yards passing , career : 4 , Dan Marino , 1984 -- 1995 Most games , 500 + yards passing , career : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2009 -- 2017 ; Drew Brees , 2006 -- 2017 . Most games , 250 + yards passing , season : 16 , Drew Brees , 2011 Most games , 300 + yards passing , season : 13 , Drew Brees , 2011 Most games , 350 + yards passing , season : 8 , Drew Brees , 2011 ; Peyton Manning 2013 Most games , 400 + yards passing , season : 4 , Dan Marino , 1984 ; Peyton Manning 2013 Most straight 200 + yards passing games : 62 , Matt Ryan , since 2013 . Most straight 250 + yards passing games : 18 , Drew Brees , 2010 -- 2012 Most straight 300 + yards passing games : 9 , Drew Brees 2011 -- 2012 , 2012 -- 2013 Most straight 350 + yards passing games : 4 , Drew Brees 2011 ; Matthew Stafford , 2011 -- 2012 Most straight 400 + yards passing games : 2 ; Dan Fouts , 1982 ; Dan Marino , 1984 ; Phil Simms , 1985 ; Billy Volek , 2004 ; Matt Cassel , 2008 ; Cam Newton , 2011 , Tom Brady , 2011 ; Philip Rivers , 2013 Longest pass completion : 99 yards , by 13 players , most recently Eli Manning on December 24 , 2011 Youngest player , 3,000 yards passing : Jameis Winston ( 21 years , 341 days ) Dec 13 , 2015 Youngest player , 4,000 yards passing : Jameis Winston ( 21 years , 362 days ) Jan 3 , 2016 Fewest games to reach 10,000 career passing yards : 36 , Kurt Warner 1998 - 2001 Fewest games to reach 20,000 career passing yards : 71 , Matthew Stafford 2009 - 2014 Fewest attempts to reach 30,000 career passing yards : 3,652 , Aaron Rodgers 2005 - 2015 Fewest games to reach 30,000 career passing yards : 109 , Matthew Stafford 2009 - 2016 Fewest games to reach 40,000 career passing yards : 152 , Drew Brees 2001 - 2011 Fewest games to reach 50,000 career passing yards : 183 , Drew Brees 2001 - 2013 Fewest games to reach 60,000 career passing yards : 215 , Drew Brees 2001 - 2015 Average passing yards ( edit ) Most seasons led league : 7 , Sid Luckman , 1939 -- 43 , 1946 -- 47 Most consecutive seasons led league : 5 , Sid Luckman , 1939 -- 43 Highest yards per attempt , career ( minimum 1,500 attempts ) : 8.63 ( 13,499 yards on 1,565 attempts ) , Otto Graham , 1950 -- 1955 Highest yards per attempt , season ( among qualified players ) : 11.17 ( 1,229 on 110 attempts ) , Tommy O'Connell , 1957 Highest yards per attempt , rookie , season : 9.41 ( 1,854 yards on 197 attempts ) , Greg Cook , 1969 Highest yards per attempt , game : 18.58 ( 446 yards on 24 attempts ) Sammy Baugh on October 31 , 1948 Passing touchdowns ( edit ) Career Most passing touchdowns , career : 539 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 Most games 1 + TD passes , career : 249 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most games 2 + TD passes , career : 165 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 Most games 3 + TD passes , career : 93 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 Most games 4 + TD passes , career : 35 , Peyton Manning , 2000 -- 2015 Most games 5 + TD passes , career : 10 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . Most games 6 + TD passes , career : 3 , Peyton Manning , 2003 -- 2015 Most games 7 + TD passes , career : 1 ; Sid Luckman , 1943 ; Adrian Burk , 1954 ; George Blanda , 1961 ; Y.A. Tittle , 1962 ; Joe Kapp , 1969 ; Peyton Manning , 2013 ; Nick Foles , 2013 ; Drew Brees , 2015 Highest percentage of touchdown passes out of pass attempts , career ( 120 touchdown passes minimum ) : 7.856 , Sid Luckman , ( 137 TD Passes / 1,744 Attempts ) 1939 -- 1950 Most 95 + yard touchdown passes : 2 , Joe Montana , Ben Roethlisberger Most 90 + yard touchdown passes : 3 , Bill Wade , Joe Montana , & Ben Roethlisberger < Most 85 + yard touchdown passes : 4 , Norm Snead , Ed Brown , Craig Morton , & Jim Plunkett Most 80 + yard touchdown passes : 9 , Brett Favre Most 75 + yard touchdown passes : 14 , Brett Favre Most 70 + yard touchdown passes : 16 , Peyton Manning & Aaron Rodgers Most 65 + yard touchdown passes : 24 , Brett Favre Most 60 + yard touchdown passes : 29 , Johnny Unitas Most 55 + yard touchdown passes : 37 , Johnny Unitas Most 50 + yard touchdown passes : 51 , Johnny Unitas Most 45 + yard touchdown passes : 56 , Johnny Unitas Most 40 + yard touchdown passes : 70 , Johnny Unitas Most 35 + yard touchdown passes : 91 , Peyton Manning Most 30 + yard touchdown passes : 120 , Peyton Manning Most 25 + yard touchdown passes : 156 , Peyton Manning Most 20 + yard touchdown passes : 193 , Peyton Manning Most 15 + yard touchdown passes : 246 , Peyton Manning Most 10 + yard touchdown passes : 323 , Peyton Manning Most 5 + yard touchdown passes : 420 , Peyton Manning Most 1 -- 4 yard touchdown passes : 118 , Peyton Manning Most red zone touchdown passes : 348 , Peyton Manning Most 1 yard touchdown passes : 37 , Brett Favre Largest touchdown pass differential , twenty - year period : 136 , Brett Favre ( 414 -- 278 , 2nd : Dan Marino ; 1987 -- 2006 ) , ( 442 -- 306 , 2nd : Peyton Manning ; 1988 -- 2007 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , nineteen - year period : 139 , Brett Favre ( 414 -- 275 , 2nd : Peyton Manning ; 1988 -- 2006 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , eighteen - year period : 139 , Brett Favre ( 414 -- 275 , 2nd : Peyton Manning ; 1989 -- 2006 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , seventeen - year period : 145 , Brett Favre ( 396 -- 251 , 2nd : Vinny Testeverde ; 1989 -- 2005 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , sixteen - year period : 152 , Brett Favre ( 396 -- 244 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe / Peyton Manning ; 1990 -- 2005 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , fifteen - year period : 152 , Brett Favre ( 396 -- 244 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe / Peyton Manning ; 1991 -- 2005 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , fourteen - year period : 155 , Brett Favre ( 376 -- 221 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1991 -- 2004 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , thirteen - year period : 155 , Brett Favre ( 376 -- 221 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1992 -- 2004 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , twelve - year period : 145 , Brett Favre ( 346 -- 201 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1992 -- 2003 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , eleven - year period : 127 , Brett Favre ( 328 -- 201 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1993 -- 2003 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , ten - year period : 123 , Brett Favre ( 309 -- 186 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1994 -- 2003 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , ten - year period from first start as a quarterback : 106 , Brett Favre ( 287 -- 181 , 2nd : Steve Young ; 1992 -- 2001 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , nine - year period : 109 , Brett Favre ( 276 -- 167 , 2nd : Peyton Manning ; 1995 -- 2003 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , eight - year period : 99 , Brett Favre ( 250 -- 151 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1994 -- 2001 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , seven - year period : 83 , Brett Favre ( 217 -- 134 , 2nd : Vinny Testeverde ; 1995 -- 2001 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , six - year period : 66 , Brett Favre ( 198 -- 132 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1994 -- 1999 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , five - year period : 58 , Brett Favre ( 168 -- 107 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1995 -- 1999 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , four - year period : 50 , Brett Favre ( 145 -- 95 , 2nd : John Elway ; 1994 -- 1997 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , three - year period : 42 , Dan Marino ( 122 -- 80 , 2nd : Dave Krieg ; 1984 -- 1986 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , two - year period : 26 , Dan Marino ( 70 -- 44 , 2nd : Dave Krieg ; 1986 -- 1987 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , one - year period : 19 , Dan Marino ( 44 -- 25 , 2nd : Ken O'Brien ; 1986 ) Regular season Most seasons led league : 4 , Johnny Unitas , 1957 -- 1960 ; Steve Young , 1992 -- 1994 , 1998 ; Brett Favre , 1995 -- 1997 , 2003 ; Drew Brees , 2008 -- 2009 , 2011 -- 2012 ; Peyton Manning , 2000 , 2004 , 2006 , 2013 ; Tom Brady , 2002 , 2007 , 2010 , 2015 Most consecutive seasons led league : 4 , Johnny Unitas , 1957 -- 60 Most passing touchdowns , Season : 55 , Peyton Manning , 2013 Most passing touchdowns , Rookie , Season : 26 , Peyton Manning , 1998 and Russell Wilson , 2012 Most passing touchdowns , season , home : 29 , Drew Brees , 2011 Most passing touchdowns , season , road : 29 , Tom Brady , 2007 Most games 1 + passing touchdowns , season : 16 , Dan Marino , 1984 , 1986 ; Dave Krieg , 1984 ; Kurt Warner , 1999 ; Brett Favre , 2003 ; Daunte Culpepper , 2004 ; Tom Brady , 2010 -- 2012 ; Drew Brees , 2010 -- 2011 , 2013 -- 2014 ; Matthew Stafford , 2011 ; Peyton Manning , 2012 -- 2013 ; Philip Rivers , 2013 ; Ben Roethlisberger , 2013 ; Kirk Cousins , 2015 ; Russell Wilson , 2015 ; Matt Ryan , 2016 Most games 2 + passing touchdowns , season : 15 , Dan Marino , 1984 ; Peyton Manning , 2013 Most games 3 + passing touchdowns , season : 12 , Tom Brady , 2007 Most games 4 + passing touchdowns , season : 9 , Peyton Manning , 2013 Most games 5 + passing touchdowns , season : 4 , Peyton Manning , 2004 Most games 6 + passing touchdowns , season : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2014 ; Daryle Lamonica , 1969 ; Y.A. Tittle , 1962 Highest percentage of passing touchdowns out of pass attempts , season : 13.9 , Sid Luckman , 1943 Most consecutive seasons , passing touchdowns : 21 , Vinny Testaverde , 1987 -- 2007 Most consecutive seasons , 20 + passing touchdowns : 16 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2014 Most consecutive seasons , 25 + passing touchdowns : 16 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2014 Most consecutive seasons , 30 + passing touchdowns : 9 , Drew Brees , 2008 -- 2016 . Most consecutive seasons , 35 + passing touchdowns : 3 , Brett Favre , 1995 -- 1997 ; Drew Brees , 2011 -- 2013 ; Peyton Manning , 2012 -- 2014 Most consecutive seasons , 40 + passing touchdowns : 2 , Drew Brees , 2011 -- 2012 Most seasons , 20 + passing touchdowns : 16 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 Most seasons , 25 + passing touchdowns : 16 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 Most seasons , 30 + passing touchdowns : 9 , Drew Brees , 2008 -- 2016 ; Brett Favre , 1994 -- 1998 , 2001 , 2003 -- 2004 , 2009 ; Peyton Manning , 2000 , 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 . Most seasons , 35 + passing touchdowns : 4 , Peyton Manning , 2004 , 2012 -- 2014 ; Tom Brady , 2007 , 2010 -- 2011 , 2015 ; Aaron Rodgers , 2011 -- 2012 , 2014 , 2016 ; Drew Brees , 2011 -- 2013 , 2016 . Most seasons , 40 + passing touchdowns : 2 , Dan Marino , 1984 , 1986 ; Drew Brees , 2011 , 2012 ; Peyton Manning , 2004 , 2013 ; Aaron Rodgers , 2011 , 2016 Most seasons , 45 + passing touchdowns : 2 , Peyton Manning , 2004 , 2013 Most seasons , 50 + passing touchdowns : 1 , Tom Brady , 2007 ; Peyton Manning , 2013 Most consecutive road games with 1 + passing touchdowns : 41 , Tony Romo , 2009 -- 2014 Most consecutive home games with 1 + passing touchdowns : 60 , Drew Brees , 2009 -- 2016 Most consecutive games , 1 + passing touchdowns : 54 , Drew Brees , 2009 -- 2012 Most consecutive uninterrupted games , 1 + passing touchdowns : 52 , Tom Brady , 2010 -- 2013 Most consecutive games , 2 + passing touchdowns : 15 , Peyton Manning , 2013 -- 2014 Most consecutive games , 3 + passing touchdowns : 10 , Tom Brady 2007 Most consecutive games , 4 + passing touchdowns : 5 , Peyton Manning 2004 Most consecutive games , 5 + passing touchdowns : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger 2014 , Tom Brady 2007 , Daunte Culpepper 2004 , Tom Flores ( AFL ) 1963 Most consecutive games , 6 + passing touchdowns : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger 2014 Most consecutive passing touchdowns , no interceptions , home : 49 , Aaron Rodgers Game Most passing touchdowns , game : 7 , Sid Luckman on 11 - 14 - 1943 , Adrian Burk on 10 - 17 - 1954 , George Blanda on 11 - 19 - 1961 , Y.A. Tittle on 10 - 28 - 1962 , Joe Kapp on 9 - 28 - 1969 , Peyton Manning on 9 - 5 - 2013 , Nick Foles on 11 - 3 - 2013 ; Drew Brees on 11 - 1 - 2015 Most passing touchdowns , rookie , game : 5 , DeShaun Watson on Oct 8 , 2017 , Jameis Winston on November 22 , 2015 , Matthew Stafford on November 22 , 2009 , Ray Buivid on December 5 , 1937 Most passing touchdowns , one half : 6 , Daryle Lamonica on 10 - 19 - 1969 , Aaron Rodgers on 11 - 9 - 2014 Most passing touchdowns , rookie , one half : 4 , Jameis Winston on November 22 , 2015 , Marcus Mariota on 9 - 13 - 2015 . Most passing touchdowns , one quarter : 5 , Tom Brady on 10 - 18 - 2009 Most passing touchdowns , no interceptions , game : 7 , Y.A. Tittle on 10 - 28 - 1962 , Peyton Manning on 9 - 5 - 2013 , Nick Foles on 11 - 03 - 2013 Most passing touchdowns , perfect passer rating ( 158.3 ) , game : 7 Nick Foles on 11 - 03 - 2013 Most touchdown passes per games started average , regular season : 2.2 , Aaron Rodgers , ( 310 TD Passes / 141 Games Started ) , 2008 -- 2017 . Most touchdown passes per game average , regular season : 2.09 , Aaron Rodgers , ( 310 TD Passes / 148 Games ) , 2008 -- 2017 . Highest percentage of touchdown passes out of pass attempts , game : 35.3 , Daryle Lamonica , ( 6 TD Passes / 17 Attempts ) 12 - 21 - 1969 Fewest games to reach 100 touchdown passes : 44 , Dan Marino , 1983 - 1986 Fewest games to reach 200 touchdown passes : 89 , Dan Marino , 1983 - 1989 Fewest games to reach 250 touchdown passes : 121 , Aaron Rodgers , 2005 - 2015 Fewest games to reach 300 touchdown passes : 144 , Aaron Rodgers , 2005 - 2017 Fewest games to reach 400 touchdown passes : 205 , Drew Brees , 2001 - 2015 Fewest games to reach 500 touchdown passes : 244 , Peyton Manning , 1998 - 2014 Interceptions thrown ( edit ) Most seasons led league : 4 , Vinny Testaverde , 1988 -- 1989 , 2000 , 2004 Most passes intercepted , career : 336 , Brett Favre , 1991 -- 2010 Most passes intercepted , season : 42 , George Blanda , 1962 Most passes intercepted , rookie season : 28 , Peyton Manning , 1998 Most passes intercepted , game : 8 , Jim Hardy on 9 - 24 - 1950 Most consecutive passes attempted , none intercepted : 358 , Tom Brady 2010 -- 2011 Most consecutive passes attempted , no pick 6 : 3,908 , Aaron Rodgers , 11 - 08 - 2009 to 9 - 24 - 2017 . Most pick 6s , quarter : 3 , Ed Baker , Dec 17 , 1972 ; Paul Christman Nov 5 , 1950 Most pick 6s , game : 3 , many times , most recently : Eli Manning , Nov 25 , 2007 Most pick 6s , season : 6 , Peyton Manning , 2001 ; Rudy Bukich , 1966 Most consecutive games with pick 6 : 4 , Matt Schaub , 2013 Most pick 6s , career : 31 , Brett Favre , 1991 -- 2010 Most consecutive passes attempted , none intercepted , home : 587 , Aaron Rodgers , 2012 -- 2015 Most consecutive passes attempted , none intercepted , away : 336 , Tom Brady , 12 - 27 - 2015 to 10 - 05 - 2017 . Most consecutive passes attempted , none intercepted , single season : 335 , Tom Brady , 2010 . Most consecutive passes attempted , none intercepted , rookie season : 176 , Dak Prescott , 2016 . Most consecutive passes attempted , none intercepted to start a career : 176 , Dak Prescott , 2016 . Most consecutive passes attempted , none intercepted to start a season : 286 , Bernie Kosar , 1991 . Most attempts with no interceptions , game : 70 Drew Bledsoe on November 13 , 1994 Most completions with no interceptions , game : 45 Drew Bledsoe on November 13 , 1994 Most passing yards with no interceptions , game : 527 , Warren Moon on December 16 , 1990 Most touchdown passes with no interceptions , game : 7 , Y.A. Tittle , October 28 , 1962 ; Peyton Manning , September 5 , 2013 ; Nick Foles , November 3 , 2013 Most games 1 + interceptions , career : 196 , Brett Favre 1991 -- 2010 Most games 2 + interceptions , career : 94 , Brett Favre , 1991 -- 2010 Most games 3 + interceptions , career : 39 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most games 4 + interceptions , career : 18 , George Blanda , 1960 -- 1966 Most games 5 + interceptions , career : 8 , George Blanda 1962 -- 1966 , Joe Namath 1966 -- 1976 Most games 1 + interceptions , season : 15 , Richard Todd , 1980 Most games 2 + interceptions , season : 12 , Frank Tripucka , 1960 Most games 3 + interceptions , season : 8 , George Blanda , 1962 ; Al Dorow , 1961 Most games 4 + interceptions , season : 6 , George Blanda , 1962 Most games 5 + interceptions , season : 3 , George Blanda 1962 Most games with 200 + yards passing and no interceptions , career : 108 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 250 + yards passing and no interceptions , career : 80 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 300 + yards passing and no interceptions , career : 46 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . Most games with 350 + yards passing and no interceptions , career : 23 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 400 + yards passing and no interceptions , career : 9 , Drew Brees , 2007 -- 2017 . Most games with 450 + yards passing and no interceptions , career : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2009 -- 2017 . Most games with 500 + yards passing and no interceptions , career : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2009 -- 2017 . Most games with 200 + yards passing and no interceptions , season : 11 , Tom Brady 2012 ; Aaron Rodgers 2014 Most games with 250 + yards passing and no interceptions , season : 10 , Tom Brady , 2007 Most games with 300 + yards passing and no interceptions , season : 8 , Tom Brady , 2007 ; Peyton Manning , 2013 Most games with 350 + yards passing and no interceptions , season : 6 , Tom Brady , 2007 Most games with 400 + yards passing and no interceptions , season : 2 , Drew Brees , 2011 , 2012 ; Peyton Manning , 2013 Most games with 500 + yards passing and no interceptions , season : 1 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2009 , 2014 ; Derek Carr , 2016 ; Philip Rivers , 2015 ; Warren Moon , 1990 ; Y.A. Tittle , 1962 Most consecutive games with 1 + touchdown passes and no interceptions : 11 , Tom Brady , 2010 Most consecutive games with 2 + touchdown passes and no interceptions : 9 , Tom Brady , 2010 Most consecutive games with 3 + touchdown passes and no interceptions ; 5 , Russell Wilson , 2015 Most consecutive games with 4 + touchdown passes and no interceptions ; 2 , many players , most recent , Ben Roethlisberger , 2016 . Most consecutive games with 5 + touchdown passes and no interceptions ; 2 , Tom Brady , 2007 ; Ben Roethlisberger , 2014 Most consecutive games with 6 touchdown passes and no interceptions : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2014 Most consecutive touchdowns , none intercepted , home : 49 , Aaron Rodgers Most games with 1 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , career : 121 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 2 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , career : 94 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 3 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , career : 53 , Tom Brady , 2001 - 2017 . Most games with 4 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , career : 22 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 5 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , career : 7 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . Most games with 6 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , career : 3 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 . Most games with 7 touchdown passes and no interceptions , career : 1 , Y.A. Tittle , 10 - 28 - 1962 ; Peyton Manning , 9 - 5 - 2013 ; Nick Foles , 11 - 3 - 2013 Most games with 1 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , season : 14 , Tom Brady 2010 Most games with 2 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , season : 11 , Tom Brady 2010 , Aaron Rodgers 2014 Most games with 3 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , season : 8 , Tom Brady 2007 , Aaron Rodgers 2014 Most games with 4 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , season : 6 , Peyton Manning , 2013 Most games with 5 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , season : 3 , Tom Brady 2007 Most games with 6 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , season : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger 2014 Most games with 7 touchdown passes and no interceptions , season : 1 , Y.A. Tittle , 10 - 28 - 1962 ; Peyton Manning , 9 - 5 - 2013 ; Nick Foles , 11 - 3 - 2013 Most games with 20 + completions and no interceptions , career : 90 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 30 + completions and no interceptions , career : 26 , Drew Brees , 2006 -- 2017 . Most games with 20 + completions and no interceptions , season : 10 , Tom Brady , 2007 , 2010 Most games with 30 + completions and no interceptions , season : 5 , Tom Brady 2007 ; Drew Brees , 2011 , 2015 Most games with 30 + pass attempts and no interceptions , career : 92 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 40 + pass attempts and no interceptions , career : 29 , Drew Brees , 2002 -- 2017 ; Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 50 + pass attempts and no interceptions , career : 8 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 30 + pass attempts and no interceptions , season : 10 , Tom Brady , 2012 Most games with 40 + pass attempts and no interceptions , season : 5 , Peyton Manning , 2013 Passing interception differential / ratio ( edit ) Best touchdown pass -- interception differential , game : + 7 ( 7 TDs , 0 INTs ) , Y.A. Tittle , 10 - 28 - 1962 ; Peyton Manning , 9 - 5 - 2013 ; Nick Foles , 11 - 3 - 2013 Best touchdown pass -- interception differential , season : + 45 ( 55 TDs , 10 INTs ) , Peyton Manning , 2013 Best touchdown pass -- interception differential , rookie season : + 19 ( 23 TDs , 4 INTs ) , Dak Prescott , 2016 Best touchdown pass -- interception ratio , rookie season : 5.75 : 1 ( 23 TDs , 4 INTs ) , Dak Prescott , 2016 . Best touchdown pass -- interception differential , career : + 318 ( 472 TDs , 154 INTs ) , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Best touchdown pass - interception differential , playoffs , career : + 32 ( 63 TDs , 31 INTs ) , Tom Brady , 2002 -- 2017 . Best touchdown pass -- interception ratio , career : 4.13 : 1 ( 310 TDs , 75 INTs ) , Aaron Rodgers , 2005 -- 2017 . Best touchdown pass - interception ratio , playoffs , career : 4 : 1 ( 24 TDs , 6 INTs ) , Drew Brees , 2004 - 2014 . Best touchdown pass -- interception ratio , season : 14 : 1 ( 28 TDs , 2 INTs ) , Tom Brady , 2016 ( minimum 14 TD passes ) . Best passing yards -- interception ratio , career : 509.49 : 1 ( 38,212 yards , 75 INTs ) , Aaron Rodgers , 2005 -- 2017 . Best passing yards - interception ratio , playoffs , career : 589.83 : 1 ( 3,539 yards , 6 INTs ) , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2014 . Best passing yards -- interception ratio , season : 1,777 : 1 ( 3,554 yards , 2 INTs ) , Tom Brady , 2016 ( minimum 2,000 passing yards ) . Lowest percentage passes had intercepted ( edit ) Most seasons led league , lowest percentage intercepted : 5 , Sammy Baugh , 1940 , 1942 , 1944 -- 45 , 1947 Lowest percentage passes had intercepted , career ( minimum 1,500 attempts ) : 1.55 ( 75 INTs , 4,850 attempts ) , Aaron Rodgers , 2005 -- 2017 . Lowest percentage pick 6s , career ( minimum 1,500 attempts ) : 0.000412 ( 2 pick 6s , 4,850 attempts ) , Aaron Rodgers , 2005 -- 2017 . Lowest percentage passes had intercepted season ( minimum 200 attempts ) : 0.0 ( 0 INTs , 200 attempts ) , Brian Hoyer , 2016 Lowest percentage passes had intercepted rookie season : 0.87 ( 4 INTs , 459 attempts ) , Dak Prescott , 2016 Sacked ( edit ) Most times sacked , career : 525 , Brett Favre 1991 -- 2010 Most times sacked , season : 76 , David Carr 2002 Most times sacked , game : 12 , Bert Jones on October 26 , 1980 ; Warren Moon on September 29 , 1985 ; Donovan McNabb on September 30 , 2007 Most sack yards lost , career : 3,794 , Dave Krieg Lowest sacked percentage ( times sacked per passing play attempted ) , season : 1.2 % ( 3 times sacked , 255 passing plays ) , Steve Walsh , 1991 Lowest sacked percentage ( times sacked per passing play attempted ) , career : 2.95 % , Steve Walsh Receiving ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League season receiving touchdown leaders . Receptions ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 8 , Don Hutson , 1936 -- 37 , 1939 , 1941 -- 45 Most consecutive seasons leading league : 5 , Don Hutson , 1941 -- 45 Most pass receptions , career : 1,549 Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most consecutive pass receptions , no fumbles , career : 609 , Tony Gonzalez , December 23 , 2006 - December 28 , 2013 ( end of career ) Most consecutive pass receptions , no touchdown receptions : 242 , Thomas Jones , 2000 -- 2007 Most pass receptions , no touchdown receptions , career : 201 , Gerald Riggs , 1983 -- 1991 Most pass receptions , no touchdown receptions , season : 85 , James Wilder , 1984 Most pass receptions , no touchdown receptions , game : 18 , Jason Witten , Oct. 28 , 2012 Most pass receptions , game , rookie : 14 , Roy Helu , Nov 6 , 2011 Most pass receptions , first game : 13 , Sid Blanks , Sep 12 , 1964 Highest reception average per game , career : 6.29 , Julio Jones , ( 497 Receptions / 79 Games ) , 2011 -- 2016 Highest reception average per game , season : 8.94 , Marvin Harrison , ( 143 Receptions / 16 Games ) , 2002 Most pass receptions , season : 143 , Marvin Harrison , 2002 Most pass receptions , season , away : 74 , Julio Jones , 2015 Most pass receptions , season , home : 82 , Marvin Harrison , 2002 Most pass receptions , season , tight end : 110 , Jason Witten , 2012 Most pass receptions , season , running back : 102 , Matt Forte , 2014 Most pass receptions , rookie , season : 101 , Anquan Boldin , 2003 Most pass receptions , game : 21 , Brandon Marshall on December 13 , 2009 Most pass receptions , one half : 13 , Jason Witten on October 28 , 2012 Most consecutive games , 1 + pass receptions : 274 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most consecutive games , 1 + pass receptions to start a career : 190 , Marvin Harrison 1996 -- 2008 Most consecutive games , 2 + pass receptions : 147 , Tim Brown 1993 -- 2002 Most consecutive games , 3 + pass receptions : 82 , Reggie Wayne 2009 -- 2014 Most consecutive games , 4 + pass receptions : 39 , Julio Jones , 2013 -- 2016 Most consecutive games , 5 + pass receptions : 36 , Antonio Brown 2013 -- 2015 Most consecutive games , 6 + pass receptions : 16 , Marvin Harrison 2002 -- 2003 Most consecutive games , 7 + pass receptions : 14 , Antonio Brown 2014 -- 2015 Most consecutive games , 8 + pass receptions : 8 , Antonio Brown 2014 Most consecutive games , 9 + pass receptions : 6 , Marvin Harrison 2002 Most consecutive games , 10 + pass receptions : 4 , Calvin Johnson 2012 Most consecutive games , 11 + pass receptions : 2 , by 18 players , most recently by Julio Jones 2015 Most consecutive games , 12 + pass receptions : 2 , by 8 players , most recently by Julio Jones 2015 Most consecutive seasons , 50 + pass receptions : 16 , Tony Gonzalez 1999 - 2013 Most consecutive seasons , 60 + pass receptions : 15 , Tony Gonzalez 1999 - 2013 Most consecutive seasons , 70 + pass receptions : 11 , Tony Gonzalez 2003 - 2013 Most consecutive seasons , 90 + pass receptions : 6 , Torry Holt 2002 - 2007 Most consecutive seasons , 100 + pass receptions : 4 , Marvin Harrison 1999 - 2002 , Antonio Brown 2013 - 2016 Most seasons , 5 + pass receptions : 20 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most seasons , 10 + pass receptions : 19 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most seasons , 15 + pass receptions : 19 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most seasons , 20 + pass receptions : 19 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most seasons , 25 + pass receptions : 19 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most seasons , 30 + pass receptions : 19 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most seasons , 35 + pass receptions : 18 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2003 Most seasons , 40 + pass receptions : 18 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2003 Most seasons , 45 + pass receptions : 18 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2003 Most seasons , 50 + pass receptions : 17 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 2003 Most seasons , 55 + pass receptions : 17 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 2003 Most seasons , 60 + pass receptions : 17 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 2003 Most seasons , 65 + pass receptions : 15 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 2002 Most seasons , 70 + pass receptions : 14 , Tony Gonzalez 1999 -- 2013 Most seasons , 75 + pass receptions : 13 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 2002 Most seasons , 80 + pass receptions : 12 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 2002 Most seasons , 85 + pass receptions : 7 , Andre Johnson 2006 -- 2014 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 2002 , Marvin Harrison 1999 -- 2006 , Cris Carter 1993 -- 2000 , Brandon Marshall 2007 -- 2015 , Larry Fitzgerald 2005 -- 2016 Most seasons , 90 + pass receptions : 7 , Larry Fitzgerald 2005 -- 2016 Most seasons , 95 + pass receptions : 6 , Brandon Marshall 2007 -- 2015 , Larry Fitzgerald 2005 -- 2016 Most seasons , 100 + pass receptions : 6 , Brandon Marshall 2007 -- 2015 Most seasons , 105 + pass receptions : 5 , Wes Welker 2007 -- 2012 Most seasons , 110 + pass receptions : 5 , Wes Welker 2007 -- 2012 Most seasons , 115 + pass receptions : 3 , Wes Welker 2009 -- 2012 Most seasons , 120 + pass receptions : 2 , Cris Carter 1994 -- 1995 , Wes Welker 2009 -- 2011 , Antonio Brown 2014 -- 2015 Most seasons , 125 + pass receptions : 2 , Antonio Brown 2014 -- 2015 Most games , 5 + pass receptions , season : 16 , Jimmy Smith 2001 , Pierre Garçon 2013 , and Antonio Brown 2013 -- 14 Most games , 6 + pass receptions , season : 15 , Marvin Harrison 2002 Most games , 7 + pass receptions , season : 14 , Antonio Brown 2014 Most games , 8 + pass receptions , season : 12 , Marvin Harrison 2002 Most games , 9 + pass receptions , season : 10 , Marvin Harrison 2002 , Julio Jones 2015 Most games , 10 + pass receptions , season : 7 , Wes Welker 2009 , Andre Johnson 2008 Most games , 11 + pass receptions , season : 5 , Marvin Harrison 2002 Most games , 12 + pass receptions , season : 4 , Cris Carter 1995 Most games , 13 + pass receptions , season : 3 , Antonio Brown 2015 Most games , 14 + pass receptions , season : 2 , Antonio Brown 2015 , Reggie Wayne 2010 Most games , 15 + pass receptions , season : 2 , Antonio Brown 2015 Most games , 16 + pass receptions , season : 2 , Antonio Brown 2015 Most games , 1 + reception , career : 296 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 2 + receptions , career : 284 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 3 + receptions , career : 256 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 4 + receptions , career : 213 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 5 + receptions , career : 166 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 6 + receptions , career : 128 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 7 + receptions , career : 86 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 8 + receptions , career : 51 , Marvin Harrison 1996 -- 2008 Most games , 9 + receptions , career : 39 , Andre Johnson 2004 -- 2014 Most games , 10 + receptions , career : 22 , Andre Johnson 2004 -- 2014 Most games , 11 + receptions , career : 13 , Andre Johnson 2004 -- 2013 Most games , 12 + receptions , career : 9 , Wes Welker 2007 -- 2014 Most games , 13 + receptions , career : 5 , Wes Welker 2007 -- 2014 Most games , 14 + receptions , career : 3 , Jason Witten 2007 -- present Most games , 15 + receptions , career : 2 , Brandon Marshall 2008 -- present , Wes Welker 2009 -- 2014 , Jason Witten 2007 -- present , Antonio Brown 2010 -- 2015 Most games , 16 + receptions , career : 2 , Brandon Marshall 2008 -- present , Antonio Brown 2010 -- 2015 Most games , 17 + receptions , career : 2 , Brandon Marshall 2008 -- present Most games , 18 + receptions , career : 2 , Brandon Marshall 2008 -- present Most games , 19 + receptions , career : 1 , Brandon Marshall 2009 , Terrell Owens 2000 Most games , 20 + receptions , career : 1 , Brandon Marshall 2009 , Terrell Owens 2000 Fewest games to record 100 career receptions : 14 , Odell Beckham Jr. 2014 -- 2015 Fewest games to record 200 career receptions : 30 , Odell Beckham Jr. 2014 -- 2016 Fewest games to record 300 career receptions : 45 , Odell Beckham Jr. 2014 -- 2017 Fewest games to record 400 career receptions : 67 , Anquan Boldin 2003 -- 2007 Fewest games to record 500 career receptions : 80 , Anquan Boldin 2003 -- 2008 , Julio Jones 2011 - 2017 Fewest games to record 600 career receptions : 96 , Antonio Brown 2010 -- 2016 Fewest games to record 700 career receptions : 114 , Marvin Harrison 1996 -- 2003 Fewest games to record 800 career receptions : 131 , Marvin Harrison 1996 -- 2004 Fewest games to record 900 career receptions : 149 , Marvin Harrison 1996 -- 2005 Fewest games to record 1,000 career receptions : 167 , Marvin Harrison 1996 -- 2006 Fewest games to record 1,100 career receptions : 190 , Marvin Harrison 1996 -- 2008 Yards receiving ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League receiving yards leaders . Most seasons leading league : 7 , Don Hutson , 1936 , 1938 -- 39 , 1941 -- 44 Most consecutive seasons leading league : 4 , Don Hutson , 1941 -- 44 Most receiving yards , career : 22,895 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most receiving yards per game average , career : 96.3 , Julio Jones , ( 7,610 yards / 79 Games ) , 2011 -- present Most receiving yards per game average , season : 129.0 , Wes Chandler , ( 1,032 yards / 8 Games ) , 1982 Most seasons 500 or more yards receiving : 18 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2003 Most seasons 1,000 or more yards receiving : 14 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 2002 Most seasons 1,500 or more yards receiving : 4 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 1995 Most consecutive seasons 500 or more yards receiving : 16 , Tony Gonzalez 1998 -- 2013 Most consecutive seasons 1,000 or more yards receiving : 11 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 1996 Most consecutive seasons 1,500 or more yards receiving : 2 , Marvin Harrison 2001 -- 2002 , Andre Johnson 2008 -- 2009 , Calvin Johnson 2011 -- 2012 , Antonio Brown 2014 -- 2015 , Julio Jones 2014 -- 2015 Most receiving yards , season : 1,964 , Calvin Johnson , 2012 Most receiving yards , two seasons , to start a career : 2,755 , Odell Beckham Jr. , 2014 -- 2015 Most receiving yards , rookie , season : 1,473 , Bill Groman ( AFL ) , 1960 Most receiving yards , no fumbles , season : 1,746 , Charley Hennigan ( AFL ) , 1961 Most receiving yards , no touchdown receptions , career : 1,516 , Gerald Riggs , 1982 - 1991 Most receiving yards , no touchdown receptions , season : 963 , Al Toon , 1991 Most receiving yards , no touchdown receptions , game : 284 , Antonio Brown , November 8 , 2015 Most receiving yards , season , at home : 1,089 , Andre Johnson , 2008 Most receiving yards , season , away : 1,025 , Calvin Johnson , 2011 Most receiving yards , season , TE : 1,327 , Rob Gronkowski , 2011 Most receiving yards , season , RB : 1,048 , Marshall Faulk , 1999 Most receiving yards , game : 336 , Flipper Anderson , Nov. 26 , 1989 ( OT ) Most receiving yards , non-overtime game : 329 , Calvin Johnson , October 27 , 2013 Most receiving yards , outdoor game : 309 , Stephone Paige , Dec 22 , 1985 Most receiving yards , outdoor away game : 303 , Jim Benton , Nov 22 , 1945 Most receiving yards , non-overtime away game : 303 , Jim Benton , Nov 22 , 1945 Most receiving yards , game , rookie : 255 , Jerry Butler , September 23 , 1979 Most receiving yards , first game : 217 , Anquan Boldin , September 7 , 2003 Most receiving yards , game , TE : 214 , Shannon Sharpe , Oct 20 , 2002 Most receiving yards , one half : 258 , Stephone Paige , Dec 22 , 1985 Most receiving yards , one quarter : 210 , Qadry Ismail , Dec 12 , 1999 Most games , 50 + receiving yards , career : 198 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 100 + receiving yards , career : 76 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 150 + receiving yards , career : 30 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2003 Most games , 200 + receiving yards , career : 5 ; Lance Alworth , 1963 -- 67 ; Calvin Johnson , 2007 -- 2015 Most games , 250 + receiving yards , career : 2 ; Julio Jones , 2014 -- 16 Most games , 50 + receiving yards , season : 16 , Antonio Brown 2013 -- 14 Most games , 90 + receiving yards , season : 13 , Michael Irvin 1995 , Antonio Brown 2014 Most games , 90 + receiving yards , rookie , season : 9 , Odell Beckham 2014 Most games , 100 + receiving yards , season : 11 , Michael Irvin 1995 , Calvin Johnson 2012 Most games , 150 + receiving yards , season : 5 ; Tim Brown , 1997 ; Jerry Rice , 1995 ; Roy Green , 1984 ; Most games , 200 + receiving yards , season : 3 , Charley Hennigan ( AFL ) , 1961 Most consecutive games , 50 + receiving yards : 35 , Antonio Brown 2013 -- 2015 Most consecutive games , 90 + receiving yards , season : 9 , Michael Irvin 1995 , Odell Beckham 2014 Most consecutive games , 90 + receiving yards , rookie , season : 9 , Odell Beckham 2014 Most consecutive games , 100 + receiving yards : 8 , Calvin Johnson 2012 Most consecutive games , 125 + receiving yards : 5 , Calvin Johnson 2012 , Pat Studstill 1966 Most consecutive games , 150 + receiving yards : 3 , Josh Gordon 2013 , Isaac Bruce 1995 , Andre Rison 1990 , Roy Green 1984 , James Lofton 1984 , Don Maynard 1968 Most consecutive games , 200 + receiving yards : 2 , Josh Gordon 2013 Most receiving yards , 2 consecutive games : 498 , Josh Gordon 2013 Most receiving yards , 3 consecutive games : 649 , Josh Gordon 2013 Most receiving yards , 4 consecutive games : 774 , Josh Gordon 2013 Longest pass reception ( see also 99 -- yard pass play ) : 99 , by 12 players , most recently Victor Cruz on December 24 , 2011 Fewest games to reach 1,000 career receiving yards : 10 , Lionel Taylor 1960 , Bill Groman 1960 Fewest games to reach 2,000 career receiving yards : 20 , Bill Groman 1960 - 1961 , Charley Hennigan 1960 - 1961 Fewest games to reach 3,000 career receiving yards : 29 , Charley Hennigan 1960 - 1962 Fewest games to reach 4,000 career receiving yards : 42 , Lance Alworth 1962 -- 1965 , Odell Beckham Jr. 2014 -- 2016 Fewest games to reach 5,000 career receiving yards : 52 , Lance Alworth 1962 -- 1966 Fewest games to reach 6,000 career receiving yards : 62 , Lance Alworth 1962 -- 1967 Fewest games to reach 7,000 career receiving yards : 72 , Lance Alworth 1962 -- 1968 , Julio Jones 2011 -- 2016 Fewest games to reach 8,000 career receiving yards : 83 , Lance Alworth 1962 -- 1969 Fewest games to reach 9,000 career receiving yards : 93 , Lance Alworth 1962 -- 1969 Fewest games to reach 10,000 career receiving yards : 115 , Calvin Johnson 2007 -- 2014 Fewest games to reach 11,000 career receiving yards : 127 , Calvin Johnson 2007 -- 2015 Fewest games to reach 12,000 career receiving yards : 142 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 1994 Fewest games to reach 13,000 career receiving yards : 160 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 1995 Average yards / reception ( edit ) Highest average gain , career ( minimum 200 receptions ) : 22.26 ( 4,996 yards / 224 receptions ) , Homer Jones , 1964 -- 70 Highest average gain , season ( minimum 24 receptions ) : 32.58 ( 782 yards / 24 receptions ) , Don Currivan , 1947 Highest average gain , game ( minimum 3 receptions ) : 63.00 ( 189 yards / 3 receptions ) , Torry Holt on September 24 , 2000 Receiving touchdowns ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League receiving touchdowns leaders . Most seasons led league : 9 , Don Hutson , 1935 -- 38 , 1940 -- 1944 Most consecutive seasons led league : 5 , Don Hutson , 1940 -- 1944 Most touchdowns , career : 197 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most touchdowns , season : 23 , Randy Moss , 2007 Most touchdowns for a TE , season ; 17 , Rob Gronkowski , 2011 Most touchdowns for a RB , season ; 9 , Billy Cannon , 1961 ; Bill Brown , 1964 ; Chuck Foreman , 1975 ; Leroy Hoard , 1991 ; Marshall Faulk , 2001 Most touchdowns , rookie season : 17 , Randy Moss , 1998 Most touchdowns , season , home : 13 , Jerry Rice , 1987 ; Marvin Harrison , 2001 ; Jordy Nelson , 2011 Most touchdowns , season , away : 14 , Randy Moss , 2007 Highest average touchdown receptions per game , season : 1.83 , Jerry Rice , ( 22 TDs / 12 Games ) , 1987 Highest average touchdown receptions per game , career : 0.853 , Don Hutson , ( 99 TDs / 116 Games ) , 1935 -- 1945 Most touchdowns , back - to - back games : 7 , Cloyce Box , Nov 23 , 1950 - Dec 3 , 1950 Most touchdowns , game : 5 , Bob Shaw on October 2 , 1950 , Jerry Rice on October 14 , 1990 ; Kellen Winslow on November 22 , 1981 Most touchdowns , one half : 4 , Don Hutson , Oct 7 , 1945 ; Dante Lavelli , Oct 14 , 1949 ; Bob Shaw , Oct 2 , 1950 ; Harold Jackson , Oct 14 , 1973 ; Paul Warfield Dec 15 , 1973 ; Ahmad Rashād , Sep 2 , 1979 ; Roy Green , Nov 13 , 1983 ; Mark Ingram , Nov 27 , 1994 ; Marcus Robinson , Nov 23 , 2003 ; Randy Moss , Nov 18 , 2007 Most touchdowns , one quarter : 4 , Don Hutson , Oct 7 , 1945 Most consecutive games , 1 + TD receptions : 13 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1987 Most consecutive games , 2 + TD receptions : 4 , Cris Carter , 1995 ; Calvin Johnson , 2011 ; Doug Baldwin , 2015 Most consecutive games , 3 + TD receptions : 3 , Cloyce Box , 1952 Most games 1 + TD receptions , career : 139 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most games 2 + TD receptions , career : 44 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 2002 Most games 3 + TD receptions , career : 11 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 2001 Most games 4 + TD receptions , career : 2 , Bob Shaw , 1949 -- 1950 ; Jerry Rice , 1990 -- 1993 ; Sterling Sharpe , 1993 -- 1994 Most games 1 + TD receptions , season : 13 , Mark Clayton , 1984 ; Jerry Rice , 1989 ; Carl Pickens , 1995 ; Randy Moss , 2007 Most games 2 + TD receptions , season : 8 , Randy Moss , 2007 Most games 3 + TD receptions , season : 4 , Sonny Randle , 1960 Most consecutive seasons , 1 + TD receptions : 20 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most consecutive seasons , 2 + TD receptions : 17 , Tony Gonzalez , 1997 -- 2013 Most consecutive seasons , 3 + TD receptions : 15 , Terrell Owens , 1996 -- 2010 Most consecutive seasons , 4 + TD receptions : 15 , Terrell Owens , 1996 -- 2010 Most consecutive seasons , 5 + TD receptions : 11 , Terrell Owens , 2000 -- 2010 ; Marvin Harrison , 1996 -- 2006 ; Cris Carter , 1991 -- 2001 ; Tim Brown , 1991 -- 2001 ; Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 ; Don Hutson , 1935 -- 1945 Most consecutive seasons , 6 + TD receptions : 11 , Marvin Harrison , 1996 -- 2006 ; Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 ; Don Hutson , 1935 -- 1945 Most consecutive seasons , 7 + TD receptions : 11 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 Most consecutive seasons , 8 + TD receptions : 11 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 Most consecutive seasons , 9 + TD receptions : 10 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1995 Most consecutive seasons , 10 + TD receptions : 8 , Marvin Harrison , 1999 -- 2006 Most consecutive seasons , 11 + TD receptions : 4 , Marvin Harrison , 1999 -- 2002 ; Lance Alworth , 1963 -- 1966 ; Art Powell , 1963 -- 1966 Most consecutive seasons , 12 + TD receptions : 3 , Jerry Rice , 1989 -- 1991 , 1993 -- 1995 ; Marvin Harrison , 1999 -- 2001 , 2004 -- 2006 ; Terrell Owens , 2000 -- 2002 ; Lance Alworth , 1964 -- 1966 ; Cris Carter , 1997 -- 1999 Most consecutive seasons , 13 + TD receptions : 3 , Jerry Rice , 1989 -- 1991 , 1993 -- 1995 ; Terrell Owens , 2000 -- 2002 ; Lance Alworth , 1964 -- 1966 Most consecutive seasons , 14 + TD receptions : 2 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1987 ; Marvin Harrison , 2000 -- 2001 Most consecutive seasons , 15 + TD receptions : 2 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1987 Most seasons with at least 1 touchdown reception : 20 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 2 touchdown receptions : 19 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 3 touchdown receptions : 18 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 4 touchdown receptions : 16 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 5 touchdown receptions : 16 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 6 touchdown receptions : 15 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 7 touchdown receptions : 15 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 8 touchdown receptions : 13 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 9 touchdown receptions : 12 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 10 touchdown receptions : 9 , Jerry Rice ; Randy Moss Most seasons with at least 11 touchdown receptions : 8 , Jerry Rice ; Randy Moss Most seasons with at least 12 touchdown receptions : 8 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 13 touchdown receptions : 8 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 14 touchdown receptions : 6 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 15 touchdown receptions : 5 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 16 touchdown receptions : 3 , Randy Moss Most seasons with at least 17 touchdown receptions : 3 , Randy Moss Most seasons with at least 18 touchdown receptions : 1 , Randy Moss , Jerry Rice , Sterling Sharpe , Mark Clayton Most seasons with at least 19 touchdown receptions : 1 , Randy Moss , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 20 touchdown receptions : 1 , Randy Moss , Jerry Rice Most touchdown receptions , 20 + yards , game 4 , Cloyce Box , 12 - 03 - 1950 ; Art Powell , 12 - 22 - 1963 ; Wesley Walker , 9 - 21 - 1986 Most touchdown receptions , 70 + yards , career : 12 , Lance Alworth , 1963 -- 1970 Most touchdown receptions , 70 + yards , season : 6 , Elroy Hirsch , 1951 Most touchdown receptions , 90 + yards , career : 3 , John Taylor , 1989 -- 1991 Most touchdown receptions , 90 + yards , game : 2 , John Taylor , Dec 11 , 1989 Fewest games to reach 50 career touchdown receptions : 54 , Lance Alworth 1962 - 1966 Yards from scrimmage ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League all - purpose yards leaders . Most seasons leading the league in yards from scrimmage , 6 Jim Brown , 1958 -- 1959 , 1961 , 1963 -- 1965 Most consecutive seasons leading the league in yards from scrimmage , 4 Thurman Thomas , 1989 -- 1992 Most yards from scrimmage , career : 23,540 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most yards from scrimmage , season : 2,509 , Chris Johnson , 2009 Most yards from scrimmage , no fumbles , season : 2,189 , Marshall Faulk , 2000 Most yards from scrimmage , no touchdowns , season : 1,124 , Clark Gaines , 1979 Most yards from scrimmage , rookie , season : 2,212 , Eric Dickerson , 1983 Most yards from scrimmage , season , away : 1,289 , O.J. Simpson , 1976 Highest average yards from scrimmage per game , career ( 100 games ) : 125.52 , Jim Brown 1957 -- 1965 Highest average yards from scrimmage per game , career ( 40 games ) : 128.7 , Le'veon Bell 2014 - 2016 Highest average yards from scrimmage per game , season : 163.36 , Priest Holmes ( 2,237 yards / 14 games ) , 2002 Most attempts , season : 492 , ( 407 rushes , 85 receptions ) , James Wilder , 1984 Most attempts , no fumbles , season : 430 ( 397 rushes , 33 receptions ) , Gerald Riggs , 1985 Most combined attempts , no touchdowns , season : 258 ( 228 rushes , 30 receptions ) , Marcel Shipp , 2003 Most attempts , rookie , season : 441 , ( 390 rushes , 51 receptions ) , Eric Dickerson , 1983 Most yards from scrimmage , game : 336 , ( all receiving yards ) , Flipper Anderson , Nov. 26 , 1989 ( OT ) Most yards from scrimmage , non-overtime game : 330 , Billy Cannon , Dec. 10 , 1961 Most yards from scrimmage , no touchdowns , game : 307 , Antonio Brown , November 8 , 2015 Most yards from scrimmage , first game : 246 , Kareem Hunt , September 7 , 2017 Most yards from scrimmage , back - to - back games : 525 , Walter Payton , Nov 20 , 1977 - Nov 24 , 1977 Most games , 50 yards from scrimmage , career : 202 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 100 yards from scrimmage , career : 108 , Walter Payton , 1975 -- 1987 Most games , 150 yards from scrimmage , career : 46 , Barry Sanders , 1989 -- 1998 Most games , 200 yards from scrimmage , career : 14 , Marshall Faulk , 1994 -- 2005 Most games , 250 yards from scrimmage , career : 5 , Marshall Faulk , 1994 -- 2005 Most games , 100 yards from scrimmage , season : 15 , Marcus Allen , 1985 ; Barry Sanders , 1997 ; Edgerrin James , 2000 ; David Johnson 2016 Most games , 150 yards from scrimmage , season : 10 , Chris Johnson , 2009 Most games , 200 yards from scrimmage , season : 5 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2003 Most games , 250 yards from scrimmage , season : 2 , Marshall Faulk , 2000 Most games , 90 yards from scrimmage , season : 16 , William Andrews , 1981 Most consecutive games , 100 yards from scrimmage : 17 , Marcus Allen , 1985 -- 1986 Most consecutive games , 200 yards from scrimmage : 3 , Le'Veon Bell , Nov 17 , 2014 , Nov 30 , 2014 , Dec 7 , 2014 . Walter Payton , Nov 13 , 1977 , Nov 20 , 1977 , Nov 24 , 1977 Most consecutive seasons , 500 or more yards from scrimmage : 16 , Tony Gonzalez , 1998 -- 2013 Most seasons , 500 or more yards from scrimmage : 18 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 1996 , 1998 -- 2003 Most consecutive seasons , 1000 or more yards from scrimmage : 13 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2002 Most seasons , 1000 or more yards from scrimmage : 14 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2002 , 2004 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 1996 , 1998 , 2001 -- 2002 Most consecutive seasons , 1500 or more yards from scrimmage : 8 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2001 -- 2008 Most seasons , 1500 or more yards from scrimmage : 10 , Walter Payton 1976 -- 1981 , 1983 -- 1986 Most consecutive seasons , 2000 or more yards from scrimmage : 4 , Marshall Faulk 1998 -- 2001 Most seasons , 2000 or more yards from scrimmage : 4 , Marshall Faulk 1998 -- 2001 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 84 , 1986 , 1988 , Walter Payton 1977 , 1983 -- 85 Fewest games to reach 1,000 yards from scrimmage : 7 , Eric Dickerson 1983 , Kareem Hunt 2017 Fewest games to reach 2,000 yards from scrimmage : 14 , Eric Dickerson 1983 Fewest games to reach 3,000 yards from scrimmage : 22 , Edgerrin James 1983 - 1984 Fewest games to reach 4,000 yards from scrimmage : 30 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1984 , Edgerrin James 1999 -- 2000 Fewest games to reach 5,000 yards from scrimmage : 36 , Edgerrin James 1999 -- 2001 Fewest games to reach 6,000 yards from scrimmage : 44 , Edgerrin James 1999 -- 2002 Fewest games to reach 7,000 yards from scrimmage : 55 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1986 Fewest games to reach 8,000 yards from scrimmage : 64 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1987 Fewest games to reach 9,000 yards from scrimmage : 72 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2005 , Edgerrin James 1999 -- 2004 Fewest games to reach 10,000 yards from scrimmage : 78 , Edgerrin James 1999 -- 2004 Fewest games to reach 11,000 yards from scrimmage : 87 , Edgerrin James 1999 -- 2005 Fewest games to reach 12,000 yards from scrimmage : 95 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2006 , Edgerrin James 1999 -- 2005 Fewest games to reach 13,000 yards from scrimmage : 104 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2007 Fewest games to reach 14,000 yards from scrimmage : 111 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2007 Fewest games to reach 15,000 yards from scrimmage : 121 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2008 Fewest games to reach 16,000 yards from scrimmage : 129 , Marshall Faulk 1994 -- 2002 Fewest games to reach 17,000 yards from scrimmage : 142 , Marshall Faulk 1994 -- 2003 Fewest games to reach 18,000 yards from scrimmage : 149 , Barry Sanders 1989 - 1998 Fewest games to reach 19,000 yards from scrimmage : 164 , Walter Payton 1975 - 1986 Fewest games to reach 20,000 yards from scrimmage : 174 , Walter Payton 1975 - 1986 All - purpose ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League all - purpose yards leaders . All - purpose yardage ( or combined net yards gained ) encompasses rushing , receiving , interception returns , punt returns , kickoff returns and fumble returns . Most seasons leading league , combined net yards : 5 , Jim Brown , 1958 -- 61 , 1964 Most consecutive seasons leading league , combined net yards : 4 , Jim Brown , 1958 -- 1961 All - purpose attempts ( edit ) Most combined attempts , career : 4,939 , Emmitt Smith ( 4,409 rushes , 515 receptions , 15 fumble returns ) , 1990 -- 2004 Most combined attempts , season : 492 , James Wilder ( 407 rushes , 85 receptions , 0 returns ) , 1984 Most combined attempts , no fumbles , season : 430 , Gerald Riggs ( 397 rushes , 33 receptions ) , 1985 Most combined attempts , no touchdowns , season : 258 , Marcel Shipp ( 228 rushes , 30 receptions ) , 2003 Most combined attempts , no touchdowns , career : 300 , Larry Marshall ( 162 punt returns , 138 kickoff returns ) , 1972 -- 1978 Most consecutive combined attempts , no touchdowns , career : 512 , Marcel Shipp ( 438 rushes , 74 receptions ) , December 15 , 2002 - December 3 , 2006 Most combined attempts , rookie , season : 441 , Eric Dickerson ( 390 rushes , 51 receptions , 0 returns ) , 1983 Most combined attempts per fumble , career , minimum 2,000 attempts : 138.0 , Curtis Martin , 1995 -- 2005 Most combined attempts per fumble , career , minimum 1,000 attempts : 199.88 , Ray Rice , 2008 -- 2013 Most consecutive combined attempts , no fumbles : 870 , Steven Jackson ( 755 rushes , 115 receptions ) , Nov 3 , 2011 - January 3 , 2016 ( end of career ) Most combined attempts , no fumbles , career : 446 , Darnay Scott ( 408 receptions , 22 rushes , 15 kickoff returns , 1 fumble return ) , 1994 -- 2002 Most consecutive combined attempts , no fumbles to start a career : 589 , BenJarvus Green - Ellis ( 559 rushes , 30 receptions ) , 2008 -- 2012 Most combined attempts , game : 48 , James Wilder ( 42 rushes , 6 receptions ) , on October 30 , 1983 and LaDainian Tomlinson ( 37 rushes , 11 receptions ) , on December 1 , 2002 ( OT ) All - purpose yards ( edit ) Most yards gained , career : 23,546 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most yards gained , total , season : 2,696 , Darren Sproles , 2011 Highest average yards per game , season : 175.9 , Terry Metcalf , 1975 Highest average yards per game , career : 138.8 , Gale Sayers , 1965 - 1971 Most yards gained , total , season , home : 1,508 , Chris Johnson , 2009 Most yards gained , total , season , away : 1,455 , Timmy Brown , 1962 Most yards gained , total , rookie , season : 2,317 , Tim Brown , 1988 Most yards gained , no touchdowns , season : 2,208 , Wes Welker , 2005 Most yards gained , no fumbles , season : 2,215 , Le'veon Bell , 2014 Most yards gained , total , game : 404 , Glyn Milburn ; Dec 10 , 1995 Most games , 50 yards gained , career : 202 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 100 yards gained , career : 118 , Brian Mitchell 1990 -- 2003 Most games , 150 yards gained , career : 46 , Walter Payton 1975 -- 1986 , Barry Sanders 1989 -- 1998 Most games , 200 yards gained , career : 17 , Darren Sproles 2007 -- present Most games , 250 yards gained , career : 7 , Terry Metcalf 1974 -- 1977 Most games , 300 yards gained , career : 2 , Jacoby Ford 2010 , Josh Cribbs 2007 -- 2009 , Adrian Peterson 2007 , Lionel James 1985 , Gale Sayers 1965 -- 1966 Most games , 1 yard gained , season : 17 , Dexter Carter 1995 Most games , 93 yard gained , season : 16 , Brian Mitchell 1994 Most games , 100 yards gained , season : 15 , David Johnson 2016 , Michael Lewis 2002 , Edgerrin James 2000 , MarTay Jenkins 2000 , Derrick Mason 2000 , Barry Sanders 1997 , Marcus Allen 1985 Most games , 150 yards gained , season : 11 , Michael Lewis 2002 , Terry Metcalf 1975 , Darren Sproles 2011 Most games , 200 yards gained , season : 5 , Fred Jackson 2009 , Josh Cribbs 2009 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2003 , Walter Payton 1977 , Timmy Brown 1962 , Terry Metcalf 1975 Most games , 250 yards gained , season : 3 , Timmy Brown 1962 , Lionel James 1985 , Terry Metcalf 1977 Most games , 300 yards gained , season : 2 , Jacoby Ford 2010 , Adrian Peterson 2007 , Lionel James 1985 Most consecutive games , 100 or more yards : 23 , Gale Sayers , 1965 -- 1967 Most consecutive games , 200 or more yards : 4 , Darren Sproles , 2008 -- 2009 Most consecutive seasons , 1000 or more yards : 13 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2002 Most seasons , 1000 or more yards : 14 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2002 , 2004 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 1996 , 1998 , 2001 -- 2002 Most consecutive seasons , 1500 or more yards : 9 , Brian Mitchell , 1994 -- 2002 Most seasons , 1500 or more yards : 10 , Walter Payton 1976 -- 1981 , 1983 -- 1986 Most consecutive seasons , 2000 or more yards : 4 , Marshall Faulk 1998 -- 2001 ; Dante Hall 2002 -- 2005 ; Darren Sproles 2008 -- 2011 Most seasons , 2000 or more yards : 4 , Walter Payton 1977 , 1983 -- 1985 ; Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1984 , 1986 , 1988 ; Brian Mitchell 1994 -- 1995 , 1997 -- 1998 ; Marshall Faulk 1998 -- 2001 ; Dante Hall 2002 -- 2005 ; Tiki Barber 2000 , 2004 -- 2006 ; Darren Sproles 2008 -- 2011 Fewest games to reach 1,000 all purpose yards : 5 , Adrian Peterson 2007 Fewest games to reach 2,000 all purpose yards : 13 , Gale Sayers 1965 , James Brooks 1981 , Danny Amendola 2009 Fewest games to reach 3,000 all purpose yards : 20 , Gale Sayers 1965 - 1966 Fewest games to reach 4,000 all purpose yards : 25 , Gale Sayers 1965 - 1966 Fewest games to reach 5,000 all purpose yards : 31 , Gale Sayers 1965 - 1967 Fewest games to reach 6,000 all purpose yards : 39 , Gale Sayers 1965 - 1967 Fewest games to reach 7,000 all purpose yards : 44 , Gale Sayers 1965 - 1968 Fewest games to reach 8,000 all purpose yards : 53 , Gale Sayers 1965 - 1969 Fewest games to reach 9,000 all purpose yards : 61 , Gale Sayers 1965 - 1969 Fewest games to reach 10,000 all purpose yards : 76 , Timmy Brown 1960 - 1966 Fewest games to reach 11,000 all purpose yards : 83 , Timmy Brown 1960 - 1966 Fewest games to reach 12,000 all purpose yards : 91 , Darren Sproles 2005 - 2011 Fewest games to reach 13,000 all purpose yards : 96 , Darren Sproles 2005 - 2012 Fewest games to reach 14,000 all purpose yards : 106 , Darren Sproles 2005 - 2012 Fewest games to reach 15,000 all purpose yards : 114 , Darren Sproles 2005 - 2013 Fewest games to reach 16,000 all purpose yards : 126 , Darren Sproles 2005 - 2014 Fewest games to reach 17,000 all purpose yards : 140 , Darren Sproles 2005 - 2015 Fewest games to reach 18,000 all purpose yards : 149 , Barry Sanders 1989 - 1998 Fewest games to reach 19,000 all purpose yards : 160 , Walter Payton 1977 - 1985 Fewest games to reach 20,000 all purpose yards : 168 , Walter Payton 1977 - 1986 Interceptions ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 3 ; Everson Walls , 1981 -- 82 , 1985 ; Ed Reed , 2004 , 2008 , 2010 Most interceptions , career : 81 , Paul Krause , 1964 -- 79 Most interceptions , season : 14 , Dick `` Night Train '' Lane , 1952 Most interceptions , rookie , season : 14 , Dick `` Night Train '' Lane , 1952 Most interceptions by , game : 4 , by 19 players , most recently DeAngelo Hall on October 24 , 2010 Most interceptions , one half : 4 , DeAngelo Hall on October 24 , 2010 Most consecutive games with an interception : 8 , Tom Morrow , 1962 -- 63 Most consecutive seasons with an interception : 19 , Darrell Green , Washington Redskins , 1983 -- 2001 Most interceptions without scoring a touchdown , career : 50 , Don Burroughs , 1955 - 1964 Interception return yards ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 3 , Darren Sharper , 2002 , 2005 , 2009 Most interception return yards , career : 1,590 , Ed Reed , 2002 -- 2013 Most yards per interception return , career ( minimum 30 interceptions ) : 25.1 ( 1,331 yards / 53 INTS ) , Deion Sanders , 1989 -- 2000 , 2004 -- 2005 Most yards per interception return , career ( minimum 20 interceptions ) : 27.6 ( 608 yards / 22 INTS ) , Erik McMillan , 1989 -- 1993 Most yards per interception return , career ( minimum 10 interceptions ) : 33.8 ( 473 yards / 14 INTS ) , Malcolm Jenkins , 2009 - present Most interception return yards without scoring a touchdown , career : 736 , Jack Tatum , 1971 -- 1980 Most interception return yards , season : 376 , Darren Sharper , New Orleans Saints , 2009 Most interception return yards , rookie , season : 301 , Don Doll , Detroit Lions , 1949 Most interception return yards , game : 177 , Charlie McNeil on September 24 , 1961 Longest interception return : 108 , Ed Reed on November 23 , 2008 Interception return touchdowns ( edit ) Most interceptions returned for touchdowns , career : 12 , Rod Woodson , 1987 -- 2003 Most interceptions returned for touchdowns , season : 4 ; Ken Houston , 1971 ; Jim Kearney , 1972 ; Eric Allen 1993 Most interceptions returned for touchdowns , rookie , season : 3 ; Lem Barney , 1967 ; Ronnie Lott , 1981 ; Janoris Jenkins 2012 Most interceptions returned for touchdowns , game : 2 , by 30 players , most recently Zach Brown on December 30 , 2012 Most consecutive seasons with an interception returned for a touchdown : 6 , Charles Woodson , Green Bay Packers , 2006 -- 2011 Punting ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 4 , Sammy Baugh , 1940 -- 43 ; Jerrel Wilson , 1965 , 1968 , 1972 -- 73 Most consecutive seasons leading league : 4 , Sammy Baugh , 1940 -- 43 Punts ( edit ) Most punts , career : 1,713 , Jeff Feagles 1988 -- 2009 Most punts , season : 114 , Bob Parsons , 1981 and Chad Stanley , 2002 Most punts , rookie , season : 111 , Brad Maynard 1997 Most punts , game : 16 , Leo Araguz on October 11 , 1998 Longest punt : 98 yards , Steve O'Neal on September 21 , 1969 Punting yards ( edit ) Most punting yardage , career : 71,211 , Jeff Feagles , 1988 -- 2009 Most punting yardage , season : 5,209 , Dave Zastudil , 2012 Most punting yardage , rookie , season : 4,531 , Brad Maynard , 1997 Most punting yardage , game : 709 , Leo Araguz on October 11 , 1998 Average punting yards ( edit ) Highest average , punting , career ( minimum 250 punts ) : 47.47 ( 1,192 punts for 56,580 yards ) , Shane Lechler , 2000 -- present Highest average , punting , season ( among qualified players ) : 51.40 ( 35 punts for 1,799 yards ) , Sammy Baugh , 1940 Highest average , punting , rookie , season ( among qualified players ) : 47.84 ( 91 punts for 4,353 yards ) , Bryan Anger , 2012 Highest average , punting , game ( minimum 4 punts ) : 61.75 ( 4 punts for 247 yards ) , Bob Cifers on November 24 , 1946 Average net punting yards ( edit ) Net average has been compiled since 1976 . Highest net average , career ( minimum 250 punts ) : 41.1 ( 488 punts for 22,497 net yards ) , Pat McAfee , 2009 -- present Highest net average , season ( among qualified players ) : 44.23 ( 78 punts for 3,450 net yards ) , John Hekker , 2013 Highest net average , rookie , season ( among qualified players ) : 40.85 ( 92 punts for 3,758 net yards ) , Bryan Anger , 2012 Highest net average game ( minimum 4 punts ) : 59.50 ( 4 punts for 238 net yards ) , Rohn Stark on September 13 , 1992 Punts had blocked ( edit ) Most consecutive punts , none blocked : 1,177 , Chris Gardocki , 1992 -- 2006 Most punts had blocked , career : 14 ; Herman Weaver , 1970 -- 80 ; Harry Newsome , 1985 -- 93 Most punts had blocked , season : 6 , Harry Newsome , 1988 Punts inside the 20 ( edit ) Punts inside the 20 have been compiled since 1976 . Most punts inside the 20 , career : 554 , Jeff Feagles , 1988 -- 2009 Most punts inside the 20 , season : 46 , Dave Zastudil , 2012 Most punts inside the 20 , game : 8 ; Mark Royals on November 6 , 1994 ; Bryan Barker on November 14 , 1999 Punt returns ( edit ) Punt return attempts ( edit ) Most seasons leading league in number of punt returns : 3 , Les `` Speedy '' Duncan , 1965 -- 66 , 1971 ; Rick Upchurch , 1976 , 1978 , 1982 Most punt returns , career : 463 , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 2003 Most punt returns without a touchdown , career : 264 , Wes Welker , 2004 -- 2015 Most punt returns without a touchdown , regular season and post season , career : 273 , Wes Welker , 2004 -- 2015 Most punt returns , season : 70 , Danny Reece , 1979 Most punt returns , rookie , season : 57 , Lew Barnes , 1986 Most punt returns , game : 11 , Eddie Brown on October 9 , 1977 Fair catches ( edit ) Most fair catches , career : 231 , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 2003 Most fair catches , season : 36 , Jeremy Kerley , 2012 Most fair catches , game : 7 ; Bake Turner on November 20 , 1966 , Lem Barney on November 21 , 1976 , Bobby Morse on December 27 , 1967 and Chris Carr on November 16 , 2008 Punt return yards ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 3 , Alvin Haymond , 1965 -- 66 , 1969 Most yards gained , career : 4,999 , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 2003 Most yards gained , season : 875 , Desmond Howard , 1996 Most yards gained with zero fumbles , season : 578 , Jermaine Lewis , 2000 Most yards gained , rookie , season : 699 , Patrick Peterson , Arizona Cardinals , 2011 Most yards gained , game : 207 , LeRoy Irvin on October 11 , 1981 Longest Punt return : 103 , Robert Bailey on October 23 , 1994 Average punt return yards ( edit ) Highest average yardage , career ( minimum 75 returns ) : 12.78 ( 112 returns for 1,431 yards ) , George McAfee , 1940 -- 1950 Highest average yardage , season ( among qualified players ) : 23.00 , Herb Rich , 1950 Highest average yardage , highest average , season , rookie ( among qualified players ) : 23.00 , Herb Rich , 1950 Highest average yardage , game ( minimum 3 returns ) : 53.33 , Darius Reynaud on December 30 , 2012 Punt return touchdowns ( edit ) Most punts returned for touchdown , career : 14 Devin Hester , Chicago Bears , 2006 -- 2013 , Atlanta Falcons , 2014 -- 2015 Most punts returned for touchdown , season : 4 ; Jack Christiansen , 1951 ; Rick Upchurch , 1976 ; Devin Hester , 2007 ; Patrick Peterson , 2011 Most punts returned for touchdown , rookie , season : 4 , Jack Christiansen , 1951 ; Patrick Peterson , 2011 Most punts returned for touchdown , game : 2 , 16 times by 13 players , most recently Darius Reynaud on December 30 , 2012 Most games with two or more punts returned for touchdowns : 2 ; Jack Christiansen October 14 , 1951 and November 22 , 1951 ; Eric Metcalf October 24 , 1993 and November 2 , 1997 ; Jermaine Lewis December 7 , 1997 and December 24 , 2000 Kickoff returns ( edit ) Kickoff return attempts ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 3 , Abe Woodson , 1959 , 1962 -- 63 Most kickoff returns , career : 607 , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 2003 Most kickoff returns without a touchdown , regular season , career : 359 , Desmond Howard , 1992 -- 2002 Most consecutive kickoff returns without a touchdown , regular season and post season , career : 285 , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 1997 Most kickoff returns , season : 82 , MarTay Jenkins , 2000 Most kickoff returns , rookie , season : 73 ; Josh Scobey 2003 ; Chris Carr , 2005 Most kickoff returns , game : 10 , Desmond Howard on October 26 , 1997 and Richard Alston on November 28 , 2004 Kickoff return yards ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 3 ; Bruce Harper , 1977 -- 79 ; Tyrone Hughes , 1994 -- 96 Most yards gained , career : 14,014 , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 2003 Most yards gained , season : 2,186 , MarTay Jenkins , 2000 Most yards gained , no fumbles , season : 1,684 , Josh Scobey , 2003 Most yards gained , rookie , season : 1,752 , Chris Carr , 2005 Most yards gained , game : 304 , Tyrone Hughes on October 23 , 1994 Longest kickoff return : 109 yards , Cordarrelle Patterson on October 27 , 2013 Average kickoff return yards ( edit ) Highest average , career ( minimum 75 returns ) : 30.56 ( 91 returns for 2,781 yards ) , Gale Sayers , 1965 -- 71 Highest average , season ( among qualified players ) : 41.06 ( 18 returns for 739 yards ) , Travis Williams , 1967 Highest average , rookie , season ( among qualified players ) : 41.06 ( 18 returns for 739 yards ) , Travis Williams , 1967 Highest average , game ( minimum 3 returns ) : 73.50 ( 4 returns for 294 yards ) , Wally Triplett on October 29 , 1950 Kickoff return touchdowns ( edit ) Most touchdowns , career : 8 , Josh Cribbs , 2005 -- 2014 , Leon Washington , 2006 -- 2014 Most touchdowns , season : 4 ; Travis Williams , 1967 ; Cecil Turner , 1970 Most touchdowns , rookie season : 4 , Travis Williams , 1967 Kickoff returns , most touchdowns , game : 2 ; by 10 players , most recently Leon Washington on September 26 , 2010 . Combined kick / punt returns ( edit ) Most seasons leading the league in combined returns : 3 , Vai Sikahema , 1987 , 1989 , 1992 Most combined kick returns , career : 1,070 ( 463 punt , 607 kickoff ) , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 2003 Most combined kick returns without a touchdown , career : 404 ( 148 punt , 256 kickoff ) , Chris Carr , 2005 -- 2013 Most combined kick returns without a touchdown , season : 107 ( 34 punt , 73 kickoff ) , Chris Carr , 2005 Most combined kick returns without a touchdown , career , including postseason : 412 ( 153 punt , 259 kickoff ) , Chris Carr , 2005 -- 2013 Most combined kick returns , season : 114 ; Michael Lewis , 2002 ( 44 punt , 70 kickoff ) ; B.J. Sams , 2004 ( 55 punt , 59 kickoff ) Most combined kick returns , rookie , season : 114 ( 55 punt , 59 kickoff ) , B.J. Sams , 2004 Most combined kick returns , game : 13 ; Stump Mitchell on October 18 , 1981 ( 6 punt , 7 kickoff ) and Ronnie Harris on December 5 , 1993 ( 10 punt , 3 kickoff ) Kick / punt return yards ( edit ) Most seasons leading the league in combined return yards : 3 , Tyrone Hughes 1993 , 1995 , 1996 ; Mel Gray 1990 -- 1992 , Vai Sikahema , 1986 -- 1987 , 1989 Most consecutive seasons leading the league in combined return yards : 3 , Mel Gray 1990 -- 1992 Most yards returned , career : 19,013 ( 4,999 punt , 14,014 kickoff ) , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 2003 Most yards returned , season : 2,432 ( 625 punt , 1,807 kickoff ) , Michael Lewis , 2002 Most yards returned , no fumbles , season : 1,911 , Glyn Milburn , 1996 Most yards returned , no kickoffs or punt returns for a touchdown , season : 1,978 , Danny Amendola , 2009 ; Chris Carr , 2006 Most yards returned , no kickoffs or punt returns for a touchdowns , career : 7,349 , Chris Carr , 2005 -- 2013 Most yards returned , no kickoffs or punt returns for a touchdowns , career , including postseason : 7,470 , Chris Carr , 2005 -- 2013 Most yards returned , rookie , season : 1,938 , Chris Carr , 2005 Most yards returned , game : 347 ( 43 punt , 304 kickoff ) , Tyrone Hughes on October 23 , 1994 Kick / punt return touchdowns ( edit ) Most touchdowns , career : 19 ( 14 punt , 5 kickoff ) , Devin Hester , 2006 -- 2014 Most touchdowns , season : 6 ( 4 punt , 2 kickoff ) , Devin Hester , 2007 Most touchdowns , rookie , season : 5 ( 3 punt , 2 kickoff ) , Devin Hester , 2006 Most touchdowns , game ( any combination of kickoff and punt returns ) : 2 ; 39 times by 33 players , most recently Jeremy Ross on December 8 , 2013 ( 1 punt , 1 kickoff ) Most touchdowns , game ( with both a kickoff and a punt for a TD ) : 2 ; by 13 players , most recently Jeremy Ross on December 8 , 2013 Fumbles ( edit ) Most fumbles , career : 166 , Brett Favre , 1991 -- 2010 Most fumbles , season : 23 ; Kerry Collins , 2001 ; Daunte Culpepper , 2002 Most fumbles , game : 7 , Len Dawson , November 15 , 1964 Fumbles recovered ( edit ) Most fumbles recovered , career , own and opponents ' : 56 ( all own ) , Warren Moon , 1984 -- 2000 Most fumbles recovered , season , own and opponents ' : 12 ( all own ) , David Carr , 2002 Most fumbles recovered , game , own and opponents ' : 4 , Otto Graham on October 25 , 1953 ( all own ) Sam Etcheverry on September 17 , 1961 ( all own ) Roman Gabriel on October 12 , 1969 ( all own ) Joe Ferguson on September 18 , 1977 ( all own ) Randall Cunningham on November 30 , 1986 ( all own ) Tony Romo on September 26 , 2011 ( all own ) Patrick Peterson on September 30 , 2012 ( 3 own , 1 opponent 's ) Matthew Stafford on 2013 ( all own ) Opponent fumbles recovered ( edit ) Most opponents ' fumbles recovered , career : 30 ; Jim Marshall , 1960 -- 1979 Most opponents ' fumbles recovered , season : 9 , Don Hultz , 1963 Most opponents ' fumbles recovered , game : 3 , by 15 players , most recently Brian Young on November 9 , 2003 Fumble return yards ( edit ) Longest fumble return : 104 ; Jack Tatum on September 24 , 1972 ; Aeneas Williams on November 5 , 2000 Fumble return yards , career : 328 , DeAngelo Hall 2004 -- present Fumble return yards , season : 157 , Dwayne Rudd , 1998 Fumble return yards , rookie season : 98 , Toby Wright , 1994 Fumble return yards , game : 104 ; Jack Tatum on September 24 , 1972 ; Aeneas Williams on November 5 , 2000 Fumble return touchdowns ( edit ) Most fumble return touchdowns , career ( total ) : 6 , Jason Taylor ; 1997 -- 2011 Most fumble return touchdowns , season ( total ) : 2 ; by 41 players , most recently Bobby Wagner 2015 Most fumble return touchdowns , game ( total ) : 2 , Fred `` Dippy '' Evans , November 28 , 1948 ; Al Nesser , Oct 3 , 1920 Most fumble return touchdowns , career ( own recovered ) : 2 ; by 9 players , most recently Kevin Curtis 2003 -- 2010 Most fumble return touchdowns , season ( own recovered ) : 2 ; Ahmad Rashād , 1974 ; Del Rodgers , 1982 , Kevin Curtis 2007 Most fumble return touchdowns , career ( Opponents ' recovered ) : 6 , Jason Taylor ; 1997 -- 2011 Most fumble return touchdowns , season ( Opponents ' recovered ) : 2 ; by 38 Players , most recently Bobby Wagner 2015 Most fumble return touchdowns , game ( Opponents ' recovered ) : 2 , Fred `` Dippy '' Evans , November 28 , 1948 ; Al Nesser , Oct 3 , 1920 Fumbles forced ( edit ) Note : Forced fumbles are not an official NFL statistic and even unofficial numbers prior to 1991 are not available . Most fumbles forced , career : 54 ; Robert Mathis , 2003 -- 2016 Most fumbles forced , season : 10 ; Osi Umenyiora , 2010 ; Charles Tillman , 2012 Tackles ( edit ) Most solo tackles , career : 1,640 , Jessie Tuggle , 1987 -- 2000 Most solo tackles , game : 16 , most recently Chris Borland , 2014 Sacks ( edit ) Quarterback sack statistics have been compiled only since 1982 Most seasons leading league : 2 ; Mark Gastineau , 1983 -- 84 Reggie White , 1987 -- 88 Kevin Greene , 1994 , 96 Michael Strahan , 2001 , 2003 DeMarcus Ware , 2008 , 2010 Jared Allen , 2007 , 2011 J.J. Watt , 2012 , 2015 Most consecutive seasons leading league : 2 ; Mark Gastineau , 1983 -- 84 Reggie White , 1987 -- 88 Most sacks , career : 200 , Bruce Smith , 1985 -- 2003 Most sacks , season : 22.5 , Michael Strahan , 2001 Most sacks , rookie , season : 14.5 , Jevon Kearse , 1999 Most sacks , game : 7.0 , Derrick Thomas on November 11 , 1990 Most seasons , 1 + sacks : 19 , Bruce Smith , 1985 -- 2003 Most seasons , 10 + sacks : 13 , Bruce Smith , 1986 -- 90 , 1992 -- 98 , 2000 Most consecutive seasons , 10 + sacks : 9 , Reggie White , 1985 -- 93 Most consecutive games , sack : 11 , Jared Allen , 2011 -- 2012 Most seasons , 20 + sacks : 2 , J.J. Watt , 2012 , 2014 Records in a single decade ( edit ) All - purpose yards : 16,900 , Brian Mitchell 1990 -- 1999 Yards from scrimmage : 16,691 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 1999 Rushing yards : 13,963 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 1999 Rushing touchdowns : 138 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2000 -- 2009 Rushing attempts : 3,243 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 1999 Receptions : 868 , Torry Holt 2000 -- 2009 Receiving yards : 12,594 , Torry Holt 2000 -- 2009 Touchdown receptions : 120 , Randy Moss 2000 -- 2009 Touchdown passes : 314 , Peyton Manning 2000 -- 2009 Pass interceptions : 176 , Brett Favre 2000 -- 2009 Points : 1,169 , David Akers 2000 -- 2009 Interceptions : 59 , Emlen Tunnell 1950 -- 1959 Interception yards : 1,330 , Darren Sharper 2000 -- 2009 Fumble return yards : 242 , Jason Taylor 2000 -- 2009 Interception returns for touchdowns : 9 , Darren Sharper 2000 -- 2009 Records in a single month ( edit ) Rushing yards : 861 , Adrian Peterson December 2012 Rushing attempts : 141 , Ernest Byner December 1990 Rushing touchdowns : 12 , LaDainian Tomlinson November 2006 Receiving yards : 822 , Charley Hennigan October 1961 Games with 90 + Receiving yards , rookie : 5 , Odell Beckham November 2014 Receptions : 49 , Calvin Johnson December 2012 Receiving touchdowns : 10 , Jerry Rice November 1987 , Don Hutson November 1942 All - purpose yards : 970 , Terry Metcalf November 1975 Yards from scrimmage : 968 , Chris Johnson November 2009 Combined Touches : 161 , Edgerrin James ( 130 rushes , 31 receptions ) November 2003 Passing yards : 1,755 , Peyton Manning December 2013 Passing touchdowns : 20 , Tom Brady , October 2007 Completion percentage ( minimum 75 attempts ) : 81.8 , Peyton Manning December 2008 Passer rating ( minimum 75 attempts ) : 150.3 , Steve Young November 1993 Touchdowns : 13 , LaDainian Tomlinson November 2006 Field Goals : 20 , Olindo Mare October 1999 PATs : 28 , Stephen Gostkowski October 2007 Points : 78 , LaDainian Tomlinson November 2006 Points by a kicker : 77 , Paul Hornung October 1961 Sacks : 9.5 , Chris Doleman November 1987 , Michael Strahan December 2001 Fumble return yards : 128 , Tyrone Hughes November 1994 Interceptions : 8 , Tom Morrow September 1963 Interception return yards : 197 , Charles McNeil September 1961 , Marcus Peters December 2015 Interceptions returned for touchdowns : 3 , Ken Houston December 1971 , Eric Allen December 2000 Punt return yards : 350 , Desmond Howard December 1996 Punt returns for touchdowns : 3 , Eric Metcalf November 1997 Kickoff return yards : 759 , Jerome Mathis October 2005 Kickoffs returned for touchdowns : 3 , André Davis December 2007 Combined punt and kickoff return yards : 786 , Michael Lewis October 2002 Overtime records ( edit ) Most overtime field goals , career : 10 , Adam Vinatieri 1996 -- 2015 Longest overtime field goal : 57 yards , Sebastian Janikowski , Oakland Raiders vs. New York Jets Oct 19 , 2008 Most overtime touchdowns , career : 3 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2011 Most overtime rushing touchdowns , career : 3 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2011 Most overtime touchdown passes , career : 4 , Drew Bledsoe 1993 -- 2006 Longest overtime touchdown pass / reception : 99 yards , Ron Jaworski to Mike Quick , Philadelphia Eagles vs. Atlanta Falcons Nov 10 , 1985 Longest overtime rushing touchdown : 96 yards , Garrison Hearst , San Francisco 49ers vs. New York Jets Sep 6 , 1998 Longest overtime interception returned for a touchdown : 72 yards , Lorenzo Lynch , Arizona Cardinals vs. Seattle Seahawks Oct 29 , 1995 Longest overtime kickoff returned for a touchdown : 96 yards , Chad Morton , New York Jets vs. Buffalo Bills Sep 8 , 2002 Longest overtime fumble returned for a touchdown : 52 yards , Johnie Cooks , Baltimore Colts vs. New England Patriots Sep 4 , 1983 Longest overtime punt returned for a touchdown : 99 yards , Patrick Peterson , Arizona Cardinals vs. St. Louis Rams Nov 6 , 2011 Miscellaneous ( edit ) Most return ( of a punt , kickoff , interception , fumble , missed field goal , blocked punt / field goal ) touchdowns : 20 , Devin Hester 2006 -- present Most return ( of a punt , kick , interception or fumble ) touchdowns , including postseason : 21 , Devin Hester 2006 -- present Longest play : 109 yards , Antonio Cromartie on November 4 , 2007 ( return of a missed field goal ) , Cordarrelle Patterson on October 27 , 2013 ( kickoff return ) Most blocked kicks ( field goals / PATs / punts ) : 25 , Ted Hendricks , 1969 -- 1983 Longest return of a missed field goal : 109 yards , Antonio Cromartie on November 4 , 2007 Most missed field goal returns for touchdowns : 2 , Al Nelson 1965 -- 1973 , Carl Taseff 1951 -- 1962 Longest return of a blocked field goal : 94 yards , Bobby Smith Oct 25 , 1964 Most blocked field goal returns for touchdowns : 2 , Kyle Arrington 2010 -- 2014 , Nate Clements 2008 -- 2009 , Kevin Ross 1987 -- 1995 Longest return of a blocked punt : 67 yards , Frank Filchock Sep 28 , 1941 Most blocked punt returns for touchdowns : 3 , Ed Reed 2002 -- 2013 , Tom Flynn 1984 -- 1988 Oldest player : 48 , George Blanda , 1975 Only players to throw and catch a pass for a touchdown in the same play : 3 yards , Brad Johnson Oct 12 , 1997 ; 37 yards , Frank Ryan October 30 , 1960 Other ( edit ) Only player with 200 yards receiving and 50 yards rushing in the same game : Marshall Faulk , Dec. 26 , 1999 Only players with 150 yards receiving and 100 yards rushing in the same game : Ollie Matson Nov. 28 , 1954 ; Herschel Walker , Dec. 14 , 1986 Only players with 120 yards receiving and 120 yards rushing in the same game : Keith Lincoln Jan. 5 , 1964 ; Herschel Walker , Dec. 14 , 1986 Only player with 200 yards receiving and 10 rushing attempts in the same game : Marshall Faulk , Dec. 26 , 1999 Only player with 200 yards receiving and 1 rushing touchdown in the same game : Curtis McClinton , Dec. 19 , 1965 Only players with 150 yards receiving and 2 rushing touchdowns in the same game : Herschel Walker , Oct. 12 , 1986 ; Jahvid Best , Sep. 19 , 2010 Only player with 130 yards receiving and 3 rushing touchdowns in the same game : Reggie Bush , Dec. 3 , 2006 Only player with 90 yards receiving and 4 rushing touchdowns in the same game : Shaun Alexander , Sep. 29 , 2002 Only player with 150 yards receiving and 1 kick off return for touchdown in the same game : Gary Ballman , Nov. 17 , 1963 Only players with 150 yards receiving and 1 punt return for touchdown in the same game : Tim Dwight , Jan. 3 , 2000 ; Desean Jackson , Dec. 13 , 2009 Only player with 170 yards receiving and 1 touchdown pass in the same game : Louis Lipps , Nov. 13 , 1988 Only player with 100 yards receiving and 30 rushing attempts in the same game : Steven Jackson , Dec. 24 , 2006 Only player with 100 yards receiving and 2 punt returns for a touchdown in the same game : Steve Smith , Dec. 8 , 2002 Only player with 230 yards rushing and 1 touchdown reception in the same game : Fred Taylor , Nov. 19 , 2000 Only player with 200 yards rushing and 2 touchdown receptions in the same game : Billy Cannon , Dec. 10 , 1961 Only player with 200 yards rushing and 10 receptions in the same game : LaDainian Tomlinson , Dec. 1 , 2002 Only players with 200 yards rushing and 100 yards receiving in the same game : Keith Lincoln Jan. 5 , 1964 ; Billy Cannon , Dec. 10 , 1961 Only players with 190 yards rushing and 1 touchdown pass in the same game : LaDainian Tomlinson , Sep. 25 , 2005 Only player with 150 yards rushing and 2 touchdown passes in the same game : Walter Payton , Sep. 18 , 1983 ; Colin Kaepernick , Jan. 12 , 2013 Only player with 150 yards rushing and 3 touchdown receptions in the same game : Larry Brown , Dec. 16 , 1973 Only player with 120 yards rushing and 4 touchdown passes in the same game : Randall Cunningham , Nov 4 , 1990 Only player with 100 yards rushing and 5 touchdown passes in the same game : Cam Newton , Dec. 20 , 2015 Only player with 190 yards rushing and 1 kick off return for a touchdown in the same game : Gale Sayers , Dec. 18 , 1968 Only player with 100 yards rushing and 1 punt return for a touchdown in the same game : Gale Sayers , Dec. 12 , 1965 Only player with 200 yards from scrimmage and 1 punt return for a touchdown in the same game : Gale Sayers , Dec. 12 , 1965 Only player with 200 yards from scrimmage and 1 kick off return for a touchdown in the same game : Gale Sayers , Dec. 18 , 1968 Only player with 100 yards from scrimmage and 2 punt returns for a touchdown in the same game : Steve Smith , Dec. 8 , 2002 Only player with 80 yards from scrimmage and 2 kick off returns for a touchdown in the same game : Ron Brown , Nov. 24 , 1985 Only players with 200 yards from scrimmage and 1 touchdown pass in the same game : LaDainian Tomlinson , Sep. 25 , 2005 , Sep. 25 , 2003 ; Greg Pruitt , Sep. 26 , 1977 Only players with 250 all purpose yards and 1 touchdown pass in the same game : Terry Metcalf , Oct. 23 , 1977 ; Fred Jackson , Nov. 15 , 2009 Only player with 4 touchdown receptions and 1 rushing touchdown in the same game : Jamaal Charles , Dec. 15 , 2013 Only player with 3 touchdown receptions and 1 punt return for a touchdown in the same game : Az - Zahir Hakim , Oct. 3 , 1999 Only player with 3 touchdown passes and 1 touchdown reception in the same game : Frank Ryan , Oct. 30 , 1960 ; Jim McMahon , Sep. 29 , 1985 Only player with 4 rushing touchdowns and 1 passing touchdown in the same game : Ronnie Brown , Sep. 21 , 2008 Only player with 6 touchdown passes and 1 rushing touchdown in the same game : Mark Rypien , Nov 10 , 1991 Only player with 15 receptions and 15 rushing attempts in the same game : Rickey Young , Dec. 16 , 1979 Only player with 500 yards passing and 1 rushing touchdown in the same game : Norm Van Brocklin , Sep. 29 , 1951 ; Elvis Grbac , Nov. 5 , 2000 Only player with 400 yards passing and 2 rushing touchdowns in the same game : Aaron Rodgers , Oct 2 , 2011 Only player with 400 yards passing and 75 yards rushing in the same game : Michael Vick , Oct 2 , 2011 Only player with 300 yards passing and 3 rushing touchdowns in the same game : Jack Kemp , Oct 26 , 1963 Only player with 100 yards passing and 4 rushing touchdowns in the same game : Bobby Douglass , Nov. 4 , 1973 Only players with 300 yards passing and 100 yards rushing in the same game : Russell Wilson Oct , 19 , 2014 ; Cam Newton , Dec. 20 , 2015 Only player with 300 yards passing and 1 touchdown reception in the same game : Blake Bortles , Dec. 24 , 2016 Only player with 50 yards receiving and 50 interception return yards in the same game : Deion Sanders , Sep. 21 , 1998 Only player with 2 touchdown passes and 20 rushing attempts in the same game : Walter Payton , Sep. 18 , 1983 Only player with 250 yards passing and 150 rushing yards in the same game ; Colin Kaepernick , Jan. 12 , 2013 Only player with 1 punt return for a touchdown and 1 passing touchdown in the same game : Tom Watkins , Oct. 4 , 1964 Only players with 1 kick off return for a touchdown and 1 passing touchdown in the same game : Keith Lincoln , Sep. 16 , 1962 ; Joe Washington , Sep. 18 , 1978 Only players with 1 kick off return for a touchdown and 2 rushing touchdowns in the same game : Maurice Jones - Drew , Dec. 10 , 2006 ; David Wilson , Dec. 9 , 2012 Only players with 1 kick off return for a touchdown and 2 touchdown receptions in the same game : Bobby Mitchell , Sep. 16 , 1962 ; Gale Sayers , Dec. 12 , 1965 Only players with 1 kick off return for a touchdown and 1 interception return for a touchdown in the same game : Terrence McGee , Dec. 24 , 2005 Only players with 1 punt return for a touchdown and 1 interception return for a touchdown in the same game : Butch Byrd , Sep. 18 , 1966 ; Deion Sanders , Sep. 21 , 1998 Only player with 1 rushing touchdown and 2 interceptions in the same game : Terry Hoage , Sep. 4 , 1988 Only player with 2 kick off returns for a touchdown and 1 interception in the same game : Tyrone Hughes , Oct. 23 , 1994 Only player with 1 touchdown 1 safety in the same game : Jermaine Kearse , Oct. 6 , 2013 Age ( edit ) Oldest player to score a touchdown : 42 years , 71 days , Doug Flutie Jan 2 , 2005 Oldest player to score 2 + touchdowns in a game : 41 years , 17 days , Doug Flutie Nov 9 , 2003 Oldest player to score 3 + touchdowns in a game : 39 years , 36 days , Jerry Rice Nov 18 , 2001 Oldest player to score 4 + touchdowns in a game : 34 years , 22 days , Irving Fryar Oct 20 , 1996 Oldest player to score 5 + touchdowns in a game : 29 years , 354 days , Paul Hornung Dec 12 , 1965 Oldest player to return a punt for a touchdown : 35 years , 140 days , Tim Brown Dec 9 , 2001 Oldest player to return 2 punts for a touchdown in a game : 29 years , 283 days , Eric Metcalf Nov 2 , 1997 Oldest player to return a kickoff for a touchdown : 33 years , 276 days , Mel Gray Dec 17 , 1994 Oldest player to return 2 kickoffs for a touchdown in a game : 29 years , 166 days , Timmy Brown Nov 6 , 1966 Oldest player to return a punt and a kickoff for a touchdown in a game : 30 years , 333 days , Michael Lewis Oct 13 , 2002 Oldest player to return an interception for a touchdown : 38 years , 26 days , Albert Lewis Nov 1 , 1998 Oldest player to return 2 interceptions for a touchdown in a game : 33 years , 113 days , David Bowens Oct 24 , 2010 Oldest player to return fumble for a touchdown : 37 years , 174 days , Sam Mills Nov 24 , 1996 Oldest player to return a blocked punt for a touchdown : 35 years , 124 days , Fritz Loven Oct 13 , 1929 Oldest player to return a blocked field goal for a touchdown : 33 years , 323 days , Todd Lyght Dec 29 , 2002 Oldest player to have a 200 yard receiving game : 36 years , 300 days , Terrell Owens Oct 3 , 2010 Oldest player to have a 250 yard receiving game : 33 years , 66 days , Jerry Rice Dec 18 , 1995 Oldest player to have a 200 yard rushing game : 34 years , 321 days , John Henry Johnson Oct 10 , 1964 Oldest player to have a 250 yard rushing game : 29 years , 271 days , Spec Sanders Oct 24 1947 Oldest player to have a 250 yard rushing game since 1950 : 29 years , 139 days , O.J. Simpson Nov 25 , 1976 Oldest player to have a 300 yards from scrimmage game : 29 years , 58 days , Jim Benton Nov 22 , 1945 Oldest player to have a rushing touchdown : 42 years , 71 days , Doug Flutie Jan 2 , 2005 Oldest player to have 2 + rushing touchdowns in a game : 41 years , 17 days , Doug Flutie Nov 9 , 2003 Oldest player to have 3 + rushing touchdowns in a game : 36 years , 70 days , John Riggins Oct 13 , 1985 Oldest player to have 4 + rushing touchdowns in a game : 31 years , 17 days , Priest Holmes Oct 24 , 2004 Oldest player to have 1 + touchdown reception : 42 years , 67 days , Jerry Rice Dec 19 , 2004 Oldest player to have 2 + touchdowns receptions in a game : 40 years , 29 days , Jerry Rice Nov 11 , 2002 Oldest player to have 3 + touchdowns receptions in a game : 39 years , 36 days , Jerry Rice Nov 18 , 2001 Oldest player to have 4 + touchdowns receptions in a game : 34 years , 22 days , Irving Fryar Oct 20 , 1996 Oldest player to have a sack : 40 years , 282 days , Clay Matthews , Jr . Dec 22 , 1996 Oldest player to have 2 + sacks in a game : 40 years , 233 days , Clay Matthews , Jr . Nov 3 , 1996 Oldest player to have 3 + sacks in a game : 40 years , 233 days , Clay Matthews , Jr . Nov 3 , 1996 Oldest player to have 4 + sacks in a game : 36 years , 360 days , Chris Doleman Oct 11 , 1998 Oldest player to have 5 + sacks in a game : 33 years , 238 days , Gary Jeter Sep 18 , 1988 Oldest player to have 6 + sacks in a game : 31 years , 262 days , Fred Dean Nov 13 , 1983 Oldest player to have an interception : 41 years , 304 days , Darrell Green Dec 16 , 2001 Oldest player to have 2 + interceptions in a game : 39 years , 25 days , Charles Woodson Oct 11 , 2015 Oldest player to have 3 + interceptions in a game : 37 years , 203 days , Rod Woodson Sep 29 , 2002 Oldest player to have 4 + interceptions in a game : 30 years , 193 days , Jerry Norton Nov 26 , 1961 Oldest player to have a safety : 36 years , 199 days , Ronde Barber Oct 23 , 2011 Oldest player to throw a touchdown pass : 47 years , 88 days , George Blanda Dec 14 , 1974 Oldest player to throw 2 + touchdown passes in a game : 44 years , 72 days , George Blanda Nov 28 , 1971 Oldest player to throw 3 + touchdown passes in a game : 43 years , 38 days , George Blanda Oct 25 , 1970 Oldest player to throw 4 + touchdown passes in a game : 41 years , 54 days , George Blanda Nov 10 , 1968 Oldest player to throw 5 + touchdown passes in a game : 40 years , 342 days , Warren Moon Oct 26 , 1997 Oldest player to throw 6 + touchdown passes in a game : 38 years , 354 days , Brett Favre Sep 28 , 2008 Oldest player to throw 7 + touchdown passes in a game : 37 years , 165 days , Peyton Manning Sep 5 , 2013 Oldest player to have a 400 + yard passing game : 41 years , 28 days , Brett Favre Nov 7 , 2010 Oldest player to have a 500 + yard passing game : 36 years , 290 days , Drew Brees Nov 1 , 2015 Oldest player to start in a Super Bowl : 40 years , 105 days , Jerry Rice Jan 26 , 2003 Youngest player to score a touchdown : 20 years , 53 days , Andy Livingston Dec 13 , 1964 Youngest player to score 2 + touchdowns in a game : 20 years , 338 days , Rashaan Salaam Sep 11 , 1995 Youngest player to score 3 + touchdowns in a game : 21 years , 70 days , Rashaan Salaam Dec 17 , 1998 Youngest player to score 4 + touchdowns in a game : 21 years , 105 days , Clinton Portis Dec 15 , 2002 Youngest player to score 5 + touchdowns in a game : 22 years , 97 days , Clinton Portis Dec 7 , 2003 Youngest player to return a punt for a touchdown : 21 years , 19 days , Dexter McCluster Sep 13 , 2010 Youngest player to return 2 punts for a touchdown in a game : 23 years , 52 days , Jermaine Lewis Dec 7 , 1997 Youngest player to return a kickoff for a touchdown : 20 years , 53 days , Andy Livingston Dec 13 , 1964 Youngest player to return 2 kickoffs for a touchdown in a game : 21 years , 302 days , Travis Williams Nov 12 , 1967 Youngest player to return a punt and a kickoff for a touchdown in a game : 23 years , 151 days , Eddie Royal Oct 19 , 2009 Youngest player to return an interception for a touchdown : 21 years , 44 days , DeAngelo Hall Jan 2 , 2005 Youngest player to return 2 interceptions for a touchdown in game : 21 years , 235 days , Dan Sandifer Oct 31 1948 Youngest player to return fumble for a touchdown : 21 years , 117 days , Ahmad Carroll Nov 29 , 2004 Youngest player to return a blocked punt for a touchdown : 21 years , 63 days , Geno Hayes Oct 12 , 2008 Youngest player to return a blocked field goal for a touchdown : 22 years , 43 days , Willie Buchanon Dec 17 , 1972 Youngest player to have a 200 yard receiving game : 21 years , 87 days , Mike Evans Nov 16 , 2014 Youngest player to have a 250 yard receiving game : 21 years , 346 days , Jerry Butler Sep 23 , 1979 Youngest player to have a 200 yard rushing game : 21 years , 119 days , Clinton Portis Dec 29 , 2002 Youngest player to have a 300 yards from scrimmage game : 22 years , 228 days , Adrian Peterson Nov 4 , 2007 Youngest player to have a rushing touchdown : 20 years , 225 days , Bill Gompers Oct 31 , 1948 Youngest player to have 2 + rushing touchdowns in a game : 20 years , 338 days , Rashaan Salaam Sep 11 , 1995 Youngest player to have 3 + rushing touchdowns in a game : 21 years , 70 days , Rashaan Salaam Dec 17 , 1998 Youngest player to have 4 + rushing touchdowns in a game : 21 years , 215 days , Emmitt Smith Dec 16 , 1990 Youngest player to have 5 + rushing touchdowns in a game : 22 years , 97 days , Clinton Portis Dec 7 , 2003 Youngest player to have a touchdown reception : 20 years , 239 days , Arnie Herber Nov 27 , 1930 Youngest player to have a touchdown reception since 1950 : 20 years , 334 days , Juju Smith - Schuster Oct 22 , 2017 Youngest player to have 2 + touchdowns receptions in a game : 21 years , 1 day , Aaron Hernandez Nov 7 , 2010 Youngest player to have 3 + touchdowns receptions in a game : 21 years , 184 days , Rob Gronkowski Nov 14 , 2010 Youngest player to have 4 + touchdowns receptions in a game : 21 years , 346 days , Jerry Butler Sep 23 , 1979 Youngest player to have a sack : 20 years , 98 days , Amobi Okoye Sep 16 , 2007 Youngest player to have 2 + sacks in a game : 20 years , 98 days , Amobi Okoye Sep 16 , 2007 Youngest player to have 3 + sacks in a game : 21 years , 321 days , Vernon Maxwell Sep 11 , 1983 Youngest player to have 4 + sacks in a game : 22 years , 124 days , Cornelius Bennett Dec 27 , 1987 Youngest player to have 5 + sacks in a game : 22 years , 193 days , Leslie O'Neal Nov 16 , 1986 Youngest player to have 6 + sacks in a game : 23 years , 314 days , Derrick Thomas Nov 11 , 1990 Youngest player to have an interception : 20 years , 345 days , Terrell Suggs Sep 21 , 2003 Youngest player to have 2 + interceptions in a game : 21 years , 117 days , Champ Bailey Oct 17 , 1999 Youngest player to have 3 + interceptions in a game : 21 years , 117 days , Champ Bailey Oct 17 , 1999 Youngest player to have 4 + interceptions in a game : 22 years , 103 days , Goose Gonsoulin Sep 18 , 1960 Youngest player to have a safety : 21 years , 328 days , Corey Lemonier Oct 13 , 2013 Youngest player to throw a touchdown pass : 20 years , 172 days , Arnie Herber Sep 21 , 1930 Youngest player to throw a touchdown pass since 1950 : 21 years , 89 days , Tommy Maddox Nov 30 , 1992 Youngest player to throw 2 + touchdown passes in a game : 20 years , 292 days , George Ratterman Aug 31 , 1947 Youngest player to throw 2 + touchdown passes in a game since 1950 : 21 years , 95 days , Tommy Maddox Dec 6 , 1992 Youngest player to throw 3 + touchdown passes in a game : 20 years , 311 days , George Ratterman Sep 19 , 1947 Youngest player to throw 3 + touchdown passes in a game since 1950 : 21 years , 95 days , Tommy Maddox Dec 6 , 1992 Youngest player to throw 4 + touchdown passes in a game : 20 years , 311 days , George Ratterman Sep 19 , 1947 Youngest player to throw 4 + touchdown passes in a game since 1950 : 21 years , 226 days , Fran Tarkenton Sep 17 , 1961 Youngest player to throw 5 + touchdown passes in a game : 21 years , 288 days , Matthew Stafford Nov 22 , 2009 Youngest player to throw 6 + touchdown passes in a game : 24 years , 287 days , Nick Foles Nov 3 , 2013 Youngest player to throw 7 + touchdown passes in a game : 24 years , 287 days , Nick Foles Nov 3 , 2013 Youngest player to have a 400 + yard passing game : 21 years , 288 days , Matthew Stafford Nov 22 , 2009 Youngest player to have a 500 + yard passing game : 23 years , 328 days , Matthew Stafford Jan 1 , 2012 Youngest player to start in a Super Bowl : 21 years , 322 days , Bryan Bulaga Feb 6 , 2011 Starts / games played ( edit ) Note : These records are not listed in the NFL Record and Fact Book . For a more detailed list of consecutive starts and games played , see List of most consecutive starts and games played by National Football League players . Most games played , career : 382 , Morten Andersen , 1982 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2007 Most games played , one team : 327 , Jason Hanson , Detroit Lions , 1992 -- 2012 Most starts , career : 298 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most starts , career , one team : 292 , Bruce Matthews , 1983 -- 2001 Most consecutive games played : 352 ( 363 including playoffs ) , Jeff Feagles , 1988 -- 2009 Most consecutive starts : 297 ( 321 including playoffs ) , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most consecutive starts to begin a career : 208 ( 227 including playoffs ) Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2011 Most consecutive starts to begin a career , including playoffs : 231 ( 207 regular season ; 24 playoffs ) Gene Upshaw , 1967 -- 1981 Most consecutive starts by a quarterback : 297 ( 321 including playoffs ) , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most consecutive starts by a receiver : 176 ( 185 including playoffs ) , Tim Brown , 1992 -- 2003 Most consecutive starts by a running back : 170 ( 178 including playoffs ) , Walter Payton , 1975 -- 1987 Most consecutive starts by an offensive lineman : 240 ( 259 including playoffs ) , Mick Tingelhoff , 1962 -- 1979 Most consecutive starts by a defensive lineman : 270 ( 289 including playoffs ) , Jim Marshall , 1961 -- 1978 Most consecutive starts by a linebacker : 215 ( 221 including playoffs ) , London Fletcher , 2000 -- 2013 Most consecutive starts by a defensive back : 215 ( 224 including playoffs ) , Ronde Barber , 1999 -- 2012 QB Wins ( edit ) Note : These records are not listed in NFL Record and Fact Book Most career wins , regular season plus post season , by a starting quarterback : 214 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 Most career wins , regular season , by a starting quarterback : 189 , Tom Brady , 2001 - 2017 Most career wins , regular season , by a starting quarterback , single team : 189 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2000 -- 2017 Most career wins , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 25 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 Most consecutive wins , regular season , by a starting quarterback : 23 , Peyton Manning , Indianapolis Colts , 2008 -- 2009 Most consecutive wins , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 10 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2001 , 2003 -- 2005 Most consecutive wins , regular season , to start a career for an NFL quarterback : 15 , Ben Roethlisberger , Pittsburgh Steelers , 2004 -- 2005 Most consecutive wins to start a career , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 10 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2001 , 2003 -- 2005 Most consecutive wins , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 25 , Jim McMahon , Chicago Bears , 1984 -- 1987 Most consecutive home wins , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 29 , Brett Favre , Green Bay Packers , 1995 -- 1998 Most consecutive home wins , regular season , by a starting quarterback : 31 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2006 -- 2011 Most consecutive home wins , regular season , to start a career for an NFL quarterback : 15 , Kurt Warner , St. Louis Rams , 1999 -- 2001 Most consecutive home wins , regular season and post-season to start a career for an NFL quarterback : 17 , Kurt Warner , St. Louis Rams , 1999 -- 2001 Most consecutive road wins , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 19 , Joe Montana , San Francisco 49ers , 1988 -- 1990 ; Kansas City Chiefs , 1993 Most consecutive road wins , regular season , by a starting quarterback : 18 , Joe Montana , San Francisco 49ers , 1988 -- 1990 , Kansas City Chiefs , 1993 Most road wins in a season , regular season , by a starting quarterback : 8 , Joe Montana , San Francisco 49ers , 1990 ; Kurt Warner , St. Louis Rams , 2001 ; Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2007 ; Tony Romo , Dallas Cowboys , 2014 Most consecutive road wins in a season , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 10 , Eli Manning , New York Giants , 2007 Most road wins in a season , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 10 , Eli Manning , New York Giants , 2007 Most road wins in a season , regular season , for a starting rookie NFL quarterback : 6 , Ben Roethlisberger , Pittsburgh Steelers , 2004 ; Dak Prescott , Dallas Cowboys , 2016 Most home wins in a season , regular season , for a starting rookie NFL quarterback : 8 , Russell Wilson , Seattle Seahawks , 2012 Most road wins in a season , regular season and postseason , for a starting rookie NFL quarterback : 7 , Joe Flacco , Baltimore Ravens , 2008 Most wins in a season , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 18 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2007 Most wins in a season , regular season , by a starting quarterback : 16 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2007 Most wins , regular season , by a rookie starting quarterback : 13 , Ben Roethlisberger , Pittsburgh Steelers , 2004 ; Dak Prescott , Dallas Cowboys , 2016 Most wins in a season , regular season and post-season , by a rookie starting quarterback : 14 , Ben Roethlisberger , Pittsburgh Steelers , 2004 Most wins in a season , post-season , by a rookie starting quarterback : 2 , Joe Flacco , Baltimore Ravens , 2008 ; Mark Sanchez , New York Jets , 2009 Most career home victories , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 17 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2001 -- 2017 . Most career home wins with no losses , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 7 , Kurt Warner , St. Louis Rams / Arizona Cardinals 1999 -- 2009 Most consecutive home wins , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 8 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2001 -- 2007 ; Jim Kelly , Buffalo Bills 1988 , 1990 -- 1991 , 1993 , 1995 Most consecutive seasons , 1 + postseason win , by a starting quarterback : 7 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2011 -- 2017 . Most career road wins , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 7 , Joe Flacco , Baltimore Ravens , 2008 -- 2010 , 2012 , 2014 Most consecutive career road wins , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 5 , Eli Manning , New York Giants 2007 , 2011 Most consecutive seasons , 1 + postseason win on the road , by a starting quarterback : 3 , Joe Flacco , Baltimore Ravens , 2008 -- 2010 Most consecutive seasons , 2 + postseason wins on the road , by a starting quarterback : 2 , Mark Sanchez , New York Jets , 2009 -- 2010 Most regular season and postseason overall victories by a starting quarterback in one stadium : 112 , Tom Brady , Gillette Stadium , 2002 -- 2017 . Most regular season and post season home overall victories with one team by a starting quarterback : 119 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2001 -- 2017 . Most regular season home wins with one team by a starting quarterback : 102 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2001 -- 2017 Most road wins by a starting quarterback : 85 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 Most wins in different NFL stadiums : 36 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 Most NFL teams defeated at least once , career : 32 , Brett Favre and Peyton Manning Most wins against a single opponent , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 28 , Brett Favre , Green Bay Packers , 1992 -- 2007 Minnesota Vikings , 2009 -- 2010 vs. Detroit Lions Most home wins against a single opponent , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 19 , Brett Favre , Green Bay Packers , 1992 -- 2007 Minnesota Vikings , 2009 -- 2010 vs. Detroit Lions Most consecutive wins against a single opponent , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 13 , Steve Young , San Francisco 49ers , vs. Los Angeles / St. Louis Rams , 1987 , 1991 -- 1998 ; Tom Brady , New England Patriots vs. Buffalo Bills , 2003 -- 2010 Most consecutive wins to start a career against a single opponent , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 11 , Joe Flacco , Baltimore Ravens , 2008 -- 2013 vs. Cleveland Browns Most consecutive wins against a single opponent , regular season and post season , at home , by a starting quarterback : 19 , Brett Favre , Green Bay Packers / Minnesota Vikings vs. Detroit Lions , 1992 -- 2010 Most wins against a single opponent , regular season ( and post season ) , on the road , by a starting quarterback : 13 , Brett Favre , vs. Chicago Bears , 1992 -- 2006 ; Tom Brady , vs. Buffalo Bills , 2001 -- 2016 Most consecutive wins against a single opponent , regular season ( and post season ) , on the road , by a starting quarterback : 11 , Brett Favre , Green Bay Packers vs. Chicago Bears , 1994 -- Jan. 2 , 2005 Fewest wins in a regular season by a starting quarterback who won the Super Bowl : 0 , Doug Williams , Washington Redskins 1987 Oldest starting quarterback to win a playoff game : Brett Favre ( Dallas in the 2009 Divisional Playoff game ; 40 years and 99 days ) QB losses ( edit ) Note : These records are not listed in NFL Record and Fact Book Most career losses , regular season , by a starting quarterback : 123 , Vinny Testaverde , 1987 -- 2007 Most career losses , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 13 , Peyton Manning , 1999 -- 2016 . Most career road losses , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 7 , Brett Favre , 1993 -- 2009 Most career home losses , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 6 , Peyton Manning , 1999 -- 2016 . Most consecutive losses , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 4 , Y.A. Tittle , 1957 , 1961 -- 1963 ; Warren Moon 1991 -- 1994 ; Andy Dalton 2011 -- 2014 Most consecutive road losses , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 6 , Dave Krieg , 1983 , 1984 , 1987 , 1992 -- 1994 Most consecutive road losses by a starting quarterback : 14 , Steve DeBerg , 1978 -- 1979 Most consecutive home losses by a starting quarterback : 10 , Archie Manning , 1979 -- 1980 ; Chris Weinke , 2001 -- 2002 , 2006 Most road losses in a season , by a rookie starting quarterback : 8 , Peyton Manning , Indianapolis Colts 1998 ; Derek Carr , Oakland Raiders , 2014 Most losses in a season , by a starting quarterback : 15 , Archie Manning , New Orleans Saints , 1980 ; Jeff George , Indianapolis Colts , 1991 Most consecutive losses , by a rookie starting quarterback : 14 , Chris Weinke , Carolina Panthers , 2001 Most losses in a season , by a rookie starting quarterback : 14 , Chris Weinke , Carolina Panthers , 2001 Most consecutive losses in a season , by a starting quarterback : 14 , Chris Weinke , Carolina Panthers , 2001 ; Archie Manning , New Orleans Saints , 1980 Most consecutive losses to start a season , by a starting quarterback : 14 , Archie Manning , New Orleans Saints , 1980 Most consecutive losses to finish a season , by a starting quarterback : 14 , Chris Weinke , Carolina Panthers , 2001 Most consecutive losses by a starting quarterback : 20 , Dan Pastorini , Houston Oilers , 1972 -- 1974 Most consecutive losses by a starting quarterback , regular season , to start a career : 11 , Troy Aikman , Dallas Cowboys , 1989 ; Stan Gelbaugh , 1990 -- 1991 Most consecutive games without a win by a starting quarterback , regular season , to start a career : 13 , Norm Snead ( 1 tie , 12 losses ) Most consecutive road losses by a starting quarterback , regular season , to start a career : 13 , Joey Harrington , Detroit Lions , 2002 -- 2003 ; David Klingler , Cincinnati Bengals , 1992 -- 1994 Most losses during the regular season by a starting quarterback who won the Super Bowl : 7 , Eli Manning , New York Giants , 2012 Professional football firsts ( edit ) Rushing ( edit ) First 1,000 yard rushing season : Beattie Feathers , 1,004 rushing yards , Chicago Bears , 1934 First 1,500 yard rushing season : Jim Brown , 1,527 rushing yards , Cleveland Browns , 1958 First 2,000 yard rushing season : O.J. Simpson , 2,003 rushing yards , Buffalo Bills , 1973 First 15 rushing touchdown season : Steve Van Buren , 15 rushing touchdowns , Philadelphia , 1945 First 20 rushing touchdown season : John Riggins , 24 rushing touchdowns , Washington Redskins , 1983 First 25 rushing touchdown season : Emmitt Smith , 25 rushing touchdowns , Dallas Cowboys , 1995 First 200 rush attempt season : Tuffy Leemans , 206 rush attempts , New York Giants , 1936 First 300 rush attempt season : Jim Brown , 305 rush attempts , Cleveland Browns , 1961 First 400 rush attempt season : James Wilder , 407 rush attempts , Tampa Bay Buccaneers , 1984 First 200 yard rushing game : Cliff Battles , 215 rushing yards , Boston Braves vs. New York Giants ; Oct 8 , 1933 First 250 yard rushing game : Spec Sanders , 250 rushing yards , New York Yankees vs. Chicago Rockets ; Oct 24 , 1947 First 5 rushing touchdown game : Jimmy Conzelman , 5 rushing touchdowns , Rock Island vs. Evansville ; Oct 15 , 1922 First 6 rushing touchdown game : Ernie Nevers , 6 rushing touchdowns , Chicago Cardinals vs. Chicago Bears ; Nov 28 , 1929 First 40 rushing attempt game : Lydell Mitchell , 40 rushing attempts , Baltimore Colts vs. New York Jets ; October 20 , 1974 Passing ( edit ) First 1,000 yard passing season : Curly Lambeau , 1,094 passing yards , Green Bay Packers , 1924 First 1,500 yard passing season : Cecil Isbell , 2,021 passing yards , Green Bay Packers , 1942 First 2,000 yard passing season : Cecil Isbell , 2,021 passing yards , Green Bay Packers , 1942 First 2,500 yard passing season : Sammy Baugh , 2,938 passing yards , Washington Redskins , 1947 First 3,000 yard passing season : Johnny Unitas , 3,099 passing yards , Baltimore Colts , 1960 First 3,500 yard passing season : Sonny Jurgensen , 3,723 passing yards , Washington Redskins , 1961 First 4,000 yard passing season : Joe Namath , 4,007 passing yards , New York Jets , 1967 First 4,500 yard passing season : Dan Fouts , 4,715 passing yards , San Diego Chargers , 1981 First 5,000 yard passing season : Dan Marino , 5,084 passing yards , Miami Dolphins , 1984 First 300 completion season : Fran Tarkenton , 345 completions , Minnesota Vikings , 1978 First 350 completion season : Dan Fouts , 360 completions , San Diego Chargers , 1981 First 400 completion season : Warren Moon , 404 completions , Houston Oilers , 1991 First 450 completion season : Peyton Manning , 450 completions , Indianapolis Colts , 2010 First 20 touchdown pass season : Benny Friedman , 20 touchdown passes , New York Giants , 1929 First 30 touchdown pass season : Johnny Unitas , 32 touchdown passes , Baltimore Colts , 1959 First 40 touchdown pass season : Dan Marino , 48 touchdown passes , Miami Dolphins , 1984 First 50 touchdown pass season : Tom Brady , 50 touchdown passes , New England Patriots , 2007 First 400 yard passing game : Sid Luckman , 433 passing yards , Chicago Bears vs. New York Giants ; Nov 14 , 1943 First 500 yard passing game : Norm Van Brocklin , 554 passing yards , Los Angeles Rams vs. New York Yanks ; Sep 28 , 1951 First 40 completion game : Richard Todd , 42 completions , New York Jets vs. San Francisco 49ers ; Sep 21 , 1980 First 4 touchdown pass game : Benny Friedman First 5 touchdown pass game : Ray Buivid , Chicago Bears vs. Chicago Cardinals ; December 5 , 1937 First 6 touchdown pass game : Sammy Baugh , Washington Redskins vs. Brooklyn Dodgers ; Oct 31 , 1943 First 7 touchdown pass game : Sid Luckman , Chicago Bears vs. New York Giants ; Nov 14 , 1943 First player with 100 career touchdown passes : Sammy Baugh First player with 200 career touchdown passes : Y.A. Tittle First player with 300 career touchdown passes : Fran Tarkenton First player with 400 career touchdown passes : Dan Marino First player with 500 career touchdown passes : Brett Favre First player with 10,000 career passing yards : Sammy Baugh First player with 20,000 career passing yards : Sammy Baugh First player with 30,000 career passing yards : Johnny Unitas First player with 40,000 career passing yards : Johnny Unitas First player with 50,000 career passing yards : Dan Marino First player with 60,000 career passing yards : Dan Marino First player with 70,000 career passing yards : Brett Favre First player with 1,000 career pass completions : Bobby Layne First player with 2,000 career pass completions : Y.A. Tittle First player with 3,000 career pass completions : Fran Tarkenton First player with 4,000 career pass completions : Dan Marino First player with 5,000 career pass completions : Brett Favre First player with 6,000 career pass completions : Brett Favre First player with 1,000 career pass attempts : Arnie Herber First player with 2,000 career pass attempts : Sammy Baugh First player with 3,000 career pass attempts : Bobby Layne First player with 4,000 career pass attempts : Johnny Unitas First player with 5,000 career pass attempts : Johnny Unitas First player with 6,000 career pass attempts : Fran Tarkenton First player with 7,000 career pass attempts : Dan Marino First player with 8,000 career pass attempts : Dan Marino First player with 9,000 career pass attempts : Brett Favre First player with 10,000 career pass attempts : Brett Favre First player with 100 career passing interceptions : Sammy Baugh First player with 200 career passing interceptions : Sammy Baugh First player with 300 career passing interceptions : Brett Favre Receiving ( edit ) First 50 reception season : Don Looney , 58 receptions , Philadelphia Eagles , 1940 First 100 reception season : Lionel Taylor , 100 receptions , Denver Broncos ( American Football League ) , 1961 First 100 reception , season by an NFL Player : 106 , Art Monk , 1984 First 14 reception game : Don Looney , 14 receptions , Philadelphia Eagles vs. Washington Redskins , December 1 , 1940 First 15 reception game : Tom Fears , 18 receptions , Los Angeles Rams vs. Green Bay Packers ; Dec 3 , 1950 First 20 reception game : Terrell Owens , 20 receptions , San Francisco 49ers vs. Chicago Bears ; Dec 17 , 2000 First 10 touchdown reception season : Johnny McNally , 11 touchdown receptions , Green Bay Packers , 1931 First 15 touchdown reception season : Don Hutson , 17 touchdown receptions , Green Bay Packers , 1942 First 20 touchdown reception season : Jerry Rice , 22 touchdown receptions , San Francisco , 1987 First 1,000 yard receiving season : Don Hutson , 1,211 receiving yards , Green Bay Packers , 1942 First 1,500 yard receiving season : Charley Hennigan , 1,746 receiving yards , Houston Oilers ( American Football League ) , 1961 First 200 yard receiving game : Don Hutson , 209 receiving yards , Green Bay Packers ; Oct 18 , 1942 First 250 yard receiving game : Jim Benton , 303 receiving yards , Cleveland Browns vs. Detroit Lions ; Nov 22 , 1945 First 300 yard receiving game : Jim Benton , 303 receiving yards , Cleveland Browns vs. Detroit Lions ; Nov 22 , 1945 First 4 touchdown reception game : Don Hutson , 4 touchdown receptions , Green Bay Packers vs. Detroit Lions ; Oct 7 , 1945 First 5 touchdown reception game : Bob Shaw , 5 touchdown receptions , Chicago Cardinals vs. Baltimore Colts ; Oct 2 , 1950 Scrimmage ( edit ) First 1,000 yards from Scrimmage season : Beattie Feathers , 1,178 yards from scrimmage , Chicago Bears , 1934 First 1,500 yards from Scrimmage season : Chet Mutryn , 1,617 yards from scrimmage , Buffalo Bills ( AAFC ) , 1948 ( not recognized as an NFL record ) First 2,000 yards from Scrimmage season : Jim Brown , 2,131 yards from scrimmage yards , Cleveland Browns , 1963 First 2,500 yards from Scrimmage season : Chris Johnson , 2,509 from scrimmage yards , Tennessee Titans , 2009 -- only 2,500 yard season First 300 yards from Scrimmage game : Jim Benton , 303 yards from scrimmage ( all receiving ) , Cleveland Browns vs. Detroit Lions ; Nov 22 , 1945 Combined yards ( edit ) First 1,000 combined yards season : Beattie Feathers , 1,178 combined yards , Chicago Bears , 1934 First 1,500 combined yards season : Harry Clarke , 1,575 combined yards , Chicago Bears , 1943 First 2,000 combined yards season : Spec Sanders , 2,202 combined yards , New York Yanks , 1960 First 2,500 combined yards season : Lionel James , 2,535 combined yards , San Diego Chargers , 1985 First 300 combined yards game : Jim Benton , 303 combined yards , Cleveland Browns vs. Detroit Lions ; Nov 22 , 1945 First 350 combined yards game : Billy Cannon , 373 combined yards , Houston Oilers vs. New York Titans ( American Football League ) ; Dec 10 , 1961 First 400 combined yards game : Glyn Milburn , 404 combined yards , Denver Broncos vs. Seattle Seahawks ; Dec 10 , 1995 -- only 400 combined yard game Touchdowns ( edit ) First 15 touchdown season : Don Hutson , 17 touchdowns , Green Bay Packers , 1942 First 20 touchdown season : Lenny Moore , 20 touchdowns , Baltimore Colts , 1964 First 25 touchdown season : Emmitt Smith , 25 touchdowns , Dallas Cowboys , 1995 First 30 touchdown season : LaDainian Tomlinson , 31 touchdowns , San Diego Chargers , 2006 First 5 touchdown game : Jimmy Conzelman , 5 touchdowns , Rock Island vs. Evansville ; Oct 15 , 1922 First 6 touchdown game : Ernie Nevers , 6 touchdowns Chicago Cardinals vs. Chicago Bears ; Nov 28 , 1929 Scoring ( edit ) First 100 point season : Don Hutson , 138 points , Green Bay Packers , 1942 First 150 point season : Paul Hornung , 176 points , Green Bay Packers , 1960 First 50 yard field goal , estimated : Paddy Driscoll , 50 to 55 yards , Chicago Cardinals vs. Milwaukee Badgers ; Sep 28 , 1924 ( drop kick ) First 50 yard field goal , confirmed : Glenn Presnell , 54 yards , Detroit Lions vs. Green Bay Packers ; Oct 7 , 1934 First 55 yard field goal , confirmed : Bert Rechichar , 56 yards , Baltimore Colts vs. Chicago Bears ; Sep 27 , 1953 First 60 yard field goal : Tom Dempsey , 63 yards , New Orleans Saints vs. Detroit Lions ; Nov 8 , 1970 First 5 field goal game : Bob Waterfield , 5 field goals , Los Angeles Rams vs Detroit Lions ; Dec 9 , 1951 First 6 field goal game : Gino Cappelletti , 6 field goals , Boston Patriots vs. Denver Broncos ; October 4 , 1964 First 7 field goal game : Jim Bakken , 7 field goals , St. Louis Cardinals vs. Pittsburgh Steelers ; September 24 , 1967 Starts ( edit ) First quarterback with 200 consecutive starts : Brett Favre Nov 29 , 2004 Wins ( edit ) First NFL quarterback to defeat 32 franchises : Brett Favre vs. Green Bay Packers ; Oct 5 , 2009 First NFL quarterback to defeat 31 franchises : Peyton Manning @ Carolina Panthers ; Oct 28 , 2007 First NFL quarterback to defeat 30 franchises ( Browns and Ravens counted separately ) : John Elway vs. Miami Dolphins ; Jan 9 , 1999 First NFL quarterback to defeat 28 franchises : Fran Tarkenton vs. Cincinnati Bengals ; Nov 13 , 1977 First NFL quarterback to reach 200 career wins ( regular season and postseason combined ) : Peyton Manning vs. Carolina Panthers ; February 7 , 2016 Longest play ( edit ) Longest non-scoring play : 104 yards , Percy Harvin , Minnesota Vikings vs. Atlanta Falcons ; Nov 27 , 2011 and Ameer Abdullah , Detroit Lions vs. Green Bay Packers ; Nov 15 , 2015 Longest run by a quarterback : 93 yards , Terrelle Pryor , Oakland Raiders vs. Pittsburgh Steelers ; October 27 , 2013 Longest field goal return : 109 yards Antonio Cromartie , San Diego Chargers vs. Minnesota Vikings ; November 4 , 2007 Longest run from scrimmage : 99 yards Tony Dorsett , Dallas Cowboys vs. Minnesota Vikings ; January 3 , 1983 Longest pass : 99 yards , by 13 players , most recently Eli Manning , New York Giants vs. New York Jets ; December 24 , 2011 ( Victor Cruz ) Longest kickoff return : 109 yards Cordarrelle Patterson , Minnesota Vikings vs. Green Bay Packers ; October 27 , 2013 Notes ( edit ) ^ α Official statistics were first kept in 1932 ; records prior to 1932 are unofficial . See also ( edit ) List of National Football League records ( team ) List of Super Bowl records List of gridiron football quarterbacks passing statistics References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lee , Brenden ; Gellerman , Jacob ; King , Robert , eds. ( 2015 ) . Official 2015 National Football League Record & Fact Book ( PDF ) . New York : National Football League . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Games Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hanson sets NFL Record for Most Games Played with One Team '' . Detroit Lions . September 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings - Ring of Honor '' . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Points Scored Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Points Scored Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Single - Season Points Scored Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Titans narrowly hold off Texans ' rally with Bironas ' record 8th FG '' . ESPN.com . AP . October 21 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most season 100 + points '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most points , season rookie '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference 2009_mg was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Extra Point Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Extra Point Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Extra Point Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Extra Points Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Extra Points Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most kicking made , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Extra Points Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most kicking made no misses season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most kicking made no misses , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brady throws three touchdown passes as Patriots beat Bengals '' . reuters.com . October 16 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFC Championship Live Blog : Jackson Rushes In 1 - Yard Score , But Gostkowski Misses Extra Point '' . boston.cbslocal.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Extra Point % Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most two point conversions , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most two point conversions , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most two point conversions , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Total Field Goals Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Field Goal Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Field Goal Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most field goals attempted , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Field Goal Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Total Field Goals Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Total Field Goals Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most field goals made , no misses , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most FG made by a rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Total Field Goals Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The San Diego Union - Tribune - San Diego , California & National News '' . www.sandiegouniontribune.com . Jump up ^ Meyer , Max ( November 20 , 2016 ) . `` Adam Vinatieri misses FG , ends historic streak '' . NFL.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Consistent Crosby '' . Jump up ^ `` Mason Crosby Stats - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Stats and Facts : Browns vs. Ravens '' . clevelandbrowns.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Kasay Stats - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Breech , John ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Bears kicker Robbie Gould : Loss to Viking falls on me '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Field Goal % Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Field Goal % 50 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Field Goal % 40 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Field Goal % under 50 yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Field Goal % under 40 yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Highest field goal percentage , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Highest field goal percentage , rookie season ( 10 + att . ) '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Highest field goal percentage , rookie season ( 20 + att . ) '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lowest field goal percentage , season ( most attempts , none made ) '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lowest field goal percentage , season ( minimum 10 attempts ) '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most field goals made , 40 + yards , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most field goals made , 50 + yards , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Greg Zuerlein makes 61 - yard field goal '' . espn.go.com . November 8 , 2015 . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most field goals made , 60 + yards , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 1 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 6 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 7 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + FG season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + FG season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + FG season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + FG season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 6 + FG season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Safeties Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Safeties Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most safeties , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most safeties , game '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Rushing Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Rushing Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Rushing Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Single Game Rushing Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Player Game Finder Query Results - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons , 200 attempts '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons , 250 attempts '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons , 300 attempts '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons , 200 attempts '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons , 250 attempts '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons , 300 attempts '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 20 attempts , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 25 attempts , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 30 attempts , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 35 attempts , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 40 attempts , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 20 attempts , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 25 attempts , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 30 attempts , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 35 attempts , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference rushing_yards_game was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Peterson 's yardage total and salary grow with each carry '' . nfl.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Player Game Finder Query Results - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 50 + yards rushing , career '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 100 + yards rushing , career '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 150 + yards rushing , career '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adrian Peterson explodes for sixth - career 200 - yard game in Vikings ' win '' . FoxSports.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 200 + yards rushing , career '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 250 + yards rushing , career '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 100 + yards rushing , season '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 150 + yards rushing , season '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 200 + yards rushing , season '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 50 + rushing yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 100 + rushing yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 150 + rushing yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 200 + rushing yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys ' Murray again tops 100 to set mark '' . Jump up ^ `` Most rushing yards by a quarterback , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Yards per Rushing Attempt Leaders ( minimum 750 attempts ) '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Yards per Rushing Attempt Leaders ( minimum 1,000 attempts ) '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FL Single - Season Yards per Rushing Attempt Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Rushing Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Rushing Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Rushing Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most rushing touchdowns , rookie , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 1 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 2 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 3 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 4 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 5 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 6 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 7 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 8 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 9 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 10 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 11 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 12 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 13 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 14 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 15 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 16 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 17 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 18 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 19 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 20 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 1 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 2 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 3 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 4 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 5 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 6 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 7 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 8 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 9 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 1 + Rushing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 2 + Rushing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 3 + Rushing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most rushing touchdowns by QB , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steve Young Hall of Fame bio '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passer Rating Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Passer Rating Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Chase , Chris ( September 13 , 2015 ) . `` 11 titanic facts about Marcus Mariota 's magical NFL debut '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 100 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 105 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 110 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 115 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 120 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 125 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 130 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 135 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 140 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 145 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 150 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 155 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 158.3 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 90 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 95 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 100 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 105 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 110 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 115 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 120 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 125 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 130 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 135 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 140 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 145 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 150 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons Passer Rating 95 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons Passer Rating 100 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons Passer Rating 105 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons Passer Rating 110 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons Passer Rating 115 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons Passer Rating 120 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Pass Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Pass Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Pass Attempts per Game Leaders '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Pass Attempts per Game Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Pass Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Passes Completed Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passes Completed Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Passes Completed Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passes Completed per Game Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Passes Completed per Game Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 300 + completions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 350 + completions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 400 + completions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Single Game Passes Completed Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dolphins ' Ryan Tannehill sets NFL record with 25 straight completions '' . cbssports.com . October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 20 + Pass Completions , Career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 25 + Pass Completions , Career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 30 + Pass Completions , Career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 35 + Pass Completions , Career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 40 + Pass Completions , Career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 20 + Pass Completions , Season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 25 + Pass Completions , Season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 30 + Pass Completions , Season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 35 + Pass Completions , Season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Pass Completion % Leaders '' . www.pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Bradford sets record for highest completion percentage in a season '' . SBNation.com. 2017 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Pass Completion % Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 80 % + pass completion rate , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 80 % + pass completion rate , season '' . Pfref.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 80 % + pass completion rate and no INT , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 80 % + pass completion rate and no INT , season '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 75 % + pass completion rate , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 75 % + pass completion rate , season '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 75 % + pass completion rate and no INT , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 75 % + pass completion rate and no INT , season '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 70 % + pass completion rate , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 70 % + pass completion rate , season '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 70 % + pass completion rate and no INT , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 70 % + pass completion '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 60 % + pass completion '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passing Yards Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passing Yards per Game Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Passing Yards per Game Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 2,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 2,500 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 3,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 3,500 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 4,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 4,500 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 5,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 2,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 2,500 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 3,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 3,500 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 4,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 4,500 + yards '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 5,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference 2017Record. 26FactBook was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Player Game Finder Query Results - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Player Game Finder Query Results - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Yowell , Keith ( 22 December 2011 ) . `` Today in Pro Football History : 1963 : Records Fall as Raiders Beat Oilers in High - Scoring Thriller '' . Jump up ^ `` Seven from Sunday - Week 9 ( 2012 ) '' ( PDF ) . NFL . November 4 , 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 200 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 250 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 300 + yards '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 350 + yards '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 400 + yards '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 450 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cash , Rana L. ( October 26 , 2014 ) . `` Ben Roethlisberger becomes first NFL player with two 500 - yard passing games '' . SportingNews.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 500 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 250 + yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kacsmar , Scott ( January 4 , 2012 ) . `` Brees , Marino and the Passing Onslaught of 2011 '' . ColdHardFootballFacts.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 300 + yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 350 + yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 400 + yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 200 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 250 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 300 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 350 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 400 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Which NFL Records Can Never Be Broken ? '' . lifeslittlemysteries.com . Jump up ^ `` Jameis Winston Youngest Ever to 3,000 Yards '' . buccaneers.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Highest yards per attempt , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Highest yards per attempt , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Highest yards per attempt , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passing Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Games 1 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Games 2 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Games 3 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Games 4 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Games 5 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Games 6 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Games 7 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 95 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 90 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 85 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 80 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 75 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 70 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 65 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 60 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 55 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 50 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 45 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 40 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 35 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 30 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 25 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 20 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 15 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 10 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 5 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 1 -- 4 yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 1 -- 20 yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 1 yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 20 Years BF - DM '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 20 Years BF - PM '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 19 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 18 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 17 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 16 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 15 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 14 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 13 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 12 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 11 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 10 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Seven stats that put Brett Favre in a class of his own '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 1st Start 10 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 9 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 8 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 7 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 6 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 5 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 4 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 3 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 2 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 1 Year '' . Jump up ^ `` Most Passing TDs , Rookie , Season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 1 + passing TD 's , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + passing TD 's , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + passing TD 's , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + passing TD 's , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + passing TD 's , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 6 + passing TD 's , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 1 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 20 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 25 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 30 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 35 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 40 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 20 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 25 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 30 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 35 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 40 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 45 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 50 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Streak 's end shows Aaron Rodgers is ' human ' '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Peyton : First with 7 TDs since 69 '' . ESPN.com . September 6 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most passing touchdowns , rookie , game '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ cite web title = Aaron Rodgers tosses 6 TDs in half url = http://espn.go.com/nfl/story/_/id/11850669/aaron-rodgers-green-bay-packers-ties-nfl-record-6-touchdowns-half publisher = ESPN.com date = November 10 , 2014 accessdate = November 10 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` NFL Year - by - Year Passes Intercepted Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passes Intercepted Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Passes Intercepted Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Texans ' Matt Schaub sets record for consecutive games with a pick - six '' . cbssports.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dak Prescott breaks Tom Brady 's record for most passes without a pick to start a career '' . cbssports.com . October 16 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 1 + INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 1 + INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 200 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 250 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . PRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 300 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 350 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 400 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 450 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 500 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 200 + yards passing and no INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 250 + yards passing and no INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 300 + yards passing and no INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 350 + yards passing and no INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 400 + yards passing and no INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 500 + yards passing and no INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 1 + TD passes & no INT '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 2 + TD passes & no INT '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 3 + TD passes & no INT '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 4 + TD passes & no INT '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 5 + TD passes & no INT '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 6 + TD passes & no INT '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 1 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 6 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 7 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 1 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 6 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 7 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 20 + completions no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 30 + completions no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 20 + completions no INT , season '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 30 + completions no INT , season '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 30 + pass attempts no INT , career '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 40 + pass attempts no INT , career '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 50 + pass attempts no INT , career '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 30 + pass attempts no INT , season '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 40 + pass attempts no INT , season '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best touchdown pass -- interception differential , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Rodgers 2014 game logs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Rodgers 2014 game logs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Individual Records : passing '' . National Football League . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , NFL quarterbacks by times sacked in a single season Jump up ^ ( 2 ) , NFL quarterbacks by times sacked in a single game Jump up ^ `` Lowest Sack Percentage NFL Quarterbacks '' . SportingCharts.com . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Receptions Seasons Leader '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most pass receptions , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.pro-football-reference.com/play-index/pgl_finder.cgi?request=1&match=game&year_min=1950&year_max=2016&season_start=1&season_end=1&age_min=0&age_max=0&pos=0&game_type=R&career_game_num_min=0&career_game_num_max=499&game_num_min=0&game_num_max=99&week_num_min=0&week_num_max=99&c1stat=choose&c1comp=gt&c2stat=choose&c2comp=gt&c3stat=choose&c3comp=gt&c4stat=choose&c4comp=gt&c5comp=choose&c5gtlt=lt&c6mult=1.0&c6comp=choose&order_by=rec Jump up ^ `` Most pass receptions , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most pass receptions , game '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 1 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 2 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 3 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 4 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 5 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 6 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 7 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 8 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 9 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 10 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 11 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 12 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive seasons 50 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive seasons 60 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive seasons 70 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive seasons 90 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive seasons 100 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 5 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 10 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 15 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 20 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 25 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 30 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 35 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 40 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 45 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 50 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 55 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 60 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 65 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 70 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 75 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 80 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 85 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 90 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 95 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 100 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 105 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 110 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 115 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 120 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 125 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Receiving Yards per Game Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Receiving Yards Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Receiving Yards per Game Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Receiving Yards per Game Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Receiving Yards Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Odell Beckham Jr. breaks Randy Moss ' receiving record '' . Foxsports.com . January 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Single Game Receiving Yards Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Player Game Finder Query Results - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Player Game Finder Query Results - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Not the San Diego secondary , nor bruised ribs , nor ... '' Jump up ^ `` Late TD Lifts Bills Over Texans 24 - 21 '' . 19 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 50 + receiving yards , career '' . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 100 + receiving yards , career '' . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 150 + receiving yards , career '' . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seven from Sunday -- Week 8 ( 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . October 27 , 2013 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 28 , 2013 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 200 + receiving yards , career '' . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 50 + receiving yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 90 + receiving yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 90 + receiving yards , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 100 + receiving yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 150 + receiving yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 200 + receiving yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 50 + receiving yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 100 + receiving yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 125 + receiving yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 150 + receiving yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 200 + receiving yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Long Reception Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Receiving Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Receiving Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael David ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Forte , Bradshaw flirting with running back receiving records '' . Pro Football Talk . NBC Sports . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Receiving Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most yards from scrimmage , season leader '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most yards from scrimmage , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most yards from scrimmage , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most yards from scrimmage , game '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DeShazier , John ( May 29 , 2010 ) . `` New Orleans Saints situation too attractive for Darren Sharper to leave '' . The Times - Picayune . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Punting Yards Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Punting Yards Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pat McAfee '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Hekker '' . ESPN.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Bears ' Hester ties Deion Sanders ' NFL mark with 19 return TDs by taking back punt vs. Skins '' . WashingtonPost.com . October 20 , 2013 . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : burke , chris ( October 27 , 2013 ) . `` Cordarrelle Patterson ties NFL record with 109 - yard kickoff return '' . Sports Illustrated . Audibles blog . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2013 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` B.J. Sams career stats '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Devin Hester career stats '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Leaderboard : Fumbles '' . profootballreference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Fumble Return Yards Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Fumble Return Yards Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Burke , Chris ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` Which NFL records will fall in 2012 '' . Sports Illustrated . Audibles blog . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chamberlain , Gene ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Charles Tillman best - kept secret on loaded Bears ' defense '' . Sporting News . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Fumbles Forced Career Leaders '' . Pro-Football - Reference . Jump up ^ Berman , Zach ( January 3 , 2010 ) . `` In setting forced fumble record , Giants defensive lineman Osi Umenyiora completes revitalized season '' . The Star - Ledger . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . After a 10 - 6 season in which Umenyiora finished with 111⁄2 sacks and an NFL - record 10 forced fumbles , the questions posed to Umenyiora related to his brilliance -- not his discontent . Jump up ^ `` Most Tackles , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Tackles , game '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Sacks Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Sacks Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Sacks Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Sacks Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WK9 Ca n't - Miss Play : Peterson 's walk - off winner '' . NFL Videos. 2011 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Seven from Sunday -- Week 7 ( 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . NFL . October 20 , 2013 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chargers cornerback 's return longest play in NFL history '' . ESPN.com . AP . November 7 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History : Players Who 've Played In NFL At Age 40 Or Older '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2013 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions at Los Angeles Rams - October 30th , 1960 - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Career Games Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Career Games Started Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Branch , John ( April 30 , 2010 ) . `` Jeff Feagles Retires After 1,713 Punts '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Feagles retires as the league 's career leader in punts ( 1,713 ) , punting yards ( 71,211 , or more than 40 miles ) and balls downed inside the 20 - yard line ( 554 ) . He also played in 352 consecutive regular - season games , a league record . ^ Jump up to : `` Favre 's consecutive start streak comes to an end at 297 '' . NFL.com . Associated Press . December 13 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2010 . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Peyton Manning bio '' . Colts.com . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . with 208 consecutive starts , owns the longest career - opening streak of any QB in NFL history and the longest streak in Colts history ... also marked the longest career - opening streak of any player in NFL history ( 207 , OG - Gene Upshaw , Oakland , 1967 -- 81 Jump up ^ `` Brady Ties NFL Consecutive Home Wins Record '' . NBC Connecticut . 22 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons 20 at Green Bay Packers 37 '' . Profootballreference.com. 31 December 1995 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco 49ers 14 at Green Bay Packers 35 '' . Profootballreference.com. 4 January 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Carolina Panthers 13 at Green Bay Packers 30 '' . Profootballreference.com. 12 January 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers 7 at Green Bay Packers 21 '' . Profootballreference.com. 4 January 1998 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker , Doug ( 2007 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Green Bay improves to 7 -- 1 '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Dave Campbell ( 2009 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Favre takes it to the Packers : Vikings win 30 -- 23 '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brett Favre Career Splits - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Wild Card - Green Bay Packers at Detroit Lions - January 8th , 1994 - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Wild Card - Detroit Lions at Green Bay Packers - December 31st , 1994 - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Top 5 Moments in Rivalry : Chicago Bears Part 2 - Inside The Huddle '' . www.insidethehuddle.tv . Jump up ^ `` FavreWatch : Doubling back on legacy '' . ESPN.com. 2010 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre Career Game Log - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Beattie Feathers was the First Thousand Yard Rusher in the NFL '' . Voices.Yahoo.com. 2006 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Players who have had 2,000 yard single rushing seasons in the NFL '' . Voices.Yahoo.com. 2012 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Van Buren : A Runner Like No Other '' . FootballGeography.com. 2012 - 08 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Number Crunching : # 20 '' . FootballDiner.com. 2009 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Maxymuk , John ( 30 November 2007 ) . `` Strong Arm Tactics : A History and Statistical Analysis of the Professional Quarterback '' . McFarland -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Passing Yards Year - by - Year Leaders - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Benny Friedman - Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Passing Touchdowns Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Favre first to throw 500 TDs with pass to Moss '' . ESPN.com. 12 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Football History - Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Elias Says ... Experience the difference for Favre '' . ESPN.com. 22 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Favre gets completion No. 6,000 , touchdown pass No. 492 '' . 13 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` News - Around the NFL '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ AOL . `` News , Sports , Weather , Entertainment , Local & Lifestyle - AOL '' . AOL.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Cleveland Rams at Detroit Lions - November 22nd , 1945 - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` The other Mr. Durability : Peyton Manning has 200 straight starts - USATODAY.com '' . www.usatoday.com . Jump up ^ NFL 2001 Record and Fact Book , Edited by Randall Liu , pp. 436 -- 443 , Workman Publishing , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 7611 - 2480 - 2 Jump up ^ `` NFL History : 1932 '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2015 . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has the most receiving yards in one game | [
"Most receiving yards, game: 336, Flipper Anderson, Nov. 26, 1989 (OT)[470]"
] | [
"Flipper Anderson"
] |
6868473308734223726 | Mr. Hooper | Mr. Hooper - wikipedia Mr. Hooper Harold Hooper Sesame Street character Mr. Hooper in his store First appearance July 21 , 1969 Last appearance December 7 , 1982 Portrayed by Will Lee Information Aliases Mr. Hooper ( often mispronounced by Big Bird as `` Cooper , '' `` Looper , '' etc . ) Gender Male Mr. Harold Hooper ( played by Will Lee ) was one of the first four human characters to appear on the television series Sesame Street . Created by producer and writer Jon Stone , Mr. Hooper is the original proprietor of Hooper 's Store , the neighborhood variety store and combination diner / corner store that serves as a place for Muppets and humans to meet and interact . Lee , a character actor and instructor who had been blacklisted during the McCarthy era , was `` perfectly cast '' as Mr. Hooper . Mr. Hooper ranked first of all human characters of the show in recognition by young viewers . Mr. Hooper , who has been described as `` slightly cranky but good - hearted '' and `` curmudgeonly '' , bridges the gap between the older generation and its young audience . Hooper 's Store , `` an idealized social institution '' , is an extension of his personality . He had a special relationship with the Muppet Big Bird . At the time of Lee 's death , instead of recasting the role , or explaining his departure by saying he had moved , quit or retired , the writers and producers of Sesame Street decided to create an episode that taught their young audience about the difficult topic of death . Research was conducted to ascertain the messages they wanted to convey about the topic , as well as the effect the episode would have on the young children who watched it . They were advised by experts in the fields of child psychology , child development , and religion . Studies conducted after the episode was produced showed that most children understood its messages about death , and that they experienced no long - term ill effects . The episode , written by head writer Norman Stiles , aired on Thanksgiving Day 1983 ; the cast and crew reported that filming it was an emotional and touching experience . The episode , which set the standard for dealing with difficult topics on children 's television , was called heartbreaking yet affirming , and one of the proudest moments in the show 's history . Contents 1 Development and description 2 Death of Mr. Hooper 2.1 Synopsis 2.2 Research 2.3 Development and legacy 3 See also 4 References 4.1 Citations 4.2 Works cited Development and description ( edit ) Mr. Hooper , played by Will Lee from the premiere of Sesame Street in 1969 until his death in 1982 , was one of the first four human characters that appeared on the show . Created by producer and writer Jon Stone , the role of Mr. Hooper was the first to be cast . Lee came to Stone 's attention through writers Bruce Hart and Carole Hart . Mr. Hooper was inspired by the Bob Keeshan character , Captain Kangaroo ; Stone previously worked on the Captain Kangaroo program , which greatly influenced him as he developed Sesame Street . Mr. Hooper is the original proprietor of Hooper 's Store , the neighborhood variety store and combination diner / corner store that serves as a place for Muppets and humans to meet and interact . Stone 's original conception of Mr. Hooper was that he would be , like most owners of such establishments at the time , older , male , Caucasian , and Jewish . I was delighted to take the role of Mr. Hooper , the gruff grocer with the warm heart . It 's a big part , and it allows a lot of latitude . But the show has something extra -- that sense that you sometimes get from great theater , the feeling that its influence never stops `` . -- Will Lee to Time Magazine in 1970 Lee was a character actor and acting instructor with a range of roles in the theater and who had been blacklisted during the McCarthy era . According to writer Michael Davis , Lee played Mr. Hooper , known for his bowtie and hornrimmed glasses , `` with such certainty and naturalness he made adults suspend their sense of disbelief '' . Writer Louise A. Gikow stated that Lee was `` perfectly cast '' as Mr. Hooper . According to fellow cast member Bob McGrath , who also appeared in Sesame Street 's first episode with Lee , `` Will had a broader dimension to his character than perhaps the rest of us did ... He convinced me that no matter how simple the scene was with a child , you had to bring a tremendous integrity and an honesty and credibility to it '' . Joan Ganz Cooney , Sesame Street co-creator and president of the Children 's Television Workshop ( CTW ) , said , `` He gave millions of children the message that the old and the young have a lot to say to each other '' . The New York Times reported that Mr. Hooper ranked first of all human characters of the show in recognition by young viewers . Davis described Mr. Hooper as `` slightly cranky but good - hearted '' . Gikow called Mr. Hooper `` curmudgeonly '' . Davis stated that since Mr. Hooper 's appearance in the first episode of Sesame Street , he had become many things to many young children , `` ... the guy in the apron at the far side of the generation gap , his half - lens glasses slipping down his nose '' . Davis also stated that Hooper 's Store , which he called `` an idealized social institution '' , is an extension of Mr. Hooper 's personality . Mr. Hooper has a special relationship with the Muppet character Big Bird , who would often come into Hooper 's Store for a birdseed milkshake and a chat . A running gag in the show was that Big Bird would often mispronounce Mr. Hooper 's name , although most attempts ended in `` ooper , '' such as `` Looper '' or `` Cooper '' . Mr. Hooper 's first name , Harold , was not revealed until the character earned a GED during night school . Mr. Hooper 's last appearances on Sesame Street aired in 1983 , but Lee 's last segments for the show were taped in November 1982 and Lee participated in the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade with other Sesame Street characters a few days before he died of a heart attack on December 7 , 1982 . Death of Mr. Hooper ( edit ) When Will Lee died on December 7 , 1982 , instead of recasting the role , or explaining Mr. Hooper 's departure by saying that he had moved away , or quit or retired , the producers of Sesame Street decided to create an episode that taught their young audience about the difficult topic of death . According to CTW researcher Rosemarie Truglio and her colleagues , the episode was one of the many social issues relevant to preschoolers the show has dealt with throughout its history . Executive producer Dulcy Singer reported that they followed their instincts to be `` honest and straightforward '' and to `` deal with it head - on '' . Synopsis ( edit ) The Sesame Street episode ( # 1839 ) in which the death of Mr. Hooper was discussed was structured as all episodes were structured at the time , with individual segments that took place on the main brownstone set ( called `` street scenes '' ) and interrupted by inserts , or puppet skits , short films , and animations . The episode begins with a scene between Gordon ( Roscoe Orman ) and the Muppet Forgetful Jones ( Richard Hunt ) . Gordon helps Forgetful remember something that had made him happy ; as Davis states , `` Later , Big Bird forgets something that makes him sad '' . After several inserts , Big Bird walks backward with his head between his legs ; when Gordon asks him why , he answers , `` Just because '' . Later , Big Bird listens to the adults conversing about a new baby who is due to visit Sesame Street with his mother . Two segments later , Big Bird interrupts the adults -- Maria ( Sonia Manzano ) , David ( Northern Calloway ) , Bob ( Bob McGrath ) , Susan ( Loretta Long ) , Gordon , Luis ( Emilio Delgado ) and Olivia ( Alaina Reed Hall ) -- discussing politics by giving them pictures he had drawn of each of them . He gets to Mr. Hooper 's picture , saying that he would give it to him when he returns . The adults tearfully and emotionally explain to Big Bird that Mr. Hooper has died and he will never come back . Big Bird reacts by getting upset , expressing his confusion and sadness . The adults reassure him that they love him and will take care of him and David reveals that he would take over the store , Mr. Hooper having left it to him in his will . Big Bird asks , `` Why does it have to be this way ? Give me one good reason ! '' and Gordon answers , `` Big Bird , it has to be this way ... just because . '' Looking at Mr. Hooper 's picture , Big Bird says , mispronouncing his name as he had done many times in the past , `` I 'm going to miss you , Mr. Looper . '' Maria tearfully corrects Big Bird and everyone gathers around him in support . The episode ends with Big Bird hanging Mr. Hooper 's picture near his nest . Luis knocks on his door to introduce the new baby , followed by the entire grown - up cast . Big Bird says , `` You know , the one thing is about new babies ; one day they 're not here and next day , here they are ! '' The cast collectively show affection to the baby as the show closes . Research ( edit ) Similar to what they had done with other social issues and in developing their curriculum , the CTW researched the topic of death and how preschoolers understand it . The first step in their research process was to assemble a team of experts , led by CTW research director Lewis Bernstein , in the fields of child psychology , child development , and religion . The team advised the show 's writers and producers how to handle the topic , in what they called `` a curriculum bath '' ; Bernstein described it in this way : `` We bring in the experts to allow the writer to soak in expertise . We in Research bring in people to provide the information , and then the artistry of the writer takes over , as they integrate what they 've heard '' . The experts advised the producers to provide their viewers with a sense of closure about Mr. Hooper 's death . They decided not to focus on how Mr. Hooper died , since explaining that he was old and ill might increase children 's fears about death . They chose to deal with his death in a single episode , and convey simple messages like : `` Mr. Hooper is dead ; Mr. Hooper will not be coming back ; and Mr. Hooper will be missed by all '' . Gikow stated that the episode they created was an example of the writers and producers ' skills as educators as well as entertainers . Before the episode aired , the CTW conducted a series of studies to guide the writers and producers in creating the episode . Their goal was to answer four key questions : ( 1 ) Will children understand the messages they wanted to convey about death ? ( 2 ) How attentive will they be to the storyline ? ( 3 ) How will parents respond to the treatment of such a sensitive topic ? and ( 4 ) Will children be disturbed by the messages , and if so , for how long ? The researchers broke up children into three groups : children who only watched the scenes in which the storyline was played out and who were interviewed afterwards ; children who watched the entire episode and whose attention was recorded while they viewed it ; and children who watched the episode without the inserts , with their parents , who were interviewed 9 or 10 days later . The researchers found that 73 % of 4 - and 5 - year - olds in their study understood that Mr. Hooper was dead and that 88 % of this group understood that he was not coming back , although only about one - fourth of the 3 - year - old viewers responded correctly . Most of the 4 - and 5 - year - olds understood that Big Bird and the adults were sad . Most children ( 80 % ) were attentive during the episode . The parents interviewed had `` overwhelmingly positive '' reactions to the show , and that half reported that they had discussed death with their children after viewing it . None of the parents reported negative reactions from their children , either immediately after watching the episode or at a later time . Development and legacy ( edit ) The script Norman ( Stiles ) wrote became an extraordinary moving television experience for preschoolers and their families . Heartbreaking yet affirming , the episode set a standard for the sensitive treatment of a powerful subject matter than has rarely been equaled . It remains one of the show 's proudest moments . -- Writer Louise A. Gikow Sesame Street head writer Norman Stiles was chosen to write the segments about Mr. Hooper 's death . The episode focused on the life cycle of birth and death by also mentioning the birth of a baby , and by remembering Mr. Hooper . Stiles said , `` We decided to say that while Mr. Hooper was not here anymore , we will always have that part of him that lives within the heart , that we have our love and that it will always stay '' . Stiles wanted to convey that expressing grief for someone who had died was difficult for both adults and children . Instead of providing an explanation , the adults of Sesame Street tell Mr. Hooper 's friend Big Bird , when he asked why Mr. Hooper had died , that there was no real reason , that it happened , as Gordon tells Big Bird , `` Just because '' . The show 's outside experts advised Stiles and the producers to remove the line because they were concerned that an open - ended explanation would not be enough for children , but Stiles kept the line because it was an acknowledgement , as Gikow stated , that there is never a good explanation about why people die . The episode aired on Thanksgiving Day 1983 , a year after Lee 's final appearance as Mr. Hooper at the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day parade . The producers chose to air it the first week of the new season in order to explain Mr. Hooper 's absence as soon as possible , for maximum exposure , and to ensure that parents were at home with their children in order to discuss it . The illustrations used for the episode were drawn by Caroll Spinney , who performed Big Bird . Mr. Hooper 's picture remained on the set from then on , as a continuing memorial to Lee and Mr. Hooper . Spinney , speaking of the scene in which the pictures were passed out , reported , `` When we finished that scene there was n't one of us whose face was n't streaked with tears '' , even Spinney underneath his costume . Jon Stone , who directed the episode , wanted to do another take , although Spinney later said , `` There was nothing wrong with that take . It was perfect . '' Cameraman Frankie Biondo was touched by the performance . A book , entitled I 'll Miss You , Mr. Hooper and based upon the script for the episode , was published in 1984 . The book was also written by Stiles . According to Renée Cherow - O'Leary , Stiles and the editorial staff of the CTW 's book division worked with the show 's research staff and used the same educational content information and research the show 's producers used to create the episode . See also ( edit ) History of Sesame Street Educational goals of Sesame Street Sesame Street research Format of Sesame Street References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gikow , p. 68 ^ Jump up to : Davis , p. 280 Jump up ^ Davis , p. 177 Jump up ^ Gikow , p. 66 ^ Jump up to : Davis , p. 168 Jump up ^ Davis , p. 178 ^ Jump up to : `` Will Lee , 74 , Was Mr. Hooper On Television ' Sesame Street ' '' . The New York Times . 9 December 1982 . p . B20 . Jump up ^ Borgenicht , David ( 1998 ) . Sesame Street Unpaved . New York : Hyperion Publishing . p. 124 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6460 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Gikow , p. 182 ^ Jump up to : Truglio , et . al , p. 73 Jump up ^ `` Death of a Character Is ' Sesame Street ' Topic '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . 31 August 1983 . p . C26 . Jump up ^ Gikow , p. 179 ^ Jump up to : Davis , p. 281 Jump up ^ Truglio , et . al , pp. 73 -- 74 Jump up ^ Truglio , et . al , p. 74 ^ Jump up to : Gikow , p. 183 Jump up ^ Gikow , pp. 182 -- 183 Jump up ^ See Davis , pp. 281 -- 285 and Gikow , pp. 182 -- 183 for descriptions of the episode 's plot . ^ Jump up to : Davis , p. 284 Jump up ^ Cherow - O'Leary , Renèe ( 2001 ) . `` Carrying Sesame Street into Print : Sesame Street Magazine , Sesame Street Parents , and Sesame Street Books '' . In Fisch , Shalom M. and Rosemarie T. Truglio , Eds . `` G '' is for Growing : Thirty Years of Research on Children and Sesame Street . Mahweh , New Jersey : Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers . p. 210 . ISBN 0 - 8058 - 3395 - 1 Works cited ( edit ) Davis , Michael ( 2008 ) . Street Gang : The Complete History of Sesame Street . New York : Viking Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 01996 - 0 Gikow , Louise A. ( 2009 ) . Sesame Street : A Celebration -- Forty Years of Life on the Street . New York : Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57912 - 638 - 4 . Truglio , Rosemary T. ; Lovelace , Valeria O. ; Sequi , Ivelisse ; Scheiner , Susan ( 2001 ) . `` The Varied Role of Formative Research : Case Studies from 30 Years '' . In Fisch , Shalom M. ; Truglio , Rosemarie T. ' G ' is for Growing : Thirty Years of Research on Children and Sesame Street . Mahweh , New Jersey : Lawrence Erlbaum . pp. 61 -- 82 . ISBN 0 - 8058 - 3395 - 1 . Sesame Street characters Muppets of Sesame Street Abby Cadabby Barkley The Bear family Bert and Ernie Bert Ernie Big Bird Cookie Monster Count von Count Don Music Elmo Granny Bird Grover Grouches Grundgetta Guy Smiley Herry Monster Honkers Hoots the Owl Irvine Julia Kermit the Frog Mr. Johnson Mrs. Grouch Murray Monster Natasha Oscar the Grouch Prairie Dawn Roosevelt Franklin Rosita Roxie Marie Sherlock Hemlock Slimey the Worm Mr. Snuffleupagus Telly Monster Two - Headed Monster Yip Yips Zoe Human characters Alan Bob Johnson Chris Robinson Gordon Robinson David Gabi Rodriguez Gina Jefferson Hiroshi Linda Luis Rodriguez Maria Rodriguez Miles Robinson Mr. Hooper Mr. Noodle Natalie Olivia Robinson The Number Painter Susan Robinson Trash Gordon Animated characters Teeny Little Super Guy International co-production characters Abelardo the Dragon Basil Chaos Don Pimpón Espinete Kami Kippi Ben Kippod Moishe Oofnik Pong Pagong Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mr._Hooper&oldid=843280058 '' Categories : Fictional shopkeepers Sesame Street human characters Fictional American Jews Fictional characters introduced in 1969 Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 02 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did mr hooper dies on sesame street | [
"At the time of Lee's death, instead of recasting the role, or explaining his departure by saying he had moved, quit or retired, the writers and producers of Sesame Street decided to create an episode that taught their young audience about the difficult topic of death. Research was conducted to ascertain the messages they wanted to convey about the topic, as well as the effect the episode would have on the young children who watched it. They were advised by experts in the fields of child psychology, child development, and religion. Studies conducted after the episode was produced showed that most children understood its messages about death, and that they experienced no long-term ill effects. The episode, written by head writer Norman Stiles, aired on Thanksgiving Day 1983; the cast and crew reported that filming it was an emotional and touching experience. The episode, which set the standard for dealing with difficult topics on children's television, was called heartbreaking yet affirming, and one of the proudest moments in the show's history.\n"
] | [
"Thanksgiving Day 1983"
] |
3382319544269603318 | National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 | National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 - wikipedia National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 National Industrial Recovery Act Long title An Act to encourage national industrial recovery , to foster fair competition , and to provide for the construction of certain useful publics and for other purposes . Acronyms ( colloquial ) NIRA Enacted by the 73rd United States Congress Effective June 16 , 1933 Citations Public law 73 - 67 Statutes at Large 48 Stat. 195 Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.R. 5755 by Robert L. Doughton ( D -- NC ) on May 17 , 1933 Committee consideration by Ways and Means , Senate Finance Passed the House on May 26 , 1933 ( 329 - 80 ) Passed the Senate on June 9 , 1933 ( 61 - 26 ) Reported by the joint conference committee on June 10 , 1933 ; agreed to by the House on June 10 , 1933 ( approved ) and by the Senate on June 13 , 1933 ( 48 - 42 ) Signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on June 16 , 1933 United States Supreme Court cases Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States Not to be confused with National Recovery Administration . Front page of the National Industrial Recovery Act , as signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on June 16 , 1933 . The National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 ( NIRA ) was a US labor law and consumer law passed by the US Congress to authorize the President to regulate industry for fair wages and prices that would stimulate economic recovery . It also established a national public works program known as the Public Works Administration ( PWA , not to be confused with the WPA of 1935 ) . The National Recovery Administration ( NRA ) portion was widely hailed in 1933 , but by 1934 business ' opinion of the act had soured . By March 1934 the `` NRA was engaged chiefly in drawing up these industrial codes for all industries to adopt . '' However , the NIRA was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1935 and not replaced . The legislation was enacted in June 1933 during the Great Depression in the United States as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal legislative program . Section 7 ( a ) of the bill , which protected collective bargaining rights for unions , proved contentious ( especially in the Senate ) , but both chambers eventually passed the legislation . President Roosevelt signed the bill into law on June 16 , 1933 . The Act had two main sections ( or `` titles '' ) . Title I was devoted to industrial recovery , authorizing the promulgation of industrial codes of fair competition , guaranteed trade union rights , permitted the regulation of working standards , and regulated the price of certain refined petroleum products and their transportation . Title II established the Public Works Administration , outlined the projects and funding opportunities it could engage in . Title II also provided funding for the Act . The Act was implemented by the NRA and the Public Works Administration ( PWA ) . Very large numbers of regulations were generated under the authority granted to the NRA by the Act , which led to a significant loss of political support for Roosevelt and the New Deal . The NIRA was set to expire in June 1935 , but in a major constitutional ruling the U.S. Supreme Court held Title I of the Act unconstitutional on May 27 , 1935 , in Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States , 295 U.S. 495 ( 1935 ) . The National Industrial Recovery Act is widely considered a policy failure , both in the 1930s and by historians today . Disputes over the reasons for this failure continue . Among the suggested causes are that the Act promoted economically harmful monopolies , that the Act lacked critical support from the business community , and that it was poorly administered . The Act encouraged union organizing , which led to significant labor unrest . The NIRA had no mechanisms for handling these problems , which led Congress to pass the National Labor Relations Act in 1935 . The Act was also a major force behind a major modification of the law criminalizing making false statements . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and enactment 1.1 Enactment 2 Structure of the Act 3 Implementation 4 Legal challenge and nullification 5 Criticism 6 Legacy 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Background and enactment ( edit ) The Depression began in the United States in October 1929 and grew steadily worse to its nadir in early 1933 . President Herbert Hoover feared that too much intervention or coercion by the government would destroy individuality and self - reliance , which he considered to be important American values . His laissez - faire views appeared to be shared by the Secretary of the Treasury Andrew W. Mellon . To combat with the growing economic decline , Hoover organized a number of voluntary measures with businesses , encouraged state and local government responses , and accelerated federal building projects . However his policies had little or no effect on economic recovery . Toward the end of his term , however , Hoover supported several legislative solutions which he felt might lift the country out of the depression . The final attempt of the Hoover administration to rescue the economy was the passage of the Emergency Relief and Construction Act ( which provided funds for public works programs ) and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation ( RFC ) ( which provided low - interest loans to businesses ) . Hoover was defeated for re-election by Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election . Roosevelt was convinced that federal activism was needed to reverse the country 's economic decline . In his first hundred days in office , the Congress enacted at Roosevelt 's request a series of bills designed to strengthen the banking system , including the Emergency Banking Act , the Glass -- Steagall Act ( which created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ) , and the 1933 Banking Act . The Congress also passed the Agricultural Adjustment Act to stabilize the nation 's agricultural industry . Enactment ( edit ) Hugh S. Johnson , one of the primary authors of NIRA , was Time magazine 's Man of the Year for 1933 . Enactment of the National Industrial Recovery Act climaxed the first 100 days of Roosevelt 's presidency . Hugh S. Johnson , Raymond Moley , Donald Richberg , Rexford Tugwell , Jerome Frank , and Bernard Baruch -- key Roosevelt advisors -- believed that unrestrained competition had helped cause the Great Depression and that government had a critical role to play through national planning , limited regulation , the fostering of trade associations , support for `` fair '' trade practices , and support for `` democratization of the workplace '' ( a standard work week , shorter working hours , and better working conditions ) . Roosevelt himself , the former head of a trade association , believed that government promotion of `` self - organization '' by trade associations was the least - intrusive and yet most effective method for achieving national planning and economic improvement . Some work on an industrial relief bill had been done in the weeks following Roosevelt 's election , but much of this was in the nature of talk and the exchange of ideas rather than legislative research and drafting . The administration , preoccupied with banking and agriculture legislation , did not begin working on industrial relief legislation until early April 1933 . Congress , however , was moving on its own industrial legislation . In the Senate , Robert F. Wagner , Edward P. Costigan , and Robert M. La Follette , Jr. were promoting public works legislation , and Hugo Black was pushing short - work - week legislation . Motivated to work on his own industrial relief bill by these efforts , Roosevelt ordered Moley to work with these Senators ( and anyone else in government who seemed interested ) to craft a bill . By May 1933 , two draft bills had emerged , a cautious and legalistic one by John Dickinson ( Under Secretary of Commerce ) and an ambitious one focusing on trade associations by Hugh Johnson . Many leading businessmen -- including Gerard Swope ( head of General Electric ) , Charles M. Schwab ( chairman of Bethlehem Steel Corporation ) , E.H. Harriman ( chairman of the Union Pacific Railroad ) , and Henry I. Harriman , president of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce -- helped draft the legislation . A two - part bill , the first section promoting cooperative action among business to achieve fair competition and provide for national planning and a second section establishing a national public works program , was submitted to Congress on May 15 , 1933 . The House of Representatives easily passed the bill in just seven days . The most contentious issue was the inclusion of Section 7 ( a ) , which protected collective bargaining rights for unions . Section 7 ( a ) was nearly passed into the bill , but Senator Wagner , Jerome Frank , and Leon Keyserling ( another Roosevelt aide ) worked to retain the section in order to win the support of the American labor movement . The bill had a more difficult time in the Senate . The National Association of Manufacturers , Chamber of Commerce , and industrialist Henry Ford all opposed its passage . Senator Bennett Champ Clark introduced an amendment to emasculate Section 7 ( a ) , but Wagner and Senator George W. Norris led the successful opposition to the change . The bulk of the Senate debate , however , turned on the bill 's suspension of antitrust law . Senators William E. Borah , Burton K. Wheeler , and Hugo Black opposed any relaxation of the Sherman Antitrust Act , arguing that this would exacerbate existing severe economic inequality and concentrate wealth in the hands of the rich ( a severe problem which many economists at the time believed was one of the causes of the Great Depression ) . Wagner defended the bill , arguing that the bill 's promotion of codes of fair trade practices would help create progressive standards for wages , hours , and working conditions , and eliminate sweatshops and child labor . The Senate passed the amended legislation 57 - to - 24 on June 9 . A House -- Senate conference committee met throughout the evening of June 9 and all day June 10 to reconcile the two versions of the bill , approving a final version on the afternoon of June 10 . The House approved the conference committee 's bill on the evening of June 10 . After extensive debate , the Senate approved the final bill , 46 - to - 39 , on June 13 . President Roosevelt signed the bill into law on June 16 , 1933 . Structure of the Act ( edit ) The National Industrial Recovery Act had two major titles . Title I was devoted to industrial recovery . Title I , Section 2 empowered the President to establish executive branch agencies to carry out the purposes of the Act , and provided for a sunset provision nullifying the Act in two years . The heart of the Act was Title I , Section 3 , which permitted trade or industrial associations to seek presidential approval of codes of fair competition ( so long as such codes did not promote monopolies or provide unfair competition against small businesses ) and provided for enforcement of these codes . Title I , Section 5 exempted the codes from the federal antitrust laws . Title I , Section 7 ( a ) guaranteed the right of workers to form unions and banned yellow - dog contracts : ... employees shall have the right to organize and bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing , and shall be free from the interference restraint , or coercion of employers of labor , or their agents , in the designation of such representatives or in self - organization or in other concerted activities for the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection ; ( and ) ( 2 ) that no employee and no one seeking employment shall be required as a condition of employment to join any company union or to refrain from joining , organizing , or assisting a labor organization of his own choosing ... Title I , Section 7 ( b ) permitted the establishment of standards regarding maximum hours of labor , minimum rates of pay , and working conditions in the industries covered by the codes , while Section 7 ( c ) authorized the President to impose such standards on codes when voluntary agreement could not be reached . Title I , Section 9 authorized the regulation of oil pipelines and prices for the transportation of all petroleum products by pipeline . Section 9 ( b ) permitted the executive to take over any oil pipeline company , subsidiary , or business if the parent company was found in violation of the Act . Title II established the Public Works Administration . Title II , Section 201 established the agency and provided for a two - year sunset provision . Section 202 outlines the types of public works which the new agency may seek to fund or build . Title II , Section 203 authorized the Public Works Administration to provide grants and / or loans to states and localities in order to more rapidly reduce unemployment as well as to use the power of eminent domain to seize land or materials to engage in public works . Title II , Section 204 explicitly provided $400 million for the construction of public highways , bridges , roads , railroad crossings , paths , and other transportation projects . Title II , Section 208 authorized the president to expend up to $25 million to purchase farms for the purpose of relocating individuals living in overcrowded urban areas ( such as cities ) to these farms and allowing them to raise crops and earn a living there . Title II , Sections 210 -- 219 provided for revenues to fund the Act , and Section 220 appropriated money for the Act 's implementation . Title III of the Act contained miscellaneous provisions , and transferred the authority to engage in public works from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to the Public Works Administration . Implementation ( edit ) NRA Blue Eagle poster , the image most commonly associated with the NIRA . Main article : National Recovery Administration Main article : Public Works Administration Implementation of the Act began immediately . Hugh Johnson spent most of May and June planning for implementation , and the National Recovery Administration ( NRA ) was established on June 20 , 1933 -- a scant four days after the law 's enactment . Roosevelt angered Johnson by having him administer only the NRA , while the Public Works Administration ( PWA ) went to Harold L. Ickes . NRA and PWA reported to different cabinet agencies , making coordination difficult , and PWA money flowed so slowly into the economy that NRA proved to be the more important agency by far . The premiere symbol of the NIRA was the Blue Eagle . NIRA , as implemented by the NRA , became notorious for generating large numbers of regulations . The agency approved 557 basic and 189 supplemental industry codes in two years . Between 4,000 and 5,000 business practices were prohibited , some 3,000 administrative orders running to over 10,000 pages promulgated , and thousands of opinions and guides from national , regional , and local code boards interpreted and enforced the Act . The backlash against the Act was so significant that it generated a large loss of political support for the New Deal and turned a number of Roosevelt 's closest aides against him . Roosevelt himself shifted his views on the best way to achieve economic recovery , and began a new legislative program ( known as the `` Second New Deal '' ) in 1935 . Implementation of Section 7 ( a ) of the NIRA proved immensely problematic as well . The protections of the Act led to a massive wave of union organizing punctuated by employer and union violence , general strikes , and recognition strikes . At the outset , NRA Administrator Hugh Johnson naïvely believed that Section 7 ( a ) would be self - enforcing , but he quickly learned otherwise . In addition , the National Labor Board was established under the auspices of the NRA to implement the collective bargaining provisions of the Act . The National Labor Board , too , proved to be ineffective , and on July 5 , 1935 , a new law -- the National Labor Relations Act -- superseded the NIRA and established a new , long - lasting federal labor policy . The leadership of the Public Works Authority was torn over the new agency 's mission . PWA could initiate its own construction projects , distribute money to other federal agencies to fund their construction projects , or make loans to states and localities to fund their construction projects . But many in the Roosevelt administration felt PWA should not spend money , for fear of worsening the federal deficit , and so funds flowed slowly . Furthermore , the very nature of construction ( planning , specifications , and blueprints ) also held up the disbursement of money . Harold Ickes , too , was determined to ensure that graft and corruption did not tarnish the agency 's reputation and lead to loss of political support in Congress , and so moved cautiously in spending the agency 's money . Although the U.S. Supreme Court would rule Title I of NIRA unconstitutional , the severability clause in the Act enabled the PWA to survive . Among the projects it funded between 1935 and 1939 are : the USS Yorktown ; USS Enterprise ; the 30th Street railroad station in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ; the Triborough Bridge ; the port of Brownsville ; Grand Coulee Dam ; Boulder Dam ; Fort Peck Dam ; Bonneville Dam ; and the Overseas Highway connecting Key West , Florida , with the mainland . The agency survived until 1943 , when the Reorganization Act of 1939 consolidated most federal public works and work relief functions of the federal government into the new Federal Works Agency . President Roosevelt sought re-authorization of NIRA on February 20 , 1935 . But the backlash against the New Deal , coupled with continuing congressional concern over the Act 's suspension of antitrust law , left the President 's request politically dead . By May 1935 , the issue was moot as the U.S. Supreme Court had ruled Title I of NIRA unconstitutional . Legal challenge and nullification ( edit ) Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Charles Evans Hughes . On April 13 , 1934 , the President had approved the `` Code of Fair Competition for the Live Poultry Industry of the Metropolitan Area in and about the City of New York . '' The goal of the code was to ensure that live poultry ( provided to kosher slaughterhouses for butchering and sale to observant Jews ) were fit for human consumption and to prevent the submission of false sales and price reports . The industry was almost entirely centered on New York City . Under the new poultry code , the Schechter brothers were indicted on 60 counts ( of which 27 were dismissed by the trial court ) , acquitted on 14 , and convicted in 19 . One of the counts on which they were convicted was for selling a diseased bird , leading Hugh Johnson to jokingly call the suit the `` sick chicken case '' . Even before these legal aspects became widely known , a number of court challenges to the NIRA were winding their way through the courts . The constitutionality of the NIRA was tested in Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States , 295 U.S. 495 ( 1935 ) . Courts identified three problems with the NIRA : `` ( i ) was the subject matter sought to be regulated by the power of congress ; ( ii ) if the regulations violated the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution ; and ( iii ) had Congress properly delegated its power to the executive . '' Although Roosevelt , most of his aides , Johnson , and the NRA staff felt the Act would survive a court test , the U.S. Department of Justice had on March 25 , 1935 , declined to appeal an appellate court ruling overturning the lumber industry code on the grounds that the case was not a good test of the NIRA 's constitutionality . The Justice Department 's action worried many in the administration . But on April 1 , 1935 the Second Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the constitutionality of the NIRA in the Schechter case . Although Donald Richberg and others felt the government 's case in Schechter was not a strong one , the Schechters were determined to appeal their conviction . So the government appealed first , and the Supreme Court heard oral argument on May 2 and 3 . On May 27 , 1935 , Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes wrote for a unanimous Court in Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States that Title I of the National Industrial Recovery Act was unconstitutional . First , Hughes concluded that the law was void for vagueness because the critical term `` fair competition '' was nowhere defined in the Act . Second , Hughes found the Act 's delegation of authority to the executive branch unconstitutionally overbroad : To summarize and conclude upon this point : Section 3 of the Recovery Act ( 15 USCA 703 ) is without precedent . It supplies no standards for any trade , industry , or activity . It does not undertake to prescribe rules of conduct to be applied to particular states of fact determined by appropriate administrative procedure . Instead of prescribing rules of conduct , it authorizes the making of codes to prescribe them . For that legislative undertaking , section 3 sets up no standards , aside from the statement of the general aims of rehabilitation , correction , and expansion described in section 1 . In view of the scope of that broad declaration and of the nature of the few restrictions that are imposed , the discretion of the President in approving or prescribing codes , and thus enacting laws for the government of trade and industry throughout the country , is virtually unfettered . We think that the code - making authority thus conferred is an unconstitutional delegation of legislative power . Finally , in a very restrictive reading of what constituted interstate commerce , Hughes held that the `` ' current ' or ' flow ' '' of commerce involved was simply too minute to constitute interstate commerce , and subsequently Congress had no power under the Commerce Clause to enact legislation affecting such commercial transactions . The Court dismissed with a bare paragraph the government 's ability to regulate wages and hours . Although the government had argued that the national economic emergency required special consideration , Hughes disagreed . The dire economic circumstances the country faced did not justify the overly broad delegation or overreach of the Act , the majority concluded . `` Extraordinary conditions may call for extraordinary remedies . But the argument necessarily stops short of an attempt to justify action which lies outside the sphere of constitutional authority . Extraordinary conditions do not create or enlarge constitutional power . '' Although the decision emasculated NIRA , it had little practical impact , as Congress was unlikely to have reauthorized the Act in any case . Criticism ( edit ) A key criticism of the Act at the time as well as more recently is that the NIRA endorsed monopolies , with the attendant economic problems associated with that type of market failure . Even the National Recovery Review Board , established by President Roosevelt in March 1934 to review the performance of the NRA , concluded that the Act hindered economic growth by promoting cartels and monopolies . One of the economic effects of monopoly and cartels is higher prices -- this was seen as necessary because the severe deflation of 1929 -- 33 had depressed prices 20 % and more . There is anecdotal evidence that these higher prices led to some stability in industry , but a number of scholars maintain that these prices were so high that economic recovery was inhibited . But other economists disagree , pointing to far more important monetary , budgetary , and tax policies as contributors to the continuation of the Great Depression . Others point out that the cartels created by the Act were inherently unstable ( as all cartels are ) , and that the effect on prices was minimal because the codes collapsed so quickly . A second key criticism of the Act is that it lacked support from the business community , and thus was doomed to failure . Business support for national planning and government intervention was very strong in 1933 , but had collapsed by mid-1934 . Many studies conclude , however , that business support for NIRA was never uniform . Larger , older businesses embraced the legislation while smaller , newer ones ( more nimble in a highly competitive market and with less capital investment to lose if they failed ) did not . This is a classic problem of cartels , and thus NIRA codes failed as small business abandoned the cartels . Studies of the steel , automobile manufacturing , lumber , textile , and rubber industries and the level and source of support for the NIRA tend to support this conclusion . Without the support of industry , the Act could never have performed as it was intended . A third major criticism of the Act is that it was poorly administered . The Act purposefully brought together competing interests ( labor and business , big business and small business , etc . ) in a coalition to support passage of the legislation , but these competing interests soon fought one another over the Act 's implementation . As a consequence , NRA collapsed due to failure of leadership and confusion about its goals . By the end of 1934 , NRA leaders had practically abandoned the progressive interventionist policy which motivated the Act 's passage , and were supporting free - market philosophies -- contributing to the collapse of almost all industry codes . There are a wide range of additional critiques as well . One is that NIRA 's industry codes interfered with capital markets , inhibiting economic recovery . But more recent analyses conclude that NIRA had little effect on capital markets one way or the other . Another is that political uncertainty created by the NRA caused a drop in business confidence , inhibiting recovery . But at least one study has shown no effect whatsoever . As noted above , Section 7 ( a ) led to significant increases in union organizing , as intended by the Act . But the enforcement of Section 7 ( a ) and its legal limitations led to clear failures . Although Section 7 ( a ) was not affected by the Supreme Court 's decision in Schechter v. Poultry , the failure of the section led directly to passage of the National Labor Relations Act in July 1935 . Historian Alan Brinkley stated that by 1935 the NRA was a `` woeful failure , even a political embarrassment . '' Many liberals , probably including Roosevelt , were quietly relieved by its demise . However , New Dealers were worried by the Supreme Court 's strict interpretation of the interstate commerce clause and worried that other legislation was jeopardized . Legacy ( edit ) In 1934 , at the request of the Secretary Ickes , who wished to use the statute criminalizing making false statements to enforce Section 9 ( c ) of the NIRA against producers of `` hot oil '' , oil produced in violation of production restrictions established pursuant to the NIRA , Congress passed Pub. L. 73 -- 394 , 48 Stat. 996 , enacted June 18 , 1934 , which amended the False Claims Act of 1863 to read : ... or whoever , for the purpose of obtaining or aiding to obtain the payment or approval of such claim , or for the purpose and with the intent of cheating and swindling or defrauding the Government of the United States , or any department thereof , or any corporation in which the United States of America is a stockholder , shall knowingly and willfully falsify or conceal or cover up by any trick , scheme , or device a material fact , or make or cause to be made any false or fraudulent statements or representations , or make or use or cause to be made or used any false bill , receipt , voucher , roll , account , claim , certificate , affidavit , or deposition , knowing the same to contain any fraudulent or fictitious statement or entry , in any matter within the jurisdiction of any department or agency of the United States or of any corporation in which the United States of America is a stockholder ... This form of the statute , in slightly modified form , still exists today at 18 U.S.C. § 1001 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pub. L. 73 -- 67 , 48 Stat. 195 , enacted June 16 , 1933 , codified at 15 U.S.C. § 703 ) Jump up ^ Ellis W. Hawley , New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly : A Study in Economic Ambivalence ( 1971 ) ^ Jump up to : Schlesinger , The Age of Roosevelt : The Coming of the New Deal , ( 2003 ) pp. 87 -- 176 . Jump up ^ `` Our Documents '' . National Industrial Recovery Act . National Archives . Retrieved 15 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Roger Biles , A New Deal for the American People ( 1991 ) pp. 78 -- 95 ) ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Freedom from Fear , ( 2001 ) pp. 151 -- 54 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , The Blue Eagle At Work : Reclaiming Democratic Rights In The American Workplace , 2004 . Jump up ^ Peters , Gerhard ; Woolley , John T. `` Franklin D. Roosevelt : `` Statement on Signing the National Industrial Recovery Act , '' June 16 , 1933 `` . The American Presidency Project . University of California -- Santa Barbara . ^ Jump up to : McKenna , Franklin Roosevelt and the Great Constitutional War , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Himmelberg , The Origins of the National Recovery Administration , 1993 . ^ Jump up to : Eisner , Regulatory Politics in Transition , 2000 . ^ Jump up to : Best , Pride , Prejudice , and Politics : Roosevelt Versus Recovery , 1933 -- 1938 , 1991 . ^ Jump up to : Bellush , The Failure of the NRA , 1975 . ^ Jump up to : National Recovery Review Board , Report to the President of the United States , First report , May 21 , 1934 . ^ Jump up to : Paulsen , `` The Federal Trade Commission v. the National Recovery Administration , 1935 , '' Social Science Quarterly , March 1989 . ^ Jump up to : Horwitz , The Irony of Regulatory Reform : The Deregulation of American Telecommunications , 1989 . ^ Jump up to : Dubofsky and Dulles , Labor in America : A History , 1999 ; Bernstein , The Turbulent Years : A History of the American Worker , 1933 -- 1941 , 1970 ; Rayback , A History of American Labor , 1974 . ^ Jump up to : Bernstein , The New Deal Collective Bargaining Policy , 1975 ; Vittoz , New Deal Labor Policy and the American Industrial Economy , 1987 ; Gross , The Making of the National Labor Relations Board , 1974 ; Tomlins , The State and the Unions , 1985 ; Fine , Automobile Under the Blue Eagle , 1963 . ^ Jump up to : United States v. Gilliland , 312 US 86 , 93 -- 94 ( 1941 ) ( `` Legislation had been sought by the Secretary of the Interior to aid the enforcement of laws relating to the functions of the Department of the Interior and , in particular , to the enforcement of regulations under Sec. 9 ( c ) of the ( NIRA ) . '' ) . ^ Jump up to : Galbraith , The Great Crash of 1929 , 1997 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , The Shattered Dream : Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression , 1970 ; Barber , From New Era to New Deal , 1989 ; Sobel and Hyman , Herbert Hoover at the Onset of the Great Depression , 1929 -- 1930 , 1975 . ^ Jump up to : Schlesinger , The Age of Roosevelt : Crisis of the Old Order , 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , The Blue Eagle From Egg to Earth , 1935 . Jump up ^ Moley , After Seven Years , 1939 ; Vadney , The Wayward Liberal : A Political Biography of Donald Richberg , 1970 ; Richberg , My Hero : The Autobiography of Donald Richberg , 1954 ; Sternsher , Rexford Tugwell and the New Deal , 1964 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips and Mitgang , From the Crash to the Blitz , 1929 -- 1939 , 2000 . ^ Jump up to : Houck , Rhetoric As Currency : Hoover , Roosevelt , and the Great Depression , 2001 . Jump up ^ Peters , Gerhard ; Woolley , John T. `` Franklin D. Roosevelt : `` Message to Congress Recommending Enactment of the National Industrial Recovery Act. , '' May 17 , 1933 `` . The American Presidency Project . University of California -- Santa Barbara . ^ Jump up to : Gould , The Most Exclusive Club : A History of the Modern United States Senate , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Borah Debates With Wagner . '' Associated Press . June 8 , 1933 . Jump up ^ `` Income Publicity Voted . '' New York Times . June 10 , 1933 . Jump up ^ `` Recess Taken to Monday . '' New York Times . June 11 , 1933 . Jump up ^ `` Lund and Harriman Back Recovery Act . '' New York Times . June 14 , 1933 . Jump up ^ National Industrial Recovery Act , Ch. 90 , 48 Stat. 195 , Title I , Sec. 2 . Jump up ^ National Industrial Recovery Act , Ch. 90 , 48 Stat. 195 , Title I , Sec. 3 . Jump up ^ National Industrial Recovery Act , Ch. 90 , 48 Stat. 195 , Title I , Sec. 5 . Jump up ^ National Industrial Recovery Act , Ch. 90 , 48 Stat. 195 , Title I , Sec. 7 ( a ) . Jump up ^ National Industrial Recovery Act , Ch. 90 , 48 Stat. 195 , Title I , Sec. 7 ( b ) . Jump up ^ National Industrial Recovery Act , Ch. 90 , 48 Stat. 195 , Title I , Sec. 9 ( a ) . Jump up ^ National Industrial Recovery Act , Ch. 90 , 48 Stat. 195 , Title I , Sec. 9 ( b ) . Jump up ^ Sections in Title I of the NIRA are numbered 1 , 2 , 3 , etc . However , in a discrepancy , sections in Title II and III of the NIRA are numbered 201 , 202 , 203 , etc. and 301 , 302 , 303 , etc . National Industrial Recovery Act , Ch. 90 , 48 Stat. 195 , Title II , Sec. 201 . Jump up ^ National Industrial Recovery Act , Ch. 90 , 48 Stat. 195 , Title II , Sec. 202 . Jump up ^ National Industrial Recovery Act , Ch. 90 , 48 Stat. 195 , Title II , Sec. 203 . Jump up ^ National Industrial Recovery Act , Ch. 90 , 48 Stat. 195 , Title II , Sec. 204 . Jump up ^ National Industrial Recovery Act , Ch. 90 , 48 Stat. 195 , Title II , Sec. 208 . Jump up ^ National Industrial Recovery Act , Ch. 90 , 48 Stat. 195 , Title II , Sec. 210 -- 220 . Jump up ^ National Industrial Recovery Act , Ch. 90 , 48 Stat. 195 , Title III . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , Roosevelt 's Warrior : Harold L. Ickes and the New Deal , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Schlesinger , The Age of Roosevelt , Vol. 3 : The Politics of Upheaval , 1935 -- 1936 , 2003 ; Brinkley , The End Of Reform : New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War , 1996 ; Venn , The New Deal , 1999 ; Shogan , Backlash : The Killing of the New Deal , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Order 9357 -- Transferring the Functions of the Public Works Administration to the Federal Works Agency . '' June 30 , 1943 . John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters , The American Presidency Project . Santa Barbara , CA : University of California ( hosted ) , Gerhard Peters ( database ) ; Olson , James Stuart . Historical Dictionary of the Great Depression , 1929 -- 1940 . Santa Barbara , Calif. : Greenwood Publishing Group , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30618 - 4 Jump up ^ Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States , 295 U.S. 495 , 555 , fn. 5 . Jump up ^ Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States , 295 U.S. 495 , 555 , fn. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Some Legal Aspects of the National Industrial Recovery Act . '' Harvard Law Review . 47 : 1 ( 1933 ) : 85 -- 125 . Jump up ^ National Industrial Recovery Act , Ch. 90 , 48 Stat. 195 , Title I , Sec. 3 ( a ) reads : `` Upon the application to the President by one or more trade or industrial associations or groups , the President may approve a code or codes of fair competition for the trade or industry or subdivision thereof ... '' Jump up ^ Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States , 295 U.S. 495 , 531 . Jump up ^ Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States , 295 U.S. 495 , 541 -- 542 . ^ Jump up to : Ross , The Chief Justiceship of Charles Evans Hughes , 1930 -- 1941 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States , 295 U.S. 495 , 542 -- 548 . Jump up ^ Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States , 295 U.S. 495 , 548 -- 550 . Jump up ^ Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States , 295 U.S. 495 , 528 . Jump up ^ As of 2007 , Schechter Poultry and Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan , 293 U.S. 388 ( 1935 ) , are the only cases in which the Supreme Court has struck down an act of Congress for overbroad delegation of legislative authority . See : Ross , The Chief Justiceship of Charles Evans Hughes , 1930 -- 1941 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Cole , Harold L. ; Ohanian , Lee E. ( February 2 , 2009 ) . `` How Government Prolonged the Depression '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ This was not , however , unexpected : Senator Gerald Nye , an ardent opponent of monopolies , named five of the Board 's six members , and long - time antitrust advocate Clarence Darrow led the Board . See : Schlesinger , The Age of Roosevelt : The Coming of the New Deal , 2003 , pp. 132 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Farrell , Chris . Deflation : What Happens When Prices Fall . New York : HarperCollins , 2004 . ISBN 0060576456 ; Fisher , I. ( 1933 ) . `` The Debt - Deflation Theory of Great Depressions '' . Econometrica. 1 ( 4 ) : 337 -- 57 . doi : 10.2307 / 1907327 . JSTOR 1907327 . Jump up ^ Weinstein , Recovery and Redistribution Under the NIRA , 1980 ; Roose , The Economics of Recession and Revival : An Interpretation of 1937 -- 38 , 1954 ; Hayes , Business Confidence and Business Activity : A Case Study of the Recession of 1937 , 1951 . Jump up ^ Friedman and Schwartz , A Monetary History of the United States , 1867 -- 1960 , 1963 ; Bernanke , B. ; Parkinson , M. ( 1989 ) . `` Unemployment , Inflation , and Wages in the American Depression : Are There Lessons for Europe ? '' . The American Economic Review . 79 ( 2 ) : 210 -- 14 . doi : 10.3386 / w2862 . JSTOR 1827758 . ^ Jump up to : Krepps , M ( 1999 ) . `` Facilitating practices and the path - dependence of collusion '' . International Journal of Industrial Organization . 17 ( 6 ) : 887 -- 901 . doi : 10.1016 / S0167 - 7187 ( 97 ) 00066 - 0 . ; Krepps , Matthew B. ( 1997 ) . `` Another Look at the Impact of the National Industrial Recovery Act on Cartel Formation and Maintenance Costs '' . Review of Economics and Statistics . 79 : 151 -- 54 . doi : 10.1162 / 003465397556502 . ^ Jump up to : Lande , Robert H. ; Connor , John M. ( 2005 ) . `` How High Do Cartels Raise Prices ? Implications for Reform of the Antitrust Sentencing Guidelines '' . Tulane Law Review . 80 . SSRN 787907 . ; Harringtonjr , J ; Chen , J ( 2006 ) . `` Cartel pricing dynamics with cost variability and endogenous buyer detection '' . International Journal of Industrial Organization . 24 ( 6 ) : 1185 -- 212 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijindorg. 2006.04. 012 . ; Perloff , Jeffrey M ; Karp , Larry S. ; and Golan , Amos . Estimating Market Power and Strategies . New York : Cambridge University Press , 2007 . ISBN 052180440X Jump up ^ Galambos , Competition and Cooperation : The Emergence of a National Trade Association , 1966 ; Collins , R.M. ( 1978 ) . `` Positive Business Responses to the New Deal : The Roots of the Committee for Economic Development , 1933 -- 1942 '' . The Business History Review . 52 ( 3 ) : 369 -- 91 . doi : 10.2307 / 3113736 . JSTOR 3113736 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Steel -- Problems of a Great Industry , 1937 ; Kennedy , The Automobile Industry : The Coming of Age of Capitalism 's Favorite Child , 1941 ; Daugherty , et al. , The Economics of the Iron and Steel Industry , 1937 ; Rae , American Automobile Manufacturers : The First Forty Years , 1959 ; James , L.M. ( 1946 ) . `` Restrictive Agreements and Practices in the Lumber Industry , 1880 -- 1939 '' . Southern Economic Journal . 13 ( 2 ) : 115 -- 25 . doi : 10.2307 / 1052520 . JSTOR 1052520 . ; Shaffer , In Restraint of Trade : The Business Campaign Against Competition , 1918 -- 1938 , 1997 ; Pennock , P. ( 1997 ) . `` The National Recovery Administration and the Rubber Tire Industry , 1933 -- 1935 '' . The Business History Review . 71 ( 4 ) : 543 -- 68 . doi : 10.2307 / 3116306 . JSTOR 3116306 . Jump up ^ Lyon , et al. , The National Recovery Administration : An Analysis and Appraisal , 1935 . Jump up ^ Anderson , William L. ( 2000 ) . `` Risk and the National Industrial Recovery Act : An Empirical Evaluation '' . Public Choice . 103 : 139 -- 61 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1005054019819 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , The Great Depression : Delayed Recovery and Economic Change in America , 1929 -- 1939 , 1989 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Thomas ; Chatterji , Monojit ( 2009 ) . `` Political Shocks and Investment : Some Evidence from the 1930s '' . The Journal of Economic History . 45 ( 4 ) : 913 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700035166 . JSTOR 2121886 . Jump up ^ Brinkley , The End Of Reform : New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War , 1996 , Kindle Location 385 . References ( edit ) Anderson , William L. `` Risk and the National Industrial Recovery Act : An Empirical Evaluation . '' Public Choice . 103 : 1 -- 2 ( April 2000 ) Barber , William J. From New Era to New Deal : Herbert Hoover , the Economists , and American Economic Policy , 1921 -- 1933 . Paperback ed . New York : Cambridge University Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 36737 - 9 Bellush , Bernard . The Failure of the NRA . New York : Norton , 1975 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05548 - 5 Bernanke , Ben ; Parkinson , Martin ( 1989 ) . `` Unemployment , Inflation and Wages in the American Depression : Are There Lessons for Europe ? '' . American Economic Review : Papers and Proceedings . 79 : 2 . doi : 10.3386 / w2862 . Bernstein , Irving . The New Deal Collective Bargaining Policy . Paperback reissue . New York : Da Capo Press , 1975 . ( Originally published 1950 . ) ISBN 0 - 306 - 70703 - 9 Bernstein , Irving . The Turbulent Years : A History of the American Worker , 1933 -- 1941 . Paperback edition . Boston : Houghton - Mifflin Co. , 1970 . ( Originally published 1969 . ) ISBN 0 - 395 - 11778 - X Bernstein , Michael . The Great Depression : Delayed Recovery and Economic Change in America , 1929 -- 1939 . Reprint ed . New York : Cambridge University Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 37985 - 7 Best , Gary Dean . Pride , Prejudice , and Politics : Roosevelt Versus Recovery , 1933 -- 1938 . New York : Praeger Publishers , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 93524 - 8 Brinkley , Alan . The End Of Reform : New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War . Paperback ed . New York : Vintage Books , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 75314 - 1 Clarke , Jeanne Nienaber . Roosevelt 's Warrior : Harold L. Ickes and the New Deal . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5094 - 0 Collins , Robert M. `` Positive Business Responses to the New Deal : The Roots of the Committee for Economic Development , 1933 -- 1942 . '' Business History Review . 52 : 3 ( Autumn 1978 ) . Cole , Harold L. and Ohanian , Lee E. `` How Government Prolonged the Depression . '' Wall Street Journal . February 2 , 2009 . Daugherty , Carroll R. ; de Chazeau , Melvin G. ; and Stratton , Samuel S . The Economics of the Iron and Steel Industry . New York : McGraw - Hill , 1937 . Dubofsky , Melvyn and Dulles , Foster Rhea . Labor in America : A History . 6th ed . Wheeling , Ill. : Harlan Davidson , Inc. , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 88295 - 979 - 4 Eisner , Marc Allen . Regulatory Politics in Transition . 2d ed . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6492 - 5 Fine , Sidney . Automobile Under the Blue Eagle : Labor , Management , and the Automobile Manufacturing Code . Ann Arbor , Mich. : University of Michigan Press , 1963 . Friedman , Milton and Schwartz , Anna J. A Monetary History of the United States , 1867 -- 1960 . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press , 1963 . Galambos , Louis . Competition and Cooperation : The Emergence of a National Trade Association . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press , 1966 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 0209 - 1 Galbraith , John Kenneth . The Great Crash of 1929 . Paperback ed . New York : Mariner Books , 1997 . ( Originally published in 1954 . ) ISBN 0 - 395 - 85999 - 9 Gould , Lewis L. The Most Exclusive Club : A History of the Modern United States Senate . New York : Basic Books , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 02779 - 2 Gross , James A . The Making of the National Labor Relations Board : A Study in Economics , Politics , and the Law . Albany , N.Y. : SUNY Press , 1974 . ISBN 0 - 87395 - 271 - 5 Hayes , Douglas A. Business Confidence and Business Activity : A Case Study of the Recession of 1937 . Ann Arbor , Mich : : University of Michigan Press , 1951 . Hawley , Ellis . The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press , 1966 . Himmelberg , Robert . The Origins of the National Recovery Administration . 2d paperback ed . New York : Fordham University Press , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 8232 - 1541 - 5 Horwitz , Robert Britt . The Irony of Regulatory Reform : The Deregulation of American Telecommunications . New York : Oxford University Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505445 - 8 Houck , David W. Rhetoric As Currency : Hoover , Roosevelt , and the Great Depression . College Station , Tex. : Texas A&M University Press , 2001 . ISBN 1 - 58544 - 109 - 0 James , Lee M. `` Restrictive Agreements and Practices in the Lumber Industry , 1880 -- 1939 . '' Southern Economic Journal . October 1946 . Johnson , Hugh S . The Blue Eagle From Egg to Earth . New York : Doubleday , Doran & Company , 1935 . Kennedy , David M. Freedom from Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 -- 1945 . Paperback ed . New York : Oxford University Press , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 514403 - 1 Kennedy , E.D. The Automobile Industry : The Coming of Age of Capitalism 's Favorite Child . New York : Reynal and Hitchcock , 1941 . Krepps , Matthew B. `` Another Look at the Impact of the National Industrial Recovery Act on Cartel Formation and Maintenance Costs . '' Review of Economics and Statistics . 79 : 1 ( February 1997 ) Krepps , Matthew B. `` Facilitating Practices and the Path - Dependence of Collusion . '' International Journal of Industrial Organization . 17 : 6 ( August 1999 ) . Lyon , Leverett S. ; Homan , Paul T. ; Lorwin , Lewis L. ; Terborgh , George ; Dearing , Charles L. ; and Marshall , Leon C. The National Recovery Administration : An Analysis and Appraisal Washington , D.C. : The Brookings Institution , 1935 . Mayer , Thomas and Chatterji , Monojit . `` Political Shocks and Investment : Some Evidence from the 1930s . '' Journal of Economic History . 45 : 4 ( December 1985 ) . McKenna , Marian Cecilia. Franklin Roosevelt and the Great Constitutional War : The Court - Packing Crisis of 1937 . New York : Fordham University Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 8232 - 2154 - 7 Moley , Raymond . After Seven Years . New York : Harper & Brothers , 1939 . Morris , Charles . The Blue Eagle At Work : Reclaiming Democratic Rights In The American Workplace . Ithaca , N.Y. : ILR Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 4317 - 2 Ohl , John Kennedy . Hugh S. Johnson and the New Deal . Dekalb , Ill. : Northern Illinois University Press , 1985 . ISBN 0 - 87580 - 110 - 2 Paulsen , George E. `` The Federal Trade Commission v. the National Recovery Administration , 1935 . '' Social Science Quarterly . 70 : 1 ( March 1989 ) . Pennock , Pamela . `` The National Recovery Administration and the Rubber Tire Industry , 1933 -- 1935 . '' Business History Review . December 1997 . Phillips , Cabell B.H. and Mitgang , Herbert . From the Crash to the Blitz , 1929 -- 1939 : The New York Times Chronicle of American Life . New York : Fordham University Press , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 8232 - 2000 - 1 Rae , John B. American Automobile Manufacturers : The First Forty Years . Philadelphia : Chilton Co. , 1959 . Rayback , Joseph G. A History of American Labor . Rev. and exp . ed . New York : Macmillan Publishing Co. , 1974 . ISBN 1 - 299 - 50529 - 5 Richberg , Donald . My Hero : The Autobiography of Donald Richberg , Indiscreet Memoirs of Fifty Years in Top - Level Politics . New York : Putnam , 1954 . Roose , Kenneth D . The Economics of Recession and Revival : An Interpretation of 1937 -- 38 . New Haven , Conn. : Yale University Press , 1954 . Ross , William G . The Chief Justiceship of Charles Evans Hughes , 1930 -- 1941 . Columbia , S.C. : University of South Carolina Press , 2007 . ISBN 1 - 57003 - 679 - 9 Schlesinger , Jr. , Arthur M. The Age of Roosevelt , Vol. 1 : Crisis of the Old Order . Paperback ed . New York : Mariner Books , 2003 . ( Originally published 1957 . ) ISBN 0 - 618 - 34085 - 8 Schlesinger , Jr. , Arthur M. The Age of Roosevelt , Vol. 2 : The Coming of the New Deal . Paperback ed . New York : Mariner Books , 2003 . ( Originally published 1958 . ) ISBN 0 - 618 - 34086 - 6 Schlesinger , Jr. , Arthur M. The Age of Roosevelt , Vol. 3 : The Politics of Upheaval , 1935 -- 1936 . Paperback ed . New York : Mariner Books , 2003 . ( Originally published 1960 . ) ISBN 0 - 618 - 34087 - 4 Shaffer , Butler D. In Restraint of Trade : The Business Campaign Against Competition , 1918 -- 1938 . Cranberry , N.J. : Bucknell University Press , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 8387 - 5325 - 6 Shogan , Robert . Backlash : The Killing of the New Deal . Chicago , Ivan R. Dee , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 56663 - 674 - 4 Smith , Gene . The Shattered Dream : Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression . New York : Willam Morrow and Co. , 1970 . Sobel , Robert and Hyman , Harold M. Herbert Hoover at the Onset of the Great Depression , 1929 -- 1930 . New York : Lippincott , 1975 . ISBN 0 - 397 - 47334 - 6 Stewart , Maxwell S. Steel -- Problems of a Great Industry . New York : Public Affairs Committee , 1937 . Sternsher , Bernard . Rexford Tugwell and the New Deal . New Brunswick , N.J. : Rutgers University Press , 1964 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 0440 - 6 Tomlins , Christopher L. The State and the Unions : Labor Relations , Law , and the Organized Labor Movement in America , 1880 -- 1960 . Reprint ed . New York : Cambridge University Press , 1985 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 31452 - 6 Vadney , Thomas E. The Wayward Liberal : A Political Biography of Donald Richberg . Lexington , Ky. : The University Press of Kentucky , 1970 . Venn , Fiona . The New Deal . New York : Taylor & Francis , 1999 . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 145 - 5 Vittoz , Stanley . New Deal Labor Policy and the American Industrial Economy . Chapel Hill , N.C. : University of North Carolina Press , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 1729 - 5 Weinstein , Michael . Recovery and Redistribution Under the NIRA . Amsterdam : North - Holland Publishing Co. , 1980 . ISBN 0 - 444 - 86007 - X External links ( edit ) Text of the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 hide New Deal Causes and legacy Great Depression New Deal Coalition Brain Trust American Liberty League Criticism New Deal Emergency Banking Act Economy Act Agricultural Adjustment Act Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) Civil Works Administration Communications Act Executive Order 6102 Homeowners Refinancing Act Farm Credit Administration Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) Federal Emergency Relief Administration Frazier -- Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act Glass -- Steagall Act National Industrial Recovery Act National Housing Act National Recovery Administration National Youth Administration Public Works Administration ( PWA ) Public Works of Art Project Reciprocal Tariff Act Railroad Retirement Act Securities Act Tennessee Valley Authority ( TVA ) Second New Deal Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) Federal Project Number One Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Farm Security Administration Judicial Procedures Reform Act National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act National Labor Relations Board ( Act ) Rural Electrification Act Rural Electrification Administration Social Security United States Housing Authority Individuals Franklin D. Roosevelt Harold L. Ickes Frances Perkins Harry Hopkins Henry Morgenthau , Jr . Huey Long Herbert Hoover Robert F. Wagner Commons LCCN : n97038552 NDL : 00639623 VIAF : 173886222 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Industrial_Recovery_Act_of_1933&oldid=840237162 '' Categories : 1933 in law 73rd United States Congress United States federal commerce legislation United States federal labor legislation National Recovery Administration New Deal legislation 1933 in economics Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2011 Use mdy dates from May 2012 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Esperanto Français 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 May 2018 , at 16 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the purpose of the national industrial recovery act | [
"The National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 (NIRA) was a US labor law and consumer law passed by the US Congress to authorize the President to regulate industry for fair wages and prices that would stimulate economic recovery.[1] It also established a national public works program known as the Public Works Administration (PWA, not to be confused with the WPA of 1935).[2] The National Recovery Administration (NRA) portion was widely hailed in 1933, but by 1934 business' opinion of the act had soured.[3] By March 1934 the \"NRA was engaged chiefly in drawing up these industrial codes for all industries to adopt.\"[4] However, the NIRA was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1935 and not replaced.[3][5][6]"
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"stimulate economic recovery"
] |
-196632662171446030 | Periodic table | Periodic table - wikipedia Periodic table Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the table used in chemistry and physics . For other uses , see Periodic table ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on the Periodic table Periodic table forms ( show ) 18 - column large cells 32 - column ( large cells ) Alternative forms Chemical Galaxy Janet 's left step Beyond period 7 Fricke large cells Pyykkö Periodic table history ( show ) Dmitri Mendeleev predictions Discovery of elements Naming & etymology for places for scientists controversies ( in East Asia ) Systematic element names Sets of elements By periodic table structure ( show ) Groups ( 1 -- 18 ) 1 ( alkali metals ) 2 ( alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( pnictogens ) 16 ( chalcogens ) 17 ( halogens ) 18 ( noble gases ) Periods ( 1 -- 7 ... ) 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks ( s , p , d , f , ... ) Atomic orbitals Aufbau principle By metallic classification ( show ) Metals alkali alkaline earth transition post-transition lanthanide actinide ( super - / eka - super - ) Metalloids dividing metals & nonmetals Nonmetals polyatomic diatomic monatomic ( noble gas ) By other characteristics ( show ) Coinage metals Platinum - group metals Precious metals Refractory metals Heavy metals Light metals Native metals Noble metals Main - group elements Rare - earth elements Transuranium , transplutonium elements Major , minor & trans - actinides Elements List of chemical elements ... ( show ) by abundance ( in human body ) by atomic properties by isotope stability by annual production by symbol Properties of elements ( show ) Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity configuration Electronegativity ( ( Allen ) ) ( ( Pauling ) ) Goldschmidt classification Nutrition Valence Data pages for elements ( show ) Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity / configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity / of fusion / of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity / expansion coefficient Vapor pressure Book Category Chemistry Portal The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements , ordered by their atomic number , electron configurations , and recurring chemical properties . This ordering shows periodic trends , such as elements with similar behaviour in the same column . It also shows four rectangular blocks with some approximately similar chemical properties . In general , within one row ( period ) the elements are metals on the left , and non-metals on the right . The rows of the table are called periods ; the columns are called groups . Six groups have generally accepted names as well as numbers : for example , group 17 elements are the halogens ; and group 18 , the noble gases . The periodic table can be used to derive relationships between the properties of the elements , and predict the properties of new elements yet to be discovered or synthesized . The periodic table provides a useful framework for analyzing chemical behaviour , and is widely used in chemistry and other sciences . The Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev published the first widely recognized periodic table in 1869 . He developed his table to illustrate periodic trends in the properties of the then - known elements . Mendeleev also predicted some properties of then - unknown elements that would be expected to fill gaps in this table . Most of his predictions were proved correct when the elements in question were subsequently discovered . Mendeleev 's periodic table has since been expanded and refined with the discovery or synthesis of further new elements and the development of new theoretical models to explain chemical behaviour . All elements from atomic numbers 1 ( hydrogen ) to 118 ( oganesson ) have been discovered or synthesized , with the most recent additions ( nihonium , moscovium , tennessine , and oganesson ) being confirmed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) in 2015 and officially named in 2016 : they complete the first seven rows of the periodic table . The first 94 elements exist naturally , although some are found only in trace amounts and were synthesized in laboratories before being found in nature . Elements with atomic numbers from 95 to 118 have only been synthesized in laboratories or nuclear reactors . Synthesis of elements having higher atomic numbers is being pursued . Numerous synthetic radionuclides of naturally occurring elements have also been produced in laboratories . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Grouping methods 2.1 Groups 2.2 Periods 2.3 Blocks 2.4 Metals , metalloids and nonmetals 3 Periodic trends and patterns 3.1 Electron configuration 3.2 Atomic radii 3.3 Ionization energy 3.4 Electronegativity 3.5 Electron affinity 3.6 Metallic character 3.7 Linking or bridging groups 4 History 4.1 First systemization attempts 4.2 Mendeleev 's table 4.3 Second version and further development 5 Different periodic tables 5.1 The long - or 32 - column table 5.2 Tables with different structures 6 Open questions and controversies 6.1 Placement of hydrogen and helium 6.2 Group 3 and its elements in periods 6 and 7 6.2. 1 Lanthanum and actinium 6.2. 2 Lutetium and lawrencium 6.2. 3 Lanthanides and actinides 6.3 Groups included in the transition metals 6.4 Elements with unknown chemical properties 6.5 Further periodic table extensions 6.6 Element with the highest possible atomic number 6.7 Optimal form 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Overview For large cell versions , see Periodic table ( large cells ) . ( hide ) Periodic table Group 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Pnictogens Chalcogens Halogens Noble gases Period Hydrogen 1H Helium 2He Lithium 3Li Beryllium 4Be Boron 5B Carbon 6C Nitrogen 7N Oxygen 8O Fluorine 9F Neon 10 Ne Sodium 11 Na Magnesium 12 Mg Aluminium 13 Al Silicon 14 Si Phosphorus 15 P Sulfur 16 S Chlorine 17 Cl Argon 18 Ar Potassium 19 K Calcium 20 Ca Scandium 21 Sc Titanium 22 Ti Vanadium 23 V Chromium 24 Cr Manganese 25 Mn Iron 26 Fe Cobalt 27 Co Nickel 28 Ni Copper 29 Cu Zinc 30 Zn Gallium 31 Ga Germanium 32 Ge Arsenic 33 As Selenium 34 Se Bromine 35 Br Krypton 36 Kr 5 Rubidium 37 Rb Strontium 38 Sr Yttrium 39 Y Zirconium 40 Zr Niobium 41 Nb Molybdenum 42 Mo Technetium 43 Tc Ruthenium 44 Ru Rhodium 45 Rh Palladium 46 Pd Silver 47 Ag Cadmium 48 Cd Indium 49 In Tin 50 Sn Antimony 51 Sb Tellurium 52 Te Iodine 53 I Xenon 54 Xe 6 Caesium 55 Cs Barium 56 Ba Lanthanum 57 La Hafnium 72 Hf Tantalum 73 Ta Tungsten 74 W Rhenium 75 Re Osmium 76 Os Iridium 77 Ir Platinum 78 Pt Gold 79 Au Mercury 80 Hg Thallium 81 Tl Lead 82 Pb Bismuth 83 Bi Polonium 84 Po Astatine 85 At Radon 86 Rn 7 Francium 87 Fr Radium 88 Ra Actinium 89 Ac Rutherfordium 104 Rf Dubnium 105 Db Seaborgium 106 Sg Bohrium 107 Bh Hassium 108 Hs Meitnerium 109 Mt Darmstadtium 110 Ds Roentgenium 111 Rg Copernicium 112 Cn Nihonium 113 Nh Flerovium 114 Fl Moscovium 115 Mc Livermorium 116 Lv Tennessine 117 Ts Oganesson 118 Og Cerium 58 Ce Praseodymium 59 Pr Neodymium 60 Nd Promethium 61 Pm Samarium 62 Sm Europium 63 Eu Gadolinium 64 Gd Terbium 65 Tb Dysprosium 66 Dy Holmium 67 Ho Erbium 68 Er Thulium 69 Tm Ytterbium 70 Yb Lutetium 71 Lu Thorium 90 Th Protactinium 91 Pa Uranium 92 U Neptunium 93 Np Plutonium 94 Pu Americium 95 Am Curium 96 Cm Berkelium 97 Bk Californium 98 Cf Einsteinium 99 Es Fermium 100 Fm Mendelevium 101 Md Nobelium 102 No Lawrencium 103 Lr black = solid green = liquid red = gas gray = unknown Color of the atomic number shows state of matter ( at 0 ° C and 1 atm ) Primordial From decay Synthetic Border shows natural occurrence of the element Background color shows subcategory in the metal -- metalloid -- nonmetal trend : Metal Metalloid Nonmetal Unknown chemical properties Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - transition metal Polyatomic nonmetal Diatomic nonmetal Noble gas Each chemical element has a unique atomic number ( Z ) representing the number of protons in its nucleus . Most elements have differing numbers of neutrons among different atoms , with these variants being referred to as isotopes . For example , carbon has three naturally occurring isotopes : all of its atoms have six protons and most have six neutrons as well , but about one per cent have seven neutrons , and a very small fraction have eight neutrons . Isotopes are never separated in the periodic table ; they are always grouped together under a single element . Elements with no stable isotopes have the atomic masses of their most stable isotopes , where such masses are shown , listed in parentheses . In the standard periodic table , the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number Z ( the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom ) . A new row ( period ) is started when a new electron shell has its first electron . Columns ( groups ) are determined by the electron configuration of the atom ; elements with the same number of electrons in a particular subshell fall into the same columns ( e.g. oxygen and selenium are in the same column because they both have four electrons in the outermost p - subshell ) . Elements with similar chemical properties generally fall into the same group in the periodic table , although in the f - block , and to some respect in the d - block , the elements in the same period tend to have similar properties , as well . Thus , it is relatively easy to predict the chemical properties of an element if one knows the properties of the elements around it . As of 2016 , the periodic table has 118 confirmed elements , from element 1 ( hydrogen ) to 118 ( oganesson ) . Elements 113 , 115 , 117 and 118 , the most recent discoveries , were officially confirmed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) in December 2015 . Their proposed names , nihonium ( Nh ) , moscovium ( Mc ) , tennessine ( Ts ) and oganesson ( Og ) respectively , were announced by the IUPAC in June 2016 and made official in November 2016 . The first 94 elements occur naturally ; the remaining 24 , americium to oganesson ( 95 -- 118 ) occur only when synthesized in laboratories . Of the 94 naturally occurring elements , 83 are primordial and 11 occur only in decay chains of primordial elements . No element heavier than einsteinium ( element 99 ) has ever been observed in macroscopic quantities in its pure form , nor has astatine ( element 85 ) ; francium ( element 87 ) has been only photographed in the form of light emitted from microscopic quantities ( 300,000 atoms ) . Grouping methods Groups Main article : Group ( periodic table ) A group or family is a vertical column in the periodic table . Groups usually have more significant periodic trends than periods and blocks , explained below . Modern quantum mechanical theories of atomic structure explain group trends by proposing that elements within the same group generally have the same electron configurations in their valence shell . Consequently , elements in the same group tend to have a shared chemistry and exhibit a clear trend in properties with increasing atomic number . However , in some parts of the periodic table , such as the d - block and the f - block , horizontal similarities can be as important as , or more pronounced than , vertical similarities . Under an international naming convention , the groups are numbered numerically from 1 to 18 from the leftmost column ( the alkali metals ) to the rightmost column ( the noble gases ) . Previously , they were known by roman numerals . In America , the roman numerals were followed by either an `` A '' if the group was in the s - or p - block , or a `` B '' if the group was in the d - block . The roman numerals used correspond to the last digit of today 's naming convention ( e.g. the group 4 elements were group IVB , and the group 14 elements were group IVA ) . In Europe , the lettering was similar , except that `` A '' was used if the group was before group 10 , and `` B '' was used for groups including and after group 10 . In addition , groups 8 , 9 and 10 used to be treated as one triple - sized group , known collectively in both notations as group VIII . In 1988 , the new IUPAC naming system was put into use , and the old group names were deprecated . Some of these groups have been given trivial ( unsystematic ) names , as seen in the table below , although some are rarely used . Groups 3 -- 10 have no trivial names and are referred to simply by their group numbers or by the name of the first member of their group ( such as `` the scandium group '' for group 3 ) , since they display fewer similarities and / or vertical trends . Elements in the same group tend to show patterns in atomic radius , ionization energy , and electronegativity . From top to bottom in a group , the atomic radii of the elements increase . Since there are more filled energy levels , valence electrons are found farther from the nucleus . From the top , each successive element has a lower ionization energy because it is easier to remove an electron since the atoms are less tightly bound . Similarly , a group has a top - to - bottom decrease in electronegativity due to an increasing distance between valence electrons and the nucleus . There are exceptions to these trends , however : for example , in group 11 , electronegativity increases farther down the group . ( hide ) Groups in the periodic table IUPAC group 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Mendeleev ( I -- VIII ) IA II A III B IV B VB VI B VII B VIII B IB II B III B IV B VB VI B VII B CAS ( US , A-B-A ) IA IIA IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA old IUPAC ( Europe , A-B ) IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIII B IB IIB IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB 0 Trivial name Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Coinage metals Volatile metals Icosagens Crystallogens Pnictogens Chalcogens Halogens Noble gases Name by element Lithium group Beryllium group Scandium group Titanium group Vanadium group Chromium group Manganese group Iron group Cobalt group Nickel group Copper group Zinc group Boron group Carbon group Nitrogen group Oxygen group Fluorine group Helium or Neon group Period 1 He Period 2 Li Be O Ne Period 3 Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Period 4 Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Period 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe Period 6 Cs Ba La Ce -- Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Period 7 Fr Ra Ac Th -- Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Group 3 has scandium ( Sc ) and yttrium ( Y ) . For the rest of the group , sources differ as either being ( 1 ) lutetium ( Lu ) and lawrencium ( Lr ) , or ( 2 ) lanthanum ( La ) and actinium ( Ac ) , or ( 3 ) the whole set of 15 + 15 lanthanides and actinides . IUPAC has initiated a project to standardize the definition as either ( 1 ) Sc , Y , Lu and Lr , or ( 2 ) Sc , Y , La and Ac . Group 18 , the noble gases , were not discovered at the time of Mendeleev 's original table . Later ( 1902 ) , Mendeleev accepted the evidence for their existence , and they could be placed in a new `` group 0 '' , consistently and without breaking the periodic table principle . Group name as recommended by IUPAC . Hydrogen ( H ) , while placed in group 1 , is not considered to be part of the alkali metals . Periods Main article : Period ( periodic table ) A period is a horizontal row in the periodic table . Although groups generally have more significant periodic trends , there are regions where horizontal trends are more significant than vertical group trends , such as the f - block , where the lanthanides and actinides form two substantial horizontal series of elements . Elements in the same period show trends in atomic radius , ionization energy , electron affinity , and electronegativity . Moving left to right across a period , atomic radius usually decreases . This occurs because each successive element has an added proton and electron , which causes the electron to be drawn closer to the nucleus . This decrease in atomic radius also causes the ionization energy to increase when moving from left to right across a period . The more tightly bound an element is , the more energy is required to remove an electron . Electronegativity increases in the same manner as ionization energy because of the pull exerted on the electrons by the nucleus . Electron affinity also shows a slight trend across a period . Metals ( left side of a period ) generally have a lower electron affinity than nonmetals ( right side of a period ) , with the exception of the noble gases . Blocks Main article : Block ( periodic table ) Left to right : s - , f - , d - , p - block in the periodic table Specific regions of the periodic table can be referred to as blocks in recognition of the sequence in which the electron shells of the elements are filled . Each block is named according to the subshell in which the `` last '' electron notionally resides . The s - block comprises the first two groups ( alkali metals and alkaline earth metals ) as well as hydrogen and helium . The p - block comprises the last six groups , which are groups 13 to 18 in IUPAC group numbering ( 3A to 8A in American group numbering ) and contains , among other elements , all of the metalloids . The d - block comprises groups 3 to 12 ( or 3B to 2B in American group numbering ) and contains all of the transition metals . The f - block , often offset below the rest of the periodic table , has no group numbers and comprises lanthanides and actinides . Metals , metalloids and nonmetals Metals , metalloids , nonmetals , and elements with unknown chemical properties in the periodic table . Sources disagree on the classification of some of these elements . According to their shared physical and chemical properties , the elements can be classified into the major categories of metals , metalloids and nonmetals . Metals are generally shiny , highly conducting solids that form alloys with one another and salt - like ionic compounds with nonmetals ( other than the noble gases ) . The majority of nonmetals are coloured or colourless insulating gases ; nonmetals that form compounds with other nonmetals feature covalent bonding . In between metals and nonmetals are metalloids , which have intermediate or mixed properties . Metal and nonmetals can be further classified into subcategories that show a gradation from metallic to non-metallic properties , when going left to right in the rows . The metals are subdivided into the highly reactive alkali metals , through the less reactive alkaline earth metals , lanthanides and actinides , via the archetypal transition metals , and ending in the physically and chemically weak post-transition metals . The nonmetals are simply subdivided into the polyatomic nonmetals , which , being nearest to the metalloids , show some incipient metallic character ; the diatomic nonmetals , which are essentially nonmetallic ; and the monatomic noble gases , which are nonmetallic and almost completely inert . Specialized groupings such as the refractory metals and the noble metals , which are subsets ( in this example ) of the transition metals , are also known and occasionally denoted . Placing the elements into categories and subcategories based on shared properties is imperfect . There is a spectrum of properties within each category and it is not hard to find overlaps at the boundaries , as is the case with most classification schemes . Beryllium , for example , is classified as an alkaline earth metal although its amphoteric chemistry and tendency to mostly form covalent compounds are both attributes of a chemically weak or post-transition metal . Radon is classified as a nonmetal and a noble gas yet has some cationic chemistry that is more characteristic of a metal . Other classification schemes are possible such as the division of the elements into mineralogical occurrence categories , or crystalline structures . Categorizing the elements in this fashion dates back to at least 1869 when Hinrichs wrote that simple boundary lines could be drawn on the periodic table to show elements having like properties , such as the metals and the nonmetals , or the gaseous elements . Periodic trends and patterns Main article : Periodic trends Electron configuration Main article : Electronic configuration Approximate order in which shells and subshells are arranged by increasing energy according to the Madelung rule The electron configuration or organisation of electrons orbiting neutral atoms shows a recurring pattern or periodicity . The electrons occupy a series of electron shells ( numbered shell 1 , shell 2 , and so on ) . Each shell consists of one or more subshells ( named s , p , d , f and g ) . As atomic number increases , electrons progressively fill these shells and subshells more or less according to the Madelung rule or energy ordering rule , as shown in the diagram . The electron configuration for neon , for example , is 1s 2s 2p . With an atomic number of ten , neon has two electrons in the first shell , and eight electrons in the second shell -- two in the s subshell and six in the p subshell . In periodic table terms , the first time an electron occupies a new shell corresponds to the start of each new period , these positions being occupied by hydrogen and the alkali metals . Periodic table trends ( arrows show an increase ) Since the properties of an element are mostly determined by its electron configuration , the properties of the elements likewise show recurring patterns or periodic behaviour , some examples of which are shown in the diagrams below for atomic radii , ionization energy and electron affinity . It is this periodicity of properties , manifestations of which were noticed well before the underlying theory was developed , that led to the establishment of the periodic law ( the properties of the elements recur at varying intervals ) and the formulation of the first periodic tables . Atomic radii Main article : Atomic radius Atomic number plotted against atomic radius Atomic radii vary in a predictable and explainable manner across the periodic table . For instance , the radii generally decrease along each period of the table , from the alkali metals to the noble gases ; and increase down each group . The radius increases sharply between the noble gas at the end of each period and the alkali metal at the beginning of the next period . These trends of the atomic radii ( and of various other chemical and physical properties of the elements ) can be explained by the electron shell theory of the atom ; they provided important evidence for the development and confirmation of quantum theory . The electrons in the 4f - subshell , which is progressively filled from cerium ( element 58 ) to ytterbium ( element 70 ) , are not particularly effective at shielding the increasing nuclear charge from the sub-shells further out . The elements immediately following the lanthanides have atomic radii that are smaller than would be expected and that are almost identical to the atomic radii of the elements immediately above them . Hence hafnium has virtually the same atomic radius ( and chemistry ) as zirconium , and tantalum has an atomic radius similar to niobium , and so forth . This is known as the lanthanide contraction . The effect of the lanthanide contraction is noticeable up to platinum ( element 78 ) , after which it is masked by a relativistic effect known as the inert pair effect . The d - block contraction , which is a similar effect between the d - block and p - block , is less pronounced than the lanthanide contraction but arises from a similar cause . Ionization energy Ionization energy : each period begins at a minimum for the alkali metals , and ends at a maximum for the noble gases Main article : Ionization energy The first ionization energy is the energy it takes to remove one electron from an atom , the second ionization energy is the energy it takes to remove a second electron from the atom , and so on . For a given atom , successive ionization energies increase with the degree of ionization . For magnesium as an example , the first ionization energy is 738 kJ / mol and the second is 1450 kJ / mol . Electrons in the closer orbitals experience greater forces of electrostatic attraction ; thus , their removal requires increasingly more energy . Ionization energy becomes greater up and to the right of the periodic table . Large jumps in the successive molar ionization energies occur when removing an electron from a noble gas ( complete electron shell ) configuration . For magnesium again , the first two molar ionization energies of magnesium given above correspond to removing the two 3s electrons , and the third ionization energy is a much larger 7730 kJ / mol , for the removal of a 2p electron from the very stable neon - like configuration of Mg . Similar jumps occur in the ionization energies of other third - row atoms . Electronegativity Main article : Electronegativity Graph showing increasing electronegativity with growing number of selected groups Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract electrons . An atom 's electronegativity is affected by both its atomic number and the distance between the valence electrons and the nucleus . The higher its electronegativity , the more an element attracts electrons . It was first proposed by Linus Pauling in 1932 . In general , electronegativity increases on passing from left to right along a period , and decreases on descending a group . Hence , fluorine is the most electronegative of the elements , while caesium is the least , at least of those elements for which substantial data is available . There are some exceptions to this general rule . Gallium and germanium have higher electronegativities than aluminium and silicon respectively because of the d - block contraction . Elements of the fourth period immediately after the first row of the transition metals have unusually small atomic radii because the 3d - electrons are not effective at shielding the increased nuclear charge , and smaller atomic size correlates with higher electronegativity . The anomalously high electronegativity of lead , particularly when compared to thallium and bismuth , appears to be an artifact of data selection ( and data availability ) -- methods of calculation other than the Pauling method show the normal periodic trends for these elements . Electron affinity Main article : Electron affinity Dependence of electron affinity on atomic number . Values generally increase across each period , culminating with the halogens before decreasing precipitously with the noble gases . Examples of localized peaks seen in hydrogen , the alkali metals and the group 11 elements are caused by a tendency to complete the s - shell ( with the 6s shell of gold being further stabilized by relativistic effects and the presence of a filled 4f sub shell ) . Examples of localized troughs seen in the alkaline earth metals , and nitrogen , phosphorus , manganese and rhenium are caused by filled s - shells , or half - filled p - or d - shells . The electron affinity of an atom is the amount of energy released when an electron is added to a neutral atom to form a negative ion . Although electron affinity varies greatly , some patterns emerge . Generally , nonmetals have more positive electron affinity values than metals . Chlorine most strongly attracts an extra electron . The electron affinities of the noble gases have not been measured conclusively , so they may or may not have slightly negative values . Electron affinity generally increases across a period . This is caused by the filling of the valence shell of the atom ; a group 17 atom releases more energy than a group 1 atom on gaining an electron because it obtains a filled valence shell and is therefore more stable . A trend of decreasing electron affinity going down groups would be expected . The additional electron will be entering an orbital farther away from the nucleus . As such this electron would be less attracted to the nucleus and would release less energy when added . However , in going down a group , around one - third of elements are anomalous , with heavier elements having higher electron affinities than their next lighter congenors . Largely , this is due to the poor shielding by d and f electrons . A uniform decrease in electron affinity only applies to group 1 atoms . Metallic character The lower the values of ionization energy , electronegativity and electron affinity , the more metallic character the element has . Conversely , nonmetallic character increases with higher values of these properties . Given the periodic trends of these three properties , metallic character tends to decrease going across a period ( or row ) and , with some irregularities ( mostly ) due to poor screening of the nucleus by d and f electrons , and relativistic effects , tends to increase going down a group ( or column or family ) . Thus , the most metallic elements ( such as caesium and francium ) are found at the bottom left of traditional periodic tables and the most nonmetallic elements ( oxygen , fluorine , chlorine ) at the top right . The combination of horizontal and vertical trends in metallic character explains the stair - shaped dividing line between metals and nonmetals found on some periodic tables , and the practice of sometimes categorizing several elements adjacent to that line , or elements adjacent to those elements , as metalloids . Linking or bridging groups Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury ( element ) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson 32 - column periodic table showing , from left to right , the location of group 3 ; lutetium and lawrencium ; groups 11 -- 12 ; and the noble gases From left to right across the four blocks of the long - or 32 - column form of the periodic table are a series of linking or bridging groups of elements , located approximately between each block . These groups , like the metalloids , show properties in between , or that are a mixture of , groups to either side . Chemically , the group 3 elements , scandium , yttrium , lanthanum and actinium behave largely like the alkaline earth metals or , more generally , s block metals but have some of the physical properties of d block transition metals . Lutetium and lawrencium , at the end of the end of the f block , may constitute another linking or bridging group . Lutetium behaves chemically as a lanthanide but shows a mix of lanthanide and transition metal physical properties . Lawrencium , as an analogue of lutetium , would presumable display like characteristics . The coinage metals in group 11 ( copper , silver , and gold ) are chemically capable of acting as either transition metals or main group metals . The volatile group 12 metals , zinc , cadmium and mercury are sometimes regarded as linking the d block to the p block . Notionally they are d block elements but they have few transition metal properties and are more like their p block neighbors in group 13 . The relatively inert noble gases , in group 18 , bridge the most reactive groups of elements in the periodic table -- the halogens in group 17 and the alkali metals in group 1 . History Main article : History of the periodic table First systemization attempts The discovery of the elements mapped to significant periodic table development dates ( pre - , per - and post - ) In 1789 , Antoine Lavoisier published a list of 33 chemical elements , grouping them into gases , metals , nonmetals , and earths . Chemists spent the following century searching for a more precise classification scheme . In 1829 , Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner observed that many of the elements could be grouped into triads based on their chemical properties . Lithium , sodium , and potassium , for example , were grouped together in a triad as soft , reactive metals . Döbereiner also observed that , when arranged by atomic weight , the second member of each triad was roughly the average of the first and the third ; this became known as the Law of Triads . German chemist Leopold Gmelin worked with this system , and by 1843 he had identified ten triads , three groups of four , and one group of five . Jean - Baptiste Dumas published work in 1857 describing relationships between various groups of metals . Although various chemists were able to identify relationships between small groups of elements , they had yet to build one scheme that encompassed them all . In 1857 , German chemist August Kekulé observed that carbon often has four other atoms bonded to it . Methane , for example , has one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms . This concept eventually became known as valency ; different elements bond with different numbers of atoms . In 1862 , Alexandre - Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois , a French geologist , published an early form of periodic table , which he called the telluric helix or screw . He was the first person to notice the periodicity of the elements . With the elements arranged in a spiral on a cylinder by order of increasing atomic weight , de Chancourtois showed that elements with similar properties seemed to occur at regular intervals . His chart included some ions and compounds in addition to elements . His paper also used geological rather than chemical terms and did not include a diagram ; as a result , it received little attention until the work of Dmitri Mendeleev . In 1864 , Julius Lothar Meyer , a German chemist , published a table with 44 elements arranged by valency . The table showed that elements with similar properties often shared the same valency . Concurrently , William Odling ( an English chemist ) published an arrangement of 57 elements , ordered on the basis of their atomic weights . With some irregularities and gaps , he noticed what appeared to be a periodicity of atomic weights among the elements and that this accorded with `` their usually received groupings '' . Odling alluded to the idea of a periodic law but did not pursue it . He subsequently proposed ( in 1870 ) a valence - based classification of the elements . Newlands ' periodic table , as presented to the Chemical Society in 1866 , and based on the law of octaves English chemist John Newlands produced a series of papers from 1863 to 1866 noting that when the elements were listed in order of increasing atomic weight , similar physical and chemical properties recurred at intervals of eight ; he likened such periodicity to the octaves of music . This so termed Law of Octaves , however , was ridiculed by Newlands ' contemporaries , and the Chemical Society refused to publish his work . Newlands was nonetheless able to draft a table of the elements and used it to predict the existence of missing elements , such as germanium . The Chemical Society only acknowledged the significance of his discoveries five years after they credited Mendeleev . In 1867 , Gustavus Hinrichs , a Danish born academic chemist based in America , published a spiral periodic system based on atomic spectra and weights , and chemical similarities . His work was regarded as idiosyncratic , ostentatious and labyrinthine and this may have militated against its recognition and acceptance . Mendeleev 's table Dmitri Mendeleev , watercolour by Ilya Repin Mendeleev 's periodic table from his book An Attempt Towards a Chemical Conception of the Ether A version of Mendeleev 's 1869 periodic table : An experiment on a system of elements based on their atomic weights and chemical similarities . This early arrangement presents the periods vertically , and the groups horizontally . Russian chemistry professor Dmitri Mendeleev and German chemist Julius Lothar Meyer independently published their periodic tables in 1869 and 1870 , respectively . Mendeleev 's table was his first published version ; that of Meyer was an expanded version of his ( Meyer 's ) table of 1864 . They both constructed their tables by listing the elements in rows or columns in order of atomic weight and starting a new row or column when the characteristics of the elements began to repeat . The recognition and acceptance afforded to Mendeleev 's table came from two decisions he made . The first was to leave gaps in the table when it seemed that the corresponding element had not yet been discovered . Mendeleev was not the first chemist to do so , but he was the first to be recognized as using the trends in his periodic table to predict the properties of those missing elements , such as gallium and germanium . The second decision was to occasionally ignore the order suggested by the atomic weights and switch adjacent elements , such as tellurium and iodine , to better classify them into chemical families . Later in 1913 , Henry Moseley determined experimental values of the nuclear charge or atomic number of each element , and showed that Mendeleev 's ordering actually corresponds to the order of increasing atomic number . The significance of atomic numbers to the organization of the periodic table was not appreciated until the existence and properties of protons and neutrons became understood . Mendeleev 's periodic tables used atomic weight instead of atomic number to organize the elements , information determinable to fair precision in his time . Atomic weight worked well enough in most cases to ( as noted ) give a presentation that was able to predict the properties of missing elements more accurately than any other method then known . Substitution of atomic numbers , once understood , gave a definitive , integer - based sequence for the elements , and Moseley predicted ( in 1913 ) that the only elements still missing between aluminium ( Z = 13 ) and gold ( Z = 79 ) were Z = 43 , 61 , 72 and 75 , all of which were later discovered . The sequence of atomic numbers is still used today even as new synthetic elements are being produced and studied . Second version and further development Mendeleev 's 1871 periodic table with eight groups of elements . Dashes represented elements unknown in 1871 . Eight - column form of periodic table , updated with all elements discovered to 2016 In 1871 , Mendeleev published his periodic table in a new form , with groups of similar elements arranged in columns rather than in rows , and those columns numbered I to VIII corresponding with the element 's oxidation state . He also gave detailed predictions for the properties of elements he had earlier noted were missing , but should exist . These gaps were subsequently filled as chemists discovered additional naturally occurring elements . It is often stated that the last naturally occurring element to be discovered was francium ( referred to by Mendeleev as eka - caesium ) in 1939 . However , plutonium , produced synthetically in 1940 , was identified in trace quantities as a naturally occurring element in 1971 . The popular periodic table layout , also known as the common or standard form ( as shown at various other points in this article ) , is attributable to Horace Groves Deming . In 1923 , Deming , an American chemist , published short ( Mendeleev style ) and medium ( 18 - column ) form periodic tables . Merck and Company prepared a handout form of Deming 's 18 - column medium table , in 1928 , which was widely circulated in American schools . By the 1930s Deming 's table was appearing in handbooks and encyclopaedias of chemistry . It was also distributed for many years by the Sargent - Welch Scientific Company . With the development of modern quantum mechanical theories of electron configurations within atoms , it became apparent that each period ( row ) in the table corresponded to the filling of a quantum shell of electrons . Larger atoms have more electron sub-shells , so later tables have required progressively longer periods . Glenn T. Seaborg who , in 1945 , suggested a new periodic table showing the actinides as belonging to a second f - block series In 1945 , Glenn Seaborg , an American scientist , made the suggestion that the actinide elements , like the lanthanides , were filling an f sub-level . Before this time the actinides were thought to be forming a fourth d - block row . Seaborg 's colleagues advised him not to publish such a radical suggestion as it would most likely ruin his career . As Seaborg considered he did not then have a career to bring into disrepute , he published anyway . Seaborg 's suggestion was found to be correct and he subsequently went on to win the 1951 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work in synthesizing actinide elements . Although minute quantities of some transuranic elements occur naturally , they were all first discovered in laboratories . Their production has expanded the periodic table significantly , the first of these being neptunium , synthesized in 1939 . Because many of the transuranic elements are highly unstable and decay quickly , they are challenging to detect and characterize when produced . There have been controversies concerning the acceptance of competing discovery claims for some elements , requiring independent review to determine which party has priority , and hence naming rights . In 2010 , a joint Russia -- US collaboration at Dubna , Moscow Oblast , Russia , claimed to have synthesized six atoms of tennessine ( element 117 ) , making it the most recently claimed discovery . It , along with nihonium ( element 113 ) , moscovium ( element 115 ) , and oganesson ( element 118 ) , are the four most recently named elements , whose names all became official on 28 November 2016 . Different periodic tables The long - or 32 - column table The periodic table in 32 - column format The modern periodic table is sometimes expanded into its long or 32 - column form by reinstating the footnoted f - block elements into their natural position between the s - and d - blocks . Unlike the 18 - column form this arrangement results in `` no interruptions in the sequence of increasing atomic numbers '' . The relationship of the f - block to the other blocks of the periodic table also becomes easier to see . Jensen advocates a form of table with 32 columns on the grounds that the lanthanides and actinides are otherwise relegated in the minds of students as dull , unimportant elements that can be quarantined and ignored . Despite these advantages the 32 - column form is generally avoided by editors on account of its undue rectangular ratio ( compared to a book page ratio ) , and the familiarity of chemists with the modern form ( as introduced by Seaborg ) . Tables with different structures Main article : Alternative periodic tables Within 100 years of the appearance of Mendeleev 's table in 1869 it has been estimated that around 700 different periodic table versions were published . As well as numerous rectangular variations , other periodic table formats have been shaped , for example , like a circle , cube , cylinder , building , spiral , lemniscate , octagonal prism , pyramid , sphere , or triangle . Such alternatives are often developed to highlight or emphasize chemical or physical properties of the elements that are not as apparent in traditional periodic tables . Theodor Benfey 's spiral periodic table A popular alternative structure is that of Theodor Benfey ( 1960 ) . The elements are arranged in a continuous spiral , with hydrogen at the centre and the transition metals , lanthanides , and actinides occupying peninsulas . Most periodic tables are two - dimensional ; however , three - dimensional tables are known to as far back as at least 1862 ( pre-dating Mendeleev 's two - dimensional table of 1869 ) . More recent examples include Courtines ' Periodic Classification ( 1925 ) , Wringley 's Lamina System ( 1949 ) , Giguère 's Periodic helix ( 1965 ) and Dufour 's Periodic Tree ( 1996 ) . Going one further , Stowe 's Physicist 's Periodic Table ( 1989 ) has been described as being four - dimensional ( having three spatial dimensions and one colour dimension ) . The various forms of periodic tables can be thought of as lying on a chemistry -- physics continuum . Towards the chemistry end of the continuum can be found , as an example , Rayner - Canham 's `` unruly '' Inorganic Chemist 's Periodic Table ( 2002 ) , which emphasizes trends and patterns , and unusual chemical relationships and properties . Near the physics end of the continuum is Janet 's Left - Step Periodic Table ( 1928 ) . This has a structure that shows a closer connection to the order of electron - shell filling and , by association , quantum mechanics . A somewhat similar approach has been taken by Alper , albeit criticized by Eric Scerri as disregarding the need to display chemical and physical periodicity . Somewhere in the middle of the continuum is the ubiquitous common or standard form of periodic table . This is regarded as better expressing empirical trends in physical state , electrical and thermal conductivity , and oxidation numbers , and other properties easily inferred from traditional techniques of the chemical laboratory . Its popularity is thought to be a result of this layout having a good balance of features in terms of ease of construction and size , and its depiction of atomic order and periodic trends . ( hide ) Left - step periodic table ( by Charles Janet ) f f f f f f f f f f f f f f d d d d d d d d d d p p p p p p s s 1s He 2s Li Be 2p 3s O Ne Na Mg 3p 4s Al Si Cl Ar Ca 3d 4p 5s Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr 4d 5p 6s Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba 4f 5d 6p 7s La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra 5f 6d 7p 8s Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og 119 120 f - block d - block p - block s - block This form of periodic table is more congruent with the order in which electron shells are ideally filled according to the Madelung rule , as shown in the accompanying sequence in the left margin ( read from top to bottom , left to right ) . In reality , the filling of electron shells is characterized by a number of irregularities . Open questions and controversies Placement of hydrogen and helium Simply following electron configurations , hydrogen ( electronic configuration 1s ) and helium ( 1s ) should be placed in groups 1 and 2 , above lithium ( ( He ) 2s ) and beryllium ( ( He ) 2s ) . However , such placing is rarely used outside of the context of electron configurations : When the noble gases ( then called `` inert gases '' ) were first discovered around 1900 , they were known as `` group 0 '' , reflecting no chemical reactivity of these elements known at that point , and helium was placed on the top that group , as it did share the extreme chemical inertness seen throughout the group . As the group changed its formal number , many authors continued to assign helium directly above neon , in group 18 ; one of the examples of such placing is the current IUPAC table . Hydrogen 's chemical properties are not very close to those of the alkali metals , which occupy group 1 , and on that basis hydrogen is sometimes placed elsewhere : one of the most common alternatives is in group 17 ; one of the factors behind it is the strictly univalent predominantly non-metallic chemistry of hydrogen , and that of fluorine ( the element placed on the top of group 17 ) is strictly univalent and non-metallic . Sometimes , to show how hydrogen has properties both corresponding to those of the alkali metals and the halogens , it may be shown in two columns simultaneously . Another suggestion is above carbon in group 14 : placed that way , it fits well into the trends of increasing ionization potential values and electron affinity values , and is not too far from the electronegativity trend , even though hydrogen can not show the tetravalence characteristic of the heavier group 14 elements . Finally , hydrogen is sometimes placed separately from any group ; this is based on how general properties of hydrogen differ from that of any group . The other period 1 element , helium , is sometimes placed separately from any group as well . The property that distinguishes helium from the rest of the noble gases ( even though the extraordinary inertness of helium is extremely close to that of neon and argon ) is that in its closed electron shell , helium has only two electrons in the outermost electron orbital , while the rest of the noble gases have eight . Group 3 and its elements in periods 6 and 7 Although scandium and yttrium are always the first two elements in group 3 , the identity of the next two elements is not completely settled . They are commonly lanthanum and actinium , and less often lutetium and lawrencium . The two variants originate from historical difficulties in placing the lanthanides in the periodic table , and arguments as to where the f block elements start and end . It has been claimed that such arguments are proof that , `` it is a mistake to break the ( periodic ) system into sharply delimited blocks '' . A third variant shows the two positions below yttrium as being occupied by the lanthanides and the actinides . Chemical and physical arguments have been made in support of lutetium and lawrencium but the majority of authors seem unconvinced . Most working chemists are not aware there is any controversy . In December 2015 an IUPAC project was established to make a recommendation on the matter . Lanthanum and actinium La and Ac below Y Lanthanum and actinium are commonly depicted as the remaining group 3 members . It has been suggested that this layout originated in the 1940s , with the appearance of periodic tables relying on the electron configurations of the elements and the notion of the differentiating electron . The configurations of caesium , barium and lanthanum are ( Xe ) 6s , ( Xe ) 6s and ( Xe ) 5d 6s . Lanthanum thus has a 5d differentiating electron and this establishes `` it in group 3 as the first member of the d - block for period 6 '' . A consistent set of electron configurations is then seen in group 3 : scandium ( Ar ) 3d 4s , yttrium ( Kr ) 4d 5s and lanthanum ( Xe ) 5d 6s . Still in period 6 , ytterbium was assigned an electron configuration of ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s and lutetium ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s , `` resulting in a 4f differentiating electron for lutetium and firmly establishing it as the last member of the f - block for period 6 '' . Later spectroscopic work found that the electron configuration of ytterbium was in fact ( Xe ) 4f 6s . This meant that ytterbium and lutetium -- the latter with ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s -- both had 14 f - electrons , `` resulting in a d - rather than an f - differentiating electron '' for lutetium and making it an `` equally valid candidate '' with ( Xe ) 5d 6s lanthanum , for the group 3 periodic table position below yttrium . Lanthanum , however , has the advantage of incumbency since the 5d electron appears for the first time in its structure whereas it appears for the third time in lutetium , having also made a brief second appearance in gadolinium . In terms of chemical behaviour , and trends going down group 3 for properties such as melting point , electronegativity and ionic radius , scandium , yttrium , lanthanum and actinium are similar to their group 1 -- 2 counterparts . In this variant , the number of f electrons in the most common ( trivalent ) ions of the f - block elements consistently matches their position in the f - block . For example , the f - electron counts for the trivalent ions of the first three f - block elements are Ce 1 , Pr 2 and Nd 3 . Lutetium and lawrencium Lu and Lr below Y In other tables , lutetium and lawrencium are the remaining group 3 members . Early techniques for chemically separating scandium , yttrium and lutetium relied on the fact that these elements occurred together in the so - called `` yttrium group '' whereas La and Ac occurred together in the `` cerium group '' . Accordingly , lutetium rather than lanthanum was assigned to group 3 by some chemists in the 1920s and 30s . Several physicists in the 1950s and 60s favoured lutetium , in light of a comparison of several of its physical properties with those of lanthanum . This arrangement , in which lanthanum is the first member of the f - block , is disputed by some authors since lanthanum lacks any f - electrons . However , it has been argued that this is not valid concern given other periodic table anomalies -- thorium , for example , has no f - electrons yet is part of the f - block . As for lawrencium , its gas phase atomic electron configuration was confirmed in 2015 as ( Rn ) 5f 7s 7p . Such a configuration represents another periodic table anomaly , regardless of whether lawrencium is located in the f - block or the d - block , as the only potentially applicable p - block position has been reserved for nihonium with its predicted configuration of ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s 7p . Chemically , scandium , yttrium and lutetium ( and presumably lawrencium ) behave like trivalent versions of the group 1 -- 2 metals . On the other hand , trends going down the group for properties such as melting point , electronegativity and ionic radius , are similar to those found among their group 4 -- 8 counterparts . In this variant , the number of f electrons in the gaseous forms of the f - block atoms usually matches their position in the f - block . For example , the f - electron counts for the first five f - block elements are La 0 , Ce 1 , Pr 3 , Nd 4 and Pm 5 . Lanthanides and actinides Markers below Y A few authors position all thirty lanthanides and actinides in the two positions below yttrium ( usually via footnote markers ) . This variant emphasizes similarities in the chemistry of the 15 lanthanide elements ( La -- Lu ) , possibly at the expense of ambiguity as to which elements occupy the two group 3 positions below yttrium , and a 15 - column wide f block ( there can only be 14 elements in any row of the f block ) . Groups included in the transition metals The definition of a transition metal , as given by IUPAC , is an element whose atom has an incomplete d sub-shell , or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub-shell . By this definition all of the elements in groups 3 -- 11 are transition metals . The IUPAC definition therefore excludes group 12 , comprising zinc , cadmium and mercury , from the transition metals category . Some chemists treat the categories `` d - block elements '' and `` transition metals '' interchangeably , thereby including groups 3 -- 12 among the transition metals . In this instance the group 12 elements are treated as a special case of transition metal in which the d electrons are not ordinarily involved in chemical bonding . The 2007 report of mercury ( IV ) fluoride ( HgF ) , a compound in which mercury would use its d electrons for bonding , has prompted some commentators to suggest that mercury can be regarded as a transition metal . Other commentators , such as Jensen , have argued that the formation of a compound like HgF can occur only under highly abnormal conditions ; indeed , its existence is currently disputed . As such , mercury could not be regarded as a transition metal by any reasonable interpretation of the ordinary meaning of the term . Still other chemists further exclude the group 3 elements from the definition of a transition metal . They do so on the basis that the group 3 elements do not form any ions having a partially occupied d shell and do not therefore exhibit any properties characteristic of transition metal chemistry . In this case , only groups 4 -- 11 are regarded as transition metals . However , though the group 3 elements show few of the characteristic chemical properties of the transition metals , they do show some of their characteristic physical properties ( on account of the presence in each atom of a single d electron ) . Elements with unknown chemical properties Although all elements up to oganesson have been discovered , of the elements above hassium ( element 108 ) , only copernicium ( element 112 ) , nihonium ( element 113 ) , and flerovium ( element 114 ) have known chemical properties , and only for the copernicium is there enough evidence for a conclusive categorisation at present . The other elements may behave differently from what would be predicted by extrapolation , due to relativistic effects ; for example , flerovium has been predicted to possibly exhibit some noble - gas - like properties , even though it is currently placed in the carbon group . More recent experiments have suggested , however , that flerovium behaves chemically like lead , as expected from its periodic table position . Further periodic table extensions Main article : Extended periodic table Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury ( element ) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson Ununennium Unbinilium Unbiunium Unquadquadium Unquadpentium Unquadhexium Unquadseptium Unquadoctium Unquadennium Unpentnilium Unpentunium Unpentbium Unpenttrium Unpentquadium Unpentpentium Unpenthexium Unpentseptium Unpentoctium Unpentennium Unhexnilium Unhexunium Unhexbium Unhextrium Unhexquadium Unhexpentium Unhexhexium Unhexseptium Unhexoctium Unhexennium Unseptnilium Unseptunium Unseptbium Unbibium Unbitrium Unbiquadium Unbipentium Unbihexium Unbiseptium Unbioctium Unbiennium Untrinilium Untriunium Untribium Untritrium Untriquadium Untripentium Untrihexium Untriseptium Untrioctium Untriennium Unquadnilium Unquadunium Unquadbium Unquadtrium Periodic table with eight rows , extended to element 172 It is unclear whether new elements will continue the pattern of the current periodic table as period 8 , or require further adaptations or adjustments . Seaborg expected the eighth period to follow the previously established pattern exactly , so that it would include a two - element s - block for elements 119 and 120 , a new g - block for the next 18 elements , and 30 additional elements continuing the current f - , d - , and p - blocks , culminating in element 168 , the next noble gas . More recently , physicists such as Pekka Pyykkö have theorized that these additional elements do not follow the Madelung rule , which predicts how electron shells are filled and thus affects the appearance of the present periodic table . There are currently several competing theoretical models for the placement of the elements of atomic number less than or equal to 172 . Element with the highest possible atomic number The number of possible elements is not known . A very early suggestion made by Elliot Adams in 1911 , and based on the arrangement of elements in each horizontal periodic table row , was that elements of atomic weight greater than 256 ± ( which would equate to between elements 99 and 100 in modern - day terms ) did not exist . A higher -- more recent -- estimate is that the periodic table may end soon after the island of stability , which is expected to centre around element 126 , as the extension of the periodic and nuclides tables is restricted by proton and neutron drip lines . Other predictions of an end to the periodic table include at element 128 by John Emsley , at element 137 by Richard Feynman , and at element 155 by Albert Khazan . Bohr model The Bohr model exhibits difficulty for atoms with atomic number greater than 137 , as any element with an atomic number greater than 137 would require 1s electrons to be travelling faster than c , the speed of light . Hence the non-relativistic Bohr model is inaccurate when applied to such an element . Relativistic Dirac equation The relativistic Dirac equation has problems for elements with more than 137 protons . For such elements , the wave function of the Dirac ground state is oscillatory rather than bound , and there is no gap between the positive and negative energy spectra , as in the Klein paradox . More accurate calculations taking into account the effects of the finite size of the nucleus indicate that the binding energy first exceeds the limit for elements with more than 173 protons . For heavier elements , if the innermost orbital ( 1s ) is not filled , the electric field of the nucleus will pull an electron out of the vacuum , resulting in the spontaneous emission of a positron ; however , this does not happen if the innermost orbital is filled , so that element 173 is not necessarily the end of the periodic table . Optimal form The many different forms of periodic table have prompted the question of whether there is an optimal or definitive form of periodic table . The answer to this question is thought to depend on whether the chemical periodicity seen to occur among the elements has an underlying truth , effectively hard - wired into the universe , or if any such periodicity is instead the product of subjective human interpretation , contingent upon the circumstances , beliefs and predilections of human observers . An objective basis for chemical periodicity would settle the questions about the location of hydrogen and helium , and the composition of group 3 . Such an underlying truth , if it exists , is thought to have not yet been discovered . In its absence , the many different forms of periodic table can be regarded as variations on the theme of chemical periodicity , each of which explores and emphasizes different aspects , properties , perspectives and relationships of and among the elements . See also Chemistry portal Book : Periodic table Abundance of the chemical elements Atomic electron configuration table Element collecting List of chemical elements List of periodic table - related articles Names for sets of chemical elements Standard model Table of nuclides The Mystery of Matter : Search for the Elements ( PBS film ) Timeline of chemical element discoveries Notes Jump up ^ The elements discovered initially by synthesis and later in nature are technetium ( Z = 43 ) , promethium ( 61 ) , astatine ( 85 ) , neptunium ( 93 ) , and plutonium ( 94 ) . Jump up ^ An element zero ( i.e. a substance composed purely of neutrons ) , is included in a few alternate presentations , for example , in the Chemical Galaxy . Jump up ^ There is an inconsistency and some irregularities in this convention . Thus , helium is shown in the p - block but is actually an s - block element , and ( for example ) the d - subshell in the d - block is actually filled by the time group 11 is reached , rather than group 12 . Jump up ^ The noble gases , astatine , francium , and all elements heavier than americium were left out as there is no data for them . Jump up ^ While fluorine is the most electronegative of the elements under the Pauling scale , neon is the most electronegative element under other scales , such as the Allen scale . Jump up ^ While Lr is thought to have p rather than d electron in its ground - state electron configuration , and would therefore be expected to be volatile metal capable of forming a + 1 cation in solution , no evidence of either of these properties has been able to be obtained despite experimental attempts to do so . It was originally expected to have ad electron in its electron configuration and this may still be the case for metallic lawrencium , whereas gas phase atomic lawrencium is very likely thought to have ap electron . Jump up ^ An antecedent of Deming 's 18 - column table may be seen in Adams ' 16 - column Periodic Table of 1911 . Adams omits the rare earths and the `` radioactive elements '' ( i.e. the actinides ) from the main body of his table and instead shows them as being `` careted in only to save space '' ( rare earths between Ba and eka - Yt ; radioactive elements between eka - Te and eka - I ) . See : Elliot Q.A. ( 1911 ) . `` A modification of the periodic table '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 33 ( 5 ) : 684 -- 688 ( 687 ) . Jump up ^ A second extra-long periodic table row , to accommodate known and undiscovered elements with an atomic weight greater than bismuth ( thorium , protactinium and uranium , for example ) , had been postulated as far back as 1892 . Most investigators , however , considered that these elements were analogues of the third series transition elements , hafnium , tantalum and tungsten . The existence of a second inner transition series , in the form of the actinides , was not accepted until similarities with the electron structures of the lanthanides had been established . See : van Spronsen , J.W. ( 1969 ) . The periodic system of chemical elements . Amsterdam : Elsevier . p. 315 -- 316 , ISBN 0 - 444 - 40776 - 6 . Jump up ^ See The Internet database of periodic tables for depictions of these kinds of variants . Jump up ^ But for the existence of the lanthanides the composition of group 3 would not have been a source of any special interest , since scandium , yttrium , lanthanum and actinium exhibit the same gradual change in properties as do calcium , strontium , barium and radium in group 2 . Jump up ^ The detachment of the lanthanides from the main body of the periodic table has been attributed to the Czech chemist Bohuslav Brauner who , in 1902 , allocated all of them ( `` Ce etc . '' ) to one position in group 4 , below zirconium . This arrangement was referred to as the `` asteroid hypothesis '' , in analogy to asteroids occupying a single orbit in the solar system . Before this time the lanthanides were generally ( and unsuccessfully ) placed throughout groups I to VIII of the older 8 - column form of periodic table . Although predecessors of Brauner 's 1902 arrangement are recorded from as early as 1895 , he is known to have referred to the `` chemistry of asteroids '' in an 1881 letter to Mendeleev . Other authors assigned all of the lanthanides to either group 3 , groups 3 and 4 , or groups 2 , 3 and 4 . In 1922 Niels Bohr continued the detachment process by locating the lanthanides between the s - and d - blocks . In 1949 Glenn T. Seaborg ( re ) introduced the form of periodic table that is popular today , in which the lanthanides and actinides appear as footnotes . Seaborg first published his table in a classified report dated 1944 . It was published again by him in 1945 in Chemical and Engineering News , and in the years up to 1949 several authors commented on , and generally agreed with , Seaborg 's proposal . In that year he noted that the best method for presenting the actinides seemed to be by positioning them below , and as analogues of , the lanthanides . See : Thyssen P. and Binnemans K. ( 2011 ) . `` Accommodation of the Rare Earths in the Periodic Table : A Historical Analysis '' . In K.A. Gschneider Jr. ( ed ) . Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of the Rare Earths. 41 . Amsterdam : Elsevier , pp. 1 -- 94 ; Seaborg G.T. ( 1994 ) . Origin of the Actinide Concept ' . In K.A. Gschneider Jr. ( ed ) . Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of the Rare Earths. 18 . Amsterdam : Elsevier , pp. 1 -- 27 . Jump up ^ For examples of this table see Atkins et al. ( 2006 ) . Shriver & Atkins Inorganic Chemistry ( 4th ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press Myers et al. ( 2004 ) . Holt Chemistry . Orlando : Holt , Rinehart & Winston Chang R. ( 2000 ) . Essential Chemistry ( 2nd ed . ) . Boston : McGraw - Hill Jump up ^ For examples of the group 3 = Sc - Y - Lu - Lr table see Rayner - Canham G. & Overton T. ( 2013 ) . Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry ( 6th ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman and Company Brown et al. ( 2009 ) . Chemistry : The Central Science ( 11th ed . ) . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey : Pearson Education Moore et al. ( 1978 ) . Chemistry . Tokyo : McGraw - Hill Kogakusha Jump up ^ The phenomenon of different separation groups is caused by increasing basicity with increasing radius , and does not constitute a fundamental reason to show Lu , rather than La , below Y . Thus , among the Group 2 alkaline earth metals , Mg ( less basic ) belongs in the `` soluble group '' and Ca , Sr and Ba ( more basic ) occur in the `` ammonium carbonate group '' . Nevertheless , Mg , Ca , Sr and Ba are routinely collocated in Group 2 of the periodic table . See : Moeller et al. ( 1989 ) . Chemistry with Inorganic Qualitative Analysis ( 3rd ed . ) . SanDiego : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich , pp. 955 -- 956 , 958 . Jump up ^ Even if metallic lawrencium has a p electron , simple modelling studies suggest it will behave like a lanthanide , ( as do the rest of the late actinides ) . Jump up ^ For examples of the group 3 = Ln and An table see Housecroft C.E. & Sharpe A.G. ( 2008 ) . Inorganic Chemistry ( 3rd ed . ) . Harlow : Pearson Education Halliday et al. ( 2005 ) . Fundamentals of Physics ( 7th ed . ) . Hoboken , NewJersey : John Wiley & Sons Nebergall et . al. ( 1980 ) . General Chemistry ( 6th ed . ) . Lexington : D.C. Heath and Company Jump up ^ Karol ( 2002 , p. 63 ) contends that gravitational effects would become significant when atomic numbers become astronomically large , thereby overcoming other super-massive nuclei instability phenomena , and that neutron stars ( with atomic numbers on the order of 10 ) can arguably be regarded as representing the heaviest known elements in the universe . See : Karol P.J. ( 2002 ) . `` The Mendeleev -- Seaborg periodic table : Through Z = 1138 and beyond '' . Journal of Chemical Education 79 ( 1 ) : 60 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Scerri , one of the foremost authorities on the history of the periodic table , favoured the concept of an optimal form of periodic table but has recently changed his mind and now supports the value of a plurality of periodic tables . References Jump up ^ `` Chemistry : Four elements added to periodic table '' . BBC News . 4 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ St. Fleur , Nicholas ( 1 December 2016 ) . `` Four New Names Officially Added to the Periodic Table of Elements '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on 14 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Emsley , J. ( 2011 ) . Nature 's Building Blocks : An A-Z Guide to the Elements ( New ed . ) . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 960563 - 7 . Jump up ^ Greenwood & Earnshaw , pp. 24 -- 27 Jump up ^ Gray , p. 6 Jump up ^ CNN , Ashley Strickland . `` New elements on the periodic table are named '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery and assignment of elements with atomic numbers 113 , 115 , 117 and 118 '' . International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry . 30 December 2015 . Archived from the original on 13 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hello , Nihonium . Scientists Name 4 New Elements On The Periodic Table '' . NPR.org . Archived from the original on 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . 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( 2011 ) . Gschneidner Jr. , K.A. ; Bünzli , J-C. G ; Vecharsky , Bünzli , eds . Accommodation of the Rare Earths in the Periodic Table : A Historical Analysis . Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths. 41 . Amsterdam : Elsevier . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 53590 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Scerri 2007 , p. 20 Jump up ^ `` Weird Words of Science : Lemniscate Elemental Landscapes '' . Fields of Science . fieldofscience.com. 22 March 2009 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Emsely , J. ; Sharp , R. ( 21 June 2010 ) . `` The periodic table : Top of the charts '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Seaborg , G. ( 1964 ) . `` Plutonium : The Ornery Element '' . Chemistry . 37 ( 6 ) : 14 . Jump up ^ Mark R. Leach. `` 1925 Courtines ' Periodic Classification '' . Archived from the original on 16 May 2016 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Mark R. Leach. `` 1949 Wringley 's Lamina System '' . 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( 2008 ) . `` The role of triads in the evolution of the periodic table : Past and present '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 85 ( 4 ) : 585 -- 89 ( see p. 589 ) . Bibcode : 2008JChEd ... 85 ... 585S . doi : 10.1021 / ed085p585 . Jump up ^ Alper , R. ( 2010 ) . `` The simplified periodic table : elements ordered by their subshells '' . The Journal of Biological Physics and Chemistry . 10 ( 2 ) : 74 -- 80 . doi : 10.4024 / 43AL09F. jbpc. 10.02 . ^ Jump up to : Scerri , E. ( 2012 ) . `` Some comments on the recently proposed periodic table featuring elements ordered by their subshells '' . Journal of Biological Physics and Chemistry . 12 ( 2 ) : 69 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Bent , H.A. ; Weinhold , F. ( 2007 ) . `` Supporting information : News from the periodic table : An introduction to `` Periodicity symbols , tables , and models for higher - order valency and donor -- acceptor kinships '' `` . Journal of Chemical Education . 84 ( 7 ) : 3 -- 4 . doi : 10.1021 / ed084p1145 . Jump up ^ Francl , M. ( May 2009 ) . `` Table manners '' ( PDF ) . Nature Chemistry . 1 ( 2 ) : 97 -- 98 . Bibcode : 2009NatCh ... 1 ... 97F . doi : 10.1038 / nchem. 183 . PMID 21378810 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ IUPAC ( 1 May 2013 ) . `` IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements '' ( PDF ) . iupac.org . IUPAC . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 22 August 2015 . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Seaborg , G. ( 1945 ) . `` The chemical and radioactive properties of the heavy elements '' . Chemical English Newspaper. 23 ( 23 ) : 2190 -- 2193 . Jump up ^ Cronyn , M.W. ( August 2003 ) . `` The Proper Place for Hydrogen in the Periodic Table '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 80 ( 8 ) : 947 -- 951 . Bibcode : 2003JChEd ... 80 ... 947C . doi : 10.1021 / ed080p947 . Jump up ^ Greenwood & Earnshaw , throughout the book Jump up ^ Lewars , Errol G. ( 5 December 2008 ) . Modeling Marvels : Computational Anticipation of Novel Molecules . Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 69 -- 71 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 6973 - 4 . Archived from the original on 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Thyssen , P. ; Binnemans , K. ( 2011 ) . Gschneidner Jr. , K.A. ; Bünzli , J-C. G ; Vecharsky , Bünzli , eds . Accommodation of the Rare Earths in the Periodic Table : A Historical Analysis . Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths. 41 . Amsterdam : Elsevier . pp. 1 -- 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 53590 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hevesy , G. ( 1929 ) . Redkie zemeli s tochki zreniya stroeniya atoma ( Rare earths from the point of view of structure of atom ) ( cited in Trifonov 1970 , p. 188 ) ( in Russian ) . Leningrad : NKhTI . Jump up ^ Stewart , P.J. ( 2008 ) . `` The Flyleaf Table : An Alternative '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 85 ( 11 ) : 1490 . Bibcode : 2008JChEd ... 85.1490 S . doi : 10.1021 / ed085p1490 . Jump up ^ Thyssen , P. ; Binnemanns , K. ( 2011 ) . `` 1 : Accommodation of the rare earths in the periodic table : A historical analysis '' . In Gschneidner Jr. , K.A. ; Büzli , J-C. J. ; Pecharsky , V.K. Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths. 41 . Amsterdam : Elsevier . pp. 80 -- 81 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 53590 - 0 . Jump up ^ Keeler , J. ; Wothers , P. ( 2014 ) . Chemical Structure and Reactivity : An Integrated Approach . Oxford : Oxford University . p. 259 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 960413 - 5 . Jump up ^ Scerri , E. ( 2012 ) . `` Mendeleev 's Periodic Table Is Finally Completed and What To Do about Group 3 ? '' . Chemistry International . 34 ( 4 ) . Archived from the original on 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Castelvecchi , D. ( 8 April 2015 ) . `` Exotic atom struggles to find its place in the periodic table '' . Nature News . Archived from the original on 5 October 2015 . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The constitution of group 3 of the periodic table '' . IUPAC. 2015 . Archived from the original on 5 July 2016 . Retrieved 30 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Emsley , J. ( 2011 ) . Nature 's Building Blocks ( new ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University . p. 651 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 960563 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : William B. Jensen ( 1982 ) . `` The Positions of Lanthanum ( Actinium ) and Lutetium ( Lawrencium ) in the Periodic Table '' . J. Chem. Educ. 59 ( 8 ) : 634 -- 636 . Bibcode : 1982JChEd ... 59 ... 634J . doi : 10.1021 / ed059p634 . Jump up ^ Trifonov , D.N. ( 1970 ) . Rare - earth elements and their position in the periodic system ( translated from Russian ) . New Delhi : Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre . pp. 201 -- 202 . Jump up ^ Greenwood , N.N. ; Harrington , T.J. ( 1973 ) . The chemistry of the transition elements . Oxford : Clarendon Press . p. 50 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 855435 - 4 . Jump up ^ Aylward , G. ; Findlay , T. ( 2008 ) . SI chemical data ( 6th ed . ) . Milton , Queensland : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 81638 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wiberg , N. ( 2001 ) . Inorganic Chemistry . San Diego : Academic Press . p. 119 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 352651 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wulfsberg , G. ( 2006 ) . `` Periodic table : Trends in the properties of the elements '' . Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry . New York : John Wiley & Sons . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 86210 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Cotton , S. ( 2007 ) . Lanthanide and Actinide Chemistry . Chichester : John Wiley & Sons . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 01006 - 8 . Jump up ^ Scerri , E. ( 2015 ) . `` Five ideas in chemical education that must die -- part five '' . educationinchemistryblog . Royal Society of Chemistry . Archived from the original on 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . It is high time that the idea of group 3 consisting of Sc , Y , La and Ac is abandoned Jump up ^ Jensen , W.B. ( 2015 ) . `` Some Comments on the Position of Lawrencium in the Periodic Table '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 20 Sep 2015 . Jump up ^ Xu , W-H. ; Pyykkö , P. ( 2016 ) . `` Is the chemistry of lawrencium peculiar ? '' . Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 18 ( 26 ) : 17351 -- 17355 . Bibcode : 2016PCCP ... 1817351X . doi : 10.1039 / C6CP02706G . Jump up ^ King , R.B. ( 1995 ) . Inorganic Chemistry of Main Group Elements . New York : Wiley - VCH . p. 289 . ISBN 1 - 56081 - 679 - 1 . Jump up ^ IUPAC , Compendium of Chemical Terminology , 2nd ed. ( the `` Gold Book '' ) ( 1997 ) . Online corrected version : ( 2006 -- ) `` transition element '' . Jump up ^ Xuefang , W. ; Andrews , L. ; Riedel , S. ; Kaupp , M. ( 2007 ) . `` Mercury Is a Transition Metal : The First Experimental Evidence for HgF '' . Angew . Chem. Int . Ed . 46 ( 44 ) : 8371 -- 8375 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 200703710 . PMID 17899620 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , W.B. ( 2008 ) . `` Is Mercury Now a Transition Element ? '' . J. Chem. Educ. 85 ( 9 ) : 1182 -- 1183 . Bibcode : 2008JChEd ... 85.1182 J . doi : 10.1021 / ed085p1182 . Jump up ^ Rayner - Canham , G. ; Overton , T. Descriptive inorganic chemistry ( 4th ed . ) . New York : WH Freeman . pp. 484 -- 485 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 8963 - 9 . Jump up ^ Schändel , M. ( 2003 ) . The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements . Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers . p. 277 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 1250 - 0 . Jump up ^ Scerri 2011 , pp. 142 -- 143 Jump up ^ Fricke , B. ; Greiner , W. ; Waber , J.T. ( 1971 ) . `` The continuation of the periodic table up to Z = 172 . The chemistry of superheavy elements '' . Theoretica chimica acta . Springer - Verlag. 21 ( 3 ) : 235 -- 260 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01172015 . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Frazier , K. ( 1978 ) . `` Superheavy Elements '' . Science News . 113 ( 15 ) : 236 -- 238 . doi : 10.2307 / 3963006 . JSTOR 3963006 . Jump up ^ Pyykkö , P. ( 2011 ) . `` A suggested periodic table up to Z ≤ 172 , based on Dirac -- Fock calculations on atoms and ions '' . Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 13 ( 1 ) : 161 -- 168 . Bibcode : 2011PCCP ... 13 ... 161P . doi : 10.1039 / c0cp01575j . PMID 20967377 . Jump up ^ Elliot , Q.A. ( 1911 ) . `` A modification of the periodic table '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 33 ( 5 ) : 684 -- 688 ( 688 ) . doi : 10.1021 / ja02218a004 . Jump up ^ Seaborg , G. ( c. 2006 ) . `` transuranium element ( chemical element ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 30 November 2010 . Retrieved 16 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Cwiok , S. ; Heenen , P. - H. ; Nazarewicz , W. ( 2005 ) . `` Shape coexistence and triaxiality in the superheavy nuclei '' . Nature . 433 ( 7027 ) : 705 -- 9 . Bibcode : 2005Natur. 433 ... 705C . doi : 10.1038 / nature03336 . PMID 15716943 . ^ Jump up to : Ball , P. ( November 2010 ) . `` Would Element 137 Really Spell the End of the Periodic Table ? Philip Ball Examines the Evidence '' . Chemistry World . Royal Society of Chemistry . Archived from the original on 21 October 2012 . Retrieved 30 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Eisberg , R. ; Resnick , R. ( 1985 ) . Quantum Physics of Atoms , Molecules , Solids , Nuclei and Particles . Wiley . Jump up ^ Bjorken , J.D. ; Drell , S.D. ( 1964 ) . Relativistic Quantum Mechanics . McGraw - Hill . Jump up ^ Greiner , W. ; Schramm , S. ( 2008 ) . `` American Journal of Physics '' . 76 : 509 . , and references therein . Jump up ^ Sella , Andrea ( 7 August 2013 ) . `` An elementary history lesson '' . New Scientist ( 2929 ) . Archived from the original on 3 July 2016 . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Scerri , Eric ( 9 August 2013 ) . `` Is there an optimal periodic table and other bigger questions in the philosophy of science '' . ericscerri23.blogspot.com.au . Eric Scerri . Archived from the original on 13 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . Bibliography Ball , P. ( 2002 ) . The Ingredients : A Guided Tour of the Elements . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 284100 - 9 . Chang , R. ( 2002 ) . Chemistry ( 7th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill Higher Education . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 284100 - 1 . Gray , T. ( 2009 ) . The Elements : A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe . New York : Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57912 - 814 - 2 . Greenwood , N.N. ; Earnshaw , A. ( 1984 ) . Chemistry of the Elements . Oxford : Pergamon Press . ISBN 0 - 08 - 022057 - 6 . Huheey , J.E. ; Keiter , E.A. ; Keiter , R.L. Principles of structure and reactivity ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Harper Collins College Publishers . ISBN 0 - 06 - 042995 - X . Moore , J.T. ( 2003 ) . Chemistry For Dummies . For Dummies ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Wiley Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7645 - 5430 - 8 . Scerri , E. ( 2007 ) . The periodic table : Its story and its significance . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 530573 - 6 . Scerri , E. ( 2011 ) . The periodic table : A very short introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 958249 - 5 . Venable , F.P. ( 1896 ) . The Development of the Periodic Law . Easton , Pennsylvania : Chemical Publishing Company . External links Find more aboutPeriodic tableat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity IUPAC . `` Periodic Table of the Elements '' . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Note : There is no IUPAC ruling on the composition of Group 3 . M. Dayah . `` Dynamic Periodic Table '' . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . Brady Haran . `` The Periodic Table of Videos '' . University of Nottingham . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . Mark Winter . `` WebElements : the periodic table on the web '' . University of Sheffield . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . Mark R. Leach . `` The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables '' . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . ( hide ) Periodic table ( Large cells ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 He Li Be O Ne Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe 6 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 7 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - transition metal Metalloid Polyatomic nonmetal Diatomic nonmetal Noble gas Unknown chemical properties Periodic table Periodic table forms Standard 18 - column 18 - column , large cells 32 - column , large cells Alternative Alternatives Chemical Galaxy Janet 's left step table Extended Extension beyond the 7th period Fricke model large cells Pyykkö model Sets of elements By periodic table structure Groups 1 ( Alkali metals ) 2 ( Alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( Pnictogens ) 16 ( Chalcogens ) 17 ( Halogens ) 18 ( Noble gases ) Periods 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks s - block p - block d - block f - block g - block Aufbau principle By metallicity Metals Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanides Actinides Superactinides Eka - superactinides Transition metals Post-transition metals Metalloids Lists of metalloids by source Dividing line Nonmetals Polyatomic nonmetals Diatomic nonmetals Noble gases Other sets Nutritional elements Platinum - group metals ( PGM ) Rare - earth elements Refractory metals Precious metals Coinage metals Noble metal Heavy metals Native metals Transuranium elements Transactinide elements Major actinides Minor actinides Elements Lists By : Abundance ( in humans ) Atomic properties Nuclear stability Production Symbol Properties Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Allen Pauling Goldschmidt classification Maximum valence Data pages Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion coefficient Vapor pressure History Element discoveries Mendeleev 's predictions Naming Etymology controversies places scientists in East Asia See also IUPAC nomenclature systematic element name Trivial name Dmitri Mendeleev Book Category Chemistry Portal Branches of chemistry Dictionary of chemical formulas List of biomolecules List of inorganic compounds Periodic table Physical Chemical kinetics Chemical physics Nuclear chemistry Electrochemistry Femtochemistry Geochemistry Photochemistry Quantum chemistry Solid - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is another name for groups in the periodic table | [
"A group or family is a vertical column in the periodic table. Groups usually have more significant periodic trends than periods and blocks, explained below. Modern quantum mechanical theories of atomic structure explain group trends by proposing that elements within the same group generally have the same electron configurations in their valence shell.[11] Consequently, elements in the same group tend to have a shared chemistry and exhibit a clear trend in properties with increasing atomic number.[12] However, in some parts of the periodic table, such as the d-block and the f-block, horizontal similarities can be as important as, or more pronounced than, vertical similarities.[13][14][15]"
] | [
"family"
] |
-6201569529469069772 | Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev | Devon Ke Dev ... Mahadev - Wikipedia Devon Ke Dev ... Mahadev Jump to : navigation , search Devon Ke Dev - Mahadev . Also known as Mahadev Devon Ke Dev ... Mahadev - Rudra Bhi Aur Bhole Bhi Genre Mythological Drama Spiritual Drama Created by Life OK Written by C.L. Saini , Brij Mohan Pandey , Koel Chaudhary , Mihir Bhuta , Dr. Bodhisattva , Aas Mohammad Abbasi , Bhavna Vyas , Manoj Tripathi , Utkarsh Naithani and Subrat Sinha Directed by Nikhil Sinha Ismail Umarr Khan , Manish Singh Govind Agrawal Satish Bhargav Creative director ( s ) Aniruddh Pathak , Nitin Shukla , Animesh Verma , Hiten Ganatra , Prangshu P Ghosh Starring See below Opening theme Shiv Shiv ( Otherwise known as Devon Ke Dev ... Mahadev Title Song . ) Composer ( s ) Sandeep Mukherjee Karthik Sunny Bawra Inder Bawra Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of seasons 36 No. of episodes 820 Production Producer ( s ) Co Producer Nikhil Sinha ( Triangle Film Company ) Creative Producer Anirudh Pathak Cinematography Deepak Garg Amit Malvia Camera setup Multi-camera Running time approx. 20 minutes ( mahaepisode 45 min approx ) Release Original network Life OK Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital Original release 18 December 2011 -- 14 December 2014 External links Official website www.hotstar.com # ! / devon - ke - dev -- -- mahadev - 12 - s Devon Ke Dev ... Mahadev ( English : Lord of the Lords ... Mahadev ) is a drama series based on the legends of God Lord Shiva , also known as Mahadev . It premiered on 18 December 2011 airing Monday through Friday nights on Life OK . It was dubbed into several languages . The show ran until 14 December 2014 for a total of 820 episodes in 36 Chapters ( seasons ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 Production and distribution 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) Actor Character Mohit Raina Shiva / Mahadev / Mahakala / Nataraja / Nilakantha Jalandhara Jatta Virabhadra Kal Bhairav Ardhanarishvara Chandrashekar Dattatreya Lohitang ( elder ) Yaksha Kiraat / Vyadh Aadi Yogi Aghora / Martand ( Khandoba ) Nat Bhairav Acharya Mahatapa Vrishabh Loknath Bhoothnath Pashupatinath Shambhu Vaidhyanath Har - Narayan / Harihara Bhola Sonarika Bhadoria / Pooja Bose / Suhasi Goradia Dhami Parvati / Adi Parashakti / Adi Shakti / Durga Matsya Kanya Ashta - Matrikas Navadurga Kali / Mahakali Dasha - Mahavidyas Ardhanarishvara Kaalratri Bhramari Devi Bheelni Gayatri Devi Goddess Bhairavi Mahalasa Mouni Roy Sati Adi Parashakti / Adi Shakti / Durga Saurabh Raj Jain Lord Vishnu / Narayana Lord Krishna Dattatreya Guru Pratyaya Har - Narayan / Harihara Nara - Narayana Vikramjeet Virk Banasur Falaq Naaz / Ragini Dubey Goddess Lakshmi Haripriya Rukmini Radha Krishna Dutt Lord Brahma Dattatreya Via Roy Choudhury / Salina Prakash Saraswati Rushiraj Pawar Senapati Kartikeya / Murugan Tanya Sharma Devasena Ahsaas Channa Ashokasundari Ashnoor Kaur Young Ashokasundari Lavanya Bhardwaj Nahusha Shailesh Dattar Narad Muni Sadhil Kapoor Ganesha / Vinayak ( younger ) Alpesh Dhakan / Ehsaan Bhatia Ganesha / Vinayak Aarya Vora Siddhi Amrita Singh Buddhi Kumar Hedge Nandi Priyanka Thakare Suyasha ( Nandi 's wife ) Hemant Choudhary Prajapati Vishwaroop Jiten Lalwani / Vikram Aditya Lord Indra Shivangi Sharma Indrani Manish Bishla Surya Vicky Batra Chandra Deepika Upadhyay / Sangeeta Khanayat Goddess Ganga Godavari Banai Anjali Abrol Meenakshi Mohit Sharma Vasuki Piyush Sahdev Rama Rubina Dilaik Sita Kunal Verma Lakshman Garima Jain Urmila Vishal Kotian Hanuman Vineett Kumar Bharat Harshad Arora Shatrughna Ulka Gupta Devi Kanya Kumari Arbaaz Ali Khan Balarama Reem Sheikh ( Younger ) Manasa Vishesh Bansal Tripati Kratika Sengar Manasa Manoj Kolhatkar Sage Dadhichi Rajeev Bharadwaj Sage Kashyap Romanch Mehta Sage Atri Jayant Rawal Maharishi Halahal Jeetendra Trehan Sage Markandeya Shailesh Dattar Sage Narada Darshan Kumar Sage Shukracharya Raman Khatri Sage Atharvan Atul Singh Sage Pulaha Sushil Parashar Sage Pitamber Mohit Dagri ( younger ) Lohitang Raj Premi Demon Tarakasur Rahul Dev Demon Arunasur Chetan Hansraj Nighas Deepak Jethi Mahishasura Manav Gohil Andhaka Tej Sapru Shankhachudha Ankur Nayyar Krauncha Giri Ibrar Yakub Tuhund Tushar Jha ( younger ) Jalandhara Arun Bali Vajranaka ( Tarakasur 's father ) Akhilendra Mishra King Mahabali Sanjay Swaraj Bhasmasur Manish Wadhwa / Tarun Khanna Ravan Sudesh Berry Malla - Manika Abhaas Mehta Adi Rakshanda Khan Madanike Anupam Bhattacharya Ripunjay / Devodas Ojaswi Oberoi / Parakh Madan Mohini Ritu Chauhan Devi Rati Pankaj Dheer King Himavan Mugdha Shah / Shilpa Tulaskar Queen Mainavati Khyati Khandke Keswani Kritika Surendra Pal Prajapati Daksha Shalini Kapoor Sagar Queen Prasuti Rishina Kandhari / Riyanka Chanda Princess Khyati Priyanka Panchal Princess Aditi Charu Asopa / Kanishka Soni Princess Revati Surbhi Shukla Princess Rohini Manini Mishra Princess Vijaya Annapurna Vitthal Bhairi Shanta Suhasini Mulay Parvati 's grandmother Deepraj Rana Parshuram Amrapali Gupta Matsyakanya Prabhat Bhattacharya King Aayu Neha Kaul Indumathi Rishi Khuranna Nahusha Jaya Bhattacharya Diti Anand Goradia Pushpadanta Dolly Sohi Mahalasa 's mother Shilpa Shinde Mahananda Vivek Mishra Yella koti Pankaj Berry Raja Durdum Mitika Sharma Queen Sunaina Mohit Chauhan King Janaka Mihir Mishra King Dashratha Gauri Singh Queen Kaushalya Anushka Singh Queen Sumitra Manasi Vyas Queen Kaikeyi Tapeshwari Sharma Usha / Behula Aarti Singh Baani Bhavna Khatri Chitralekha Daya Shankar Pandey Lakulish Tushar Dalvi Chandradhar Malhar Pandya Aniruddha / Lakhsmichandra Parul Chaudhary Sanaka Deepali Pansare Tulsi Rajendra Chawla Acharya Gyanmurti Gungun Uprari Maharani Neha Marda Vrinda Chestha Mehta Prithvi Production and distribution ( edit ) Ritoo Jenjani has done the prosthetic makeup for the presentation of Kali . The show has been dubbed in Bengali , Tamil , Malayalam , Oriya , Telugu , Assamese , Marathi , and Indonesian with titles Devadidev Mahadev , Shivam , Kailasanathan , Mahadev , Hara Hara Mahadeva , Mahadev , Devanche Dev Mahadev , and Mahadewa respectively . In Indonesia , the drama was broadcast on antv . It was remade in Kannada as HaraHara Mahadeva The official DVD version of the series Season 1 up to Shiv Parvati wedding is available . In Telugu , due to reception it being re-telecast at third time in star maagold and star maa respectively . Reception ( edit ) The episode of 9 September 2012 , featuring Kali killing the demon Raktabija rated the shows highest TRP with an 8.2 TVR . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bhopatkar , Tejashree ( 29 Oct 2012 ) . `` Sanjay Swaraj and Ojaswi Oberoi in Devon Ke Dev ... Mahadev '' . Times of India . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Debarati S Sen ( 2 November 2012 ) . `` Ritoo Jenjani creates a Goddess '' . Times of India . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mahadev tops TRP charts with a new record of 8.2 TVR '' . Times of India . 21 September 2012 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . External links ( edit ) Official Website on hotstar Devon Ke Dev Mahadev on IMDb ( hide ) Programs currently broadcast by Life OK Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devon_Ke_Dev...Mahadev&oldid=818315180 '' Categories : 2011 Indian television series debuts Indian mythological television series Hinduism in popular culture Life OK television series Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2012 Use Indian English from June 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Articles prone to spam from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം Русский සිංහල தமிழ் ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 21 : 22 . About Wikipedia | who played the role of nandi in mahadev | [
"\n\nActor\nCharacter\n\n\nMohit Raina\nShiva / Mahadev / Mahakala / Nataraja / Nilakantha\n\n\nJalandhara\n\n\nJatta\n\n\nVirabhadra\n\n\nKal Bhairav\n\n\nArdhanarishvara\n\n\nChandrashekar\n\n\nDattatreya\n\n\nLohitang(elder)\n\n\nYaksha\n\n\nKiraat/ Vyadh\n\n\nAadi Yogi\n\n\nAghora/Martand (Khandoba)\n\n\nNat Bhairav\n\n\nAcharya Mahatapa\n\n\nVrishabh\n\n\nLoknath\n\n\nBhoothnath\n\n\nPashupatinath\n\n\nShambhu\n\n\nVaidhyanath\n\n\nHar-Narayan/Harihara\n\n\nBhola\n\n\nSonarika Bhadoria / Pooja Bose /\nSuhasi Goradia Dhami\n\n\n\nParvati/Adi Parashakti / Adi Shakti / Durga\n\n\nMatsya Kanya\n\n\nAshta-Matrikas\n\n\nNavadurga\n\n\nKali / Mahakali\n\n\nDasha-Mahavidyas\n\n\nArdhanarishvara\n\n\nKaalratri\n\n\nBhramari Devi\n\n\nBheelni\n\n\nGayatri Devi\n\n\nGoddess Bhairavi\n\n\nMahalasa\n\n\nMouni Roy\nSati\n\n\nAdi Parashakti / Adi Shakti / Durga\n\n\nSaurabh Raj Jain\nLord Vishnu / Narayana\n\n\nLord Krishna\n\n\nDattatreya\n\n\nGuru Pratyaya\n\n\nHar-Narayan/Harihara\n\n\nNara-Narayana\n\n\nVikramjeet Virk\nBanasur\n\n\nFalaq Naaz / Ragini Dubey\nGoddess Lakshmi\n\n\nHaripriya\n\n\nRukmini\n\n\nRadha Krishna Dutt\nLord Brahma\n\n\nDattatreya\n\n\nVia Roy Choudhury / Salina Prakash\nSaraswati\n\n\nRushiraj Pawar\nSenapati Kartikeya/ Murugan\n\n\nTanya Sharma\nDevasena\n\n\nAhsaas Channa\nAshokasundari\n\n\nAshnoor Kaur\nYoung Ashokasundari\n\n\nLavanya Bhardwaj\nNahusha\n\n\nShailesh Dattar\nNarad Muni\n\n\nSadhil Kapoor\nGanesha / Vinayak (younger)\n\n\nAlpesh Dhakan / Ehsaan Bhatia\nGanesha / Vinayak\n\n\nAarya Vora\nSiddhi\n\n\nAmrita Singh\nBuddhi\n\n\nKumar Hedge\nNandi\n\n\nPriyanka Thakare\nSuyasha [ Nandi's wife]\n\n\nHemant Choudhary\nPrajapati Vishwaroop\n\n\nJiten Lalwani / Vikram Aditya\nLord Indra\n\n\nShivangi Sharma\nIndrani\n\n\nManish Bishla\nSurya\n\n\nVicky Batra\nChandra\n\n\nDeepika Upadhyay / Sangeeta Khanayat\nGoddess Ganga\n\n\nGodavari\n\n\nBanai\n\n\nAnjali Abrol\nMeenakshi\n\n\nMohit Sharma\nVasuki\n\n\nPiyush Sahdev\nRama\n\n\nRubina Dilaik\nSita\n\n\nKunal Verma\nLakshman\n\n\nGarima Jain\nUrmila\n\n\nVishal Kotian\nHanuman\n\n\nVineett Kumar\nBharat\n\n\nHarshad Arora\nShatrughna\n\n\nUlka Gupta\nDevi Kanya Kumari\n\n\nArbaaz Ali Khan\nBalarama\n\n\nReem Sheikh\n(Younger) Manasa\n\n\nVishesh Bansal\nTripati\n\n\nKratika Sengar\nManasa\n\n\nManoj Kolhatkar\nSage Dadhichi\n\n\nRajeev Bharadwaj\nSage Kashyap\n\n\nRomanch Mehta\nSage Atri\n\n\nJayant Rawal\nMaharishi Halahal\n\n\nJeetendra Trehan\nSage Markandeya\n\n\nShailesh Dattar\nSage Narada\n\n\nDarshan Kumar\nSage Shukracharya\n\n\nRaman Khatri\nSage Atharvan\n\n\nAtul Singh\nSage Pulaha\n\n\nSushil Parashar\nSage Pitamber\n\n\nMohit Dagri\n(younger) Lohitang\n\n\nRaj Premi\nDemon Tarakasur\n\n\nRahul Dev\nDemon Arunasur\n\n\nChetan Hansraj\nNighas\n\n\nDeepak Jethi\nMahishasura\n\n\nManav Gohil\nAndhaka\n\n\nTej Sapru\nShankhachudha\n\n\nAnkur Nayyar\nKrauncha Giri\n\n\nIbrar Yakub\nTuhund\n\n\nTushar Jha\n(younger)Jalandhara\n\n\nArun Bali\nVajranaka (Tarakasur's father)\n\n\nAkhilendra Mishra\nKing Mahabali\n\n\nSanjay Swaraj\nBhasmasur\n\n\nManish Wadhwa / Tarun Khanna\nRavan\n\n\nSudesh Berry\nMalla-Manika\n\n\nAbhaas Mehta\nAdi\n\n\nRakshanda Khan\nMadanike\n\n\nAnupam Bhattacharya\nRipunjay / Devodas\n\n\nOjaswi Oberoi / Parakh Madan[1]\nMohini\n\n\nRitu Chauhan\nDevi Rati\n\n\nPankaj Dheer\nKing Himavan\n\n\nMugdha Shah / Shilpa Tulaskar\nQueen Mainavati\n\n\nKhyati Khandke Keswani\nKritika\n\n\nSurendra Pal\nPrajapati Daksha\n\n\nShalini Kapoor Sagar\nQueen Prasuti\n\n\nRishina Kandhari / Riyanka Chanda\nPrincess Khyati\n\n\nPriyanka Panchal\nPrincess Aditi\n\n\nCharu Asopa / Kanishka Soni\nPrincess Revati\n\n\nSurbhi Shukla\nPrincess Rohini\n\n\nManini Mishra\nPrincess Vijaya\n\n\nAnnapurna Vitthal Bhairi\nShanta\n\n\nSuhasini Mulay\nParvati's grandmother\n\n\nDeepraj Rana\nParshuram\n\n\nAmrapali Gupta\nMatsyakanya\n\n\nPrabhat Bhattacharya\nKing Aayu\n\n\nNeha Kaul\nIndumathi\n\n\nRishi Khuranna\nNahusha\n\n\nJaya Bhattacharya\nDiti\n\n\nAnand Goradia\nPushpadanta\n\n\nDolly Sohi\nMahalasa's mother\n\n\nShilpa Shinde\nMahananda\n\n\nVivek Mishra\nYella koti\n\n\nPankaj Berry\nRaja Durdum\n\n\nMitika Sharma\nQueen Sunaina\n\n\nMohit Chauhan\nKing Janaka\n\n\nMihir Mishra\nKing Dashratha\n\n\nGauri Singh\nQueen Kaushalya\n\n\nAnushka Singh\nQueen Sumitra\n\n\nManasi Vyas\nQueen Kaikeyi\n\n\nTapeshwari Sharma\nUsha / Behula\n\n\nAarti Singh\nBaani\n\n\nBhavna Khatri\nChitralekha\n\n\nDaya Shankar Pandey\nLakulish\n\n\nTushar Dalvi\nChandradhar\n\n\nMalhar Pandya\nAniruddha/Lakhsmichandra\n\n\nParul Chaudhary\nSanaka\n\n\nDeepali Pansare\nTulsi\n\n\nRajendra Chawla\nAcharya Gyanmurti\n\n\nGungun Uprari\nMaharani\n\n\nNeha Marda\nVrinda\n\n\nChestha Mehta\nPrithvi\n\n"
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"Kumar Hedge"
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-8491316009795725774 | Appalachian Spring | Appalachian Spring - wikipedia Appalachian Spring This is the current revision of this page , as edited by Snood1205 ( talk contribs ) at 16 : 32 , 19 July 2017 ( Reverted 1 edit by 173.72. 130.235 identified as test / vandalism using STiki ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 16 : 32 , 19 July 2017 by Snood1205 ( talk contribs ) ( Reverted 1 edit by 173.72. 130.235 identified as test / vandalism using STiki ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Appalachian Spring is a composition by Aaron Copland that premiered in 1944 and has achieved widespread and enduring popularity as an orchestral suite . The ballet , scored for a thirteen - member chamber orchestra , was created upon commission of choreographer and dancer Martha Graham with funds from the Coolidge Foundation . It premiered on Monday , 30 October 1944 at the Library of Congress in Washington DC , with Martha Graham dancing the lead role . The set was designed by the American sculptor Isamu Noguchi . Copland was awarded the 1945 Pulitzer Prize for Music for his achievement . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition process 2 Ballet storyline 3 Form of the piece 3.1 Themes 3.2 Variations 3.3 Shaker melody 4 In popular culture 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Composition process ( edit ) Opening : Appalachian Spring , original version for 13 instruments Sample of the opening movement in Copland 's ballet Problems playing this file ? See media help . In 1942 , Martha Graham and Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge commissioned Copland to write a ballet with `` an American theme '' . Copland did the bulk of the work in 1943 / 44 , and the work was premiered at the Library of Congress on Oct. 30 , 1944 , with Graham dancing the lead role . In 1945 , Copland was commissioned by conductor Artur Rodzinski to rearrange the ballet as an orchestral suite , preserving most of the music . Copland cut about 10 minutes from the original 13 - instrument score to make the suite . From the preface in the original Boosey & Hawkes publication of the suite : The original scoring called for a chamber ensemble of thirteen instruments . The present arrangement for symphony orchestra was made by the composer in the Spring of 1945 . It is a condensed version of the ballet , retaining all essential features but omitting those sections in which the interest is primarily choreographic . The Orchestral Suite from 1945 was first recorded by Serge Koussevitzky with the Boston Symphony Orchestra . In 1954 , Eugene Ormandy asked Copland to expand the orchestration for the full score of the ballet . In 1972 , Boosey & Hawkes published a version of the suite fusing the structure of it with the scoring of the original ballet : double string quartet , bass , flute , clarinet , bassoon , and piano . Thus there are four versions of Appalachian Spring , dating from 1944 ( 13 - player complete ) , 1945 ( orchestral suite ) , 1954 ( orchestral complete ) and 1972 ( 13 - player suite ) . The 1944 version was recorded in 1991 by Hugh Wolff with the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra for Teldec . The 1954 version was recorded by Michael Tilson Thomas and the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra for RCA Victor in May 1999 . The original ballet and the orchestral suite were well received . The latter was credited as more important in popularizing the composer . Copland 's inspiration arrived in the form of an Edward Deming Andrews book , The Gift to be Simple - Songs , Dances and Rituals of the American Shakers , J.J. Augustin ; Republished by Dover . Copland stated that the book 's title composition jumped into him immediately upon receipt ( see Winterthur archives ) . Originally , Copland did not have a title for the work , referring to it simply as `` Ballet for Martha '' -- a title as simple and direct as the Shaker tune ' Tis the Gift to be Simple quoted in the music . Shortly before the premiere , Graham suggested Appalachian Spring , a phrase from a Hart Crane poem , `` The Dance '' from a collection of poems in his book `` The Bridge . '' O Appalachian Spring ! I gained the ledge ; Steep , inaccessible smile that eastward bends And northward reaches in that violet wedge Of Adirondacks ! Because he composed the music without the benefit of knowing what the title was going to be , Copland was often amused when people told him he captured the beauty of the Appalachians in his music , a fact he alluded to in an interview with NPR 's Fred Calland . Little known is that the word `` spring '' denotes a source of water in the Crane poem ; however the poem is a journey to meet springtime . Ballet storyline ( edit ) The story tells of a spring celebration of the American pioneers of the 19th century , after building a new Pennsylvania farmhouse . Among the central characters are a bride , a groom , a pioneer woman , a preacher and his congregation . The L.A. Times provides a concise summary of the storyline in its transitions between the choreographed sequences stating : Created in 1944 , the ballet tells a simple story . A young farm couple ruminate on their lives before getting married and setting up house in the wilderness . An itinerant preacher delivers a sermon . An older pioneer woman oversees the events with sympathy and wisdom . The newlyweds muse on their future as night falls . In the course of the dance , Graham reveals the inner lives of the four principal characters -- Wife , Husbandman , Pioneer Woman and Preacher . She shows that the couple will face a future that will not be all sweetness and light , but she also draws out the private and shared emotional resources they will be able to bring to the challenges . Such is the power of Graham 's images , however , that this very particular story broadens out to become a parable about Americans conquering a new land . Form of the piece ( edit ) The orchestral suite is divided into eight sections . Copland describes each scene thus : Very slowly . Introduction of the characters , one by one , in a suffused light . Fast / Allegro . Sudden burst of unison strings in A major arpeggios starts the action . A sentiment both elated and religious gives the keynote to this scene . Moderate / Moderato . Duo for the Bride and her Intended -- scene of tenderness and passion . Quite fast . The Revivalist and his flock . Folksy feeling -- suggestions of square dances and country fiddlers . Still faster / Subito Allegro . Solo dance of the Bride -- presentiment of motherhood . Extremes of joy and fear and wonder . Very slowly ( as at first ) . Transition scene to music reminiscent of the introduction . Calm and flowing / Doppio Movimento . Scenes of daily activity for the Bride and her Farmer husband . There are five variations on a Shaker theme . The theme , sung by a solo clarinet , was taken from a collection of Shaker melodies compiled by Edward D. Andrews , and published under the title `` The Gift to Be Simple . '' The melody borrowed and used almost literally is called `` Simple Gifts . '' Moderate . Coda / Moderato - Coda . The Bride takes her place among her neighbors . At the end the couple are left `` quiet and strong in their new house . '' Muted strings intone a hushed prayerlike chorale passage . The close is reminiscent of the opening music . Themes ( edit ) 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . Variations ( edit ) The original ballet version is divided into 14 movements . The movements that do not appear in the orchestral suite occur mostly between the 7th and last movement as variations on the Shaker melody Simple Gifts ( 1848 ) . The second variation provides a lyrical treatment in the low register while the third contrasts starkly in a fast staccato . The last two variations of this section use only a part of the folk tune , first an extraction treated as a pastoral variation and then as a majestic closing . In the ballet , but not the suite , there is an intermediary section that moves away from the folk tune preceding the final two variations . Shaker melody ( edit ) Shaker music Music * Issachar Bates , Ode to Contentment Joseph Brackett , Simple Gifts Wyeth and Hammond , The Humble Heart Works inspired by Simple Gifts * Air and Simple Gifts Joel Cohen , Simple Gifts Aaron Copland , Appalachian Spring Roger Lee Hall , Four New England Shaker Spirituals Lord of the Dance Old American Songs Weezer , The Greatest Man That Ever Lived Works inspired by Shakers * William Coulter , Shaker trilogy Roger Lee Hall , Four New England Shaker Spirituals David Johansen , Shaker R.E.M. , Fireplace ( Document ) Eric W. Sawyer , The Humble Heart Kevin Siegfried , Angel of Light Known as the `` Shaker Melody '' , `` Shaker Song '' , and the `` Shaker Hymn '' , the music Copland based his ending variations on was actually called Simple Gifts . This same Shaker tune was used by Sydney Carter in a widely recognized hymn entitled `` Lord of the Dance '' . Copland published independent arrangements of this section for band ( 1958 ) and orchestra ( 1967 ) titled Variations on a Shaker Melody . In popular culture ( edit ) For many years part of the seventh movement of the orchestral suite was used as the opening music to CBS Reports . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dickinson , Peter ( 2002 ) . Copland Connotations . Rochester : Boydell Press . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85115 - 902 - 7 . Jump up ^ Pulitzer winners for Music category Jump up ^ http://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/fcdf250d-65fc-4c11-95ac-a16530000dbc Jump up ^ http://www.americanmusicpreservation.com/Coplandtribute.htm Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/copland-appalachian-spring-mw0001814338 Jump up ^ Matthew Naughtin , Ballet Music , 2014 , p. 147 Jump up ^ Milestones of the Millennium : Appalachian Spring Jump up ^ CHRIS PASLES . `` Appalacian Spirng : Martha 's Ballet '' . L.A. Times . January 03 , 1991 . ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ David Shedden . `` Today in Media History : Remembering the `` CBS Reports '' documentary ' Harvest of Shame ' `` . The Poynter Institute , October 27 , 2014 References ( edit ) Kamien , Roger . Music : An Appreciation . Mcgraw - Hill College ; 3rd edition ( August 1 , 1997 ) ISBN 0 - 07 - 036521 - 0 Aaron Copland Collection : Works List . Retrieved May 16 , 2005 . DeLapp , Jennifer . The Aaron Copland Centennial : Program Notes . Retrieved May 16 , 2005 . Hall , Roger Lee . Aaron Copland and Simple Gifts Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . Appalachian Spring . Dance Pages . Retrieved May 17 , 2005 . Ledbetter , Steven . Copland , Appalachian Spring . Pro Arte , 1996 . Retrieved May 17 , 2005 . Scher , Valerie . `` A ' fortuitous collaboration ' led to ' Appalachian Spring ' '' . The San Diego Union Tribune , March 6 , 2005 . Retrieved May 17 , 2005 . Mack , Linda . St. Joseph Pro Musica Program Notes . May 31 , 1992 . Retrieved May 18 , 2005 . External links ( edit ) Aaron Copland Meets the Shakers Correspondence of Aaron Copland concerning Appalachian Spring held by the Library of Congress Keeping Score : Copland and the American Sound Multimedia website produced by the San Francisco Symphony NPR 's Performance Today Milestones of the Millennium : Appalachian Spring with Rob Kapilow and John Adams Press Release of Air & Simple Gifts featured on Yo - Yo Ma 's website . Program notes from Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra Tales from the Stave : Appalachian Spring - BBC Radio 4 explores the manuscript score . Video - Aaron Copland - Appalachian Spring - Ballet ( 1 of 4 ) ( 08 : 05 ) . Video - Aaron Copland - Appalachian Spring - Ballet ( 2 of 4 ) ( 09 : 04 ) . Video - Aaron Copland - Appalachian Spring - Ballet ( 3 of 4 ) ( 07 : 33 ) . Video - Aaron Copland - Appalachian Spring - Ballet ( 4 of 4 ) ( 07 : 10 ) . ( show ) Aaron Copland Operas The Second Hurricane The Tender Land Ballets Appalachian Spring Billy the Kid Dance Panels Rodeo Orchestral works Connotations Fanfare for the Common Man Inscape Letter from Home Lincoln Portrait Orchestral Variations El Salón México Symphony for Organ and Orchestra Symphony No. 3 Concertos Clarinet Concerto Incidental and film music Our Town Quiet City The City The Red Pony Vocal music Old American Songs In the Beginning Piano music The Cat and the Mouse Danzón cubano Four Piano Blues Night - Thoughts Piano Variations Named for Copland Aaron Copland School of Music Copland ( crater ) Related articles Aaron Copland House Neoclassicism Serialism Twelve - tone technique List of compositions by Aaron Copland Category : Compositions by Aaron Copland ( show ) Pulitzer Prize for Music ( 1943 -- 1950 ) William Schuman ( ' 43 ) : A Free Song Howard Hanson ( ' 44 ) : Symphony No. 4 Aaron Copland ( ' 45 ) : Appalachian Spring Leo Sowerby ( ' 46 ) : The Canticle of the Sun Charles Ives ( ' 47 ) : Symphony No. 3 Walter Piston ( ' 48 ) : Symphony No. 3 Virgil Thomson ( ' 49 ) : Louisiana Story Gian Carlo Menotti ( ' 50 ) : The Consul Complete list ( 1943 -- 1950 ) ( 1951 -- 1960 ) ( 1961 -- 1970 ) ( 1971 -- 1980 ) ( 1981 -- 1990 ) ( 1991 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2010 ) ( 2011 -- 2020 ) ( Citations ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appalachian_Spring&oldid=791341343 '' Categories : Ballets by Martha Graham Ballets by Aaron Copland Compositions by Aaron Copland Music commissioned by Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge Pulitzer Prize for Music - winning works 1944 ballet premieres Ballets with sets by Isamu Noguchi 1944 compositions Orchestral suites Compositions for chamber orchestra Works based on Simple Gifts United States National Recording Registry recordings Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français 한국어 日本 語 Slovenčina Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 19 July 2017 , at 16 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | simple gifts from aaron copland's appalachian spring is in | [
"Calm and flowing/Doppio Movimento. Scenes of daily activity for the Bride and her Farmer husband. There are five variations on a Shaker theme. The theme, sung by a solo clarinet, was taken from a collection of Shaker melodies compiled by Edward D. Andrews, and published under the title \"The Gift to Be Simple.\" The melody borrowed and used almost literally is called \"Simple Gifts.\""
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"The Gift to Be Simple"
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8738969346073457988 | Flannan Isles Lighthouse | Flannan Isles lighthouse - wikipedia Flannan Isles lighthouse Jump to : navigation , search Flannan Isles Lighthouse The lighthouse on Eilean Mòr . The Chapel of St Flannan can be seen on the slope to the right of the lighthouse . Outer Hebrides Location Eilean Mòr 32 kilometres ( 20 mi ) west of Lewis Western Isles Scotland Coordinates 58 ° 17 ′ 17 '' N 7 ° 35 ′ 16 '' W / 58.2881 ° N 7.5879 ° W / 58.2881 ; - 7.5879 Coordinates : 58 ° 17 ′ 17 '' N 7 ° 35 ′ 16 '' W / 58.2881 ° N 7.5879 ° W / 58.2881 ; - 7.5879 Year first constructed 1899 Automated 1971 Construction masonry tower Tower shape cylindrical tower with balcony and lantern attached to 1 - storey keeper 's house Markings / pattern white tower , black lantern , ochre trim Height 23 metres ( 75 ft ) Focal height 101 metres ( 331 ft ) Current lens 3rd order clamshell Fresnel lens Light source solar power Range 20 nautical miles ( 37 km ; 23 mi ) Characteristic Fl ( 2 ) W 30s . Admiralty number A4028 NGA number 3912 ARLHS number SCO - 084 Managing agent Northern Lighthouse Board Heritage category B listed building ( edit on Wikidata ) Flannan Isles Lighthouse is a lighthouse near the highest point on Eilean Mòr , one of the Flannan Isles in the Outer Hebrides off the west coast of Scotland . It is best known for the mysterious disappearance of its keepers in 1900 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Mystery of 1900 2.1 Discovery 2.2 Speculations and misconceptions 2.3 Northern Lighthouse Board investigation 2.4 Later theories and interpretations 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The remains of the Flannan lighthouse railway as of 2012 . This view is looking approximately west - south - west from the lighthouse . The site of `` Clapham Junction '' is just visible at left centre . The 23 - metre ( 75 ft ) lighthouse was designed by David Alan Stevenson for the Northern Lighthouse Board ( NLB ) . Construction , between 1895 and 1899 , was undertaken by George Lawson of Rutherglen at a cost of £ 6,914 inclusive of the building of the landing places , stairs , railway tracks etc . All of the materials used had to be hauled up the 45 - metre ( 148 ft ) cliffs directly from supply boats , no trivial task in the ever - churning Atlantic . A further £ 3,526 was spent on the shore station at Breasclete on the Isle of Lewis . It was first lit on 7 December 1899 . The purpose of the railway tracks was to facilitate the transport of provisions for the keepers and fuel for the light ( paraffin , at that date ; the light consumed twenty barrels a year ) up the steep gradients from the landing places by means of a cable - hauled railway . This was powered by a small steam engine in a shed adjoining the lighthouse . A track descended from the lighthouse in a westerly direction and then curved round to the south . In the approximate centre of the island it forked by means of a set of hand - operated points humorously dubbed `` Clapham Junction '' ; one branch continued in its curvature to head eastwards to the east landing place , on the south - east corner of the island , thus forming a half - circle , while the other , slightly shorter , branch curved back to the west to serve the west landing , situated in a small inlet on the island 's south coast . The final approaches to the landing stages were extremely steep . The cable was guided round the curves by pulleys set between the rails , and a line of posts set outside the inner rail prevented it from going too far astray should it jump off the pulleys . The cargo was carried in a small four - wheeled bogie . In 1925 , the lighthouse was one of the first Scottish lights to receive communications from the shore by wireless telegraphy . In the 1960s , the island 's transport system was modernised . The railway was removed , leaving behind the concrete bed on which it had been laid to serve as a roadway for a `` Gnat '' -- a three - wheeled , rubber - tyred cross-country vehicle powered by a 400cc four - stroke engine , built by Aimers McLean of Galashiels . This had a somewhat shorter working life than the railway , becoming redundant in its turn when the helipad was constructed . On 28 September 1971 , the lighthouse was automated . A reinforced concrete helipad was constructed at the same time to enable maintenance visits in heavy weather . The light is produced by burning acetylene gas and has a range of 17 nautical miles ; 20 miles ( 32 km ) . It is now monitored from the Butt of Lewis and the shore station has been converted into flats . Mystery of 1900 ( edit ) Other than for its relative isolation , the lighthouse would be relatively unremarkable , were it not for the events which took place just over a year after it was commissioned . Discovery ( edit ) Flannan Isles Lighthouse The first hint of anything untoward on the Flannan Isles came on 15 December 1900 . The steamer Archtor on passage from Philadelphia to Leith passed the islands in poor weather and noted that the light was not operational . The ship suffered the misfortune to run aground on Carpie Rock in the Firth of Forth some time after passing the lighthouse and after the struggle to save the ship , the fact of the lighthouse light being unlit was not reported on arrival at Oban for some time , the ship 's master , Captain Holman , being distracted by the damage to his ship , and the procedures for dealing with her on arrival in port . The island lighthouse was manned by a three - man team ( Thomas Marshall , James Ducat , and Donald MacArthur ) , with a rotating fourth man spending time on shore . The relief vessel , the lighthouse tender Hesperus , was unable to set out on a routine visit from Lewis planned for 20 December due to adverse weather and did not arrive until noon on Boxing Day ( 26 December ) . On arrival , the crew and relief keeper found that the flagstaff was bare of its flag , none of the usual provision boxes had been left on the landing stage for re-stocking , and more ominously , none of the lighthouse keepers were there to welcome them ashore . Jim Harvie , captain of Hesperus , gave a strident blast on his whistle and set off a distress flare , but no reply was forthcoming . A boat was launched and Joseph Moore , the relief keeper , was put ashore alone . He found the entrance gate to the compound and main door both closed , the beds unmade , and the clock stopped . Returning to the landing stage with this grim news , he then went back up to the lighthouse with Hesperus 's second - mate and a seaman . A further search revealed that the lamps were cleaned and refilled . A set of oilskins was found , suggesting that one of the keepers had left the lighthouse without them , which was surprising considering the severity of the weather on the date of the last entry in the lighthouse log . The only sign of anything amiss in the lighthouse was an overturned chair by the kitchen table . Of the keepers there was no sign , neither inside the lighthouse nor anywhere on the island . Moore and three volunteer seamen were left to attend the light and Hesperus returned to the shore station at Breasclete . Captain Harvie sent a telegram to the Northern Lighthouse Board dated 26 December 1900 , stating : A dreadful accident has happened at the Flannans . The three keepers , Ducat , Marshall and the Occasional have disappeared from the Island ... The clocks were stopped and other signs indicated that the accident must have happened about a week ago . Poor fellows they must have been blown over the cliffs or drowned trying to secure a crane . The men remaining on the island scoured every corner for clues as to the fate of the keepers . At the east landing everything was intact , but the west landing provided considerable evidence of damage caused by recent storms . A box at 33 metres ( 108 ft ) above sea level had been broken and its contents strewn about ; iron railings were bent over , the iron railway by the path was wrenched out of its concrete , and a rock weighing more than a ton had been displaced above that . On top of the cliff at more than 60 metres ( 200 ft ) above sea level , turf had been ripped away as far as 10 metres ( 33 ft ) from the cliff edge . The missing keepers had kept their log until 9 a.m. on 15 December , however , and their entries made it clear that the damage had occurred before the disappearance of the writers . Speculations and misconceptions ( edit ) No bodies were ever found and the loneliness of the rocky islets may have lent itself to feverish imaginings . Theories abounded and resulted in `` fascinated national speculation '' . Some were simply elaborations on the truth . For example , the events were commemorated in Wilfrid Wilson Gibson 's 1912 ballad Flannan Isle . The poem refers erroneously to an uneaten meal laid out on the table , indicating that the keepers had been suddenly disturbed . Yet , as we crowded through the door , We only saw a table spread For dinner , meat , and cheese and bread ; But , all untouch 'd ; and no - one there , As though , when they sat down to eat , Ere they could even taste , Alarm had come , and they in haste Had risen and left the bread and meat , For at the table head a chair Lay tumbled on the floor . However , Nicholson ( 1995 ) makes it clear that this does not square with Moore 's recorded observations of the scene , which state that : `` The kitchen utensils were all very clean , which is a sign that it must be after dinner some time they left . '' Other less plausible rumours ensued -- that one keeper had murdered the other two and then thrown himself into the sea in a fit of remorse ( which is likely not the case , simply because the keepers only had to work together for short amounts of time , and none of the men reported any psychotic behaviour ) ; that a sea serpent ( or giant seabird ) had carried the men away ; that they had been abducted by foreign spies ; or that they had met their fate through the malevolent presence of a boat filled with ghosts -- and the baleful influence of the `` Phantom of the Seven Hunters '' was widely suspected locally . Northern lighthouse Board investigation ( edit ) Northern Lighthouse Board Ensign On 29 December 1900 , Robert Muirhead , a Northern Lighthouse Board ( NLB ) superintendent , arrived to conduct the official investigation into the incident . The explanation offered by Muirhead is more prosaic than the fanciful rumours suggested . He examined the clothing left behind in the lighthouse and concluded that James Ducat and Thomas Marshall had gone down to the western landing stage , and that Donald MacArthur ( the ' Occasional ' ) had left the lighthouse during heavy rain in his shirt sleeves . He noted that whoever left the light last and unattended was in breach of NLB rules . He also noted that some of the damage to the west landing was `` difficult to believe unless actually seen '' . From evidence which I was able to procure I was satisfied that the men had been on duty up till dinner time on Saturday the 15th of December , that they had gone down to secure a box in which the mooring ropes , landing ropes etc. were kept , and which was secured in a crevice in the rock about 110 ft ( 34 m ) above sea level , and that an extra large sea had rushed up the face of the rock , had gone above them , and coming down with immense force , had swept them completely away . Whether this explanation brought any comfort to the families of the lost keepers is unknown . The deaths of Thomas Marshall , James Ducat ( who left a widow and four children ) , and Donald MacArthur ( who left a widow and two children ) cast a shadow over the lighthouse service for many years . Later theories and interpretations ( edit ) The westernmost of the Flannan Isles : Eilean a ' Ghobha and Roareim with Brona Cleit in the distance Christopher Nicholson offers an alternative idea for the demise of the keepers . The coastline of Eilean Mòr is deeply indented with narrow gullies called geos . The west landing , which is situated in such a geo , terminates in a cave . In high seas or storms , water would rush into the cave and then explode out again with considerable force . Nicholson speculates that McArthur may have seen a series of large waves approaching the island , and knowing the likely danger to his colleagues , ran down to warn them , only to suffer the same fate as well . This theory has the advantages of explaining the over-turned chair , and the set of oilskins remaining indoors , although perhaps , not the closed door and gate . Haswell - Smith ( 2004 ) attributes the origins of the theory to Walter Aldebert , a keeper on the Flannans from 1953 to 1957 . Aldebert believed one man may have been washed into the sea , that his companion rushed back to the light for help but that both would - be rescuers also were washed away by a second freak wave . McCloskey ( 2014 ) states that a fight broke out near the cliff edge , by the West Landing , between the three Keepers started by the allegedly volatile Macarthur and the three fell to their deaths . The event remains a popular issue of contention among those who are interested in paranormal activity . Inevitably perhaps , modern imaginations speculate about abduction by aliens . A fictional use of this idea is the basis for the Doctor Who serial Horror of Fang Rock . The mystery also was the inspiration for the composer Peter Maxwell Davies 's modern chamber opera The Lighthouse ( 1979 ) . The British rock group Genesis wrote and recorded `` The Mystery of Flannan Isle Lighthouse '' in 1968 while working on their first album , but it was not released until 1998 in Genesis Archive 1967 - 75 . Angela J. Elliott wrote a novel which was published in 2005 about the disappearance of the lighthouse keepers , entitled Some Strange Scent of Death after a line from Gibson 's poem . The `` haunted '' islands and the lighthouse also feature heavily as a hideout for a villain in British author Manda Benson 's novel Pilgrennon 's Beacon . In 2008 , the New Zealand band Beltane wrote a song about the lighthouse and its mysterious disappearances on the album ... Through Darker Seasons . All the main theories are examined in the ( Discovery ) Science Channel The Unexplained Files Season 2 Episode 5 See also ( edit ) Scotland portal Lighthouses portal List of lighthouses in Scotland List of Northern Lighthouse Board lighthouses Mary Celeste , a ship whose crew disappeared entirely , leading to similar theorizing about the cause . List of people who disappeared mysteriously Draupner wave Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Flannan Islands ( Eilean Mor ) The Lighthouse Directory . University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . Retrieved 18 May 2016 Jump up ^ Flannan Islands Northern Lighthouse Board . Retrieved 18 May 2016 Jump up ^ `` Flannan Isles Lighthouse '' Northern Lighthouse Board . Retrieved 23 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Robert ( 1949 ) . Island Going . Collins . Jump up ^ Munro 1979 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ `` A Gnat on the Flannans '' . 2011 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Christopher Nicholson ( 1995 ) . Rock Lighthouses of Britain : The End of an Era ? . pp. 168 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Perrot , D. et al. ( 1995 ) p. 132 . Jump up ^ https://canmore.org.uk/site/306416/archtor-caiplie-firth-of-forth ^ Jump up to : `` Transcripts from documents related to the Flannan Isles mystery . '' Museum of Scottish Lighthouses / Wayback . Original retrieved 3 September 2008 , Wayback version retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Munro 1979 , pp. 170 -- 71 . ^ Jump up to : Bathhurst ( 2000 ) p. 249 . ^ Jump up to : Munro ( 1979 ) p. 171 . Jump up ^ Quotation from Nicholson ( 1995 ) p. 178 . Jump up ^ Haswell - Smith ( 2004 ) nonetheless states : `` A meal of cold meat , pickles and potatoes was untouched on the kitchen table . '' Jump up ^ Munro ( 1979 ) pages 170 -- 71 , although Nicholson ( 1995 ) , Bathhurst ( 2000 ) and Haswell - Smith ( 2004 ) quote the same report using somewhat different language : `` After a careful examination of the place ... I am of the opinion that the most likely explanation of the disappearance of the men is that they had all gone down on the afternoon of Saturday , 15 December to the proximity of the west landing to secure the box with the mooring ropes etc. and that an unexpectedly large roller had come up on the island , and that a large body of water going up higher than where they were and coming down upon them , swept them away with resistless force . '' Jump up ^ Haswell - Smith ( 2004 ) suggests these events are `` very rare '' . ^ Jump up to : Haswell - Smith , Hamish ( 2004 ) . The Scottish Islands . Edinburgh : Canongate . pp. 329 -- 31 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84195 - 454 - 7 . Jump up ^ McCloskey , Keith ( 2014 ) . The Lighthouse : The Mystery of the Eilean Mor Lighthouse Keepers . History Press . ISBN 978 - 0750953658 . Jump up ^ `` The Mystery of Flannan Isle '' bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 23 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Opera : ' The Lighthouse ' by Davies '' New York Times . Retrieved 8 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Mystery Of The Flannan Isle Lighthouse ( Demo 1968 ) '' . Yahoo.com . Retrieved 8 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Angela J ( 2005 ) . Some Strange Scent of Death . Whittles . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904445 - 15 - 9 . Jump up ^ Benson , Manda , ( 2011 ) Pilgrennon 's Beacon . Tangentrine . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9566080 - 2 - 4 . Jump up ^ ... Through_Darker_Seasons Encyclopaedia Metallum . Retrieved 7 September 2011 . References ( edit ) Munro , R.W. ( 1979 ) . Thule Press , ed . Scottish Lighthouses . Stornoway . Keith McCloskey ( 2014 ) The Lighthouse : The Mystery of the Eilean Mor Lighthouse Keepers History Press External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flannan Isles Lighthouse . Northern Lighthouse Board information about Flannan Isles lighthouse Northern Lighthouse Board ( hide ) Lighthouses of the Northern Lighthouse Board Scotland ( except principal island groups ) Ailsa Craig Ardnamurchan Bass Rock Bell Rock Buchan Ness Cape Wrath Chanonry Corsewall Covesea Skerries Crammag Head Davaar Duncansby Head Dunnet Head Fidra Fife Ness Girdle Ness Holy Island ( Outer ) Inchkeith Isle of May Kinnaird Head Mull of Galloway Mull of Kintyre North Rona Noss Head Pladda Rattray Head Rubh Re St Abbs Head Sanda Scurdie Ness Stoer Head Strathy Point Stroma Sule Skerry Tarbat Ness Turnberry Minor lights The Hebrides Barra Head Butt of Lewis Dubh Artach Eilean Glas Flannan Islands Haskeir Hyskeir Lismore Monach Neist Point Ornsay Rinns of Islay Rona Ruvaal Scarinish Skerryvore Tiumpan Head Ushenish Minor lights Orkney Auskerry Brough of Birsay Cantick Head Copinsay Hoy Sound ( High ) Hoy Sound ( Low ) North Ronaldsay Noup Head Pentland Skerries Start Point Tor Ness Minor lights Shetland Bressay Eshaness Fair Isle North Fair Isle South Firths Voe Foula Hoo Stack Muckle Flugga Out Skerries Point of Fethaland Sumburgh Head Ve Skerries Minor lights Isle of Man Chicken Rock Douglas Head Langness ( minor light ) Maughold Head Point of Ayre Thousla Rock ( minor light ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flannan_Isles_Lighthouse&oldid=799711118 '' Categories : Lighthouses completed in 1899 Towers completed in 1899 Lighthouses in Outer Hebrides Category B listed lighthouses Rock lighthouses of Scotland 1899 establishments in Scotland Rogue wave incidents Missing people Uninhabited islands of the Outer Hebrides Unsolved deaths Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2016 Use British English from December 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 11 : 16 . About Wikipedia | when did the events at flannan isle occur | [
"The first hint of anything untoward on the Flannan Isles came on 15 December 1900. The steamer Archtor on passage from Philadelphia to Leith passed the islands in poor weather and noted that the light was not operational. The ship suffered the misfortune to run aground on Carpie Rock in the Firth of Forth [9] some time after passing the lighthouse and after the struggle to save the ship, the fact of the lighthouse light being unlit was not reported on arrival at Oban for some time, the ship's master, Captain Holman, being distracted by the damage to his ship, and the procedures for dealing with her on arrival in port. The island lighthouse was manned by a three-man team (Thomas Marshall, James Ducat, and Donald MacArthur), with a rotating fourth man spending time on shore. The relief vessel, the lighthouse tender Hesperus, was unable to set out on a routine visit from Lewis planned for 20 December due to adverse weather and did not arrive until noon on Boxing Day (26 December).[7] On arrival, the crew and relief keeper found that the flagstaff was bare of its flag, none of the usual provision boxes had been left on the landing stage for re-stocking, and more ominously, none of the lighthouse keepers were there to welcome them ashore. Jim Harvie, captain of Hesperus, gave a strident blast on his whistle and set off a distress flare, but no reply was forthcoming."
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-8736545775247979517 | List of shortest players in National Basketball Association history | List of shortest players in National Basketball Association history - wikipedia List of shortest players in National Basketball Association history At 5 ft 3 in ( 1.60 m ) , Muggsy Bogues is the shortest player ever to have played in the NBA . This is a complete listing of the shortest players in National Basketball Association history at a listed height of 5 feet 9 inches ( 175 cm ) or shorter . Only 25 players in NBA history have been at a listed height of 5 ' 9 '' or shorter . Two are currently active . The shortest NBA player to be inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame is Calvin Murphy at 5 ' 9 `` . With one exception , Dino Martin ( a forward ) , all of the players listed here have played or play the position of point guard . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame GP Games played Pts Points PPG Points per game FG % Field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage Ast Assists APG Assists per game Stl Steals SPG Steals per game Height Weight Player Nationality Teams GP Pts PPG FG % FT % Ast APG Stl SPG Notes 5 ft 3 in ( 1.60 m ) 136 lb ( 62 kg ) Muggsy Bogues USA Washington Bullets ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1988 -- 1997 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Toronto Raptors ( 1999 -- 2001 ) 889 6,858 7.7 . 458 . 827 6,726 7.6 1,369 1.54 Played alongside the original one of the two tallest players in NBA history , Manute Bol , during the 1987 -- 88 season for the Washington Bullets ; their difference in height was 28 inches ( 71 cm ) . 5 ft 5 in ( 1.65 m ) 135 lb ( 61 kg ) Earl Boykins USA New Jersey Nets ( 1999 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 1999 , 2000 ) Orlando Magic ( 1999 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2002 -- 03 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2007 , 2011 ) Charlotte Bobcats ( 2008 ) Washington Wizards ( 2009 -- 10 ) Houston Rockets ( 2012 ) 652 5,791 8.9 . 417 . 876 2,092 3.2 390 0.60 5 ft 6 in ( 1.68 m ) 165 lb ( 75 kg ) Mel Hirsch USA Boston Celtics ( 1946 -- 1947 ) 13 19 1.5 . 200 . 500 10 0.8 -- -- During his time , was the NBA 's shortest player . 5 ft 7 in ( 1.70 m ) 140 lb ( 64 kg ) Greg Grant USA Phoenix Suns ( 1989 -- 1990 ) New York Knicks ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1991 -- 1992 , 1992 -- 1993 , 1995 -- 1996 ) Washington Bullets ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1994 -- 1995 , 1995 -- 1996 ) 274 767 2.8 . 383 . 710 751 2.7 161 0.59 5 ft 7 in ( 1.70 m ) 160 lb ( 73 kg ) Keith Jennings USA Golden State Warriors ( 1992 -- 1995 ) 164 1,090 6.6 . 436 . 852 614 3.7 164 1.00 5 ft 7 in ( 1.70 m ) 150 lb ( 68 kg ) Herm Klotz USA Baltimore Bullets ( 1947 -- 1948 ) 11 15 1.4 . 226 . 333 7 0.6 -- -- Shortest player to ever win an NBA championship . Later served as longtime head coach of the Washington Generals . 5 ft 7 in ( 1.70 m ) 150 lb ( 68 kg ) Wataru Misaka USA New York Knicks ( 1947 -- 1948 ) 7 2.3 . 333 0 0.0 -- -- -- First Non-Caucasian player and first Asian player in the NBA . 5 ft 7 in ( 1.70 m ) 150 lb ( 68 kg ) Monte Towe USA Denver Nuggets ( 1976 -- 1977 ) 51 130 2.5 . 406 . 720 87 1.7 16 0.31 The shortest player in the original ABA . 5 ft 7 in ( 1.70 m ) 133 lb ( 60 kg ) Spud Webb USA Atlanta Hawks ( 1985 -- 1991 , 1995 -- 1996 ) Sacramento Kings ( 1991 -- 1995 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 1996 ) Orlando Magic ( 1998 ) 814 8,072 9.9 . 452 . 848 4,342 5.3 922 1.13 Won the NBA Slam Dunk Contest in 1986 ; shortest player to participate in the Slam Dunk Contest . 5 ft 8 in ( 1.73 m ) 165 lb ( 75 kg ) Charlie Criss USA Atlanta Hawks ( 1977 -- 1981 , 1983 -- 1984 , 1984 -- 1985 ) San Diego Clippers ( 1981 -- 1982 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1982 -- 1984 ) 418 3,534 8.5 . 432 . 831 1,335 3.2 366 0.88 5 ft 8 in ( 1.73 m ) 160 lb ( 73 kg ) Dino Martin USA Providence Steamrollers ( 1946 -- 1948 ) 92 834 9.1 . 294 . 638 73 0.8 -- -- The only player on this list who did not play the guard position . 5 ft 8 in ( 1.73 m ) 170 lb ( 77 kg ) Willie Somerset USA Baltimore Bullets ( 1965 -- 1966 ) 8 45 5.6 . 419 . 818 9 -- -- 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) 160 lb ( 73 kg ) Howie Carl USA Chicago Packers ( 1961 -- 1962 ) 31 170 5.5 . 333 . 706 57 1.8 -- -- 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) 158 lb ( 72 kg ) Charlie Hoefer Toronto Huskies ( 1946 -- 1947 ) Boston Celtics ( 1947 -- 1948 ) 65 361 5.6 . 250 . 646 36 0.6 -- -- 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) 150 lb ( 68 kg ) Lionel Malamed USA Indianapolis Jets ( 1948 ) Rochester Royals ( 1948 -- 1949 ) 44 258 5.9 . 334 . 831 61 1.4 -- -- 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) 170 lb ( 77 kg ) Ed Melvin USA Pittsburgh Ironmen ( 1946 -- 1947 ) 57 281 4.9 . 263 . 654 37 0.6 -- -- 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) 165 lb ( 75 kg ) Calvin Murphy * USA San Diego / Houston Rockets ( 1970 -- 1983 ) 1,002 17,949 17.9 . 482 . 892 4,402 4.4 1,165 1.53 Shortest NBA player to be inducted to the Hall of Fame , as well as appear in at least one All - Star Game. + + 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) 145 lb ( 66 kg ) Angelo Musi USA Philadelphia Warriors ( 1946 -- 1949 ) 161 1,359 8.4 . 290 . 771 117 0.7 -- -- 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) 160 lb ( 73 kg ) Ralph O'Brien USA Indianapolis Olympians ( 1951 -- 1952 ) Baltimore Bullets 119 848 7.1 . 360 . 830 180 1.5 -- -- 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) 180 lb ( 82 kg ) Nate Robinson USA New York Knicks ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Boston Celtics ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2011 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2011 -- 12 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2015 ) New Orleans Pelicans ( 2015 ) 574 6,569 11.4 . 427 . 800 1,725 3.0 522 0.91 The only three - time winner of the NBA Slam Dunk Contest , winning in 2006 , 2009 and 2010 . 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) 155 lb ( 70 kg ) Gene Rock USA Chicago Stags ( 1947 -- 1948 ) 11 10 0.9 . 222 . 500 0 0.0 -- -- 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) 165 lb ( 75 kg ) Yuta Tabuse JPN Phoenix Suns ( 2004 -- 2005 ) 7 1.8 . 167 1.000 0.8 0 0.00 The first ( and so far , only ) Japanese born player to ever play in the NBA . 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) 185 lb ( 84 kg ) Isaiah Thomas ^ USA Sacramento Kings ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Boston Celtics ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2018 -- present ) 389 6,877 22.2 . 438 . 871 1,973 6.2 383 0.99 Shortest player to be included in an All - NBA Team . Shortest player to play in an NBA All - Star game joined by Calvin Murphy . Shortest player to play in multiple All - Star games . Shortest player to record a triple - double in a game . 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) 176 lb ( 80 kg ) Kay Felder ^ USA Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2017 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2018 -- present ) 56 221 3.9 . 366 . 754 78 1.4 21 0.4 + + Note : The shortest player in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of fame is pre-NBA player Barney Sedran , at 5 feet 4 inches . See also ( edit ) List of shortest people List of tallest players in National Basketball Association history NBA records References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Player Season Finder : For combined seasons ; played in the NBA / BAA ; in the regular season ; from 1946 -- 47 to 2010 -- 11 ; 5 -- 9 or shorter ; sorted by descending height '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Muggsy Bogues Info Page '' . NBA . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Earl Boykins Info Page '' . NBA . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mel Hirsch Info Page '' . NBA . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Greg Grant Info Page '' . NBA . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Keith Jennings Info Page '' . NBA . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Louis Herman ( Herm , Red ) Klotz Info Page '' . NBA . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wataru ( Wat ) Misaka Info Page '' . NBA . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Monte Corwin Towe Info Page '' . NBA . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Spud Webb Smallest Player to ever Win NBA Slam Dunk Contest '' . thepostgame.com . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Criss Info Page '' . NBA . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Donald E. ( Dino ) Martin Info Page '' . NBA . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Willard F. ( Willie ) Somerset Info Page '' . NBA . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Howard Hershey ( Howie ) Carl Info Page '' . NBA . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Adolph Charles ( Dutch , Dutch , Charlie ) Hoefer Info Page '' . NBA . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Malamed Info Page '' . NBA . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Edward H. ( Ed ) Melvin Info Page '' . NBA . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Murphy Info Page '' . NBA . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : The National Basketball Association did not record steal statistics until the 1973 -- 74 season . Jump up ^ `` Angelo Jr . Musi Info Page '' . NBA . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nate Robinson Info Page '' . NBA . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eugene ( Gene ) Rock Info Page '' . NBA . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Yuta Tabuse Info Page '' . NBA . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Isaiah Thomas Info Page '' . NBA . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kay Felder Info Page '' . NBA . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Barney Sedran 's page at the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame retrieved September 19 , 2016 National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_shortest_players_in_National_Basketball_Association_history&oldid=844456895 '' Categories : Human height National Basketball Association lists Lists of sports superlatives Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk About Wikipedia Español Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 5 June 2018 , at 01 : 31 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who is the shortest player in the nba 2018 | [
"\n\nHeight\nWeight\nPlayer\nNationality\nTeams\nGP\nPts\nPPG\nFG%\nFT%\nAst\nAPG\nStl\nSPG\nNotes\n\n\n5 ft 3 in (1.60 m)\n136 lb (62 kg)\nMuggsy Bogues[2]\n USA\nWashington Bullets (1987–1988)\nCharlotte Hornets (1988–1997)\nGolden State Warriors (1997–1999)\nToronto Raptors (1999–2001)\n889\n6,858\n7.7\n.458\n.827\n6,726\n7.6\n1,369\n1.54\nPlayed alongside the original one of the two tallest players in NBA history, Manute Bol, during the 1987–88 season for the Washington Bullets; their difference in height was 28 inches (71 cm).\n\n\n5 ft 5 in (1.65 m)\n135 lb (61 kg)\nEarl Boykins[3]\n USA\nNew Jersey Nets (1999)\nCleveland Cavaliers (1999, 2000)\nOrlando Magic (1999)\nLos Angeles Clippers (2001–2002)\nGolden State Warriors (2002–03)\nDenver Nuggets (2003–2007)\nMilwaukee Bucks (2007, 2011)\nCharlotte Bobcats (2008)\nWashington Wizards (2009–10)\nHouston Rockets (2012)\n652\n5,791\n8.9\n.417\n.876\n2,092\n3.2\n390\n0.60\n\n\n\n5 ft 6 in (1.68 m)\n165 lb (75 kg)\nMel Hirsch[4]\n USA\nBoston Celtics (1946–1947)\n13\n19\n1.5\n.200\n.500\n10\n0.8\n—\n—\nDuring his time, was the NBA's shortest player.\n\n\n5 ft 7 in (1.70 m)\n140 lb (64 kg)\nGreg Grant[5]\n USA\nPhoenix Suns (1989–1990)\nNew York Knicks (1990–1991)\nCharlotte Hornets (1991–1992)\nPhiladelphia 76ers (1991–1992, 1992–1993, 1995–1996)\nWashington Bullets (1995–1996)\nDenver Nuggets (1994–1995, 1995–1996)\n274\n767\n2.8\n.383\n.710\n751\n2.7\n161\n0.59\n\n\n\n5 ft 7 in (1.70 m)\n160 lb (73 kg)\nKeith Jennings[6]\n USA\nGolden State Warriors (1992–1995)\n164\n1,090\n6.6\n.436\n.852\n614\n3.7\n164\n1.00\n\n\n\n5 ft 7 in (1.70 m)\n150 lb (68 kg)\nHerm Klotz[7]\n USA\nBaltimore Bullets (1947–1948)\n11\n15\n1.4\n.226\n.333\n7\n0.6\n—\n—\nShortest player to ever win an NBA championship. Later served as longtime head coach of the Washington Generals.\n\n\n5 ft 7 in (1.70 m)\n150 lb (68 kg)\nWataru Misaka[8]\n USA\nNew York Knicks (1947–1948)\n3\n7\n2.3\n.333\n0\n0.0\n—\n—\n—\nFirst Non-Caucasian player and first Asian player in the NBA.\n\n\n5 ft 7 in (1.70 m)\n150 lb (68 kg)\nMonte Towe[9]\n USA\nDenver Nuggets (1976–1977)\n51\n130\n2.5\n.406\n.720\n87\n1.7\n16\n0.31\nThe shortest player in the original ABA.\n\n\n5 ft 7 in (1.70 m)\n133 lb (60 kg)\nSpud Webb[10]\n USA\nAtlanta Hawks (1985–1991, 1995–1996)\nSacramento Kings (1991–1995)\nMinnesota Timberwolves (1996)\nOrlando Magic (1998)\n814\n8,072\n9.9\n.452\n.848\n4,342\n5.3\n922\n1.13\nWon the NBA Slam Dunk Contest in 1986; shortest player to participate in the Slam Dunk Contest.\n\n\n5 ft 8 in (1.73 m)\n165 lb (75 kg)\nCharlie Criss[11]\n USA\nAtlanta Hawks (1977–1981, 1983–1984, 1984–1985)\nSan Diego Clippers (1981–1982)\nMilwaukee Bucks (1982–1984)\n418\n3,534\n8.5\n.432\n.831\n1,335\n3.2\n366\n0.88\n\n\n\n5 ft 8 in (1.73 m)\n160 lb (73 kg)\nDino Martin[12]\n USA\nProvidence Steamrollers (1946–1948)\n92\n834\n9.1\n.294\n.638\n73\n0.8\n—\n—\nThe only player on this list who did not play the guard position.\n\n\n5 ft 8 in (1.73 m)\n170 lb (77 kg)\nWillie Somerset[13]\n USA\nBaltimore Bullets (1965–1966)\n8\n45\n5.6\n.419\n.818\n9\n1.1\n—\n—\n\n\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n160 lb (73 kg)\nHowie Carl[14]\n USA\nChicago Packers (1961–1962)\n31\n170\n5.5\n.333\n.706\n57\n1.8\n—\n—\n\n\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n158 lb (72 kg)\nCharlie Hoefer[15]\n\nToronto Huskies (1946–1947)\nBoston Celtics (1947–1948)\n65\n361\n5.6\n.250\n.646\n36\n0.6\n—\n—\n\n\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n150 lb (68 kg)\nLionel Malamed[16]\n USA\nIndianapolis Jets (1948)\nRochester Royals (1948–1949)\n44\n258\n5.9\n.334\n.831\n61\n1.4\n—\n—\n\n\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n170 lb (77 kg)\nEd Melvin[17]\n USA\nPittsburgh Ironmen (1946–1947)\n57\n281\n4.9\n.263\n.654\n37\n0.6\n—\n—\n\n\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n165 lb (75 kg)\nCalvin Murphy*[18]\n USA\nSan Diego/Houston Rockets (1970–1983)\n1,002\n17,949\n17.9\n.482\n.892\n4,402\n4.4\n1,165[19]\n1.53[19]\nShortest NBA player to be inducted to the Hall of Fame, as well as appear in at least one All-Star Game.++\n\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n145 lb (66 kg)\nAngelo Musi[20]\n USA\nPhiladelphia Warriors (1946–1949)\n161\n1,359\n8.4\n.290\n.771\n117\n0.7\n—\n—\n\n\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n160 lb (73 kg)\nRalph O'Brien\n USA\nIndianapolis Olympians (1951–1952)\nBaltimore Bullets\n119\n848\n7.1\n.360\n.830\n180\n1.5\n—\n—\n\n\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n180 lb (82 kg)\nNate Robinson[21]\n USA\nNew York Knicks (2005–2010)\nBoston Celtics (2009–2011)\nOklahoma City Thunder (2011)\nGolden State Warriors (2011–12)\nChicago Bulls (2012–2013)\nDenver Nuggets (2013–2015)\nLos Angeles Clippers (2015)\nNew Orleans Pelicans (2015)\n574\n6,569\n11.4\n.427\n.800\n1,725\n3.0\n522\n0.91\nThe only three-time winner of the NBA Slam Dunk Contest, winning in 2006, 2009 and 2010.\n\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n155 lb (70 kg)\nGene Rock[22]\n USA\nChicago Stags (1947–1948)\n11\n10\n0.9\n.222\n.500\n0\n0.0\n—\n—\n\n\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n165 lb (75 kg)\nYuta Tabuse[23]\n JPN\nPhoenix Suns (2004–2005)\n4\n7\n1.8\n.167\n1.000\n3\n0.8\n0\n0.00\nThe first (and so far, only) Japanese born player to ever play in the NBA.\n\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n185 lb (84 kg)\nIsaiah Thomas^[24]\n USA\nSacramento Kings (2011–2014)\nPhoenix Suns (2014–2015)\nBoston Celtics (2015–2017)\nCleveland Cavaliers (2017–2018)\nLos Angeles Lakers (2018–present)\n389\n6,877\n22.2\n.438\n.871\n1,973\n6.2\n383\n0.99\nShortest player to be included in an All-NBA Team. Shortest player to play in an NBA All-Star game joined by Calvin Murphy. Shortest player to play in multiple All-Star games. Shortest player to record a triple-double in a game.\n\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n176 lb (80 kg)\nKay Felder^[25]\n USA\nCleveland Cavaliers (2016–2017)\nChicago Bulls (2017)\nDetroit Pistons (2018–present)\n56\n221\n3.9\n.366\n.754\n78\n1.4\n21\n0.4\n\n\n",
"\n\nHeight\nWeight\nPlayer\nNationality\nTeams\nGP\nPts\nPPG\nFG%\nFT%\nAst\nAPG\nStl\nSPG\nNotes\n\n\n5 ft 3 in (1.60 m)\n136 lb (62 kg)\nMuggsy Bogues[2]\n USA\nWashington Bullets (1987–1988)\nCharlotte Hornets (1988–1997)\nGolden State Warriors (1997–1999)\nToronto Raptors (1999–2001)\n889\n6,858\n7.7\n.458\n.827\n6,726\n7.6\n1,369\n1.54\nPlayed alongside the original one of the two tallest players in NBA history, Manute Bol, during the 1987–88 season for the Washington Bullets; their difference in height was 28 inches (71 cm).\n\n\n5 ft 5 in (1.65 m)\n135 lb (61 kg)\nEarl Boykins[3]\n USA\nNew Jersey Nets (1999)\nCleveland Cavaliers (1999, 2000)\nOrlando Magic (1999)\nLos Angeles Clippers (2001–2002)\nGolden State Warriors (2002–03)\nDenver Nuggets (2003–2007)\nMilwaukee Bucks (2007, 2011)\nCharlotte Bobcats (2008)\nWashington Wizards (2009–10)\nHouston Rockets (2012)\n652\n5,791\n8.9\n.417\n.876\n2,092\n3.2\n390\n0.60\n\n\n\n5 ft 6 in (1.68 m)\n165 lb (75 kg)\nMel Hirsch[4]\n USA\nBoston Celtics (1946–1947)\n13\n19\n1.5\n.200\n.500\n10\n0.8\n—\n—\nDuring his time, was the NBA's shortest player.\n\n\n5 ft 7 in (1.70 m)\n140 lb (64 kg)\nGreg Grant[5]\n USA\nPhoenix Suns (1989–1990)\nNew York Knicks (1990–1991)\nCharlotte Hornets (1991–1992)\nPhiladelphia 76ers (1991–1992, 1992–1993, 1995–1996)\nWashington Bullets (1995–1996)\nDenver Nuggets (1994–1995, 1995–1996)\n274\n767\n2.8\n.383\n.710\n751\n2.7\n161\n0.59\n\n\n\n5 ft 7 in (1.70 m)\n160 lb (73 kg)\nKeith Jennings[6]\n USA\nGolden State Warriors (1992–1995)\n164\n1,090\n6.6\n.436\n.852\n614\n3.7\n164\n1.00\n\n\n\n5 ft 7 in (1.70 m)\n150 lb (68 kg)\nHerm Klotz[7]\n USA\nBaltimore Bullets (1947–1948)\n11\n15\n1.4\n.226\n.333\n7\n0.6\n—\n—\nShortest player to ever win an NBA championship. Later served as longtime head coach of the Washington Generals.\n\n\n5 ft 7 in (1.70 m)\n150 lb (68 kg)\nWataru Misaka[8]\n USA\nNew York Knicks (1947–1948)\n3\n7\n2.3\n.333\n0\n0.0\n—\n—\n—\nFirst Non-Caucasian player and first Asian player in the NBA.\n\n\n5 ft 7 in (1.70 m)\n150 lb (68 kg)\nMonte Towe[9]\n USA\nDenver Nuggets (1976–1977)\n51\n130\n2.5\n.406\n.720\n87\n1.7\n16\n0.31\nThe shortest player in the original ABA.\n\n\n5 ft 7 in (1.70 m)\n133 lb (60 kg)\nSpud Webb[10]\n USA\nAtlanta Hawks (1985–1991, 1995–1996)\nSacramento Kings (1991–1995)\nMinnesota Timberwolves (1996)\nOrlando Magic (1998)\n814\n8,072\n9.9\n.452\n.848\n4,342\n5.3\n922\n1.13\nWon the NBA Slam Dunk Contest in 1986; shortest player to participate in the Slam Dunk Contest.\n\n\n5 ft 8 in (1.73 m)\n165 lb (75 kg)\nCharlie Criss[11]\n USA\nAtlanta Hawks (1977–1981, 1983–1984, 1984–1985)\nSan Diego Clippers (1981–1982)\nMilwaukee Bucks (1982–1984)\n418\n3,534\n8.5\n.432\n.831\n1,335\n3.2\n366\n0.88\n\n\n\n5 ft 8 in (1.73 m)\n160 lb (73 kg)\nDino Martin[12]\n USA\nProvidence Steamrollers (1946–1948)\n92\n834\n9.1\n.294\n.638\n73\n0.8\n—\n—\nThe only player on this list who did not play the guard position.\n\n\n5 ft 8 in (1.73 m)\n170 lb (77 kg)\nWillie Somerset[13]\n USA\nBaltimore Bullets (1965–1966)\n8\n45\n5.6\n.419\n.818\n9\n1.1\n—\n—\n\n\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n160 lb (73 kg)\nHowie Carl[14]\n USA\nChicago Packers (1961–1962)\n31\n170\n5.5\n.333\n.706\n57\n1.8\n—\n—\n\n\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n158 lb (72 kg)\nCharlie Hoefer[15]\n\nToronto Huskies (1946–1947)\nBoston Celtics (1947–1948)\n65\n361\n5.6\n.250\n.646\n36\n0.6\n—\n—\n\n\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n150 lb (68 kg)\nLionel Malamed[16]\n USA\nIndianapolis Jets (1948)\nRochester Royals (1948–1949)\n44\n258\n5.9\n.334\n.831\n61\n1.4\n—\n—\n\n\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n170 lb (77 kg)\nEd Melvin[17]\n USA\nPittsburgh Ironmen (1946–1947)\n57\n281\n4.9\n.263\n.654\n37\n0.6\n—\n—\n\n\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n165 lb (75 kg)\nCalvin Murphy*[18]\n USA\nSan Diego/Houston Rockets (1970–1983)\n1,002\n17,949\n17.9\n.482\n.892\n4,402\n4.4\n1,165[19]\n1.53[19]\nShortest NBA player to be inducted to the Hall of Fame, as well as appear in at least one All-Star Game.++\n\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n145 lb (66 kg)\nAngelo Musi[20]\n USA\nPhiladelphia Warriors (1946–1949)\n161\n1,359\n8.4\n.290\n.771\n117\n0.7\n—\n—\n\n\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n160 lb (73 kg)\nRalph O'Brien\n USA\nIndianapolis Olympians (1951–1952)\nBaltimore Bullets\n119\n848\n7.1\n.360\n.830\n180\n1.5\n—\n—\n\n\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n180 lb (82 kg)\nNate Robinson[21]\n USA\nNew York Knicks (2005–2010)\nBoston Celtics (2009–2011)\nOklahoma City Thunder (2011)\nGolden State Warriors (2011–12)\nChicago Bulls (2012–2013)\nDenver Nuggets (2013–2015)\nLos Angeles Clippers (2015)\nNew Orleans Pelicans (2015)\n574\n6,569\n11.4\n.427\n.800\n1,725\n3.0\n522\n0.91\nThe only three-time winner of the NBA Slam Dunk Contest, winning in 2006, 2009 and 2010.\n\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n155 lb (70 kg)\nGene Rock[22]\n USA\nChicago Stags (1947–1948)\n11\n10\n0.9\n.222\n.500\n0\n0.0\n—\n—\n\n\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n165 lb (75 kg)\nYuta Tabuse[23]\n JPN\nPhoenix Suns (2004–2005)\n4\n7\n1.8\n.167\n1.000\n3\n0.8\n0\n0.00\nThe first (and so far, only) Japanese born player to ever play in the NBA.\n\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n185 lb (84 kg)\nIsaiah Thomas^[24]\n USA\nSacramento Kings (2011–2014)\nPhoenix Suns (2014–2015)\nBoston Celtics (2015–2017)\nCleveland Cavaliers (2017–2018)\nLos Angeles Lakers (2018–present)\n389\n6,877\n22.2\n.438\n.871\n1,973\n6.2\n383\n0.99\nShortest player to be included in an All-NBA Team. Shortest player to play in an NBA All-Star game joined by Calvin Murphy. Shortest player to play in multiple All-Star games. Shortest player to record a triple-double in a game.\n\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n176 lb (80 kg)\nKay Felder^[25]\n USA\nCleveland Cavaliers (2016–2017)\nChicago Bulls (2017)\nDetroit Pistons (2018–present)\n56\n221\n3.9\n.366\n.754\n78\n1.4\n21\n0.4\n\n\n"
] | [
"Isaiah Thomas",
"Kay Felder"
] |
720342261232195544 | Conch | Conch - wikipedia Conch For the Indian Ritual Conch , see Shankha . For other uses , see Conch ( disambiguation ) . Apertural view of an adult shell of the queen conch Lobatus gigas , from Trinidad and Tobago A shell of the Florida crown conch Melongena corona inhabited by a hermit crab Conch ( / kɒŋk , kɒntʃ / ) is a common name that is applied to a number of different medium to large - sized shells . The term generally applies to large snails whose shell has a high spire and a noticeable siphonal canal ( in other words , the shell comes to a noticeable point at both ends ) . In North America , a conch is often identified as a queen conch , found off the coast of Florida . Queen conchs are valued for fish bait , and are also known as seafood . The group of conchs that are sometimes referred to as `` true conchs '' are marine gastropod molluscs in the family Strombidae , specifically in the genus Strombus and other closely related genera . For example , see Lobatus gigas , the queen conch , and Laevistrombus canarium , the dog conch . Many other species are also often called `` conch '' , but are not at all closely related to the family Strombidae , including Melongena species ( family Melongenidae ) , and the horse conch Triplofusus papillosus ( family Fasciolariidae ) . Species commonly referred to as conchs also include the sacred chank or more correctly shankha shell ( Turbinella pyrum ) and other Turbinella species in the family Turbinellidae . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Food 3 Musical instruments 4 Pearls 5 Other uses 6 Religion 6.1 Ancient Peru 6.2 Aztec 6.3 Buddhism 6.4 Hinduism 7 Literature and the oral tradition 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Etymology ( edit ) The English word conch is attested in Middle English , coming from Latin concha ( shellfish , mussel ) , which in turn comes from Greek konchē ( same meaning ) ultimately from PIE root * konkho - , cognate with Sanskrit śaṅkha . Food ( edit ) A group of large eastern conchs or whelks of the species Busycotypus canaliculatus for sale at a California seafood market The meat of conchs is eaten raw in salads , or cooked , as in burgers , chowders , fritters , and gumbos . All parts of the conch meat are edible . Conch is most indigenous to The Bahamas , and is typically served in fritter , salad , and soup forms . In addition to The Bahamas , conch is also eaten in the West Indies ( Jamaica in particular ) ; locals in Jamaica eat conch in soups , stews and curries . Restaurants all over the islands serve this particular meat . In the Dominican Republic , Grenada , and Haiti , conch is commonly eaten in curries or in a spicy soup . It is locally referred to as lambi . In The Turks and Caicos Islands , the Annual Conch Festival is held in November each year , located at the Three Queen 's Bar / Restautant in Blue Hills . Local restaurateurs compete for the best and most original conch dishes , that are then judged by international chefs . Free sampling of the dishes follows the judging ; along with those festivities , other competitions , events , and music performances occur well into the evening . In Puerto Rico , conch is served as a ceviche , often called ensalada de carrucho ( conch salad ) , consisting of raw conch marinated in lime juice , olive oil , vinegar , garlic , green peppers , and onions . It is also used to fill empanadas . In Panama , conch is known as cambombia and is often served as a ceviche known as ceviche de cambombia consisting of raw conch marinated in lime juice , chopped onions , finely chopped habaneros , and often vinegar . Conch is very popular in Italy and among Italian Americans . Called scungille ( pl . scungilli ) is eaten in a variety of ways , but most often in salads or cooked in a sauce for pasta . It is often included as one of the dishes prepared for the Feast of the Seven Fishes . In East Asian cuisines , this seafood is often cut into thin slices and then steamed or stir - fried . Musical instruments ( edit ) Main article : Conch ( instrument ) Conch shells can be used as wind instruments . They are prepared by cutting a hole in the spire of the shell near the apex , and then blowing into the shell as if it were a trumpet , as in blowing horn . Sometimes a mouthpiece is used , but some shell trumpets are blown without one . Pitch is adjusted by moving one 's hand in and out of the aperture ; the deeper the hand , the lower the note . Various species of large marine gastropod shells can be turned into `` blowing shells '' , but some of the best - known species used are the sacred chank or shankha Turbinella pyrum , the Triton 's trumpet Charonia tritonis , and the queen conch Strombus gigas . Pearls ( edit ) Many different kinds of mollusks can produce pearls . Pearls from the queen conch , L. gigas , are rare and have been collectors ' items since Victorian times . Conch pearls occur in a range of hues , including white , brown and orange , with many intermediate shades , but pink is the colour most associated with the conch pearl , such that these pearls are sometimes referred to simply as `` pink pearls '' . In some gemological texts , non-nacreous gastropod pearls used to be referred to as `` calcareous concretions '' because they were `` porcellaneous '' ( shiny and ceramic - like in appearance ) , rather than `` nacreous '' ( with a pearly lustre ) , sometimes known as `` orient '' . The GIA and CIBJO now simply use the term `` pearl '' -- or , where appropriate , the more descriptive term `` non-nacreous pearl '' -- when referring to such items , and under Federal Trade Commission rules , various mollusc pearls may be referred to as `` pearls '' without qualification . Although non-nacreous , the surface of fine conch pearls has a unique and attractive appearance of its own . The microstructure of conch pearls comprises partly aligned bundles of microcrystalline fibres that create a shimmering , slightly iridescent effect known as `` flame structure '' . The effect is a form of chatoyancy , caused by the interaction of light rays with the microcrystals in the pearl 's surface , and it somewhat resembles moiré silk . Other uses ( edit ) A drawing of the shell of Strombus alatus , the Florida fighting conch Conch shells are sometimes used as decoration , as decorative planters , and in cameo making . In classic Maya art , conchs are shown being used in many ways , including as paint and ink holders for elite scribes , as bugles or trumpets , and as hand weapons ( held by combatants by inserting their hands in the aperture ) . Conch shells have been used as shell money in several cultures . Some American Aboriginals used cylindrical conch columella beads as part of breastplates and other personal adornment . In India , the Bengali bride - to - be is adorned with conch shell and coral bangles called `` Shakha Paula . It is an important wedding ritual for every Bengali bride as it is an integral Bengali tradition . '' In some Afro - Caribbean and African - American cemeteries , conch shells are placed on graves . In some Caribbean countries such as Jamaica and the Bahamas , cleaned queen conch shells , or polished fragments , are sold , mainly to tourists , as souvenirs or in jewelry . Responding to a 2003 recommendation from CITES , some countries in the Caribbean have banned the export of queen conch shells . CITES has also asked all countries to ban import of these shells from countries that are not complying with CITES recommendations for managing the fishery . Queen conch fisheries have been closed in several countries . Conch shells or fragments taken home by tourists from noncomplying countries may be confiscated on return to the tourist 's home country while clearing customs . In the UK , conch shells are the ninth most - seized import . Conch shells are occasionally used as a building material , either in place of bricks , or as bulk for landfill . In Grenada , fishermen use the conch shell as a trumpet to announce to the community that fish is available for sale . Conchs are used at Carnival times in the Jouvert Jump where Diab Diab ( Jab Jab ) blow conch shells as part of the festivities . Especially in Guadeloupe , it is not uncommon to hear conch shells being blown near ports at dawn and during Carnival times , too . Many bands are making the conch shell a main instrument . In the Bahamas , broken or up - turned conch shells are imbedded into the tops of outdoor walls in an effort to maintain home security ; the broken or up - turned shells are sharp enough to cut any intruder who attempts to jump or crawl over the wall . In Key West , Florida , a native - born résident is affectionately called a `` Conch '' . Religion ( edit ) Ancient Peru ( edit ) The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped the sea and often depicted conch shells in their art . Aztec ( edit ) Quetzalcoatl , the Mexican god of wind and learning , wears around his neck the `` wind breastplate '' ehecailacocozcatl , `` the spirally voluted wind jewel '' made of a conch shell . Buddhism ( edit ) Buddhism has also incorporated the conch shell , Turbinella pyrum , as one of the Eight Auspicious Symbols . Hinduism ( edit ) Main article : Shankha A Hindu priest blowing a shankha ( a shell of Turbinella pyrum ) during a puja Ancient india , Carved Conch with Lakshmi - Narayana , 11th - 12th century A shankha shell ( the shell of a Turbinella pyrum , a species in the gastropod family Turbinellidae ) is often referred to in the West as a conch shell , or a chank shell . This shell is used as an important ritual object in Hinduism . The shell is used as a ceremonial trumpet , as part of religious practices , for example puja . The chank trumpet is sounded during worship at specific points , accompanied by ceremonial bells and singing . As it is an auspicious instrument , it is often played in a Lakshmi puja in temple or at home . In the story of Dhruva , the divine conch plays a special part . The warriors of ancient India blew conch shells to announce battle , as is described in the beginning of the war of Kurukshetra , in the Mahabharata , the famous Hindu epic . The god of preservation , Vishnu , is said to hold a special conch , Panchajanya , that represents life , as it has come out of life - giving waters. There is an interesting story behind the origin of a `` the shankha '' or conch shell. According to Hindu mythology , Devas ( Gods ) and Asuras ( Demons ) once decided to churn the ocean in order to get a special divine nectar . This divine nectar also known as `` Amrit '' was known to give immortality to whoever drank it . All the Gods were on one side of it and the Demons were on the other end . The Samudra Manthan produced a number of things from the Ocean . One of the first things to come out of it was lethal poison called Halahala. Everyone was terrified as the poison was potent enough to destroy entire creation . So they went to Lord Shiva for protection and he consumed the poison to safeguard the universe . Lord Shiva took the poison in his mouth but did not swallow it . Later some additional objects came out of the ocean like Lakshmi ( goddess of prosperity and beauty ) , Goddess of wine , Moon , divine Nymphs like Rambha - and Menakha , Uchhaishravas the divine seven headed White horse , Kaustubha a jewel , Parijata the celestial tree , Surabhi the cow of plenty , Airavata a white elephant , Dhanus a mighty bow and many more such things were produced . `` Shankha '' or conch shell also was one of divine objects that was obtained from Samudra manthan . Also , the sound of the conch is believed to drive away the evil spirits . The blowing of the conch or `` the shankha '' needs a tremendous power and respiratory capacity . Hence , blowing it daily helps keep the lungs healthy . A newly wed Bengali bride wears bangles called Shakha Paula , made from coral and conch shell powder . They have been a part of Bengali custom and tradition . It is believed that in ancient era , the Bengali farming community resided near the river . They collected conch shells and powdered to create bangles . They also used red coral for the bangles . They gifted these beautiful bangles to their wives as they could not afford ivory bangles. They were also known as poor man 's ivory as they were cheap substitute for ivory bangles . Literature and the oral tradition ( edit ) The famous Old English riddle Ic wæs be Sonde describes a conch : `` I was by sound , near seawall , at ocean - stream ; I dwelt alone in my first resting place ... Little did I know that I , ere or since , ever should speak mouthless over mead - benches . '' Another meaning given to this riddle `` Ic wæs be Sonde '' is that the sound of the conch corresponds to spiritualised sound as heard in higher realms . In the Hindu tradition , the conch shell is used in ceremony as the sound it makes is said to correspond with higher frequency universal sounds associated with music of the spheres . William Golding 's novel Lord of the Flies ( 1954 ) features frequent references to `` the conch '' . In the book , the conch is used as a trumpet to call everyone together and held by whoever is speaking at meetings , symbolically representing democracy and order . The conch is seen as a delicate and beautiful object to represent this concept , although its fragility is shown when it `` exploded into a thousand white fragments and ceased to exist '' . In Prakrit poetry , the conch ( शंख ; shankha ) has an erotic connotation : Look , a still , quiet crane shines on a lotus leaf like a conch shell lying on a flawless emerald plate . -- Hāla 's gāhā sattasaī 1.4 ; tr . M. Selby Ostional , a pueblo in the municipality of San Juan del Sur in the Rivas Department of the southwest region of Nicaragua , by accounts of multiple testimonials in the local region , was founded by their ancestors because of an abundant conch population at the sea shore . Subsequently , the tribe used conch shells in many rituals and customs . In 2008 , witnesses at local archaeological digs reported conch shells were found in the graves of some indigenous people in their recently rediscovered cemetery grounds . Some still maintained jade stones , implying the significance of conch shells within their tribal society . See also ( edit ) Lentigo pipus Seashell Seashell resonance Shankha Dakshinavarti Shankh References ( edit ) Jump up ^ § 51 . conch.no 7 . Pronunciation Challenges . The American Heritage Book of English Usage. 1996 Jump up ^ Wells , John C. ( 2016 ) Sounds Fascinating : Further Observations on English Phonetics and Phonology . Cambridge University Press . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Walters , Martin ; Johnson , Jinny ( 2003 ) . Encyclopedia of Animals . Marks and Spencer . p. 61 . ISBN 1 - 84273 - 964 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Definition of CONCH '' . www.merriam-webster.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . www.etymonline.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Conch '' . Jump up ^ Turks & Caicos Conch Festival . ^ Jump up to : Bari , Hubert ( 2007 ) . Pink Pearl : A Natural Treasure of the Caribbean . Skira . ISBN 978 - 8861300132 . Jump up ^ CIBJO ' Pearl Book ' . Giathai.net Jump up ^ GIA Gems & Gemology magazine news archive . Gia.edu . Jump up ^ Guides for the Jewelry , Precious Metals , and Pewter Industries . FTC.gov . Jump up ^ Hair Pipes . ^ Jump up to : https://storify.com/David75/significance-of-shakhapaula-for-a-bengali-bride Jump up ^ The Last Miles of the Way : African Homegoing Traditions , 1890 - Present , edited by Elaine Nichols . Jump up ^ CITES suspends traConchesConchesde in queen conch shellfish Jump up ^ `` UK ' complacent ' over wildlife threats '' . BBC News . 2002 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Berrin , Katherine & Larco Museum . The Spirit of Ancient Peru : Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera . New York : Thames and Hudson , 1997 . Jump up ^ http://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/PDFs/8-4/The%20Wind.pdf External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Strombus . Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Conch '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . hide Edible mollusks Bivalves Clams Atlantic jackknife Atlantic surf Geoduck Grooved carpet shell Hard clam Horse Mactra stultorum Blunt gaper Ocean quahog Pacific razor Venus California butterclam Senilia senilis Smooth clam Soft - shell Triangle shell Tuatua Japanese littleneck Razor clam Pod razor Ensis ( razor genus ) Paphies Cockles Common Blood Goolwa New Zealand Sydney Mussels Blue Mediterranean New Zealand green - lipped California Brown Asian / Philippine green Date Mytilidae ( mussel family ) Oysters Auckland Eastern Olympia Southern mud Colchester native Pacific Portuguese Windowpane Rock Sydney rock Ostra chilena / Bluff Gillardeau oysters Crassostrea ( `` true oyster '' genus ) Scallops Atlantic bay Great / king New Zealand Pecten jacobaeus Peruvian calico Yesso Placopecten magellanicus Gastropods Abalone White Red Black Green Pink Blacklip Greenlip Green ormer Pāua ( group of three species ) South African abalone Chilean Conches Queen Elegant Dog Limpets Black - foot opihi / Hawaiian Turtle / talc Yellow - foot opihi China Common European Rayed Mediterranean Ribbed Mediterranean Rustic Periwinkles Common Banded Littorina sitkana Whelks Common Kellet 's Knobbed Lightning Channeled Other snails Sea Mud - flat Korean mud Chorus giganteus Land Cornu aspersum Helix lucorum Helix pomatia Freshwater Nerites Inkfish Cuttlefish Spineless Bottletail Octopus Common Atlantic white - spotted Big blue Pacific giant Southern red Mimic Amphioctopus fangsiao Squid New Zealand arrow Japanese flying Humboldt Neon flying Chitons Chiton magnificus Acanthopleura granulata Related topics Oyster farming Land snail farming Gastropod anatomy Bivalve anatomy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conch&oldid=843946657 '' Categories : Marine edible gastropods Commercial molluscs Strombidae Endangered animals Symbols Mollusc shells Mollusc common names Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2009 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Gaeilge ગુજરાતી Bahasa Indonesia Simple English தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 1 June 2018 , at 14 : 54 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | what kind of animal lives in a conch shell | [
"The group of conchs that are sometimes referred to as \"true conchs\" are marine gastropod molluscs in the family Strombidae, specifically in the genus Strombus and other closely related genera. For example, see Lobatus gigas, the queen conch, and Laevistrombus canarium, the dog conch.\n"
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"marine gastropod molluscs in the family Strombidae"
] |
-8684671338437721076 | 2022 Winter Olympics | 2022 Winter Olympics - wikipedia 2022 Winter Olympics Jump to : navigation , search `` Beijing 2022 '' redirects here . For the Winter Paralympics , see 2022 Winter Paralympics . XXIV Olympic Winter Games Host city Beijing , China Motto Joyful Rendezvous Upon Pure Ice and Snow . Chinese : 纯洁 的 冰雪 , 激情 的 约会 Events 102 in 15 sports Opening ceremony 4 February Closing ceremony 20 February Stadium Beijing National Stadium Winter < Pyeongchang 2018 TBD 2026 > Summer < Tokyo 2020 Paris 2024 > Part of a series on 2022 Winter Olympics ( show ) Bid process ( bid details ) Development ( venues , torch relay ) Marketing ( mascots ) Broadcasters Opening ceremony ( flag bearers ) Chronological summary Medal table ( medallists ) Controversies World and Olympic records Closing ceremony ( flag bearers ) Paralympics IOC COC BOCOWG The 2022 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXIV Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIV Jeux olympiques d'hiver ; Chinese : 第 二 十 四 届 冬季 奥林匹克 运动会 ; pinyin : Dì Èrshísì Jiè Dōngjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì ) , and commonly known as Beijing 2022 , is an international winter multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 4 to 20 February 2022 , in Beijing and towns in the neighboring Hebei province , People 's Republic of China . Beijing was elected as the host city in July 2015 at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . These Games will be the first Winter Olympics ever to be held in China , and the last of three consecutive Olympics to be held in East Asia , following the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea , and the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo , Japan . Beijing will be the first city ever to have hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympics , having previously hosted the 2008 Summer Olympics . There are plans to utilize many of the same indoor venues that were used in 2008 , as well as using the Beijing National Stadium for the opening and closing ceremonies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bidding 2 Venues 2.1 Beijing cluster 2.2 Yanqing cluster 2.3 Zhangjiakou cluster 2.3. 1 Chongli 3 Transport 4 Budget 5 Sports 5.1 New events 6 Marketing 6.1 Branding 6.2 Mascot 7 Broadcasting 8 Concerns and controversies 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Bidding ( edit ) Main article : Bids for the 2022 Winter Olympics The bidding calendar was announced by the IOC in October 2012 , with the application deadline set for 14 November 2013 . The IOC Executive Board reviewed the bids from all applicant cities on 7 July 2014 , and selected three cities , Oslo ( Norway ) , Almaty ( Kazakhstan ) and Beijing ( China ) as the final candidates . Several cities withdrew their applications during the bidding process , citing the high costs or the lack of local support for hosting the Games . Oslo , which had been considered a frontrunner , withdrew its bid after the Norwegian parliament voted against an IOC - mandated government funding package . Public reception to the bid had been negative due to cost concerns after the cost overruns of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , and objections to a series of hospitality - related demands that had been reportedly made by the IOC . Beijing was selected as host city of the 2022 Winter Olympics after beating Almaty by four votes on 31 July 2015 at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . 2022 Winter Olympics bidding results City Nation Votes Beijing China 44 Almaty Kazakhstan 40 Venues ( edit ) Location of the three Beijing 2022 clusters In Beijing , five ice events will be held at the Olympic Sports Centre , the Capital Indoor Stadium and the Beijing Wukesong Sports Center , which were some of the main venues of the 2008 Summer Olympics . Competitions for luge , bobsleigh and alpine skiing will be held in Xiaohaituo Mountain area in Yanqing , northwest of Beijing , 90 kilometres ( 56 miles ) away from the city center , using artificial snow because of the rarity of natural snow in this region . All other skiing events will be held in Taizicheng Area in Chongli , Zhangjiakou , 220 km ( 140 mi ) from downtown Beijing and 130 km ( 81 mi ) away from Xiaohaituo Mountain Area . The Big Air snowboarding events will be held in a new area of urban development in Shijingshan District . Beijing cluster ( edit ) Olympic Green venues Beijing National Aquatics Center -- curling / 4,000 existing / renovated Beijing National Indoor Stadium -- ice hockey / 18,000 existing Beijing National Stadium -- opening and closing ceremonies / 80,000 existing Beijing Olympic Village National Speed Skating Oval -- speed skating / 12,000 new China National Convention Center -- MPC / IBC / existing Other venues Capital Indoor Stadium -- figure skating , short track speed skating / 15,000 existing Wukesong Sports Centre -- ice hockey / 10,000 existing Shijingshan District -- snowboarding ( Big Air ) -- TBA new Yanqing cluster ( edit ) Xiaohaituo Alpine Skiing Field -- alpine skiing 15,000 Xiaohaituo Bobsleigh , skeleton and Luge Track -- bobsleigh , luge , skeleton / 5,000 new Yanqing MMC : Media Center Yanqing Olympic Village / new Zhangjiakou cluster ( edit ) Chongli ( edit ) The town of Chongli in Zhangjiakou , Hebei Province , will stage most of the skiing events during the 2022 Winter Olympics . The ski resort earned over 1.54 billion yuan ( US $237.77 million ) in tourism during the 2015 -- 16 snow season for a 31.6 % growth over the previous season . In 2016 , it was announced that Chongli received 2.185 million tourists , an increase of 30 % from the previous season , during the first snow season after the winning the Olympic bid . The snow season lasted for five months from November , during which Chongli has hosted 36 competitions and activities , such as Far East Cup and Children Skiing International Festival . A total of 23 skiing camps have also been set up , attracting the participation of 3,800 youths . All venue construction started in November 2016 and will be finished by the end of 2020 to enable the city to hold test events . Kuyangshu Nordic Center and Biathlon Center -- cross-country skiing , Nordic combined ( cross-country skiing ) 15,000 Kuyangshu Ski Jumping Field -- ski jumping , Nordic combined ( ski jumping ) 10,000 Hualindong Ski Resort -- biathlon 15,000 Genting Hotel -- Media Center Genting Snow Park -- snowboarding ( slopestyle , halfpipe ) , freestyle skiing 5,000 Taiwu Ski Resort -- snowboarding ( cross ) , freestyle skiing 10,000 Wanlong Ski Resort -- snowboarding ( parallel slalom ) 5,000 Zhangjiakou Olympic Village Transport ( edit ) The new Beijing - Zhangjiakou intercity railway will be built , starting from Beijing North Railway Station , and ending at Zhangjiakou South Railway Station . It will be built for speeds of up to 350 km / h ( 217 mph ) , and travel time from Beijing to Zhangjiakou is estimated to be around 50 minutes . The Beijing Subway is expected to continue expanding and is projected reach 1,000 kilometres ( 620 miles ) in length by 2022 . A new airport for Beijing and the region , provisionally named the Beijing Daxing International Airport , is due to open by 2019 . The airport will replace the Beijing Nanyuan Airport and operate together with the Beijing Capital International Airport . Budget ( edit ) The estimated budget for the games is US $3.9 billion , less than one - tenth of the $43 billion spent on the 2008 Summer Olympics . Sports ( edit ) The 2022 Winter Olympics are tentatively scheduled to include events in at least 15 sports . Alpine skiing ( details ) Biathlon ( details ) Bobsleigh ( details ) Cross-country skiing ( details ) Curling ( details ) Figure skating ( details ) Freestyle skiing ( details ) Ice hockey ( details ) Luge ( details ) Nordic combined ( details ) Short track speed skating ( details ) Skeleton ( details ) Ski jumping ( details ) Snowboarding ( details ) Speed skating ( details ) New events ( edit ) In October 2016 , the International Ski Federation ( FIS ) announced plans to begin sanctioning women 's competitions in Nordic combined , with the objective of contesting the discipline at the Olympic level for the first time in Beijing . In November 2017 , a further three events were put forward by the FIS for possible Olympic inclusion : a ski jumping mixed team competition and men 's and women 's big air in freestyle skiing . At their May 2018 Congress at the Costa Navarino resort in Messenia , Greece , FIS submitted several additional events for consideration , including a proposal to make telemark skiing an Olympic discipline for the first time in Beijing , with proposed competitions to include the men 's and women 's parallel sprint and a mixed team parallel sprint . The Congress also approved to submit the aerials mixed team event and several new snowboarding events : the men and women 's snowboard cross team event ; a mixed team alpine parallel event ; the men 's and women 's parallel special slalom ; and a mixed team parallel special slalom event . The individual parallel special slalom events were featured at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia , but were dropped from the Olympic program in 2018 to make way for the snowboarding big air competitions . The International Luge Federation ( FIL ) has proposed the addition of six new events , including natural track luge ( men 's and women 's singles ) , a women 's doubles competition on the artificial track , and sprint events ( men , women , and doubles ) on the artificial track . The International Skating Union ( ISU ) continues to campaign for the addition of synchronized skating as a new event within the discipline of figure skating . They are also proposing a new short track speed skating team event . In biathlon , a single mixed relay has been proposed by the International Biathlon Union ( IBU ) to complement the four - person mixed relay which featured at the 2018 Winter Olympics . Also , a new team event has been proposed by the International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation ( IBSF ) . Marketing ( edit ) Branding ( edit ) The official emblem `` Winter Dream '' ( 冬 梦 ) was unveiled on December 15 , 2017 at the Beijing National Aquatics Center . The emblem is a stylized rendition of the character `` 冬 '' ( Winter ) inspired by winter snow , with a ribbon motif . The top is meant to resemble a skater and the bottom is meant to resemble a skier . The emblem also features the Olympic colors ( except black ) and the Chinese flag colors . The emblem was designed by Lin Cunzhen who also created the Nanjing 2014 logo . Mascot ( edit ) The mascot ( s ) for the 2022 Games will be unveiled in 2020 . Broadcasting ( edit ) In some countries , broadcast rights to the 2022 Winter Olympics are already agreed through existing long - term deals . In France and the United Kingdom , these are the first Games where Eurosport will be the main rightsholder ; the BBC will sub-license a limited amount of coverage on free - to - air television , as part of a deal in which the BBC sold the pay - TV rights to the 2018 and 2020 Games to Eurosport . Armenia -- APMTV Asia -- Dentsu ( Rights to be sold to local broadcasters ) Brazil -- Grupo Globo Canada -- CBC / Radio - Canada , TSN , RDS China -- CCTV Europe -- Discovery Communications , Eurosport ( free - to - air rights to be sold to local broadcasters ) Germany -- ARD , ZDF Hungary -- MTVA Japan -- Japan Consortium Kosovo -- RTK Latin America -- América Móvil MENA -- beIN Sports New Zealand -- Sky Television North Korea -- SBS Oceania -- Sky Television South Africa -- SABC , SuperSport South Korea -- SBS Sub-Saharan Africa -- Econet Media , SuperSport United States -- NBCUniversal United Kingdom -- Eurosport , BBC In the United States , the Games will be broadcast once again by NBCUniversal properties as part of its multi-year agreement with the IOC . Super Bowl LVI ( the championship game of the National Football League 's 2021 season ) is provisionally scheduled for 6 February 2022 , meaning that the Super Bowl would occur during an ongoing Olympics for the first time in its history . Super Bowl games have frequently been among the most - watched television broadcasts in the United States annually . Under the NFL 's television contracts , rights to the Super Bowl rotate between the three networks CBS , Fox and NBC ; Super Bowl LVI is scheduled to be broadcast by CBS . Competition between these two major sporting events is expected to have an impact on viewership numbers . The last Super Bowl that was held during a Winter Olympic year , Super Bowl LII in 2018 , took place on the Sunday before the Games . Concerns and controversies ( edit ) Main article : Concerns and controversies at the 2022 Winter Olympics Critics questioned the Beijing bid , citing that the proposed outdoor venue sites do not have reliable snowfall in winter for snow sports . Concerns have been raised that snow may need to be transported to the venues at great cost and with uncertain environmental consequences . The environmental impact of hosting the games near Beijing has been questioned . Some of the proposed venues will be adjacent to the Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve and part of the same mountain system , and the environmental impact on the nature reserve of construction , and artificially covering parts of the mountain with snow , is uncertain . The Chinese government responded to these concerns by expanding the adjacent Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve by 31 % of its original size . See also ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for 2022 Winter Olympics . Asian Games celebrated in China 1990 Asian Games -- Beijing 2010 Asian Games -- Guangzhou 2022 Asian Games -- Hangzhou Olympics portal 2020s portal China portal Beijing portal Olympic Games celebrated in China 2008 Summer Olympics -- Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics -- Beijing Paralympic Games celebrated in China 2008 Summer Paralympics -- Beijing 2022 Winter Paralympics -- Beijing Universiade celebrated in China 2001 Summer Universiade -- Beijing 2009 Winter Universiade -- Harbin 2011 Summer Universiade -- Shenzhen Youth Olympic Games celebrated in China 2014 Summer Youth Olympics -- Nanjing Beijing Organising Committee for the 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` French and English are the official languages for the Olympic Games . '' , ( 1 ). ( ... ) Jump up ^ `` Beijing to host 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . 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FIL. 31 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1062269/exclusive-womens-nordic-combined-and-synchronised-skating-among-new-disciplines-proposed-for-beijing-2022 Jump up ^ `` Synchronized Skating has been proposed as a new `` event '' by the ISU `` . www.jurasynchro.com/ . Jura Synchro. 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Zaccardi , Nick ( 15 December 2017 ) . `` Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic logo unveiled '' . nbcsports.com . NBC Sports ) . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BBC dealt another blow after losing control of TV rights for Olympics '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics coverage to remain on BBC after Discovery deal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Connoly , Eoin ( 17 May 2017 ) . `` Wednesday 's Daily Deal Round - Up : Olympic partnerships for Discovery and more '' . SportsPro . Sportspromedia.com . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Spain , Kevin ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` NBC looking to sell Super Bowl , Olympics ad combos '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Expects More Than $1 Billion in Ad Sales from Super Bowl , Winter Olympics '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Matt Schiavenza , `` A Winter Olympics in a City Without Snow '' , The Atlantic , 31 July 2015 Jump up ^ Tom Phillips , `` Beijing promises to overcome lack of snow for 2022 Winter Olympics '' , The Guardian , 31 July 2015 Jump up ^ `` Scientists Question Environmental Impact of China 's Winter Olympics '' , New York Times , 9 April 2015 Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympic Games venues in China ' pose threat to Beijing nature reserve ' '' , South China Morning Post , 4 August 2015 Jump up ^ `` 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics '' . birdingbeijing.com . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . External links ( edit ) Beijing 2022 Beijing 2022 ( IOC ) Preceded by Pyeongchang Winter Olympics Beijing XXIV Olympic Winter Games ( 2022 ) Succeeded by TBD Venues of the 2022 Winter Olympics Beijing Cluster National Speed Skating Oval Beijing National Stadium Beijing National Aquatics Center Beijing National Indoor Stadium Wukesong Indoor Stadium Yanqing Cluster Xiaohaituo Alpine Skiing Field Xiaohaituo Bobsleigh and Luge Track Zhangjiakou Cluster Kuyangshu Nordic Center and Biathlon Center Genting Snow Park Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Winter Olympic Games host cities 1924 : Chamonix 1928 : St. Moritz 1932 : Lake Placid 1936 : Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 : Cancelled due to World War II 1944 : Cancelled due to World War II 1948 : St. Moritz 1952 : Oslo 1956 : Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 : Squaw Valley 1964 : Innsbruck 1968 : Grenoble 1972 : Sapporo 1976 : Innsbruck 1980 : Lake Placid 1984 : Sarajevo 1988 : Calgary 1992 : Albertville 1994 : Lillehammer 1998 : Nagano 2002 : Salt Lake City 2006 : Turin 2010 : Vancouver 2014 : Sochi 2018 : Pyeongchang 2022 : Beijing 2026 : TBD 2030 : TBD Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2022_Winter_Olympics&oldid=842338814 '' Categories : 2022 Winter Olympics 2022 in Chinese sport 2022 in multi-sport events 2020s in Beijing Olympic Games in China Scheduled multi-sport events Sports competitions in Beijing Sport in Zhangjiakou Winter Olympics by year February 2022 sports events 2022 in winter sports Hidden categories : CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Use dmy dates from November 2012 Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Chinese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 Zazaki 中文 49 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 20 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where are the next winter games going to be held | [
"The 2022 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXIV Olympic Winter Games (French: Les XXIVème Jeux olympiques d'hiver;[1] Chinese: 第二十四届冬季奥林匹克运动会; pinyin: Dì Èrshísì Jiè Dōngjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì), and commonly known as Beijing 2022, is an international winter multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 4 to 20 February 2022, in Beijing and towns in the neighboring Hebei province, People's Republic of China.[2]"
] | [
"in Beijing and towns in the neighboring Hebei province, People's Republic of China"
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2548414966309928169 | Hercules (1997 film) | Hercules ( 1997 film ) - wikipedia Hercules ( 1997 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Hercules Theatrical release poster Directed by John Musker Ron Clements Produced by Alice Dewey John Musker Ron Clements Screenplay by Ron Clements John Musker Donald McEnery Bob Shaw Irene Mecchi Story by Kaan Kalyon Kelly Wightman Randy Cartwright John Ramirez Jeff Snow Vance Gerry Kirk Hanson Francis Glebas Mark Kennedy Bruce M. Morris Don Dougherty Thom Enriquez Based on Heracles Starring Tate Donovan Danny DeVito James Woods Susan Egan Rip Torn Narrated by Charlton Heston Music by Alan Menken Edited by Tom Finan Production companies Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Feature Animation Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Distribution Release date June 15 , 1997 ( 1997 - 06 - 15 ) ( New Amsterdam Theatre ) June 27 , 1997 ( 1997 - 06 - 27 ) ( United States ) Running time 93 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $85 million Box office $252.7 million Hercules is a 1997 American animated musical fantasy comedy film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation for Walt Disney Pictures . The 35th Disney animated feature film , the film was directed by Ron Clements and John Musker . The film is loosely based on the legendary hero Heracles ( known in the film by his Roman name , Hercules ) , the son of Zeus , in Greek mythology . The film also featured the first positive portrayal of African American women in a Disney animated film . Development of Hercules began in 1992 following a pitch adaptation of the Heracles mythological stories by animator Joe Haidar . Meanwhile , Ron Clements and John Musker re-developed their idea for Treasure Planet following the critical and commercial success of Aladdin . Their project was removed from development in 1993 , and Musker and Clements joined Hercules later that same year . Following an unused treatment by Haidar , Clements and Musker studied multiple interpretations of Greek mythology before abandoning Zeus 's adulterous affair with Alcmene . The project underwent multiple story treatments and a first script draft was inspired by the screwball comedy films of the classic Hollywood era and popular culture of the 1990s . Donald McEnery , Bob Shaw , and Irene Mecchi were brought on board to shorten the script . British cartoonist Gerald Scarfe was recruited as production designer and produced over seven hundred visualization designs of the characters . Research trips to Greece and Turkey provided inspiration for the background designs . Animation for the film was done in California and Paris . Computer animation was utilized in several scenes , predominantly in the Hydra battle sequence . Hercules was released on June 27 , 1997 to positive reviews from film reviewers who praised James Woods 's portrayal of Hades . Despite the positive critical reception , the film under - performed in its theatrical release notably in comparison to its predecessors before ultimately earning $252.7 million in box office revenue worldwide . Hercules was later followed by the direct - to - video prequel Hercules : Zero to Hero , which served as the pilot to Hercules : The Animated Series , a syndicated Disney TV series focusing on Hercules during his time at the Prometheus academy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Animation and design 4 Music 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 5.3 Video game 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Controversy 6.4 Accolades 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Plot In Ancient Greece , after imprisoning the Titans beneath the ocean , the Greek gods Zeus and his wife , Hera , have a son named Hercules on Mount Olympus . While the other gods are joyful , Zeus ' jealous brother Hades plots to overthrow Zeus and rule Olympus . Turning to the Fates for help , Hades learns that in eighteen years , a planetary alignment will allow him to locate and free the Titans to conquer Olympus , but only if Hercules does not interfere . Hades sends his minions Pain and Panic to dispose of Hercules . The two succeed at kidnapping the infant and feeding him a formula that turns him mortal , but fail to remove his superhuman strength before Hercules is found and adopted by the farmers Amphitryon and Alcmene . Years later , the teenage Hercules becomes an outcast due to his strength , and wonders where he came from . After his foster parents reveal the necklace they found him with , Hercules decides to visit the temple of Zeus for answers . The temple 's statue of Zeus comes to life and reveals all to Hercules , telling him that he can regain his godhood by becoming a true hero . Zeus sends Hercules and his forgotten infant friend Pegasus to find the satyr Philoctetes -- `` Phil '' for short -- who is known for training heroes . The two meet Phil , who has retired due to numerous disappointments , but Hercules inspires him to follow his dream to train a true hero that will be recognized by the gods . Phil trains Hercules into a potential hero , and then head towards Thebes . On the way , they meet Megara -- `` Meg '' for short -- a sarcastic damsel whom Hercules saves from the centaur Nessus . However , after Hercules , Phil , and Pegasus leave , Meg is revealed to be Hades ' minion , having sold her soul to him to save an unfaithful lover . Arriving in Thebes , Hercules is turned down by the downtrodden citizens until Meg says that two boys have become trapped in a gorge . Hercules saves them , unaware that they are Pain and Panic in disguise , allowing Hades to summon the Hydra . Hercules defeats it and becomes a celebrated hero , but despite Hercules ' growing fame and defeating every monster Hades unleashes , Zeus tells him he is not yet a `` true '' hero . Saddened and frustrated , Hercules turns to Meg , who is falling in love with him . Hades learns of this and on the eve of his takeover , he holds Meg hostage and offers her in exchange for Hercules surrendering his powers for a day . Hercules accepts on the condition that Meg will be unharmed and , after losing his strength , is heartbroken when Hades reveals that Meg was working for him . Hades unleashes the Titans , who climb Olympus and capture the gods , while a Cyclops goes to Thebes to kill Hercules . Phil inspires Hercules to fight and kill the cyclops ; Meg then saves him from a falling pillar and is mortally injured . This breaks Hades ' commitment that Meg would not be harmed , and allows Hercules to regain his strength . Hercules and Pegasus fly to Olympus where they free the gods , save Zeus , and vanquish the Titans , though Meg dies before he returns to her . With Meg 's soul now Hades ' property , Hercules breaks into the Underworld and offers to free Meg from the Styx in exchange for his own life . His willingness to sacrifice himself restores his godhood and immortality before the life - draining river can kill him ; he rescues Meg and punches Hades into the Styx , where irate souls pull him under . After reviving Meg , she and Hercules are summoned to Olympus , where Zeus and Hera welcome their son home . However , Hercules chooses to remain on Earth with Meg in lieu of living on Olympus . Hercules and his friends return to Thebes , where they watch Zeus etch Hercules ' image into the stars to commemorate his heroism . Voice cast See also : List of Disney 's Hercules characters Tate Donovan as Hercules , based on the mythological deity Heracles . Supervising animator Andreas Deja described Hercules as `` ... not a smart aleck , not streetwise , he 's just a naive kid trapped in a big body '' , and that Donovan `` had a charming yet innocent quality in his readings '' . Donovan had not done any voice - over work prior to Hercules . Deja integrated Donovan 's `` charming yet innocent quality '' into Hercules ' expressions . Ricky Martin provided both the voice and singing voice for the Latin American Spanish - language dub edition . Josh Keaton provided the speaking voice of Hercules as a teenager , while Roger Bart provided his singing voice . Originally , Keaton provided also his singing voice , but his singing was re-recorded by Bart . Randy Haycock served as the supervising animator for Hercules as an infant and teenager . Danny DeVito as Philoctetes / Phil . Eric Goldberg , the supervising animator for Philoctetes , cited Grumpy in Snow White and Bacchus in Fantasia as the inspirations for the character 's design . Goldberg mentioned that they discovered that Danny DeVito `` has really different mouth shapes '' when they videotaped his recordings and that they used these shapes in animating Phil . James Woods as Hades . Producer Alice Dewey mentioned that Hades `` was supposed to talk in a slow and be menacing in a quiet , spooky way '' , but thought that James Woods ' manner of speaking `` a mile a minute '' would be a `` great take '' for a villain . Woods did a lot of ad - libbing in his recordings , especially in Hades ' dialogues with Megara . Nik Ranieri , the supervising animator for Hades , mentioned that the character was `` based on a Hollywood agent , a car salesman type '' , and that a lot came from James Woods ' ad - libbed dialogue . He went on to say that the hardest part in animating Hades was that he talks too much and too fast , so much so that `` it took ( him ) two weeks to animate a one - second scene '' . Ranieri watched James Woods ' other films and used what he saw as the basis for Hades ' sneer . Susan Egan as Megara . Supervising animator Ken Duncan stated that she was `` based on a ' 40s screwball comedienne '' and that he used Greek shapes for her hair ( `` Her head is in sort of a vase shape and she 's got a Greek curl in the back . '' ) . Frank Welker as Pegasus . Ellen Woodbury served as the supervising animator for Pegasus . Rip Torn and Samantha Eggar as Zeus and Hera , Hercules ' birth - parents . Anthony DeRosa served as the supervising animator for both characters . In the Swedish dub Max von Sydow provided the voice for Zeus . Lillias White , Cheryl Freeman , LaChanze , Roz Ryan and Vanéese Y. Thomas as the Muses ( Calliope , Melpomene , Terpsichore , Thalia and Clio respectively ) , the narrators of the film 's story . Michael Show served as the supervising animator for the Muses . Bobcat Goldthwait and Matt Frewer as Pain and Panic , Hades ' henchmen . James Lopez and Brian Ferguson respectively served as the supervising animators for Pain and Panic . Patrick Pinney as the Cyclops . Dominique Monfrey served as the supervising animator for the Cyclops . Hal Holbrook and Barbara Barrie as Amphitryon and Alcmene , Hercules ' adoptive parents . Richard Bazley served as the supervising animator for both characters . Amanda Plummer , Carole Shelley and Paddi Edwards as Clotho , Lachesis , Atropos , the three Fates who predict Hades ' failed attempt to conquer Olympus . Nancy Beiman served as the supervising animator for the three characters . Paul Shaffer as Hermes . Michael Swofford served as the animator for Hermes . Jim Cummings as Nessus . Chris Bailey served as the animator for Nessus . Wayne Knight as Demetrius Keith David as Apollo Charlton Heston has a cameo role as the opening narrator . Production Development In early 1992 , thirty artists , writers , and animators pitched their ideas for potential animated features , each given a limited time of two minutes . The first pitch was for an adaptation of The Odyssey , which entered into production in the following summer . However , production on the film was abandoned when it was deemed too long and lacked central characters , and failed to translate into animation comedy . Animator Joe Haidar also suggested pitching a story from Greek mythology , but thought his chances plummeted when work on The Odyssey was discontinued . Nervously , he produced a pitch sketch of Hercules , and delivered a brief outline set during the Trojan War where both sides seek the title character for their secret weapon . Hercules makes a choice , without considering the consequences , though in the end , he learns humility and realizes that strength is not always the answer . With the pitching session concluded , Hercules was approved for development in which Haidar presented a page - and - a-half outline , but his involvement with the project succeeded no further . In November 1992 , fresh off their critical and commercial success of Aladdin , directors Ron Clements and John Musker re-developed Treasure Planet up until fall 1993 , with Aladdin co-screenwriters Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio taking Clements and Musker 's ideas and writing a treatment and script for Treasure Planet . Jeffrey Katzenberg , who was the chairman of Walt Disney Studios , disapproved of the project , but struck a deal with the directors to produce another commercially viable film before he would green - light Treasure Planet . Turning down adaptation proposals for Don Quixote , The Odyssey , and Around the World in Eighty Days , the directors were notified of Haidar 's pitch for a Hercules feature . `` We thought it would be our opportunity to do a `` superhero '' movie , '' Musker said , so `` Ron and I being comic book fans . The studio liked us moving onto that project and so we did ( Hercules ) . '' Writing With Hercules in production , Clements and Musker conducted research and wrote extensive notes for the film . On excerpts detailed in November 1993 , the similarities between their outlines included the naive title character caught between two worlds , a Danny DeVito - type sidekick , a world-wise heroine , and a powerful villain in a battle of idealism versus cynicism . The directors also sought inspiration from classic screwball comedy films directed by Preston Sturges and Frank Capra with `` Hercules as the young Jimmy Stewart in Mr. Smith Goes to Washington , '' Musker explained , and `` Meg is modeled on Barbara Stanwyck , especially the characters she played in The Lady Eve and Meet John Doe . '' While preparing the script , Clements and Musker consulted the works of Thomas Bullfinch , Edith Hamilton , Robert Graves , and other interpreters of Greek mythology until they reached the conclusion to not portray the traditional story of Hercules . Because Zeus sired Hercules outside of his marriage with Hera , Clements remarked `` that illegitimacy would be difficult subject matter for a Disney movie . So we thought of different ways he could be half - man and half - god . We moved more toward making Hades the villain instead of Hera . The Underworld seemed like such a fascinating , dark images ; the contrast with Olympus seemed to have all kinds of visual possibilities . '' Additionally during their research , the directors were inspired by the correlation of the popularity of Hercules in comparison to that of sport athletes and celebrities in the contemporary era with both directors stating Hercules was the Michael Jordan of his era . After multiple meetings and story conferences , Clements and Musker wrote several story treatments before proceeding to their first script draft . Comedy writers Don McEnery and Bob Shaw were recruited by creative executive Jane Healey to work on Hercules where their contribution was `` important structural things like putting capital letters at the beginnings of sentences and adding periods and commas . '' Meanwhile , their draft was concurrently rewritten by Irene Mecchi , which altogether brought additional humor and definition to the script . Casting Donny Osmond originally auditioned as the speaking voice of the title character , but he was turned down because his voice was considered too deep . Writing the role of Philoctetes , Musker and Clements envisioned Danny DeVito in the role . However , DeVito declined to audition so Ed Asner , Ernest Borgnine , Dick Latessa were brought in to read for the part . After Red Buttons had auditioned , he left stating `` I know what you 're gon na do . You 're gon na give this part to Danny Devito ! '' Shortly after , the directors and producer Alice Dewey approached DeVito at a pasta lunch during the filming of Matilda , where DeVito signed on to the role . For every Disney animated feature since Beauty and the Beast , Susan Egan auditioned for a role , and then landed the role of Belle in the Broadway production of Beauty and the Beast . Upon learning about Hercules , Egan actively pursued the role of Megara , though she revealed that `` Alan Menken initially blocked me from going after that part . He said that the female lead in Hercules was supposed to be this cynical smart - ass , sounding nothing at all like sweet , innocent Belle . '' Menken eventually relented and allowed Egan to audition for the role . Egan read for the part in front of a microphone while being videotaped , while Menken , Beauty and the Beast musical director Michael Kosarin , and the filmmakers sat at a table with their eyes closed . Nine months following the results of the test animation synced with Egan 's audition , Egan won the role . During production , Meg was originally given a ballad titled `` I Ca n't Believe My Heart '' , but Ken Duncan , the supervising animator of Meg , pointed out the song was out of character for Meg . Menken and Zippel would later compose `` I Wo n't Say I 'm In Love '' instead . The casting of Hades proved to be very problematic for Musker and Clements . When DeVito asked the directors who had in mind to play Hades , Musker and Clements responded by saying they had n't selected an appropriate actor . In response , DeVito blurted , `` Why do n't you ask Jack ( Nicholson ) ? '' After DeVito notified Nicholson of the project , the next week , the studio was willing to pay Nicholson $500,000 for the role , but Nicholson demanded roughly a paycheck of $10 -- 15 million , plus a 50 % cut of all the proceeds from Hades merchandise . Unwilling to share merchandising proceeds with the actor , Disney came back with a counter offer that was significantly less than what Nicholson had asked for . Therefore , Nicholson decided to pass on the project . Disappointed by the lack of Nicholson , Clements and Musker eventually selected John Lithgow as Hades in fall 1994 . After nine months of trying to make Lithgow 's portrayal of Hades work , Lithgow was released from the role in August 1995 . According to John Musker , Ron Silver , James Coburn , Kevin Spacey , Phil Hartman , and Rod Steiger arrived to the Disney studios to read as Hades . Other actors who auditioned for the role were Michael Ironside , Terrence Mann , and Martin Landau . When they invited James Woods to read for the part , the filmmakers were surprised by Woods 's interpretation , and Woods was hired by October 1995 . Hades 's co-henchman Pain was written with Bobcat Goldthwait in mind , although the actor confessed he still had to audition for the role despite playing himself . Animation and design In 1993 , Ron Clements and John Musker fondly remembered a Time magazine cover of the Beatles , illustrated by English cartoonist Gerald Scarfe . While working as the production designer on a production of The Magic Flute , Gerald Scarfe was invited to tour the Disney studios where Clements and Musker noticed a direct correlation between Gerald 's style and the Greek vase painting style , and with permission from the Disney studios , Scarfe was hired as production designer to produce a dozen drawings . Scarfe conducted minimal research , not wanting to be influenced by other interpretations where he sent thirty - two sketches via fax machine or courier , and ended up producing more than 700 drawings throughout production . By July 1995 , Scarfe and fifteen animators and designers began developing working prototypes for every character in the movie . That same year , the filmmakers embarked on a research trip to Greece and Turkey to research classic Greek mythology . Since Scarfe 's style proved to be too fluid and chaotic for the animators , production stylist Sue Nichols created reference charts for the animators on which elements of Scarfe 's style , as well as classical Greek illustration , to adapt into their work . Animation began in early 1995 with a team of nearly 700 artists , animators , and technicians in Burbank , California while Walt Disney Animation France contributed nearly ten minutes of animation , including the finale with the Titans and Hercules ' descent into the Underworld . Andreas Deja , the supervising animator for Hercules , commented that the animation crew he worked with to animate Hercules was the `` largest ( he ) ever worked with '' . He previously worked on other characters ( like Gaston in Beauty and the Beast , Jafar in Aladdin , and Scar in The Lion King ) with about four animators on his crew , but he had a team of twelve or thirteen for Hercules . Given Deja had worked with three villains before , he was first offered Hades , but asked to animate Hercules instead -- `` I knew if would be more difficult and more challenging , but I just needed that experience to have that in your repertoire . '' Following the release of Pocahontas , Eric Goldberg was initially assigned to animate Hades when Jack Nicholson was thought to play the character , but when Nicholson decided to pass on the project , Goldberg was n't interested in animating the character anymore . At around the same time , Chris Buck was assigned to animate Philoctetes , but after he left the production of Hercules , this left the character of Philoctetes without a supervising animator . Goldberg then decided to instead animate Philoctetes when DeVito signed onto the role noting his similarities with DeVito in their short stature , baldness , and admittedly a little `` soft around the middle '' . Throughout production , there were twenty - seven designs for the character , with Goldberg doing a literal caricature of DeVito with horns before being vetoed by the directors . While maintaining DeVito 's features , Goldberg then took inspiration from Grumpy in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Bacchus in Fantasia in terms of their curmudgeonly personality and facial structure . For the Hydra , Scarfe provided preliminary drawings to give the mythical beast its requisite fangs and serpentine necks before work was transferred over to the computer animation team headed by Roger Gould . The Hydra was sculpted into a clay model where the dimensions was digitized into the computers into a wire - frame model by which the monster was animated . Early into production , the filmmakers decided the Hydra would ultimately have thirty heads by which the animators created one master head , and the computer could multiply the heads to their desired scale . Overall , thirteen animators and technical directors spent nearly a year - and - a-half creating the four - minute battle sequence . Additionally , because the directors envisioned Olympus as a city composed of clouds , painted backgrounds of clouds and cloud - like imagery were blended with drawn effects animation to create a morphing technique that were used for baby Hercules 's cradle and Zeus 's reclining chair . Music Hercules : An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various artists Released May 27 , 1997 Genre Pop , gospel , soul , R&B , musical theatre Length 47 : 56 Label Walt Disney Producer Alan Menken , David Zippel Walt Disney Animation Studios chronology The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame 1996 Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Mulan 1998 Singles from Hercules : An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack `` Go the Distance '' Released : 1997 Hercules : An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack is the soundtrack for Hercules . It consists of music written by composer Alan Menken and lyricist David Zippel , orchestrated by Daniel Troob and Michael Starobin , with vocals performed by Lillias White , LaChanze , Roz Ryan , Roger Bart , Danny DeVito , and Susan Egan among others . The album also includes the single version of `` Go the Distance '' by Michael Bolton . For the Spanish version of the film , `` Go the Distance '' was redone by Ricky Martin and released as a single under the title `` No Importa La Distancia '' and was also very successful , both inside and outside the United States . In the Turkish version of the film , `` Go the Distance '' was sung by Tarkan , who also performed the vocals for the adult Hercules . In March 1994 , Zippel was attached to compose the lyrics for the songs for the film , teaming up with Alan Menken . Zippel had previously collaborated with Menken on the cabaret revue titled It 's Better With a Band , and the musical Diamonds , directed by Harold Prince . Distinctively for the film , the idea to incorporate gospel music for the songs was suggested by co-screenwriter and co-director John Musker , although Menken preferred `` something very classic and Greek -- a Candide approach '' . Musker explained , `` Gospel is a storytelling kind of music . It can be exhilarating , especially when it gets everybody on their feet . We were looking for a modern equivalent for the Greek references and this style of music seemed to be entertaining and a real departure at the same time . '' The Spice Girls were originally approached to portray the Muses following an invitation to sing one of the songs , but declined the offer due to scheduling conflicts . For the pop version of `` Go the Distance '' , Michael Bolton was personally chosen by Menken to record the single , in which Columbia Records paid an undisclosed figure to Walt Disney Records for the rights to the soundtrack . `` Go the Distance '' was nominated for both the Academy Award for Best Original Song and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song , but ultimately lost both to Celine Dion 's hit `` My Heart Will Go On '' from Titanic . Belinda Carlisle recorded two versions of `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' as well as a music video for promotional purposes . Though the English dub eventually opted not to use it , several foreign dubs have it in place of the reprise of `` A Star Is Born '' in the ending credits . These dubs include , but are not limited to , the Swedish one , the Finnish one , the Icelandic one and the Russian one . Curiously enough , the DVD release of the Swedish dub has replaced it with the reprise of `` A Star Is Born '' . Track listing All lyrics written by David Zippel ; all music composed by Alan Menken . No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Long Ago ... '' Charlton Heston 0 : 30 2 . `` The Gospel Truth / Main Title '' Lillias White , LaChanze , Roz Ryan , Cheryl Freeman and Vanéese Y. Thomas 2 : 25 3 . `` The Gospel Truth II '' Roz Ryan 0 : 59 4 . `` The Gospel Truth III '' Lillias White , LaChanze , Roz Ryan , Cheryl Freeman and Vanéese Y. Thomas 1 : 05 5 . `` Go the Distance '' Roger Bart 3 : 14 6 . `` Oh Mighty Zeus '' 0 : 46 7 . `` Go the Distance ( Reprise ) '' Roger Bart 0 : 57 8 . `` One Last Hope '' Danny DeVito 3 : 00 9 . `` Zero to Hero '' Tawatha Agee , Lillias White , LaChanze , Roz Ryan , Cheryl Freeman and Vanéese Y. Thomas 2 : 20 10 . `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' Susan Egan , Lillias White , LaChanze , Roz Ryan , Cheryl Freeman and Vanéese Y. Thomas 2 : 20 11 . `` A Star Is Born '' Lillias White , LaChanze , Roz Ryan , Cheryl Freeman and Vanéese Y. Thomas 2 : 04 12 . `` Go the Distance ( Single ) '' Michael Bolton 4 : 42 13 . `` The Big Olive '' 1 : 07 14 . `` The Prophecy '' 0 : 53 15 . `` Destruction of the Agora '' 2 : 07 16 . `` Phil 's Island '' 2 : 25 17 . `` Rodeo '' 0 : 39 18 . `` Speak of the Devil '' 1 : 30 19 . `` The Hydra Battle '' 3 : 28 20 . `` Meg 's Garden '' 1 : 14 21 . `` Hercules ' Villa '' 0 : 37 22 . `` All Time Chump '' 0 : 38 23 . `` Cutting the Thread '' 3 : 23 24 . `` A True Hero / A Star Is Born ( End Title ) '' Lillias White , LaChanze , Roz Ryan , Cheryl Freeman and Vanéese Y. Thomas 5 : 33 Total length : 47 : 56 Release Marketing On February 4 , 1997 , Disney began its marketing campaign by starting a five - month promotional traveling tour , called Disney 's Hercules Mega Mall Tour Sponsored by Chevy Venture , throughout 20 cities starting first in Atlanta , Georgia . Previously used for the marketing campaigns for Pocahontas and The Hunchback of Notre Dame , the tour featured eleven attractions including a multimedia stage show , a miniature carousel themed to Baby Pegasus , a carnival with Hercules - themed game booths , and a ten - minute animation workshop hosted by animator Andreas Deja where visitors would try their hand at drawing Hercules . On June 14 , the premiere of the film was accompanied with an electric light parade held in Times Square . The parade of electrified floats traveled from 42nd Street to Fifth Avenue and 66th Street with included attendees such as Lauren Hutton , Harvey Keitel , Andy Garcia , Barbara Walters , Michael Bolton , and Marilu Henner , as well as Olympic athletes who later rode on thirty floats in the parade . The media event was not without controversy as former New York mayor Ed Koch objected to surrendering the city over Disney , and critics raising questions about what politicians are willing to give a private firm in return for investment . Also , nearly 100 members of National Association of Broadcast Employees and Technicians used the occasion to strike for a new contract from Disney / ABC , with local union president Tony Capitano who complained that `` I think the Mayor gave away the city to Disneyland '' , and 5,000 businesses and residents who felt unusually eerie upon being asked to dim their lights as the parade passed . Following the parade , a private party was held at the Chelsea Piers complex , where dinner guests was served to a performance of Susan Egan singing songs from the movie along the Hudson River , and ten minutes of fireworks display . Additionally , the film was accompanied with a marketing campaign with promotional tie - ins with 85 licensees including McDonald 's , Mattel , Nestlé , Hallmark and various merchandise . Hercules was also received the first Disney on Ice adaptation before the film was theatrically released . Home media Hercules was first released on VHS and widescreen laserdisc in the United States on February 3 , 1998 , included as an installment of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection series . By the summer of 1998 , sales and rentals of the VHS release had accumulated to $165 million . Released on November 9 , 1999 , Hercules was released in a `` Limited Issue '' DVD for a limited sixty - day time period before going into moratorium . Launching in January 2000 , Walt Disney Home Video began the Gold Classic Collection , with Hercules re-issued on VHS and DVD on August 1 , 2000 . The DVD contained the film in its 1.66 : 1 aspect ratio and THX - certified , and was accompanied with special features including `` The Making of Hercules '' documentary video and the `` Go The Distance '' music video sung by Ricky Martin , as well as an `` Animals of the Outback '' activity booklet . The film was released on a Special Edition Blu - ray , DVD , and Digital HD on June 10 , 2014 . On September 1 , 2017 , Hercules became available on Netflix . Video game Main article : Disney 's Hercules ( video game ) A tie - in video game , titled Hercules Action Game , was developed by Eurocom and released in July 1997 for the PC and PlayStation . Another tie - in game was developed by Tiertex Design Studios and was released for the Game Boy by THQ the same month . Reception Box office Wall Street analysts estimated that Hercules could bring in between $150 million in the United States , based on the extensive marketing campaign and having a lighter , humorous tone similar to Aladdin . Hercules began its limited release in North America on June 13 , 1997 , playing in one selected theater . The film earned $249,567 in box office receipts during the weekend of June 13 -- 15 , standing at the thirteenth place in the box office ranking . On the following weekend , the film grossed $1.45 million in two weeks when it expanded into two selected theaters . The general release followed on June 27 , 1997 , in 2,621 screens . During the weekend of June 27 -- 29 , box office analysts estimated that Hercules earned $21.5 million ranking second behind Face / Off which grossed $22.7 million . In its first two weeks of general release , Hercules amounted $58 million in box office grosses , compared to Pocahontas , which took in $80 million and The Lion King which grossed $119 million in their respective two weeks . Considered a disappointment among Disney shareholders , Disney 's stock price slipped 9.7 percent by which executives blamed the film 's box office performance on `` more competition '' . By its third weekend , Buena Vista Pictures Distribution president Dick Cook confessed that competing family films such as Men in Black and Batman and Robin played a role in the downward box office performance , but projected the film would receive a worldwide gross of $300 million . Likewise , entertainment analysts also targeted Hercules 's lack of appeal for adults and teenagers compared to Beauty and the Beast , Aladdin , and The Lion King which served as date movies and family outings . By spring 1998 , Hercules grossed $99 million , and the international totals for Hercules raised its gross to $253 million . Critical response Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported the film has an approval rating of 83 % based on 54 reviews , with an average rating of 7 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Fast - paced and packed with dozens of pop culture references , Hercules might not measure up with the true classics of the Disney pantheon , but it 's still plenty of fun . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . James Woods received universal acclaim from film reviewers for his vocal performance as Hades . Reviewing for Entertainment Weekly , Owen Gleiberman graded the film an A - acclaiming that it was Woods ' most exciting performance since Salvador publishing that `` Woods ' performance is an inspired piece of deadpan vaudeville . His dry jocularity is hilariously incongruous -- he 's like a hostile , wisecracking salesman trapped in the body of the Antichrist . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times wrote a positive review of the film , enjoying the story as well as the animation . Ebert also praised Woods ' portrayal of Hades , stating that Woods brings `` something of the same verbal inventiveness that Robin Williams brought to Aladdin '' . Similarly , Chicago Tribune film reviewer Gene Siskel , while awarding the film 2 out of 4 stars , complimented that `` the only memorable character in the film is the nicely drawn villain Hades ( voice by James Woods ) , who seeks to turn Hercules to the dark side . Hades supplies the genie - like patter that Robin Williams provided in Aladdin . '' Janet Maslin of The New York Times also praised Woods 's performance remarking `` Woods shows off the full verve of an edgy Scarfe villain '' , and added `` On any level , earthly or otherwise , the ingenious new animated Hercules is pretty divine . '' James Berardinelli , film critic for ReelViews , awarded the film 3 out of 4 stars writing , `` the real star of the show is James Woods , whose Hades is the most vibrant Disney creation since Robin Williams ' Genie . Hades is a lively villain with a great repertoire of one - liners . And , although Woods is n't as much of a vocal chameleon as Williams , he 's close enough that it hardly matters . '' The Scarfe - inspired animation style received mixed reviews with Berardinelli labeling it as the film 's most disappointing aspect noting `` this approach makes the film look rushed and , at times , incomplete . It is never a visual marvel -- even the computer - generated scenes fail to impress . The sequences intended to offer the biggest spectacle -- Olympus and the Underworld -- provoke little more than a yawn . '' Likewise , Siskel noted his surprise of `` how soft and cheap the animation looks . '' Writing for The Washington Post , Desson Howe criticized the animation as being `` some of the worst I 've ever cringed through , including the corner - cutting junk of Don Bluth movies and every trashy cartoon that passes for entertainment on Saturday morning television . In Hercules , ancient Thebes looks like a hastily sketched field - trip location from public TV 's The Magic School Bus ; and no self - respecting immortal would be seen dead in this simplistic rendition of Mount Olympus . Nevertheless , Kenneth Turan of Los Angeles Times noted the animation `` has just enough of a different look to it to make things interesting '' and praised the Hydra as a technological marvel . Likewise , the music received a mixed response with Rita Kempley of Washington Post writing `` Like the other songs by Disney veteran Alan Menken and his new lyricist , David Zippel ( City of Angels ) , the number gets the job done , but it does n't topple the temple . The score is influenced by gospel , Broadway musicals , processional music and R&B , but its only spice is its variety . '' Variety film critic Leonard Klady noted the lack of distinctiveness of the music writing Menken `` is hitting too many tired notes in his sixth animated score '' and `` there 's simply not a song in the piece that has you humming as you exit the theater , and ballads such as `` Go the Distance '' will require aggressive repetition to register as playlist material . '' Controversy Disney intended for the film to have an open - air premiere at Pnyx hill , but the Greek government declined after the Greek media and public panned the film . A Greek newspaper entitled Adsmevtos Typos called it `` another case of foreigners distorting our history and culture just to suit their commercial interests '' . Accolades Ceremony Recipient Result Academy Awards `` Go the Distance '' ( Alan Menken , Composer ; David Zippel , Lyricist ) Best Original Song Nominated Golden Globes `` Go the Distance '' Best Original Song Nominated Saturn Award Best Fantasy Film Nominated Blockbuster Entertainment Awards Favorite Animated Family Movie Nominated Favorite Song from a Movie `` Go the Distance '' Nominated Young Artist Award Best Performance in a Voice Over Role Young Actor Josh Keaton for Young Hercules 's voice Nominated Annie Awards Animated Theatrical Feature Nominated Alice Dewey , John Musker , Ron Clements ( Producers ) Individual Achievement in Producing Won John Musker and Ron Clements ( Directors ) Individual Achievement in Directing Nominated Ken Duncan ( Supervising Animator for `` Meg '' ) Individual Achievement for Animation Nominated Nik Ranieri ( Supervising Animator for `` Hades '' ) Won Mauro Maressa ( Effects Supervisor ) Individual Achievement in Effects Animation Won References Jump up ^ `` Hercules '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hercules ( 1997 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 3 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hercules ( 1997 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Quick Draw Artists '' . Disney Adventures . September 1997 . pp. 44 -- 49 . Jump up ^ `` Some thoughts on that whole Avengers : EMH dubbing thing '' . June 3 , 2012 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ` Odyssey , ` Sinbad , Pocahontas Getting Disney Treatment '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Chicago Tribune . July 2 , 1992 . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas 1997 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Stack , Peter ( June 22 , 1997 ) . `` Disney Muscles In on Greek Myth / ` Hercules ' a product of research as much as drawing '' . San Francisco Gate . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Jim ( April 5 , 2001 ) . `` Who the hell do we get to play Hades ? '' . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seigel , Robert ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` The History of Disney 's Treasure Planet '' . blu-ray.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gillespie , Sarah Ashman ( May 7 , 2012 ) . `` John Musker Question Countdown # 3 '' . howardashman.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rebello & Healey 1997 , p. 54 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Hart , John ( June 22 , 1997 ) . `` Disney 's ` Hercules ' Plays Up The Comic Side Of An Epic Tale -- Missing From The Disney Treatment Of The Hercules Story Will Be Some Darker Details Of His Life , Including His Illegitimate Birth '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas 1997 , p. 165 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Rizzo , Frank ( June 17 , 1997 ) . `` Hercules Gets A Makeover '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rickey , Carrie ( June 22 , 1997 ) . `` Hercules , The Original Superhero He 's A Myth Who 's Hard To Miss , Starring On Tv And In A New Film . The Latter , By Disney , Cleans Up His Story Considerably '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rebello & Healey 1997 , p. 58 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hercules : About The Production '' . Film Scouts . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vancheri , Barbara ( June 17 , 1998 ) . `` Busy Donny Osmond makes a captain sing '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Chris ( June 28 , 1997 ) . `` Voice behind ` Beauty ' takes on tough - minded Megara in ` Hercules ' '' . The Deseret News . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Jim ( October 19 , 2012 ) . `` Disney favorite Susan Egan to perform this Sunday afternoon at LBCC 's Music Scholarship Gala Concert '' . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Egan : Belle , Meg , Glamour and Goop -- Part 2 '' . The Mouse Castle . August 1 , 2012 . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Jim ( April 5 , 2001 ) . `` Who the hell do we get to play Hades ? ( Part 2 ) '' . The Laughing Place . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Jim ( April 5 , 2001 ) . `` Who the hell do we get to play Hades ? ( Part 3 ) '' . The Laughing Place . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ranieri , Nik ( May 23 , 2015 ) . `` IN SEARCH OF HADES '' . Facebook . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney hopes ' Hercules ' will have strong appeal '' . CNN . June 27 , 1997 . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Preston , Peter ( November 21 , 1997 ) . `` Labour of Hercules '' . Mail & Guardian . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Steven ( June 26 , 1997 ) . `` The Soul of ' Hercules ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas 1997 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Dawes , Ann ( June 25 , 1997 ) . `` ` Hercules ' design muscles in on Disney : London Cartoonist Scarfe Encouraged To Apply His Sweeping , Anarchic Style '' . The Free Library . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Greek Hero '' . The Sunday Times . November 9 , 1997 . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dreher , Ron ( June 22 , 1997 ) . `` ' Hercules ' Is A Bit Hipper This Time Out '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hercules Fact Sheet -- Waaay Long ! ! ! ! '' . Google Groups . March 12 , 1997 . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreas Deja ( March 11 , 2003 ) . `` Interview : Animator Andreas Deja '' ( Interview ) . DVD Movie Guide . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ranieri , Nik ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` WE DON 'T KNOW JACK '' . Facebook . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strickler , Jeff ( June 29 , 1997 ) . `` ` Hercules ' got DeVito 's goat ; ` Phil ' looks like actor and animator '' ( Fee required ) . Star Tribune . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Thomas 1997 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Michael ( June 22 , 1997 ) . `` Disney flexes its muscles . The commercial clout and animated adventures of ` Hercules ' '' ( Fee required ) . The Boston Globe . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Thomas 1997 , p. 214 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Hercules ( Original Score ) at AllMusic . Retrieved 4 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Gray , Tim ( March 17 , 1994 ) . `` Disney puts on a glitzy ' Lion ' show '' . Variety . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Longsdorf , Amy ( December 17 , 1994 ) . `` Lyricist David Zippel Helping To Put The Tune In Cartoons '' . The Morning Call . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Alan Menken tells the stories behind songs from ' Little Mermaid , ' ' Aladdin , ' and more Disney classics '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hits from a myth ; Hercules has memorable melodies and glorious gospel ... but not a bouzouki in sight '' . Sunday Mirror . October 5 , 1997 . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Millar , John ( June 20 , 1997 ) . `` No Spice for Herc ; Girl power flexes some muscle at Disney , as John Millar finds out '' . The Daily Record . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Mal ( June 27 , 1997 ) . `` Herc Goes Hip Disney Offers A New Take On Greek Mythology With `` Hercules , '' The Movie '' ( Fee required ) . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Sandler , Adam ( March 4 , 1997 ) . `` Bolton going the ' Distance ' for ' Hercules ' soundtrack '' . Variety . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Ted ( February 5 , 1997 ) . `` ' Hercules ' hangs out at the malls '' . Variety . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crouch , Lori ( February 13 , 1997 ) . `` Disney Promotional Tour A Herculean Undertaking '' . Sun - Sentinel . Boca Raton , Florida . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dunkley , Cathy ( February 8 , 1997 ) . `` Disney to launch ' Hercules ' with tour '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Duiguid , Carol ( June 16 , 1997 ) . `` Herculean block party '' . Variety . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scherer , Mark ( June 13 , 1997 ) . `` Disney 's Herculean Feat : Stopping New York Traffic For Movie Premiere Parade '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Claffey , Mike ; Williams , Laura ; Kornblut , Anne ( June 15 , 1997 ) . `` Dazzling ! Disney turns 42nd St. into Parade Ground '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martin , Douglas ( June 15 , 1997 ) . `` Its Greeks Bearing Glitz , Disney Parades a Hero '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bates , James ( May 5 , 1997 ) . `` ' Hercules ' Is One Strong Dude , but Can He Move Merchandise ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Taubeneck , Anna ( May 11 , 1997 ) . `` The Toys Of Summer '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Waxman , Sharon ( July 18 , 1997 ) . `` Fast food film tie - ins '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weeks , Jane ( June 25 , 1997 ) . `` Here Comes Hercules ; 7,000 Products to Hit Stores '' . Los Angeles Daily News . TheFreeLibrary.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wasko , Janet ( 2001 ) . Understanding Disney : the manufacture of fantasy . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 0 - 7456 - 1484 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bates , James ; Eller , Claudia ( June 12 , 1998 ) . `` Bridled Optimism '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney to Debut Nine Classic Animated Titles on DVD for a Limited Time to Celebrate the Millennium '' ( Press release ) . Burbank , California : TheFreeLibrary . Business Wire . August 17 , 1999 . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney Home Video Debuts the `` Gold Classic Collection '' `` . The Laughing Place . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hercules -- Disney Gold Collection '' . Disney.go.com . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2000 . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hercules Blu - Ray '' . Blu-Ray.com . March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix in September : Everything coming and going '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Shenot , Christine ( June 26 , 1997 ) . `` Humorous ' Hercules ' Has Strong Potential '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results from June 13 -- 15 , 1997 '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Judy ( June 23 , 1997 ) . `` The Caped Crusader Brings In $43 Million '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Judy ( June 30 , 1997 ) . `` ' Face / Off ' Has Early Edge on ' Hercules ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ` Face / off ' Ekes Past ` Hercules ' For Top Spot '' . Chicago Tribune . June 30 , 1997 . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fabrikant , Geraldine ( July 10 , 1997 ) . `` Hercules Is Too Weak to Lift Disney Stock '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dutka , Elaine ( July 19 , 1997 ) . `` No Herculean Gross ; Why ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hines , Andrew ( July 15 , 1997 ) . `` Is it high noon for toon boon ? '' . Variety . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eller , Claudia ( March 10 , 1998 ) . `` Box Office Gets Its Punch From Just a Few Hits '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( June 27 , 1997 ) . `` Review : ' Hercules ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( June 27 , 1997 ) . `` Hercules '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Siskel , Gene ( June 20 , 1997 ) . `` No. 4 ` Batman ' Strikes Out '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( June 13 , 1997 ) . `` Oh , Heavens ! What a Hero ! '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Berardinelli , James . `` Hercules review '' . ReelViews . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Howe , Desson ( June 27 , 1997 ) . `` Disney 's Myth Conception '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( June 25 , 1997 ) . `` ' Hercules ' is not your professor 's version of the tale , but it is another triumph from Disney animation and quip masters '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kempley , Rita ( June 27 , 1997 ) . `` Disney 's ' Hercules ' : Myth for the Masses '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Klady , Leonard ( June 16 , 1997 ) . `` Review : ' Hercules ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Ciaran ; Julia Llewelyn Smith ( October 9 , 1997 ) . `` Greeks put Hercules on trial '' . The Nation . pp. C6 , C8 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 ( 70th ) '' . awardsdatabase.oscars.org . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2014 . Retrieved January 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` HFPA Awards Search '' . www.goldenglobes.org . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2012 . Retrieved January 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films , USA : 1998 '' . www.imdb.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Blockbuster Entertainment Awards : 1998 '' . www.imdb.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nineteenth Annual Youth in Film Awards 1996 -- 1997 '' . www.youngartistawards.org . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2015 . Retrieved January 9 , 2009 . Bibliography Rebello , Stephen ; Healey , Jane ( June 28 , 1997 ) . The Art of Hercules : The Chaos of Creation . Hyperion Books . ISBN 978 - 0786862634 . Thomas , Bob ( March 7 , 1997 ) . Disney 's Art of Animation : From Mickey Mouse To Hercules . Disney Editions . ISBN 978 - 0786862412 . External links Disney portal Film portal Animation portal Ancient Greece portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : Hercules Official website Hercules at AllMovie Hercules on IMDb Hercules at Rotten Tomatoes Hercules at The Big Cartoon DataBase Hercules at Box Office Mojo Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Disney 's Hercules Characters Films Hercules ( 1997 ) Hercules : Zero to Hero ( 1998 ) TV series Disney 's Hercules : The Animated Series episodes `` Hercules and the Arabian Night '' Video games Disney 's Hercules Disney 's Animated Storybook : Hercules Disney 's Hercules Print Studio Music `` Go the Distance '' `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' Hercules ( Heracles ) Hercle Ercole Hercule Alcide Family Zeus ( father ) Alcmene ( mother ) Megara , Omphale , Deianira , and Hebe ( wives ) Heracleidae ( children ) Films Italian series Hercules ( 1957 ) Hercules Unchained ( 1959 ) Goliath and the Dragon ( 1960 ) The Loves of Hercules ( 1960 ) Hercules and the Conquest of Atlantis ( 1961 ) Hercules in the Haunted World ( 1961 ) Hercules in the Valley of Woe ( 1961 ) The Fury of Hercules ( 1962 ) Hercules , Samson and Ulysses ( 1963 ) Hercules vs. Moloch ( 1963 ) Hercules the Invincible ( 1964 ) Hercules Against Rome ( 1964 ) Hercules Against the Sons of the Sun ( 1964 ) The Triumph of Hercules ( 1964 ) Samson and His Mighty Challenge ( 1964 ) Hercules and the Tyrants of Babylon ( 1964 ) Hercules and the Princess of Troy ( 1965 ) Hercules the Avenger ( 1965 ) Other live - action films The Warrior 's Husband ( 1933 ) Herakles ( 1962 ) The Three Stooges Meet Hercules ( 1962 ) Jason and the Argonauts ( 1963 ) Hercules Against the Moon Men ( 1964 ) Hercules in New York ( 1970 ) Hercules ( 1983 ) The Adventures of Hercules ( 1985 ) Jason and the Argonauts ( 2000 ) Immortals ( 2011 ) The Legend of Hercules ( 2014 ) Hercules ( 2014 ) Animated films Hercules ( 1995 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) The Amazing Feats of Young Hercules ( 1997 ) Hercules : Zero to Hero ( 1998 ) Hercules and Xena -- The Animated Movie : The Battle for Mount Olympus ( 1998 ) Television The Mighty Hercules The Sons of Hercules Mole Men Against the Son of Hercules ( 1961 ) Fire Monsters Against the Son of Hercules ( 1962 ) Ulysses Against the Son of Hercules ( 1962 ) Hercules : The Legendary Journeys ( 1995 ) Hercules and the Amazon Women ( 1994 ) Hercules and the Lost Kingdom ( 1994 ) Hercules and the Circle of Fire ( 1994 ) Hercules in the Underworld ( 1994 ) Hercules in the Maze of the Minotaur ( 1994 ) Hercules : The Animated Series ( 1998 ) Young Hercules ( 1998 ) `` Hercules and the Arabian Night '' ( 1999 ) Hercules ( 2005 miniseries ) Atlantis ( 2013 ) Literature Poems Heracles Papyrus Shield of Heracles Catalogue of Women L'Atlàntida Plays Herakles Women of Trachis Other The Labours of Hercules Hercules and the Wagoner Comics Hercules ( Marvel Comics ) Hercules ( DC Comics ) Hercules ( Radical Comics ) Games The Return of Heracles ( 1983 ) Hercules ( 1984 ) Disney 's Hercules ( 1997 ) Herc 's Adventures ( 1997 ) Hercules : The Legendary Journeys ( 2000 ) Glory of Heracles ( 2008 ) Opera Ercole amante ( 1662 ) Alcide ( 1693 ) Ercole su'l Termodonte ( 1723 ) Admeto ( 1727 ) Laßt uns sorgen , laßt uns wachen , BWV 213 ( 1733 ) Hercules ( 1744 ) Le nozze d'Ercole e d'Ebe ( 1747 ) The Choice of Hercules ( 1750 ) Hercule mourant ( 1761 ) Le Rouet d'Omphale ( 1871 ) Déjanire ( 1911 ) Hercules vs. Vampires ( 2010 ) Atlántida Art Hercules and the lion of Nemea ( 5th century BCE ) Hercules of the Forum Boarium ( 2nd century BCE ) Farnese Hercules ( 216 ) The Origin of the Milky Way ( 1575 -- 1580 ) The Choice of Hercules ( 1596 ) Hercules and Omphale ( 1603 ) Hercules fighting Nemean lion ( 1634 ) Hercules separating the mounts Calpe And Abyla ( 1634 ) Hercules ' Dog Discovers Purple Dye ( 1636 ) The Origin of the Milky Way ( 1637 ) Hercules in the Garden of the Hesperides ( 1638 ) Hercules the Archer ( 1909 ) Achelous and Hercules ( 1947 ) The Labors of Herakles ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Other Hercules in popular culture Hercules ( franchise ) Labours of Hercules Pillars of Hercules Maczuga Herkulesa Hercules in ancient Rome Hercules ' Club Xena : Warrior Princess Shirt of Nessus Alan Menken Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Weird Romance ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) King David ( 1997 ) The Bellringer of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Sister Act ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Leap of Faith ( 2010 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz ( 2015 ) A Bronx Tale ( 2016 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Newsies ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Songs `` Part of Your World '' `` Under the Sea '' `` Kiss the Girl '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Friend Like Me '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Just Around the Riverbend '' `` Colors of the Wind '' `` If I Never Knew You '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` The Bells of Notre Dame '' `` Out There '' `` God Help the Outcasts '' `` Hellfire '' `` Someday '' `` Go the Distance '' `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' `` Happy Working Song '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` So Close '' `` Ever Ever After '' `` Mother Knows Best '' `` I See the Light '' Films directed by Ron Clements and John Musker The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) 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"James Woods as Hades. Producer Alice Dewey mentioned that Hades \"was supposed to talk in a slow and be menacing in a quiet, spooky way\", but thought that James Woods' manner of speaking \"a mile a minute\" would be a \"great take\" for a villain.[4] Woods did a lot of ad-libbing in his recordings, especially in Hades' dialogues with Megara. Nik Ranieri, the supervising animator for Hades, mentioned that the character was \"based on a Hollywood agent, a car salesman type\", and that a lot came from James Woods' ad-libbed dialogue. He went on to say that the hardest part in animating Hades was that he talks too much and too fast, so much so that \"it took [him] two weeks to animate a one-second scene\". Ranieri watched James Woods' other films and used what he saw as the basis for Hades' sneer.[4]"
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-7708206044934283257 | East India Company | East India company - wikipedia East India company Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 16th -- 19th - century English and British trading company . For the current East India Company ( founded 2010 ) , see Sanjiv Mehta . For other uses , see East India Company ( disambiguation ) . `` HEIC '' redirects here . For other uses , see HEIC ( disambiguation ) . East India Company ( EIC ) Company flag ( 1801 ) Coat of arms ( 1698 ) Former type Public Industry International trade Fate Dissolved Founded 31 December 1600 Founders John Watts , George White Defunct 1 June 1874 ( 1874 - 06 - 01 ) Headquarters London , England Colonial India Imperial entities of India Dutch India 1605 -- 1825 Danish India 1620 -- 1869 French India 1668 -- 1954 Portuguese India ( 1505 -- 1961 ) Casa da Índia 1434 -- 1833 Portuguese East India Company 1628 -- 1633 British India ( 1612 -- 1947 ) East India Company 1612 -- 1757 Company rule in India 1757 -- 1858 British Raj 1858 -- 1947 British rule in Burma 1824 -- 1948 Princely states 1721 -- 1949 Partition of India 1947 The East India Company ( EIC ) , also known as the Honourable East India Company ( HEIC ) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company , was an English and later British joint - stock company , which was formed to pursue trade with the `` East Indies '' ( in present - day terms , Maritime Southeast Asia ) , but ended up trading mainly with Qing China and seizing control of the Indian subcontinent . Originally chartered as the `` Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies '' , the company rose to account for half of the world 's trade , particularly in basic commodities including cotton , silk , indigo dye , salt , saltpetre , tea and opium . The company also ruled the beginnings of the British Empire in India . The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600 , making it the oldest among several similarly formed European East India Companies . Wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the company 's shares . Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control . During its first century of operation , the focus of the company was trade , not the building of an empire in India . Company interests turned from trade to territory during the 18th century as the Mughal Empire declined in power and the East India Company struggled with its French counterpart , the French East India Company ( Compagnie française des Indes orientales ) during the Carnatic Wars of the 1740s and 1750s . The Battle of Plassey and Battle of Buxar , in which the British , led by Robert Clive , defeated the Indian powers , left the company in control of Bengal and a major military and political power in India . In the following decades it gradually increased the extent of the territories under its control , ruling the whole Indian subcontinent either directly or indirectly via local puppet rulers under the threat of force by its Presidency armies , much of which were composed of native Indian sepoys . By 1803 , at the height of its rule in India , the British East India company had a private army of about 260,000 -- twice the size of the British Army . The company eventually came to rule large areas of India with its private armies , exercising military power and assuming administrative functions . Company rule in India effectively began in 1757 and lasted until 1858 , when , following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Government of India Act 1858 led to the British Crown 's assuming direct control of the Indian subcontinent in the form of the new British Raj . Despite frequent government intervention , the company had recurring problems with its finances . It was dissolved in 1874 as a result of the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act passed one year earlier , as the Government of India Act had by then rendered it vestigial , powerless , and obsolete . The official government machinery of British India had assumed its governmental functions and absorbed its armies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Founding 2 Early voyages to the East Indies 3 Foothold in India 4 Expansion 4.1 Japan 4.2 Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695 5 Forming a complete monopoly 5.1 Trade monopoly 5.2 Saltpetre trade 6 Basis for the monopoly 6.1 Colonial monopoly 6.2 East India Company Army and Navy 6.2. 1 Expansion and Conquest 6.3 Opium trade 7 Regulation of the company 's affairs 7.1 Writers 7.2 Financial troubles 7.3 Regulating Acts of Parliament 7.3. 1 East India Company Act 1773 7.3. 2 East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) 7.3. 3 Act of 1786 7.3. 4 East India Company Act 1793 ( Charter Act ) 7.3. 5 East India Company Act 1813 ( Charter Act ) 7.3. 6 Government of India Act 1833 7.3. 7 English Education Act 1835 7.3. 8 Government of India Act 1853 8 Indian Rebellion and disestablishment 9 Establishments in Britain 10 Legacy and criticisms 11 Symbols 11.1 Flags 11.2 Coat of arms 11.3 Merchant mark 12 Ships 13 Records 14 See also 15 Notes and references 16 Further reading 16.1 Historiography 17 External links Founding ( edit ) James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 Soon after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 , London merchants presented a petition to Queen Elizabeth I for permission to sail to the Indian Ocean . Permission was granted , and on 10 April 1591 three ships sailed from Torbay around the Cape of Good Hope to the Arabian Sea on one of the earliest English overseas Indian expeditions . One of them , Edward Bonaventure , then sailed around Cape Comorin to the Malay Peninsula and returned to England in 1594 . In 1596 , three more ships sailed east but were all lost at sea . Three years later , on 22 September 1599 , another group of merchants met and stated their intention `` to venture in the pretended voyage to the East Indies ( the which it may please the Lord to prosper ) , and the sums that they will adventure '' , committing £ 30,133 . Two days later , on 24 September , `` the Adventurers '' reconvened and resolved to apply to the Queen for support of the project . Although their first attempt had not been completely successful , they nonetheless sought the Queen 's unofficial approval to continue , bought ships for their venture and increased their capital to £ 68,373 . The Adventurers convened again a year later . This time they succeeded , and on 31 December 1600 , the Queen granted a Royal Charter to `` George , Earl of Cumberland , and 215 Knights , Aldermen , and Burgesses '' under the name , Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies . For a period of fifteen years the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan . Any traders in breach of the charter without a licence from the company were liable to forfeiture of their ships and cargo ( half of which went to the Crown and the other half to the company ) , as well as imprisonment at the `` royal pleasure '' . The governance of the company was in the hands of one governor and 24 directors or `` committees '' , who made up the Court of Directors . They , in turn , reported to the Court of Proprietors , which appointed them . Ten committees reported to the Court of Directors . According to tradition , business was initially transacted at the Nags Head Inn , opposite St Botolph 's church in Bishopsgate , before moving to India House in Leadenhall Street . Early voyages to the East Indies ( edit ) East India House , London , painted by Thomas Malton in c. 1800 Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 and returned in 1603 . In March 1604 Sir Henry Middleton commanded the second voyage . General William Keeling , a captain during the second voyage , led the third voyage aboard the Red Dragon from 1607 to 1610 along with the Hector under Captain William Hawkins and the Consent under Captain David Middleton . Early in 1608 Alexander Sharpeigh was appointed captain of the company 's Ascension , and general or commander of the fourth voyage . Thereafter two ships , Ascension and Union ( captained by Richard Rowles ) sailed from Woolwich on 14 March 1607 -- 08 . Initially , the company struggled in the spice trade because of the competition from the already well - established Dutch East India Company . The company opened a factory in Bantam on the first voyage , and imports of pepper from Java were an important part of the company 's trade for twenty years . The factory in Bantam was closed in 1683 . During this time ships belonging to the company arriving in India docked at Surat , which was established as a trade transit point in 1608 . In the next two years , the company established its first factory in south India in the town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal . The high profits reported by the company after landing in India initially prompted King James I to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England . But in 1609 he renewed the charter given to the company for an indefinite period , including a clause that specified that the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years . Foothold in India ( edit ) See also : Establishment of English trade in Bengal ( 1600 -- 1700 ) Red Dragon fought the Portuguese at the Battle of Swally in 1612 , and made several voyages to the East Indies . Jahangir investing a courtier with a robe of honour , watched by Sir Thomas Roe , English ambassador to the court of Jahangir at Agra from 1615 to 1618 , and others English traders frequently engaged in hostilities with their Dutch and Portuguese counterparts in the Indian Ocean . The company achieved a major victory over the Portuguese in the Battle of Swally in 1612 , at Suvali in Surat . The company decided to explore the feasibility of gaining a territorial foothold in mainland India , with official sanction from both Britain and the Mughal Empire , and requested that the Crown launch a diplomatic mission . In 1612 , James I instructed Sir Thomas Roe to visit the Mughal Emperor Nuruddin Salim Jahangir ( r . 1605 -- 1627 ) to arrange for a commercial treaty that would give the company exclusive rights to reside and establish factories in Surat and other areas . In return , the company offered to provide the Emperor with goods and rarities from the European market . This mission was highly successful , and Jahangir sent a letter to James through Sir Thomas Roe : Upon which assurance of your royal love I have given my general command to all the kingdoms and ports of my dominions to receive all the merchants of the English nation as the subjects of my friend ; that in what place soever they choose to live , they may have free liberty without any restraint ; and at what port soever they shall arrive , that neither Portugal nor any other shall dare to molest their quiet ; and in what city soever they shall have residence , I have commanded all my governors and captains to give them freedom answerable to their own desires ; to sell , buy , and to transport into their country at their pleasure . For confirmation of our love and friendship , I desire your Majesty to command your merchants to bring in their ships of all sorts of rarities and rich goods fit for my palace ; and that you be pleased to send me your royal letters by every opportunity , that I may rejoice in your health and prosperous affairs ; that our friendship may be interchanged and eternal . -- Nuruddin Salim Jahangir , Letter to James I . Eventually , the East India Company seized control of Bengal and slowly the whole Indian subcontinent with its private armies , composed primarily of Indian sepoys . As historian William Dalrymple observes , We still talk about the British conquering India , but that phrase disguises a more sinister reality . It was not the British government that seized India at the end of the 18th century , but a dangerously unregulated private company headquartered in one small office , five windows wide , in London , and managed in India by an unstable sociopath -- ( Robert ) Clive . Expansion ( edit ) The company , which benefited from the imperial patronage , soon expanded its commercial trading operations . It eclipsed the Portuguese Estado da Índia , which had established bases in Goa , Chittagong , and Bombay , which Portugal later ceded to England as part of the dowry of Catherine of Braganza . The East India Company also launched a joint attack with the Dutch United East India Company ( VOC ) on Portuguese and Spanish ships off the coast of China , which helped secure EIC ports in China . The company established trading posts in Surat ( 1619 ) , Madras ( 1639 ) , Bombay ( 1668 ) , and Calcutta ( 1690 ) . By 1647 , the company had 23 factories , each under the command of a factor or master merchant and governor , and 90 employees in India . The major factories became the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal , Fort St George in Madras , and Bombay Castle . In 1634 , the Mughal emperor extended his hospitality to the English traders to the region of Bengal , and in 1717 completely waived customs duties for their trade . The company 's mainstay businesses were by then cotton , silk , indigo dye , saltpetre , and tea . The Dutch were aggressive competitors and had meanwhile expanded their monopoly of the spice trade in the Straits of Malacca by ousting the Portuguese in 1640 -- 41 . With reduced Portuguese and Spanish influence in the region , the EIC and VOC entered a period of intense competition , resulting in the Anglo - Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries . In 1657 , Oliver Cromwell renewed the charter of 1609 , and brought about minor changes in the holding of the company . The restoration of monarchy in England further enhanced the EIC 's status . In an act aimed at strengthening the power of the EIC , King Charles II granted the EIC ( in a series of five acts around 1670 ) the rights to autonomous territorial acquisitions , to mint money , to command fortresses and troops and form alliances , to make war and peace , and to exercise both civil and criminal jurisdiction over the acquired areas . William Hedges was sent in 1682 to Shaista Khan , the Mughal governor of Bengal , to obtain a firman , an imperial directive that would grant England regular trading privileges throughout the Mughal Empire . However , the company 's governor in London , Sir Josiah Child , interfered with Hedges 's mission , causing Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb to break off the negotiations . In 1689 a Mughal fleet commanded by Sidi Yaqub attacked Bombay . After a year of resistance the EIC surrendered in 1690 , and the company sent envoys to Aurangzeb 's camp to plead for a pardon . The company 's envoys had to prostrate themselves before the emperor , pay a large indemnity , and promise better behaviour in the future . The emperor withdrew his troops and the company subsequently re-established itself in Bombay and set up a new base in Calcutta . The company eventually came to rule large areas of the Indian subcontinent with its private armies , primarily composed of Indian sepoys , exercising military power and assuming administrative functions . Japan ( edit ) Document with the original vermilion seal of Tokugawa Ieyasu , granting trade privileges in Japan to the East India Company in 1613 In 1613 , during the rule of Tokugawa Hidetada of the Tokugawa shogunate , the British ship Clove , under the command of Captain John Saris , was the first British ship to call on Japan . Saris was the chief factor of the EIC 's trading post in Java , and with the assistance of William Adams , a British sailor who had arrived in Japan in 1600 , was able to gain permission from the ruler to establish a commercial house in Hirado on the Japanese island of Kyushu : We give free license to the subjects of the King of Great Britaine , Sir Thomas Smythe , Governor and Company of the East Indian Merchants and Adventurers forever safely come into any of our ports of our Empire of Japan with their shippes and merchandise , without any hindrance to them or their goods , and to abide , buy , sell and barter according to their own manner with all nations , to tarry here as long as they think good , and to depart at their pleasure . However , unable to obtain Japanese raw silk for import to China and with their trading area reduced to Hirado and Nagasaki from 1616 onwards , in 1623 the company closed their factory . Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695 ( edit ) In September 1695 , Captain Henry Every , an English pirate on board the Fancy , reached the Straits of Bab - el - Mandeb , where he teamed up with five other pirate captains to make an attack on the Indian fleet making the annual voyage to Mocha . The Mughal convoy included the treasure - laden Ganj - i - Sawai , reported to be the greatest in the Mughal fleet and the largest ship operational in the Indian Ocean , and its escort , the Fateh Muhammed . They were spotted passing the straits en route to Surat . The pirates gave chase and caught up with Fateh Muhammed some days later , and meeting little resistance , took some £ 50,000 to £ 60,000 worth of treasure . English , Dutch and Danish factories at Mocha Every continued in pursuit and managed to overhaul Ganj - i - Sawai , which resisted strongly before eventually striking . Ganj - i - Sawai carried enormous wealth and , according to contemporary East India Company sources , was carrying a relative of the Grand Mughal , though there is no evidence to suggest that it was his daughter and her retinue . The loot from the Ganj - i - Sawai had a total value between £ 325,000 and £ 600,000 , including 500,000 gold and silver pieces , and has become known as the richest ship ever taken by pirates . In a letter sent to the Privy Council by Sir John Gayer , then governor of Bombay and head of the East India Company , Gayer claims that `` it is certain the Pirates ... did do very barbarously by the People of the Ganj - i - Sawai and Abdul Ghaffar 's ship , to make them confess where their money was . '' The pirates set free the survivors who were left aboard their emptied ships , to continue their voyage back to India . When the news arrived in England it caused an outcry . In response , a combined bounty of £ 1,000 was offered for Every 's capture by the Privy Council and East India Company , leading to the first worldwide manhunt in recorded history . The plunder of Aurangzeb 's treasure ship had serious consequences for the English East India Company . The furious Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb ordered Sidi Yaqub and Nawab Daud Khan to attack and close four of the company 's factories in India and imprison their officers , who were almost lynched by a mob of angry Mughals , blaming them for their countryman 's depredations , and threatened to put an end to all English trading in India . To appease Emperor Aurangzeb and particularly his Grand Vizier Asad Khan , Parliament exempted Every from all of the Acts of Grace ( pardons ) and amnesties it would subsequently issue to other pirates . An 18th - century depiction of Henry Every , with the Fancy shown engaging its prey in the background British pirates that fought during the Child 's War engaging the Ganj - i - Sawai Depiction of Captain Every 's encounter with the Mughal Emperor 's granddaughter after his September 1695 capture of the Mughal trader Ganj - i - Sawai Forming a complete monopoly ( edit ) Trade monopoly ( edit ) Rear view of the East India Company 's Factory at Cossimbazar The prosperity that the officers of the company enjoyed allowed them to return to Britain and establish sprawling estates and businesses , and to obtain political power . The company developed a lobby in the English parliament . Under pressure from ambitious tradesmen and former associates of the company ( pejoratively termed Interlopers by the company ) , who wanted to establish private trading firms in India , a deregulating act was passed in 1694 . This allowed any English firm to trade with India , unless specifically prohibited by act of parliament , thereby annulling the charter that had been in force for almost 100 years . By an act that was passed in 1698 , a new `` parallel '' East India Company ( officially titled the English Company Trading to the East Indies ) was floated under a state - backed indemnity of £ 2 million . The powerful stockholders of the old company quickly subscribed a sum of £ 315,000 in the new concern , and dominated the new body . The two companies wrestled with each other for some time , both in England and in India , for a dominant share of the trade . It quickly became evident that , in practice , the original company faced scarcely any measurable competition . The companies merged in 1708 , by a tripartite indenture involving both companies and the state . Under this arrangement , the merged company lent to the Treasury a sum of £ 3,200,000 , in return for exclusive privileges for the next three years , after which the situation was to be reviewed . The amalgamated company became the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies . Company painting depicting an official of the East India Company , c. 1760 In the following decades there was a constant battle between the company lobby and the Parliament . The company sought a permanent establishment , while the Parliament would not willingly allow it greater autonomy and so relinquish the opportunity to exploit the company 's profits . In 1712 , another act renewed the status of the company , though the debts were repaid . By 1720 , 15 % of British imports were from India , almost all passing through the company , which reasserted the influence of the company lobby . The licence was prolonged until 1766 by yet another act in 1730 . At this time , Britain and France became bitter rivals . Frequent skirmishes between them took place for control of colonial possessions . In 1742 , fearing the monetary consequences of a war , the British government agreed to extend the deadline for the licensed exclusive trade by the company in India until 1783 , in return for a further loan of £ 1 million . Between 1756 and 1763 , the Seven Years ' War diverted the state 's attention towards consolidation and defence of its territorial possessions in Europe and its colonies in North America . The war took place on Indian soil , between the company troops and the French forces . In 1757 , the Law Officers of the Crown delivered the Pratt - Yorke opinion distinguishing overseas territories acquired by right of conquest from those acquired by private treaty . The opinion asserted that , while the Crown of Great Britain enjoyed sovereignty over both , only the property of the former was vested in the Crown . With the advent of the Industrial Revolution , Britain surged ahead of its European rivals . Demand for Indian commodities was boosted by the need to sustain the troops and the economy during the war , and by the increased availability of raw materials and efficient methods of production . As home to the revolution , Britain experienced higher standards of living . Its spiralling cycle of prosperity , demand and production had a profound influence on overseas trade . The company became the single largest player in the British global market . William Henry Pyne notes in his book The Microcosm of London ( 1808 ) that : On the 1 March 1801 , the debts of the East India Company to £ 5,393,989 their effects to £ 15,404,736 and their sales increased since February 1793 , from £ 4,988,300 to £ 7,602,041 . Saltpetre trade ( edit ) Saltpetre used for gunpowder was one of the major trade goods of the company . Sir John Banks , a businessman from Kent who negotiated an agreement between the king and the company , began his career in a syndicate arranging contracts for victualling the navy , an interest he kept up for most of his life . He knew that Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn had amassed a substantial fortune from the Levant and Indian trades . He became a Director and later , as Governor of the East India Company in 1672 , he arranged a contract which included a loan of £ 20,000 and £ 30,000 worth of saltpetre -- also known as potassium nitrate , a primary ingredient in gunpowder -- for the King `` at the price it shall sell by the candle '' -- that is by auction -- where bidding could continue as long as an inch - long candle remained alight . Outstanding debts were also agreed and the company permitted to export 250 tons of saltpetre . Again in 1673 , Banks successfully negotiated another contract for 700 tons of saltpetre at £ 37,000 between the king and the company . So urgent was the need to supply the armed forces in the United Kingdom , America and elsewhere that the authorities sometimes turned a blind eye on the untaxed sales . One governor of the company was even reported as saying in 1864 that he would rather have the saltpetre made than the tax on salt . Basis for the monopoly ( edit ) Colonial monopoly ( edit ) Further information : Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War East India Company silver coin issued during William IV 's reign , Indian Museum Coins issued by East India Company during reign of Shah Alam II , Indian Museum Robert Clive became the first British Governor of Bengal after he had instated Mir Jafar as the Nawab of Bengal . The Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 63 ) resulted in the defeat of the French forces , limited French imperial ambitions , and stunted the influence of the Industrial Revolution in French territories . Robert Clive , the Governor General , led the company to a victory against Joseph François Dupleix , the commander of the French forces in India , and recaptured Fort St George from the French . The company took this respite to seize Manila in 1762 . By the Treaty of Paris , France regained the five establishments captured by the British during the war ( Pondichéry , Mahe , Karikal , Yanam and Chandernagar ) but was prevented from erecting fortifications and keeping troops in Bengal ( art . XI ) . Elsewhere in India , the French were to remain a military threat , particularly during the War of American Independence , and up to the capture of Pondichéry in 1793 at the outset of the French Revolutionary Wars without any military presence . Although these small outposts remained French possessions for the next two hundred years , French ambitions on Indian territories were effectively laid to rest , thus eliminating a major source of economic competition for the company . East India company army and navy ( edit ) Main article : Presidency armies Main article : Company rule in India In its first century and half , the EIC used a few hundred soldiers as guards . The great expansion came after 1750 , when it had 3000 regular troops . By 1763 , it had 26,000 ; by 1778 , it had 67,000 . It recruited largely Indian troops , and trained them along European lines . The military arm of the East India Company quickly developed to become a private corporate armed force , and was used as an instrument of geo - political power and expansion , rather than its original purpose as a guard force , and became the most powerful military force in the Indian sub-continent . As it increased in size the army was broken into the Presidency Armies of Bengal , Madras and Bombay each recruiting their own integral infantry , cavalry , artillery and horse artillery units . The navy also grew significantly , vastly expanding its fleet and although made up predominantly of heavily armed merchant vessels , called East Indiamen , it also included warships . Expansion and conquest ( edit ) The company , fresh from a colossal victory , and with the backing of its own private well - disciplined and experienced army , was able to assert its interests in the Carnatic region from its base at Madras and in Bengal from Calcutta , without facing any further obstacles from other colonial powers . The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II , who with his allies fought against the East India Company during his early years ( 1760 -- 64 ) , only accepting the protection of the British in the year 1803 , after he had been blinded by his enemies and deserted by his subjects It continued to experience resistance from local rulers during its expansion . Robert Clive led company forces against Siraj Ud Daulah , the last independent Nawab of Bengal , Bihar , and Midnapore district in Odisha to victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757 , resulting in the conquest of Bengal . This victory estranged the British and the Mughals , since Siraj Ud Daulah was a Mughal feudatory ally . With the gradual weakening of the Marathas in the aftermath of the three Anglo - Maratha wars , the British also secured the Ganges - Jumna Doab , the Delhi - Agra region , parts of Bundelkhand , Broach , some districts of Gujarat , the fort of Ahmmadnagar , province of Cuttack ( which included Mughalbandi / the coastal part of Odisha , Garjat / the princely states of Odisha , Balasore Port , parts of Midnapore district of West Bengal ) , Bombay ( Mumbai ) and the surrounding areas , leading to a formal end of the Maratha empire and firm establishment of the British East India Company in India . Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan , the rulers of the Kingdom of Mysore , offered much resistance to the British forces . Having sided with the French during the Revolutionary War , the rulers of Mysore continued their struggle against the company with the four Anglo - Mysore Wars . Mysore finally fell to the company forces in 1799 , in the fourth Anglo - Mysore war during which Tipu Sultan was killed . Battle of Assaye during the Second Anglo - Maratha War . Company replaced the Marathas as Mughal 's protectors after the second Anglo - Maratha war . The fall of Tipu Sultan and the Sultanate of Mysore , during the Battle of Seringapatam in 1799 The last vestiges of local administration were restricted to the northern regions of Delhi , Oudh , Rajputana , and Punjab , where the company 's presence was ever increasing amidst infighting and offers of protection among the remaining princes . The hundred years from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 were a period of consolidation for the company , during which it seized control of the entire Indian subcontinent and functioned more as an administrator and less as a trading concern . A cholera pandemic began in Bengal , then spread across India by 1820 . 10,000 British troops and countless Indians died during this pandemic . Between 1760 and 1834 only some 10 % of the East India Company 's officers survived to take the final voyage home . In the early 19th century the Indian question of geopolitical dominance and empire holding remained with the East India Company . The three independent armies of the company 's Presidencies , with some locally raised irregular forces , expanded to a total of 280,000 men by 1857 . First recruited from mercenaries and low - caste volunteers , the Bengal Army especially eventually became composed largely of high - caste Hindus and landowning Muslims . Within the Army , British officers who initially trained at the company 's own academy at the Addiscombe Military Seminary , always outranked Indians , no matter how long their service . The highest rank to which an Indian soldier could aspire was Subadar - Major ( or Rissaldar - Major in cavalry units ) , effectively a senior subaltern equivalent . Promotion for both British and Indian soldiers was strictly by seniority , so Indian soldiers rarely reached the commissioned ranks of Jamadar or Subadar before they were middle aged at best . They received no training in administration or leadership to make them independent of their British officers . During the wars against the French and their allies in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries , the East India Company 's armies were used to seize the colonial possessions of other European nations , including the islands of Réunion and Mauritius . There was a systemic disrespect in the company for the spreading of Protestantism although it fostered respect for Hindu and Muslim , castes and ethnic groups . The growth of tensions between the EIC and the local religious and cultural groups grew in the 19th century as the Protestant revival grew in Great Britain . These tensions erupted at the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the company ceased to exist when the company dissolved through the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 . Opium trade ( edit ) Main articles : First Opium War , Second Opium War , and History of opium in China The Nemesis destroying Chinese war junks during the Second Battle of Chuenpi , 7 January 1841 , by Edward Duncan In the 18th century , Britain had a huge trade deficit with Qing dynasty China and so , in 1773 , the company created a British monopoly on opium buying in Bengal , India by prohibiting the licensing of opium farmers and private cultivation . The monopoly system established in 1799 continued with minimal changes until 1947 . As the opium trade was illegal in China , Company ships could not carry opium to China . So the opium produced in Bengal was sold in Calcutta on condition that it be sent to China . Despite the Chinese ban on opium imports , reaffirmed in 1799 by the Jiaqing Emperor , the drug was smuggled into China from Bengal by traffickers and agency houses such as Jardine , Matheson & Co and Dent & Co. in amounts averaging 900 tons a year . The proceeds of the drug - smugglers landing their cargoes at Lintin Island were paid into the company 's factory at Canton and by 1825 , most of the money needed to buy tea in China was raised by the illegal opium trade . The company established a group of trading settlements centred on the Straits of Malacca called the Straits Settlements in 1826 to protect its trade route to China and to combat local piracy . The settlements were also used as penal settlements for Indian civilian and military prisoners . In 1838 with the amount of smuggled opium entering China approaching 1,400 tons a year , the Chinese imposed a death penalty for opium smuggling and sent a Special Imperial Commissioner , Lin Zexu , to curb smuggling . This resulted in the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 42 ) . After the war Hong Kong island was ceded to Britain under the Treaty of Nanking and the Chinese market opened to the opium traders of Britain and other nations . The Jardines and Apcar and Company dominated the trade , although P&O also tried to take a share . A Second Opium War fought by Britain and France against China lasted from 1856 until 1860 and led to the Treaty of Tientsin , which legalised the importation of opium . Legalisation stimulated domestic Chinese opium production and increased the importation of opium from Turkey and Persia . This increased competition for the Chinese market led to India 's reducing its opium output and diversifying its exports . Regulation of the company 's Affairs ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Writers ( edit ) The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor , 1773 The company employed many junior clerks , known as `` writers '' , to record the details of accounting , managerial decisions , and activities related to the company , such as minutes of meetings , copies of Company orders and contracts , and filings of reports and copies of ship 's logs . Several well - known British scholars and literary men had Company writerships , such as Henry Thomas Colebrooke in India and Charles Lamb in England . Financial troubles ( edit ) Though the company was becoming increasingly bold and ambitious in putting down resisting states , it was becoming clearer that the company was incapable of governing the vast expanse of the captured territories . The Bengal famine of 1770 , in which one - third of the local population died , caused distress in Britain . Military and administrative costs mounted beyond control in British - administered regions in Bengal because of the ensuing drop in labour productivity . At the same time , there was commercial stagnation and trade depression throughout Europe . The directors of the company attempted to avert bankruptcy by appealing to Parliament for financial help . This led to the passing of the Tea Act in 1773 , which gave the company greater autonomy in running its trade in the American colonies , and allowed it an exemption from tea import duties which its colonial competitors were required to pay . When the American colonists and tea merchants were told of this Act , they boycotted the company tea . Although the price of tea had dropped because of the Act , it also validated the Townshend Acts , setting the precedent for the king to impose additional taxes in the future . The arrival of tax - exempt Company tea , undercutting the local merchants , triggered the Boston Tea Party in the Province of Massachusetts Bay , one of the major events leading up to the American Revolution . Regulating Acts of Parliament ( edit ) East India company Act 1773 ( edit ) By the Regulating Act of 1773 ( later known as the East India Company Act 1773 ) , the Parliament of Great Britain imposed a series of administrative and economic reforms ; this clearly established Parliament 's sovereignty and ultimate control over the company . The Act recognised the company 's political functions and clearly established that the `` acquisition of sovereignty by the subjects of the Crown is on behalf of the Crown and not in its own right '' . Despite stiff resistance from the East India lobby in parliament and from the company 's shareholders , the Act passed . It introduced substantial governmental control and allowed British India to be formally under the control of the Crown , but leased back to the company at £ 40,000 for two years . Under the Act 's most important provision , a governing Council composed of five members was created in Calcutta . The three members nominated by Parliament and representing the Government 's interest could , and invariably would , outvote the two Company members . The Council was headed by Warren Hastings , the incumbent Governor , who became the first Governor - General of Bengal , with an ill - defined authority over the Bombay and Madras Presidencies . His nomination , made by the Court of Directors , would in future be subject to the approval of a Council of Four appointed by the Crown . Initially , the Council consisted of Lt. General Sir John Clavering , The Honourable Sir George Monson , Sir Richard Barwell , and Sir Philip Francis . Nawab Mubarak Ali Khan with his son in the Nawab 's Durbar with British Resident , Sir John Hadley Hastings was entrusted with the power of peace and war . British judges and magistrates would also be sent to India to administer the legal system . The Governor General and the council would have complete legislative powers . The company was allowed to maintain its virtual monopoly over trade in exchange for the biennial sum and was obligated to export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain . The costs of administration were to be met by the company . The company initially welcomed these provisions , but the annual burden of the payment contributed to the steady decline of its finances . East India company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) ( edit ) The East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) had two key aspects : Relationship to the British government : the bill differentiated the East India Company 's political functions from its commercial activities . In political matters the East India Company was subordinated to the British government directly . To accomplish this , the Act created a Board of Commissioners for the Affairs of India , usually referred to as the Board of Control . The members of the Board were the Chancellor of the Exchequer , the Secretary of State , and four Privy Councillors , nominated by the King . The act specified that the Secretary of State `` shall preside at , and be President of the said Board '' . Internal Administration of British India : the bill laid the foundation for the centralised and bureaucratic British administration of India which would reach its peak at the beginning of the 20th century during the governor - generalship of George Nathaniel Curzon , 1st Baron Curzon . Pitt 's Act was deemed a failure because it quickly became apparent that the boundaries between government control and the company 's powers were nebulous and highly subjective . The government felt obliged to respond to humanitarian calls for better treatment of local peoples in British - occupied territories . Edmund Burke , a former East India Company shareholder and diplomat , was moved to address the situation and introduced a new Regulating Bill in 1783 . The bill was defeated amid lobbying by company loyalists and accusations of nepotism in the bill 's recommendations for the appointment of councillors . Act of 1786 ( edit ) General Lord Cornwallis , receiving two of Tipu Sultan 's sons as hostages in the year 1793 The Act of 1786 ( 26 Geo. 3 c. 16 ) enacted the demand of Earl Cornwallis that the powers of the Governor - General be enlarged to empower him , in special cases , to override the majority of his Council and act on his own special responsibility . The Act enabled the offices of the Governor - General and the Commander - in - Chief to be jointly held by the same official . This Act clearly demarcated borders between the Crown and the company . After this point , the company functioned as a regularised subsidiary of the Crown , with greater accountability for its actions and reached a stable stage of expansion and consolidation . Having temporarily achieved a state of truce with the Crown , the company continued to expand its influence to nearby territories through threats and coercive actions . By the middle of the 19th century , the company 's rule extended across most of India , Burma , Malaya , Singapore , and British Hong Kong , and a fifth of the world 's population was under its trading influence . In addition , Penang , one of the states in Malaya , became the fourth most important settlement , a presidency , of the company 's Indian territories . East India company Act 1793 ( charter Act ) ( edit ) The company 's charter was renewed for a further 20 years by the Charter Act of 1793 . In contrast with the legislative proposals of the previous two decades , the 1793 Act was not a particularly controversial measure , and made only minimal changes to the system of government in India and to British oversight of the company 's activities . East India Company Act 1813 ( Charter Act ) ( edit ) Major - General Wellesley , meeting with Nawab Azim al - Daula , 1805 The aggressive policies of Lord Wellesley and the Marquess of Hastings led to the company 's gaining control of all India ( except for the Punjab and Sindh ) , and some part of the then kingdom of Nepal under the Sugauli Treaty . The Indian Princes had become vassals of the company . But the expense of wars leading to the total control of India strained the company 's finances . The company was forced to petition Parliament for assistance . This was the background to the Charter Act of 1813 which , among other things : asserted the sovereignty of the British Crown over the Indian territories held by the company ; renewed the charter of the company for a further twenty years , but deprived the company of its Indian trade monopoly except for trade in tea and the trade with China required the company to maintain separate and distinct its commercial and territorial accounts opened India to missionaries Government of India Act 1833 ( edit ) File : India 1835 2 Mohurs. jpg 1835 gold Double Mohur ( reverse ) , valued at 30 Rupees The Industrial Revolution in Britain , the consequent search for markets , and the rise of laissez - faire economic ideology form the background to the Government of India Act 1833 ( 3 & 4 Will . 4 c. 85 ) . The Act : removed the company 's remaining trade monopolies and divested it of all its commercial functions renewed for another twenty years the company 's political and administrative authority invested the Board of Control with full power and authority over the company . As stated by Professor Sri Ram Sharma , `` The President of the Board of Control now became Minister for Indian Affairs . '' carried further the ongoing process of administrative centralisation through investing the Governor - General in Council with , full power and authority to superintend and , control the Presidency Governments in all civil and military matters initiated a machinery for the codification of laws provided that no Indian subject of the company would be debarred from holding any office under the company by reason of his religion , place of birth , descent or colour vested the Island of St Helena in the Crown British influence continued to expand ; in 1845 , Great Britain purchased the Danish colony of Tranquebar . The company had at various stages extended its influence to China , the Philippines , and Java . It had solved its critical lack of cash needed to buy tea by exporting Indian - grown opium to China . China 's efforts to end the trade led to the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 1842 ) . View of the Calcutta port in 1848 English education Act 1835 ( edit ) Main article : English Education Act 1835 The English Education Act by the Council of India in 1835 reallocated funds from the East India Company to spend on education and literature in India . Government of India Act 1853 ( edit ) This Act ( 16 & 17 Vict . c. 95 ) provided that British India would remain under the administration of the company in trust for the Crown until Parliament should decide otherwise . It also introduced a system of open competition as the basis of recruitment for civil servants of the company and thus deprived the Directors of their patronage system . Under the act , for the first time the legislative and executive powers of the governor general 's council were separated . It also added six additional members to the governor general 's executive committee . Indian Rebellion and disestablishment ( edit ) Main article : Indian Rebellion of 1857 Capture of the last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar and his sons by William Hodson in 1857 The Indian Rebellion of 1857 ( also known as the Indian Mutiny ) resulted in widespread devastation in India : many condemned the East India Company for permitting the events to occur . In the aftermath of the Rebellion , under the provisions of the Government of India Act 1858 , the British Government nationalised the company . The Crown took over its Indian possessions , its administrative powers and machinery , and its armed forces . The company remained in existence in vestigial form , continuing to manage the tea trade on behalf of the British Government ( and the supply of Saint Helena ) until the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 came into effect , on 1 January 1874 . This Act provided for the formal dissolution of the company on 1 June 1874 , after a final dividend payment and the commutation or redemption of its stock . The Times commented on 8 April 1873 : It accomplished a work such as in the whole history of the human race no other trading Company ever attempted , and such as none , surely , is likely to attempt in the years to come . Establishments in Britain ( edit ) The expanded East India House , Leadenhall Street , London , as reconstructed in 1796 -- 1800 . A drawing by Thomas Hosmer Shepherd of c. 1817 . The company 's headquarters in London , from which much of India was governed , was East India House in Leadenhall Street . After occupying premises in Philpot Lane from 1600 to 1621 ; in Crosby House , Bishopsgate , from 1621 to 1638 ; and in Leadenhall Street from 1638 to 1648 , the company moved into Craven House , an Elizabethan mansion in Leadenhall Street . The building had become known as East India House by 1661 . It was completely rebuilt and enlarged in 1726 -- 9 ; and further significantly remodelled and expanded in 1796 -- 1800 . It was finally vacated in 1860 and demolished in 1861 -- 62 . The site is now occupied by the Lloyd 's building . In 1607 , the company decided to build its own ships and leased a yard on the River Thames at Deptford . By 1614 , the yard having become too small , an alternative site was acquired at Blackwall : the new yard was fully operational by 1617 . It was sold in 1656 , although for some years East India Company ships continued to be built and repaired there under the new owners . In 1803 , an Act of Parliament , promoted by the East India Company , established the East India Dock Company , with the aim of establishing a new set of docks ( the East India Docks ) primarily for the use of ships trading with India . The existing Brunswick Dock , part of the Blackwall Yard site , became the Export Dock ; while a new Import Dock was built to the north . In 1838 the East India Dock Company merged with the West India Dock Company . The docks were taken over by the Port of London Authority in 1909 , and closed in 1967 . Addiscombe Seminary , photographed in c. 1859 , with cadets in the foreground The East India College was founded in 1806 as a training establishment for `` writers '' ( i.e. clerks ) in the company 's service . It was initially located in Hertford Castle , but moved in 1809 to purpose - built premises at Hertford Heath , Hertfordshire . In 1858 the college closed ; but in 1862 the buildings reopened as a public school , now Haileybury and Imperial Service College . The East India Company Military Seminary was founded in 1809 at Addiscombe , near Croydon , Surrey , to train young officers for service in the company 's armies in India . It was based in Addiscombe Place , an early 18th - century mansion . The government took it over in 1858 , and renamed it the Royal Indian Military College . In 1861 it was closed , and the site was subsequently redeveloped . In 1818 , the company entered into an agreement by which those of its servants who were certified insane in India might be cared for at Pembroke House , Hackney , London , a private lunatic asylum run by Dr George Rees until 1838 , and thereafter by Dr William Williams . The arrangement outlasted the company itself , continuing until 1870 , when the India Office opened its own asylum , the Royal India Asylum , at Hanwell , Middlesex . The East India Club in London was formed in 1849 for officers of the company . The Club still exists today as a private gentlemen 's club with its club house situated at 16 St. James 's Square , London . Legacy and criticisms ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2015 ) The East India Company had a long lasting impact on the Indian Subcontinent , with both positive and harmful effects . Although dissolved following the rebellion of 1857 , it stimulated the growth of the British Empire . Its armies were to become the armies of British India after 1857 , and it played a key role in introducing English as an official language in India . The East India Company was the first company to record the Chinese usage of orange - flavoured tea , which led to the development of Earl Grey tea . The East India Company introduced a system of merit - based appointments that provided a model for the British and Indian civil service . Widespread corruption and looting of Bengal resources and treasures during its rule resulted in poverty . Famines , such as the Great Bengal famine of 1770 and subsequent famines during the 18th and 19th centuries , became more widespread , chiefly because of exploitative agriculture promulgated by the policies of the East India company and the forced cultivation of opium in place of grain . Macaulayism and the British education system have been blamed for producing a generation of Indians not proud of their distinct heritage . Symbols ( edit ) Flags ( edit ) Historical depictions Downman ( 1685 ) Lens ( 1700 ) National Geographic ( 1917 ) Rees ( 1820 ) Laurie ( 1842 ) Modern depictions 1600 -- 1707 1707 -- 1801 1801 -- 1874 The English East India Company flag changed with history , with a canton based on the current flag of the Kingdom , and a field of 9 to 13 alternating red and white stripes . From the period of 1600 , the canton consisted of a St George 's Cross representing the Kingdom of England . With the Acts of Union 1707 , the canton was updated to be the new Union Flag -- consisting of an English St George 's Cross combined with a Scottish St Andrew 's cross -- representing the Kingdom of Great Britain . After the Acts of Union 1800 that joined Ireland with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom , the canton of the East India Company flag was altered accordingly to include a Saint Patrick 's Saltire replicating the updated Union Flag representing the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Regarding the field of the flag , there has been much debate and discussion regarding the number and order of the stripes . Historical documents and paintings show many variations from 9 to 13 stripes , with some images showing the top stripe 's being red and others showing the top stripe being white . At the time of the American Revolution the East India Company flag was nearly identical to the Grand Union Flag . Historian Charles Fawcett argued that the East India Company Flag inspired the Stars and Stripes . Coat of arms ( edit ) The later coat of arms of the East India Company The East India Company 's original coat of arms was granted in 1600 . The arms was as follows : `` Azure , three ships with three masts , rigged and under full sail , the sails , pennants and ensigns Argent , each charged with a cross Gules ; on a chief of the second a pale quarterly Azure and Gules , on the 1st and 4th a fleur - de-lis or , on the 2nd and 3rd a leopard or , between two roses Gules seeded Or barbed Vert . '' The shield had as a crest : `` A sphere without a frame , bounded with the Zodiac in bend Or , between two pennants flottant Argent , each charged with a cross Gules , over the sphere the words DEUS INDICAT '' ( Latin : God Indicates ) . The supporters were two sea lions ( lions with fishes ' tails ) and the motto was DEO DUCENTE NIL NOCET ( Latin : Where God Leads , Nothing Harms ) . The East India Company 's arms , granted in 1698 , were : `` Argent a cross Gules ; in the dexter chief quarter an escutcheon of the arms of France and England quarterly , the shield ornamentally and regally crowned Or . '' The crest was : `` A lion rampant guardant Or holding between the forepaws a regal crown proper . '' The supporters were : `` Two lions rampant guardant Or , each supporting a banner erect Argent , charged with a cross Gules . '' The motto was AUSPICIO REGIS ET SENATUS ANGLIÆ ( Latin : Under the auspices of the King and the Senate of England ) . Merchant mark ( edit ) HEIC Merchant 's mark on East India Company Coin : 1791 Half Pice HEIC Merchant 's mark on a Blue Scinde Dawk postage stamp ( 1852 ) When the East India Company was chartered in 1600 , it was still customary for individual merchants or members of Companies such as the Company of Merchant Adventurers to have a distinguishing merchant 's mark which often included the mystical `` Sign of Four '' and served as a trademark . The East India Company 's merchant mark consisted of a `` Sign of Four '' atop a heart within which was a saltire between the lower arms of which were the initials `` EIC '' . This mark was a central motif of the East India Company 's coinage and forms the central emblem displayed on the Scinde Dawk postage stamps . Ships ( edit ) See also : East Indiaman and List of ports of call of the British East India Company Ships in Bombay Harbour , c. 1731 Ships of the East India Company were called East Indiamen or simply `` Indiamen '' . The East Indiaman Royal George , 1779 . Royal George was one of the five East Indiamen the Spanish fleet captured in 1780 . During the period of the Napoleonic Wars , the East India Company arranged for letters of marque for its vessels such as the Lord Nelson . This was not so that they could carry cannon to fend off warships , privateers and pirates on their voyages to India and China ( that they could do without permission ) but so that , should they have the opportunity to take a prize , they could do so without being guilty of piracy . Similarly , the Earl of Mornington , an East India Company packet ship of only six guns , also sailed under a letter of marque . In addition , the company had its own navy , the Bombay Marine , equipped with warships such as Grappler . These vessels often accompanied vessels of the Royal Navy on expeditions , such as the Invasion of Java . At the Battle of Pulo Aura , which was probably the company 's most notable naval victory , Nathaniel Dance , Commodore of a convoy of Indiamen and sailing aboard the Warley , led several Indiamen in a skirmish with a French squadron , driving them off . Some six years earlier , on 28 January 1797 , five Indiamen , the Woodford , under Captain Charles Lennox , the Taunton - Castle , Captain Edward Studd , Canton , Captain Abel Vyvyan , Boddam , Captain George Palmer , and ( ( ship Ocean 1788 EIC ship 2 ) ) , Captain John Christian Lochner , had encountered Admiral de Sercey and his squadron of frigates . On this occasion the Indiamen also succeeded in bluffing their way to safety , and without any shots even being fired . Lastly , on 15 June 1795 , the General Goddard played a large role in the capture of seven Dutch East Indiamen off St Helena . East India Company ( EIC ) 's ships were well built , with the result that the Royal Navy bought several Company ships to convert to warships and transports . The Earl of Mornington became HMS Drake . Other examples include : HMS Calcutta ( 1795 ) HMS Glatton ( 1795 ) HMS Hindostan ( 1795 ) HMS Hindostan ( 1804 ) HMS Malabar ( 1804 ) HMS Buffalo ( 1813 ) Records ( edit ) Main article : India Office Records Unlike all other British Government records , the records from the East India Company ( and its successor the India Office ) are not in The National Archives at Kew , London , but are held by the British Library in London as part of the Asia , Pacific and Africa Collections . The catalogue is searchable online in the Access to Archives catalogues . Many of the East India Company records are freely available online under an agreement that the Families in British India Society has with the British Library . Published catalogues exist of East India Company ships ' journals and logs , 1600 -- 1834 ; and of some of the company 's daughter institutions , including the East India Company College , Haileybury , and Addiscombe Military Seminary . See also ( edit ) British Empire portal Companies portal East India Company : Governor - General of India Chief Justice of Bengal Advocate - General of Bengal Chief Justice of Madras List of trading companies East India Company Cemetery in Macau Category : Honourable East India Company regiments General : British Imperial Lifeline Lascar Carnatic Wars Commercial Revolution Political warfare in British colonial India Trade between Western Europe and the Mughal Empire in the 17th century Whampoa anchorage Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carey , W.H. ( 1882 ) . 1882 -- The Good Old Days of Honourable John Company . Simla : Argus Press . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ The Dutch East India Company was the first to issue public stock . Jump up ^ `` Books associated with Trading Places -- the East India Company and Asia 1600 -- 1834 , an Exhibition . '' . Jump up ^ Baladouni , Vahe ( Fall 1983 ) . `` Accounting in the Early Years of the East India Company '' . The Accounting Historians Journal . The Academy of Accounting Historians. 10 ( 2 ) : 63 -- 80 . JSTOR 40697780 . ^ Jump up to : Dalrymple , William ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` The East India Company : The original corporate raiders '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ This is the argument of Robins ( 2006 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Imperial Gazetteer of India '' . II . 1908 : 454 . Jump up ^ Wilbur , Marguerite Eyer ( 1945 ) . The East India Company : And the British Empire in the Far East . Stanford , Cal. : Stanford University Press . p. 18 . ISBN 9780804728645 . ^ Jump up to : `` East Indies : September 1599 '' . british-history.ac.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II 1908 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Kerr , Robert ( 1813 ) . A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels. 8 . p. 102 . Jump up ^ Timbs , John ( 1855 ) . Curiosities of London : Exhibiting the Most Rare and Remarkable Objects of Interest in the Metropolis . D. Bogue . p. 264 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Brian ( 1972 ) . The East India Company : a History . McCall Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 8415 - 0124 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` First EIC Voyage '' . thinkingpast.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . < / ^ Jump up to : East India Company ( 1897 ) . List of factory records of the late East India Company : preserved in the Record Department of the India Office , London . p. vi . ^ Jump up to : The battle of Plassey ended the tax on the Indian goods . Indian History Sourcebook : England , India , and The East Indies , 1617 A.D Jump up ^ Tyacke , Sarah ( 2008 ) . `` Gabriel Tatton 's Maritime Atlas of the East Indies , 1620 -- 1621 : Portsmouth Royal Naval Museum , Admiralty Library Manuscript , MSS 352 '' . Imago Mundi. 60 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 62 . doi : 10.1080 / 03085690701669293 . Jump up ^ `` East India Company '' ( 1911 ) . Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition , Volume 8 , p. 835 Jump up ^ `` Asia facts , information , pictures -- Encyclopedia.com articles about Asia '' . encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Wilbur , Marguerite Eyer ( 1945 ) . The East India Company : And the British Empire in the Far East . Stanford University Press . pp. 82 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2864 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hayami , Akira ( 2015 ) . Japan 's Industrious Revolution : Economic and Social Transformations in the Early Modern Period . Springer . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 431 - 55142 - 3 . Jump up ^ Burgess , Douglas R. ( 2009 ) . The Pirates ' Pact : The Secret Alliances Between History 's Most Notorious Buccaneers and Colonial America . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 147476 - 4 Jump up ^ Fox , E.T. ( 2008 ) . King of the Pirates : The Swashbuckling Life of Henry Every . London : Tempus Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 4718 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` The British East India Company -- the Company that Owned a Nation . George P. Landow '' . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , P.D.G. ( 2008 ) `` Pratt , Charles , first Earl Camden ( 1714 -- 1794 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , online edn . Retrieved 15 February 2008 ( subscription or UK public library membership required ) Jump up ^ Janssens , Koen . Annales Du 17e Congrès D'Associationi Internationale Pour L'histoire Du Verre . Asp / Vubpress / Upa . p. 366 . ISBN 9789054876182 . Jump up ^ `` SALTPETER the secret salt -- Salt made the world go round '' . salt.org.il . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Years ' War in the Philippines '' . Land Forces of Britain , the Empire and Commonwealth . Archived from the original on 2004 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Gerald Bryant ( 1978 ) . `` Officers of the East India Company 's army in the days of Clive and Hastings '' . The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . 6 ( 3 ) : 203 -- 27 . doi : 10.1080 / 03086537808582508 . Jump up ^ James Stuart Olson ; Robert Shadle ( 1996 ) . Historical Dictionary of the British Empire . Greenwood . pp. 252 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Capper , John ( 7 July 2017 ) . `` Delhi , the Capital of India '' . Asian Educational Services . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Cholera 's seven pandemics '' . CBC News . 2 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Richard ( 2005 ) . Sahib : the British soldier in India , 1750 -- 1914 . London : HarperCollins . p. 474 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 713753 - 2 . Jump up ^ Note : as of 30 December 1600 , the official name : Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies Jump up ^ McElwee , William ( 1974 ) . The Art of War : Waterloo to Mons . Purnell Book Services . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Tolan , John ; Veinstein , Gilles ; Henry Laurens ( 2013 ) . `` Europe and the Islamic World : A History '' . Princeton University Press . pp. 275 -- 276 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14705 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Windle , James ( 2012 ) . `` Insights for Contemporary Drug Policy : A Historical Account of Opium Control in India and Pakistan '' . Asian Journal of Criminology. 7 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 74 . doi : 10.1007 / s11417 - 011 - 9104 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` EAST INDIA COMPANY FACTORY RECORDS Sources from the British Library , LondonPart 1 : China and Japan '' . ampltd.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Harcourt , Freda ( 2006 ) . Flagships of Imperialism : The P & O Company and the Politics of Empire from Its Origins to 1867 . Manchester University Press . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84779 - 145 - 0 . Jump up ^ Keay , John ( 1991 ) . The Honourable Company : A History of the English East India Company . Macmillan Publishing Company , New York p. 385 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony , Frank . Britain 's Betrayal in India : The Story of the Anglo Indian Community . Second Edition . London : The Simon Wallenberg Press , 2007 Pages 18 -- 19 , 42 , 45 . Jump up ^ Langdon , Marcus ; `` Penang : The Fourth Presidency of India 1805 -- 1830 , Volume One : Ships , Men and Mansions '' , Areca Books , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 967 - 5719 - 07 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Kapur '' . Jump up ^ `` Saint Helena Act 1833 '' . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ M. Laxhimikanth , Public Administration , TMH , Tenth Reprint , 2013 Jump up ^ Laxhimikanth , Public Administration , TMH , Tenth Reprint , 2013 Jump up ^ David , Saul ( 4 September 2003 ) . The Indian Mutiny : 1857 ( 4th ed . ) . London : Penguin . ISBN 0141005548 . Jump up ^ East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 ( 36 & 37 Vict. 17 ) s . 36 : `` On the First day of June One thousand eight hundred and seventy - four , and on payment by the East India Company of all unclaimed dividends on East India Stock to such accounts as are herein - before mentioned in pursuance of the directions herein - before contained , the powers of the East India Company shall cease , and the said Company shall be dissolved . '' Where possible , the stock was redeemed through commutation ( i.e. exchanging the stock for other securities or money ) on terms agreed with the stockholders ( ss. 5 -- 8 ) , but stockholders who did not agree to commute their holdings had their stock compulsorily redeemed on 30 April 1874 by payment of £ 200 for every £ 100 of stock held ( s . 13 ) . Jump up ^ `` Not many days ago the House of Commons passed '' . Times . London . 8 April 1873 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Farrington 1976 , pp. 125 -- 32 . Jump up ^ `` East India Club '' . Jump up ^ `` Bringing back John Company '' . Jump up ^ `` The Company that ruled the waves '' , in The Economist , 17 -- 30 December 2011 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Davis , Mike . Late Victorian Holocausts . New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Moxham , Roy . `` Lecture : THE EAST INDIA COMPANY 'S SEIZURE OF BENGAL AND HOW THIS LED TO THE GREAT BENGAL FAMINE OF 1770 '' . You Tube . Brick Lane Circle . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Christophe Jaffrelot , Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics : 1925 to the 1990s . New York : Viking Press , 1996 ; page 343 . Jump up ^ Fawcett , Charles ( 30 July 2013 ) . Rob Raeside , ed . `` The Striped Flag of the East India Company , and its Connexion with the American `` Stars and Stripes '' `` . ^ Jump up to : `` East India Company '' . Hubert Herald . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ East India Company coin 1791 , half pice , as illustrated . Jump up ^ `` Scinde District Dawks -- The Premier Stamps of Asia '' , excerpted by M.J. Shah from Manik Jain and S.B. Kothari , The Silver Key to The Golden Treasure of Indian Philately . Jump up ^ Sutton , Jean ( 1981 ) Lords of the East : The East India Company and Its Ships . London : Conway Maritime Jump up ^ A2A -- Access to Archives Home Jump up ^ Farrington ( ed . ) , Anthony ( 1999 ) . Catalogue of East India Company ships ' journals and logs : 1600 -- 1834 . London : British Library . ISBN 0 - 7123 - 4646 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Farrington 1976 . Further reading ( edit ) Andrews , Kenneth R. ( 1985 ) . Trade , Plunder , and Settlement : Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire , 1480 -- 1630 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 25760 - 3 . Bowen , H.V. ( 1991 ) . Revenue and Reform : The Indian Problem in British Politics , 1757 -- 1773 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 40316 - 2 . Bowen , H.V. ( 2003 ) . Margarette Lincoln ; Nigel Rigby , eds . The Worlds of the East India Company . Rochester , NY : Brewer . ISBN 0 - 85115 - 877 - 3 . ; 14 essays by scholars Brenner , Robert ( 1993 ) . Merchants and Revolution : Commercial Change , Political Conflict , and London 's Overseas Traders , 1550 -- 1653 . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 05594 - 7 . Carruthers , Bruce G. ( 1996 ) . City of Capital : Politics and Markets in the English Financial Revolution . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04455 - 2 . Chaudhuri , K.N. ( 1965 ) . The English East India Company : The Study of an Early Joint - Stock Company , 1600 -- 1640 . London : Cass . Chaudhuri , K.N. ( 1978 ) . The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company , 1660 -- 1760 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 21716 - 4 . Chaudhury , S. ( 1999 ) . Merchants , Companies , and Trade : Europe and Asia in the Early Modern Era . London : Cambridge University Press . Dalrymple , William ( March 2015 ) . The East India Company : The original corporate raiders . `` For a century , the East India Company conquered , subjugated and plundered vast tracts of south Asia . The lessons of its brutal reign have never been more relevant . '' The Guardian Dirks , Nicholas ( 2006 ) . The Scandal of Empire : India and the creation of Imperial Britain . Cambridge , Massachusetts , London , England : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02166 - 5 . Dodwell , Henry . Dupleix and Clive : Beginning of Empire . ( 1968 ) . Farrington , Anthony ( 2002 ) . Trading Places : The East India Company and Asia , 1600 -- 1834 . London : British Library . ISBN 0 - 7123 - 4756 - 9 . Furber , Holden . John Company at Work : A study of European Expansion in India in the late Eighteenth century ( Harvard University Press , 1948 ) Furber , Holden ( 1976 ) . Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient , 1600 -- 1800 . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 0787 - 7 . Greenwood , Adrian ( 2015 ) . Victoria 's Scottish Lion : The Life of Colin Campbell , Lord Clyde . UK : History Press . p. 496 . ISBN 0 - 75095 - 685 - 2 . Harrington , Jack ( 2010 ) , Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India , New York : Palgrave Macmillan. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 10885 - 1 Keay , John ( 2010 ) . The Honourable Company : A History of the English East India Company . HarperCollins UK . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 739554 - 5 . Lawson , Philip ( 1993 ) . The East India Company : A History . London : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 07386 - 3 . Misra , B.B. . The Central Administration of the East India Company , 1773 -- 1834 ( 1959 ) online O'Connor , Daniel ( 2012 ) . The Chaplains of the East India Company , 1601 -- 1858 . London : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 7534 - 2 . Oak , Mandar , and Anand V. Swamy . `` Myopia or strategic behavior ? Indian regimes and the East India Company in late eighteenth century India . '' Explorations in economic history 49.3 ( 2012 ) : 352 -- 366 . online Philips , C.H. The East India Company 1784 -- 1834 ( 2nd ed. 1961 ) , on its internal workings Riddick , John F. The history of British India : a chronology ( 2006 ) excerpt and text search , covers 1599 -- 1947 Riddick , John F. Who Was Who in British India ( 1998 ) , covers 1599 -- 1947 Ruffner , Murray ( 21 April 2015 ) . `` Selden Map Atlas '' . Thinking Past . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 28 . Risley ( ed . ) , Sir Herbert H. ; et al. ( 1908 ) , The Indian Empire : Historical , Imperial Gazetteer of India , 2 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , under the authority of H.M. Secretary of State for India CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Risley ( ed . ) , Sir Herbert H. ; et al. ( 1908 ) , The Indian Empire : Administrative , Imperial Gazetteer of India , 4 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , under the authority of H.M Secretary of State for India CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Robins , Nick ( December 2004 ) . The world 's first multinational , in the New Statesman Robins , Nick ( 2006 ) . The Corporation that Changed the World : How the East India Company Shaped the Modern Multinational . London : Pluto Press . ISBN 0 - 7453 - 2524 - 6 . Sen , Sudipta ( 1998 ) . Empire of Free Trade : The East India Company and the Making of the Colonial Marketplace . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3426 - 8 . Sharpe , Brandon ( 23 April 2015 ) . `` Selden Map Atlas '' . Thinkingpast.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 28 . St. John , Ian . The Making of the Raj : India Under the East India Company ( ABC - CLIO , 2011 ) online , focus on its impact on ordinary people in India Steensgaard , Niels ( 1975 ) . The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century : The East India Companies and the Decline of the Caravan Trade . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 77138 - 5 . Stern , Philip J. The Company - State : Corporate Sovereignty and the Early Modern Foundations of the British Empire in India ( 2011 ) online Sutherland , Lucy S. ( 1952 ) . The East India Company in Eighteenth - Century Politics . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Williams , Roger ( 2015 ) . London 's Lost Global Giant : In Search of the East India Company . London : Bristol Book Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9928466 - 2 - 6 . Historiography ( edit ) Farrington ( ed . ) , Anthony ( 1976 ) . The Records of the East India College , Haileybury , & other institutions . London : H.M.S.O. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Stern , Philip J. ( 2009 ) `` History and historiography of the English East India Company : Past , present , and future ! . '' History Compass 7.4 ( 2009 ) : 1146 -- 1180 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to British East India Company . Charter of 1600 East India Company on In Our Time at the BBC . Seals and Insignias of East India Company The Secret Trade The basis of the monopoly . Trading Places -- a learning resource from the British Library Port Cities : History of the East India Company Ships of the East India Company Plant Cultures : East India Company in India History and Politics : East India Company Nick Robins , `` The world 's first multinational '' , 13 December 2004 , New Statesman East India Company : Its History and Results article by Karl Marx , MECW Volume 12 , p. 148 in Marxists Internet Archive Text of East India Company Act 1773 Text of East India Company Act 1784 `` The East India Company -- a corporate route to Europe '' on BBC Radio 4 's In Our Time featuring Huw Bowen , Linda Colley and Maria Misra HistoryMole Timeline : The British East India Company William Howard Hooker Collection : East Indiaman Thetis Logbook ( # 472 - 003 ) , East Carolina Manuscript Collection , J.Y. Joyner Library , East Carolina University Chartered companies British African Company of Merchants Barbary Company British East Africa Company Company of Merchant Adventurers of London Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands Company of Scotland East India Company Eastern Archipelago Company Eastland Company French Company Greenland Company Guinea Company Hudson 's Bay Company Levant Company London and Bristol Company Massachusetts Bay Company Muscovy Company New Zealand Company North Borneo Company Providence Island Company Royal African Company Royal British Bank Royal Niger Company Royal West Indian Company South Africa Company Sierra Leone Company Somers Isles Company South Australian Company South Sea Company Spanish Company Venice Company Virginia Company French Compagnie de l'Occident Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique Company of One Hundred Associates East India Company Mississippi Company Senegal Company West India Company German Brandenburg African Company East Africa Company Emden Company New Guinea Company West African Company Portuguese Cacheu and Cape Verde Company East India Company Grão Pará and Maranhão Company Company of Guinea House of India Mozambique Company Nyassa Company Pernambuco and Paraíba Company Austrian and Low Countries Australische Compagnie ( fr ) Brabantsche Compagnie Dutch East India Company Imperial Company of Trieste and Antwerp Imperial Privileged Oriental Company New Netherland Company Noordsche Compagnie Ostend Company West India Company Scandinavian Danish East India Company Danish West India Company Royal Greenland Swedish Africa Company Swedish East India Company Swedish Levant Company Swedish South Company ( sv ) Swedish West India Company Book European and American trade in Qing China Topics Canton System Cohong East India Company James Flint Old China Trade Thirteen Factories Chinese Hongs Ewo Hong Howqua Foreign Hongs Augustine Heard and Company Augustine Heard Albert Heard Dent & Co . 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3147359339305816351 | Victoria's Secret | Victoria 's Secret - Wikipedia Victoria 's Secret American retailer of lingerie This article is about an American retailer . For other uses , see Victoria 's Secret ( disambiguation ) . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( May 2015 ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2015 ) This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Victoria 's Secret Victoria 's Secret Store , 722 Lexington Ave , New York , NY Type Subsidiary Industry Apparel Founded June 12 , 1977 ; 41 years ago ( 1977 - 06 - 12 ) Stanford Shopping Center , Palo Alto , California , U.S. Founder Roy Raymond Headquarters Three Limited Parkway , Columbus , Ohio , U.S. Number of locations 1,017 company - owned stores 18 independently owned stores Areas served Hungary , United States , Canada , United Kingdom , Italy , France , Spain , Portugal , Austria , Germany , Greece , Switzerland , Ireland , Poland , Serbia , Russia , Denmark , Norway , Sweden , Finland , Lebanon , Mexico , Chile , Argentina , Colombia , Brazil , Indonesia , Malaysia , Philippines , Japan , China , South Korea , South Africa , Egypt , Jordan , Israel , United Arab Emirates , Kuwait , Iran , Taiwan , Thailand , Australia , New Zealand and Singapore Key people Jan Singer ( CEO of Victoria 's Secret Stores ) Products Underwear , women 's clothing , lingerie , swimwear , footwear , fragrances and beauty products , and make up . Parent L Brands Website VictoriasSecret.com Victoria 's Secret is an American designer , manufacturer , and marketer of women 's lingerie , womenswear , and beauty products . Founded in 1977 as a response to packaged underwear , which the company 's founder considered to be `` ugly , floral - print nylon nightgowns '' , the company is now the largest American retailer of women 's lingerie . Contents 1 History 1.1 1977 -- 1981 1.2 1982 -- 1983 1.3 1990 -- 2006 1.4 2006 -- present 2 Products 2.1 Current products 2.1. 1 Pink 2.1. 2 Swimwear 2.2 Recent product history 3 Operating divisions 3.1 Victoria 's Secret stores 3.1. 1 International expansion 3.1. 2 International franchises 3.2 Victoria 's Secret Direct 3.2. 1 Catalog 3.2. 2 E-commerce 3.3 Victoria 's Secret Beauty 4 Corporate affairs 4.1 Ownership 4.2 Management structure 4.2. 1 Victoria 's Secret stores 4.2. 2 Victoria 's Secret Direct 4.2. 3 Victoria 's Secret Beauty 4.3 Environmental record 4.4 Legal proceedings 4.5 Manufacturing 5 Corporate identity 5.1 Name 5.2 Marketing partners 5.3 Marketing 5.3. 1 Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show 5.3. 2 Victoria 's Secret Angels 5.3. 3 Pink spokesmodels 6 Criticism and controversy 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) 1977 -- 1981 ( edit ) Victoria 's Secret was founded by Roy Raymond , and his wife Gaye Raymond , in San Francisco , California , on June 12 , 1977 . Eight years prior to founding Victoria 's Secret , in the late 1960s , Raymond was embarrassed when purchasing lingerie for his wife at a department store . Newsweek reported him looking back on the incident from the vantage of 1981 : `` When I tried to buy lingerie for my wife , '' he recalls , `` I was faced with racks of terry - cloth robes and ugly floral - print nylon nightgowns , and I always had the feeling the department store saleswomen thought I was an unwelcome intruder . '' Raymond spent the next eight years studying the lingerie market . At the time when Raymond founded Victoria 's Secret , most women in America purchased `` dowdy '' , `` pragmatic '' , `` foundation garments '' by Fruit of the Loom , Hanes , and Jockey in packs of three from department stores and saved `` fancier items '' for `` special occasions '' like honeymoons . `` Lacy thongs and padded push - up bras '' were niche products during this period found `` alongside feathered boas and provocative pirate costumes at Frederick 's of Hollywood '' outside of the mainstream product offerings available at department stores . In 1977 , Raymond borrowed $40,000 from his parents and $40,000 from a bank to establish Victoria 's Secret : a store in which men could feel comfortable buying lingerie . The company 's first store was located in Stanford Shopping Center in Palo Alto , California . Raymond picked the name `` Victoria '' after Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom to associate with the refinement of the Victorian era . The `` Secret '' was what was hidden underneath the clothes . The `` angels '' comes from his wife being in a sorority where their mascot was an angel . Victoria 's Secret grossed $500,000 in its first year of business , enough to finance the expansion from a headquarters and warehouse to four new store locations and a mail - order operation . By 1982 , the fourth store ( still in the San Francisco area ) was added at 395 Sutter Street . Victoria 's Secret stayed at that location until 1990 , when it moved to the larger Powell Street frontage of the Westin St. Francis . In April 1982 , Raymond sent out his 12th catalog ; each catalog cost $3 ( equivalent to $7.61 in 2017 ) . Catalog sales accounted for 55 % of the company 's $7 million annual sales in 1982 . The Victoria 's Secret stores at this time were `` a niche player '' in the underwear market . The business was described as `` more burlesque than Main Street . '' 1982 -- 1983 ( edit ) In 1982 , Victoria 's Secret had grown to five stores , a 40 - page catalog , and was grossing $6 million annually . Raymond sold Victoria 's Secret Inc. to Leslie Wexner , creator of Limited Stores Inc of Columbus , Ohio , for $1 million . In 1983 , Wexner revamped Victoria 's Secret 's sales model . He discarded the money - losing model of selling lingerie to male customers and replaced it with one that focused on female customers . Victoria 's Secret transformed from `` more burlesque than Main Street '' to a mainstay that sold broadly accepted underwear . The `` new colors , patterns and styles that promised sexiness packaged in a tasteful , glamorous way and with the snob appeal of European luxury '' meant to appeal to female buyers . To further this image , the Victoria 's Secret catalog continued the practice that Raymond began : listing the company 's headquarters on catalogs at a fake London address , with the real headquarters in Columbus , Ohio . The stores were redesigned to evoke 19th century England . Howard Gross took over as president from his position as vice-president in 1985 . In October of that year , the Los Angeles Times reported that Victoria 's Secret was stealing market share from department stores ; in 1986 , Victoria 's Secret was the only national chain of lingerie stores . The New York Times reported on Victoria 's Secret 's rapid expansion from four stores in 1982 to 100 in 1986 , and analysts ' expectations that it could expand to 400 by 1988 . In 1987 , Victoria 's Secret was reportedly among the `` best - selling catalogs '' . In 1990 , analysts estimated that sales had quadrupled in four years , making it one of the fastest growing mail - order businesses . The New York Times described it as a `` highly visible leader '' , saying it used `` unabashedly sexy high - fashion photography to sell middle - priced underwear . '' Victoria 's Secret also released their own line of fragrances in 1992 . 1990 -- 2006 ( edit ) By the early 1990s , Victoria 's Secret faced a gap in management that led the company to be `` plagued by persistent quality problems '' . Howard Gross , who had grown the company significantly since Wexner 's 1982 purchase , was moved to the poorly performing L Brands subsidiary Limited Stores . Business Week reported that `` both divisions have suffered '' . Grace Nichols , who became President and CEO beginning in 1992 , worked to resolve the quality problems ; their margins tightened , resulting in a slower growth of profits . Victoria 's Secret introduced the Miracle Bra selling two million within the first year , but faced competition from Sara Lee 's WonderBra a year later . The company responded with a TV campaign . By 1998 , Victoria 's Secret 's market share of the intimate apparel market was 14 percent . That year Victoria 's Secret also entered the $3.5 billion cosmetic market . In 1999 , the company aimed to increase its coverage with the Body by Victoria brand . In May 2000 , Wexner installed Sharen Jester Turney , previously of Neiman Marcus Direct , as the new chief executive of Victoria 's Secret Direct to turn around catalog sales that were lagging behind other divisions . Forbes reported Turney stating , as she flipped through a Victoria 's Secret catalog , `` We need to quit focusing on all that cleavage . '' In 2000 , Turney began to redefine Victoria 's Secret catalog from `` breasts -- spilling over the tops of black , purple and reptile - print underthings '' to one that would appeal to an `` upscale customer who now feels more comfortable buying La Perla or Wolford lingerie . '' ; `` dimming the hooker looks '' such as `` tight jeans and stilettos '' ; and moving from `` a substitute for Playboy in some dorm rooms , '' to something closer to a Vogue lifestyle layout , where lingerie , sleepwear , clothes and cosmetics appear throughout the catalog . Beginning in 2000 , Grace Nichols , CEO of Victoria 's Secret Direct , led a similar change at Victoria 's Secret 's stores -- moving away from an evocation of 1800s England ( or a Victorian bordello ) . 2006 -- present ( edit ) By 2006 , Victoria 's Secret 's 1,000 stores across the United States accounted for one third of all purchases in the intimate apparel industry . In May 2006 , Wexner promoted Sharen Jester Turney from the Victoria 's Secret catalog and online units to lead the whole company . In 2008 , she acknowledged `` product quality that does n't equal the brand 's hype . '' In September 2006 , Victoria 's Secret reportedly tried to make their catalog feel more like magazines by head - hunting writers from Women 's Wear Daily . In February 2016 , Turney stepped down as CEO of Victoria 's Secret after serving for a decade . In 2016 , direct sales only grew 1.6 % and fell by 7.4 % in the last quarter of the year , typically a high revenue period due to the holidays . The company discontinued its use of a print catalog and dropped certain categories of clothing such as swimwear . Sales revenue continued to stagnate and drop in early 2017 . Products ( edit ) Current products ( edit ) Pink ( edit ) Victoria 's Secret Pink Store NYC In 2002 , Victoria 's Secret launched Pink ( stylized PINK ) , a lingerie line targeted toward younger women than Victoria 's Secret 's main line . Swimwear ( edit ) In 2002 , swimwear was introduced and available via the web site and catalog ; in the last three years , the swimwear has become more readily available in stores . In April 2016 Chairman and CEO Leslie H. Wexner announced that Victoria 's Secret would end their swimwear line , replacing it with a new activewear line . Recent product history ( edit ) In 2010 , Victoria 's Secret launched the Incredible bra . In 2012 , Victoria 's Secret launched the Victoria 's Secret Designer Collection described by Vogue as the company 's `` first high end lingerie line . '' In 2016 , Victoria 's Secret stopped selling swimwear , shoes , accessories and apparel that were only sold in online Victoria 's Secret stores to stay more focused on the lingerie , fragrances and sleepwear that are still available in stores and online . In 2017 Victoria 's Secret began to put more emphasis on bralettes ( bras without underwire , often intended to be worn visibly ) and sports bras ( under the Victoria Sport label ) to appeal to a younger customer base . Operating divisions ( edit ) Victoria Secret 's operations are organized into three divisions : Victoria 's Secret Stores ( stores ) , Victoria 's Secret Direct ( online and catalog operations ) , and Victoria 's Secret Beauty ( their bath and cosmetics line ) . The company does business in the following retail formats : general merchandise stores , apparel stores . Victoria 's Secret stores ( edit ) Victoria 's Secret stores 1982 -- 2012 show Year # of stores Store sales in millions of U.S. dollars 1982 $3.15 1984 1985 84 1986 100 1988 237 1989 326 - 353 $428 1990 386 $600 1992 448 1992 545 $840 1993 570 $992 1994 600 $1,181 1995 600 $1,286 736 $1,450 1997 750 $1,702 1998 884 1999 902 $2,100 2000 2001 2002 1,014 2003 2005 $3,200 2006 $3,700 2007 2008 2009 2011 1,028 2012 1,017 - 1050 A store display Victoria 's Secret in Las Vegas , Nevada Throughout the 1980s , Victoria 's Secret took over the market using `` faux - British veneer , romantic styling and soft classical music . '' In 2000 , the Los Angeles Times reported that Victoria 's Secret continued the practice of putting `` on a British air -- or what the Ohio - based chain thinks Americans believe is British . Boudoirish . Tony . Upscale . '' During the 1990s , Victoria 's Secret saw a 30 % increase in store sales after the use of analyzing in their data warehouse in which specific store the styles , sizes and color of which bras were selling . As of 2010 , there are 1,000 Victoria 's Secret lingerie stores and 100 independent Victoria 's Secret Beauty Stores in the United States , mostly in shopping centers . They sell a range of bras , panties , hosiery , cosmetics , sleepwear , and other products . Victoria 's Secret mails more than 400 million of its catalogs per year . During the 1990s , store sizes grew from the average 1,400 square feet to between 4,000 and 5,000 square feet . In 2002 , the average Victoria 's Secret store was 6,000 square feet . International expansion ( edit ) Victoria 's Secret Canada stores 2011 -- 2012 show Year # of stores Store sales in millions of U.S. dollars 2011 12 2012 19 Map of Victoria 's Secret stores in the United States , as of August 2011 Up until the early 2000s , management at Victoria 's Secret actively decided to not expand outside the United States . The drive to continue growing coupled with facing a maturing of the American retail market led to a change in that decision and to expand Victoria 's Secret outside the United States . Victoria 's Secret announced the company 's plan to expand into Canada in 2010 . The company opened 23 stores stores in Canada with locations in Alberta , British Columbia , Manitoba , Ontario , Quebec , Nova Scotia and Saskatchewan . In November 2005 , the company opened its first boutique in the United Kingdom at Heathrow Airport , Terminal 5 with the help of World Duty Free . This was followed in 2009 with several Victoria 's Secret Travel and Tourism stores residing within airports outside the United States . These include locations in Schiphol International Airport , The Netherlands . Victoria 's Secret opened their first store located at the Westfield Shopping Centre , Stratford , London on July 24 , 2012 . Their flagship 40,386 - square - foot - ( 3,752.0 m ) store on New Bond Street , London opened on August 29 , 2012 , and there will be further nationwide expansion across the United Kingdom . Victoria 's Secret executive vice president and chief administrative officer Martyn R Redgrave told Women 's Wear Daily `` That 's what we 're looking to do as we expand , in the UK in particular , and those will be company - owned and operated '' . Since 2013 , stores opened across the United Kingdom in Leeds , Manchester , Sheffield , Birmingham , Bristol and London including Westfield London , Bluewater and Brent Cross and Glasgow . As of 2018 , there are 16 stores in the United Kingdom . International franchises ( edit ) In 2010 , Victoria 's Secret expanded with franchises internationally . The first franchise store in Latin America opened in Isla Margarita , Venezuela on June 25 , 2010 followed by other stores in the country , and in Bogota , Colombia , in July 2012 selling beauty products and accessories . Angel 's Group , the Colombian company operating the franchise , is planning to open 10 stores in Colombia . Victoria 's Secret is also planning on opening a store in the exclusive Multiplaza Mall in San Salvador , El Salvador . In 2010 , M.H. Alshaya Co. opened the first Victoria 's Secret store in the Middle East region in Kuwait . M.H. Alshaya Co. operates the Victoria 's Secret franchise located in the Marina Mall selling products including `` cosmetic and branded accessories , but it has left out the brand 's infamous lingerie line '' . The brand 's first Caribbean store opened in November 2011 at Plaza Las Americas in San Juan , Puerto Rico . Two stores also opened in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic at the Agora , ( mainly selling beauty products and accessories ) and Sambil Santo Domingo malls in August 2012 and October 2012 , respectively . The first Polish store opened in July 2012 at the Złote Tarasy shopping mall in Warsaw and is operated by M.H. Alshaya Co . It was the first Victoria 's Secret franchise store in Europe , and it opened just a day before the first British store in London . The first Serbian Victoria 's Secret store opened in January 2014 at the Nikola Tesla Airport in Belgrade . This was the first Victoria 's Secret store to open in the former Yugoslavia . Victoria 's Secret Direct ( edit ) Catalog ( edit ) Victoria 's Secret catalog sales 1982 -- 2012 show Year Millions mailed Sales in millions of U.S. dollars 1982 $3.85 1984 1985 1986 $30 1988 1989 1990 $270 1991 1992 $367 1993 185 $436 1994 260 $569 1995 315 $661 $684 1997 450 $789 1998 $700 1999 365 $800 2000 2001 2002 374 $870 2003 2005 2006 350 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 Prior to the emergence of e-commerce , the Victoria 's Secret 's catalogs provided both an informative and exciting experience in the comfort of the consumer 's home . The catalog under Raymond 's leadership took the form of an upmarket version of Frederick 's of Hollywood lingerie catalog being more sensuous than the catalog published under the future leadership of The Limited . In 1982 the Victoria 's Secret catalog cost $3 . The New York Times reported that the financial success of Victoria 's Secret catalogs influenced other catalogs , which changed to present lingerie as `` romantic and sensual but tasteful '' `` in which models are photographed in ladylike poses against elegant backgrounds . '' This led to Victoria 's Secret dominating the catalog field for `` lingerie and sexy nightwear . '' The catalogs allowed for consumers to review the entire spectrum of product offerings , along the axes of style , color and fabric . Victoria 's Secret accepted catalog orders via telephone 24 hours a day . Victoria 's Secret 's catalog offers a more diverse range of merchandise . The Los Angeles Times described the catalog in 2000 as having achieved `` an almost cult - like following . '' E-commerce ( edit ) In 1995 Victoria 's Secret began building its e-commerce website which the company launched after three years of development at 6 p.m. December 4 , 1998 , using the domain VictoriasSecret.com . Twenty minutes later the first order was placed on the website from a Littleton , Colorado , customer at 6 : 20 p.m. It was reported that the three year development was a result of the company 's concern of rolling out a half - baked website that could `` discourage return visits '' . Viewers who logged onto the Victoria 's Secret 's website to view the company 's first webcast of their fashion show on February 3 , 1999 , were unable to view the webcast due to the Internet infrastructure Victoria Secret 's selected was unable to meet user demand causing some users to be unable to view the webcast . Victoria 's Secret Beauty ( edit ) The Limited , Inc in 1998 created Intimate Beauty Corporation with a mandate to establish a group of beauty businesses with Victoria 's Secret Beauty being the first company in the firm 's portfolio . In November 2012 Susie Coulter became president of Victoria 's Secret Beauty ; the company 's beauty division located in New York City Corporate affairs ( edit ) Ownership ( edit ) Victoria 's Secret was originally owned by `` The Limited '' . In 2002 Wexner reincorporated Victoria 's Secret into the Limited ; previously Victoria 's Secret 's parent company was Intimate Brands , a separately traded entity whose President was Ed Razek . By 2006 , 72 % of Limited Brands ' revenue -- and almost all of their profits -- came from their Victoria 's Secret and Bath & Body Works units . On July 10 , 2007 , the Victoria 's Secret parent company , Limited Brands , sold a 75 % interest in their apparel brands , Limited Stores and Express to Sun Capital Partners , to focus on expanding their Victoria 's Secret and Bath & Body Works units . The immediate impact of the sale resulted in Limited Brands taking a $42 million after - tax loss . In 2017 Victoria 's Secret recorded net sales of about 7.39 billion USD world wide . Management structure ( edit ) Victoria 's Secret stores ( edit ) In 1985 , Howard Gross was promoted to president from vice president . In 1991 Grace Nichols replaced Gross as president of Victoria 's Secret Stores . Nichols previously had been `` executive vice president and general merchandise manager of Limited 's lingerie division . '' In 1998 , Cynthia A. Fields became the president & chief executive of the company ( when it was a division of Intimate Brands Inc . ) . Victoria 's Secret Direct ( edit ) In May 2000 , Wexner installed Sharen Jester Turney , who had previously worked at Neiman Marcus Direct , as the new chief executive of Victoria 's Secret Direct . Victoria 's Secret Beauty ( edit ) Victoria 's Secret Beauty logo In May 2006 , Christine Beauchamp was named president and CEO of Victoria 's Secret Beauty . Beauchamp was succeeded by Shashi Batra in 2009 , who became president of Victoria 's Secret Beauty . Robin Burns was CEO of Victoria 's Secret Beauty . Environmental record ( edit ) After two years of pressure from environmentalist groups , Victoria 's Secret 's parent firm and a conservation group reached an agreement to make the lingerie retailer 's catalog more environmentally friendly in 2006 . The catalog would no longer be made of pulp supplied from any woodland caribou habitat range in Canada , unless it has been certified by the Forest Stewardship Council . The catalogs will also be made of 10 percent recycled paper . The company has bought organic and fair trade - grown cotton to make some of its panties . Legal proceedings ( edit ) On March 4 , 2003 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled against Victoria 's Secret in Moseley v. V Secret Catalogue , Inc. that there must be proof of actual harm to the trademark . Manufacturing ( edit ) In 2006 it was reported that Victoria 's Secret paid workers $7 per day to make bras for them in Thai factories . One - tenth of all Victoria 's Secret bras are sourced via Intimate Fashions , a manufacturer with factories in the South Indian city of Guduvanchery . As a by - result of the Jordan -- United States Free Trade Agreement , which retreated from standards established in the 1990s , working conditions in Jordan have been compared to slave labour . Corporate identity ( edit ) Name ( edit ) Prior to the 1982 sale , the company 's business name was Victoria 's Secret , Inc. then afterwards the name was changed to Victoria 's Secret Stores , Inc . In 2005 , the company changed to Victoria 's Secret Stores , LLC . Marketing Partners ( edit ) In the early 1980s , Victoria 's Secret used FCB / Leber Katz Partners for the development of their brand , marketing , and advertising . In 1989 , FCB / Leber Katz Partners and Victoria 's Secret executed a national advertising campaign featuring for the first time in the company 's history a ten - page glossy insert that appeared in the November issue of Elle , Vogue , Vanity Fair , Victoria , House Beautiful , Bon Appetit , New Woman , and People magazines . Victoria 's Secret used the insert to announce their expansion into the toiletries and fragrance business . Up until the ten - page insert , the company 's growth had been driven by their catalog , sporadic ads in fashion publications , and word of mouth . Catalogs were discontinued in early 2016 . Marketing ( edit ) Victoria 's Secret The Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show is an annual `` elaborate marketing tool for Limited Brands '' . The show is a mix of `` beautiful models scantily clad in lingerie '' and A-list entertainers `` And every year , it becomes less about fashion and more about show '' . The company gained notoriety in the early 1990s after it began to use supermodels in its advertising and fashion shows . Throughout the 2000s , Victoria 's Secret has turned down celebrity models and endorsements . In 1999 , Victoria 's Secret 's 30 second Super Bowl advertisement led to one million visits to the company 's website within an hour of airing . In 2004 , Victoria 's Secret featured Bob Dylan in an advertisement to test new marketing possibilities while Victoria 's Secret dropped their fashion show for 2004 as a result of the fallout from the Janet Jackson / Super Bowl incident that caused complaints from women 's groups . The company created a campaign to market its `` Body '' bra line called `` The Perfect Body . '' The campaign has elicited substantial controversy , with many sources saying it will lower women 's self - esteem because it does not embrace all body types . Victoria 's Secret fashion show ( edit ) Main article : Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show Kelly Gale at Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show , 2014 . In 1995 , Victoria 's Secret began holding their annual Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show , which is broadcast on primetime American television . Starting with the 1995 fashion show , they are `` a combination of self - assured strutting for women and voyeuristic pleasures for men -- and lingerie becomes mainstream entertainment . '' Ken Weil , vice president at Victoria 's Secret , and Tim Plzak , responsible for IT at Victoria 's Secret 's parent company Intimate Brands , led Victoria 's Secret 's first - ever online streaming of their fashion show in 1999 . The 18 minutes webcast streamed February 2 , 1999 , was at the time the Internet 's `` biggest event '' since inception . The 1999 webcast was reported as a failure by a number of newspapers on account of some user 's inability to watch the show featuring Tyra Banks , Heidi Klum , and Stephanie Seymour as a result of Victoria 's Secret 's technology falling short being able to meet the online user demand resulting in network congestion and users who could see the webcast receiving jerky frames . In all , the company 's website saw over 1.5 million visits while the Broadcast. com 's computer 's were designed to handle between 250,000 and 500,000 simultaneous viewers . In total , 1.5 million viewers either attempted or viewed the webcast . The 1999 webcast served to create a database for Victoria 's Secret of over 500,000 current and potential customers by requiring users to submit their contact details to view the webcast . The next spring Victoria 's Secret avoided technical issues by partnering with Broadcast.com , America Online , and Microsoft . The 2000 webcast attracted more than two million viewers . By 2011 , the budget for the fashion show was $12 million up from the first show 's budget of $120,000 . Victoria 's Secret Angels ( edit ) Main article : List of Victoria 's Secret models Victoria 's Secret started working with renowned models in the early 1990s , with the hiring of Stephanie Seymour , Karen Mulder , Yasmeen Ghauri , and Jill Goodacre . These models helped the brand gain notice and soon enough were featured in televised commercials . Veronica Webb is one of the original Victoria 's Secret model . Angels is one of Victoria 's Secret 's lingerie lines , which was launched in 1997 , with a commercial featuring Helena Christensen , Karen Mulder , Daniela Peštová , Stephanie Seymour , and Tyra Banks as well as pop star Tom Jones . The commercial was a major success and the Angels began to be featured in various commercials , alongside other contract models for the brand such as Yasmeen Ghauri , Inés Rivero , and Laetitia Casta . From then onwards , the term Angel started to become synonymous with being a contracted spokesmodel for the brand and in February 1998 , the Angels made their runway debut at Victoria 's Secret 's 4th annual fashion show , with Chandra North filling in for Christensen . Seymour , Mulder , Pestova , Banks , Casta , and new brazilian model Millena Gomes were all featured in both of Victoria 's Secret webcast and took part in the promotion as the brand 's contract models . Starting 2001 , the show has been televised and usually features the year 's Angel line - up at the start of the show , starting with Pestova , Banks , Klum , Adriana Lima and Gisele Bundchen In 2004 , due to the Super Bowl controversy , instead of a televised show , Victoria 's Secret sent its five contract models ( Banks , Klum , Bundchen , Adriana Lima , and Alessandra Ambrosio ) on a tour called Angels Across America , as by then , the word had become synonymous with Victoria 's Secret spokesmodels . The last original Angel , Tyra Banks , departed the following year , as Karolina Kurkova , Selita Ebanks , and Izabel Goulart were hired . Among other recognitions , the Victoria 's Secret Angels were chosen to be part of People magazine 's annual `` 100 Most Beautiful People in the World '' issue in 2007 and became the first trademark awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on November 13 , 2007 , with Klum , Lima , Ambrosio , Kurkova , Goulart , Ebanks , Marisa Miller , and Miranda Kerr at hand . Alongside new Angel Doutzen Kroes , they also took part in the grand reopening of the Fontainebleau in Miami in 2008 . In 2009 , it was widely reported that Candice Swanepoel , Rosie Huntington - Whiteley , Chanel Iman , Emanuela de Paula and Lindsay Ellingson had been hired by the brand . However , De Paula was absent from the fashion show and Erin Heatherton was credited in her place , alongside the Angels ( Klum , Ambrosio , Kerr , Miller , Kroes , and Behati Prinsloo , with Lima being on maternity leave ) . The brand also held a nationwide competition to hire a new `` runway Angel '' ( as are dubbed all the models who walk in the show ) , Kylie Bisutti was crowned as the winner but soon parted ways with the brand . In the following year - and - a-half Swanepoel , Huntington - Whiteley , Iman , Heatherton , and Ellingson all were revealed as Angels . Various tours have been held featuring the Angels , such as the Bombshell Tour in 2010 ( featuring Laura Croggon , Sophia Timpano , Katie Bryan , and new recruit Lily Aldridge ) , a VSX tour in 2013 ( featuring Swanepoel , Ambrosio , Ellingson , and Aldridge ) and a Swim Tour in 2013 ( featuring Swanepoel , Ellingson , and Heatherton ) . The Angels have been heavily featured on the brand 's social media , including on a short - lived Facebook application in 2013 - 2014 highlighting the Angels ( then including Lima , Swanepoel , Ellingson , Aldridge , and Karlie Kloss ) as well as Lais Ribeiro , Toni Garrn , and Barbara Palvin . Ellingson , Kroes , and Kloss all departed soon after the 2014 fashion show , leaving the brand with only 5 Angels . In 2015 , the Angels as well as models Elsa Hosk , Joan Smalls , Lais Ribeiro , Martha Hunt , Jasmine Tookes , Stella Maxwell , and Monika ' Jac ' Jagaciak were featured on the brand 's first ever Swim Special . Soon after , in the brand 's biggest group hiring ever , all but Smalls were revealed as Angels , along with longtime catalog regulars Lais Ribeiro and Sara Sampaio as well as Kate Grigorieva , Taylor Hill , and Romee Strijd . The following year , Jagaciak and Griegorieva exited , while catalog regular Josephine Skriver was added to the roster . In 2017 , Alessandra Ambrosio announced that the yearly fashion show would be her last . In 2018 , Chinese Models Sui He and Ming Xi received a contract , meaning they will be Victoria 's Secret Angels but only exclusive to China . Other notable spokesmodels for the brand have included : Claudia Schiffer , Eva Herzigová , Oluchi Onweagba , Jessica Stam , Ana Beatriz Barros , and Bregje Heinen as well as a handful of celebrities such as Taylor Momsen . Victoria 's Secret Angels 2018 Victoria 's Secret Angels include ( left to right in each row ) Adriana Lima , Candice Swanepoel , Behati Prinsloo , Lily Aldridge , Romee Strijd , Elsa Hosk , Josephine Skriver , Stella Maxwell , Martha Hunt , Jasmine Tookes , Sara Sampaio , Lais Ribeiro , and Taylor Hill . These pictures are not of Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show . show Nationality Name Contract First hiring Runway shows Notes United States Stephanie Seymour 1997 -- 2000 1992 1995 -- 2000 Denmark Helena Christensen 1997 -- 1998 1996 -- 1997 Netherlands Karen Mulder 1997 -- 2000 1992 1996 -- 2000 Czech Republic Daniela Peštová 1997 -- 2002 1998 -- 2001 United States Tyra Banks 1997 -- 2005 1996 -- 2005 United States Chandra North 1998 Fashion Show 1998 1998 Argentina Inés Rivero 1998 -- 1999 1998 1998 -- 2001 France Laetitia Casta 1998 -- 2002 1997 1997 -- 2000 Germany / United States Heidi Klum 1999 -- 2010 1997 1997 -- 2009 ( host only in 2006 ) Brazil Gisele Bündchen 2000 -- 2007 1999 1999 -- 2006 Brazil Adriana Lima 2000 -- present 1999 1999 -- 2008 , 2010 -- present Brazil Alessandra Ambrosio 2004 -- 2017 2000 2000 -- 2017 Czech Republic Karolína Kurková 2005 -- 2009 2000 2000 -- 2008 , 2010 Cayman Islands Selita Ebanks 2005 -- 2009 2005 -- 2010 Brazil Izabel Goulart 2005 -- 2008 2005 -- 2016 United States Marisa Miller 2007 -- 2010 2002 2007 -- 2009 Australia Miranda Kerr 2007 -- 2013 2005 2006 -- 2009 , 2011 -- 2012 Netherlands Doutzen Kroes 2008 -- 2014 2005 -- 2006 , 2008 -- 2009 , 2011 -- 2014 Namibia Behati Prinsloo 2009 -- present 2007 2007 -- 2015 , 2018 - present United Kingdom Rosie Huntington - Whiteley 2010 -- 2011 2005 2006 -- 2010 South Africa Candice Swanepoel 2010 -- present 2007 2007 -- 2015 , 2017 -- present United States Chanel Iman 2010 -- 2012 2008 2009 -- 2011 United States Erin Heatherton 2010 -- 2013 2008 2008 -- 2013 United States Lily Aldridge 2010 -- present 2008 2009 -- 2017 United States Lindsay Ellingson 2011 -- 2014 2006 2007 -- 2014 United States Karlie Kloss 2013 -- 2015 2011 2011 -- 2014 , 2017 - present Russia Kate Grigorieva 2015 -- 2016 2014 2014 -- 2016 United States Taylor Hill 2015 -- present 2014 2014 -- present Sweden Elsa Hosk 2015 -- present 2011 2011 -- present United States Martha Hunt 2015 -- present 2012 2013 -- present Poland Jac Jagaciak 2015 -- 2016 2013 2013 -- 2015 New Zealand / United Kingdom / Ireland Stella Maxwell 2015 -- present 2014 2014 -- present Brazil Lais Ribeiro 2015 -- present 2010 - 2011 ; 2013 -- present Portugal Sara Sampaio 2015 -- present 2012 2013 -- present Netherlands Romee Strijd 2015 -- present 2014 2014 -- present United States Jasmine Tookes 2015 -- present 2012 2012 -- present Denmark Josephine Skriver 2016 -- present 2013 2013 -- present Jump up ^ There have been various instances where the fashion show credits included models who were n't Angels but were prominently featured by the brand , such as Candice Swanepoel , Lindsay Ellingson , Rosie Huntington - Whiteley , Erin Heatherton , and Behati Prinsloo in 2009 , Lais Ribeiro in 2011 , PINK model Elsa Hosk in 2013 and Hosk , Ribeiro , Jasmine Tookes , Martha Hunt , and Stella Maxwell in 2014 . All of them later went on to become Angels . Jump up ^ Most Angels started working with the company years prior to signing an Angel contract . Listed above are the dates of first published or aired campaigns or , by default , first runway show or event . Jump up ^ Stephanie Seymour was a fashion show host in 1995 . Jump up ^ Chandra North was featured as an Angel solely during the 1998 fashion show due to Christensen 's absence . Jump up ^ Heidi Klum was a fashion show host in 2002 , 2006 -- 2009 . Jump up ^ Lindsay Ellingson was first featured on VS All Access in 2010 but was only credited as an Angel for the fashion show from the following year onward . Jump up ^ 10 Angels were added at the same time . Pink spokesmodels ( edit ) Main article : Pink ( Victoria 's Secret ) show Nationality Name Contract Brazil Alessandra Ambrosio 2004 -- 2006 Australia Miranda Kerr 2006 -- 2008 Namibia Behati Prinsloo 2008 -- 2011 Sweden Elsa Hosk 2011 -- 2014 United States Rachel Hilbert 2015 -- 2017 United States Zuri Tibby 2016 -- present United States Grace Elizabeth 2016 -- present Criticism and controversy ( edit ) Influence on sociocultural body image norms -- 2008 In the article `` Victoria 's Dirty Secret : How Sociocultural Norms Influence Adolescent Girls and Women '' written by Strahan , Lafrance , Wilson , and Ethier from Wilfrid Laurier University along with Spencer and Zanna from the University of Waterloo have stated : `` Women 's body dissatisfaction is influenced by sociocultural norms for ideal appearance that are pervasive in society and particularly directed at women . '' These norms tell women that they are valued for their bodies , physical appearance , and scale of attractiveness . Girls as young as 10 years old start dieting because they are struggling with their weight and body perception . This will continue throughout their life span . Victoria 's Secret sends a message to these adolescent girls and women that their models are the standard of beauty . The models are shown on TV commercials , ads , and magazines meaning it is seen on an everyday basis . Girls are comparing themselves with these high unrealistic standards that is captivated by the media . Women in these ads are highly objectified , idealized , and sexualized . If women feel they have to live up to this sociocultural norm standard , it is only telling men that it is okay to objectify and sexualize women . The article concludes by stating : `` Exposure to societal messages that reflect the sociocultural norm for ideal appearance has a negative effect on women . '' Formaldehyde lawsuits -- 2009 In 2009 , Victoria 's Secret was sued several times . The lawsuits alleged that defective underwear contained formaldehyde that caused severe rashes on women who wore them . Six cases were filed in Ohio and two in Florida . At least 17 other suits were filed in six other states after January 2008 . The plaintiff refused to submit to a simple patch test to determine the precise cause of her reaction and her case was later withdrawn . The Formaldehyde Council issued a statement that formaldehyde quickly dissipates in air , water and sunlight . Child labor -- 2012 In 2012 , a Victoria 's Secret supplier was investigated for use of child labor in harvesting cotton used to make its products . Zephyrs lawsuit -- 2012 Also in 2012 , Victoria 's Secret was sued by Zephyrs , `` accused of breaching a 2001 agreement and selling cheap ' knockoffs ' of the company 's stockings . '' Go East lingerie collection -- 2012 The company drew criticism for a newly released lingerie collection titled `` Go East '' whose tagline pledged to women the capacity to `` indulge in touches of eastern delight with lingerie inspired by the exquisite beauty of secret Japanese gardens . '' The collection included a mesh teddy `` Sexy Little Geisha '' featuring `` flirty cutouts and Eastern - inspired florals '' . The Wall Street Journal reported that the collection was `` accessorized with a miniature fan and a kimono-esque obi sash . '' Victoria 's Secret removed the Asian - themed collection `` that traded in sexualized , generic pan-Asian ethnic stereotypes . '' Perfect body campaign -- 2014 In 2014 , a petition against the newly released lingerie collection called `` Body '' was created when the poster ads displayed the words ' THE PERFECT `` BODY '' ' over well - known VS Angels . The petition , while becoming popular across social media , demanded that Victoria 's Secret `` apologise and take responsibility for the unhealthy and damaging message that their ' Perfect Body ' campaign sends out about women 's bodies and how they should be judged . '' The petition also demanded a change in the wording on Victoria 's Secret advertisements for their bra range Body , to something that does not promote unhealthy and unrealistic standards of beauty , '' asking the company to not use such harmful marketing in the future . Petitioners created the hashtag `` # iamperfect '' , which trended on Twitter for body shaming women . The petition had over 30,000 signatures . Although there was never a formal apology released , Victoria 's Secret took note of the petition and changed the words on their ad campaign to ' A BODY FOR EVERY BODY . ' Cultural appropriation - 2016 At the 2016 Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show , the brand was accused of `` cultural appropriation '' during the segment `` The Road Ahead '' that drew inspiration from Chinese culture . Kendall Jenner 's flame tail , Elsa Hosk 's dragon costume , and Adriana Lima 's embroidered thigh - high boots is what caused an uproar because many fans thought that it was inappropriate for women of other cultures to wear those items that meant so much to the Chinese culture . The reason behind Victoria 's Secret including this segment to the 2016 fashion show is because of their recent expansion into the Chinese market . They thought it would be a good way to appeal to the new Chinese customer . No apology or statement was released from the brand . See also ( edit ) Companies portal Fashion portal Ohio portal List of swimwear brands List of Victoria 's Secret models PINK Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show Victoria 's Secret Swim Special References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Melise R. Blakeslee ( January 15 , 2010 ) . Internet crimes , torts and scams : investigation and remedies . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 537351 - 6 . Retrieved December 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About Limited Brands '' . Limited Brands . October 10 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2010 . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Yang , Jeff ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` Why the Rise of Asia In Fashion Is n't As Beautiful As It Seems '' ( SpeakEasy ) . United States : Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company Inc . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Menken , David ( March 24 , 2003 ) . `` Victoria 's Secret decision is good for small businesses '' . Viewpoint . 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Jump up ^ Simpson , Cam ( December 15 , 2011 ) . `` Victoria 's Secret Revealed in Child Picking Burkina Faso Cotton '' . Bloomberg Markets Magazine . Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved October 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Cam ( January 13 , 2012 ) . `` Child Labor for Victoria 's Secret Cotton Examined by U.S '' . Bloomberg . Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved October 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Green , Matthew ( September 17 , 2007 ) . `` Tapping into social conscience '' . Financial Times . Nikkei . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Ella ( August 28 , 2012 ) . `` Victoria 's Secret Sued '' . Vogue . Condé Nast . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Victoria 's Secret ' Sexy Little Geisha ' Outfit Sparks Backlash '' . The Huffington Post . September 24 , 2012 . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sauers , Jenna ( September 26 , 2012 ) . `` And Here We Have a ' Sexy Little Geisha ' Outfit From Victoria 's Secret '' . Jezebel . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Ella ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` Victoria 's Secret Geisha Outfit Faces Criticism '' . Vogue . Condé Nast . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Matera , Avery . `` Some Chinese Viewers Are REALLY Upset About the Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Victoria 's Secret ( category ) Official website Victoria 's Secret on Facebook Victoria 's Secret on Twitter Victoria 's Secret on Photostags.com Victoria 's Secret on Facebook Victoria 's Secret navigational boxes L Brands Current Bath & Body Works C.O. 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"Victoria's Secret\n\nVictoria's Secret Store, 722 Lexington Ave, New York, NYType\nSubsidiaryIndustry\nApparelFounded\nJune 12, 1977; 41 years ago (1977-06-12)Stanford Shopping Center, Palo Alto, California, U.S.[1]Founder\nRoy Raymond Headquarters\nThree Limited Parkway, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.Number of locations\n1,017 company-owned stores18 independently owned stores[2]Areas served\nHungary, United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, Austria, Germany, Greece, Switzerland, Ireland, Poland, Serbia, Russia, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Lebanon, Mexico, Chile, Argentina, Colombia, Brazil, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Japan, China, South Korea, South Africa, Egypt, Jordan, Israel, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Iran, Taiwan, Thailand, Australia, New Zealand and SingaporeKey people\nJan Singer(CEO of Victoria's Secret Stores)[3]Products\nUnderwear, women's clothing, lingerie, swimwear, footwear, fragrances and beauty products, and make up.Parent\nL BrandsWebsite\nVictoriasSecret.com"
] | [
"Roy Raymond"
] |
7375884943474996542 | Beauty and the Beast (2017 film) | Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Beauty and the Beast ( disambiguation ) . Beauty and the Beast Theatrical release poster Directed by Bill Condon Produced by David Hoberman Todd Lieberman Screenplay by Stephen Chbosky Evan Spiliotopoulos Based on Disney 's Beauty and the Beast by Linda Woolverton Beauty and the Beast by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont Starring Emma Watson Dan Stevens Luke Evans Kevin Kline Josh Gad Ewan McGregor Stanley Tucci Audra McDonald Gugu Mbatha - Raw Ian McKellen Emma Thompson Music by Alan Menken Cinematography Tobias A. Schliessler Edited by Virginia Katz Production company Walt Disney Pictures Mandeville Films Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) ( Spencer House ) March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 129 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $160 million Box office $1.263 billion Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon from a screenplay written by Stephen Chbosky and Evan Spiliotopoulos , and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films . The film is based on Disney 's 1991 animated film of the same name , itself an adaptation of Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's eighteenth - century fairy tale . The film features an ensemble cast that includes Emma Watson and Dan Stevens as the titular characters with Luke Evans , Kevin Kline , Josh Gad , Ewan McGregor , Stanley Tucci , Audra McDonald , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ian McKellen , and Emma Thompson in supporting roles . Principal photography began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England on May 18 , 2015 , and ended on August 21 . Beauty and the Beast premiered on February 23 , 2017 , at Spencer House in London , and was released in the United States on March 17 , 2017 , in standard , Disney Digital 3 - D , RealD 3D , IMAX and IMAX 3D formats , along with Dolby Cinema . The film received generally positive reviews from critics , with many praising Watson and Stevens ' performances as well as the ensemble cast , faithfulness to the original animated film alongside elements from the Broadway play , visual style , production merits , and musical score , though it received criticism for some of the character designs and its excessive similarity to the original . The film grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide , becoming the highest - grossing live - action musical film , and making it the highest grossing film of 2017 and the 10th highest - grossing film of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Cast notes 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 North America 5.1. 2 Outside North America 5.2 Critical response 6 Accolades 7 Controversies 7.1 Gay character 7.2 Belle and the Beast 's relationship 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In Rococo - era France , an enchantress disguised as a beggar arrives at a ball and offers the host , a coldhearted prince , a rose for shelter . When he refuses , she transforms him into a beast and his servants into household objects , and erases the castle from the memories of their loved ones . She casts a spell on the rose and warns the prince that the curse will never lift unless he learns to love another , and earn their love in return , before the last petal falls . Years later , in the village of Villeneuve , Belle dreams of adventure and brushes off advances from Gaston , an arrogant former soldier . Lost in the forest , Belle 's father Maurice seeks refuge in the Beast 's castle , but the Beast imprisons him for stealing a rose . Belle ventures out in search for him and finds him locked in the castle dungeon . The Beast agrees to let her take Maurice 's place . Belle befriends the castle 's servants , who treat her to a spectacular dinner . When she wanders into the forbidden west wing and finds the rose , the Beast , enraged , scares her into the woods . She is cornered by wolves , but the Beast rescues her and is injured in the process . A friendship develops as Belle nurses his wounds . The Beast shows Belle a gift from the enchantress , a book that transports readers wherever they want . Belle uses it to visit her childhood home in Paris , where she discovers a plague doctor mask . Belle realises that she and her father were forced to leave her mother 's deathbed as her mother succumbed to the plague . In Villeneuve , Gaston sees rescuing Belle as an opportunity to win her hand in marriage and agrees to help Maurice . When Maurice learns of his ulterior motive and rejects him , Gaston abandons him to the wolves . Maurice is rescued by the beggar Agathe , but when he tells the townsfolk of Gaston 's crime , Gaston convinces them to send Maurice to an insane asylum . After sharing a romantic dance with the Beast , Belle discovers her father 's predicament using a magic mirror . The Beast releases her to save Maurice , giving her the mirror to remember him with . At Villeneuve , Belle proves Maurice 's sanity by revealing the Beast in the mirror to the townsfolk . Realizing that Belle loves the Beast , Gaston has her thrown into the asylum carriage with her father and rallies the villagers to follow him to the castle to slay the Beast . Maurice and Belle escape and Belle rushes back to the castle . During the battle , Gaston abandons his companion LeFou , who then sides with the servants to fend off the villagers . Gaston attacks the Beast in his tower , who is too depressed to fight back , but regains his will upon seeing Belle return . He overpowers Gaston but spares his life before reuniting with Belle . However , Gaston fatally shoots the Beast from a bridge , but it collapses when the castle crumbles and he falls to his death . The Beast dies as the last petal falls and the servants become inanimate . When Belle tearfully professes her love to him , Agathe reveals herself as the enchantress and undoes the curse , repairing the crumbling castle and restoring the Beast 's and servants ' human forms and the villagers ' memories . The Prince and Belle host a ball for the kingdom , where they dance happily . Cast ( edit ) Emma Watson as Belle , a beautiful and benevolent bibliophile who develops feelings for the Beast and begins to see the humanity within him . Daisy Duczmal portrays an infant Belle . Dan Stevens as The Prince / Beast , a cold - hearted prince who is transformed into a hideous beast and forced to earn back his humanity by learning to truly love and be loved in return . Adam Mitchell portrays the younger version of the Prince . Luke Evans as Gaston , a narcissistic and arrogant hunter and veteran of the French Royal Army who is willing to go as far as it takes to have Belle as his trophy wife . Kevin Kline as Maurice , Belle 's protective widowed father . Jolyon Coy portrays the young Maurice . Josh Gad as LeFou , Gaston 's flamboyant and long - suffering sidekick who bolsters his friend 's ego but gets very little in return . Ewan McGregor as Lumière , the Beast 's charismatic bouteiller who has been transformed into a candelabra . Stanley Tucci as Maestro Cadenza , the neurotic court composer and Madame de Garderobe 's husband who has been transformed into a harpsichord . Ian McKellen as Cogsworth , the Beast 's gruff but loyal majordomo and the head of the household staff who has been transformed into a mantel clock . Emma Thompson as Mrs. Potts , the castle 's motherly head housekeeper who has been transformed into a teapot . Audra McDonald as Madame de Garderobe , a world - renowned opera singer and Cadenza 's wife who has been transformed into a wardrobe . Gugu Mbatha - Raw as Plumette , one of the castle maids and Lumière 's lover who has been transformed into a feather duster . Nathan Mack as Chip , Mrs. Potts ' plucky son who has been transformed into a teacup . Hattie Morahan as Agathe , an impoverished hermit and resident of Villeneuve who , in reality , is the Enchantress responsible for cursing the Prince . Morahan also narrates the prologue . Rita Davies portrays the Enchantress in her beggar woman form . Adrian Schiller as Monsieur D'Arque , the sly warden of the local asylum who is bribed by Gaston to have Maurice institutionalized . Gerard Horan as Monsieur Jean Potts , an absent - minded potter and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Mrs. Potts ' husband and Chip 's father . Haydn Gwynne as Clothilde , a fishmonger and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Cogsworth 's wife . Michael Jibson as the Tavern Keeper , the owner and keeper of Villeneuve 's local tavern where Gaston and the village residents drink . Ray Fearon as Père Robert , Villeneuve 's local chaplain who encourages Belle to borrow the books in the chapel 's meager library . Sophie Reid , Rafaëlle Cohen , and Carla Nella as the Village Lasses , a trio of women who fawn over Gaston and have a jealousy for Belle . Jimmy Johnston , Dean Street , and Alexis Loizon as Tom , Dick , and Stanley , a trio of men who serve as Gaston 's henchmen . Zoe Rainey as Belle 's mother , Maurice 's late wife who contracted the plague and died when Belle was an infant . Clive Rowe as Cuisinier , the castle 's head chef who has been transformed into a stove . Gizmo as Frou - Frou , Maestro Cadenza 's and Madame de Garderobe 's pet Yorkshire Terrier who has been transformed into a footstool . Thomas Padden as Chapeau , the Prince 's valet who has been transformed into a coat rack . Tom Turner as The King , the Prince 's father who , following his wife 's death , raised his son to be just as selfish and arrogant as he was . Harriet Jones as The Queen , the Prince 's mother who died of an illness when he was a child . Dale Branston as Baker , Villeneuve 's residential baker . Chris Andrew Mellon as Nasty Headmaster , the unnamed headmaster of an all boys school in Villeneuve that disapproves of Belle teaching a young girl how to read . Vivian Parry as the Village Lass ' Mother , an unnamed seamstress who is the mother of the Village Lasses . Cast notes ( edit ) ^ In the initial theatrical release , Mitchell was miscredited as Rudi Gooman in the cast , but listed under his real name in the soundtrack credits . ^ In the initial theatrical release , Turner is miscredited as Henry Garrett in the cast . Stephen Merchant also appeared in the film as Monsieur Toilette , a servant who was turned into a toilet . This character was cut from the film , but is featured in the deleted scenes . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Previously , Disney had begun work on a film adaptation of the 1994 Broadway musical . However , in a 2011 interview , composer Alan Menken stated the planned film version of the Beauty and the Beast stage musical `` was canned '' . By April 2014 , Walt Disney Pictures had already begun developing a new live - action version and remake of Beauty and the Beast after making other live - action fantasy films such as Alice in Wonderland , Maleficent , Cinderella and The Jungle Book . In June 2014 , Bill Condon was signed to direct the film from a script by Evan Spiliotopoulos . Later in September of that same year , Stephen Chbosky ( who had previously directed Watson in The Perks of Being a Wallflower ) was hired to re-write the script . Before Condon was hired to direct the film , Disney approached him with a proposal to remake the film in a more radical way as Universal Studios had remade Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) . Condon later explained that `` after Frozen opened , the studio saw that there was this big international audience for an old - school - musical approach . But initially , they said , ' We 're interested in a musical to a degree , but only half full of songs . ' My interest was taking that film and doing it in this new medium -- live - action -- as a full - on musical movie . So I backed out for a minute , and they came back and said , ' No , no , no , we get it , let 's pursue it that way . ' '' Walt Disney Pictures president of production Sean Bailey credited Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn with the decision to make the film as a musical : `` We worked on this for five or six years , and for 18 months to two years , Beauty was a serious dramatic project , and the scripts were written to reflect that . It was n't a musical at that time . But we just could n't get it to click and it was Alan Horn who championed the idea of owning the Disney of it all . We realized there was a competitive advantage in the songs . What is wrong with making adults feel like kids again ? '' Casting ( edit ) In January 2015 , Emma Watson announced that she would be starring as Belle , the female lead . Watson was the first choice of Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn , as he had previously overseen Warner Bros. which released the eight Harry Potter films that co-starred Watson as Hermione Granger . Two months later , Luke Evans and Dan Stevens were revealed to be in talks to play Gaston and the Beast respectively , and Watson confirmed their casting the following day through tweets . The rest of the principal cast , including Josh Gad , Emma Thompson , Kevin Kline , Audra McDonald , Ian McKellen , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ewan McGregor and Stanley Tucci were announced between March and April to play LeFou , Mrs. Potts , Maurice , Madame de Garderobe , Cogsworth , Plumette , Lumière and Cadenza , respectively . Susan Egan , who originated the role of Belle on Broadway , commented on the casting of Watson as `` perfect '' . Paige O'Hara , who voiced Belle in the original animated film and its sequels , offered to help Watson with her singing lessons . According to The Hollywood Reporter , Emma Watson was reportedly paid $3 million upfront , together with an agreement that her final take - home pay could rise as high as $15 million if the film generated gross box office income similar to Maleficent 's $759 million worldwide gross . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England , on May 18 , 2015 . Filming with the principal actors concluded on August 21 . Six days later , co-producer Jack Morrissey confirmed that the film had officially wrapped production . The Beast was portrayed with a `` more traditional motion capture puppeteering for the body and the physical orientation '' , where actor Dan Stevens was `` in a forty - pound gray suit on stilts for much of the film '' . The facial capture for the Beast was done separately in order to `` communicate the subtleties of the human face '' and `` ( capture the ) thought that occurs to him '' which gets `` through ( to ) the eyes , which are the last human element in the Beast . '' The castle servants who are transformed into household objects were created with CGI animation . Before the release of the film , Bill Condon refilmed one certain sequence in the `` Days of the Sun '' number , due to confusion among test audiences caused by actress Harriet Jones , who looked similar to Hattie Morahan , who portrayed Agathe . In the original version of the scene , it was Jones ' character , the Prince 's mother , who sings the first verse of the song , with Rudi Goodman playing the young Prince and Henry Garrett playing his father ; but in the reshot version of the scene , the singing part is given to the Prince ( now played by Adam Mitchell ) . The King was also recast to Tom Turner , although Harriet Jones was still the Queen , albeit with dark hair . Both Goodman and Garrett 's names were mistakenly featured in the original theatrical release 's credits , but was later corrected in home releases . Music ( edit ) Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 soundtrack ) When released in 1991 , Beauty and the Beast marked a turning point for Walt Disney Pictures by appealing to millions of fans with its Oscar - winning musical score by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken . In Bill Condon 's opinion , that original score was the key reason he agreed to direct a live - action version of the movie . `` That score had more to reveal '' , he says , `` You look at the songs and there 's not a clunker in the group . In fact , Frank Rich described it as the best Broadway musical of 1991 . The animated version was already darker and more modern than the previous Disney fairytales . Take that vision , put it into a new medium , make it a radical reinvention , something not just for the stage because it 's not just being literal , now other elements come into play . It 's not just having real actors do it '' . Condon initially prepared on only drawing inspiration from the original film , but he also planned to include most of the songs composed by Alan Menken , Howard Ashman and Tim Rice from the Broadway musical , with the intention of making the film as a `` straight - forward , live - action , large - budget movie musical '' . Menken returned to score the film 's music , which features songs from the original film by him and Howard Ashman , plus new material written by Menken and Tim Rice . Menken said the film will not include songs that were written for the Broadway musical and instead , created four new songs . However , an instrumental version of the song `` Home '' , which was written for the musical , is used during the scene where Belle first enters her room in the castle . On January 19 , 2017 , it was confirmed by both Disney and Céline Dion - singer of the original 1991 Beauty and the Beast duet song , with singer Peabo Bryson - that Dion would be performing one of the new original songs `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' to play over the end titles . She originally had doubts about whether or not to record the song due to the recent death of her husband and manager René Angélil , who had previously helped her secure the 1991 pop duet . While ultimately accepting the opportunity , she said : `` ( The ) first Beauty and the Beast decision was made with my husband . Now I 'm making decisions on my own . It 's a little bit harder . I could n't say yes right away , because I felt like I was kind of cheating in a way ''. ( 18 ) She eventually felt compelled to record the song because of the impact Beauty and the Beast has had on her career . According to Dion , `` I was at the beginning of my career , it put me on the map , it put me where I am today ''. ( 9 ) Also , Josh Groban was announced to be performing the new original song `` Evermore '' on January 26 , 2017 . The 2017 film features a remake of the 1991 original song Beauty and the Beast recorded as a duet by Ariana Grande and John Legend . Grande and Legend 's updated version of the Beauty and the Beast title song is faithful to the original , Grammy - winning duet , performed by Céline Dion and Peabo Bryson for the 1991 Disney film . Emma Thompson also performed a rendition of `` Beauty and the Beast '' , which was performed by Angela Lansbury in the original 1991 animated film release . Disney debuted the music video for Ariana Grande and John Legend 's interpretation of the title song `` Beauty and the Beast '' on Freeform television network on March 5 , 2017 , and it has since attained over 100 million video views on the Vevo video hosting service . Release ( edit ) On March 16 , 2015 , Disney announced the film would be released in 3D on March 17 , 2017 . The first official presentation of the film took place at Disney 's three - day D23 Expo in August 2015 . The world premiere of Beauty and the Beast took place on February 23 , 2017 , at Spencer House in London , England ; and the film later premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood , California , on March 2 , 2017 . The stream was broadcast onto YouTube . A sing along version of the film released in over 1,200 US theaters nationwide on April 7 , 2017 . The United Kingdom received the same version on April 21 , 2017 . Marketing ( edit ) Disney spent around $140 million for marketing the film worldwide . Following an announcement on May 22 , 2016 , Disney premiered the first official teaser trailer on Good Morning America the next day . In its first 24 hours , the teaser trailer reached 91.8 million views , which topped the number of views seen in that amount of time in history , including for the teasers for other films distributed by Disney such as Avengers : Age of Ultron , Star Wars : The Force Awakens and Captain America : Civil War . This record has since been broken by Thor : Ragnarok and It . The first official teaser poster was released on July 7 , 2016 . On November 2 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly debuted the first official image on the cover of their magazine for the week along with nine new photos as well . One week later , Emma Watson and Disney debuted a new poster for the film . On November 14 , 2016 , the first theatrical trailer was released again on Good Morning America . The trailer reached 127.6 million views in its first 24 hours , setting a new record as the trailer with the most views in one day , beating out Fifty Shades Darker . This record has since been broken again by The Fate of the Furious . A TV spot with Watson singing was shown during the 74th Golden Globe Awards . Disney released the final trailer on January 30 , 2017 . Home Media ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast was released on Blu - ray , DVD and Digital HD on June 6 , 2017 . The film debuted at No. 1 on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart , with all other titles in the top 20 , collectively , selling only 40 % as many units as Beauty and the Beast . The movie regained the top spot on the national home video sales charts during its third week of release . The movie became available on Netflix on September 19 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Praised for her performance as Belle worldwide , Beauty and the Beast is Emma Watson 's second highest - grossing film , behind only the final Harry Potter film , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . Beauty and the Beast grossed $504 million in the United States and Canada and $758.6 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $1.262 billion . With a production budget of $160 million , it is the second-most expensive musical ever made ; only Hello , Dolly ! ( 1969 ) with a budget of $25 million ( $165 million in 2016 dollars ) cost more . In just ten days , it became the highest - grossing live - action musical of all time , beating the nine - year - old record held by Mamma Mia ! . It is currently the second biggest musical ever overall , behind Disney 's Frozen ( 2013 ) . Worldwide , the film proved to be a global phenomenon , earning a total of $357 million over its four - day opening weekend from 56 markets . Critics said the film was playing like superhero movies amongst women . It was the second biggest March global opening , behind only Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , the thirteenth - biggest worldwide opening ever and the seventh - biggest for Disney . This includes $21 million from IMAX plays on 1,026 screens , a new record for an IMAX PG title . It surpassed the entire lifetime total of the original film in just six days . Beauty and the Beast is the 300th digitally remastered release in IMAX company 's history , which began with the re-release of Apollo 13 in 2002 . Its robust global debut helped push the company past $6 billion for the first time , and led to analysts believing that the film had a shot of passing $1 billion worldwide from theatrical earnings . On April 12 , it passed the $1 billion threshold , becoming the first film of 2017 , the fourteenth Disney film , and the twenty - ninth film overall to pass the mark . It became the first film since Rogue One ( also a Disney property ) in December 2016 to make over a billion dollars , and did so on its twenty - ninth day of release . It is currently the highest - grossing film of 2017 , the highest - grossing March release , the highest - grossing remake of all - time , and the fifth biggest Disney film . Even after inflation adjusted , it is still ahead of the $425 million gross ( $760 million in 2017 dollars ) of the original film . North America ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , Beauty and the Beast topped Fandango 's pre-sales and became the fastest - selling family film in the company 's history , topping the studio 's own animated film Finding Dory released the previous year . Early tracking had the film grossing around $100 million in its opening weekend , with some publications predicting it could reach $130 million . By the time the film 's release was 10 days away , analysts raised projections to as high as $150 million . It earned $16.3 milion from Thursday previews night , marking the biggest of 2017 ( breaking Logan 's record ) , the biggest ever for a Disney live - action film ( breaking Maleficent 's record ) , the second biggest ever for both a G or PG - rated film ( behind the sixth Harry Potter film Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince which also starred Watson ) , and the third biggest ever in the month of March ( behind Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice and The Hunger Games ) . An estimated 41 % of the gross came from IMAX , 3D and premium large format screenings which began at 6 pm , while the rest -- 59 % -- came from regular 2D shows which began at 7 p.m. The numbers were considered more impressive given that the film played during a school week . On its opening day , the film made $63.8 million from 4,210 theaters across 9,200 screens , marking the third biggest in the month of March , trailing behind Batman v Superman ( $81.5 million ) and The Hunger Games ( $67 million ) . It was also the biggest opening day ever for a film that was n't PG - 13 , displacing the $58 million opening Wednesday of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Its opening day alone ( which includes Thursday 's previews ) almost matched the entire opening weekend of previous Disney live - action films , Maleficent ( $69.4 million ) and Cinderella ( $67.9 million ) . Unlike all previous four Disney live - action films witnessing a hike on their second day , Saturday , Beauty and the Beast actually fell - 2 % , but nevertheless , the dip was paltry , and the grosses are so much bigger compared to the other titles . Earning a total of $174.8 million on its opening weekend , it defied all expectations and went on to set numerous notable records . This includes the biggest opening of the year as well as the biggest for the month of March and pre-summer / spring opening , beating Batman v Superman , the biggest start ever for a PG title ( also for a family film ) , surpassing Finding Dory , the biggest debut of all time for a female - fueled film , ahead of The Hunger Games : Catching Fire , the biggest for a Disney live - action adaptation , ahead of Alice in Wonderland and the biggest musical debut ever , supplanting Pitch Perfect 2 . Furthermore , it is also Watson 's highest - opening , beating Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 same with Emma Thompson , director Bill Condon 's biggest debut ever ahead of The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 and the biggest outside of summer , save for Star Wars : The Force Awakens , not accounting for inflation . It became the forty - third film to debut with over $100 million and the fifteenth film to open above $150 million . Its three - day opening alone surpassed the entire original North American run of the first film ( $146 million ; before the 3D re-release ) , instantly becoming the second biggest film of the year , behind Logan ( $184 million ) , and also the second highest - grossing musical , behind Grease 's $188 million cumulative gross in 1978 . 70 % of the total ticket sales came from 2D showings signifying that people who do n't go to theaters frequently came out in bulk to watch the film . About 26 % of the remaining tickets were for 3D . IMAX accounted for 7 % ( $12.5 million ) of the total weekend 's gross , setting a new record for a PG title , ahead of Alice in Wonderland ( $12.1 million ) while PLF repped 11 % of the box office . 70 % of the film 's opening day demographic was female , dropping to 60 % through the weekend . According polling service PostTrak , about 84 percent of American parents who saw the film on its opening day said they would `` definitely '' recommend it for families . The film 's opening was credited to positive word of mouth from audiences , good reviews from critics , effective marketing which sold the title not just as a family film but also as a romantic drama , the cast 's star power ( especially Emma Watson ) , lack of competition , being the first family film since The Lego Batman Movie a month earlier , nostalgia , and the success and ubiquity of the first film and Disney 's brand . On Monday , its fourth day of release , the film fell precipitously by 72 % earning $13.5 million . The steep fall was due to a limited marketplace where only 11 % K - 12 and 15 % colleges were off per ComScore . Nevertheless , it is the second biggest March Monday , behind Batman v Superman ( $15 million ) . This was followed by the biggest March and pre-summer Tuesday with $17.8 million , a + 32 % increase from its previous day . The same day , the film passed $200 million in ticket sales . It earned $228.6 million in the first week of release , the sixth - biggest seven - day gross of all time . In its second weekend , the film continued to maintain the top positioning and fell gradually by 48 % earning another $90.4 million to register the fourth - biggest second weekend of all time , and the third - biggest for Disney . In terms of percentage drop , its 48 % decline is the third - smallest drop for any film opening above $125 million ( behind Finding Dory and The Force Awakens ) . The hold was notable considering how the film was able to fend off three new wide release ; Power Rangers , Life , and CHiPs . As a result , it passed the $300 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 the pass said mark . The film grossed $45.4 million in its third weekend , finally being overtaken for the top spot by newcomer The Boss Baby ( $50.2 million ) . On April 4 , 2017 , its nineteenth day of release , it passed the $400 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 to do so . By its fourth weekend , the film began was playing in 3,969 cinemas , a fall of 241 theaters from its previous weekend . Of those , approximately 1,200 cinemas were sing - along versions . It earned $26.3 million ( - 48 % ) and retained second place . By comparison , previous Disney films Moana ( − 8 % ) and Frozen ( − 2 % ) both witnessed mild percentage declines the weekend their sing - alone versions were released . Its seventh weekend of release was in contemporaneous with another Emma Watson - starring new film The Circle . That weekend , The Circle was number four , while Beauty and the Beast was at number six . By May 28 , the film had earned over $500 million in ticket sales becoming the first ( and currently only ) film of 2017 , the third female - fueled film ( after The Force Awakens and Rogue One : A Star Wars Story followed by Wonder Woman ) and the eighth overall film in cinematic history to pass the mark . It has already become the biggest March release , dethroning The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) , the biggest musical film ( both animated and live - action ) , as well as the biggest film of 2017 . Outside North America ( edit ) Internationally , the film began playing on Thursday , March 16 , 2017 . Through Sunday , March 19 , it had a total international opening of $182.3 million from 55 markets , 44 of which were major territories , far exceeding initial estimations of $100 million and opened at No. 1 in virtually all markets except Vietnam , Turkey , and India . Its launch is the second biggest for the month of March , behind Batman v Superman ( $256.5 million ) . In IMAX , it recorded the biggest debut for a PG title ( although it carried varying certificate amongst different markets ) with $8.5 million from 649 screens , the second biggest for a PG title behind The Jungle Book . In its second weekend , it fell just by - 35 % earning another $120.6 million and maintaining its first position hold . It added major markets like France and Australia . It top the international box office for three consecutive weekends before finally being dethroned by Ghost in the Shell and The Boss Baby in its fourth weekend . Despite the fall , the film helped Disney push past the $1 billion thresold internationally for the first time in 2017 . It scored the biggest opening day of the year in Hong Kong and the Philippines , the biggest March Thursday in Italy ( $1 million , also the biggest Disney Thursday debut ) , the biggest March opening day in Austria , and the second biggest in Germany ( $1.1 million ) , Disney 's biggest March in Denmark , the biggest Disney live - action debut in China ( $12.6 million ) , the UK ( $6.2 million ) , Mexico ( $2.4 million ) and Brazil ( $1.8 million ) and the third biggest in South Korea with $1.2 million , behind only Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End and Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides . In terms of opening weekend , the largest debut came from China ( $44.8 million ) , followed by the UK ( $24.3 million ) , Korea ( $11.8 million ) , Mexico ( $11.8 million ) , Australia ( $11.1 million ) , Brazil ( $11 million ) , Germany ( $10.7 million ) , France ( $8.4 million ) , Italy ( $7.6 million ) , Philippines ( $6.3 million ) , Russia ( $6 million ) and Spain ( $5.8 million ) . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , the film recorded the biggest opening ever for a PG film , the biggest Disney live - action opening of all time , the biggest March opening weekend , the biggest opening for a musical ( ahead of 2012 's Les Misérables ) , the number one opening of 2017 to date and the fifth - biggest ever overall with £ 19.7 million ( $24.5 million ) from 639 theatres and almost twice that of The Jungle Book ( £ 9.9 million ) . This included the second biggest Saturday ever ( £ 7.9 million ) , only behind Star Wars : The Force Awakens . It witnessed a decline in its second weekend , earning £ 12.33 million ( $15.4 million ) . Though the film was falling at a faster rate than The Jungle Book , it had already surpassed the said film and its second weekend is the third biggest ever ( behind the two James Bond films Skyfall ( 2012 ) and Spectre ) . In India , despite facing heavy competitions from four new Hindi releases , two Tamils films and a Malayalam and a Punjabi release , the film managed to take an occupancy of 15 % on its opening day , an impressive feat despite tremendous competitions . It earned around ₹ 1.5 crore ( US $230,000 ) nett on its opening day from an estimated 600 screens which is more than the three Hindi releases -- Machine , Trapped and Aa Gaya Hero -- combined . Disney reported a total of ₹ 9.26 crore ( US $1.4 million ) gross for its opening weekend there . It was ahead of all new releases and second overall behind Bollywood film Badrinath Ki Dulhania . In Russia , despite receiving a restrictive 16 rating , the film managed to deliver a very successful opening with $6 million . In China , expectations were high for the film . The release date was announced on January 24 , giving Disney and local distributor China Film Group Corporation ample time -- around two months -- to market the film nationwide . The release date was strategically chosen to coincide with White Day . Preliminary reports suggested that it could open to $40 -- 60 million in its opening weekend . Largely driven by young women , its opening day pre-sales outpaced that of The Jungle Book . The original film was however never widely popular in the country . Although China has occasionally blocked gay - themed content from streaming video services , in this case , Chinese censors decided to leave the gay scene intact . According to local box office tracker Ent Group , the film grossed an estimated $12.1 million on its opening day ( Friday ) , representing 70 % of the total receipts . Including previews , it made a total of $14.5 million from 100,000 screenings , which is 43 % of all screenings in the country . It climbed to $18.5 million on Saturday ( 102,700 showings ) for a three - day total of $42.6 million , securing 60 % of the total marketplace . Disney on the other hand reported a different figure of $44.8 million . Either ways , it recorded the second biggest opening for a Disney live - action film , with $3.4 million coming from 386 IMAX screens . Japan -- a huge Disney market -- served as the film 's final market and opened there on April 21 It debuted with a better - than - expected $12.5 million on its opening weekend helping the film push past the $1.1 billion threshold . An estimated $1.1 million came from IMAX screenings , the fourth - biggest ever in the country . The two day gross was $9.7 million , outstripping Frozen 's previous record of $9.5 million . Due to positive reviews , good word - of - mouth and benefitting from the Golden Week , the film saw a 9 % increase on its second weekend . The hold was strong enough to fend off newcomer The Fate of the Furious from securing the top spot . The total there is now over $98 million after seven weekends and is the biggest film release of the year and overall the eleventh biggest of all time . It topped the box office there for eight consecutive weekends . The only markets where the film did not top the weekend charts were Vietnam ( behind Kong : Skull Island ) , Turkey ( with two local movies and Logan ahead ) and India ( where Badrinath Ki Dulhania retained No. 1 ) . It topped the box office for four straight weekends in Germany , Korea , Austria , Finland , Poland , Portugal , Brazil , Venezuela , Bolivia , Switzerland and the UK ( exclusive of previews ) . In the Philippines , it emerged as the most commercial successful film of all time -- both local and foreign -- with over $13.5 million . In just five weeks , the film became one of the top 10 highest - grossing film of all time in the United Kingdom and Ireland , ahead of all but one Harry Potter film ( Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ) and all three The Lord of the Rings movies ( which also starred Ian McKellen ) . It is currently the eighth biggest grosser with £ 70.1 million ( $90 million ) , overtaking Mamma Mia ! to become the biggest musical production ever there . The biggest international earning markets following the UK are Japan ( $108 million ) , China ( $85.8 million ) , Brazil ( $41.5 million ) , Korea ( $37.5 million ) , and Australia ( $35 million ) . In Europe alone , the cumulative total is $267 million to become the second - highest - grossing film in the past 1 year ( behind Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ) . Critical response ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast received generally positive reviews , with praise for the faithfulness to the original film with a few elements of the Broadway musical version , cast performances , visuals , Jacqueline Durran 's costume designs , Alan Menken 's musical score and songs , though the designs of the Beast and the servants ' household object forms received mixed reviews . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 71 % based on 294 reviews , with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` With an enchanting cast , beautifully crafted songs , and a painterly eye for detail , Beauty and the Beast offers a faithful yet fresh retelling that honors its beloved source material . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 65 out of 100 , based on 47 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Leslie Felperin of The Hollywood Reporter wrote : `` It 's a Michelin - triple - starred master class in patisserie skills that transforms the cinematic equivalent of a sugar rush into a kind of crystal - meth - like narcotic high that lasts about two hours . '' Felperin also praised the performances of Watson and Kline as well the special effects , costume designs and the sets while commended the inclusion of Gad 's character of LeFou as the first LGBT character in Disney . Owen Gleiberman of Variety , in his positive review of the film , wrote : `` It 's a lovingly crafted movie , and in many ways a good one , but before that it 's an enraptured piece of old - is - new nostalgia . '' Gleiberman compared Steven 's character of the Beast to a royal version of the titular character in The Elephant Man and the 1946 version of the Beast in Jean Cocteau 's original adaptation . A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised the performances of both Watson and Stevens , and wrote : `` It looks good , moves gracefully and leaves a clean and invigorating aftertaste . I almost did n't recognize the flavor : I think the name for it is joy . '' Likewise , The Washington Post 's Ann Hornaday complimented Watson 's performance , describing it as `` alert and solemn '' while noting her singing ability as `` serviceable enough to get the job done '' . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times awarded the film three and a half stars , lauded the performances of Watson and Thompson which he drew a comparison to Paige O'Hara 's and Angela Lansbury 's performances in the 1991 animated version while appreciating the performances of the other cast and also pointing out on its usage of the combination of motion capture and CGI technology as a big advantage which he stated : `` Almost overwhelmingly lavish , beautifully staged and performed with exquisite timing and grace by the outstanding cast '' . Mike Ryan of Uproxx praised the cast , production design and the new songs while noting the film does n't try anything different , saying : `` There 's certainly nothing that new about this version of Beauty and the Beast ( well , except it is n't a cartoon anymore ) , but it 's a good recreation of a classic animated film that should leave most die - hards satisfied . '' In her A - review , Nancy Churnin of The Dallas Morning News praised the film 's emotional and thematic depth : `` There 's an emotional authenticity in director Bill Condon 's live - action Beauty and the Beast film that helps you rediscover Disney 's beloved 1991 animated film and 1994 stage show in fresh , stirring ways . '' Brian Truitt of USA Today commended the performances of Evans , Gad , McGregor and Thompson alongside Condon 's affinity with musicals , the production design , visual effects featured in some of the song numbers including new songs made by the composers Alan Menken and Tim Rice , particularly Evermore which he described the new song with a potential for an Academy Award for Best Original Song . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone rated the film three out of four stars which he deemed it as an `` exhilarating gift '' while he remarked that `` Beauty and the Beast does justice to Disney 's animated classic , even if some of the magic is M.I.A ( Missing in Action ) . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine gave a positive review with a description as `` Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' as she wrote `` Nearly everything about Beauty and the Beast is larger than life , to the point that watching it can be a little overwhelming . '' and added that `` it 's loaded with feeling , almost like a brash interpretive dance expressing the passion and elation little girls ( and some boys , too ) must have felt upon seeing the earlier version . '' The San Francisco Chronicle 's Mick LaSalle struck an affirmative tone , calling it one of the joys of 2017 , stating that `` Beauty and the Beast creates an air of enchantment from its first moments , one that lingers and builds and takes on qualities of warmth and generosity as it goes along '' while referring the film as `` beautiful '' and also praised the film for its emotional and psychological tone as well Steven 's motion capture performance . Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph gave the film four stars out of five and wrote that `` It dazzles on this chocolate box of a picture that feels almost greedy yet to make this film work , down to a sugar - rush finale to grasp the nettle and make an out - an - out , bells - and - whistles musical '' while he praised the performances of Watson , McKellen , Thompson , McGregor , Evans and Gad . Mark Hughes of Forbes also similarly praised the film which he wrote that `` it could revive the story in a faithful but entirely new and unique way elevating the material beyond expectations , establishing itself as a cinematic equal to the original '' and also complimented the importance of undertaking a renowned yet problematic masterpiece as well addressing changes in the elements of the story while acknowledging the film 's effectiveness in resonating to the audiences . Several critics regarded the film as inferior to its 1991 animated predecessor . David Sims of The Atlantic wrote that the 2017 film `` feels particularly egregious , in part , because it 's so slavishly devoted to the original ; every time it falls short of its predecessor ( which is quite often ) , it 's hard not to notice '' . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune said that the 2017 film `` takes our knowledge and our interest in the material for granted . It zips from one number to another , throwing a ton of frenetically edited eye candy at the screen , charmlessly . '' Phillips wrote that the film featured some `` less conspicuously talented '' performers who are `` stuck doing karaoke , or motion - capture work of middling quality '' , though he praised Kline 's performance as the `` best , sweetest thing in the movie ; he brings a sense of calm , droll authority '' . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian praised Watson 's performance and wrote that the film was `` lit in that fascinatingly artificial honey - glow light , and it runs smoothly on rails -- the kind of rails that bring in and out the stage sets for the lucrative Broadway touring version . '' In the same newspaper , Wendy Ide criticized the film as `` ornate to the point of desperation '' in its attempt to emulate the animated film . Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B - , writing that while the film looks `` exceptionally great '' , he sensed that the new songs were `` not transporting '' . He felt the film needed more life and depth , but praised Watson 's and Steven 's performances as the `` film 's stronger elements '' . Dana Schwartz of The Observer felt that some of the characters , such as Gaston and the Beast , had been watered down from the 1991 film , and that the additional backstory elements failed to `` advance the plot or theme in any meaningful way '' while adding considerable bloat . Schwartz considered the singing of the cast to be adequate but felt that their voices should have been dubbed over , especially for the complex songs . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . MTV Movie & TV Awards May 7 , 2017 Movie of the Year Beauty and the Beast Won Best Actor in a Movie Emma Watson Best Kiss Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Nominated Best Duo Josh Gad and Luke Evans Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best Animation / Family Beauty and the Beast Best Original Score Best Animation / Family TV Spot Best Fantasy Adventure TV Spot Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Movie : Fantasy Won Choice Movie : Fantasy Actor Dan Stevens Nominated Choice Movie : Fantasy Actress Emma Watson Won Choice Movie Villain Luke Evans Choice Movie Ship Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Choice Liplock Choice Scene Stealer Josh Gad Nominated Choice Hissy Fit Luke Evans Dan Stevens Controversies ( edit ) Gay character ( edit ) Controversy erupted after director Bill Condon said there was a `` gay moment '' in the film , when LeFou briefly waltzes with Stanley , one of Gaston 's friends . Afterwards in an interview with Vulture.com , Condon stated , `` Can I just say , I 'm sort of sick of this . Because you 've seen the movie -- it 's such a tiny thing , and it 's been overblown . '' Condon also added that Beauty and the Beast features much more diversity than just the highly - talked - about LeFou : `` That was so important . We have interracial couples -- this is a celebration of everybody 's individuality , and that 's what 's exciting about it . '' GLAAD president and CEO Sarah Kate Ellis praised the move stating , `` It is a small moment in the film , but it is a huge leap forward for the film industry . '' In Russia , Vitaly Milonov agitated the culture minister for banning the film , but instead it was given a 16 + rating ( children under the age of 16 can only be admitted to see it in theaters with accompanying adults ) . Additionally , a theater in Henagar , Alabama did not screen the film because of the subplot . In Malaysia , the Film Censorship Board insisted the `` gay moment '' scene be cut , prompting an indefinite postponement of its release by Disney , followed by their decision to withdraw it completely if it could not be released uncensored . The studio moved the release date to March 30 , to allow more time for Malaysia 's censor board to make a decision on whether or not to release the film without changes . The distributors and producers then submitted an appeal to the Film Appeal Committee of Malaysia , which allowed the film to be released without any cuts and a P13 rating on the grounds that the `` gay element '' was minor and did not affect the positive elements featured in the film . In Kuwait , the movie was withdrawn from cinemas by National Cinema Company which owns most of the cinemas in the country . A board member of the company stated that the Ministry of Information 's censorship department had requested it to stop its screening and edit it for things deemed offensive by it . There were also a number of boycotts against the film . A call to boycott on LifePetitions received over 129,000 signatures , while the American Family Association featured a petition to boycott with the film , asking the public to help crowdfund a CGI version of Pilgrim 's Progress instead . Belle and the Beast 's relationship ( edit ) Disney has sought to portray Belle as an empowered young woman , but a debate questioning whether it is possible to fall in love with someone who is holding you prisoner , and whether this is a problematic theme , has resulted . As was the case with the original animated film , one argument is that Belle suffers from Stockholm syndrome ( a condition that causes hostages to develop a psychological alliance with their captors as a survival strategy during captivity ) . Emma Watson studied whether Belle is trapped in an abusive relationship with the Beast before signing on and concluded that she does not think the criticism fits this version of the folk tale . Watson described Stockholm Syndrome as `` where a prisoner will take on the characteristics of and fall in love with the captor . Belle actively argues and disagrees with ( Beast ) constantly . She has none of the characteristics of someone with Stockholm Syndrome because she keeps her independence , she keeps that freedom of thought '' , also adding that Belle defiantly `` gives as good as she gets '' before forming a friendship and romance with the Beast . Psychiatrist Frank Ochberg , who coined the term `` Stockholm syndrome '' , said he does not think Belle exhibits the trauma symptoms of prisoners suffering from the syndrome because she does not go through a period of feeling that she is going to die . Some therapists , while acknowledging that the pairing 's relationship does not meet the clinical definition of Stockholm syndrome , argue that the relationship depicted is dysfunctional and abusive and does not model healthy romantic relationships for young viewers . Constance Grady of Vox writes that Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's Beauty and the Beast was a fairy tale originally written to prepare young girls in 18th century France for arranged marriages , and that the power disparity is amplified in the Disney version . Anna Menta of Elite Daily argued that the Beast does not apologize to Belle for imprisoning , hurting , or manipulating her , and his treatment of Belle is not painted as wrong . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Beauty and the Beast at Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast remake : A traditional tale with a modern twist '' . University of New York . March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anne Thompson ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : How Bill Condon Built Hollywood 's Most Expensive Musical '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Teaser Tops ' Star Wars : Force Awakens ' in First Day '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erbland , Kate . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Is a Technological Marvel , But for Its Actors , the Challenge was Daunting '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Rosie ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast 2017 cast , trailer , release date and everything you need to know '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Ian ; Acuna , Kristin ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Disney announced all its movies coming in the next 4 years -- here 's what you have to look forward to '' . Tech Insider . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Could not be more happy that this man will be Beast ! ! ! Welcome aboard @ thatdanstevens # beautyandthebeast pic.twitter.com/F1ghG3pvcU '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Earnest , Karen . `` Dan Stevens to Star in ' The Man Who Invented Christmas ' '' . Movies.mxdwn.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Josh Gad Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Ewan McGregor to Play Lumiere in ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Stanley Tucci Rounds Out Cast of ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Ian McKellen to Play Cogsworth in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Audra McDonald Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Beyond the Lights ' Star Gugu Mbatha - Raw Joins ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gavin , Michael ( August 27 , 2016 ) . `` PHOTO : First look at Dan Stevens Beast ( prince form ) from Disney 's live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' movie ! '' . Inside the Magic . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast Release Date - 2017 '' . Releasedateportal.com . June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.slashfilm.com/beauty-and-the-beast-deleted-scene/ Jump up ^ http://ew.com/movies/2017/06/01/beauty-and-the-beast-deleted-scene-reveals-monsieur-toilette/ Jump up ^ Marmiroli , Adriana ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Alan Menken Adesso musicalanche in Italia '' ( Alan Menken musicals now in Itaty ) . La Stampa ( in Italian ) . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( July 1 , 2009 ) . `` Hollywood bets big on ' Beast , ' considers remake of ' My Fair Lady ' '' . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` Alan Menken interview : Tangled , movie scores , musicals , Enchanted 2 , Snow Queen and more '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Rumor : Could Bill Condon Direct Disney 's Live - Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ? '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Condon to Direct Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film for Disney '' . Variety . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Perks of Being a Wallflower ' author will adapt ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Director on How ' La La Land ' Is Bringing Musicals Back '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( 21 March 2017 ) . `` Sean Bailey On How Disney 's Live - Action Division Found Its ' Beauty And The Beast ' Mojo '' . Deadline.com . Los Angeles : Penske Business Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayden , Erik ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Cast in Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Luke Evans to Play Gaston in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Casting Dan Stevens as the Beast ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Bonjour Gaston ! ❤ ️ Welcome ! # BeautyAndTheBeast pic.twitter.com/oerhe1ilGs '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Thomlison , Adam . `` Q & A '' . TV Media . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Original Broadway ' Belle ' Susan Egan Comments on Emma Watson in BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . January 26 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paige O'Hara wants to teach Emma Watson '' . Emma Watson Updates . February 4 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tatiana Siegel ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Emma Watson and What Disney Pays Its Modern Princesses '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` Todd Lieberman Offers Updates on Allegiant and Disney 's Beauty and the Beast '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 5 / 18 / 15 : Emma Watson Starts ' Beauty and the Beast ' , Oliver Stone Wraps ' Snowden ' , Melissa Mccarthy Finishes ' Michelle Darnell ' & More '' . SSN Insider . May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( August 23 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Wraps ' Beauty and the Beast ' on ' Harry Potter ' Anniversary '' . Collider.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter Watch : Emma Watson & Luke Evans Wrap Filming on BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . August 24 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Live Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Officially Wraps Production ! '' . Broadway World . August 27 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tale as Old as Time : Bill Condon livens up Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film Journal International '' . Filmjournal.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Twilight ' director Bill Condon will translate Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' to live action ( UPDATED ) '' . HitFix . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Set for March 17 , 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Caryn ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Alan Menken Confirms 3 New Songs for BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Film ; Broadway Tunes Will Not Be Included '' . Broadway World . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Composer Alan Menken on Rediscovering Lost Lyrics and Why He 's `` Shutting Up '' About That Gay Character `` . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracy , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . Music . People . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dion , Céline ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` I am thrilled to announce that I 'll be performing an all - new original song , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever , '' for Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast . Being a part of the original film was such a magical experience in my life , and I 'm truly honored to be a part of this film again . / / Je suis ravie de vous annoncer que je chanterai la nouvelle chanson thème du film La Belle et la Bête , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' . Avoir fait partie du film original de Disney a été une expérience magique dans ma vie et je suis encore plus honorée de répéter cette expérience . -- Céline `` . Instagram . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracey , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . People . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Céline Dion To Perform Original Song `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' For Disney 's `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Josh Groban records new song Evermore '' . Ew.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grande , Ariana ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Ariana Grande on Instagram : `` 🥀 . '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nessif , Bruna ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` It Looks Like Ariana Grande and John Legend Are Teaming Up for a Beauty and the Beast Duet '' . E !. Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan . `` Watch Ariana Grande , John Legend Cover ' Beauty and the Beast ' Theme '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maane Khatchatourian . `` Beauty and the Beast Music Video : Ariana Grande John Legend Sing Theme '' . Variety . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ; Kit , Borys ( August 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Shows off ' Pirates 5 , ' ' Beauty and the Beast ' at D23 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Helena ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast '' premieres in London `` . Daily Mail . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ JeniLynn Knopp ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast Sing Along '' to hit theaters this Friday `` . Inside the Magic . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Disney 's $300 Million Gamble '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Simon . `` Disney 's Live Action Beauty & The Beast Trailer Debuts Tomorrow '' . WhatCulture.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer : Disney 's live - action remake debuts first teaser '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver . `` Beauty and the Beast teaser outpaces Star Wars , Marvel in first day '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Trailer Is Marvel and Disney 's Most Watched Ever in 24 Hours ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts new teaser poster with flower power '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` This Week 's Cover : Be our guest for an exclusive look at Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ EW Staff . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : See 9 Enchanting , Exclusive Photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Danielle Jackson . `` Emma Watson shares stunning new teaser poster for Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jessica Derschowitz . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts magical new trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer beats Fifty Shades , Star Wars for new record '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kofi Outlaw . `` Fate of the Furious Trailer Breaks Record for Most Views in 24 Hours '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson . `` Watch Emma Watson Sing ' Belle ' In Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' TV Spot '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast : Watch the final trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Thom ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Comes to Blu - ray , Digital HD and DVD on June 6 '' . The Kingdom Insider . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts Atop Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Regains Top Spot on Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emma Watson '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes Past $700 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Enchants With $350 M Global Bow ; $180 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Makes Room For $222 M Offshore , $429 M WW On Tuesday '' . March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Crosses $500 M At Worldwide Box Office '' . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Twirling To $174 M+ ; Beats ' Harry Potter ' & ' Batman V. Superman ' ; Can It Go Higher ? -- Sunday Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Clobbers Record With $170 Million Opening '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarah Whitten ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could be Disney 's first $1 billion film of 2017 '' . CNBC . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' Secret to Success : Female Power and Comfort '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nathan McAlonemar ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could make $1.5 billion at the box office , and it has big implications for Disney 's future '' . Business Insider . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Milestone : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltzing Past $1 B Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' to Cross $1 Billion at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Roars Past $1 B At Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Grater ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` How well do Hollywood remakes fare at the box office ? '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Roars on to Tracking , Looking to Shake Up March Records -- Box Office Projection '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Sets New Record for Advance Ticket Sales '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : Will ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltz to New Records ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Proof That ' Beauty And The Beast ' Will Tear Up March B.O. Records : Pre-Sales Are Through The Roof '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Beauty and the Beast ' will be the biggest box - office hit of the year so far '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brian Gallagher ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast Roars Loudly with $16.3 M at Thursday Box Office '' . Movie Web . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Gorgeous On Thursday With $16.3 M , Beats ' Furious 7 ' -- Friday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Monstreous $16.3 M Thursday '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Belts Out $64 Million on Friday '' . Variety . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Dazzling With $173 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes To Beastly $64 M Friday For Possible $170 M+ Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' Debut Topped ' Batman V Superman ' And ' Iron Man 3 ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY SEASON -- SPRING '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MPAA RATING '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Box Office : 5 Biggest Records Broken '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Record $170 M U.S. , $350 M Global Debut '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jake Coyle ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' roars to No. 1 with monstrous $170 M in box office '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : 5 Reasons the Disney Fantasy Scored at the Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : 5 Reasons the Disney Fantasy Scored at the Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Continues B.O. Dance With Second - Best Monday In March '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Hits A High Note With Best Pre-Summer Tuesday , Crosses $200 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Ends First Week Just Below $500 M '' . Jump up ^ `` TOP WEEKENDS : 2ND -- 12TH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BOX OFFICE TOP 20 : ' BEAUTY ' ADDS $90.4 MILLION IN WEEKEND 2 '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Joey Nolfi ( March 26 , 2017 ) . `` Box office report : Beauty and the Beast doubles Power Rangers ' weekend gross '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Boss Baby ' Cleans ' Beauty and the Beast 's Clock with $51 M+ Opening ; ' Ghost ' Shell - Shocked at $20 M + '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Enchants $900 M At WW Box Office ; Crosses $400 M Domestic '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Ends Week Three with $920 Million '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Emma Stefansky ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` How a Flashy Blockbuster and an Indian Fantasy Bested Emma Watson at the Box Office '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Latin Lover ' Sets $12 M Pantelion Record , ' Baahubali 2 ' Mighty With $10 M+ , ' Circle ' Is A Square As ' F8 ' Leads Listless Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Alien : Covenant ' Suffers Brutal 71 % Drop As ' Guardians 2 ' Tops ' Guardians ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Crosses $500 Million Milestone at Domestic Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Wonder Woman ' and ' Beauty and the Beast ' Should Lead to More Female - Centered Films '' . Variety . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Should Cross $1 Billion Today '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Musical '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' A $1 B Belle WW ? : Bow Enchants With Bigger $357 M Global , $182 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nears $700 M WW ; ' Kong ' Has Mighty $72 M China Bow , Tops $250 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( April 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty ' Is $876 M Beast WW ; ' Ghost In The Shell ' Sells $40 M Offshore ; ' Kong ' Sets WB China Record -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ghost In The Shell ' Rises To $93 M Offshore ; ' Beauty And The Beast ' Tops $977 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' A Monster With $52 M Offshore Through Friday , $115.6 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' continues box - office reign '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . 28 March 2017 . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast waltzes its way to the top of the UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( Press Release ) ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast smashes the box office in opening weekend '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast magic helps UK box office survive the spring sunshine '' . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Opens Better Than Aa Gaya Hero , Trapped , Machine & Mantra '' . Koimoi . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty And The Beast Opens Better Than Hindi Releases '' . Box Office India . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Rajkummar Rao Faces A Lone Battle For Survival In ' Trapped ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty And The Beast Beats Hindi Films Combined '' . Box Office India . March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Varun Dhawan and Alia Bhatt Outrun ' Beauty And The Beast ' To Reign Again In India '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' box - office collection first weekend '' . The Times of India . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Enjoys A Good 1st Weekend At The Box Office In India '' . Koimoi.com . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts to Magical $350 Million Globally '' . Variety . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` On Screen China : ' Beauty ' Looks Like a Beast '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Papish ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : First Place For ' Beauty ' Still Less Than Best '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strong in China With ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . Variety . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens to $45 M , With Gay Moment Uncut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty ' Dominates Weekend '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Fires Up $745 M Offshore , $908 M WW ; Tops ' Transformers ' In China -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mark Schilling ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strongly Ahead of Golden Week '' . Variety . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Russell Edwards ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Beast is Best in Japan ; Fast & Furious drives China , Korea '' . Asia Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol 2 ' Zooms With $101.2 M Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians 2 ' Notches $428 M Global , Lifts MCU Past $11 B ; ' Furious 8 ' Tops $950 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians 2 ' Snags $63 M Weekend For $631 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Yearly Box Office ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Leaps To $125 M Offshore , $228 M Global Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mummy ' Unearths $141 M Offshore , $172.3 M Global ; ' Wonder Woman ' Flies To $232 M At International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` The Boss Baby makes a dummy of UK box - office competition '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' smashes Philippines ' all - time box office records '' . The Philippine Star . April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Fast & Furious 8 barrels past Boss Baby to top of UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol 2 blows away UK box office with huge debut '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione and Anita Busch ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Smokes Records With $432.3 M Overseas Bow ; $532.5 M Worldwide -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' is still enchanting ( but the original is better ) '' . The Charlotte Observer . Robert W. Butler . 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Hunneysett ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Irresistible charm shows no one casts a spell quite like Disney '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast '' . CinemaScore on Twitter . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Dazzling With $169 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Felperin , Leslie ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Revels in Joy and Enchantment '' . The New York Times . A.O. Scott . 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Remake of ' Beauty and the Beast ' convincingly springs to life '' . The Washington Post . Ann Hornaday. 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Lavish ' Beauty and the Beast ' true as it can be to original '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The New ' Beauty And The Beast ' Should Satisfy Most Fans '' . Uproxx . March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Churnin , Nancy ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' brings fresh resonance to ' a tale as old as time ' '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Rousing new ' Beauty and the Beast ' is even better than the original '' . USA Today . Brian Truitt. 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Review : Live - Action Disney Classic Still Tale as Old as Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( March 4 , 2017 ) . `` REVIEW : The Reimagined Beauty and the Beast Is Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' . Time . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Enchanting ' Beauty and the Beast ' looks like a winner '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Emma Watson dazzles in Disney 's show - stopping chocolate box of a remake '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Magically Modernizes Classic Disney Fairy Tale '' . Forbes . Mark Hughes . 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' review : Animated Disney musical 's charms lost in translation '' . Chicago Tribune . March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review -- Emma Watson makes a perfect Belle in sugar - rush romance '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ide , Wendy ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review -- gilt complex '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Nashawaty ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations : See The Full List '' . MTV News . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : See the First Wave of Nominations '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Winners : ' Wonder Woman ' , ' Beauty And The Beast ' , ' Riverdale ' Among Honorees '' . Deadline . enske Business Media , LLC . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' gay moment ' may have been much ado about nothing '' . USA Today . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Condon on Beauty and the Beast , His Musical Influences , and Lindsay Lohan 's Plan for The Little Mermaid '' . Vulture . March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ned Ehrbar ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` GLAAD president : `` Beauty and the Beast '' foes are `` outliers '' `` . CBS News . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia May Ban Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Over Gay Character '' . Variety . March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia wo n't ban Beauty and the Beast -- but will have an age restriction '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Theater Wo n't Show ' Beauty And The Beast ' Because Of Gay Subplot '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cheang , Michael ( 13 March 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast release postponed for ' internal review ' '' . The Star Online . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Disney pulls Beauty and the Beast from cinemas in Malaysia ' until further notice ' '' . Digital Spy . March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney refuses to cut ' gay moment ' from ' Beauty and the Beast ' for Malaysia '' . Malay Mail Online . 15 March 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Mia Galuppo ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Defies Malaysia Censors , Wo n't Cut ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gay Moment '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Malaysia Clears Release of ' Beauty and the Beast , ' with ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film Appeal Committee 's decision to release Beauty and the Beast '' . The Star Online . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast pulled from cinemas in Kuwait '' . BBC . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SIGN THE BOYCOTT : Tell Disney ' NO ' to LGBT agenda in Beauty and the Beast - # BoycottDisney '' . Jump up ^ Say NO to Disney , Say YES to Pilgrim 's Progress ! Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Featurette Makes a Case for Feminist Belle '' . Yahoo Movies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Zoe ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : feminist or fraud '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Blasberg , Derek ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Cover Story : Emma Watson , Rebel Belle '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 27 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Emma Watson addresses questions over Beast relationship '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/movies/2017/02/16/beauty-and-the-beast-emma-watson-belle-beast-relationship/ Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle From ' Beauty and the Beast ' Suffer From Stockholm Syndrome ? We Asked an Expert . '' . Yahoo Movies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Durvasula , Ramani ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle from Beauty and The Beast Have Stockholm Syndrome ? '' . Screen Junkies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Simon , Rachel ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Beauty And The Beast ' Relationship Is n't `` Stockholm Syndrome , '' No Matter How Screwed Up It May Be `` . Bustle . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Grady , Constance ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Is Beauty and the Beast `` a tale as old as Stockholm syndrome '' ? Depends how you read it. `` . Vox . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Menta , Anna . `` The ' Beauty And The Beast ' Love Story Does n't Hold Up To Emma Watson 's Feminism '' . Elite Daily . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Disney portal Film in the United States portal 2010s portal Film portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) Official website Beauty and the Beast on IMDb Beauty and the Beast at Rotten Tomatoes Beauty and the Beast at Box Office Mojo Beauty and the Beast at AllMovie Beauty and the Beast Gabrielle - Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney Characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Disney Princess Snow White Cinderella Aurora Ariel Belle Jasmine Pocahontas Mulan Tiana Rapunzel Merida Films Featured Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Cinderella Sleeping Beauty The Little Mermaid Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Pocahontas Mulan The Princess and the Frog Tangled Brave Sequels The Return of Jafar Aladdin and the King of Thieves Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea Cinderella II : Dreams Come True Cinderella III : A Twist in Time Mulan II Tangled : Before Ever After Prequels Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning Shorts Tangled Ever After The Legend of Mor'du Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams ( DTV 2 shorts ) Live - action Maleficent Cinderella Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Television The Little Mermaid Aladdin Sing Me a Story with Belle Tangled : The Series Albums Disney 's Princess Favorites Disney Princess : The Ultimate Song Collection Disney Princess Tea Party Ultimate Disney Princess Related If You Can Dream Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Sofia the First Disney Princess : Enchanted Journey Kingdom Hearts Disney Princess : My Fairytale Adventure Once Upon a Time Disney 's Descendants Elena of Avalor The 7D Elena and the Secret of Avalor List of Disney Princess firsts Category Alan Menken Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Weird Romance ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) King David ( 1997 ) The Bellringer of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Sister Act ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Leap of Faith ( 2010 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz ( 2015 ) A Bronx Tale ( 2016 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Newsies ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Songs `` Part of Your World '' `` Under the Sea '' `` Kiss the Girl '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Friend Like Me '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Just Around the Riverbend '' `` Colors of the Wind '' `` If I Never Knew You '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` The Bells of Notre Dame '' `` Out There '' `` God Help the Outcasts '' `` Hellfire '' `` Someday '' `` Go the Distance '' `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' `` Happy Working Song '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` So Close '' `` Ever Ever After '' `` Mother Knows Best '' `` I See the Light '' Howard Ashman Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Smile ( 1986 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Related articles Alan Menken Howard Sings Ashman Films directed by Bill Condon Sister , Sister ( 1987 ) Murder 101 ( 1991 ) Deadly Relations ( 1993 ) Candyman : Farewell to the Flesh ( 1995 ) The Man Who Would n't Die ( 1995 ) Gods and Monsters ( 1998 ) Kinsey ( 2004 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) The Fifth Estate ( 2013 ) Mr. Holmes ( 2015 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Films by Stephen Chbosky Screenplay and directed The Four Corners of Nowhere ( 1995 ) The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) Wonder ( 2017 ) Screenplay only Rent ( 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) MTV Movie Award for Movie of the Year Best Movie Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) A Few Good Men ( 1993 ) Menace II Society ( 1994 ) Pulp Fiction ( 1995 ) Seven ( 1996 ) Scream ( 1997 ) Titanic ( 1998 ) There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) The Matrix ( 2000 ) Gladiator ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2005 ) Wedding Crashers ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2007 ) Transformers ( 2008 ) Twilight ( 2009 ) The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2010 ) The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Movie of the Year The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2012 ) The Avengers ( 2013 ) The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2014 ) The Fault in Our Stars ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast_(2017_film)&oldid=802467991 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 3D films 2010s fantasy films 2010s LGBT - related films 2010s musical films 2010s romance films 2010s romantic drama films American films American 3D films American fantasy films American LGBT - related films American musical fantasy films American romantic drama films American romantic fantasy films American romantic musical films Disney film remakes Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Feminist films Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films about bibliophilia Films about classical music and musicians Films about composers Films about curses Films about narcissism Films about pianos and pianists Films about royalty Films about shapeshifting Films based on adaptations Films based on Beauty and the Beast Films based on fairy tales Films based on multiple works Films based on musicals based on films Film scores by Alan Menken Films directed by Bill Condon Films set in the 1770s Films set in the 18th century Films set in castles Films set in France Films set in Paris Films shot in London Films shot in Surrey Films using computer - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays mrs potts in the new beauty and the beast movie | [
"Emma Thompson as Mrs. Potts, the castle's motherly head housekeeper who has been transformed into a teapot.[11]"
] | [
"Emma Thompson"
] |
-5455535518229251630 | Bronze Fonz | Bronze Fonz - wikipedia Bronze Fonz Jump to : navigation , search Bronze Fonz Artist Gerald P. Sawyer Year 2008 ( 2008 ) 170 cm ( 65 in ) Location Milwaukee 43 ° 2 ′ 25.63 '' N 87 ° 54 ′ 40.10 '' W / 43.0404528 ° N 87.9111389 ° W / 43.0404528 ; - 87.9111389 Owner Visit Milwaukee The Bronze Fonz is a public artwork by American artist Gerald P. Sawyer located on the Milwaukee Riverwalk just south of Wells Street in downtown Milwaukee , Wisconsin . The Bronze Fonz depicts Henry Winkler as the Happy Days TV show character Arthur Fonzarelli , also known as the Fonz . Fonzie stands in his typical costume , which consists of a leather jacket and jeans . He is giving a two - handed thumbs up . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 History 2.1 Opposition 2.2 Acquisition 3 In popular culture 4 References Description ( edit ) The Bronze Fonz is made of bronze . The sculpture depicts Henry Winkler , the actor who played Fonz in the show Happy Days . Happy Days , which aired in the 1970s , was a sitcom about a family in 1950s / 1960s Milwaukee . Arthur Fonzarelli ( also known as `` Fonzie '' or `` The Fonz '' ) , wears a leather jacket and jeans . He is giving a two handed thumbs up , a gesture he often made in Happy Days . The inscription lists all of the donors that made the Bronze Fonz possible . History ( edit ) The artwork was created with the purpose of bringing tourism and new businesses to Milwaukee . Other places in the United States have erected statues portraying 1950s and 1960s television characters . Examples include : Mary Tyler Moore as Mary Richards from The Mary Tyler Moore Show in Minneapolis and Jackie Gleason as Ralph Kramden from The Honeymooners outside the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Manhattan . The tourism group Visit Milwaukee raised over US $85,000 to commission the Bronze Fonz . The popular sculpture was unveiled on August 18 , 2008 . Most of the Happy Days cast , including Henry Winkler ( Fonzie ) Marion Ross ( Mrs. Cunningham ) , Tom Bosley ( Mr. Cunningham ) , Erin Moran ( Joanie ) , Don Most ( Ralph Malph ) , and Anson Williams ( Potsie ) , attended the dedication ceremony . Henry Winkler stated that the statue was `` unbelievable '' . Opposition ( edit ) Mike Brenner , then a local gallery owner and executive director of Milwaukee Artist Resource Network ( MARN ) , objected to the statue , which was originally planned to be located at the intersection of Wisconsin and Water Streets , a prominent downtown site . He threatened to close his gallery , Hotcakes , and resign as executive director of MARN if `` that stupid Fonzie sculpture '' was erected there . Brenner received death threats for voicing against the Bronze Fonz and posted several on his web site . The CEO of the Milwaukee Art Museum , David Gordon , along with Mary - Louise Schumacher , arts critic for the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel , and other Milwaukee arts dignitaries also opposed the statue . It was eventually relocated to the Riverwalk site . Brenner indeed closed Hotcakes Gallery in May 2008 , and has since become a microbrewer , remaining in Milwaukee . Acquisition ( edit ) The piece was commissioned by Visit Milwaukee , a non-profit group that works toward making Milwaukee a place for tourism and interest . Visit Milwaukee raised $85,000 to commission the statue . In popular culture ( edit ) The statue is referenced in the lyrics of the 2014 song `` Milwaukee '' by The Both . The song , which recounted the local origin of the collaboration between the duo of Aimee Mann and Ted Leo , was the first single from their self - titled debut album . Mentioned in the cozy mystery novel - In the Drink by Allyson K. Abbott . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Fonz in bronze ? Group hopes that 's correctamundo , wants to put statue downtown '' . JSOnline. 2007 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Winkler unveils bronze Fonz '' . BBC . 2008 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` This guy will close his gallery , leave town if Fonz is bronzed '' . OnMilwaukee.com. 2007 - 11 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Brenner , Mike . `` Bronze Fonzie Death Threats '' . hotcakesgallery.com . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Milwaukee Artist Resource Network . `` Hotcakes Closes , Marn Loses Director , Only Bronze Fonz Remains '' . wisconsinvisualartists.com . Jump up ^ Schumacher , Mary Louise ( 23 August 2013 ) . `` Mike Brenner , a beer baron for art '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Luerssen , John D. ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Aimee Mann and Ted Leo Join Forces as the Both '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 29 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Hogan , Marc ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Aimee Mann and Ted Leo , as the Both , Bronze the Fonz on Punchy ' Milwaukee ' '' . Spin . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 03 . Milwaukee public art Downtown The Victorious Charge Family The Calling Wisconsin Workers Memorial Wind Leaves Birds of Knowledge of Good and Evil The Great Double Woodland Indian and Whistling Swans Solomon Juneau Leif , the Discoverer Letter Carriers ' Monument Argo Bronze Fonz Walkways Through the Wall Abraham Lincoln George Washington Referee Immigrant Mother King Gambrinus RiverSculpture ! Gertie the Duck General Douglas MacArthur The Spirit of Polonia World War I Memorial Flagpole Pedestrian Drama Midsummer Carnival Shaft Acqua Grylli Laureate Diana Trigon Pere Jacques Marquette Spanish - American War Soldier Ruins X Ex Stasis City Yard Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Peter John A Beam of Sun to Shake the Sky Rainbow Machine Topiary Lucere Dancing Through Life Gertie Gets Her Ducks in a Row Mother Teresa Monument Jacques Marquette You Rise Above the World The Last Alarm John Plankinton statue North Side Celebrating the Arts Christian Wahl Elk On Watch Pattern Lapham Memorial Dr. Martin Luther King Jr . here , mothers are ... Music Fishing Spirit of the Firefighter Dauntless Guardian Buildings 1992 Gear 23 All in the Air at Once First Flight Sea of the Ear Kindred Ties East Side Cleopatra 's Wedge Float Polyphony Boy with Goose Eight Stone Lions Three Bronze Discs Holocaust Memorial Happy - Go - Luckies of Nature and Technology Blue Dress Park Sentinels Hermes Milwaukee Eclipse ' X ' Intertwining Compass Erastus B. Wolcott Sharing the Load Robert Burns Near Here Compass Walk Like a River Spillover II Tip Jantar - Mantar Cass Street Park Brady Street Beasts Connect Fairies Candles South Side Menomonee Count Casimir Pulaski Spirit of Commerce Bay View Series A Place to Sit Stratiformis The Hill Climber Deflected Jets Angel in a Cage R.D. Whitehead Monument Memorial for Belle Austin Jacobs T.A. Chapman Memorial Nature Belle Oops , Missed Space Game Engine Company No. 10 William A. Starke Memorial Steel Reborn Red Flower Rising General Thaddeus Kosciuszko Patrick Cudahy Memorial SOARING Two Opposites Reaching Up Toward the Peak of Progress Edge Elements Ribbons VI Bridge Stone Bracelet Untitled Quartet Tending the Fire Bird and Fish The Sower The Reaper Giving Gifts West Side Henry Bergh Goethe -- Schiller Monument Chrysalis The Ideal Scout Uptown Triangles Tree of Life Magic Grove Steuben Monument Kneeling Camels Teamwork Aaron Monument Yount Monument Selig Monument Uecker Monument Fire and Water Vliet Street Commons Miller Valley Veterans Monument Children of the West End Lynden Sculpture Garden Sinai Wandering Rocks Sea Form ( Atlantic ) Sky Fence Floating Sculpture No. 3 Mo , Ni , Que Trio Two - Piece Reclining Figure No. 9 Way Four Compound Junior Salem No. 7 Bremen Town Musicians Ancestor Queen of Sheba Rhythm in Space Peristyle , Three Lines Orizzontale Embrace Ursa Major Three Graces Large Torso , Arch Double Up Upstart The Lovers Poland Axeltree Orbits Ritual II Hara Olympus The Lovers Tensione No. 2 The Source Rainbow Unfolding Vegetative Sculpture I Round About Lodgepole Twist for Max Bench - Stone Windfall Knife Tree Conversations with Magic Stones , Figure Three Conversations with Magic Stones ( Magic Stone Three ) Kumo Untitled Arch Epicenter Epicenter II III Columns Flight Pin Oak I Mobile projects Overpass Light Brigade Overview List of public art in Milwaukee Happy Days Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 `` My Cousin the Cheat '' `` My Favorite Orkan '' Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Characters Richard `` Richie '' Cunningham Arthur `` Fonzie '' Fonzarelli Ralph Malph Warren `` Potsie '' Weber Joanie Cunningham Charles `` Chachi '' Arcola Al Delvecchio Howard Cunningham Marion Cunningham Lori Beth Allen Roger Phillips Spin - offs Laverne & Shirley Blansky 's Beauties Mork & Mindy Out of the Blue Joanie Loves Chachi The Fonz and the Happy Days Gang Laverne & Shirley in the Army Mork & Mindy / Laverne & Shirley / Fonz Hour Related Theme from Happy Days Happy Days ( musical ) Jumping the shark `` Buddy Holly '' ( song ) Fonz ( video game ) Bronze Fonz ( sculpture ) Love , American Style Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Fonz&oldid=797123131 '' Categories : 2008 sculptures Bronze sculptures in Wisconsin Happy Days Outdoor sculptures in Milwaukee Statues in Wisconsin Sculptures of men in Wisconsin Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 August 2017 , at 02 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the fonz statue located in milwaukee | [
"The Bronze Fonz is a public artwork by American artist Gerald P. Sawyer located on the Milwaukee Riverwalk just south of Wells Street in downtown Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The Bronze Fonz depicts Henry Winkler as the Happy Days TV show character Arthur Fonzarelli, also known as the Fonz.[1] Fonzie stands in his typical costume, which consists of a leather jacket and jeans. He is giving a two-handed thumbs up."
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"Milwaukee Riverwalk"
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-7213195754491200873 | List of courts of the United States | List of Courts of the United States - wikipedia List of Courts of the United States The courts of the United States are closely linked hierarchical systems of courts at the federal and state levels . The federal courts form the judicial branch of the federal government of the United States and operate under the authority of the United States Constitution and federal law . The state and territorial courts of the individual U.S. states and territories operate under the authority of the state and territorial constitutions and state and territorial law . Federal statutes that refer to the `` courts of the United States '' are referring only to the courts of the federal government , and not the courts of the individual states and counties . Because of the federalist underpinnings of the division between sovereign federal and state governments , the various state court systems are free to operate in ways that vary widely from those of the federal government , and from one another . In practice , however , every state has adopted a division of its judiciary into at least two levels , and almost every state has three levels , with trial courts hearing cases which may be reviewed by appellate courts , and finally by a state supreme court . A few states have two separate supreme courts , with one having authority over civil matters and the other reviewing criminal cases . 47 states and the federal government allow at least one appeal of right from a final judgment on the merits , meaning that the court receiving the appeal must decide the appeal after it is briefed and argued properly . Three states do not provide a right to a first appeal . Rather , they give litigants only a right to petition for the right to have an appeal heard . State courts often have diverse names and structures , as illustrated below . State courts hear about 98 % of litigation ; most states have courts of special jurisdiction , which typically handle minor disputes such as traffic citations , and courts of general jurisdiction responsible for more serious disputes . The U.S. federal court system hears cases involving litigants from two or more states , violations of federal laws , treaties , and the Constitution , admiralty , bankruptcy , and related issues . In practice , about 80 % of the cases are civil and 20 % criminal . The civil cases often involve civil rights , patents , and Social Security while the criminal cases involve tax fraud , robbery , counterfeiting , and drug crimes . The trial courts are U.S. district courts , followed by United States courts of appeals and then the Supreme Court of the United States . The judicial system , whether state or federal , begins with a court of first instance , whose work may be reviewed by an appellate court , and then ends at the court of last resort , which may review the work of the lower courts . Institutions which may be considered courts of the United States are listed below . Contents 1 United States Federal Courts 1.1 Geographic based jurisdiction 1.2 Specific subject - matter jurisdiction 1.3 Former United States Courts 2 Courts by state of the United States 2.1 Alabama 2.2 Alaska 2.3 Arizona 2.4 Arkansas 2.5 California 2.6 Colorado 2.7 Connecticut 2.8 Delaware 2.9 Florida 2.10 Georgia 2.11 Hawaii 2.12 Idaho 2.13 Illinois 2.14 Indiana 2.15 Iowa 2.16 Kansas 2.17 Kentucky 2.18 Louisiana 2.19 Maine 2.20 Maryland 2.21 Massachusetts 2.22 Michigan 2.23 Minnesota 2.24 Mississippi 2.25 Missouri 2.26 Montana 2.27 Nebraska 2.28 Nevada 2.29 New Hampshire 2.30 New Jersey 2.31 New Mexico 2.32 New York 2.33 North Carolina 2.34 North Dakota 2.35 Ohio 2.36 Oklahoma 2.37 Oregon 2.38 Pennsylvania 2.39 Rhode Island 2.40 South Carolina 2.41 South Dakota 2.42 Tennessee 2.43 Texas 2.44 Utah 2.45 Vermont 2.46 Virginia 2.47 Washington 2.48 West Virginia 2.49 Wisconsin 2.50 Wyoming 3 Courts in the District of Columbia 4 Courts of the Territories of the United States 4.1 American Samoa 4.2 Guam 4.2. 1 United States territorial court 4.3 Northern Mariana Islands 4.3. 1 United States territorial court 4.4 Panama Canal Zone 4.5 Puerto Rico 4.6 United States Virgin Islands 4.6. 1 United States territorial court 5 Extraterritorial courts of the United States 6 U.S. judicial system in popular culture 7 References 8 External links United States Federal Courts ( edit ) Main article : United States Federal Courts The geographical boundary of the 12 United States Courts of Appeals Geographic based Jurisdiction ( edit ) Trial Courts : United States district courts ( see federal court sections by state below for specific district courts ) List of United States district and territorial courts ( 94 courts , also listed by state below ) Appellate Courts : United States courts of appeals United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit Court of last resort : Supreme Court of the United States Specific subject - matter Jurisdiction ( edit ) Headquarters of the U.S. Court of Federal Claims on Madison Place in Washington , D.C. See also : Article I and Article III tribunals United States federal courts with Original Jurisdiction over specific subject matter : United States Tax Court Patent Trial and Appeal Board International Trade Commission United States Court of International Trade United States Court of Federal Claims United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court United States bankruptcy courts Trademark Trial and Appeal Board United States Merit Systems Protection Board United States Alien Terrorist Removal Court Courts with Appellate Jurisdiction over specific subject matter : United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces United States Army Court of Criminal Appeals Navy - Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals Coast Guard Court of Criminal Appeals United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review United States Court of Military Commission Review Civilian Board of Contract Appeals Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals Postal Service Board of Contract Appeals Office of Dispute Resolution for Acquisition Board of Immigration Appeals Board of Veterans ' Appeals Former United States Courts ( edit ) Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences ( before 2012 ) Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture ( 1780 -- 1789 ) Temporary Emergency Court of Appeals ( 1971 -- 1992 ) United States circuit courts ( 1789 -- 1911 ) United States Commerce Court ( 1910 -- 1913 ) United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals ( 1909 -- 1982 ) United States Court of Private Land Claims ( 1891 -- 1904 ) United States Court for Berlin ( 1955 -- 1990 ) United States District Court for the Canal Zone ( - 1982 ) United States Court for China ( 1906 -- 1943 ) Courts by State of the United States ( edit ) State supreme courts State court ( United States ) Alabama ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Alabama State courts of Alabama Supreme Court of Alabama Alabama Court of Civil Appeals Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals Alabama Circuit Courts ( 41 circuits ) Alabama District Courts ( 67 districts ) Alabama Municipal Courts ( 273 courts ) Alabama Probate Courts ( 68 courts ) Alabama Court of the Judiciary Federal courts located in Alabama United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama ( All United States District Courts in Alabama may be appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit , headquartered in Atlanta , Georgia ) Former federal courts of Alabama United States District Court for the District of Alabama ( extinct , subdivided in 1824 ) Alaska ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Alaska State courts of Alaska Alaska Supreme Court Alaska Court of Appeals Alaska Superior Court ( 4 districts containing 40 judgeships ) Alaska District Court ( 21 judgeships ) Federal courts located in Alaska United States District Court for the District of Alaska Arizona ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Arizona State courts of Arizona Arizona Supreme Court Arizona Court of Appeals ( 2 divisions ) Arizona Superior Courts , state trial courts and courts of general jurisdiction ( 15 courts , one for each county ) Justices of the Peace ( county courts ) and Arizona Municipal Courts , city trial courts and courts of limited jurisdiction Federal courts located in Arizona United States District Court for the District of Arizona Arkansas ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Arkansas State courts of Arkansas Arkansas Supreme Court Arkansas Court of Appeals Arkansas Circuit Courts ( 23 judicial circuits ) Arkansas District Courts ( formerly Arkansas Municipal Courts ) Arkansas City Courts Federal courts located in Arkansas United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas United States District Court for the Western District of Arkansas United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern and Western Districts of Arkansas Former federal courts of Arkansas United States District Court for the District of Arkansas ( extinct , subdivided ) California ( edit ) Main article : Courts of California Headquarters of the Supreme Court of California , in San Francisco . State courts of California Supreme Court of California California Courts of Appeal ( 6 appellate districts ) Superior Courts of California ( 58 courts , one for each county ) Federal courts located in California United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ( headquartered in San Francisco , having jurisdiction over the United States District Courts of Alaska , Arizona , California , Guam , Hawaii , Idaho , Montana , Nevada , the Northern Mariana Islands , Oregon , and Washington ) United States District Court for the Central District of California United States District Court for the Eastern District of California United States District Court for the Northern District of California United States District Court for the Southern District of California Former federal courts of California United States District Court for the District of California ( extinct , subdivided ) Colorado ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Colorado State courts of Colorado Colorado Supreme Court Colorado Court of Appeals Colorado District Courts ( 22 judicial districts ) Colorado County Courts Federal courts located in Colorado United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit ( headquartered in Denver , having jurisdiction over the United States District Courts of Colorado , Kansas , New Mexico , Oklahoma , Utah , and Wyoming ) United States District Court for the District of Colorado Connecticut ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Connecticut State courts of Connecticut Connecticut Supreme Court Connecticut Appellate Court Connecticut Superior Court ( 13 districts ) Connecticut Probate Courts ( 54 districts ) Federal court located in Connecticut : United States District Court for the District of Connecticut Delaware ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Delaware State courts of Delaware Delaware Supreme Court Delaware Court of Chancery Delaware Superior Court ( 3 courts , one for each county ) Delaware Family Court Delaware Court of Common Pleas Delaware Justice of the Peace Court Delaware Alderman 's Court Federal courts located in Delaware United States District Court for the District of Delaware Florida ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Florida Headquarters of the Florida Supreme Court in Tallahassee . State courts of Florida Florida Supreme Court Florida District Courts of Appeal ( 5 districts ) Florida Circuit Courts ( 20 judicial circuits ) Florida County Courts ( 67 courts , one for each county ) Federal courts located in Florida United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida Former federal courts of Florida United States District Court for the District of Florida ( extinct , subdivided ) Georgia ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Georgia ( U.S. state ) State courts of Georgia Supreme Court of Georgia Georgia Court of Appeals Georgia Superior Courts ( 49 judicial circuits ) Georgia State Courts Georgia Magistrate Courts Georgia Juvenile Courts Georgia Probate Courts Georgia Municipal Courts Federal courts located in Georgia United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit ( headquartered in Atlanta , having jurisdiction over the United States District Courts of Alabama , Florida , and Georgia ) United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia United States District Court for the Middle District of Georgia United States District Court for the Southern District of Georgia Former federal courts of Georgia United States District Court for the District of Georgia ( extinct , subdivided ) Hawaii ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Hawaii Ali ʻiōlani Hale , in Honolulu , the building where the Hawai ʻi State Supreme Court meets State courts of Hawaii Hawai ʻi State Supreme Court Hawaii Intermediate Court of Appeals Hawaii State Circuit Courts ( 4 circuits ) Hawaii State Family Courts ( 4 circuits ) Hawaii State District Courts ( including Small Claims Court ) Hawai ʻi State Land Court Hawaii Tax Appeal Court Federal courts located in Hawaii United States District Court for the District of Hawaii Idaho ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Idaho State courts of Idaho Idaho Supreme Court Idaho Court of Appeals Idaho District Courts ( 7 judicial districts ) Idaho Drug Court Idaho Mental Health Court Federal courts located in Idaho United States District Court for the District of Idaho Illinois ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Illinois The Dirksen Federal Building in Chicago , headquarters of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit . State courts of Illinois Further information : State court ( United States ) Supreme Court of Illinois Illinois Appellate Court ( 5 districts ) Illinois Circuit Courts ( 24 judicial circuits ) Federal courts located in Illinois Further information : Federal judiciary of the United States United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit ( headquartered in Chicago , having jurisdiction over the United States District Courts of Illinois , Indiana , and Wisconsin ) United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois United States District Court for the Southern District of Illinois Former federal courts of Illinois United States District Court for the District of Illinois ( extinct , subdivided in 1855 ) United States District Court for the Eastern District of Illinois ( extinct , reorganized in 1978 ) Indiana ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Indiana State courts of Indiana The E. Ross Adair Federal Building , seat of the Fort Wayne division of the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Indiana Supreme Court of Indiana Indiana Court of Appeals ( 5 districts ; previously Indiana Appellate Court ) Indiana Tax Court Indiana Circuit Courts ( 91 circuits ) Indiana Superior Courts ( 177 divisions ) Indiana city and town courts Federal courts located in Indiana United States District Court for the Northern District of Indiana United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana Former federal courts of Indiana United States District Court for the District of Indiana ( extinct , subdivided ) Iowa ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Iowa State courts of Iowa Iowa Supreme Court Iowa Court of Appeals Iowa District Courts ( 8 districts ) Federal courts located in Iowa United States District Court for the Northern District of Iowa United States District Court for the Southern District of Iowa Former federal courts of Iowa United States District Court for the District of Iowa ( extinct , subdivided ) Kansas ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Kansas State courts of Kansas Kansas Supreme Court Kansas Court of Appeals Kansas District Courts ( 31 districts ) Kansas Municipal Courts Federal courts located in Kansas United States District Court for the District of Kansas Kentucky ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Kentucky Kentucky Court of Justice Under an amendment to the Kentucky Constitution passed by the state 's voters in 1975 , judicial power in Kentucky is `` vested exclusively in one Court of Justice '' , divided into the following : Kentucky Supreme Court Kentucky Court of Appeals Kentucky Circuit Courts ( 57 circuits ) Kentucky District Courts ( 60 judicial districts ) Federal courts located in this state United States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky United States District Court for the Western District of Kentucky Former federal courts of Kentucky United States District Court for the District of Kentucky ( extinct , subdivided ) Louisiana ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Louisiana State courts of Louisiana The John Minor Wisdom U.S. Courthouse , home of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in New Orleans Louisiana Supreme Court Louisiana Circuit Courts of Appeal ( 5 circuits ) Louisiana District Courts ( 42 districts ) Federal courts located in Louisiana United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ( headquartered in New Orleans , Louisiana ; having jurisdiction over the United States District Courts of Louisiana , Mississippi , and Texas ) United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana United States District Court for the Middle District of Louisiana United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana Former federal courts of Louisiana United States District Court for the District of Orleans ( territorial court of the Territory of Orleans , extinct , abolished when Louisiana became a state on April 30 , 1812 ) United States District Court for the District of Louisiana ( extinct , subdivided ) Maine ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Maine State courts of Maine Maine Supreme Judicial Court Maine Superior Court Maine District Courts ( 13 districts ) Maine Problem - Solving Courts Federal courts located in Maine United States District Court for the District of Maine Maryland ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Maryland Maryland judicial circuit map State courts of Maryland Maryland Court of Appeals Maryland Court of Special Appeals Maryland Circuit Courts ( 8 judicial circuits ) Maryland District Courts ( 34 locations in 12 judicial districts ) Federal courts located in Maryland United States District Court for the District of Maryland Former federal courts of Maryland United States District Court for the District of Potomac ( 1801 -- 1802 ; also contained the District of Columbia and pieces of Virginia ; extinct , reorganized ) Massachusetts ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Massachusetts John Adams Courthouse in Boston , Massachusetts , home to the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court and Massachusetts Appeals Court State courts of Massachusetts Judicial courts Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Massachusetts Appeals Court Massachusetts Trial Court Massachusetts Superior Court ( 14 divisions ) Massachusetts District Court Massachusetts Boston Municipal Court Massachusetts Land Court Massachusetts Housing Court Massachusetts Juvenile Court Massachusetts Probate and Family Court Administrative courts Massachusetts Appellate Tax Board Massachusetts Division of Labor Relations Federal courts located in Massachusetts United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ( headquartered in Boston , having jurisdiction over the United States District Courts of Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island , and Puerto Rico ) United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts Michigan ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Michigan Judicial circuits map State courts of Michigan Michigan Supreme Court The Supreme Court is Michigan 's court of last resort , consisting of seven justices . Each year , the Supreme Court receives over 2,000 applications for leave to appeal from litigants primarily seeking review of decisions by the Michigan Court of Appeals . The Supreme Court 's authority to hear cases is discretionary . The Court grants leave to those cases of greatest complexity and public import , where additional briefing and oral argument are essential to reaching a just outcome . Each justice is responsible for reviewing each case to determine whether leave should be granted . Cases that are accepted for oral argument may be decided by an order , with or without an opinion . These orders may affirm or reverse the Michigan Court of Appeals , may remand a case to the trial court , or may adopt a correct Court of Appeals opinion . Cases come before the Court during a term that starts August 1 and runs through July 31 of the following year . The Court hears oral arguments in Lansing beginning in October of each term . Decisions are released throughout the term , following oral arguments . In addition to its judicial duties , the Supreme Court is responsible for the general administrative supervision of all courts in the state . The Supreme Court also establishes rules for practice and procedure in all courts . Michigan Court of Appeals The Michigan Court of Appeals is one of the highest volume intermediate appellate courts in the country . It was created by the 1963 Michigan Constitution and heard its first cases in January 1965 . Generally , decisions from final orders of a circuit court , as well as some probate court and agency orders , may be appealed to the court as a matter of right . Other lower court or tribunal decisions may be appealed only by application for leave to appeal , i.e. , with permission of the court . The court also has jurisdiction to hear some original actions , such as complaints for mandamus or superintending control against government officers or actions alleging that state law has imposed an unfunded or inadequately funded mandate on local units of government . The judges of the Court of Appeals sit state - wide , although they are elected or appointed from one of four districts . The districts and their office locations are as follows : District I is based in Detroit , District II is based in Troy , District III is based in Grand Rapids , and District IV is based in Lansing . Hearings are held year - round before three - judge panels in Detroit , Lansing , and Grand Rapids . There is no courtroom at the Troy location . Hearings are also scheduled in Marquette and in a northern Lower Peninsula location in the spring and fall of each year for the convenience of the parties and their attorneys in those areas . Judges are randomly assigned to panels to sit in all courtroom locations so that a variety of judicial viewpoints are considered . At least two of the three judges on a panel must agree on the ruling in a case for it to be binding . Like most appellate courts , the Court of Appeals observes the principle of stare decisis so that the holding in an earlier decision serves as binding precedent in a later appeal . When a panel expresses its disagreement with a prior opinion , the court rules provide a mechanism by which a special seven - judge `` conflict panel '' may be convened to resolve the conflict between the earlier opinion and the later decision . MCR 7.215 ( J ) . Decisions of the court may generally be appealed by leave application to the Michigan Supreme Court . The Court of Appeals started with only nine judges originally . The number of judgeships steadily increased through legislation over the years to accommodate the court 's growing caseload -- to 12 in 1969 , to 18 in 1974 , to 24 in 1988 , and to 28 in 1993 . Due to decreased filings in recent years , the size of the court was reduced in 2012 to 24 judges , which is to be achieved through attrition over time . Michigan Circuit Courts In Michigan , the Circuit Court is the trial court with the broadest powers in Michigan . In general , the Circuit Court handles all civil cases with claims of more than $25,000 and all felony criminal cases ( cases where the accused , if found guilty , could be sent to prison ) . The family division of Circuit Court handles all cases regarding divorce , paternity , adoptions , personal protection actions , emancipation of minors , treatment and testing of infectious disease , safe delivery of newborns , name changes , juvenile offenses and delinquency , juvenile guardianship , and child abuse and neglect . In addition , the Circuit Court hears cases appealed from the other trial courts or from administrative agencies . The friend of the court office is part of the family division of the Circuit Court and handles domestic relations cases where minor children are involved . There are 57 Circuit Courts in Michigan . Circuit Court judges are elected for six - year terms . Michigan District Courts Michigan District Courts are often called the people 's court . More people have contact with the District Courts than any other court . The District Courts handles most traffic violations , all civil cases with claims up to $25,000 , landlord - tenant matters , most traffic tickets , and all misdemeanor criminal cases ( generally , cases where the accused , if found guilty , can not be sentenced to more than one year in jail ) . In addition , small claims cases are heard by a division of the District Courts . In Michigan , a few municipalities have chosen to retain a municipal court rather than create a District Courts . The municipal courts have limited powers and are located in Grosse Pointe , Grosse Pointe Farms , Grosse Pointe Park , and Grosse Point Shores / Grosse Pointe Woods . There are approximately 100 district courts in Michigan . District court judges are elected for six - year terms . Michigan Probate Courts The Probate Court handles wills , administers estates and trusts , appoints guardians and conservators , and orders treatment for mentally ill and developmentally disabled persons . There are 78 Probate Courts in Michigan ; probate judges are elected for six - year terms . Michigan Court of Claims Michigan also has a Court of Claims for filing cases against the State of Michigan in which a claim for money damages is made . As of November 12 , 2013 , the Court of Claims is part of the Michigan Court of Appeals . The Court of Claims is a specialized court that handles only claims over $1,000 filed against the State of Michigan or one of its departments . Federal courts located in Michigan United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan Former federal courts of Michigan United States District Court for the District of Michigan ( extinct , subdivided on February 24 , 1863 ) Minnesota ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Minnesota Supreme Court Chamber of the Minnesota Supreme Court in the Minnesota State Capitol in Saint Paul . State courts of Minnesota Minnesota Supreme Court Minnesota Court of Appeals Minnesota District Courts ( 10 districts ) Minnesota Tax Court Minnesota Workers ' Compensation Court of Appeals Federal courts located in Minnesota United States District Court for the District of Minnesota Mississippi ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Mississippi State courts of Mississippi Supreme Court of Mississippi Mississippi Court of Appeals Mississippi Chancery Courts Mississippi Circuit Courts ( 22 circuits ) Mississippi County Courts Mississippi Justice Courts Mississippi Municipal Courts Mississippi Drug Courts Mississippi Youth Courts Federal courts located in Mississippi United States District Court for the Northern District of Mississippi United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi Former federal courts of Mississippi United States District Court for the District of Mississippi ( extinct , subdivided on June 18 , 1838 ) Missouri ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Missouri State courts of Missouri Missouri State Supreme Court building across from state capitol in Jefferson City . Supreme Court of Missouri Missouri Court of Appeals ( 3 districts ) Missouri Circuit Courts ( 45 circuits ) Missouri Municipal Courts Federal courts located in Missouri United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit ( headquartered in St. Louis , having jurisdiction over the United States District Courts of Arkansas , Iowa , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , North Dakota , South Dakota ) United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri Former federal courts of Missouri United States District Court for the District of Missouri ( extinct , subdivided ) Montana ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Montana State courts of Montana Montana Supreme Court Montana District Courts ( 56 courts , 22 judicial districts ) Montana Justice Courts Montana City Courts Montana Municipal Courts Montana Youth Courts , Generally assigned to District Court Judges , cases appealed to the Montana Supreme Court . Montana Worker 's Compensation Court Montana Water Court Montana Asbestos Claims Court Federal courts located in Montana United States District Court for the District of Montana United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Montana Nebraska ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Nebraska State courts of Nebraska Nebraska Supreme Court Nebraska Court of Appeals Nebraska District Courts ( 12 districts ) Nebraska County Courts ( 93 courts , one for each county ) Nebraska Juvenile Courts Nebraska Workers ' Compensation Court Nebraska Problem - Solving Courts and Drug Courts Nebraska Small Claims Courts Federal courts located in Nebraska United States District Court for the District of Nebraska Nevada ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Nevada State courts of Nevada The headquarters of the Supreme Court of Nevada in Carson City . Supreme Court of Nevada Nevada Court of Appeals District Courts of Nevada ( 11 districts ) Municipal Courts of Nevada Justice Courts of Nevada Federal courts located in Nevada United States District Court for the District of Nevada New Hampshire ( edit ) Main article : Courts of New Hampshire State courts of New Hampshire New Hampshire Supreme Court New Hampshire Superior Court New Hampshire District Court New Hampshire Family Division New Hampshire Probate Court Federal courts located in New Hampshire United States District Court for the District of New Hampshire New Jersey ( edit ) Main article : Courts of New Jersey State courts of New Jersey Further information : Judiciary of New Jersey Richard J. Hughes Justice Complex , Trenton , New Jersey : The seat of the New Jersey Supreme Court and the central administrative offices of all statewide courts in New Jersey . New Jersey Supreme Court ( previously the New Jersey Court of Errors and Appeals ) New Jersey Superior Court ( including the Appellate Division ; 15 vicinages ) New Jersey Tax Court New Jersey Municipal Courts ( including Joint Municipal Courts and the Court of the Palisades Interstate Park ) Federal courts located in New Jersey United States District Court for the District of New Jersey Former federal courts of New Jersey United States District Court for the District of East Jersey ( 1801 -- 1802 ; extinct , merged ) United States District Court for the District of West Jersey ( 1801 -- 1802 ; extinct , merged ) New Mexico ( edit ) Main article : Courts of New Mexico State courts of New Mexico New Mexico Supreme Court New Mexico Court of Appeals New Mexico District Court ( 13 judicial districts ) New Mexico Magistrate Court Bernalillo County Metropolitan Court New Mexico Municipal Court New Mexico Probate Court Federal courts located in New Mexico United States District Court for the District of New Mexico New York ( edit ) Main article : Courts of New York State courts of New York The 1842 courthouse of the New York Court of Appeals in Albany New York Court of Appeals New York Supreme Court , Appellate Division ( 4 departments ) New York Supreme Court ( 13 judicial districts ) New York County Court ( 57 courts , one for each county outside New York City ) New York Surrogate 's Court New York Family Court New York Court of Claims New York city courts New York City Criminal Court New York City Civil Court New York District Court New York town and village courts Federal courts located in New York United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ( headquartered in Manhattan , having jurisdiction over the United States District Courts of Connecticut , New York , and Vermont ) United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York United States District Court for the Northern District of New York United States District Court for the Southern District of New York United States District Court for the Western District of New York United States Court of International Trade ( headquartered in New York City ) Former federal courts of New York United States District Court for the District of New York ( extinct , subdivided ) North Carolina ( edit ) Main article : Courts of North Carolina State courts of North Carolina North Carolina Supreme Court North Carolina Court of Appeals North Carolina Superior Court ( 46 districts ) North Carolina District Courts ( 45 districts ) Federal courts located in North Carolina United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina United States District Court for the Western District of North Carolina Former federal courts of North Carolina United States District Court for the District of North Carolina ( extinct , subdivided ) United States District Court for the District of Edenton ( 1794 -- 1797 ; extinct , reorganized ) United States District Court for the District of New Bern ( 1794 -- 1797 ; extinct , reorganized ) United States District Court for the District of Wilmington ( 1794 -- 1797 ; extinct , reorganized ) United States District Court for the District of Albemarle ( 1801 -- 1872 ; extinct , reorganized ) United States District Court for the District of Cape Fear ( 1801 -- 1872 ; extinct , reorganized ) United States District Court for the District of Pamptico ( 1801 -- 1872 ; extinct , reorganized ) North Dakota ( edit ) Main article : Courts of North Dakota State courts of North Dakota North Dakota Supreme Court North Dakota District Courts ( 7 judicial districts ) North Dakota Municipal Courts Federal courts located in North Dakota United States District Court for the District of North Dakota Ohio ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Ohio State courts of Ohio The Thomas J. Moyer Ohio Judicial Center , current headquarters of the Supreme Court of Ohio . Supreme Court of Ohio Ohio District Courts of Appeal ( 12 districts ) Ohio Court of Claims Ohio Courts of Common Pleas Ohio Municipal Courts Ohio County Courts Ohio Mayor 's Courts Federal courts located in this state United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ( headquartered in Cincinnati , having jurisdiction over the United States District Courts of Kentucky , Michigan , Ohio , and Tennessee ) United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio Former federal courts of Ohio United States District Court for the District of Ohio ( extinct , subdivided ) Oklahoma ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Oklahoma State courts of Oklahoma Oklahoma Supreme Court ( civil ) Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals ( criminal ) Oklahoma Court of Civil Appeals Oklahoma District Courts ( 26 judicial districts with 77 district courts ) Oklahoma Workers ' Compensation Court Federal courts located in Oklahoma United States District Court for the Eastern District of Oklahoma United States District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma United States District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma Oregon ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Oregon State courts of Oregon Courtroom of the Oregon Supreme Court . Oregon Supreme Court Oregon Court of Appeals Oregon Circuit Courts ( 36 courts , one for each county , administratively divided between 27 judicial districts ) Oregon Justice Courts Oregon Municipal Courts Oregon County Courts Oregon Tax Court Federal courts located in Oregon United States District Court for the District of Oregon Pennsylvania ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Pennsylvania State courts of Pennsylvania Supreme Court of Pennsylvania Superior Court of Pennsylvania ( 3 districts ) Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Courts of Common Pleas ( 60 judicial districts ) Magisterial District Courts Federal courts located in Pennsylvania United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit ( headquartered in Philadelphia , having jurisdiction over the United States District Courts of Delaware , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , and the United States Virgin Islands ) United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania Former federal courts of Pennsylvania United States District Court for the District of Pennsylvania ( extinct , subdivided in 1815 ) Rhode Island ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Rhode Island State courts of Rhode Island Rhode Island Supreme Court Rhode Island Superior Courts Rhode Island District Courts Rhode Island Family Courts Rhode Island Workers ' Compensation Courts Rhode Island Traffic Tribunals Federal courts located in Rhode Island United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island South Carolina ( edit ) Main article : Courts of South Carolina State courts of South Carolina South Carolina Supreme Court South Carolina Court of Appeals South Carolina Circuit Courts ( 16 circuits ) South Carolina Family Courts South Carolina Probate Courts South Carolina Magistrate Courts South Carolina Municipal Courts Federal courts located in South Carolina United States District Court for the District of South Carolina South Dakota ( edit ) Main article : Courts of South Dakota State courts of South Dakota South Dakota Supreme Court South Dakota Circuit Courts ( 7 circuits ) South Dakota Magistrate Courts Federal courts located in South Dakota United States District Court for the District of South Dakota Tennessee ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Tennessee State courts of Tennessee Tennessee Supreme Court Tennessee Court of Appeals ( 3 grand divisions ) Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals ( 3 grand divisions ) Tennessee Circuit Courts ( 31 judicial districts ) Tennessee Chancery and Probate Courts ( 31 judicial districts ) Tennessee Criminal Courts ( 31 judicial districts ) Tennessee Municipal and City Courts Tennessee Juvenile and Family Courts Tennessee General Session Courts Federal courts located in Tennessee United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee Former federal courts of Tennessee United States District Court for the District of Tennessee ( extinct , subdivided ) Texas ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Texas State courts of Texas Texas Supreme Court ( Civil ) Texas Court of Criminal Appeals ( Criminal ) Texas Courts of Appeals ( 14 districts ) Texas District Courts ( 420 districts ) Texas County Courts Texas Justice Courts Texas Municipal Courts Federal courts located in Texas United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas United States District Court for the Western District of Texas Former federal courts of Texas United States District Court for the District of Texas ( extinct , subdivided ) Utah ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Utah The Utah Supreme Court meets in the Scott M. Matheson Courthouse . State courts of Utah Utah Supreme Court Utah Court of Appeals Utah District Courts ( 8 districts ) Utah Juvenile Courts Utah Justice Courts Federal courts located in Utah United States District Court for the District of Utah Vermont ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Vermont State courts of Vermont Vermont Supreme Court Vermont Superior Court Civil Division Criminal Division Environmental Division Family Division Probate Division Vermont Judicial Bureau Federal courts located in Vermont United States District Court for the District of Vermont Virginia ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Virginia State courts of Virginia Supreme Court of Virginia Court of Appeals of Virginia Virginia Circuit Court ( 120 courts divided among 31 judicial circuits ) Virginia General District Court ( courts in 32 districts ) Virginia Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court ( courts in 32 districts ) Federal courts located in Virginia United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit ( headquartered in Richmond , having jurisdiction over the United States District Courts of Maryland , North Carolina , South Carolina , Virginia , and West Virginia ) United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia Former federal courts of Virginia United States District Court for the District of Virginia ( extinct , subdivided ) United States District Court for the District of Potomac ( 1801 - 1802 ; also contained the District of Columbia and pieces of Maryland ; extinct , reorganized ) Washington ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Washington ( state ) State courts of Washington The headquarters of the Washington Supreme Court in Olympia . Washington Supreme Court Washington Court of Appeals ( 3 divisions ) Washington Superior Courts ( 39 courts of general jurisdiction , one for each county ) Washington District Courts ( Courts of limited jurisdiction ) Washington Municipal Courts ( Courts of limited jurisdiction ) Federal courts located in Washington United States District Court for the Eastern District of Washington United States District Court for the Western District of Washington Former federal courts of Washington United States District Court for the District of Washington ( extinct , subdivided ) West Virginia ( edit ) Main article : Courts of West Virginia State courts of West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia West Virginia Circuit Courts ( 31 judicial circuits ) West Virginia Family Courts West Virginia Magistrate Courts West Virginia Municipal Courts Federal courts located in West Virginia United States District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia Former federal courts of West Virginia United States District Court for the District of West Virginia ( extinct , subdivided ) Wisconsin ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Wisconsin State courts of Wisconsin Wisconsin Supreme Court Wisconsin Court of Appeals ( 4 districts ) Wisconsin Circuit Court ( 10 judicial administrative districts ) Wisconsin Municipal Courts Federal courts located in Wisconsin United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin Former federal courts of Wisconsin United States District Court for the District of Wisconsin ( extinct , subdivided ) Wyoming ( edit ) Main article : Courts of Wyoming State courts of Wyoming Wyoming Supreme Court Wyoming District Courts ( 9 districts ) Wyoming Circuit Courts Federal courts located in Wyoming United States District Court for the District of Wyoming Courts in the District of Columbia ( edit ) District of Columbia Court of Appeals Superior Court of the District of Columbia Federal courts located in the District of Columbia Supreme Court of the United States United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit United States District Court for the District of Columbia United States Tax Court United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims United States Court of Federal Claims United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court Former federal courts in the District of Columbia United States District Court for the District of Potomac ( 1801 -- 1802 ; also contained pieces of Maryland and Virginia ; extinct , reorganized ) Courts of the territories of the United States ( edit ) See also : United States territorial court American Samoa ( edit ) High Court of American Samoa courthouse High Court of American Samoa Guam ( edit ) Supreme Court of Guam Superior Court of Guam United States territorial court ( edit ) District Court of Guam Northern Mariana Islands ( edit ) Northern Mariana Islands Supreme Court Northern Mariana Islands Superior Court United States territorial court ( edit ) United States District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands Panama Canal Zone ( edit ) United States District Court for the Canal Zone Puerto Rico ( edit ) Supreme Court of Puerto Rico ( Tribunal Supremo de Puerto Rico ) Circuit Court of Appeals of Puerto Rico ( Tribunal de Apelaciones ) * Courts of First Instance of Puerto Rico ( Tribunal de Primera Instancia ; 13 divisions ) Federal courts located in Puerto Rico : United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico United States Virgin Islands ( edit ) United States Virgin Islands Supreme Court United States Virgin Islands Superior Court ( 2 divisions ) United States territorial court ( edit ) District Court of the Virgin Islands Extraterritorial Courts of the United States ( edit ) United States Court for China ( 1906 to 1943 ) , appointed judge held court in cities in China including Shanghai , Hankow , Tientsin , and Canton . United States Court for Berlin ( 1979 ) , existed on paper since 1955 , but constituted in fact only once , to hear a single case . U.S. Judicial System in popular culture ( edit ) Due to its involvement in the resolution of crimes and conflicts , which are an intricate part of drama , the U.S. judicial system is often portrayed in American literature and films . Several Hollywood films such as A Few Good Men ( 1992 ) and Runaway Jury ( 2003 ) are set around its courts . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : American Bar Association ( 2004 ) . How the Legal System Works : The Structure of the Court System , State and Federal Courts . In ABA Family Legal Guide . Jump up ^ USCourts.gov . Comparing Federal and State Court Systems Archived 2009 - 10 - 18 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Public Services Department . INTRODUCTION TO THE COURT SYSTEM Archived 2011 - 07 - 27 at the Wayback Machine ... Syracuse University College of Law . Jump up ^ `` United States District Courts '' . Uscourts.gov . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Federal Judiciary -- United States Courts of Appeals '' . Uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` US Courts for the First Circuit '' . Ca1.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Ca2.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Third Judicial Circuit '' . Ca3.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit . `` United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit '' . Ca4.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Court of Appeals , 5th Circuit '' . Ca5.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` US Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit '' . Ca6.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals '' . Ca7.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Court Court of Appeals -- Welcome '' . Ca8.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit '' . Ca9.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` : The U.S. Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals : '' . Ca10.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ [email protected] . `` United States Court of Appeals , Eleventh Circuit '' . Ca11.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Court of Appeals -- D.C. Circuit -- Home '' . Cadc.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ David Bozovich of Web Services , U.S. Government Printing Office . `` Supreme Court of the United States '' . supremecourt.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` United States Tax Court : Home '' . Ustaxcourt.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Website of the United States Court of International Trade '' . Cit.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` US Court of Federal Claims '' . Uscfc.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Judicial History Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court '' . Fjc.gov . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` United States Bankruptcy Courts '' . Uscourts.gov . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit '' . Cafc.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces '' . Armfor.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` USCAVC -- United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims '' . Vetapp.uscourts.gov . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Federal Judicial Center . `` History of the Federal Judiciary '' . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Records of the United States Commerce Court '' . Archives.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Joseph Ragland , Outline of the Jurisdiction and Procedure of the Federal Courts ( 1917 ) , p. 112 , § 80 . Jump up ^ Alabama Appellate Courts Technology Division . `` Alabama Judicial System Online -- Supreme Court '' . Judicial.state.al.us . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Alabama Appellate Courts Technology Division . `` Alabama Judicial System Online -- Court of Civil Appeals '' . Judicial.state.al.us . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Alabama Appellate Courts Technology Division . `` Alabama Judicial System Online -- Court of Criminal Appeals '' . Judicial.state.al.us . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Alabama Unified Judicial System Structure Archived 2010 - 05 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Alabama Appellate Courts Technology Division . `` Alabama Judicial System Online -- Court of the Judiciary -- Overview '' . Judicial.state.al.us . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Northern District of Alabama Internet Site NDAL '' . Alnd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` United States District Court -- Middle Alabama '' . Almd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Southern District Court -- US District Court '' . Als.uscourts.gov . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Alaska Appellate Courts . ^ Jump up to : Alaska Trial Courts Archived 2008 - 12 - 18 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` U.S. District Court for the District of Alaska Home Page '' . Akd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Supreme Court '' . Arizona Supreme Court . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` General Information About the Justice Courts '' . Superiorcourt.maricopa.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. District Court of Arizona '' . Azd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court '' . Courts.state.ar.us . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Court of Appeals '' . Courts.state.ar.us . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Circuit Court '' . Courts.state.ar.us . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2011 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` District Court '' . Courts.state.ar.us . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` City Courts '' . Courts.state.ar.us . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` United States District Court Arkansas Eastern District '' . Are.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` United States District Court -- Western District of Arkansas '' . Arwd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` California Courts : Courts : Supreme Court '' . Courtinfo.ca.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` California Courts : Courts : Courts of Appeal '' . Courtinfo.ca.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` California Courts : Courts : Superior Courts '' . Courtinfo.ca.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` CACD Home Page '' . Cacd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ http://www.caed.uscourts.gov/ Jump up ^ http://www.cand.uscourts.gov/ Jump up ^ `` United States District Court - CASD - Welcome to CASD '' . Casd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ http://www.courts.state.co.us/supct/supctindex.htm Jump up ^ http://www.courts.state.co.us/coa/coaindex.htm Jump up ^ http://www.courts.state.co.us/district/districts.htm Jump up ^ http://www.courts.state.co.us/district/counties.htm Jump up ^ `` United States District Court for the District of Colorado '' . Cod.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Overview of the Supreme Court '' . Jud.state.ct.us . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Appellate Court of Connecticut '' . Jud.state.ct.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Connecticut Superior Court '' . Jud.state.ct.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Connecticut Probate Court '' . Jud.state.ct.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Website of the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut Jump up ^ `` First State Judiciary -- Supreme Court Welcome ! '' . Courts.delaware.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` First State Judiciary -- Court of Chancery Welcome ! '' . Courts.delaware.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` First State Judiciary -- Superior Court of Delaware - Official Web Site '' . Courts.delaware.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` First State Judiciary -- Family Court Welcome ! '' . Courts.delaware.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` First State Judiciary -- Court of Common Pleas Welcome ! '' . Courts.delaware.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` USDC '' . Ded.uscourts.gov . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Supreme Court '' . Floridasupremecourt.org . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` District Courts '' . Flcourts.org . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Circuit Courts '' . Flcourts.org . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` County Courts '' . Flcourts.org . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Northern District of Florida '' . Flnd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Linda H. Wade - Bahr . `` United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida '' . Flmd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Southern District Court '' . Flsd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Supreme Court of Georgia : : gasupreme.us : : Home '' . Gasupreme.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Court of Appeals of Georgia : 47 Trinity Ave. , Suite 501 , Atlanta , GA 30334 '' . Gaappeals.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Judicial Branch of Georgia : : Superior Courts '' . Georgiacourts.org . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Judicial Branch of Georgia : : State Courts '' . Georgiacourts.org . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Judicial Branch of Georgia : : Magistrate Courts '' . Georgiacourts.org . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Judicial Branch of Georgia : : Juvenile Courts '' . Georgiacourts.org . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Judicial Branch of Georgia : : Probate Courts '' . Georgiacourts.org . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Homepage of the Judicial Branch of Georgia '' . Georgiacourts.org . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` NDGA : Internet Home '' . Gand.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. District Court -- Middle District of Georgia '' . Gamd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Southern District of Georgia '' . Gasd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Hawai ` i State Judiciary -- Courts -- Hawai ` i Supreme Court -- Hawai ` i Supreme Court '' . Courts.state.hi.us . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Hawai ` i State Judiciary -- Courts -- Intermediate Court of Appeals -- Intermediate Court of Appeals '' . Courts.state.hi.us . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Hawai ` i State Judiciary -- Courts -- Circuit Courts -- Circuit Courts '' . Courts.state.hi.us . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Hawai ` i State Judiciary -- Courts -- Family Courts -- Family Courts '' . Courts.state.hi.us . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Hawai ` i State Judiciary -- Courts -- District Courts -- District Courts '' . Courts.state.hi.us . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Hawaii Land and Tax Appeal Courts Archived 2008 - 12 - 20 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` US District Court -- District of Hawaii '' . Hid.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Idaho State Judiciary . Jump up ^ `` Idaho District Court Websites '' . Isc.idaho.gov . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` US Courts -- District of Idaho Internet '' . Id.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Illinois Supreme Court Home Page '' . State.il.us . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Illinois Appellate Court Home Page '' . State.il.us . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Illinois Circuit Court General Information '' . State.il.us . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Northern District of Illinois -- U.S. Courts '' . Ilnd.uscourts.gov . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Central District of Illinois -- U.S. Courts '' . Ilcd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Southern District of Illinois -- U.S. Courts '' . Ilsd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. District Courts of Illinois Legislative history . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Website of the Indiana Supreme Court ! '' . In.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` IN.gov/judiciary/appeals : : Indiana Court of Appeals '' . In.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Website of the Indiana Tax Court '' . In.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Indiana Trial Courts . ^ Jump up to : Indiana Trial Courts : Types of Courts . Jump up ^ `` Northern District of Indiana -- United States District Court '' . Innd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. District Court -- Southern District of Indiana '' . Insd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court '' . Judicial.state.ia.us . Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` US District Court Northern District of Iowa '' . Iand.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Southern District of Iowa '' . Iasd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas Judicial Branch -- Supreme Court '' . Kscourts.org . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas Judicial Branch -- Court of Appeals '' . Kscourts.org . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas Judicial Branch -- District Courts '' . Kscourts.org . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas Judicial Branch -- Municipal Courts '' . Kscourts.org . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ http://www.ksd.uscourts.gov/ Jump up ^ Kentucky State Board of Elections . `` Amendment ( May 29 , 1975 ) '' ( PDF ) . Kentucky Court of Justice . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 28 , 2011 . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Section 109 '' . Kentucky Constitution . Legislative Research Commission ( Kentucky ) . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky Supreme Court '' . Kentucky Court of Justice . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky Court of Appeals '' . Kentucky Court of Justice . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky Circuit Courts '' . Kentucky Court of Justice . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky District Courts '' . Kentucky Court of Justice . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` US District Court KYED -- Home '' . Kyed.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` United States District Court -- Western District of Kentucky '' . Kywd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Louisiana Supreme Court '' . Lasc.org . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` map02. asp '' . Lasc.org . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` map01. asp '' . Lasc.org . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. District Court -- Eastern District of Louisiana '' . Laed.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Middle District : Home '' . Lamd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` USDC Home '' . Lawd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Maine Judicial Branch : Supreme Court '' . Courts.state.me.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Maine Judicial Branch : Superior Court '' . Courts.state.me.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Maine Judicial Branch : District Court '' . Courts.state.me.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Maine Judicial Branch : Specialized Court '' . Courts.state.me.us . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` United States District Court -- District of Maine '' . Med.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Court of Appeals of Maryland '' . Courts.state.md.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Theresa Thomas . `` Maryland Court of Special Appeals '' . Courts.state.md.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Circuit Courts Directory '' . Courts.state.md.us . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Roberta Warnken / Ken Brown . `` District Court of Maryland '' . Courts.state.md.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. District Court District of Maryland '' . Mdd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Judicial History : Federal Courts of the District of Columbia Archived October 7 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court -- Home Page '' . Mass.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Appeals Court of Massachusetts '' . Mass.gov . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Massachusetts Court System '' . Mass.gov . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Superior Court Department -- Main Information Page '' . Mass.gov . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` District Court Department -- Main Information Page '' . Mass.gov . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Municipal Court Department -- Main Information Page '' . Mass.gov . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Land Court Department -- Main Information Page '' . Mass.gov . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Housing Court Department -- Main Information Page '' . Mass.gov . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Juvenile Court Department -- Main Information Page '' . Mass.gov . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Probate and Family Court Department -- Main Information Page '' . Mass.gov . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Appellate Tax Board : Who We Are '' . Mass.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts Division of Labor Relations -- Home Page '' . Mass.gov . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` United States District Court -- District of Massachusetts '' . Mad.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Supreme Court '' . Courts.michigan.gov . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Court of Appeals '' . Courtofappeals.mijud.net . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Michigan Local Trial Court Links Archived December 16 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` United States District Court -- Eastern District of Michigan '' . Mied.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` United States District Court -- Western District of Michigan '' . Miwd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Minnesota Judicial Branch Supreme Court website . Jump up ^ Minnesota Judicial Branch Court of Appeals website Archived 2014 - 03 - 30 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Minnesota Judicial Branch District Courts website . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Minnesota Tax Court '' . Taxcourt.state.mn.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Workers ' Compensation Court of Appeals '' . Workerscomp.state.mn.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` United States District Court -- District of Minnesota '' . Mnd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` State of Mississippi Judiciary -- Supreme Court '' . Mssc.state.ms.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` State of Mississippi Judiciary -- Court of Appeals '' . Mssc.state.ms.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` State of Mississippi Judiciary -- Chancery Court '' . Mssc.state.ms.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` State of Mississippi Judiciary -- Circuit Court '' . Mssc.state.ms.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` State of Mississippi Judiciary -- County Court '' . Mssc.state.ms.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` State of Mississippi Judiciary -- Justice Court '' . Mssc.state.ms.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` State of Mississippi Judiciary -- Justice Court '' . Mssc.state.ms.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` State of Mississippi Judiciary -- Drug Court '' . Mssc.state.ms.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` State of Mississippi Judiciary -- Youth Court '' . Mssc.state.ms.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. District Court : Northern Mississippi '' . Msnd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` USDC Home Page '' . Mssd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court '' . Courts.mo.gov . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Court of Appeals '' . Courts.mo.gov . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Circuit Courts '' . Courts.mo.gov . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Municipal Courts '' . Courts.mo.gov . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` United States District Court '' . Moed.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Tammie Cooper . `` Welcome to the Western District of Missouri '' . Mow.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Montana Supreme Court '' . Montanacourts.org . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` MT -- District Court '' . Montanacourts.org . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Montana Supreme Court '' . State of Montana . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Montana Courts of Limited Jurisdiction . Jump up ^ `` Youth Court '' . Judicial Branch . State of Montana . 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Larson , Seaborn ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Montana Asbestos Court created to take on hundreds of unresolved cases '' . Great Falls Tribune . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2018 . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.mtd.uscourts.gov/ Jump up ^ http://www.mtb.uscourts.gov/ Jump up ^ `` Nebraska Judicial Branch '' . Supremecourt.ne.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Nebraska Judicial Branch '' . Supremecourt.ne.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Nebraska Judicial Branch '' . Supremecourt.ne.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Nebraska Judicial Branch '' . Supremecourt.ne.gov . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Nebraska Judicial Branch '' . Supremecourt.ne.gov . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Nebraska Workers ' Compensation Court -- Homepage '' . Wcc.ne.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Nebraska Judicial Branch '' . Supremecourt.ne.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Small Claims Self - Help for the State of Nebraska '' . Cdp3t0c1.cdp.state.ne.us . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` US District Court -- Nebraska '' . Ned.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada Appellate Courts '' . Supreme Court of Nevada . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Court of Appeals '' . Supreme Court of Nevada . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` District Courts '' . Supreme Court of Nevada . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Municipal Courts '' . Supreme Court of Nevada . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Courts '' . Supreme Court of Nevada . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. District Court -- District of Nevada -- Home '' . United States District Court , District of Nevada . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` New Hampshire Supreme Court '' . Courts.state.nh.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` New Hampshire Superior Court '' . Courts.state.nh.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` New Hampshire District Court '' . Courts.state.nh.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Family Division index '' . Courts.state.nh.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` New Hampshire Probate Court '' . Courts.state.nh.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` USDC -- District of New Hampshire -- Welcome '' . Nhd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court '' . Judiciary.state.nj.us . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Appellate Division '' . Judiciary.state.nj.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Tax Court of New Jersey '' . Judiciary.state.nj.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Municipal Court Services '' . Judiciary.state.nj.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. District Court of New Jersey '' . Njd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Mexico Supreme Court '' . Nmsupremecourt.nmcourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : New Mexico Courts : About the Courts . Jump up ^ http://www.nmcourts.gov/othercourts/nmmagistratecourts.html Jump up ^ http://www.metrocourt.state.nm.us/xnet/ Jump up ^ `` United States Courts -- District of New Mexico '' . Nmcourt.fed.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` New York State Court of Appeals Home Page '' . Nycourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Appellate Divisions '' . Courts.state.ny.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Court Structure '' . Courts.state.ny.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` New York Courts Online Guide '' . Courtreference.com . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` New York State Court of Claims '' . Nyscourtofclaims.courts.state.ny.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Town & Village Courts '' . Courts.state.ny.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ U.S.D.C , Eastern New York -- Systems Department . `` Home '' . Nyed.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. District Court -- Northern District of New York '' . Nynd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. District Court Southern District of New York '' ... nysd.uscourts.gov . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ U.S. District Court for the Western District of New York Jump up ^ `` About Supreme Court '' . Nccourts.org . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` About Court of Appeals '' . Nccourts.org . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Superior Court '' . Nccourts.org . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` District Courts '' . Nccourts.org . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Eastern District of North Carolina '' . Nced.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. District Court '' . Ncmd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` NCWD Home '' . Ncwd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota Supreme Court '' . Court.state.nd.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` District Courts '' . Court.state.nd.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota Municipal Courts '' . Court.state.nd.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ US District Court - ND Webmaster . `` U.S. District Court of North Dakota '' . Ndd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Supreme Court of Ohio '' . Sconet.state.oh.us . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio District Courts of Appeal '' . Sconet.state.oh.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Court of Claims of Ohio '' . Cco.state.oh.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Structure of the Ohio Trial Courts . Jump up ^ `` US District Court , Northern District of Ohio '' . Ohnd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` United States District Court -- Southern District of Ohio '' . Ohsd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Oklahoma Court System . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ [email protected] . `` Oklahoma Workers ' Compensation Court '' . Owcc.state.ok.us . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. District Court -- OKED '' . Oked.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Northern District of Oklahoma '' . Oknd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` US District Court -- Western District of Oklahoma '' . Okwd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Supreme Court '' . Ojd.state.or.us . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Court of Appeals Judges '' . Ojd.state.or.us . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Circuit Courts '' . Ojd.state.or.us . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Oregon Justice Courts . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Blue Book : Municipal Courts '' . Bluebook.state.or.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Tax Court Home '' . Ojd.state.or.us . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. District Court -- Oregon '' . Ord.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania Unified Judicial System '' . Aopc.org . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania Unified Judicial System '' . Aopc.org . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania Unified Judicial System '' . Aopc.org . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania Unified Judicial System '' . Aopc.org . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania Unified Judicial System '' . Aopc.org . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. District Court , Eastern District of Pennsylvania , Clerk 's Office '' . Paed.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of PA '' . Pamd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ http://www.pawd.uscourts.gov/ Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island Judiciary Supreme Court Homepage '' . Courts.ri.gov . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island Judiciary Superior Court Homepage '' . Courts.ri.gov . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island Judiciary District Court Homepage '' . Courts.ri.gov . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island Judiciary Family Court Homepage '' . Courts.ri.gov . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island Judiciary Workers ' Compensation Court Homepage '' . Courts.ri.gov . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island Judiciary Traffic Homepage '' . Courts.ri.gov . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` United States District Court , District of Rhode Island Home Page '' . Rid.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` SC Judicial Department Supreme Court '' . Judicial.state.sc.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` SCJD Court of Appeals '' . Judicial.state.sc.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` SC Judicial Department '' . Judicial.state.sc.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` SC Judicial Department '' . Judicial.state.sc.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` SC Judicial Department '' . Judicial.state.sc.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` SC Judicial Department '' . Judicial.state.sc.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` SC Judicial Department '' . Judicial.state.sc.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` USDC District of South Carolina '' . Scd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Unified Judicial System '' . Sdjudicial.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Unified Judicial System '' . Sdjudicial.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Unified Judicial System '' . Sdjudicial.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` USDC - SD Main Index '' . Sdd.uscourts.gov . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Tennessee Supreme Court '' . Tsc.state.tn.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Court of Appeals '' . Tsc.state.tn.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Court of Criminal Appeals '' . Tsc.state.tn.us . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : National Center for State Courts -- Tennessee Court Structure Archived 2008 - 12 - 16 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Tennessee Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges '' . State.tn.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` US District Courts -- Eastern District of Tennessee '' . Tned.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` United States District Court '' . Tnmd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee '' . Tnwd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Texas Office of Court Administration . `` Welcome to the official site of the Supreme Court of Texas ! '' . Supreme.courts.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Texas Office of Court Administration . `` Welcome to the official site of the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals ! '' . Cca.courts.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Texas Office of Court Administration . `` Texas Courts Online Courts Courts of Appeals '' . Courts.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Texas Office of Court Administration . `` Texas Courts Online Courts District Courts '' . Courts.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Texas Office of Court Administration . `` Texas Courts Online Courts County Courts '' . Courts.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Texas Office of Court Administration . `` Texas Courts Online Courts Justice of the Peace Courts '' . Courts.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Texas Office of Court Administration . `` Texas Courts Online Courts Municipal Courts '' . Courts.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas '' . Txed.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. District Court -- Northern District of Texas '' . Txnd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Southern District of Texas Public Website Home Page '' . Txs.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Courts , Western District of Texas '' . Txwd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Utah State Courts -- Supreme Court '' . Utcourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Utah State Courts -- Court of Appeals '' . Utcourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Utah State Courts -- District Court '' . Utcourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Utah State Courts -- Juvenile Courts '' . Utcourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Utah State Courts -- Justice Courts '' . Utcourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. District Court , District Of Utah Internet Home Page '' . Utd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Home Page of Supreme Court '' . Vermontjudiciary.org . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2004 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Vermont Superior Court : General Information '' . Vermontjudiciary.org . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2004 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Home Page of District Court '' . Vermontjudiciary.org . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2004 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Home Page of District Court '' . Vermontjudiciary.org . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2004 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Vermont Environmental Court : General Information '' . Vermontjudiciary.org . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2004 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Vermont Family Court : General Information '' . Vermontjudiciary.org . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2003 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Vermont Probate Information '' . Vermontjudiciary.org . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Vermont Judicial Bureau '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` United States District Court -- Home Page '' . Vtd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court of Virginia '' . Courts.state.va.us . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Court of Appeals of Virginia '' . Courts.state.va.us . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Circuit Courts '' . Courts.state.va.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` General District Courts '' . Courts.state.va.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Juvenile & Domestic Relations District Courts '' . Courts.state.va.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` U.S.D.C. Eastern District of Virginia '' . Vaed.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` US District Court - VAWD '' . Vawd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Federal Judicial History : Federal Courts of the District of Columbia Archived October 7 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Washington Courts '' . Courts.wa.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Courts '' . Courts.wa.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Trial Courts with web sites '' . Courts.wa.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Trial Courts with web sites '' . Courts.wa.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Trial Courts with web sites '' . Courts.wa.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. District Court Eastern District of Washington '' . Waed.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington -- Federal Courthouse -- Seattle and Tacoma '' . Wawd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : The West Virginia Judicial System . Jump up ^ `` US District Court , WVN '' . Wvnd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` United States District Court -- Southern District of West Virginia '' . Wvsd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin Court System - Supreme Court '' . Wicourts.gov . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin Court System - Court of Appeals '' . Wicourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin Court System - Circuit courts '' . Wicourts.gov . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin Court System - municipal courts '' . Wicourts.gov . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin Eastern District Federal Courthouse - Welcome to the Eastern District of Wisconsin 's Web Site '' . Wied.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ U.S. District Court , Western District of Wisconsin . `` United States District Court , Western District of Wisconsin '' . Wiwd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Wyoming Judicial Branch '' . Courts.state.wy.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Wyoming Judicial Branch '' . Courts.state.wy.us . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Wyoming Judicial Branch '' . Courts.state.wy.us . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Official Webpage Of The U.S. District Court For The District Of Wyoming '' . Wyd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia Court of Appeals -- Welcome '' . Dcca.state.dc.us . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Superior Court of the District of Columbia -- Welcome '' . Dccourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Maureen A. Lawrie . `` U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia '' . Dcd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` American Samoa -- Guide to Court Resources '' . Usdoj.gov . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Unified Courts of Guam -- Supreme Court of Guam '' . Justice.gov.gu . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Unified Courts of Guam '' . Justice.gov.gu . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` District Court of Guam '' . Gud.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court '' . Justice.gov.mp . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Superior Court '' . Justice.gov.mp . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` United States District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands '' . Nmid.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Franklin D. Roosevelt : Executive Order 7676 -- THE CANAL ZONE JUDICIARY '' . Presidency.ucsb.edu . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Tribunal Supremo de Puerto Rico ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Tribunal de Apelaciones de Puerto Rico ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Tribunal de Primera Instancia de Puerto Rico ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ `` US District Court -- Puerto Rico District '' . Prd.uscourts.gov . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the website of the Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands '' . Visupremecourt.org . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the V.I. Superior Court Online '' . Visuperiorcourt.org . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Web Site of the District Court of the Virgin Islands '' . Vid.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Teemu Ruskola , Law 's Empire : The Legal Construction of ' America ' in the ' District of China ' Jump up ^ Joseph Ragland , Outline of the Jurisdiction and Procedure of the Federal Courts ( 1917 ) , p. 112 -- 13 , § 81 . External links ( edit ) National Center for State Courts -- directory of state court websites . United States district and territorial courts List of United States district and territorial courts District Courts Alabama ( M , N , S ) Alaska Arizona Arkansas ( E , W ) California ( C , E , N , S ) Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida ( M , N , S ) Georgia ( M , N , S ) Hawaii Idaho Illinois ( C , N , S ) Indiana ( N , S ) Iowa ( N , S ) Kansas Kentucky ( E , W ) Louisiana ( E , M , W ) Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan ( E , W ) Minnesota Mississippi ( N , S ) Missouri ( E , W ) Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York ( E , N , S , W ) North Carolina ( E , M , W ) North Dakota Ohio ( N , S ) Oklahoma ( E , N , W ) Oregon Pennsylvania ( E , M , W ) Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee ( E , M , W ) Texas ( E , N , S , W ) Utah Vermont Virginia ( E , W ) Washington ( E , W ) West Virginia ( N , S ) Wisconsin ( E , W ) Wyoming Territorial courts Guam Northern Mariana Islands Virgin Islands Extinct courts Former United States district courts District of Orleans District of Potomac Eastern District of Illinois District of the Canal Zone District of China Highest judicial bodies in the United States Federal courts High Court Supreme Court of the United States Courts of Appeals 1st Circuit 2nd Cir . 3rd Cir . 4th Cir . 5th Cir . 6th Cir . 7th Cir . 8th Cir . 9th Cir . 10th Cir . 11th Cir . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what are the two federal courts under the supreme court | [
"The U.S. federal court system hears cases involving litigants from two or more states, violations of federal laws, treaties, and the Constitution, admiralty, bankruptcy, and related issues.[2] In practice, about 80% of the cases are civil and 20% criminal.[1] The civil cases often involve civil rights, patents, and Social Security while the criminal cases involve tax fraud, robbery, counterfeiting, and drug crimes.[1] The trial courts are U.S. district courts, followed by United States courts of appeals and then the Supreme Court of the United States. The judicial system, whether state or federal, begins with a court of first instance, whose work may be reviewed by an appellate court, and then ends at the court of last resort, which may review the work of the lower courts.[3]\n",
"The U.S. federal court system hears cases involving litigants from two or more states, violations of federal laws, treaties, and the Constitution, admiralty, bankruptcy, and related issues.[2] In practice, about 80% of the cases are civil and 20% criminal.[1] The civil cases often involve civil rights, patents, and Social Security while the criminal cases involve tax fraud, robbery, counterfeiting, and drug crimes.[1] The trial courts are U.S. district courts, followed by United States courts of appeals and then the Supreme Court of the United States. The judicial system, whether state or federal, begins with a court of first instance, whose work may be reviewed by an appellate court, and then ends at the court of last resort, which may review the work of the lower courts.[3]\n"
] | [
"U.S. district courts",
"United States courts of appeals"
] |
-5380997621597712491 | Characters of Peter Pan | Characters of Peter Pan - wikipedia Characters of Peter Pan Jump to : navigation , search The works of J.M. Barrie about Peter Pan feature many memorable characters . The numerous adaptations and sequels to those stories feature many of the same characters , and introduce new ones . Most of these strive for continuity with Barrie 's work , developing a fairly consistent cast of characters living in Neverland and the real - world settings of Barrie 's stories . Contents ( hide ) 1 Major publications and films 2 Characters in Barrie 's works 2.1 Peter 's Gang 2.1. 1 Peter Pan 2.1. 2 The Lost Boys 2.2 The Pirates 2.2. 1 Captain Hook 2.2. 2 Pirate Crewmen 2.3 The Fairies 2.4 The Darling family 2.5 Supporting characters 2.5. 1 Neverland characters 2.5. 2 London characters 3 Characters from other works 3.1 Steven Spielberg 's Hook 3.1. 1 The Banning family 3.1. 2 Lost Boys 3.2 Disney 's Peter Pan-Tinker Bell franchise 3.2. 1 Return to Neverland 3.2. 2 Disney Fairies 3.2. 3 Gwendolyn Carlisle 3.3 Peter Pan film ( 2003 ) 3.4 Peter and the Starcatchers 3.4. 1 The Aster family 3.4. 1.1 Molly Aster 3.4. 2 Tribes 3.4. 3 Other characters 3.5 Peter Pan in Scarlet 3.6 Peter Pan and the Pirates 3.7 Neverland miniseries 4 References 5 External links Major publications and films ( edit ) Further information : List of works based on Peter Pan This article covers the characters appearing in the canonical works of Barrie , the official books and plays , the major motion pictures and television series based on them , and the major prequels / sequels ( authorised and not ) : The Little White Bird or Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens ( novel ) -- PPKG Peter Pan , or The Boy Who Would n't Grow Up ( play ) -- PLAY Peter and Wendy ( novel ) -- P&W Peter Pan ( 1924 film ) -- 1924 Peter Pan ( 1953 film ) -- 1953 Peter Pan and the Pirates -- 1990 Hook ( film ) -- 1991 Return to Never Land ( film ) -- RNL Peter Pan ( 2003 film ) -- 2003 Peter Pan in Scarlet ( novel ) -- PPS Peter and the Starcatchers ( novel ) -- P&SC Peter and the Shadow Thieves ( novel ) -- P&ST Peter and the Secret of Rundoon ( novel ) -- P&SR Peter and the Sword of Mercy ( novel ) -- P&SM Neverland ( miniseries ) -- 2011 Jake and the Never Land Pirates -- 2014 Pan ( film ) -- 2015 Characters in Barrie 's works ( edit ) Further information : Neverland § Inhabitants A number of characters appear throughout J.M. Barrie 's works , including the play Peter Pan , the novel Peter and Wendy , and the novel Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens . Peter 's gang ( edit ) Peter Pan ( edit ) Main article : Peter Pan Peter Pan is a free spirited and adventurous young boy who would not grow up . He can fly , and lives on the island called Neverland . He is described as `` a lovely boy , clad in skeleton leaves and the juices that ooze out of trees '' . It is also stated that he still has all his baby teeth . The Lost Boys ( edit ) Main article : Lost Boys ( Peter Pan ) The Lost Boys are a gang of young boys who fell out of their prams and were not claimed by their parents , so Peter brought them to the Neverland . It is implied there has been a succession of lost boys over time , but the boys in Barrie 's work are Tootles , Nibs , Curly , Slightly , and The Twins . Additional or different Lost Boys appear in sequels , prequels and adaptations . The pirates ( edit ) Captain Hook ( edit ) Main article : Captain Hook Captain Hook is a pirate and captain of the Jolly Roger . He is Peter Pan 's archenemy and is determined to get revenge on Peter for cutting off his right hand in a battle and feeding it to a crocodile . Pirate crewmen ( edit ) Mr. Smee : the Irish bo'sun , the only non-conformist in Hook 's crew . One of two pirates to survive the final battle , and `` henceforth wandered around the world in his spectacles , making a precarious living by saying he was the only man that Jas . Hook had feared . '' Gentleman Starkey : once an usher in a public school `` and still dainty in his ways of killing '' . He and Smee are the sole survivors of the final battle , although he got captured by the Piccaninnies , `` who made him nurse for all their papooses '' . Bill Jukes : used to be on the Walrus under Flint , and is heavily tattooed . Cecco : a very handsome Italian fellow , who was said to have `` cut his name in letters of blood on the back of the governor of the prison at Gao '' . Cookson : he is said to be the brother of real - life pirate Black Murphy ( `` but this was never proved '' ) . Noodler : not much is known about him , except for the fact that his hands are fixed on backwards , and he is superstitious , like all sailors . Skylights ( Morgan 's Skylights ) : he is killed off early on in the novel `` to show Hook 's method '' . Black Pirate : it is only stated that he is gigantic and has had many names that still terrify children on the banks of the Guadjo - mo . Alf Mason : one of the pirates who was killed in mortal combat with Lean Wolf early on in the battle between the pirates and Tiger Lily 's braves . Robert Mullins : he is killed by Peter in the final battle with the pirates . George Scourie : another casualty in the battle . Chas . Turley ( `` Chay Turley '' in the play ) : he is said `` to laugh with the wrong side of his mouth ( having no other ) '' ; another casualty in battle by the Piccaninnies . Foggerty : an Alsatian who also died in the above battle . Whibbles : he wears an eye patch and is the first casualty in the final battle . Ed Teynte : the quartermaster in the novel ( but not mentioned in the play ) , was the first killed in the last battle ( instead of Whibbles ) . Black Gilmour ( only in play ) : killed in battle by the Piccaninnies . Alan Herb ( only in play ) : `` still remembered at Manaos for playing skittles with the mate of Switch for each other 's heads '' ; killed in battle by the Piccaninnies . Canary Robb ( only in play ) : killed in the above battle . The fairies ( edit ) Tinker Bell is a tinker fairy , and Peter Pan 's companion at the time of his adventures with Wendy Darling and her brothers . She is known for her loyalty to Peter but is very jealous of Wendy and Tiger Lily . In the original play she is portrayed by a darting light and voiced by a tinkling bell . Queen Mab : the queen of the fairies who live in Kensington Gardens and who teaches Peter Pan to fly , in Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens . The Darling family ( edit ) Main article : Wendy Darling Wendy Moira Angela Darling is a young girl who is befriended by Peter Pan . She flies away with Peter to Neverland to be a mother to him and the Lost Boys . John Napoleon Darling is the middle Darling child . He is named after Jack Llewelyn Davies . Michael Nicholas Darling is the youngest of the three children in the Darling family . In an early draft of the play , the character 's name was `` Alexander '' or `` Alex '' , but was renamed after Michael Llewelyn Davies and Nicholas Llewelyn Davies , who were both born during the play 's development . George Darling : the father of Wendy , Michael , and John . He is a bank clerk and is named after George Llewelyn Davies . Mary Darling : the mother of Wendy , John and Michael , and wife of George Darling . She is named after Mary Ansell , Barrie 's wife . Nana : the Newfoundland nurse of Wendy , John , and Michael , hired by the Darlings to look after the children . Jane : ( last name is not given ) the daughter of the adult Wendy Darling who appears briefly in Barrie 's An Afterthought and the final chapter of Peter and Wendy . Margaret : Jane 's daughter , mentioned at the end of the story as the one who will go back to Neverland with Peter for spring cleaning . Liza : the maid in the Darling household . Supporting characters ( edit ) Neverland characters ( edit ) Main article : Neverland § Inhabitants Great Big Little Panther : the Chief of the Piccaninny tribe and the father of Tiger Lily . 1907 illustration of Tiger Lily by Oliver Herford . Tiger Lily : the chief 's daughter , often described as a princess ( in her own right ) , who is captured by the Pirates and left to drown on Marooners ' Rock before being rescued by Peter Pan . Crocodile ( Tick - Tock in the Disney movie ) : the crocodile is Hook 's other nemesis , and the only thing which he fears . It ate Hook 's hand when Peter cut it from him in battle , and craves for the rest of him . The clock swallowed by the crocodile warns Hook of its proximity . In Peter and Wendy , the crocodile is briefly referred to by the feminine pronoun `` she '' , a point overlooked in subsequent adaptations . Mermaids are half woman and half fish ; they live in the sea but are often seen in Mermaids ' Lagoon on the Neverland . They 're vain , unfriendly and care for their looks and good appearance . They can be dangerous creatures ( especially at night ) and dislike all humans ( except Peter Pan ) and act very spiteful towards Wendy . London characters ( edit ) Maimie Mannering : a little girl who is helped and befriended by Peter Pan in Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens , and considered to be Wendy 's literary predecessor . Although enjoying Kensington Gardens and her friendship with Peter when she stays behind one day after Lock Out time , she comes to realise that her mother is very worried about her so she must return . When she grows up , she continues to think of Peter , dedicating presents and letters to him . To remember Maimie , Peter rides the imaginary goat she created for him . Characters from other works ( edit ) Steven spielberg 's Hook ( edit ) The Banning family ( edit ) Peter Banning is Peter Pan , grown up . When he fell in love with Moira , he abandoned his eternal youth . He was adopted by an American couple named Hank and Jane Banning , and forgot about his life as Peter Pan . He is played by Robin Williams . Moira Banning -- Moira is Wendy Darling 's granddaughter and Peter Banning 's wife . She is played by Caroline Goodall . Jack Banning -- Jack is Peter and Moira Banning 's son and Maggie 's older brother . Nearing his teen years , Jack is often frustrated by his father 's repeated broken promises and absences that he turns towards Hook for a father figure . However , after watching Rufio die , he turns his back on Hook and regains his trust in Peter . Jack is played by Charlie Korsmo . Maggie Banning -- Maggie is Peter and Moira Banning 's daughter and Jack 's younger sister . Sweet and imaginative , she is captivated by stories of Peter Pan . Maggie is the only one who retains faith in Peter and mistrusts Hook . When she learns that her father is the famous Peter Pan , Maggie accepts him and tells Hook off that he 's the one who needs a mother to straighten up his bad attitude . She is played by Amber Scott . Lost Boys ( edit ) Rufio is the leader of the Lost Boys and Peter 's successor who was hand - chosen by him when he chose to leave Neverland for good . Although initially refusing to believe that Peter Banning is Pan grown up , Rufio fights beside him in the final battle against Hook 's pirates but is slain by Hook . He dies in Peter 's arms after admitting that his one wish was to have a father like Peter . He was played by Dante Basco . Thud Butt is a member of the Lost Boys who accepts the possibility that Peter Banning may be Peter Pan from the start , and strikes up a friendship with him . At the end of the film , with Rufio having been slain by Hook , Peter chooses Thud Butt as the Lost Boys ' new leader . He is played by Raushan Hammond . The remaining Lost Boys consist of Pockets ( Isaiah Robinson ) , Ace ( Jasen Fisher ) , Do n't Ask ( James Madio ) , Too Small ( Thomas Tulak ) , Latchboy ( Alex Zuckerman ) , and No Nap ( Ahmad Stoner ) . Disney 's Peter pan-tinker Bell franchise ( edit ) Return to Neverland ( edit ) Main article : Peter Pan ( Disney franchise ) Wendy 's daughter Jane is portrayed in as a cynical , no - nonsense , down - to - earth girl who refuses to believe her mother 's stories about Peter Pan . Unlike Wendy , she is not interested in playing `` mother '' for the Lost Boys and spends most of her time in Neverland just wanting to leave . Danny : Danny is Jane 's little brother . He believes entirely in his mother 's stories about Peter Pan and is very similar to his uncle Michael ( from the original Disney film adaptation ) , even to wearing footed - pajamas . Edward : Edward is Wendy 's husband and the father of Jane and Danny . He is called to serve in the British army during World War II , and returns at the end of the film . He is depicted as a warm and caring man . Nana II : a St. Bernard owned by Jane 's family who could be a descendant of the original Nana . The Octopus : a gigantic orange octopus who replaces the Crocodile for some unknown reason as Captain Hook 's enemy who wants to eat him because he enjoys his taste . He makes `` plip - plop '' noises with his eyes and suckers reminiscent of the Crocodile 's ticking . In the end , he sinks Hook 's ship and chases Hook and his crew ( who he mistakes for fish ) into the distance . Disney fairies ( edit ) Main articles : Disney Fairies and List of Tinker Bell cast members Queen Clarion ( Anjelica Huston ) is the Fairy Queen of Pixie Hollow . She is slender and taller than hand - size with a light shimmering long yellow dress , a light golden shimmering large yellow butterfly shaped wings , tiaras for different occasions , fair skin , blue eyes , and light brown hair in an up - do style . Bobble and Clank ( Rob Paulsen and Jeff Bennett , respectively ) are a pair of intelligent yet bumbling tinker sparrow men who form a brotherly relationship with Tinker Bell ... Chloe ( Brenda Song ) , a garden fairy of Thai descent . She is small , slender , and hand - sized with brown hair , brown eyes , fair skin , and pointy ears . She wears a pink sports dress and leggings . Fawn ( America Ferrera , Angela Bartys and Ginnifer Goodwin ) an animal - talent fairy . She is small , slender , and hand - sized with an orange and brown dress , amber curl shoes , fair skin , light freckles , braided light brown hair , amber eyes , pointy ears , and clear fairy wings on her back . Iridessa ( Raven - Symoné ) is a light - talent fairy . She is small , slender , and hand - sized with a sunflower petal dress , yellow shoes , dark skin , black hair in a round up - do , brown eyes , pointy ears , and clear fairy wings on her back . Nyx ( Rosario Dawson ) an incredibly loyal and devoted scouting - talent anti-hero in Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast . She wears brown sleeveless shirts and leggings , with gray - and - black striped undershirts and boots , olive green waist sashes , and black wrist bracers . She protects all of Pixie Hollow from any dangers or threats , also leads a team of fellow scout fairies who follow her commands without question . She is known to be quite tough and the kind of person who will fight until the fighting is done . She never backs down and will do whatever it takes to ensure the safety and wellbeing of Pixie Hollow and its people . Periwinkle ( Lucy Hale ) is a frost - talent fairy . She is Tinker Bell 's fraternal twin sister born of the same baby 's first laugh and match . She is small , slender , and hand - sized with fair skin , ice - blue eyes , snow white hair , pink blushing cheeks , and pointy ears and wears an aqua strapless dress that shimmers like ice and aqua blue - colored shoes with white puffs on her toes and has clear sparkly fairy wings on her back , which are identical to Tinker Bell 's . Rosetta ( Kristin Chenoweth and Megan Hilty ) is a garden - talent fairy . She is small , slender , and hand - sized with a rose petal dress in three shades of pink , fair skin , red shoes , shoulder - length red hair with curled ends , green eyes , pointy ears , and clear fairy wings on her back . Silvermist ( Lucy Liu ) is a water - talent fairy . She is small , slender , and hand - sized with a dark blue - green lily single - strapped dress , blue shoes , fair skin , long loose black hair , brown eyes , pointy ears , and clear fairy wings on her back . Terence ( Jesse McCartney ) is a pixie dust `` sparrow man '' of French - Celtic descent . He has a big crush on Tinker Bell , and is also her best friend . He is small , slender , and hand - sized with blonde hair , blue eyes , fair skin , and pointy ears and wears an acorn top hat . Vidia ( Pamela Adlon ) is a fast - flying - talent fairy . She has black ponytailed hair , gray eyes , pointy ears , fair skin and wears a purple vest with pink feathers , purple pants and ballet shoes and has clear wings on her back . Zarina ( Christina Hendricks ) an alchemist who dabbles in piracy with Hook for a while , she appears in the movie The Pirate Fairy . Gwendolyn Carlisle ( edit ) Gwendolyn Jane Mary Darling Carlisle is a human girl whom Peter Pan brings to Never Land , and a descendant of Wendy Darling . She lives with her parents and grandmother in the same house that Wendy had lived in so long ago . Peter Pan film ( 2003 ) ( edit ) Aunt Millicent : the Darling children 's maternal aunt , a stuffy character who wants Wendy to leave her childhood world and grow up . She softens at the end of the film , and adopts Slightly . Peter and the Starcatchers ( edit ) The Aster family ( edit ) Leonard and Louise Aster : Molly Aster 's parents . Leonard is an ambassador for the King to Rudoon . In Peter and the Shadow Thieves , Louise is taken captive by the Others . Molly Aster ( edit ) Molly Aster is one of the main characters of the four Starcatchers novels . She is the daughter of famous Starcatcher Leonard Aster and his wife , Louise Aster , and is therefore a Starcatcher by blood and very wealthy . Her relationships with Peter , George Darling , Tinker Bell , and the mermaids are all consistent with her being Wendy 's mother , a conclusion hinted at but not confirmed until the fourth book , Peter and the Sword of Mercy . She is called `` Molly '' rather than `` Mary '' , but `` Molly '' is a traditional nickname for `` Mary '' . Tribes ( edit ) Mollusk Tribe : a tribe of Native Americans . Fighting Prawn : Chief of The Mollusk Tribe that live on Peter 's Island and father of Shining Perl . Scorpion Tribe : a dangerous group in Peter and the Secret of Rundoon , who use poison as their main weapon and are the most feared tribe of them all . Other characters ( edit ) Lord Ombra : a shadow creature from Peter and the Shadow Thieves and Peter and the Secret of Rundoon Captain Nerezza : a cruel captain lacking a nose who is often employed by the `` Others '' . King Zarboff III -- The King of Rundoon and one of the `` Others '' . Mr. Grempkin : second in Command at St. Norbert 's Home For Wayward Boys . The Headmaster 's Daughter : an awful girl who likes to drop spiders on the boy 's heads . Prentiss : a new boy at St. Norbert 's . James : a boy closer to Peter than any other at St. Norbert 's . In Sword of Mercy , he becomes James Smith and works for Scotland Yard . Tubby Ted : a boy who is always hungry . Thomas : a boy from St. Norbert 's . William Slank : an evil man who was second in command on the ship known as `` The Never Land '' . He is presumed dead after Peter and the Shadow Thieves . Little Richard : a huge giant of a man who is very handy with a whip . He is eaten alive by Slank so that he could live . Mr. Grin : the crocodile . Peter Pan in Scarlet ( edit ) Fireflyer : A silly blue fairy born out of a baby 's first laugh . Like most fairies he 's conceited and self - centered , but he 's a devoted friend to the lost boy Slightly . Ravello : a mysterious circus owner who is revealed to be Captain Hook . Peter Pan and the pirates ( edit ) Hard - to - Hit : the prince of the tribe of Native Americans living on the island of Neverland , Great Big Little Panther 's son and Tiger Lily 's younger brother . He is voiced by Michael Wise . Girl in the Moon : a girl who is responsible for bringing the night by replacing the sun that appears during the day with the moon at the normal time . King Kyros : the Ice King of Neverland who owns a giant ice cave and has elves as his subworkers . Peter entered into conflict with the king when he entered the king 's home without permission and took away a crystal claiming it as his own . Crooked Tail : a mermaid who was once beautiful , but conceited and haughty until a potion meant to enhance her beauty went horribly awry and turned her into a green - skinned hag . She helped Peter Pan rescue Wendy from two mermaids who tried to turn Wendy into a mermaid . Short Tom : Captain Hook 's mischievous one - eyed pet parrot ; is capable of speech , though extremely limited . He constantly tries to warn the pirates when Peter Pan steals aboard , but usually fails . Captain Patch : Captain Hook 's late brother ( whose real name is Jasper Hook ) , who also had been a pirate ; so - called because Hook once took out his eye in a sword fight long ago . Appears as a vengeful ghost in two episodes . He was voiced by Ed Gilbert who also voiced Smee . Olook : a grumpy giant troll . Neverland miniseries ( edit ) Aaya is Tiger Lily . Kaw Tribe : the Native American tribe . Captain Elizabeth Bonny : the previous captain of the pirate ship . Fox : a lost boy that was killed by Captain Bonny The Twins : instead of two twins in the Lost Boys , there is one boy known as Twins for unknown reasons . References ( edit ) This article incorporates material derived from the `` Nyx ( Disney Fairies ) '' article on the Disney wiki at Wikia and is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution - Share Alike License ( 23 June 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Barrie , J.M. Peter and Wendy . Hodder & Stoughton , 1911 . Chapter 1 Jump up ^ Barrie , J M. Peter and Wendy . Hodder & Stoughton , 1911 , Chapter 5 Jump up ^ Rose , Jacqueline . The Case of Peter Pan , Or , The Impossibility of Children 's Fiction . University of Pennsylvania Press , 1984 . Pg. 28 . External links ( edit ) Characters of Peter Pan at Neverpedia ( hide ) J.M. Barrie 's Peter Pan Characters and setting Main Peter Pan Wendy Darling Captain Hook Mr. Smee Tinker Bell Tiger Lily Other Neverland Lost Boys Pixie Hollow Cast members Literary adaptations Official books / plays The Little White Bird Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens Peter and Wendy ( play , book ) Peter Pan in Scarlet Starcatchers books Peter and the Starcatchers Peter and the Shadow Thieves Peter and the Secret of Rundoon Peter and the Sword of Mercy The Bridge to Never Land Never Land Books Film adaptations Peter Pan films Peter Pan ( 1924 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Peter Pan ( 1988 ) Hook Return to Never Land Neverland Peter Pan ( 2003 ) Pan Tinker Bell films Tinker Bell Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue Pixie Hollow Games Secret of the Wings Pixie Hollow Bake Off The Pirate Fairy Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast Adaptations Television 1976 musical The Adventures of Peter Pan Peter Pan & the Pirates Jake and the Never Land Pirates Once Upon a Time Neverland Peter Pan Live ! Peter and Wendy Stage 1950 musical 1954 musical Peter Pan : A Musical Adventure Peter and the Starcatcher Peter Pan 360 Peter and Alice Finding Neverland ( musical ) Wendy & Peter Pan Peter Pan Goes Wrong Disney 's Peter Pan Jr . Video games Peter Pan and the Pirates Peter Pan : Adventures in Never Land Kingdom Hearts Hook Prose The Child Thief Graphic novels Peter Pank Lost Girls Marvel Fairy Tales Music Albums The Wendy Trilogy Faith , Trust , and Pixie Dust `` Lost Boy '' ( Ruth B song ) Somewhere in Neverland `` Peter Pan '' ( Kelsea Ballerini song ) Attractions Disney on Ice Fantasmic ! Peter Pan 's Flight ( ride ) Pixie Hollow Allusions Never Never Land Biographies The Lost Boys Finding Neverland Related Llewelyn Davies boys Peter Pan syndrome / Wendy dilemma Peter Pan copyright Disney franchise Peter Pan statue Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Characters_of_Peter_Pan&oldid=797592163 '' Categories : Peter Pan characters Lists of Disney animated film characters Lists of literary characters Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2014 Wikipedia articles with the Wikia content template Talk Contents About Wikipedia Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 02 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | names of the darling family in peter pan | [
"\nWendy Moira Angela Darling is a young girl who is befriended by Peter Pan. She flies away with Peter to Neverland to be a mother to him and the Lost Boys.\nJohn Napoleon Darling is the middle Darling child. He is named after Jack Llewelyn Davies.\nMichael Nicholas Darling is the youngest of the three children in the Darling family. In an early draft of the play, the character's name was \"Alexander\" or \"Alex\", but was renamed after Michael Llewelyn Davies and Nicholas Llewelyn Davies, who were both born during the play's development.\nGeorge Darling: the father of Wendy, Michael, and John. He is a bank clerk and is named after George Llewelyn Davies.\nMary Darling: the mother of Wendy, John and Michael, and wife of George Darling. She is named after Mary Ansell, Barrie's wife.\nNana: the Newfoundland nurse of Wendy, John, and Michael, hired by the Darlings to look after the children.\nJane: (last name is not given) the daughter of the adult Wendy Darling who appears briefly in Barrie's An Afterthought and the final chapter of Peter and Wendy.\nMargaret: Jane's daughter, mentioned at the end of the story as the one who will go back to Neverland with Peter for spring cleaning.\nLiza: the maid in the Darling household.\n",
"\nWendy Moira Angela Darling is a young girl who is befriended by Peter Pan. She flies away with Peter to Neverland to be a mother to him and the Lost Boys.\nJohn Napoleon Darling is the middle Darling child. He is named after Jack Llewelyn Davies.\nMichael Nicholas Darling is the youngest of the three children in the Darling family. In an early draft of the play, the character's name was \"Alexander\" or \"Alex\", but was renamed after Michael Llewelyn Davies and Nicholas Llewelyn Davies, who were both born during the play's development.\nGeorge Darling: the father of Wendy, Michael, and John. He is a bank clerk and is named after George Llewelyn Davies.\nMary Darling: the mother of Wendy, John and Michael, and wife of George Darling. She is named after Mary Ansell, Barrie's wife.\nNana: the Newfoundland nurse of Wendy, John, and Michael, hired by the Darlings to look after the children.\nJane: (last name is not given) the daughter of the adult Wendy Darling who appears briefly in Barrie's An Afterthought and the final chapter of Peter and Wendy.\nMargaret: Jane's daughter, mentioned at the end of the story as the one who will go back to Neverland with Peter for spring cleaning.\nLiza: the maid in the Darling household.\n",
"\nWendy Moira Angela Darling is a young girl who is befriended by Peter Pan. She flies away with Peter to Neverland to be a mother to him and the Lost Boys.\nJohn Napoleon Darling is the middle Darling child. He is named after Jack Llewelyn Davies.\nMichael Nicholas Darling is the youngest of the three children in the Darling family. In an early draft of the play, the character's name was \"Alexander\" or \"Alex\", but was renamed after Michael Llewelyn Davies and Nicholas Llewelyn Davies, who were both born during the play's development.\nGeorge Darling: the father of Wendy, Michael, and John. He is a bank clerk and is named after George Llewelyn Davies.\nMary Darling: the mother of Wendy, John and Michael, and wife of George Darling. She is named after Mary Ansell, Barrie's wife.\nNana: the Newfoundland nurse of Wendy, John, and Michael, hired by the Darlings to look after the children.\nJane: (last name is not given) the daughter of the adult Wendy Darling who appears briefly in Barrie's An Afterthought and the final chapter of Peter and Wendy.\nMargaret: Jane's daughter, mentioned at the end of the story as the one who will go back to Neverland with Peter for spring cleaning.\nLiza: the maid in the Darling household.\n",
"\nWendy Moira Angela Darling is a young girl who is befriended by Peter Pan. She flies away with Peter to Neverland to be a mother to him and the Lost Boys.\nJohn Napoleon Darling is the middle Darling child. He is named after Jack Llewelyn Davies.\nMichael Nicholas Darling is the youngest of the three children in the Darling family. In an early draft of the play, the character's name was \"Alexander\" or \"Alex\", but was renamed after Michael Llewelyn Davies and Nicholas Llewelyn Davies, who were both born during the play's development.\nGeorge Darling: the father of Wendy, Michael, and John. He is a bank clerk and is named after George Llewelyn Davies.\nMary Darling: the mother of Wendy, John and Michael, and wife of George Darling. She is named after Mary Ansell, Barrie's wife.\nNana: the Newfoundland nurse of Wendy, John, and Michael, hired by the Darlings to look after the children.\nJane: (last name is not given) the daughter of the adult Wendy Darling who appears briefly in Barrie's An Afterthought and the final chapter of Peter and Wendy.\nMargaret: Jane's daughter, mentioned at the end of the story as the one who will go back to Neverland with Peter for spring cleaning.\nLiza: the maid in the Darling household.\n",
"\nWendy Moira Angela Darling is a young girl who is befriended by Peter Pan. She flies away with Peter to Neverland to be a mother to him and the Lost Boys.\nJohn Napoleon Darling is the middle Darling child. He is named after Jack Llewelyn Davies.\nMichael Nicholas Darling is the youngest of the three children in the Darling family. In an early draft of the play, the character's name was \"Alexander\" or \"Alex\", but was renamed after Michael Llewelyn Davies and Nicholas Llewelyn Davies, who were both born during the play's development.\nGeorge Darling: the father of Wendy, Michael, and John. He is a bank clerk and is named after George Llewelyn Davies.\nMary Darling: the mother of Wendy, John and Michael, and wife of George Darling. She is named after Mary Ansell, Barrie's wife.\nNana: the Newfoundland nurse of Wendy, John, and Michael, hired by the Darlings to look after the children.\nJane: (last name is not given) the daughter of the adult Wendy Darling who appears briefly in Barrie's An Afterthought and the final chapter of Peter and Wendy.\nMargaret: Jane's daughter, mentioned at the end of the story as the one who will go back to Neverland with Peter for spring cleaning.\nLiza: the maid in the Darling household.\n",
"\nWendy Moira Angela Darling is a young girl who is befriended by Peter Pan. She flies away with Peter to Neverland to be a mother to him and the Lost Boys.\nJohn Napoleon Darling is the middle Darling child. He is named after Jack Llewelyn Davies.\nMichael Nicholas Darling is the youngest of the three children in the Darling family. In an early draft of the play, the character's name was \"Alexander\" or \"Alex\", but was renamed after Michael Llewelyn Davies and Nicholas Llewelyn Davies, who were both born during the play's development.\nGeorge Darling: the father of Wendy, Michael, and John. He is a bank clerk and is named after George Llewelyn Davies.\nMary Darling: the mother of Wendy, John and Michael, and wife of George Darling. She is named after Mary Ansell, Barrie's wife.\nNana: the Newfoundland nurse of Wendy, John, and Michael, hired by the Darlings to look after the children.\nJane: (last name is not given) the daughter of the adult Wendy Darling who appears briefly in Barrie's An Afterthought and the final chapter of Peter and Wendy.\nMargaret: Jane's daughter, mentioned at the end of the story as the one who will go back to Neverland with Peter for spring cleaning.\nLiza: the maid in the Darling household.\n",
"\nWendy Moira Angela Darling is a young girl who is befriended by Peter Pan. She flies away with Peter to Neverland to be a mother to him and the Lost Boys.\nJohn Napoleon Darling is the middle Darling child. He is named after Jack Llewelyn Davies.\nMichael Nicholas Darling is the youngest of the three children in the Darling family. In an early draft of the play, the character's name was \"Alexander\" or \"Alex\", but was renamed after Michael Llewelyn Davies and Nicholas Llewelyn Davies, who were both born during the play's development.\nGeorge Darling: the father of Wendy, Michael, and John. He is a bank clerk and is named after George Llewelyn Davies.\nMary Darling: the mother of Wendy, John and Michael, and wife of George Darling. She is named after Mary Ansell, Barrie's wife.\nNana: the Newfoundland nurse of Wendy, John, and Michael, hired by the Darlings to look after the children.\nJane: (last name is not given) the daughter of the adult Wendy Darling who appears briefly in Barrie's An Afterthought and the final chapter of Peter and Wendy.\nMargaret: Jane's daughter, mentioned at the end of the story as the one who will go back to Neverland with Peter for spring cleaning.\nLiza: the maid in the Darling household.\n"
] | [
"Wendy Moira Angela Darling",
"John Napoleon Darling",
"Michael Nicholas Darling",
"George Darling",
"Mary Darling",
"Jane",
"Margaret"
] |
7760224911122318207 | Gone with the Wind (film) | Gone with the Wind ( film ) - wikipedia Gone with the Wind ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Gone with the Wind Theatrical pre-release poster Directed by Victor Fleming Produced by David O. Selznick Screenplay by Sidney Howard Based on Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell Starring Clark Gable Vivien Leigh Leslie Howard Olivia de Havilland Music by Max Steiner Cinematography Ernest Haller Edited by Hal C. Kern James E. Newcom Production companies Selznick International Pictures Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Distributed by Loew 's Inc . Release date December 15 , 1939 ( 1939 - 12 - 15 ) ( Atlanta premiere ) Running time 221 minutes 234 -- 238 minutes ( with overture , intermission , entr'acte , and exit music ) Country United States Language English Budget $3.85 million Box office > $390 million Gone with the Wind is a 1939 American epic historical romance film , adapted from Margaret Mitchell 's 1936 novel of the same name . The film was produced by David O. Selznick of Selznick International Pictures and directed by Victor Fleming . Set in the American South against the backdrop of the American Civil War and the Reconstruction era , the film tells the story of Scarlett O'Hara , the strong - willed daughter of a Georgia plantation owner , from her romantic pursuit of Ashley Wilkes , who is married to his cousin , Melanie Hamilton , to her marriage to Rhett Butler . The leading roles are played by Vivien Leigh ( Scarlett ) , Clark Gable ( Rhett ) , Leslie Howard ( Ashley ) , and Olivia de Havilland ( Melanie ) . Production was difficult from the start . Filming was delayed for two years because of Selznick 's determination to secure Gable for the role of Rhett Butler , and the `` search for Scarlett '' led to 1,400 women being interviewed for the part . The original screenplay was written by Sidney Howard and underwent many revisions by several writers in an attempt to get it down to a suitable length . The original director , George Cukor , was fired shortly after filming began and was replaced by Fleming , who in turn was briefly replaced by Sam Wood while Fleming took some time off because he was exhausted . The film received positive reviews upon its release , in December 1939 , although some reviewers found it overlong . The casting was widely praised , and many reviewers found Leigh especially suited to her role as Scarlett . At the 12th Academy Awards , it received ten Academy Awards ( eight competitive , two honorary ) from thirteen nominations , including wins for Best Picture , Best Director ( Fleming ) , Best Adapted Screenplay ( posthumously awarded to Sidney Howard ) , Best Actress ( Leigh ) , and Best Supporting Actress ( Hattie McDaniel , becoming the first African American to win an Academy Award ) . It set records for the total number of wins and nominations at the time . The film was immensely popular , becoming the highest - earning film made up to that point , and held the record for over a quarter of a century . When adjusted for monetary inflation , it is still the most successful film in box - office history . Gone with the Wind has been criticized as historical revisionism glorifying slavery , and it has been credited with triggering changes in the way in which African Americans are depicted cinematically . It was re-released periodically throughout the 20th century and became ingrained in popular culture . The film is regarded as one of the greatest films of all time ; it has placed in the top ten of the American Film Institute 's list of the top 100 American films since the list 's inception , in 1998 ; and , in 1989 , the United States Library of Congress selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Screenplay 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Preview , premiere and initial release 4.2 Later releases 4.3 Television and home video 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Academy Awards 5.3 Reactions from African - Americans 5.4 Audience response 5.5 Critical re-evaluation 5.6 Industry recognition 6 Analysis 6.1 Racial criticism 6.2 Depiction of marital rape 7 Legacy 7.1 In popular culture 7.2 Sequel 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Part 1 On the eve of the American Civil War in 1861 , Scarlett O'Hara lives at Tara , her family 's cotton plantation in Georgia , with her parents and two sisters . Scarlett learns that Ashley Wilkes -- whom she secretly loves -- is to be married to his cousin , Melanie Hamilton , and the engagement is to be announced the next day at a barbecue at Ashley 's home , the nearby plantation Twelve Oaks . At the Twelve Oaks party , Scarlett privately declares her feelings to Ashley , but he rebuffs her by responding that he and Melanie are more compatible . Scarlett is incensed when she discovers another guest , Rhett Butler , has overheard their conversation . The barbecue is disrupted by the declaration of war and the men rush to enlist . As Scarlett watches Ashley kiss Melanie goodbye , Melanie 's younger brother Charles proposes to her . Although she does not love him , Scarlett consents and they are married before he leaves to fight . Scarlett and Rhett at the charity dance Scarlett is widowed when Charles dies from a bout of pneumonia and measles while serving in the Confederate Army . Scarlett 's mother sends her to the Hamilton home in Atlanta to cheer her up , although the O'Haras ' outspoken housemaid Mammy tells Scarlett she knows she is going there only to wait for Ashley 's return . Scarlett , who should not attend a party while in mourning , attends a charity bazaar in Atlanta with Melanie where she meets Rhett again , now a blockade runner for the Confederacy . Celebrating a Confederate victory and to raise money for the Confederate war effort , gentlemen are invited to bid for ladies to dance with them . Rhett makes an inordinately large bid for Scarlett and , to the disapproval of the guests , she agrees to dance with him . The tide of war turns against the Confederacy after the Battle of Gettysburg in which many of the men of Scarlett 's town are killed . Scarlett makes another unsuccessful appeal to Ashley while he is visiting on Christmas furlough , although they do share a private and passionate kiss in the parlor on Christmas Day , just before he returns to war . Eight months later , as the city is besieged by the Union Army in the Atlanta Campaign , Scarlett and her young house servant Prissy must deliver Melanie 's baby without medical assistance after she goes into premature labor . Afterwards , Scarlett calls upon Rhett to take her home to Tara with Melanie , her baby , and Prissy ; he collects them in a horse and wagon , but once out of the city chooses to go off to fight , leaving Scarlett and the group to make their own way back to Tara . Upon her return home , Scarlett finds Tara deserted , except for her father , her sisters , and two former slaves : Mammy and Pork . Scarlett learns that her mother has just died of typhoid fever and her father has become incompetent . With Tara pillaged by Union troops and the fields untended , Scarlett vows she will do anything for the survival of her family and herself . Part 2 As the O'Haras work in the cotton fields , Scarlett 's father is killed after he is thrown from his horse in an attempt to chase away a scalawag from his land . With the defeat of the Confederacy Ashley also returns , but finds he is of little help at Tara . When Scarlett begs him to run away with her , he confesses his desire for her and kisses her passionately , but says he can not leave Melanie . Unable to pay the taxes on Tara implemented by Reconstructionists , Scarlett dupes her younger sister Suellen 's fiancé , the middle - aged and wealthy mill owner Frank Kennedy , into marrying her , by saying Suellen got tired of waiting and married another beau . Frank , Ashley , Rhett and several other accomplices make a night raid on a shanty town after Scarlett is attacked while driving through it alone , resulting in Frank 's death . With Frank 's funeral barely over , Rhett proposes to Scarlett and she accepts . They have a daughter whom Rhett names Bonnie Blue , but Scarlett , still pining for Ashley and chagrined at the perceived ruin of her figure , lets Rhett know that she wants no more children and that they will no longer share a bed . One day at Frank 's mill , Scarlett and Ashley are seen embracing by Ashley 's sister , India , and harboring an intense dislike of Scarlett she eagerly spreads rumors . Later that evening , Rhett , having heard the rumors , forces Scarlett to attend a birthday party for Ashley ; incapable of believing anything bad of her beloved sister - in - law , Melanie stands by Scarlett 's side so that all know that she believes the gossip to be false . After returning home from the party , Scarlett finds Rhett downstairs drunk , and they argue about Ashley . Rhett kisses Scarlett against her will , stating his intent to have sex with her that night , and carries the struggling Scarlett to the bedroom . The next day , Rhett apologizes for his behavior and offers Scarlett a divorce , which she rejects , saying that it would be a disgrace . When Rhett returns from an extended trip to London , Scarlett informs him that she is pregnant , but an argument ensues which results in her falling down a flight of stairs and suffering a miscarriage . As she is recovering , tragedy strikes when Bonnie dies while attempting to jump a fence with her pony . Scarlett and Rhett visit Melanie , who has suffered complications arising from a new pregnancy , on her deathbed . As Scarlett consoles Ashley , Rhett returns to their home in Atlanta ; realizing that Ashley only ever truly loved Melanie , Scarlett dashes after Rhett to find him preparing to leave for good . She pleads with him , telling him she realizes now that it was him she loved all along and never really Ashley , but Rhett says they lost any chance at reconciliation after Bonnie 's death . Scarlett begs him to stay but Rhett rebuffs her and walks out the door and into the early morning fog , leaving her weeping on the staircase and vowing to one day win back his love . Cast ( edit ) Despite receiving top - billing in the opening credits , Gable -- along with Leigh , Howard , and de Havilland who receive second , third and fourth billing respectively -- has a relatively low placing in the cast list , due to its unusual structure . Rather than ordered by conventional billing , the cast is broken down into three sections : the Tara plantation , Twelve Oaks , and Atlanta . The cast 's names are ordered according to the social rank of the characters ; therefore Thomas Mitchell , who plays Gerald O'Hara , leads the cast list as the head of the O'Hara family , while Barbara O'Neil as his wife receives the second credit and Vivien Leigh as the eldest daughter the third credit , despite having the most screen time . Similarly , Howard C. Hickman as John Wilkes is credited over Leslie Howard who plays his son , and Clark Gable , who plays only a visitor at Twelve Oaks , receives a relatively low credit in the cast list , despite being presented as the `` star '' of the film in all the promotional literature . Following the death of Mary Anderson -- who played Maybelle Merriwether -- in April 2014 , there are only two surviving credited cast members from the film : Olivia de Havilland who played Melanie Wilkes and Mickey Kuhn , who played her son Beau Wilkes . Clark Gable Vivien Leigh Leslie Howard Olivia de Havilland Tara plantation Thomas Mitchell as Gerald O'Hara Barbara O'Neil as Ellen O'Hara ( his wife ) Vivien Leigh as Scarlett O'Hara ( daughter ) Evelyn Keyes as Suellen O'Hara ( daughter ) Ann Rutherford as Carreen O'Hara ( daughter ) George Reeves as Brent Tarleton ( actually as Stuart ) Fred Crane as Stuart Tarleton ( actually as Brent ) Hattie McDaniel as Mammy ( house servant ) Oscar Polk as Pork ( house servant ) Butterfly McQueen as Prissy ( house servant ) Victor Jory as Jonas Wilkerson ( field overseer ) Everett Brown as Big Sam ( field foreman ) At Twelve Oaks Howard Hickman as John Wilkes Alicia Rhett as India Wilkes ( his daughter ) Leslie Howard as Ashley Wilkes ( his son ) Olivia de Havilland as Melanie Hamilton ( their cousin ) Rand Brooks as Charles Hamilton ( Melanie 's brother ) Carroll Nye as Frank Kennedy ( a guest ) Clark Gable as Rhett Butler ( a visitor from Charleston ) In Atlanta Laura Hope Crews as Aunt Pittypat Hamilton Eddie Anderson as Uncle Peter ( her coachman ) Harry Davenport as Doctor Meade Leona Roberts as Mrs. Meade Jane Darwell as Mrs. Merriwether Ona Munson as Belle Watling Minor supporting roles Paul Hurst as the Yankee deserter Cammie King Conlon as Bonnie Blue Butler J.M. Kerrigan as Johnny Gallagher Jackie Moran as Phil Meade Lillian Kemble - Cooper as Bonnie 's nurse in London Marcella Martin as Cathleen Calvert Mickey Kuhn as Beau Wilkes Irving Bacon as the Corporal William Bakewell as the mounted officer Isabel Jewell as Emmy Slattery Eric Linden as the amputation case Ward Bond as Tom , the Yankee captain Cliff Edwards as the reminiscent soldier Yakima Canutt as the renegade Louis Jean Heydt as the hungry soldier holding Beau Wilkes Olin Howland as the carpetbagger businessman Robert Elliott as the Yankee major Mary Anderson as Maybelle Merriwether Production ( edit ) Before publication of the novel , several Hollywood executives and studios declined to create a film based on it , including Louis B. Mayer and Irving Thalberg at Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer ( MGM ) , Pandro Berman at RKO Pictures , and David O. Selznick of Selznick International Pictures . Jack L. Warner liked the story , but Warner Bros. 's biggest star Bette Davis was uninterested , and Darryl Zanuck of 20th Century - Fox did not offer enough money . Selznick changed his mind after his story editor Kay Brown and business partner John Hay Whitney urged him to buy the film rights . In July 1936 -- a month after it was published -- Selznick bought the rights for $50,000 . Casting ( edit ) Publicity photo of Clark Gable and Vivien Leigh as Rhett and Scarlett The casting of the two lead roles became a complex , two - year endeavor . For the role of Rhett Butler , Selznick wanted Clark Gable from the start , but Gable was under contract to MGM , who never loaned him to other studios . Gary Cooper was considered , but Samuel Goldwyn -- to whom Cooper was under contract -- refused to loan him out . Warner offered a package of Bette Davis , Errol Flynn , and Olivia de Havilland for lead roles in return for the distribution rights . By this time , Selznick was determined to get Gable and eventually struck a deal with MGM . Selznick 's father - in - law , MGM chief Louis B. Mayer , offered in August 1938 to provide Gable and $1,250,000 for half of the film 's budget but for a high price : Selznick would have to pay Gable 's weekly salary , and half the profits would go to MGM while Loew 's , Inc -- MGM 's parent company -- would release the film . The arrangement to release through MGM meant delaying the start of production until the end of 1938 , when Selznick 's distribution deal with United Artists concluded . Selznick used the delay to continue to revise the script and , more importantly , build publicity for the film by searching for the role of Scarlett . Selznick began a nationwide casting call that interviewed 1,400 unknowns . The effort cost $100,000 and was useless for the film , but created `` priceless '' publicity . Early frontrunners included Miriam Hopkins and Tallulah Bankhead , who were regarded as possibilities by Selznick prior to the purchase of the film rights ; Joan Crawford , who was signed to MGM , was also considered as a potential pairing with Gable . After a deal was struck with MGM , Selznick held discussions with Norma Shearer -- who was MGM 's top female star at the time -- but she withdrew herself from consideration . Katharine Hepburn lobbied hard for the role with the support of her friend , George Cukor , who had been hired to direct , but she was vetoed by Selznick who felt she was not right for the part . Many famous -- or soon - to - be-famous -- actresses were considered , but only thirty - one women were actually screen - tested for Scarlett including Ardis Ankerson , Jean Arthur , Tallulah Bankhead , Diana Barrymore , Joan Bennett , Nancy Coleman , Frances Dee , Ellen Drew ( as Terry Ray ) , Paulette Goddard , Susan Hayward ( under her real name of Edythe Marrenner ) , Vivien Leigh , Anita Louise , Haila Stoddard , Margaret Tallichet , Lana Turner and Linda Watkins . Although Margaret Mitchell refused to publicly name her choice , the actress who came closest to winning her approval was Miriam Hopkins , who Mitchell felt was just the right type of actress to play Scarlett as written in the book . However , Hopkins was in her mid-thirties at the time and was considered too old for the part . Four actresses , including Jean Arthur and Joan Bennett , were still under consideration by December 1938 ; however , only two finalists , Paulette Goddard and Vivien Leigh , were tested in Technicolor , both on December 20 . Goddard almost won the role , but controversy over her marriage with Charlie Chaplin caused Selznick to change his mind . Selznick had been quietly considering Vivien Leigh , a young English actress who was still little known in America , for the role of Scarlett since February 1938 when Selznick saw her in Fire Over England and A Yank at Oxford . Leigh 's American agent was the London representative of the Myron Selznick talent agency ( headed by David Selznick 's brother , one of the owners of Selznick International ) , and she had requested in February that her name be submitted for consideration as Scarlett . By the summer of 1938 the Selznicks were negotiating with Alexander Korda , to whom Leigh was under contract , for her services later that year . Selznick 's brother arranged for them to meet for the first time on the night of December 10 , 1938 , when the burning of Atlanta was filmed . In a letter to his wife two days later , Selznick admitted that Leigh was `` the Scarlett dark horse '' , and after a series of screen tests , her casting was announced on January 13 , 1939 . Just before the shooting of the film , Selznick informed newspaper columnist Ed Sullivan : `` Scarlett O'Hara's parents were French and Irish . Identically , Miss Leigh 's parents are French and Irish . '' Screenplay ( edit ) Of original screenplay writer Sidney Howard , film historian Joanne Yeck writes , `` reducing the intricacies of Gone with the Wind 's epic dimensions was a herculean task ... and Howard 's first submission was far too long , and would have required at least six hours of film ; ... ( producer ) Selznick wanted Howard to remain on the set to make revisions ... but Howard refused to leave New England ( and ) as a result , revisions were handled by a host of local writers '' . Selznick dismissed director George Cukor three weeks into filming and sought out Victor Fleming , who was directing The Wizard of Oz at the time . Fleming was dissatisfied with the script , so Selznick brought in famed writer Ben Hecht to rewrite the entire screenplay within five days . Hecht returned to Howard 's original draft and by the end of the week had succeeded in revising the entire first half of the script . Selznick undertook rewriting the second half himself but fell behind schedule , so Howard returned to work on the script for one week , reworking several key scenes in part two . David O. Selznick in 1940 `` By the time of the film 's release in 1939 , there was some question as to who should receive screen credit , '' writes Yeck . `` But despite the number of writers and changes , the final script was remarkably close to Howard 's version . The fact that Howard 's name alone appears on the credits may have been as much a gesture to his memory as to his writing , for in 1939 Sidney Howard died at age 48 in a farm - tractor accident , and before the movie 's premiere . '' Selznick , in a memo written in October 1939 , discussed the film 's writing credits : `` ( Y ) ou can say frankly that of the comparatively small amount of material in the picture which is not from the book , most is my own personally , and the only original lines of dialog which are not my own are a few from Sidney Howard and a few from Ben Hecht and a couple more from John Van Druten . Offhand I doubt that there are ten original words of ( Oliver ) Garrett 's in the whole script . As to construction , this is about eighty per cent my own , and the rest divided between Jo Swerling and Sidney Howard , with Hecht having contributed materially to the construction of one sequence . '' According to Hecht biographer , William MacAdams , `` At dawn on Sunday , February 20 , 1939 , David Selznick ... and director Victor Fleming shook Hecht awake to inform him he was on loan from MGM and must come with them immediately and go to work on Gone with the Wind , which Selznick had begun shooting five weeks before . It was costing Selznick $50,000 each day the film was on hold waiting for a final screenplay rewrite and time was of the essence . Hecht was in the middle of working on the film At the Circus for the Marx Brothers . Recalling the episode in a letter to screenwriter friend Gene Fowler , he said he had n't read the novel but Selznick and director Fleming could not wait for him to read it . They would act out scenes based on Sidney Howard 's original script which needed to be rewritten in a hurry . Hecht wrote , `` After each scene had been performed and discussed , I sat down at the typewriter and wrote it out . Selznick and Fleming , eager to continue with their acting , kept hurrying me . We worked in this fashion for seven days , putting in eighteen to twenty hours a day . Selznick refused to let us eat lunch , arguing that food would slow us up . He provided bananas and salted peanuts ... thus on the seventh day I had completed , unscathed , the first nine reels of the Civil War epic . '' MacAdams writes , `` It is impossible to determine exactly how much Hecht scripted ... In the official credits filed with the Screen Writers Guild , Sidney Howard was of course awarded the sole screen credit , but four other writers were appended ... Jo Swerling for contributing to the treatment , Oliver H.P. Garrett and Barbara Keon to screenplay construction , and Hecht , to dialogue ... '' Filming ( edit ) Play media The `` burning '' of Atlanta from the film trailer Principal photography began January 26 , 1939 , and ended on July 1 , with post-production work continuing until November 11 , 1939 . Director George Cukor , with whom Selznick had a long working relationship , and who had spent almost two years in pre-production on Gone with the Wind , was replaced after less than three weeks of shooting . Selznick and Cukor had already disagreed over the pace of filming and the script , but other explanations put Cukor 's departure down to Gable 's discomfort at working with him . Emanuel Levy , Cukor 's biographer , claimed that Clark Gable had worked Hollywood 's gay circuit as a hustler and that Cukor knew of his past , so Gable used his influence to have him discharged . Vivien Leigh and Olivia de Havilland learned of Cukor 's firing on the day the Atlanta bazaar scene was filmed , and the pair went to Selznick 's office in full costume and implored him to change his mind . Victor Fleming , who was directing The Wizard of Oz , was called in from MGM to complete the picture , although Cukor continued privately to coach Leigh and De Havilland . Another MGM director , Sam Wood , worked for two weeks in May when Fleming temporarily left the production due to exhaustion . Although some of Cukor 's scenes were later reshot , Selznick estimated that `` three solid reels '' of his work remained in the picture . As of the end of principal photography , Cukor had undertaken eighteen days of filming , Fleming ninety - three , and Wood twenty - four . Cinematographer Lee Garmes began the production , but on March 11 , 1939 -- after a month of shooting footage that Selznick and his associates regarded as `` too dark '' -- was replaced with Ernest Haller , working with Technicolor cinematographer Ray Rennahan . Garmes completed the first third of the film -- mostly everything prior to Melanie having the baby -- but did not receive a credit . Most of the filming was done on `` the back forty '' of Selznick International with all the location scenes being photographed in California , mostly in Los Angeles County or neighboring Ventura County . Tara , the fictional Southern plantation house , existed only as a plywood and papier - mâché facade built on the Selznick studio lot . For the burning of Atlanta , new false facades were built in front of the Selznick backlot 's many old abandoned sets , and Selznick himself operated the controls for the explosives that burned them down . Sources at the time put the estimated production costs at $3.85 million , making it the second most expensive film made up to that point , with only Ben - Hur ( 1925 ) having cost more . Although legend persists that the Hays Office fined Selznick $5,000 for using the word `` damn '' in Butler 's exit line , in fact the Motion Picture Association board passed an amendment to the Production Code on November 1 , 1939 , that forbade use of the words `` hell '' or `` damn '' except when their use `` shall be essential and required for portrayal , in proper historical context , of any scene or dialogue based upon historical fact or folklore ... or a quotation from a literary work , provided that no such use shall be permitted which is intrinsically objectionable or offends good taste . '' With that amendment , the Production Code Administration had no further objection to Rhett 's closing line . Music ( edit ) `` Tara 's Theme '' from the film trailer To compose the score , Selznick chose Max Steiner , with whom he had worked at RKO Pictures in the early 1930s . Warner Bros. -- who had contracted Steiner in 1936 -- agreed to lend him to Selznick . Steiner spent twelve weeks working on the score , the longest period that he had ever spent writing one , and at two hours and thirty - six minutes long it was also the longest that he had ever written . Five orchestrators were hired , including Hugo Friedhofer , Maurice de Packh , Bernard Kaun , Adolph Deutsch and Reginald Bassett . The score is characterized by two love themes , one for Ashley 's and Melanie 's sweet love and another that evokes Scarlett 's passion for Ashley , though notably there is no Scarlett and Rhett love theme . Steiner drew considerably on folk and patriotic music , which included Stephen Foster tunes such as `` Louisiana Belle , '' `` Dolly Day , '' `` Ringo De Banjo , '' `` Beautiful Dreamer , '' `` Old Folks at Home , '' and `` Katie Belle , '' which formed the basis of Scarlett 's theme ; other tunes that feature prominently are : `` Marching through Georgia '' by Henry Clay Work , `` Dixie , '' `` Garryowen '' and `` The Bonnie Blue Flag . '' The theme that is most associated with the film today is the melody that accompanies Tara , the O'Hara plantation ; in the early 1940s , `` Tara 's Theme '' formed the musical basis of the song `` My Own True Love '' by Mack David . In all , there are ninety - nine separate pieces of music featured in the score . Due to the pressure of completing on time , Steiner received some assistance in composing from Friedhofer , Deutsch and Heinz Roemheld , and in addition , two short cues -- by Franz Waxman and William Axt -- were taken from scores in the MGM library . Release ( edit ) Preview , premiere and initial release ( edit ) On September 9 , 1939 , Selznick , his wife , Irene , investor John `` Jock '' Whitney and film editor Hal Kern drove out to Riverside , California to preview it at the Fox Theatre . The film was still a rough cut at this stage , missing completed titles and lacking special optical effects . It ran for four hours and twenty - five minutes , but would later be cut down to under four hours for its proper release . A double bill of Hawaiian Nights and Beau Geste was playing , and after the first feature it was announced that the theater would be screening a preview ; the audience were informed they could leave but would not be readmitted once the film had begun , nor would phone calls be allowed once the theater had been sealed . When the title appeared on the screen the audience cheered , and after it had finished it received a standing ovation . In his biography of Selznick , David Thomson wrote that the audience 's response before the film had even started `` was the greatest moment of ( Selznick 's ) life , the greatest victory and redemption of all his failings '' , with Selznick describing the preview cards as `` probably the most amazing any picture has ever had . '' When Selznick was asked by the press in early September how he felt about the film , he said : `` At noon I think it 's divine , at midnight I think it 's lousy . Sometimes I think it 's the greatest picture ever made . But if it 's only a great picture , I 'll still be satisfied . '' The premiere of the film at Loew 's Grand , Atlanta About 300,000 people came out in Atlanta for the film 's premiere at the Loew 's Grand Theatre on December 15 , 1939 . It was the climax of three days of festivities hosted by Mayor William B. Hartsfield , which included a parade of limousines featuring stars from the film , receptions , thousands of Confederate flags and a costume ball . Eurith D. Rivers , the governor of Georgia , declared December 15 a state holiday . An estimated three hundred thousand residents and visitors to Atlanta lined the streets for up to seven miles to watch a procession of limousines bring the stars from the airport . Only Leslie Howard and Victor Fleming chose not to attend : Howard had returned to England due to the outbreak of World War II , and Fleming had fallen out with Selznick and declined to attend any of the premieres . Hattie McDaniel was also absent , as she and the other black cast members were prevented from attending the premiere due to Georgia 's Jim Crow laws , which would have kept them from sitting with their white colleagues . Upon learning that McDaniel had been barred from the premiere , Clark Gable threatened to boycott the event , but McDaniel convinced him to attend . President Jimmy Carter would later recall it as `` the biggest event to happen in the South in my lifetime . '' Premieres in New York and Los Angeles followed , the latter attended by some of the actresses that had been considered for the part of Scarlett , among them Paulette Goddard , Norma Shearer and Joan Crawford . From December 1939 to July 1940 , the film played only advance - ticket road show engagements at a limited number of theaters at prices upwards of $1 -- more than double the price of a regular first - run feature -- with MGM collecting an unprecedented 70 percent of the box office receipts ( as opposed to the typical 30 -- 35 percent of the period ) . After reaching saturation as a roadshow , MGM revised its terms to a 50 percent cut and halved the prices , before it finally entered general release in 1941 at `` popular '' prices . Along with its distribution and advertising costs , total expenditure on the film was as high as $7 million . 1967 re-release poster Later releases ( edit ) In 1942 , Selznick liquidated his company for tax reasons , and sold his share in Gone with the Wind to his business partner , John Whitney , for $500,000 . In turn , Whitney sold it on to MGM for $2.8 million , so that the studio owned the film outright . MGM immediately re-released the film in spring 1942 , and again in 1947 and 1954 ; the 1954 reissue was the first time the film was shown in widescreen , compromising the original Academy ratio and cropping the top and bottom to an aspect ratio of 1.75 : 1 . In doing so , a number of shots were optically re-framed and cut into the three - strip camera negatives , forever altering five shots in the film . A 1961 release commemorated the centennial anniversary of the start of the Civil War , and included a gala `` premiere '' at the Loew 's Grand Theater . It was attended by Selznick and many other stars of the film , including Vivien Leigh and Olivia de Havilland ; Clark Gable had died the previous year . For its 1967 re-release , it was blown up to 70mm , and issued with updated poster artwork featuring Gable -- with his white shirt ripped open -- holding Leigh against a backdrop of orange flames . There were further re-releases in 1971 , 1974 and 1989 ; for the fiftieth anniversary reissue in 1989 , it was given a complete audio and video restoration . It was released theatrically one more time in the United States , in 1998 . In 2013 , a 4K digital restoration was released in the United Kingdom to coincide with Vivien Leigh 's centenary . In 2014 , special screenings were scheduled over a two - day period at theaters across the United States to coincide with the film 's 75th anniversary . Television and home video ( edit ) The film received its world television premiere on the HBO cable network on June 11 , 1976 , and played on the channel for a total of fourteen times throughout the rest of the month . It made its network television debut in November later that year : NBC paid $5 million for a one - off airing , and it was broadcast in two parts on successive evenings . It became at that time the highest - rated television program ever presented on a single network , watched by 47.5 percent of the households sampled in America , and 65 percent of television viewers , still the record for the highest rated film to ever air on television . In 1978 , CBS signed a deal worth $35 million to broadcast the film twenty times over as many years . Turner Entertainment acquired the MGM film library in 1986 , but the deal did not include the television rights to Gone with the Wind , which were still held by CBS . A deal was struck in which the rights were returned to Turner Entertainment and CBS 's broadcast rights to The Wizard of Oz were extended . It was used to launch two cable channels owned by Turner Broadcasting System : Turner Network Television ( 1988 ) and Turner Classic Movies ( 1994 ) . It debuted on videocassette in March 1985 , where it placed second in the sales charts , and has since been released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc formats . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Upon its release , consumer magazines and newspapers generally gave Gone with the Wind excellent reviews . However , while its production values , technical achievements , and scale of ambition were universally recognized , some reviewers of the time found the film to be too long and dramatically unconvincing . Frank S. Nugent for The New York Times best summed up the general sentiment by acknowledging that while it was the most ambitious film production made up to that point , it probably was not the greatest film ever made , but he nevertheless found it to be an `` interesting story beautifully told '' . Franz Hoellering of The Nation was of the same opinion : `` The result is a film which is a major event in the history of the industry but only a minor achievement in motion - picture art . There are moments when the two categories meet on good terms , but the long stretches between are filled with mere spectacular efficiency . '' `` The result is a film which is a major event in the history of the industry but only a minor achievement in motion - picture art . '' -- Franz Hoellering , reviewer for The Nation While the film was praised for its fidelity to the novel , this aspect was also singled out as the main factor in contributing to the lengthy running time . John C. Flinn wrote for Variety that Selznick had `` left too much in '' , and that as entertainment , the film would have benefited if repetitious scenes and dialog from the latter part of the story had been trimmed . The Manchester Guardian felt that the film 's one serious drawback was that the story lacked the epic quality to justify the outlay of time and found the second half , which focuses on Scarlett 's `` irrelevant marriages '' and `` domestic squabbles , '' mostly superfluous , and the sole reason for their inclusion had been `` simply because Margaret Mitchell wrote it that way '' . The Guardian believed that if `` the story had been cut short and tidied up at the point marked by the interval , and if the personal drama had been made subservient to a cinematic treatment of the central theme -- the collapse and devastation of the Old South -- then Gone With the Wind might have been a really great film . '' Likewise , Hoellering also found the second half of the film to be weaker than the first half : identifying the Civil War to be the driving force of the first part while the characters dominate in the second part , he concluded this is where the main fault of the picture lay , commenting that `` the characters alone do not suffice '' . Despite many excellent scenes , he considered the drama to be unconvincing and that the `` psychological development '' had been neglected . Much of the praise was reserved for the casting , with Vivien Leigh in particular being singled out for her performance as Scarlett . Nugent described her as the `` pivot of the picture '' and believed her to be `` so perfectly designed for the part by art and nature that any other actress in the role would be inconceivable '' . Similarly , Hoellering found her `` perfect '' in `` appearance and movements '' ; he felt her acting best when she was allowed to `` accentuate the split personality she portrays '' and thought she was particularly effective in such moments of characterization like the morning after the marital rape scene . Flinn also found Leigh suited to the role physically and felt she was best in the scenes where she displays courage and determination , such as the escape from Atlanta and when Scarlett kills a Yankee deserter . Leigh won in the Best Actress category for her performance at the 1939 New York Film Critics Circle Awards . Of Clark Gable 's performance as Rhett Butler , Flinn felt the characterization was `` as close to Miss Mitchell 's conception -- and the audience 's -- as might be imagined '' , a view which Nugent concurred with , although Hoellering felt that Gable did n't quite convince in the closing scenes , as Rhett walks out on Scarlett in disgust . Of the other principal cast members , both Hoellering and Flinn found Leslie Howard to be `` convincing '' as the weak - willed Ashley , with Flinn identifying Olivia de Havilland as a `` standout '' as Melanie ; Nugent was also especially taken with de Havilland 's performance , describing it as a `` gracious , dignified , tender gem of characterization '' . Hattie McDaniel 's performance as Mammy was singled out for praise by many critics : Nugent believed she gave the best performance in the film after Vivien Leigh , with Flinn placing it third after Leigh 's and Gable 's performances . Academy Awards ( edit ) At the 12th Academy Awards , Gone with the Wind set a record for Academy Award wins and nominations , winning in eight of the competitive categories it was nominated in , from a total of thirteen nominations . It won for Best Picture , Best Actress , Best Supporting Actress , Best Director , Best Screenplay , Best Cinematography , Best Art Direction , and Best Editing , and received two further honorary awards for its use of equipment and color ( it also became the first color film to win Best Picture ) . Its record of eight competitive wins stood until Gigi ( 1958 ) won nine , and its overall record of ten was broken by Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) which won eleven . Gone with the Wind also held the record for most nominations until All About Eve ( 1950 ) secured fourteen . It was the longest American sound film made up to that point , and may still hold the record of the longest Best Picture winner depending on how it is interpreted . The running time for Gone with the Wind is just under 221 minutes , while Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) runs for just over 222 minutes ; however , including the overture , intermission , entr'acte , and exit music , Gone with the Wind lasts for 234 minutes ( although some sources put its full length at 238 minutes ) while Lawrence of Arabia comes in slightly shorter at 232 minutes with its additional components . Hattie McDaniel became the first African - American to win an Academy Award -- beating out her co-star Olivia de Havilland who was also nominated in the same category -- but was racially segregated from her co-stars at the awards ceremony at the Coconut Grove ; she and her escort were made to sit at a separate table at the back of the room . Meanwhile , screenwriter Sidney Howard became the first posthumous Oscar winner and Selznick personally received the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award for his career achievements . Academy Awards and nominations Award Recipient ( s ) Result Best Picture Selznick International Pictures Won Best Director Victor Fleming Won Best Adapted Screenplay Sidney Howard Won Best Actor Clark Gable Nominated Best Actress Vivien Leigh Won Best Supporting Actress Hattie McDaniel Won Best Supporting Actress Olivia de Havilland Nominated Best Cinematography , Color Ernest Haller and Ray Rennahan Won Best Film Editing Hal C. Kern and James E. Newcom Won Best Art Direction Lyle Wheeler Won Best Visual Effects Jack Cosgrove , Fred Albin and Arthur Johns Nominated Best Music , Original Score Max Steiner Nominated Best Sound Recording Thomas T. Moulton ( Samuel Goldwyn Studio Sound Department ) Nominated Special Award William Cameron Menzies For outstanding achievement in the use of color for the enhancement of dramatic mood in the production of Gone with the Wind . Honorary Technical Achievement Award Don Musgrave and Selznick International Pictures For pioneering in the use of coordinated equipment in the production Gone with the Wind . Honorary Reactions from African - Americans ( edit ) Hattie McDaniel , the first African - American Oscar winner Black commentators criticised the film for its depiction of black people and as a glorification of slavery . Carlton Moss , a black dramatist , complained in an open letter that whereas The Birth of a Nation was a `` frontal attack on American history and the Negro people '' , Gone with the Wind was a `` rear attack on the same '' . He went on to dismiss it as a `` nostalgic plea for sympathy for a still living cause of Southern reaction '' . Moss further criticized the stereotypical black characterizations , such as the `` shiftless and dull - witted Pork '' , the `` indolent and thoroughly irresponsible Prissy '' , Big Sam 's `` radiant acceptance of slavery '' , and Mammy with her `` constant haranguing and doting on every wish of Scarlett '' . Following Hattie McDaniel 's Oscar win , Walter Francis White , leader of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People , accused her of being an Uncle Tom . McDaniel responded that she would `` rather make seven hundred dollars a week playing a maid than seven dollars being one '' ; she further questioned White 's qualification to speak on behalf of blacks , since he was light - skinned and only one - eighth black . Opinion in the black community was generally divided upon release , with the film being called by some a `` weapon of terror against black America '' and an insult to black audiences , and demonstrations were held in various cities . Even so , some sections of the black community recognized McDaniel 's achievements to be representative of progression : some African - Americans crossed picket lines and praised McDaniel 's warm and witty characterization , while others hoped that the industry 's recognition of her work would lead to increased visibility on screen for other black actors . In its editorial congratulation to McDaniel on winning her Academy Award , Opportunity : A Journal of Negro Life used the film as reminder of the `` limit '' put on black aspiration by old prejudices . Malcolm X would later recall that `` when Butterfly McQueen went into her act , I felt like crawling under the rug '' . Audience response ( edit ) Upon its release , Gone with the Wind broke attendance records everywhere . At the Capitol Theatre in New York alone , it was averaging eleven thousand admissions per day in late December , and within four years of its release had sold an estimated sixty million tickets across the United States -- sales equivalent to just under half the population at the time . It repeated its success overseas , and was a sensational hit during the Blitz in London , opening in April 1940 and playing for four years . By the time MGM withdrew it from circulation at the end of 1943 its worldwide distribution had returned a gross rental ( the studio 's share of the box office gross ) of $32 million , making it the most profitable film ever made up to that point . Line up to see Gone with the Wind in Pensacola , Florida ( 1947 ) Even though it earned its investors roughly twice as much as the previous record - holder , The Birth of a Nation , the box - office performances of the two films were likely much closer . The bulk of the earnings from Gone with the Wind came from its roadshow and first - run engagements , which represented 70 percent and 50 percent of the box - office gross respectively , before entering general release ( which at the time typically saw the distributor 's share set at 30 -- 35 percent of the gross ) . In the case of The Birth of a Nation , its distributor , Epoch , sold off many of its distribution territories on a `` states rights '' basis -- which typically amounted to 10 percent of the box - office gross -- and Epoch 's accounts are only indicative of its own profits from the film , and not the local distributors . Carl E. Milliken , secretary of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors Association , estimated that The Birth of a Nation had been seen by fifty million people by 1930 . When it was re-released in 1947 , it earned an impressive $5 million rental in the United States and Canada , and was one of the top ten releases of the year . Successful re-releases in 1954 and 1961 enabled it to retain its position as the industry 's top earner , despite strong challenges from more recent films such as Ben - Hur , but it was finally overtaken by The Sound of Music in 1966 . The 1967 reissue was unusual in that MGM opted to roadshow it , a decision that turned it into the most successful re-release in the history of the industry . It generated a box - office gross of $68 million , making it MGM 's most lucrative picture after Doctor Zhivago from the latter half of the decade . MGM earned a rental of $41 million from the release , with the U.S. and Canadian share amounting to over $30 million , placing it second only to The Graduate for that year . Including its $6.7 million rental from the 1961 reissue , it was the fourth highest - earner of the decade in the North American market , with only The Sound of Music , The Graduate and Doctor Zhivago making more for their distributors . A further re-release in 1971 allowed it to briefly recapture the record from The Sound of Music , bringing its total worldwide gross rental to about $116 million by the end of 1971 -- more than trebling its earnings from its initial release -- before losing the record again the following year to The Godfather . Across all releases , it is estimated that Gone with the Wind has sold over 200 million tickets in the United States and Canada , generating more theater admissions in that territory than any other film . The film was phenomenally successful in Western Europe too , generating approximately 35 million tickets in the United Kingdom and over 16 million in France , respectively becoming the biggest and sixth - biggest ticket - sellers in those markets . In total , Gone with the Wind has grossed over $390 million globally at the box office ; in 2007 Turner Entertainment estimated the gross to be equivalent to approximately $3.3 billion when adjusted for inflation to current prices , while Guinness World Records arrived at a figure of $3.44 billion in 2014 , making it the most successful film in cinema history . The film remains immensely popular with audiences into the 21st century , having been voted the most popular film in two nationwide polls of Americans undertaken by Harris Interactive in 2008 , and again in 2014 . The market research firm surveyed over two thousand U.S. adults , with the results weighted by age , sex , race / ethnicity , education , region and household income so their proportions matched the composition of the adult population . Critical re-evaluation ( edit ) AFI 100 Years ... series * AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- # 4 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- # 2 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains Rhett Butler , Hero -- Nominated Scarlett O'Hara , Hero -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` Frankly , my dear , I do n't give a damn . '' -- # 1 `` After all , tomorrow is another day ! '' -- # 31 `` As God is my witness , I 'll never be hungry again . '' -- # 59 `` Fiddle - dee - dee . '' -- Nominated `` I do n't know nothin ' ' bout birthin ' babies . '' -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores -- # 2 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- # 43 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- # 6 AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- # 4 Epic film American Film Institute In revisiting the film in the 1970s , Arthur Schlesinger noted that Hollywood films generally age well , revealing an unexpected depth or integrity , but in the case of Gone with the Wind time has not treated it kindly . Richard Schickel posits that one measure of a film 's quality is to ask what you can remember of it , and the film falls down in this regard : unforgettable imagery and dialogue are simply not present . Stanley Kauffmann , likewise , also found the film to be a largely forgettable experience , claiming he could only remember two scenes vividly . Both Schickel and Schlesinger put this down to it being `` badly written '' , in turn describing the dialogue as `` flowery '' and possessing a `` picture postcard '' sensibility . Schickel also believes the film fails as popular art , in that it has limited rewatch value -- a sentiment that Kauffmann also concurs with , stating that having watched it twice he hopes `` never to see it again : twice is twice as much as any lifetime needs '' . Both Schickel and Andrew Sarris identify the film 's main failing is in possessing a producer 's sensibility rather than an artistic one : having gone through so many directors and writers the film does not carry a sense of being `` created '' or `` directed '' , but rather having emerged `` steaming from the crowded kitchen '' , where the main creative force was a producer 's obsession in making the film as literally faithful to the novel as possible . Sarris concedes that despite its artistic failings , the film does hold a mandate around the world as the `` single most beloved entertainment ever produced '' . Judith Crist observes that , kitsch aside , the film is `` undoubtedly still the best and most durable piece of popular entertainment to have come off the Hollywood assembly lines '' , the product of a showman with `` taste and intelligence '' . Schlesinger notes that the first half of the film does have a `` sweep and vigor '' that aspire to its epic theme , but -- finding agreement with the film 's contemporary criticisms -- the personal lives take over in the second half , and it ends up losing its theme in unconvincing sentimentality . Kauffmann also finds interesting parallels with The Godfather , which had just replaced Gone with the Wind as the highest - grosser at the time : both were produced from `` ultra-American '' best - selling novels , both live within codes of honor that are romanticized , and both in essence offer cultural fabrication or revisionism . The critical perception of the film has shifted in the intervening years , which resulted in it being ranked 235th in Sight & Sound 's prestigious decennial critics poll in 2012 , and in 2015 sixty - two international film critics polled by the BBC voted it the 97th best American film . Industry recognition ( edit ) The film has featured in several high - profile industry polls : in 1977 it was voted the most popular film by the American Film Institute ( AFI ) , in a poll of the organization 's membership ; the AFI also ranked the film fourth on its `` 100 Greatest Movies '' list in 1998 , with it slipping down to sixth place in the tenth anniversary edition in 2007 . Film directors ranked it 322nd in the 2012 edition of the decennial Sight & Sound poll , and in 2016 it was selected as the ninth best `` directorial achievement '' in a Directors Guild of America members poll . In 2014 , it placed fifteenth in an extensive poll undertaken by The Hollywood Reporter , which ballotted every studio , agency , publicity firm and production house in the Hollywood region . Gone with the Wind was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the United States Library of Congress in 1989 for being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Analysis ( edit ) Racial criticism ( edit ) Gone with the Wind has been criticized as having perpetuated Civil War myths and black stereotypes . David Reynolds writes that `` The white women are elegant , their menfolk noble or at least dashing . And , in the background , the black slaves are mostly dutiful and content , clearly incapable of an independent existence . '' Reynolds likened Gone with the Wind to The Birth of a Nation and other re-imaginings of the South during the era of segregation , in which white Southerners are portrayed as defending traditional values and the issue of slavery is largely ignored . The film has been described as a `` regression '' that promotes the myth of the black rapist and the honourable and defensive role of the Ku Klux Klan during Reconstruction , and as a `` social propaganda '' film offering a `` white supremacist '' view of the past . From 1972 to 1996 , the Atlanta Historical Society held a number of Gone with the Wind exhibits , among them a 1994 exhibit titled , `` Disputed Territories : Gone with the Wind and Southern Myths '' . One of the questions explored by the exhibit was `` How True to Life Were the Slaves in GWTW ? '' This section showed slave experiences were diverse and concluded that the `` happy darky '' was a myth , as was the belief that all slaves experienced violence and brutality . W. Bryan Rommel Ruiz has argued that despite factual inaccuracies in its depiction of the Reconstruction period , Gone with the Wind nevertheless reflects contemporary interpretations that were common in the early 20th century . One such viewpoint is reflected in a brief scene in which Mammy fends off a leering freedman : a government official can be heard offering bribes to the emancipated slaves for their votes . The inference is taken to be that freedmen are ignorant about politics and unprepared for freedom , unwittingly becoming the tools of corrupt Reconstruction officials . While perpetuating some Lost Cause myths , the film makes concessions in regard to others . After the attack on Scarlett in the shanty town , a group of men including Scarlett 's husband Frank , Rhett Butler and Ashley raid the town ; in the novel they belong to the Ku Klux Klan , representing the common trope of protecting the white woman 's virtue , but the filmmakers consciously neutralize the presence of the Klan in the film by referring to it only as a `` political meeting '' . Thomas Cripps reasons that the film in some respects undercuts racial stereotypes ; in particular , the film created greater engagement between Hollywood and black audiences , with dozens of movies making small gestures in recognition of the emerging trend . Only a few weeks after its initial run , a story editor at Warner wrote a memorandum to Walter Wanger about Mississippi Belle , a script that contained the worst excesses of plantation films , suggesting that Gone with the Wind had made the film `` unproducible '' . More than any film since The Birth of a Nation , it unleashed a variety of social forces that foreshadowed an alliance of white liberals and blacks who encouraged the expectation that blacks would one day achieve equality . According to Cripps , the film eventually became a template for measuring social change . In 2017 , Gone with the Wind was pulled from the schedule at the Orpheum Theatre in Memphis , Tennessee after a 34 - year run of annual showings due to its perceived racially insensitive content . Depiction of marital rape ( edit ) One of the most notorious and widely condemned scenes in Gone with the Wind depicts what is now legally defined as `` marital rape '' . The scene begins with Scarlett and Rhett at the bottom of the staircase , where he begins to kiss her , refusing to be told ' no ' by the struggling and frightened Scarlett ; Rhett overcomes her resistance and carries her up the stairs to the bedroom , where the audience is left in no doubt that she will `` get what 's coming to her '' . The next scene , the following morning , shows Scarlett glowing with barely suppressed sexual satisfaction ; Rhett apologizes for his behavior , blaming it on his drinking . The scene has been accused of combining romance and rape by making them indistinguishable from each other , and of reinforcing a notion about forced sex : that women secretly enjoy it , and it is an acceptable way for a man to treat his wife . Molly Haskell has argued that nevertheless , women are mostly uncritical of the scene , and that by and large it is consistent with what women have in mind if they fantasize about being raped . Their fantasies revolve around love and romance rather than forced sex ; they will assume that Scarlett was not an unwilling sexual partner and wanted Rhett to take the initiative and insist on having sexual intercourse . Legacy ( edit ) First Archivist of the United States R.D.W. Connor receiving the film Gone with the Wind from Senator Walter F. George of Georgia ( on the left ) and Loew 's Eastern Division Manager Carter Barron , 1941 In popular culture ( edit ) Gone with the Wind and its production have been explicitly referenced , satirized , dramatized and analyzed on numerous occasions across a range of media , from contemporaneous works such as Second Fiddle -- a 1939 film spoofing the `` search for Scarlett '' -- to current television shows , such as The Simpsons . The Scarlett O'Hara War ( a 1980 television dramatization of the casting of Scarlett ) , Moonlight and Magnolias ( a 2007 play by Ron Hutchinson that dramatizes Ben Hecht 's five - day re-write of the script ) , and `` Went with the Wind ! '' ( a sketch on The Carol Burnett Show that parodied the film in the aftermath of its television debut in 1976 ) are among the more noteworthy examples of its enduring presence in popular culture . It was also the subject of a 1988 documentary , The Making of a Legend : Gone with the Wind , detailing the film 's difficult production history . In 1990 , the United States Postal Service issued a stamp depicting Clark Gable and Vivien Leigh embracing in a scene from the film . Sequel ( edit ) Following publication of her novel , Margaret Mitchell was inundated with requests for a sequel but claimed to not have a notion of what happened to Scarlett and Rhett , and that she had `` left them to their ultimate fate '' . Mitchell continued to resist pressure from Selznick and MGM to write a sequel until her death in 1949 . In 1975 , her brother , Stephens Mitchell ( who assumed control of her estate ) , authorized a sequel to be jointly produced by MGM and Universal Studios on a budget of $12 million . Anne Edwards was commissioned to write the sequel as a novel which would then be adapted into a screenplay , and published in conjunction with the film 's release . Edwards submitted a 775 - page manuscript entitled Tara , The Continuation of Gone with the Wind , set between 1872 and 1882 focusing on Scarlett 's divorce from Rhett ; MGM was not satisfied with the story and the deal collapsed . The idea was revived in the 1990s , when a sequel was finally produced in 1994 , in the form of a television miniseries . Scarlett was based upon the novel by Alexandra Ripley , itself a sequel to Mitchell 's book . British actors Joanne Whalley and Timothy Dalton were cast as Scarlett and Rhett , and the series follows Scarlett 's relocation to Ireland after again becoming pregnant by Rhett . See also ( edit ) List of films featuring slavery References ( edit ) Explanatory notes Jump up ^ Loews was the parent company of MGM . ^ Jump up to : The credits at the start of the film contain an error : George Reeves is listed `` as Brent Tarleton '' , but plays Stuart , while Fred Crane is listed `` as Stuart Tarleton '' , but plays Brent . Jump up ^ From a private letter from journalist and on - set technical advisor Susan Myrick to Margaret Mitchell in February 1939 : George ( Cukor ) finally told me all about it . He hated ( leaving the production ) very much he said but he could not do otherwise . In effect he said he is an honest craftsman and he can not do a job unless he knows it is a good job and he feels the present job is not right . For days , he told me he has looked at the rushes and felt he was failing ... the thing did not click as it should . Gradually he became convinced that the script was the trouble ... David ( Selznick ) , himself , thinks HE is writing the script ... And George has continually taken script from day to day , compared the ( Oliver ) Garrett - Selznick version with the ( Sidney ) Howard , groaned and tried to change some parts back to the Howard script . But he seldom could do much with the scene ... So George just told David he would not work any longer if the script was not better and he wanted the Howard script back . David told George he was a director -- not an author and he ( David ) was the producer and the judge of what is a good script ... George said he was a director and a damn good one and he would not let his name go out over a lousy picture ... And bull - headed David said `` OK get out ! '' Selznick had already been unhappy with Cukor ( `` a very expensive luxury '' ) for not being more receptive to directing other Selznick assignments , even though Cukor had remained on salary since early 1937 . In a confidential memo written in September 1938 , Selznick flirted with the idea of replacing him with Victor Fleming. Louis B. Mayer had been trying to have Cukor replaced with an MGM director since negotiations between the two studios began in May 1938 . In December 1938 , Selznick wrote to his wife about a phone call he had with Mayer : `` During the same conversation , your father made another stab at getting George off of Gone With the Wind . '' Jump up ^ Time also reports that Hell 's Angels ( 1930 ) -- directed by Howard Hughes -- cost more , but this was later revealed to be a fallacy ; the accounts for Hell 's Angels show it cost $2.8 million , but Hughes publicized it as costing $4 million , selling it to the media as the most expensive film ever made up to that point . Citations ^ Jump up to : `` Gone With the Wind '' . The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures . American Film Institute . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gomery , Douglas ; Pafort - Overduin , Clara ( 2011 ) . Movie History : A Survey ( 2nd ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . p. 144 . ISBN 9781136835254 . Jump up ^ Noland , Claire ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Mary Anderson dies at 96 ; actress had role in ' Gone With the Wind ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Friedrich , Otto ( 1986 ) . City of Nets : A Portrait of Hollywood in the 1940s . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . pp. 17 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 20949 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The Book Purchase '' . Gone With The Wind Online Exhibit . University of Texas at Austin : Harry Ransom Center . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Search for Scarlett : Chronology '' . Gone With The Wind Online Exhibit . University of Texas at Austin : Harry Ransom Center . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , Gavin ( February 1973 ) . `` The Making of Gone With The Wind , Part I '' . The Atlantic Monthly . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) -- Notes '' . TCM database . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Frank ; Stafford , Jeff . `` Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) -- Articles '' . TCM database . Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Search for Scarlett : Girls Tested for the Role of Scarlett '' . Gone With The Wind Online Exhibit . University of Texas at Austin : Harry Ransom Center . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Haver , Ronald ( 1980 ) . David O. Selznick 's Hollywood . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 42595 - 5 . Jump up ^ Pratt , William ( 1977 ) . Scarlett Fever . New York : Macmillan Publishers . pp. 73 -- 74 , 81 -- 83 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 598560 - 5 . Jump up ^ Walker , Marianne ( 2011 ) . Margaret Mitchell and John Marsh : The Love Story Behind Gone With the Wind . Peachtree Publishers . pp. 405 -- 406 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56145 - 617 - 8 . Jump up ^ Selznick , David O. ( January 7 , 1939 ) . `` The Search for Scarlett : Vivien Leigh -- Letter from David O. Selznick to Ed Sullivan '' . Gone With The Wind Online Exhibit . University of Texas at Austin : Harry Ransom Center . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Yeck , Joanne ( 1984 ) . Dictionary of Literary Biography . American Screenwriters . Gale . ^ Jump up to : Bartel , Pauline ( 1989 ) . The Complete Gone with the Wind Trivia Book : The Movie and More . Taylor Trade Publishing . pp. 64 -- 69 , 127 & 161 -- 172 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87833 - 619 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Selznick , David O. ( 1938 -- 1939 ) . Behlmer , Rudy , ed . Memo from David O. Selznick : the creation of Gone with the wind and other motion picture classics , as revealed in the producer 's private letters , telegrams , memorandums , and autobiographical remarks . New York : Modern Library ( published 2000 ) . pp. 179 -- 180 & 224 -- 225 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 75531 - 6 . Jump up ^ MacAdams , William ( 1990 ) . Ben Hecht . New York : Barricade Books . pp. 199 -- 201 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56980 - 028 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Myrick , Susan ( 1982 ) . White Columns in Hollywood : Reports from the GWTW Sets . Macon , Georgia : Mercer University Press . pp. 126 -- 127 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86554 - 044 - 6 . Jump up ^ Eyman , Scott ( 2005 ) . Lion of Hollywood : The Life and Legend of Louis B. Mayer . Robson Books . pp. 258 -- 259 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86105 - 892 - 8 . Jump up ^ Capua , Michelangelo ( 2003 ) . Vivien Leigh : A Biography . McFarland & Company . pp. 59 -- 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 1497 - 0 . Jump up ^ Turner , Adrian ( 1989 ) . A celebration of Gone with the wind . Dragon 's World . p. 114 . Jump up ^ Molt , Cynthia Marylee ( 1990 ) . Gone with the Wind on Film : A Complete Reference . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Company . pp. 272 -- 281 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89950 - 439 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bridges , Herb ( 1998 ) . The Filming of Gone with the Wind . Mercer University Press . PT4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86554 - 621 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinema : G With the W '' . Time . December 25 , 1939 . pp. 1 -- 2 & 7 . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eyman , Scott ( 1997 ) . The speed of sound : Hollywood and the talkie revolution , 1926 -- 1930 . Simon & Schuster . p. 253 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 81162 - 8 . Jump up ^ Leff , Leonard J. ; Simmons , Jerold L. ( 2001 ) . The Dame in the Kimono : Hollywood , Censorship , and the Production Code . University Press of Kentucky . p. 108 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Laurence E. ( 1998 ) . The Invisible Art of Film Music : A Comprehensive History . Scarecrow Press . pp. 52 -- 53 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 880157 - 56 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bell , Alison ( June 25 , 2010 ) . `` Inland Empire cities were once ' in ' with Hollywood for movie previews '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomson , David ( 1992 ) . Showman : The Life of David O. Selznick . New York : Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 56833 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , Gavin ( March 1973 ) . `` The Making of Gone With The Wind , Part II '' . The Atlantic Monthly . 265 ( 6 ) . pp. 56 -- 72 . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harris , Warren G. ( 2002 ) . Clark Gable : A Biography . Harmony Books . p. 211 . Jump up ^ Cravens , Hamilton ( 2009 ) . Great Depression : People and Perspectives . Perspectives in American Social History . ABC - CLIO . p. 221 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 093 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Schatz , Thomas ( 1999 ) ( 1st . pub. 1997 ) . Boom and Bust : American Cinema in the 1940s . Volume 6 of History of the American Cinema . University of California Press . pp. 65 -- 66 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22130 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Shearer , Lloyd ( October 26 , 1947 ) . `` GWTW : Supercolossal Saga of an Epic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Haver , Ronald ( 1993 ) . David O. Selznick 's Gone with the wind . New York : Random House . pp. 84 -- 85 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Ellen F. ; Wiley , John , Jr. ( 2011 ) . Margaret Mitchell 's Gone With the Wind : A Bestseller 's Odyssey from Atlanta to Hollywood . Taylor Trade Publications . pp. 287 , 293 & 322 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58979 - 527 - 3 . Jump up ^ Olson , James Stuart ( 2000 ) . Historical Dictionary of the 1950s . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 108 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30619 - 8 . Jump up ^ Block , Alex Ben ; Wilson , Lucy Autrey , eds. ( 2010 ) . George Lucas 's Blockbusting : A Decade - By - Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success . HarperCollins . pp. 220 -- 221 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 177889 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Krämer , Peter ( 2005 ) . The New Hollywood : From Bonnie And Clyde To Star Wars . Short Cuts. 30 . Wallflower Press . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904764 - 58 - 8 . Jump up ^ Andrew , Geoff . `` Gone with the Wind '' . British Film Institute . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fristoe , Roger . `` Gone with the Wind : 75th Anniversary -- Screenings and Events '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Clark , Kenneth R. ( September 29 , 1988 ) . `` Tnt Rides In On ' Gone With Wind ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Robert , Osborne . `` Robert Osborne on TCM 's 15th Anniversary '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Nugent , Frank S. ( December 20 , 1939 ) . `` The Screen in Review ; David Selznick 's ' Gone With the Wind ' Has Its Long - Awaited Premiere at Astor and Capitol , Recalling Civil War and Plantation Days of South -- Seen as Treating Book With Great Fidelity '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hoellering , Franz ( 1939 ) . `` Gone With the Wind '' . The Nation ( published December 16 , 2008 ) . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Flinn , John C. , Sr. ( December 20 , 1939 ) . `` Gone With the Wind '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2013 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` From the archive , 28 May 1940 : Gone with the wind at the Gaiety '' . The Manchester Guardian ( published May 28 , 2010 ) . May 28 , 1940 . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New York Film Critics Circle Awards -- 1939 Awards '' . New York Film Critics Circle . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Results page -- 1939 ( 12th ) '' . Academy Awards database . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2013 . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Randall , David ; Clark , Heather ( February 24 , 2013 ) . `` Oscars -- cinema 's Golden Night : The ultimate bluffer 's guide to Hollywood 's big night '' . The Independent . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cutler , David ( February 22 , 2013 ) . Goldsmith , Belinda ; Zargham , Mohammad , eds . `` Factbox : Key historical facts about the Academy Awards '' . Reuters . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beyond the Page : Famous Quotes '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Tim . `` Academy Awards : Best Picture -- Facts & Trivia '' . Filmsite.org . AMC Networks . p. 2 . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kim , Wook ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` 17 Unusual Oscar Records -- Longest Film ( Running Time ) to Win an Award : 431 Minutes '' . Time . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Haskell , Molly ( 2010 ) . Frankly , My Dear : Gone With the Wind Revisited . Icons of America . Yale University Press . pp. 213 -- 214 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16437 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Lupack , Barbara Tepa ( 2002 ) . Literary Adaptations in Black American Cinema : From Oscar Micheaux to Toni Morrison . University of Rochester Press . pp. 209 -- 211 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58046 - 103 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , David ( 2009 ) . America , Empire of Liberty : A New History . Penguin UK . pp. 241 -- 242 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 190856 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Young , John ( February 5 , 2010 ) . `` ' Avatar ' vs. ' Gone With the Wind '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About the 1940 Census '' . Official 1940 Census Website . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` London Movie Doings '' . The New York Times . June 25 , 1944 . X3 . ^ Jump up to : Finler , Joel Waldo ( 2003 ) . The Hollywood Story . Wallflower Press . pp. 47 , 356 -- 363 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903364 - 66 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Show Business : Record Wind '' . Time . February 19 , 1940 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2010 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stokes , Melvyn ( 2008 ) . D.W. Griffith 's the Birth of a Nation : A History of the Most Controversial Motion Picture of All Time . Oxford University Press . pp. 119 & 287 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533678 - 8 . Jump up ^ Grieveson , Lee ( 2004 ) . Policing Cinema : Movies and Censorship in Early - Twentieth - Century America . University of California Press . p. 308 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 23966 - 1 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( August 1 , 1963 ) . `` Movie Finances Are No Longer Hidden From Scrutiny '' . The Robesonian . Associated Press . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Berkowitz , Edward D. ( 2010 ) . Mass Appeal : The Formative Age of the Movies , Radio , and TV . Cambridge Essential Histories . Cambridge University Press . p. 160 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88908 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hall , Sheldon ; Neale , Stephen ( 2010 ) . Epics , spectacles , and blockbusters : a Hollywood history . Wayne State University Press . pp. 181 -- 182 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8143 - 3008 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Bob ( May 6 , 1971 ) . `` Reissues playing big role in movie marketing today '' . The Register - Guard . Associated Press . p. 9E . Jump up ^ Kay , Eddie Dorman ( 1990 ) . Box office champs : the most popular movies of the last 50 years . Random House Value Publishing . p. 92 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 69212 - 7 . Jump up ^ Akhmatova , Anna ( 1973 ) . `` Gone With the Wind '' . The Atlantic Monthly . 231 . p. 2 . As of the end of 1971 , GWTW stood as the all - time money - drawing movie , with a take of $116 million , and , with this year 's reissues , it should continue to run ahead of the second place contender and all - time kaffee - mit - schlag spectacle . Jump up ^ `` Domestic Grosses -- Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gone with the Wind tops film list '' . BBC News . November 28 , 2004 . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Ultimate Film Chart '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top 250 tous les temps en France ( Reprises incluses ) '' . JP 's Box - Office . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gone with the Wind '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Highest box office film gross -- inflation adjusted '' . Guinness World Records . 2014 . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Corso , Regina A. ( February 21 , 2008 ) . `` Frankly My Dear , The Force is With Them as Gone With the Wind and Star Wars are the Top Two All Time Favorite Movies '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Harris Interactive . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 14 , 2013 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shannon - Missal , Larry ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Gone but Not Forgotten : Gone with the Wind is Still America 's Favorite Movie '' ( Press release ) . Harris Interactive . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... The Complete Lists '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Schlesinger , Arthur ( March 1973 ) . `` Time , alas , has treated Gone With the Wind cruelly '' . The Atlantic Monthly . 231 ( 3 ) . p. 64 . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Schickel , Richard ( March 1973 ) . `` Glossy , Sentimental , Chuckle - headed '' . The Atlantic Monthly . 231 ( 3 ) . p. 71 . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kauffman , Stanley ( March 1973 ) . `` The Romantic Is Still Popular '' . The Atlantic Monthly . 231 ( 3 ) . p. 61 . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sarris , Andrew ( March 1973 ) . `` This moviest of All Movies '' . The Atlantic Monthly . 231 ( 3 ) . p. 58 . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Crist , Judith ( March 1973 ) . `` Glorious Excesses '' . The Atlantic Monthly . 231 ( 3 ) . p. 67 . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Votes for Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) '' . British Film Institute . 2012 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ BBC Culture ( July 20 , 2015 ) . `` The 100 greatest American films '' . BBC . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies '' . American Film Institute . June 1998 . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) '' . American Film Institute . June 20 , 2007 . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 80 Best - Directed Films '' . Directors Guild of America . Spring 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood 's 100 Favorite Films '' . The Hollywood Reporter . June 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Film Preservation Board : Film Registry -- Complete National Film Registry Listing '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Film Preservation Board : Film Registry -- Nominate '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vera , Hernán ; Gordon , Andrew Mark ( 2003 ) . Screen Saviors : Hollywood Fictions of Whiteness . Rowman & Littlefield . p. viii & 102 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8476 - 9947 - 6 . Jump up ^ Silk , Catherine ; Silk , Johnk ( 1990 ) . Racism and Anti-Racism in American Popular Culture : Portrayals of African - Americans in Fiction and Film . Manchester University Press . p. 141 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 3070 - 3 . Jump up ^ Dickey , Jennifer W. ( 2014 ) . A Tough Little Patch of History : Gone with the Wind and the politics of memory . University of Arkansas Press . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55728 - 657 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , W. Bryan Rommel ( 2010 ) . American History Goes to the Movies : Hollywood and the American Experience . Taylor & Francis . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 83373 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Smyth , J.E. ( 2006 ) . Reconstructing American Historical Cinema : From Cimarron to Citizen Kane . University Press of Kentucky . p. 164 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 7147 - 0 . Jump up ^ Savitsky , Sasha ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gone With the Wind ' screenings pulled from Memphis theater for racially ' insensitive ' content '' . Fox News . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Guardian staff and agencies ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Theatre in Memphis pulls ' racially insensitive ' Gone With the Wind '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , John ; Haenni , Sabine , eds. ( 2009 ) . Fifty Key American Films . Routledge Key Guides . Routledge . p. 59 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 89113 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hickok , Eugene W. , Jr. ( 1991 ) . The Bill of Rights : Original Meaning and Current Understanding . University of Virginia Press . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 1336 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Paludi , Michele A. ( 2012 ) . The Psychology of Love . Women 's Psychology . 2 . ABC - CLIO . p. xxvi . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 39315 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Allison , Julie A. ; Wrightsman , Lawrence S. ( 1993 ) . Rape : The Misunderstood Crime ( 2 ed . ) . Sage Publications . p. 90 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8039 - 3707 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Pagelow , Mildred Daley ; Pagelow , Lloyd W. ( 1984 ) . Family Violence . Praeger special studies . ABC - CLIO . p. 420 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 91623 - 7 . Jump up ^ Frus , Phyllis ( 2001 ) . `` Documenting Domestic Violence in American Films '' . In Slocum , J. David . Violence in American Cinema . Afi Film Readers . Routledge . p. 231 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 92810 - 6 . Jump up ^ Nugent , Frank S. ( July 1 , 1939 ) . `` Second Fiddle ( 1939 ) The Screen ; ' Second Fiddle , ' With Tyrone Power and Sonja Heine , Opens at the Roxy -- Reports on New Foreign Films '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gómez - Galisteo , M. Carmen ( 2011 ) . The Wind Is Never Gone : Sequels , Parodies and Rewritings of Gone with the Wind . McFarland & Company . p. 173 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5927 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Scarlett O'Hara War ( 1980 ) '' . Allmovie . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Charles ( October 8 , 2007 ) . `` Moonlight and Magnolias : Comedy captures the birth of a movie classic '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thames , Stephanie . `` The Making Of A Legend : Gone With The Wind ( 1988 ) -- Articles '' . TCM database . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McAllister , Bill ( March 5 , 1990 ) . `` Postal Service Goes Hollywood , Puts Legendary Stars on Stamp '' . The Daily Gazette . p . B9 . Jump up ^ `` Scarlett ( 1994 ) '' . Allmovie . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Further reading Bridges , Herb ( 1999 ) . Gone with the Wind : The Three - Day Premiere in Atlanta . Mercer University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86554 - 672 - 1 . Cameron , Judy ; Christman , Paul J ( 1989 ) . The Art of Gone with the Wind : The Making of a Legend . Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 046740 - 9 . Harmetz , Aljean ( 1996 ) . On the Road to Tara : The Making of Gone with the Wind . New York : Harry N. Abrams . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 3684 - 3 . Lambert , Gavin ( 1973 ) . GWTW : The Making of Gone With the Wind . New York : Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 51284 - 8 . Vertrees , Alan David ( 1997 ) . Selznick 's Vision : Gone with the Wind and Hollywood Filmmaking . University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 78729 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gone with the Wind ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gone with the Wind ( film ) Gone with the Wind on IMDb Gone with the Wind at the TCM Movie Database Gone with the Wind at the TCM Mediaroom William Hartsfield and Russell Bellman premiere films at the Atlanta History Center . Gone with the Wind Online Exhibit at the Harry Ransom Center Gone With the Wind article series at The Atlantic Gone with the Wind at Rotten Tomatoes Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell Characters Scarlett O'Hara Rhett Butler Ashley Wilkes Melanie Hamilton India Wilkes Adaptations Gone with the Wind ( film ) Scarlett ( musical ) Autant en emporte le vent Gone with the Wind ( musical ) Related works The Making of a Legend : Gone with the Wind Scarlett ( novel ) Scarlett ( miniseries ) The Wind Done Gone Rhett Butler 's People The Scarlett O'Hara War `` Went with the Wind ! '' Related `` Frankly , my dear , I do n't give a damn '' Tara plantation Twelve Oaks Margaret Mitchell House and Museum Suntrust Bank v. Houghton Mifflin Co . Filmography of David O. Selznick Roulette ( 1924 ) Forgotten Faces ( 1928 ) Chinatown Nights ( 1929 ) Betrayal ( 1929 ) The Man I Love ( 1929 ) The Four Feathers ( 1929 ) Street of Chance ( 1930 ) What Price Hollywood ? ( 1932 ) A Bill of Divorcement ( 1932 ) Rockabye ( 1932 ) The Animal Kingdom ( 1932 ) Topaze ( 1933 ) Our Betters ( 1933 ) Christopher Strong ( 1933 ) Dinner at Eight ( 1933 ) Night Flight ( 1933 ) Meet the Baron ( 1933 ) Dancing Lady ( 1933 ) Viva Villa ! ( 1934 ) Manhattan Melodrama ( 1934 ) David Copperfield ( 1935 ) Vanessa : Her Love Story ( 1935 ) Reckless ( 1935 ) Anna Karenina ( 1935 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1935 ) Little Lord Fauntleroy ( 1936 ) The Garden of Allah ( 1936 ) A Star Is Born ( 1937 ) The Prisoner of Zenda ( 1937 ) Nothing Sacred ( 1937 ) The Adventures of Tom Sawyer ( 1938 ) The Young in Heart ( 1938 ) Made for Each Other ( 1939 ) Intermezzo : A Love Story ( 1939 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) Reward Unlimited ( 1944 , short ) Since You Went Away ( 1944 ) I 'll Be Seeing You ( 1945 ) Spellbound ( 1945 ) Duel in the Sun ( 1946 ) The Paradine Case ( 1948 ) Portrait of Jennie ( 1948 ) The Third Man ( 1949 ) Gone to Earth ( 1950 ) Stazione Termini ( 1954 ) Light 's Diamond Jubilee ( 1954 , TV ) A Farewell to Arms ( 1957 ) Films directed by Victor Fleming When the Clouds Roll by ( 1919 ) The Mollycoddle ( 1920 ) Mama 's Affair ( 1921 ) Woman 's Place ( 1921 ) The Lane That Had No Turning ( 1922 ) Red Hot Romance ( 1922 ) Anna Ascends ( 1922 ) Dark Secrets ( 1923 ) Law of the Lawless ( 1923 ) To the Last Man ( 1923 ) The Call of the Canyon ( 1923 ) Code of the Sea ( 1924 ) Empty Hands ( 1924 ) The Devil 's Cargo ( 1925 ) Adventure ( 1925 ) A Son of His Father ( 1925 ) Lord Jim ( 1925 ) The Blind Goddess ( 1926 ) Mantrap ( 1926 ) The Way of All Flesh ( 1927 ) Hula ( 1927 ) The Rough Riders ( 1927 ) Abie 's Irish Rose ( 1928 ) The Awakening ( 1928 ) Wolf Song ( 1929 ) The Virginian ( 1929 ) Common Clay ( 1930 ) Renegades ( 1930 ) Around the World in 80 Minutes with Douglas Fairbanks ( 1931 ) Red Dust ( 1932 ) The Wet Parade ( 1932 ) Treasure Island ( 1934 ) Reckless ( 1935 ) The Farmer Takes a Wife ( 1935 ) Captains Courageous ( 1937 ) Test Pilot ( 1938 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1941 ) Tortilla Flat ( 1942 ) A Guy Named Joe ( 1943 ) Adventure ( 1945 ) Joan of Arc ( 1948 ) Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1932 / 33 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Sting ( 1973 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Rocky ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Braveheart ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or : ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) VIAF : 316751645 LCCN : n79066095 GND : 4157913 - 6 SUDOC : 029532302 BNF : cb121139094 ( data ) BNE : XX3849848 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)&oldid=827450607 '' Categories : 1939 films English - language films Works based on Gone with the Wind 1930s historical films 1930s romance films 1930s romantic drama films American films American Civil War films American epic films Epic films based on actual events American romantic drama films Best Picture Academy Award winners Culture of Atlanta Films scored by Max Steiner Films about American slavery Films about revenge Films based on American novels Films directed by Victor Fleming Films featuring a Best Actress Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award - winning performance Films produced by David O. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did gone with the wind receives ten academy awards | [
"The film received positive reviews upon its release, in December 1939, although some reviewers found it overlong. The casting was widely praised, and many reviewers found Leigh especially suited to her role as Scarlett. At the 12th Academy Awards, it received ten Academy Awards (eight competitive, two honorary) from thirteen nominations, including wins for Best Picture, Best Director (Fleming), Best Adapted Screenplay (posthumously awarded to Sidney Howard), Best Actress (Leigh), and Best Supporting Actress (Hattie McDaniel, becoming the first African American to win an Academy Award). It set records for the total number of wins and nominations at the time. The film was immensely popular, becoming the highest-earning film made up to that point, and held the record for over a quarter of a century. When adjusted for monetary inflation, it is still the most successful film in box-office history."
] | [
"At the 12th Academy Awards"
] |
-5326174402264617009 | List of National Football League career passing yards leaders | List of National Football League career passing yards Leaders - wikipedia List of National Football League career passing yards Leaders Jump to : navigation , search NFL lists Current season ( show ) 2017 season Quarterbacks ( show ) Starting quarterbacks by touchdowns / touchdowns ( playoffs ) / yardage / 5000 yard seasons / completion / wins by team BUF MIA NE NYJ BAL CIN CLE PIT HOU IND JAX TEN DEN KC LAC OAK DAL NYG PHI WAS CHI DET GB MIN ATL CAR NO TB ARI LAR SF SEA Most wins Playoff records Most consecutive starts Most consecutive games with touchdown pass Win -- loss records 2012 Running backs ( show ) Career rushing attempts leaders Career rushing yards leaders Career rushing touchdowns leaders Annual rushing yards leaders Annual rushing touchdowns leaders 2,000 - yard club 1,000 - yard duos Receivers ( show ) Career receptions leaders Career receiving yards leaders Career receiving touchdowns leaders Annual receptions leaders Annual receiving yards leaders Annual receiving touchdowns leaders Defense ( show ) Career sacks leaders Annual sacks leaders Career interceptions leaders Annual interceptions leaders Special teams ( show ) Longest field goals Career field goals leaders Career punting yards leaders Career punt return yards leaders Career kickoff return yards leaders Annual field goals leaders Annual punting yards leaders Annual punt return yards leaders Annual kickoff return yards leaders Other lists ( show ) Most consecutive starts ( and games played ) Career all - purpose yards leaders Career scoring leaders Brett Favre 's career achievements Peyton Manning 's career achievements This is a list of National Football League quarterbacks by total career passing yards . This list includes all quarterbacks who have thrown for at least 30,000 career passing yards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Players with at least 30,000 passing yards 2 Active players with 25,000 -- 29,999 yards 3 Historical passing yards leaders 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Players with at least 30,000 passing yards ( edit ) Key Inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame * Denotes player who is still active in the NFL Through end of 2017 season . Rank Player Team ( s ) by season Yards Manning , Peyton Peyton Manning Indianapolis Colts ( 1998 -- 2011 ) Denver Broncos ( 2012 -- 2015 ) 71,940 Favre , Brett Brett Favre Atlanta Falcons ( 1991 ) Green Bay Packers ( 1992 -- 2007 ) New York Jets ( 2008 ) Minnesota Vikings ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 71,838 Brees , Drew Drew Brees San Diego Chargers ( 2001 -- 2005 ) New Orleans Saints ( 2006 -- present ) 70,445 Brady , Tom Tom Brady New England Patriots ( 2000 -- present ) 66,159 5 Marino , Dan Dan Marino Miami Dolphins ( 1983 -- 1999 ) 61,361 6 Manning , Eli Eli Manning New York Giants ( 2004 -- present ) 51,682 7 Elway , John John Elway Denver Broncos ( 1983 -- 1998 ) 51,475 8 Roethlisberger , Ben Ben Roethlisberger Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2004 -- present ) 51,065 9 Rivers , Philip Philip Rivers San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers ( 2004 -- present ) 50,348 10 Moon , Warren Warren Moon Houston Oilers ( 1984 -- 1993 ) Minnesota Vikings ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Seattle Seahawks ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 49,325 11 Tarkenton , Fran Fran Tarkenton Minnesota Vikings ( 1961 -- 1966 , 1972 -- 1978 ) New York Giants ( 1967 -- 1971 ) 47,003 12 Palmer , Carson Carson Palmer Cincinnati Bengals ( 2003 -- 2010 ) Oakland Raiders ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Arizona Cardinals ( 2013 -- 2017 ) 46,247 13 Testaverde , Vinny Vinny Testaverde Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1987 -- 1992 ) Cleveland Browns ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Baltimore Ravens ( 1996 -- 1997 ) New York Jets ( 1998 -- 2003 , 2005 ) Dallas Cowboys ( 2004 ) New England Patriots ( 2006 ) Carolina Panthers ( 2007 ) 46,233 14 Bledsoe , Drew Drew Bledsoe New England Patriots ( 1993 -- 2001 ) Buffalo Bills ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Dallas Cowboys ( 2005 -- 2006 ) 44,611 15 Fouts , Dan Dan Fouts San Diego Chargers ( 1973 -- 1987 ) 43,040 16 Ryan , Matt Matt Ryan Atlanta Falcons ( 2008 -- present ) 41,796 17 Collins , Kerry Kerry Collins Carolina Panthers ( 1995 -- 1998 ) ) New Orleans Saints ( 1998 ) New York Giants ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Oakland Raiders ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Tennessee Titans ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Indianapolis Colts ( 2011 ) 40,922 18 Montana , Joe Joe Montana San Francisco 49ers ( 1979 -- 1992 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 1993 -- 1994 ) 40,551 19 Unitas , Johnny Johnny Unitas Baltimore Colts ( 1956 -- 1972 ) San Diego Chargers ( 1973 ) 40,239 20 Rodgers , Aaron Aaron Rodgers Green Bay Packers ( 2005 -- present ) 38,502 21 Krieg , Dave Dave Krieg Seattle Seahawks ( 1980 -- 1991 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Detroit Lions ( 1994 ) Arizona Cardinals ( 1995 ) Chicago Bears ( 1996 ) Tennessee Oilers ( 1997 -- 1998 ) 38,147 22 Esiason , Boomer Boomer Esiason Cincinnati Bengals ( 1984 -- 1992 ) New York Jets ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Arizona Cardinals ( 1996 ) Cincinnati Bengals ( 1997 ) 37,920 23 McNabb , Donovan Donovan McNabb Philadelphia Eagles ( 1999 -- 2009 ) Washington Redskins ( 2010 ) Minnesota Vikings ( 2011 ) 37,276 24 Hasselbeck , Matt Matt Hasselbeck Green Bay Packers ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Seattle Seahawks ( 2001 -- 2010 ) Tennessee Titans ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Indianapolis Colts ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 36,638 25 Flacco , Joe Joe Flacco Baltimore Ravens ( 2008 -- present ) 35,780 26 Kelly , Jim Jim Kelly Buffalo Bills ( 1986 -- 1996 ) 35,467 27 Cutler , Jay Jay Cutler Denver Broncos ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Chicago Bears ( 2009 -- 2016 ) Miami Dolphins ( 2017 ) 35,133 28 Everett , Jim Jim Everett Los Angeles Rams ( 1986 -- 1993 ) New Orleans Saints ( 1994 -- 1996 ) San Diego Chargers ( 1997 ) 34,837 29 Stafford , Matthew Matthew Stafford Detroit Lions ( 2009 -- present ) 34,749 30 Hart , Jim Jim Hart St. Louis Cardinals ( 1966 -- 1983 Washington Redskins 1984 ) 34,665 31 DeBerg , Steve Steve DeBerg San Francisco 49ers ( 1978 -- 1980 ) Denver Broncos ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1984 -- 1987 , 1992 -- 1993 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Miami Dolphins ( 1993 ) Atlanta Falcons ( 1998 ) 34,241 32 Romo , Tony Tony Romo Dallas Cowboys ( 2003 -- 2016 ) 34,183 33 Hadl , John John Hadl San Diego Chargers ( 1962 -- 1972 ) Los Angeles Rams ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Green Bay Packers ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Houston Oilers ( 1976 -- 1977 ) 33,503 34 Simms , Phil Phil Simms New York Giants ( 1979 -- 1993 ) 33,462 35 Young , Steve Steve Young Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1985 -- 1986 San Francisco 49ers ( 1987 -- 1999 ) 33,124 36 Aikman , Troy Troy Aikman Dallas Cowboys ( 1989 -- 2000 ) 32,942 37 Anderson , Ken Ken Anderson Cincinnati Bengals ( 1971 -- 1986 ) 32,838 38 Warner , Kurt Kurt Warner St. Louis Rams ( 1998 -- 2003 ) New York Giants ( 2004 ) Arizona Cardinals ( 2005 -- 2009 ) 32,344 39 Jurgensen , Sonny Sonny Jurgensen Philadelphia Eagles ( 1957 -- 1963 ) Washington Redskins ( 1964 -- 1974 ) 32,224 40 Brunell , Mark Mark Brunell Green Bay Packers ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Jacksonville Jaguars ( 1995 -- 2003 ) Washington Redskins ( 2004 -- 2006 ) New Orleans Saints ( 2008 -- 2009 ) New York Jets ( 2010 -- 2011 ) 32,072 41 Smith , Alex Alex Smith San Francisco 49ers ( 2005 -- 2012 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Washington Redskins ( 2018 -- present ) 31,888 42 Brodie , John John Brodie San Francisco 49ers ( 1957 -- 1973 ) 31,548 43 McNair , Steve Steve McNair Houston / Tennessee Oilers / Titans ( 1995 -- 2005 ) Baltimore Ravens ( 2006 -- 2007 ) 31,304 44 Snead , Norm Norm Snead Washington Redskins ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Philadelphia Eagles ( 1964 -- 1970 ) Minnesota Vikings ( 1971 ) New York Giants ( 1972 -- 1974 , 1976 ) San Francisco 49ers ( 1974 -- 1975 ) 30,797 Note : Y.A. Tittle passed for 33,070 yards in his professional career . However , 4,731 of those yards came in the All - America Football Conference ( AAFC ) . The NFL does not recognize statistics and records accrued in the AAFC . As such , his career passing yards total in the NFL stands at 28,339 . Active players with 25,000 -- 29,999 yards ( edit ) Through end of 2017 season ; numbers in yards Ryan Fitzpatrick , 26,991 Andy Dalton , 25,756 Cam Newton , 25,254 Historical passing yards Leaders ( edit ) Nine players are recognized as having held the record as the NFL 's career passing yardage leader . The longest record holder was Fran Tarkenton who held the record for 19 years . Reign Player Team ( s ) by season Yards 1932 -- 1943 ( 11 years ) Arnie Herber Green Bay Packers ( 1930 -- 1940 ) New York Giants ( 1944 -- 1945 ) 8,041 1943 -- 1959 ( 16 years ) Sammy Baugh Washington Redskins ( 1937 - 1952 ) 21,886 1959 -- 1964 ( 5 years ) Bobby Layne Chicago Bears ( 1948 ) New York Bulldogs ( 1949 ) Detroit Lions ( 1950 -- 1958 ) Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1958 -- 1962 ) 26,768 1964 -- 1967 ( 3 years ) Y.A. Tittle Baltimore Colts ( 1948 -- 1950 ) San Francisco 49ers ( 1951 -- 1960 ) New York Giants ( 1961 -- 1964 ) 28,339 1967 -- 1976 ( 9 years ) Johnny Unitas Baltimore Colts ( 1956 -- 1972 ) San Diego Chargers ( 1973 ) 40,239 1976 -- 1995 ( 19 years ) Fran Tarkenton Minnesota Vikings ( 1961 -- 1966 ) New York Giants ( 1967 -- 1971 ) Minnesota Vikings ( 1972 -- 1978 ) 47,003 1995 -- 2007 ( 12 years ) Dan Marino Miami Dolphins ( 1983 -- 1999 ) 61,361 2007 -- 2015 ( 8 years ) Brett Favre Atlanta Falcons ( 1991 ) Green Bay Packers ( 1992 -- 2007 ) New York Jets ( 2008 ) Minnesota Vikings ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 71,838 2015 -- present ( 2 years ) Peyton Manning Indianapolis Colts ( 1998 -- 2011 ) Denver Broncos ( 2012 -- 2015 ) 71,940 See also ( edit ) List of most wins by a National Football League starting quarterback List of National Football League career passing touchdowns leaders List of National Football League career passing completions leaders List of National Football League records ( individual ) List of gridiron football quarterbacks passing statistics Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Collins was traded during the 1998 season ; he played four games for the Panthers and seven for the Saints . Jump up ^ DeBerg was traded during the 1993 season ; he played three games for the Buccaneers and eight for the Dolphins . Jump up ^ Hadl was traded during the 1974 season ; he played six games for the Rams and eight for the Packers . References ( edit ) General `` NFL Passing Yards Career Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . Footnotes Jump up ^ Pavlick , Ed ( 1980 ) . `` Pro Football Records Should Include the AAFC '' ( PDF ) . The Coffin Corner . Professional Football Researchers Association . 2 ( 7 ) . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Jerry ( 2015 ) . Pass Receiving in Early Pro Football : A History to the 1960s ( illustrated ed . ) . McFarland . p. 137 . ISBN 078649946X . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Y.A. Tittle '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Bryan Frye ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` History of the Career Passing Yards Record '' . Grid Fe . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . ( hide ) National Football League records and leaders General Super Bowl records Team playoff records Team records Individual records Games played Consecutive games and starts 99 - yard pass play All - purpose yards Scoring Passing Career Touchdowns Regular season Playoffs Yards 5,000 passing yards Completions Passer rating Wins Playoff win -- loss records Consecutive starts Consecutive games with a TD pass Annual Touchdowns Yards Completion percentage Rating Game Touchdowns Perfect passer rating 400 passing yards Rushing Career Touchdowns Yards Attempts Annual Touchdowns Yards 2,000 - yard club 1,000 - yard duos Receiving Career Touchdowns Yards Receptions Annual Touchdowns Yards Receptions Defense Career Sacks Interceptions Annual Sacks Interceptions Special teams Annual Punting yards Punt return yards Kickoff return yards Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Football_League_career_passing_yards_leaders&oldid=832926971 '' Categories : National Football League records and achievements American football quarterbacks Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 18 : 38 . About Wikipedia | who holds the most passing yards in the nfl | [
"\n\nRank\nPlayer\nTeam(s) by season\nYards\n\n\n1\nManning, PeytonPeyton Manning\nIndianapolis Colts (1998–2011)\nDenver Broncos (2012–2015)\n71,940\n\n\n2\nFavre, BrettBrett Favre^\nAtlanta Falcons (1991)\nGreen Bay Packers (1992–2007)\nNew York Jets (2008)\nMinnesota Vikings (2009–2010)\n71,838\n\n\n3\nBrees, DrewDrew Brees*\nSan Diego Chargers (2001–2005)\nNew Orleans Saints (2006–present)\n70,445\n\n\n4\nBrady, TomTom Brady*\nNew England Patriots (2000–present)\n66,159\n\n\n5\nMarino, DanDan Marino^\nMiami Dolphins (1983–1999)\n61,361\n\n\n6\nManning, EliEli Manning*\nNew York Giants (2004–present)\n51,682\n\n\n7\nElway, JohnJohn Elway^\nDenver Broncos (1983–1998)\n51,475\n\n\n8\nRoethlisberger, BenBen Roethlisberger*\nPittsburgh Steelers (2004–present)\n51,065\n\n\n9\nRivers, PhilipPhilip Rivers*\nSan Diego/Los Angeles Chargers (2004–present)\n50,348\n\n\n10\nMoon, WarrenWarren Moon^\nHouston Oilers (1984–1993)\nMinnesota Vikings (1994–1996)\nSeattle Seahawks (1997–1998)\nKansas City Chiefs (1999–2000)\n49,325\n\n\n11\nTarkenton, FranFran Tarkenton^\nMinnesota Vikings (1961–1966, 1972–1978)\nNew York Giants (1967–1971)\n47,003\n\n\n12\nPalmer, CarsonCarson Palmer\nCincinnati Bengals (2003–2010)\nOakland Raiders (2011–2012)\nArizona Cardinals (2013–2017)\n46,247\n\n\n13\nTestaverde, VinnyVinny Testaverde\nTampa Bay Buccaneers (1987–1992)\nCleveland Browns (1993–1995)\nBaltimore Ravens (1996–1997)\nNew York Jets (1998–2003, 2005)\nDallas Cowboys (2004)\nNew England Patriots (2006)\nCarolina Panthers (2007)\n46,233\n\n\n14\nBledsoe, DrewDrew Bledsoe\nNew England Patriots (1993–2001)\nBuffalo Bills (2002–2004)\nDallas Cowboys (2005–2006)\n44,611\n\n\n15\nFouts, DanDan Fouts^\nSan Diego Chargers (1973–1987)\n43,040\n\n\n16\nRyan, MattMatt Ryan*\nAtlanta Falcons (2008–present)\n41,796\n\n\n17\nCollins, KerryKerry Collins\nCarolina Panthers (1995–1998)[a])\nNew Orleans Saints (1998)\nNew York Giants (1999–2003)\nOakland Raiders (2004–2005)\nTennessee Titans (2006–2010)\nIndianapolis Colts (2011)\n40,922\n\n\n18\nMontana, JoeJoe Montana^\nSan Francisco 49ers (1979–1992)\nKansas City Chiefs (1993–1994)\n40,551\n\n\n19\nUnitas, JohnnyJohnny Unitas^\nBaltimore Colts (1956–1972)\nSan Diego Chargers (1973)\n40,239\n\n\n20\nRodgers, AaronAaron Rodgers*\nGreen Bay Packers (2005–present)\n38,502\n\n\n21\nKrieg, DaveDave Krieg\nSeattle Seahawks (1980–1991)\nKansas City Chiefs (1992–1993)\nDetroit Lions (1994)\nArizona Cardinals (1995)\nChicago Bears (1996)\nTennessee Oilers (1997–1998)\n38,147\n\n\n22\nEsiason, BoomerBoomer Esiason\nCincinnati Bengals (1984–1992)\nNew York Jets (1993–1995)\nArizona Cardinals (1996)\nCincinnati Bengals (1997)\n37,920\n\n\n23\nMcNabb, DonovanDonovan McNabb\nPhiladelphia Eagles (1999–2009)\nWashington Redskins (2010)\nMinnesota Vikings (2011)\n37,276\n\n\n24\nHasselbeck, MattMatt Hasselbeck\nGreen Bay Packers (1998–2000)\nSeattle Seahawks (2001–2010)\nTennessee Titans (2011–2012)\nIndianapolis Colts (2013–2015)\n36,638\n\n\n25\nFlacco, JoeJoe Flacco*\nBaltimore Ravens (2008–present)\n35,780\n\n\n26\nKelly, JimJim Kelly^\nBuffalo Bills (1986–1996)\n35,467\n\n\n27\nCutler, JayJay Cutler\nDenver Broncos (2006–2008)\nChicago Bears (2009–2016)\nMiami Dolphins (2017)\n35,133\n\n\n28\nEverett, JimJim Everett\nLos Angeles Rams (1986–1993)\nNew Orleans Saints (1994–1996)\nSan Diego Chargers (1997)\n34,837\n\n\n29\nStafford, MatthewMatthew Stafford*\nDetroit Lions (2009–present)\n34,749\n\n\n30\nHart, JimJim Hart\nSt. Louis Cardinals (1966–1983\nWashington Redskins 1984)\n34,665\n\n\n31\nDeBerg, SteveSteve DeBerg\nSan Francisco 49ers (1978–1980)\nDenver Broncos (1981–1983)\nTampa Bay Buccaneers (1984–1987, 1992–1993[b])\nKansas City Chiefs (1988–1991)\nMiami Dolphins (1993)\nAtlanta Falcons (1998)\n34,241\n\n\n32\nRomo, TonyTony Romo\nDallas Cowboys (2003–2016)\n34,183\n\n\n33\nHadl, JohnJohn Hadl\nSan Diego Chargers (1962–1972)\nLos Angeles Rams (1973–1974[c])\nGreen Bay Packers (1974–1975)\nHouston Oilers (1976–1977)\n33,503\n\n\n34\nSimms, PhilPhil Simms\nNew York Giants (1979–1993)\n33,462\n\n\n35\nYoung, SteveSteve Young^\nTampa Bay Buccaneers (1985–1986\nSan Francisco 49ers (1987–1999)\n33,124\n\n\n36\nAikman, TroyTroy Aikman^\nDallas Cowboys (1989–2000)\n32,942\n\n\n37\nAnderson, KenKen Anderson\nCincinnati Bengals (1971–1986)\n32,838\n\n\n38\nWarner, KurtKurt Warner^\nSt. Louis Rams (1998–2003)\nNew York Giants (2004)\nArizona Cardinals (2005–2009)\n32,344\n\n\n39\nJurgensen, SonnySonny Jurgensen^\nPhiladelphia Eagles (1957–1963)\nWashington Redskins (1964–1974)\n32,224\n\n\n40\nBrunell, MarkMark Brunell\nGreen Bay Packers (1993–1994)\nJacksonville Jaguars (1995–2003)\nWashington Redskins (2004–2006)\nNew Orleans Saints (2008–2009)\nNew York Jets (2010–2011)\n32,072\n\n\n41\nSmith, AlexAlex Smith*\nSan Francisco 49ers (2005–2012)\nKansas City Chiefs (2013–2017)\nWashington Redskins (2018–present)\n31,888\n\n\n42\nBrodie, JohnJohn Brodie\nSan Francisco 49ers (1957–1973)\n31,548\n\n\n43\nMcNair, SteveSteve McNair\nHouston / Tennessee Oilers / Titans (1995–2005)\nBaltimore Ravens (2006–2007)\n31,304\n\n\n44\nSnead, NormNorm Snead\nWashington Redskins (1961–1963)\nPhiladelphia Eagles (1964–1970)\nMinnesota Vikings (1971)\nNew York Giants (1972–1974, 1976)\nSan Francisco 49ers (1974–1975)\n30,797\n\n"
] | [
"Peyton Manning"
] |
3117456710392211002 | David Stockton | David Stockton - wikipedia David Stockton David Stockton Stockton with Reno Bighorns in 2016 No. 5 -- Utah Jazz Position Point guard League NBA ( 1991 - 06 - 24 ) June 24 , 1991 ( age 27 ) Spokane , Washington Nationality American Listed height 5 ft 11 in ( 1.80 m ) Listed weight 165 lb ( 75 kg ) Career information High school Gonzaga Prep ( Spokane , Washington ) College Gonzaga ( 2010 -- 2014 ) NBA draft 2014 / Undrafted Playing career 2014 -- present Career history 2014 -- 2015 Reno Bighorns 2015 Sacramento Kings 2015 -- 2016 Reno Bighorns 2016 Cedevita Zagreb 2016 -- 2017 New Zealand Breakers 2017 -- 2018 Reno Bighorns 2018 -- present Utah Jazz Career highlights and awards NBA D - League All - Rookie Second Team ( 2015 ) David Stockton ( born June 24 , 1991 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Utah Jazz of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college basketball for Gonzaga University and is the son of Hall of Famer John Stockton . Contents ( hide ) 1 High school career 2 College career 3 Professional career 3.1 Sacramento Kings and Reno Bighorns ( 2014 -- 2016 ) 3.1. 1 2014 -- 15 season 3.1. 2 2015 -- 16 season 3.1. 3 2016 -- 17 season 3.2 Cedevita Zagreb ( 2016 ) 3.3 New Zealand Breakers ( 2016 -- 2017 ) 3.4 Return to Reno ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 3.5 Utah Jazz ( 2018 -- present ) 4 NBA career statistics 4.1 Regular season 5 Personal 6 See also 7 References 8 External links High School career ( edit ) Stockton attended Gonzaga Preparatory School in Spokane , Washington . As a senior in 2008 -- 09 , he averaged 12.4 points in 20 games as he helped lead the Bullpups to a 24 - 6 record . He led all scorers with 22 points as Gonzaga Prep defeated Inglemoor 72 - 64 in overtime to claim fourth place in the 2009 Washington State Class 4A Basketball Tournament . He also quarterbacked Prep 's football team to an 8 - 2 record as senior . College career ( edit ) After redshirting the 2009 -- 10 season , Stockton joined the Gonzaga Bulldogs for his freshman season in 2010 -- 11 . He appeared in 34 of 35 games off the bench as he averaged 4.2 points , 1.3 rebounds and 2.1 assists in 15.6 minutes per game . In his sophomore season , Stockton started his first career game in the season opener against Eastern Washington , before coming off the bench for the rest of the season . In 33 games , he averaged 3.7 points , 1.0 rebounds and 2.4 assists in 16.8 minutes per game . In his junior season , Stockton appeared in all 35 games with his lone start coming against Lewis - Clark State College . He scored a season - high 13 points against the Warriors to best his 12 - point performance opening - night against Southern Utah . He averaged 3.7 points , 1.7 rebounds , 3.4 assists and 1.5 steals in 18.7 minutes per game . In his senior season , Stockton was named to the 2014 WCC All - Tournament Team after helping Gonzaga win the tournament . In 36 games ( all starts ) , he averaged 7.4 points , 2.4 rebounds , 4.2 assists and 1.5 steals in 27.8 minutes per game . Professional career ( edit ) Sacramento Kings and Reno Bighorns ( 2014 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) 2014 -- 15 season ( edit ) After going undrafted in the 2014 NBA draft , Stockton joined the Phoenix Suns for the 2014 NBA Summer League . On September 29 , 2014 , he signed with the Washington Wizards . However , he was later waived by the Wizards on October 3 . On November 1 , he was selected by the Maine Red Claws in the third round of the 2014 NBA Development League Draft . He was later traded to the Reno Bighorns on draft night . On February 20 , 2015 , Stockton signed a 10 - day contract with the Sacramento Kings . The next day , he made his NBA debut , recording one point , two rebounds and one assist in the Kings ' 126 -- 99 loss to the Los Angeles Clippers . Following the expiry of his contract on March 1 , the Kings decided to not re-sign Stockton to a second 10 - day contract . On March 2 , he was reacquired by Reno , and four days later , he tied the NBA Development League record for most assists in a game with 22 against the Texas Legends . On April 12 , he returned to the Kings , signing with them through the 2015 -- 16 season . 2015 -- 16 season ( edit ) In July 2015 , Stockton joined the Kings for the 2015 NBA Summer League . On October 22 , he was waived by the Kings after appearing in three preseason games . On November 27 , he was reacquired by the Reno Bighorns . 2016 -- 17 season ( edit ) In July 2016 , Stockton re-joined the Kings for the 2016 NBA Summer League . Cedevita Zagreb ( 2016 ) ( edit ) On July 23 , 2016 , Stockton signed a three - year deal with Croatian club Cedevita Zagreb . In early November 2016 , he left Cedevita in order to sign in New Zealand . New Zealand Breakers ( 2016 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) On November 10 , 2016 , Stockton signed with the New Zealand Breakers for the rest of the 2016 -- 17 NBL season , as an injury replacement player for Ben Woodside . He made his debut for the Breakers on November 18 , scoring an equal game - high 17 points in 24 minutes off the bench in a 100 -- 85 win over the Illawarra Hawks . On December 2 , he recorded a game - high 24 points and 10 assists in a 95 -- 91 loss to Illawarra . He averaged 15 points and 6.5 assists per game over his first four outings with the Breakers , but over his next six games , his numbers dropped considerably , as he failed to record double digits in either points or assists . On January 7 , 2017 , he was released by the Breakers due to what the club cited as an ongoing back injury . In 10 games , he averaged 8.3 points , 2.7 rebounds and 4.2 assists per game . Return to Reno ( 2017 -- 2018 ) ( edit ) On February 24 , 2017 , Stockton was reacquired by the Reno Bighorns . In July 2017 , Stockton joined the Phoenix Suns for the 2017 NBA Summer League . He signed with the Sacramento Kings on October 10 , 2017 , and then waived five days later . On October 22 , he was named in the Reno Bighorns 2017 -- 18 training camp roster . Utah Jazz ( 2018 -- present ) ( edit ) On March 17 , 2018 , Stockton signed a 10 - day contract with the Utah Jazz . He made his debut for the Jazz on March 25 , scoring two points off free throws in a 110 -- 91 win over the Golden State Warriors . He signed a second 10 - day contract on March 27 , and a rest - of - season contract on April 6 . NBA career statistics ( edit ) Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high Regular season ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2014 -- 15 Sacramento 0 11.0 . 333 . 500 . 500 . 7 3.0 . 7 . 0 2.7 2017 -- 18 Utah 0 3.0 . 667 . 667 1.000 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 3.3 Career 6 0 7.0 . 444 . 600 . 700 . 3 1.5 . 3 . 0 3.0 Personal ( edit ) Stockton is the son of John and Nada Stockton . His father played 19 years for the Utah Jazz and entered the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame in 2009 . His great - grandfather , Houston Stockton , played football for Gonzaga from 1922 to 1924 , going undefeated his senior year of 1924 as he earned All - America honorable mention honors . His eldest brother , Houston Jr. , played football for University of Montana , and older brother , Michael , currently plays professionally . Stockton is eligible for a Croatian passport . See also ( edit ) List of second - generation National Basketball Association players References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` David Stockton Biography '' . GoZags.com . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` David Stockton 's ( Spokane , Washington ) High School Basketball Stats '' . MaxPreps.com . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Koutroupis , Yannis ( May 28 , 2014 ) . `` Following A Legend : The David Stockton Story '' . basketballinsiders.com . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Stockton Stats '' . Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wizards Sign Six for Training Camp '' . NBA.com . September 29 , 2014 . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WIZARDS WAIVE BLUE AND STOCKTON '' . MonumentalNetwork.com . October 3 , 2014 . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BIGHORNS FINALIZE TRAINING CAMP ROSTER AFTER D - LEAGUE DRAFT '' . NBA.com . November 2 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2014 . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kings Sign David Stockton to a 10 - Day Contract '' . NBA.com . February 20 , 2015 . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Redick 's 24 points help Clippers blow out Kings 126 - 99 '' . NBA.com . February 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Herenda , Bill ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` Source : Stockton will not get second 10 - day contract from Kings '' . csnbayarea.com . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2015 . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Record - Setting Game Leads the Bighorns to Victory '' . KoloTV.com . March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kings Sign David Stockton '' . NBA.com. April 12 , 2015 . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kings Waive David Stockton '' . NBA.com . October 22 , 2015 . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kyle ( November 27 , 2015 ) . `` BIGHORNS ACQUIRE DAVID STOCKTON '' . NBA.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lovi , Dan ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Stockton Seizing Opportunity '' . NBA.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stockton signed with Cedevita '' . aba-liga.com . July 23 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` David Stockton leaves Cedevita Zagreb , he 's signing a deal with New Zealand Breakers '' . Sportando.com . November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hinton , Marc ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` NZ Breakers reported to have signed son of NBA great John Stockton '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SKYCITY BREAKERS CONFIRM STOCKTON IS THEIR MAN '' . NZBreakers.co.nz . November 10 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` STOCKTON WOWS IN DOMINANT BREAKERS WIN '' . NBL.com.au . November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hinton , Marc ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` Red - hot Illawarra Hawks roll past Webster-less NZ Breakers '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BREAKERS BRING IN FRESH FACE FOR FINAL REGULAR SEASON PUSH '' . NZBreakers.co.nz . January 7 , 2017 . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Breakers cut David Stockton and Ben Woodside loose in final regular season push '' . Stuff.co.nz . January 7 , 2017 . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BIGHORNS RE-ACQUIRE DAVID STOCKTON '' . NBA.com . February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Suns announce roster for NBA Summer League in Las Vegas '' . ArizonaSports.com . July 3 , 2017 . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kings Sign Reggie Hearn and David Stockton '' . NBA.com . October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David Stockton : Waived by Kings '' . cbssports.com . October 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Reno Bighorns announce their training camp ... '' Twitter . October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jazz Sign David Stockton to a 10 - Day Contract '' . NBA.com . March 17 , 2018 . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Padmore , Zachary ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Like father , like son : David Stockton gets first minutes with Utah Jazz '' . thejnotes.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` David Stockton 2017 - 18 Game Log '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Utah Jazz ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` We 've signed David Stockton to a second ... '' Twitter . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jazz Sign David Stockton for Remainder of the Season '' . NBA.com. April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` David Stockton getting Croatian passport '' . Sportando.com . July 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Career statistics and player information from Basketball-Reference.com Gonzaga bio NBA D - League profile hide Utah Jazz current roster 2 Ingles 3 Rubio 5 Stockton 10 Burks 11 Exum 13 Bradley 15 Favors 18 Lyles 22 Sefolosha 23 O'Neale 24 Allen 25 Neto 27 Gobert 31 Niang 33 Udoh 45 Mitchell 99 Crowder -- Mitrou - Long ( TW ) Head coach : Snyder Assistant coaches : Bryant Jensen Jones Lang McKown Wells Watkinson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Stockton&oldid=843819735 '' Categories : 1991 births Living people American expatriate basketball people in Croatia American expatriate basketball people in New Zealand American people of Croatian descent American people of Irish descent American people of Montenegrin descent American people of Swiss - German descent Basketball players from Washington ( state ) Gonzaga Bulldogs men 's basketball players Gonzaga Preparatory School alumni KK Cedevita players New Zealand Breakers players Point guards Reno Bighorns players Sacramento Kings players Sportspeople from Spokane , Washington Undrafted National Basketball Association players Utah Jazz players Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Polski Volapük 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 May 2018 , at 17 : 41 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who does john stockton's son play for | [
"David Stockton (born June 24, 1991) is an American professional basketball player for the Utah Jazz of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for Gonzaga University and is the son of Hall of Famer John Stockton.\n"
] | [
"the Utah Jazz"
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6183159908083182950 | Tesla coil | Tesla coil - wikipedia Tesla coil For other uses , see Tesla ( disambiguation ) . Tesla coil Tesla coil at Questacon -- the National Science and Technology center in Canberra , Australia Uses Application in educational demonstrations , novelty lighting , music Inventor Nikola Tesla Related items Transformer , electromagnetic field , resonance A Tesla coil is an electrical resonant transformer circuit designed by inventor Nikola Tesla in 1891 . It is used to produce high - voltage , low - current , high frequency alternating - current electricity . Tesla experimented with a number of different configurations consisting of two , or sometimes three , coupled resonant electric circuits . Tesla used these circuits to conduct innovative experiments in electrical lighting , phosphorescence , X-ray generation , high frequency alternating current phenomena , electrotherapy , and the transmission of electrical energy without wires . Tesla coil circuits were used commercially in sparkgap radio transmitters for wireless telegraphy until the 1920s , and in medical equipment such as electrotherapy and violet ray devices . Today , their main use is for entertainment and educational displays , although small coils are still used as leak detectors for high vacuum systems . Contents 1 Operation 1.1 Resonant transformer 1.2 Operation cycle 1.3 Oscillation frequency 1.4 Output voltage 1.5 The top load or `` toroid '' electrode 2 Types 3 History 4 Modern - day Tesla coils 4.1 Primary switching 5 Practical aspects of design 5.1 High voltage production 5.1. 1 Tuning 5.1. 2 Air discharges 6 Applications 6.1 Education and entertainment 6.2 Vacuum system leak detectors 7 Health hazards 7.1 Skin effect myth 8 Related patents 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Operation ( edit ) Homemade Tesla coil in operation , showing brush discharges from the toroid . The high electric field causes the air around the high voltage terminal to ionize and conduct electricity , allowing electricity to leak into the air in colorful corona discharges , brush discharges and streamer arcs . Tesla coils are used for entertainment at science museums and public events , and for special effects in movies and television . A Tesla coil is a radio frequency oscillator that drives an air - core double - tuned resonant transformer to produce high voltages at low currents . Tesla 's original circuits as well as most modern coils use a simple spark gap to excite oscillations in the tuned transformer . More sophisticated designs use transistor or thyristor switches or vacuum tube electronic oscillators to drive the resonant transformer . Tesla coils can produce output voltages from 50 kilovolts to several million volts for large coils . The alternating current output is in the low radio frequency range , usually between 50 kHz and 1 MHz . Although some oscillator - driven coils generate a continuous alternating current , most Tesla coils have a pulsed output ; the high voltage consists of a rapid string of pulses of radio frequency alternating current . The common spark - excited Tesla coil circuit , shown below , consists of these components : A high voltage supply transformer ( T ) , to step the AC mains voltage up to a high enough voltage to jump the spark gap . Typical voltages are between 5 and 30 kilovolts ( kV ) . A capacitor ( C1 ) that forms a tuned circuit with the primary winding L1 of the Tesla transformer A spark gap ( SG ) that acts as a switch in the primary circuit The Tesla coil ( L1 , L2 ) , an air - core double - tuned resonant transformer , which generates the high output voltage . Optionally , a capacitive electrode ( top load ) ( E ) in the form of a smooth metal sphere or torus attached to the secondary terminal of the coil . Its large surface area suppresses premature air breakdown and arc discharges , increasing the Q factor and output voltage . Resonant transformer ( edit ) Further information : Resonant inductive coupling Further information : Transformer types § Resonant transformer Unipolar Tesla coil circuit . C2 is not an actual capacitor but represents the capacitance of the secondary windings L2 , plus the parasitic capacitance to ground of the toroid electrode E . A more detailed equivalent circuit of the secondary showing the contributions of various stray capacitances . The specialized transformer used in the Tesla coil circuit , called a resonant transformer , oscillation transformer or radio - frequency ( RF ) transformer , functions differently from an ordinary transformer used in AC power circuits . While an ordinary transformer is designed to transfer energy efficiently from primary to secondary winding , the resonant transformer is also designed to temporarily store electrical energy . Each winding has a capacitance across it and functions as an LC circuit ( resonant circuit , tuned circuit ) , storing oscillating electrical energy , analogously to a tuning fork . The primary coil ( L1 ) consisting of a relatively few turns of heavy copper wire or tubing , is connected to a capacitor ( C1 ) through the spark gap ( SG ) . The secondary coil ( L2 ) consists of many turns ( hundreds to thousands ) of fine wire on a hollow cylindrical form inside the primary . The secondary is not connected to an actual capacitor , but it also functions as an LC circuit , the inductance of ( L2 ) resonates with stray capacitance ( C2 ) , the sum of the stray parasitic capacitance between the windings of the coil , and the capacitance of the toroidal metal electrode attached to the high voltage terminal . The primary and secondary circuits are tuned so they resonate at the same frequency , they have the same resonant frequency . This allows them to exchange energy , so the oscillating current alternates back and forth between the primary and secondary coils . The peculiar design of the coil is dictated by the need to achieve low resistive energy losses ( high Q factor ) at high frequencies , which results in the largest secondary voltages : Ordinary power transformers have an iron core to increase the magnetic coupling between the coils . However at high frequencies an iron core causes energy losses due to eddy currents and hysteresis , so it is not used in the Tesla coil . Ordinary transformers are designed to be `` tightly coupled '' . Due to the iron core and close proximity of the windings , they have a high mutual inductance ( M ) , the coupling coefficient is close to unity 0.95 - 1.0 , which means almost all the magnetic field of the primary winding passes through the secondary . The Tesla transformer in contrast is `` loosely coupled '' , the primary winding is larger in diameter and spaced apart from the secondary , so the mutual inductance is lower and the coupling coefficient is only 0.05 to 0.2 . This means that only 5 % to 20 % of the magnetic field of the primary coil passes through the secondary when it is open circuited . The loose coupling slows the exchange of energy between the primary and secondary coils , which allows the oscillating energy to stay in the secondary circuit longer before it returns to the primary and begins dissipating in the spark . Each winding is also limited to a single layer of wire , which reduces proximity effect losses . The primary carries very high currents . Since high frequency current mostly flows on the surface of conductors due to skin effect , it is often made of copper tubing or strip with a large surface area to reduce resistance , and its turns are spaced apart , which reduces proximity effect losses and arcing between turns . Unipolar coil design widely used in modern coils . The primary is the flat red spiral winding at bottom , the secondary is the vertical cylindrical coil wound with fine red wire . The high voltage terminal is the aluminum torus at the top of the secondary coil . Bipolar coil , used in the early 20th century . There are two high voltage output terminals , each connected to one end of the secondary , with a spark gap between them . The primary is 12 turns of heavy wire , which is located at the midpoint of the secondary to discourage arcs between the coils . The output circuit can have two forms : Unipolar - One end of the secondary winding is connected to a single high voltage terminal , the other end is grounded . This type is used in modern coils designed for entertainment . The primary winding is located near the bottom , low potential end of the secondary , to minimize arcs between the windings . Since the ground ( Earth ) serves as the return path for the high voltage , streamer arcs from the terminal tend to jump to any nearby grounded object . Bipolar - Neither end of the secondary winding is grounded , and both are brought out to high voltage terminals . The primary winding is located at the center of the secondary coil , equidistant between the two high potential terminals , to discourage arcing . Operation cycle ( edit ) The circuit operates in a rapid , repeating cycle in which the supply transformer ( T ) charges the primary capacitor ( C1 ) up , which then discharges in a spark through the spark gap , creating a brief pulse of oscillating current in the primary circuit which excites a high oscillating voltage across the secondary : Current from the supply transformer ( T ) charges the capacitor ( C1 ) to a high voltage . When the voltage across the capacitor reaches the breakdown voltage of the spark gap ( SG ) a spark starts , reducing the spark gap resistance to a very low value . This completes the primary circuit and current from the capacitor flows through the primary coil ( L1 ) . The current flows rapidly back and forth between the plates of the capacitor through the coil , generating radio frequency oscillating current in the primary circuit at the circuit 's resonant frequency . The oscillating magnetic field of the primary winding induces an oscillating current in the secondary winding ( L2 ) , by Faraday 's law of induction . Over a number of cycles , the energy in the primary circuit is transferred to the secondary . The total energy in the tuned circuits is limited to the energy originally stored in the capacitor C1 , so as the oscillating voltage in the secondary increases in amplitude ( `` ring up '' ) the oscillations in the primary decrease to zero ( `` ring down '' ) . Although the ends of the secondary coil are open , it also acts as a tuned circuit due to the capacitance ( C2 ) , the sum of the parasitic capacitance between the turns of the coil plus the capacitance of the toroid electrode E. Current flows rapidly back and forth through the secondary coil between its ends . Because of the small capacitance , the oscillating voltage across the secondary coil which appears on the output terminal is much larger than the primary voltage . The secondary current creates a magnetic field that induces voltage back in the primary coil , and over a number of additional cycles the energy is transferred back to the primary . This process repeats , the energy shifting rapidly back and forth between the primary and secondary tuned circuits . The oscillating currents in the primary and secondary gradually die out ( `` ring down '' ) due to energy dissipated as heat in the spark gap and resistance of the coil . When the current through the spark gap is no longer sufficient to keep the air in the gap ionized , the spark stops ( `` quenches '' ) , terminating the current in the primary circuit . The oscillating current in the secondary may continue for some time . The current from the supply transformer begins charging the capacitor C1 again and the cycle repeats . This entire cycle takes place very rapidly , the oscillations dying out in a time of the order of a millisecond . Each spark across the spark gap produces a pulse of damped sinusoidal high voltage at the output terminal of the coil . Each pulse dies out before the next spark occurs , so the coil generates a string of damped waves , not a continuous sinusoidal voltage . The high voltage from the supply transformer that charges the capacitor is a 50 or 60 Hz sine wave . Depending on how the spark gap is set , usually one or two sparks occur at the peak of each half - cycle of the mains current , so there are more than a hundred sparks per second . Thus the spark at the spark gap appears continuous , as do the high voltage streamers from the top of the coil . The supply transformer ( T ) secondary winding is connected across the primary tuned circuit . It might seem that the transformer would be a leakage path for the RF current , damping the oscillations . However its large inductance gives it a very high impedance at the resonant frequency , so it acts as an open circuit to the oscillating current . If the supply transformer has inadequate leakage inductance , radio frequency chokes are placed in its secondary leads to block the RF current . Oscillation frequency ( edit ) To produce the largest output voltage , the primary and secondary tuned circuits are adjusted to resonance with each other . Since the secondary circuit is usually not adjustable , this is generally done by an adjustable tap on L 1 ( \ displaystyle L1 \ , ) , the primary coil . If the two coils were separate , the resonant frequencies of the primary and secondary circuits , f 1 ( \ displaystyle f_ ( 1 ) ) and f 2 ( \ displaystyle f_ ( 2 ) ) , would be determined by the inductance and capacitance in each circuit f 1 = 1 2 π 1 L 1 C 1 f 2 = 1 2 π 1 L 2 C 2 ( \ displaystyle f_ ( 1 ) = ( 1 \ over 2 \ pi ) ( \ sqrt ( 1 \ over L_ ( 1 ) C_ ( 1 ) ) ) \ qquad \ qquad f_ ( 2 ) = ( 1 \ over 2 \ pi ) ( \ sqrt ( 1 \ over L_ ( 2 ) C_ ( 2 ) ) ) \ , ) However , because they are coupled together , the frequency at which the secondary resonates is affected by the primary circuit and the coupling coefficient k ( \ displaystyle k ) , and occurs at its antiresonant frequency while the original resonant frequency acts as an antiresonant frequency . The frequency at which the coil has to be driven is the serial resonant frequency . f 2 ′ = 1 2 π 1 ( 1 − k 2 ) L 2 C 2 ( \ displaystyle f_ ( 2 ) ' = ( 1 \ over 2 \ pi ) ( \ sqrt ( 1 \ over ( 1 - k ^ ( 2 ) ) L_ ( 2 ) C_ ( 2 ) ) ) \ , ) So resonance , and the highest voltages occur when 1 2 π 1 L 1 C 1 = 1 2 π 1 ( 1 − k 2 ) L 2 C 2 ( \ displaystyle ( 1 \ over 2 \ pi ) ( \ sqrt ( 1 \ over L_ ( 1 ) C_ ( 1 ) ) ) = ( 1 \ over 2 \ pi ) ( \ sqrt ( 1 \ over ( 1 - k ^ ( 2 ) ) L_ ( 2 ) C_ ( 2 ) ) ) \ , ) Thus the condition for resonance between primary and secondary is L 1 C 1 = ( 1 − k 2 ) L 2 C 2 ( \ displaystyle L_ ( 1 ) C_ ( 1 ) = ( 1 - k ^ ( 2 ) ) L_ ( 2 ) C_ ( 2 ) \ , ) However the Tesla transformer is very loosely coupled , and the coupling coefficient k ( \ displaystyle k \ , ) is small , in the range 0.05 to 0.4 . So the factor 1 − k 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( 1 - k ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ , ) is close to unity , 0.917 to 0.999 , so the two resonant frequencies differ by 8 % at most . Therefore , most sources state the transformer is resonant when the resonant frequencies of primary and secondary are equal . The resonant frequency of Tesla coils is in the low radio frequency ( RF ) range , usually between 50 kHz and 1 MHz . However , because of the impulsive nature of the spark they produce broadband radio noise , and without shielding can be a significant source of RFI , interfering with nearby radio and television reception . Output voltage ( edit ) Large coil producing 3.5 meter ( 10 foot ) streamer arcs , indicating a potential of millions of volts . In a resonant transformer the high voltage is produced by resonance ; the output voltage is not proportional to the turns ratio , as in an ordinary transformer . It can be calculated approximately from conservation of energy . At the beginning of the cycle , when the spark starts , all of the energy in the primary circuit W 1 ( \ displaystyle W_ ( 1 ) ) is stored in the primary capacitor C 1 ( \ displaystyle C_ ( 1 ) ) . If V 1 ( \ displaystyle V_ ( 1 ) ) is the voltage at which the spark gap breaks down , which is usually close to the peak output voltage of the supply transformer T , this energy is W 1 = 1 2 C 1 V 1 2 ( \ displaystyle W_ ( 1 ) = ( 1 \ over 2 ) C_ ( 1 ) V_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) \ , ) During the `` ring up '' this energy is transferred to the secondary circuit . Although some is lost as heat in the spark and other resistances , in modern coils , over 85 % of the energy ends up in the secondary . At the peak ( V 2 ( \ displaystyle V_ ( 2 ) ) ) of the secondary sinusoidal voltage waveform , all the energy in the secondary W 2 ( \ displaystyle W_ ( 2 ) ) is stored in the capacitance C 2 ( \ displaystyle C_ ( 2 ) ) between the ends of the secondary coil W 2 = 1 2 C 2 V 2 2 ( \ displaystyle W_ ( 2 ) = ( 1 \ over 2 ) C_ ( 2 ) V_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) \ , ) Assuming no energy losses , W 2 = W 1 ( \ displaystyle W_ ( 2 ) \ ; = \ ; W_ ( 1 ) ) . Substituting into this equation and simplifying , the peak secondary voltage is V 2 = V 1 C 1 C 2 = V 1 L 2 L 1 . ( \ displaystyle V_ ( 2 ) = V_ ( 1 ) ( \ sqrt ( C_ ( 1 ) \ over C_ ( 2 ) ) ) = V_ ( 1 ) ( \ sqrt ( L_ ( 2 ) \ over L_ ( 1 ) ) ) . ) The second formula above is derived from the first using the resonance condition L 1 C 1 = L 2 C 2 ( \ displaystyle L_ ( 1 ) C_ ( 1 ) \ ; = \ ; L_ ( 2 ) C_ ( 2 ) ) . Since the capacitance of the secondary coil is very small compared to the primary capacitor , the primary voltage is stepped up to a high value . The above peak voltage is only achieved in coils in which air discharges do not occur ; in coils which produce sparks , like entertainment coils , the peak voltage on the terminal is limited to the voltage at which the air breaks down and becomes conductive . As the output voltage increases during each voltage pulse , it reaches the point where the air next to the high voltage terminal ionizes and coronas , brush discharges and streamer arcs , break out from the terminal . This happens when the electric field strength exceeds the dielectric strength of the air , about 30 kV per centimeter . Since the electric field is greatest at sharp points and edges , air discharges start at these points on the high voltage terminal . The voltage on the high voltage terminal can not increase above the air breakdown voltage , because additional electric charge pumped into the terminal from the secondary winding just escapes into the air . The output voltage of open - air Tesla coils is limited to around several million volts by air breakdown , but higher voltages can be achieved by coils immersed in pressurized tanks of insulating oil . The top load or `` toroid '' electrode ( edit ) Solid state DRSSTC Tesla coil with pointed wire attached to toroid to produce brush discharge Most Tesla coil designs have a smooth spherical or toroidal shaped metal electrode on the high voltage terminal . The electrode serves as one plate of a capacitor , with the Earth as the other plate , forming the tuned circuit with the secondary winding . Although the `` toroid '' increases the secondary capacitance , which tends to reduce the peak voltage , its main effect is that its large diameter curved surface reduces the potential gradient ( electric field ) at the high voltage terminal , increasing the voltage threshold at which air discharges such as corona and brush discharges occur . Suppressing premature air breakdown and energy loss allows the voltage to build to higher values on the peaks of the waveform , creating longer , more spectacular streamers . If the top electrode is large and smooth enough , the electric field at its surface may never get high enough even at the peak voltage to cause air breakdown , and air discharges will not occur . Some entertainment coils have a sharp `` spark point '' projecting from the torus to start discharges . Types ( edit ) The term `` Tesla coil '' is applied to a number of high voltage resonant transformer circuits . Tesla coil circuits can be classified by the type of `` excitation '' they use , what type of circuit is used to apply current to the primary winding of the resonant transformer : Spark - excited or Spark Gap Tesla Coil ( SGTC ) - This type uses a spark gap to switch pulses of current through the primary , exciting oscillation in the transformer . This pulsed ( disruptive ) drive creates a pulsed high voltage output . Spark gaps have disadvantages due to the high primary currents they must handle . They produce a very loud noise while operating , noxious ozone gas , and high temperatures which often require a cooling system . The energy dissipated in the spark also reduces the Q factor and the output voltage . Static spark gap - This is the most common type , which was described in detail in the previous section . It is used in most entertainment coils . An AC voltage from a high voltage supply transformer charges a capacitor , which discharges through the spark gap . The spark rate is not adjustable but is determined by the line frequency . Multiple sparks may occur on each half - cycle , so the pulses of output voltage may not be equally - spaced . Static triggered spark gap - Commercial and industrial circuits often apply a DC voltage from a power supply to charge the capacitor , and use high voltage pulses generated by an oscillator applied to a triggering electrode to trigger the spark . This allows control of the spark rate and exciting voltage . Commercial spark gaps are often enclosed in an insulating gas atmosphere such as sulfur hexafluoride , reducing the length and thus the energy loss in the spark . Rotary spark gap - These use a spark gap consisting of electrodes around the periphery of a wheel rotated at high speed by a motor , which create sparks when they pass by a stationary electrode . Tesla used this type on his big coils , and they are used today on large entertainment coils . The rapid separation speed of the electrodes quenches the spark quickly , allowing `` first notch '' quenching , making possible higher voltages . The wheel is usually driven by a synchronous motor , so the sparks are synchronized with the AC line frequency , the spark occurring at the same point on the AC waveform on each cycle , so the primary pulses are repeatable . Switched or Solid State Tesla Coil ( SSTC ) - These use power semiconductor devices , usually thyristors or transistors such as MOSFETs or IGBTs , to switch pulses of current from a DC power supply through the primary winding . They provide pulsed ( disruptive ) excitation without the disadvantages of a spark gap : the loud noise , high temperatures , and poor efficiency . The voltage , frequency , and excitation waveform can be finely controllable . SSTCs are used in most commercial , industrial , and research applications as well as higher quality entertainment coils . A simple single resonant solid state Tesla coil circuit in which the ground end of the secondary supplies the feedback current phase to the transistor oscillator . This block diagram explains the principle of Tesla coil current resonance type driving circuit . Single resonant solid state Tesla coil ( SRSSTC ) - In this circuit the primary does not have a capacitor and so is not a tuned circuit ; only the secondary is . The pulses of current to the primary from the switching transistors excite resonance in the secondary tuned circuit . Single tuned SSTCs are simpler , but do n't have as high a Q and can not produce as high voltage from a given input power as the DRSSTC . Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla Coil ( DRSSTC ) - The circuit is similar to the double tuned spark excited circuit , except in place of the spark gap semiconductor switches are used . This functions similarly to the double tuned spark - excited circuit . Since both primary and secondary are resonant it has higher Q and can generate higher voltage for a given input power than the SRSSTC . Singing Tesla coil or musical Tesla coil - This is a Tesla coil which can be played like a musical instrument , with its high voltage discharges reproducing simple musical tones . The drive current pulses applied to the primary are modulated at an audio rate by a solid state `` interrupter '' circuit , causing the arc discharge from the high voltage terminal to emit sounds . Only tones and simple chords have been produced so far ; the coil can not function as a loudspeaker , reproducing complex music or voice sounds . The sound output is controlled by a keyboard or MIDI file applied to the circuit through a MIDI interface . Two modulation techniques have been used : AM ( amplitude modulation of the exciting voltage ) and PFM ( pulse - frequency modulation ) . These are mainly built as novelties for entertainment . Continuous wave - In these the transformer is driven by a feedback oscillator , which applies a sinusoidal current to the transformer . The primary tuned circuit serves as the tank circuit of the oscillator , and the circuit resembles a radio transmitter . Unlike the previous circuits which generate a pulsed output , they generate a continuous sine wave output . Power vacuum tubes are often used as active devices instead of transistors because they are more robust and tolerant of overloads . In general , continuous excitation produces lower output voltages from a given input power than pulsed excitation . Tesla circuits can also be classified by how many coils ( inductors ) they contain : Two coil or double - resonant circuits - Virtually all present Tesla coils use the two coil resonant transformer , consisting of a primary winding to which current pulses are applied , and a secondary winding that produces the high voltage , invented by Tesla in 1891 . The term `` Tesla coil '' normally refers to these circuits . Three coil , triple - resonant , or magnifier circuits - These are circuits with three coils , based on Tesla 's `` magnifying transmitter '' circuit which he began experimenting with sometime before 1898 and installed in his Colorado Springs lab 1899 - 1900 , and patented in 1902 . They consist of a two coil air - core step - up transformer similar to the Tesla transformer , with the secondary connected to a third coil not magnetically coupled to the others , called the `` extra '' or `` resonator '' coil , which is series - fed and resonates with its own capacitance . The presence of three energy - storing tank circuits gives this circuit more complicated resonant behavior . It is the subject of research , but has been used in few practical applications . History ( edit ) Henry Rowland 's 1889 spark - excited resonant transformer , a predecessor to the Tesla coil . Steps in Tesla 's development of the Tesla transformer around 1891 . and Elihu Thomson ( 1 ) Closed - core transformers used at low frequencies , ( 2 - 7 ) rearranging windings for lower losses , ( 8 ) removed iron core , ( 9 ) partial core , ( 10 - 11 ) final conical Tesla transformer , ( 12 - 13 ) Tesla coil circuits Main article : History of the Tesla coil Electrical oscillation and even resonant air - core transformer circuits had been explored and developed before Tesla , including Joseph Henry in Leyden jars ( 1850 ) , and resonant transformers developed by Henry Rowland ( 1889 ) and Elihu Thomson ( 1890 ) . Tesla patented his Tesla coil circuit April 25 , 1891 . and first publicly demonstrated it May 20 , 1891 in his lecture `` Experiments with Alternate Currents of Very High Frequency and Their Application to Methods of Artificial Illumination '' before the American Institute of Electrical Engineers at Columbia College , New York . Although Tesla patented many similar circuits during this period , this was the first that contained all the elements of the Tesla coil : high voltage primary transformer , capacitor , spark gap , and air core `` oscillation transformer '' . Modern - day Tesla coils ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Electric discharge showing the lightning - like plasma filaments from a ' Tesla coil ' Tesla coil ( discharge ) . Tesla coil in terrarium ( I ) Modern high - voltage enthusiasts usually build Tesla coils similar to some of Tesla 's `` later '' 2 - coil air - core designs . These typically consist of a primary tank circuit , a series LC ( inductance - capacitance ) circuit composed of a high - voltage capacitor , spark gap and primary coil , and the secondary LC circuit , a series - resonant circuit consisting of the secondary coil plus a terminal capacitance or `` top load '' . In Tesla 's more advanced ( magnifier ) design , a third coil is added . The secondary LC circuit is composed of a tightly coupled air - core transformer secondary coil driving the bottom of a separate third coil helical resonator . Modern 2 - coil systems use a single secondary coil . The top of the secondary is then connected to a topload terminal , which forms one ' plate ' of a capacitor , the other ' plate ' being the earth ( or `` ground '' ) . The primary LC circuit is tuned so that it resonates at the same frequency as the secondary LC circuit . The primary and secondary coils are magnetically coupled , creating a dual - tuned resonant air - core transformer . Earlier oil - insulated Tesla coils needed large and long insulators at their high - voltage terminals to prevent discharge in air . Later Tesla coils spread their electric fields over larger distances to prevent high electrical stresses in the first place , thereby allowing operation in free air . Most modern Tesla coils also use toroid - shaped output terminals . These are often fabricated from spun metal or flexible aluminum ducting . The toroidal shape helps to control the high electrical field near the top of the secondary by directing sparks outward and away from the primary and secondary windings . A more complex version of a Tesla coil , termed a `` magnifier '' by Tesla , uses a more tightly coupled air - core resonance `` driver '' transformer ( or `` master oscillator '' ) and a smaller , remotely located output coil ( called the `` extra coil '' or simply the resonator ) that has a large number of turns on a relatively small coil form . The bottom of the driver 's secondary winding is connected to ground . The opposite end is connected to the bottom of the extra coil through an insulated conductor that is sometimes called the transmission line . Since the transmission line operates at relatively high RF voltages , it is typically made of 1 '' diameter metal tubing to reduce corona losses . Since the third coil is located some distance away from the driver , it is not magnetically coupled to it . RF energy is instead directly coupled from the output of the driver into the bottom of the third coil , causing it to `` ring up '' to very high voltages . The combination of the two - coil driver and third coil resonator adds another degree of freedom to the system , making tuning considerably more complex than that of a 2 - coil system . The transient response for multiple resonance networks ( of which the Tesla magnifier is a sub-set ) has only recently been solved . It is now known that a variety of useful tuning `` modes '' are available , and in most operating modes the extra coil will ring at a different frequency than the master oscillator . Primary switching ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Modern transistor or vacuum tube Tesla coils do not use a primary spark gap . Instead , the transistor ( s ) or vacuum tube ( s ) provide the switching or amplifying function necessary to generate RF power for the primary circuit . Solid - state Tesla coils use the lowest primary operating voltage , typically between 155 and 800 volts , and drive the primary winding using either a single , half - bridge , or full - bridge arrangement of bipolar transistors , MOSFETs or IGBTs to switch the primary current . Vacuum tube coils typically operate with plate voltages between 1500 and 6000 volts , while most spark gap coils operate with primary voltages of 6,000 to 25,000 volts . The primary winding of a traditional transistor Tesla coil is wound around only the bottom portion of the secondary coil . This configuration illustrates operation of the secondary as a pumped resonator . The primary ' induces ' alternating voltage into the bottom-most portion of the secondary , providing regular ' pushes ' ( similar to providing properly timed pushes to a playground swing ) . Additional energy is transferred from the primary to the secondary inductance and top - load capacitance during each `` push '' , and secondary output voltage builds ( called ' ring - up ' ) . An electronic feedback circuit is usually used to adaptively synchronize the primary oscillator to the growing resonance in the secondary , and this is the only tuning consideration beyond the initial choice of a reasonable top - load . Play media Demonstration of the Nevada Lightning Laboratory 1 : 12 scale prototype twin Tesla Coil at Maker Faire 2008 In a dual resonant solid - state Tesla coil ( DRSSTC ) , the electronic switching of the solid - state Tesla coil is combined with the resonant primary circuit of a spark - gap Tesla coil . The resonant primary circuit is formed by connecting a capacitor in series with the primary winding of the coil , so that the combination forms a series tank circuit with a resonant frequency near that of the secondary circuit . Because of the additional resonant circuit , one manual and one adaptive tuning adjustment are necessary . Also , an interrupter is usually used to reduce the duty cycle of the switching bridge , to improve peak power capabilities ; similarly , IGBTs are more popular in this application than bipolar transistors or MOSFETs , due to their superior power handling characteristics . A current - limiting circuit is usually used to limit maximum primary tank current ( which must be switched by the IGBT 's ) to a safe level . Performance of a DRSSTC can be comparable to a medium - power spark - gap Tesla coil , and efficiency ( as measured by spark length versus input power ) can be significantly greater than a spark - gap Tesla coil operating at the same input power . Practical aspects of design ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section contains instructions , advice , or how - to content . The purpose of Wikipedia is to present facts , not to train . Please help improve this article either by rewriting the how - to content or by moving it to Wikiversity , Wikibooks or Wikivoyage . ( June 2018 ) High voltage production ( edit ) A large Tesla coil of more modern design often operates at very high peak power levels , up to many megawatts ( millions of watts ) . It is therefore adjusted and operated carefully , not only for efficiency and economy , but also for safety . If , due to improper tuning , the maximum voltage point occurs below the terminal , along the secondary coil , a discharge ( spark ) may break out and damage or destroy the coil wire , supports , or nearby objects . Tesla coil schematics Typical circuit configuration Here , the spark gap shorts the high frequency across the first transformer that is supplied by alternating current . An inductance , not shown , protects the transformer . This design is favoured when a relatively fragile neon sign transformer is used . Alternative circuit configuration With the capacitor in parallel to the first transformer and the spark gap in series to the Tesla - coil primary , the AC supply transformer must be capable of withstanding high voltages at high frequencies . Tesla experimented with these , and many other , circuit configurations ( see right ) . The Tesla coil primary winding , spark gap and tank capacitor are connected in series . In each circuit , the AC supply transformer charges the tank capacitor until its voltage is sufficient to break down the spark gap . The gap suddenly fires , allowing the charged tank capacitor to discharge into the primary winding . Once the gap fires , the electrical behavior of either circuit is identical . Experiments have shown that neither circuit offers any marked performance advantage over the other . However , in the typical circuit , the spark gap 's short circuiting action prevents high - frequency oscillations from ' backing up ' into the supply transformer . In the alternate circuit , high amplitude high frequency oscillations that appear across the capacitor also are applied to the supply transformer 's winding . This can induce corona discharges between turns that weaken and eventually destroy the transformer 's insulation . Experienced Tesla coil builders almost exclusively use the top circuit , often augmenting it with low pass filters ( resistor and capacitor ( RC ) networks ) between the supply transformer and spark gap to help protect the supply transformer . This is especially important when using transformers with fragile high - voltage windings , such as neon sign transformers ( NSTs ) . Regardless of which configuration is used , the HV transformer must be of a type that self - limits its secondary current by means of internal leakage inductance . A normal ( low leakage inductance ) high - voltage transformer must use an external limiter ( sometimes called a ballast ) to limit current . NSTs are designed to have high leakage inductance to limit their short circuit current to a safe level . Tuning ( edit ) The primary coil 's resonant frequency is tuned to that of the secondary , by using low - power oscillations , then increasing the power ( and retuning if necessary ) until the system operates properly at maximum power . While tuning , a small projection ( called a `` breakout bump '' ) is often added to the top terminal in order to stimulate corona and spark discharges ( sometimes called streamers ) into the surrounding air . Tuning can then be adjusted so as to achieve the longest streamers at a given power level , corresponding to a frequency match between the primary and secondary coil . Capacitive `` loading '' by the streamers tends to lower the resonant frequency of a Tesla coil operating under full power . A toroidal topload is often preferred to other shapes , such as a sphere . A toroid with a major diameter that is much larger than the secondary diameter provides improved shaping of the electrical field at the topload . This provides better protection of the secondary winding ( from damaging streamer strikes ) than a sphere of similar diameter . And , a toroid permits fairly independent control of topload capacitance versus spark breakout voltage . A toroid 's capacitance is mainly a function of its major diameter , while the spark breakout voltage is mainly a function of its minor diameter . A grid dip oscillator ( GDO ) is sometimes used to help facilitate initial tuning and aid in design . The resonant frequency of the secondary can be difficult to determine except by using a GDO or other experimental method , whereas the physical properties of the primary more closely represent first - order approximations of RF tank design . In this schema the secondary is built somewhat arbitrarily in imitation of other successful designs , or entirely so with supplies on hand , it 's resonant frequency is measured and the primary designed to suit . Air discharges ( edit ) A small , later - type Tesla coil in operation : The output is giving 43 - cm sparks . The diameter of the secondary is 8 cm . The power source is a 10 000 V , 60 Hz current - limited supply . While generating discharges , electrical energy from the secondary and toroid is transferred to the surrounding air as electrical charge , heat , light , and sound . The process is similar to charging or discharging a capacitor , except that a Tesla coil uses AC instead of DC . The current that arises from shifting charges within a capacitor is called a displacement current . Tesla coil discharges are formed as a result of displacement currents as pulses of electrical charge are rapidly transferred between the high - voltage toroid and nearby regions within the air ( called space charge regions ) . Although the space charge regions around the toroid are invisible , they play a profound role in the appearance and location of Tesla coil discharges . When the spark gap fires , the charged capacitor discharges into the primary winding , causing the primary circuit to oscillate . The oscillating primary current creates an oscillating magnetic field that couples to the secondary winding , transferring energy into the secondary side of the transformer and causing it to oscillate with the toroid capacitance to ground . Energy transfer occurs over a number of cycles , until most of the energy that was originally in the primary side is transferred to the secondary side . The greater the magnetic coupling between windings , the shorter the time required to complete the energy transfer . As energy builds within the oscillating secondary circuit , the amplitude of the toroid 's RF voltage rapidly increases , and the air surrounding the toroid begins to undergo dielectric breakdown , forming a corona discharge . As the secondary coil 's energy ( and output voltage ) continue to increase , larger pulses of displacement current further ionize and heat the air at the point of initial breakdown . This forms a very electrically conductive `` root '' of hotter plasma , called a leader , that projects outward from the toroid . The plasma within the leader is considerably hotter than a corona discharge , and is considerably more conductive . In fact , its properties are similar to an electric arc . The leader tapers and branches into thousands of thinner , cooler , hair - like discharges ( called streamers ) . The streamers look like a bluish ' haze ' at the ends of the more luminous leaders . The streamers transfer charge between the leaders and toroid to nearby space charge regions . The displacement currents from countless streamers all feed into the leader , helping to keep it hot and electrically conductive . The primary break rate of sparking Tesla coils is slow compared to the resonant frequency of the resonator - topload assembly . When the switch closes , energy is transferred from the primary LC circuit to the resonator where the voltage rings up over a short period of time up culminating in the electrical discharge . In a spark gap Tesla coil , the primary - to - secondary energy transfer process happens repetitively at typical pulsing rates of 50 -- 500 times per second , depending on the frequency of the input line voltage . At these rates , previously - formed leader channels do not get a chance to fully cool down between pulses . So , on successive pulses , newer discharges can build upon the hot pathways left by their predecessors . This causes incremental growth of the leader from one pulse to the next , lengthening the entire discharge on each successive pulse . Repetitive pulsing causes the discharges to grow until the average energy available from the Tesla coil during each pulse balances the average energy being lost in the discharges ( mostly as heat ) . At this point , dynamic equilibrium is reached , and the discharges have reached their maximum length for the Tesla coil 's output power level . The unique combination of a rising high - voltage radio frequency envelope and repetitive pulsing seem to be ideally suited to creating long , branching discharges that are considerably longer than would be otherwise expected by output voltage considerations alone . High - voltage , low - energy discharges create filamentary multibranched discharges which are purplish - blue in colour . High - voltage , high - energy discharges create thicker discharges with fewer branches , are pale and luminous , almost white , and are much longer than low - energy discharges , because of increased ionisation . A strong smell of ozone and nitrogen oxides will occur in the area . The important factors for maximum discharge length appear to be voltage , energy , and still air of low to moderate humidity . There are comparatively few scientific studies about the initiation and growth of pulsed lower - frequency RF discharges , so some aspects of Tesla coil air discharges are not as well understood when compared to DC , power - frequency AC , HV impulse , and lightning discharges . Applications ( edit ) Today , although small Tesla coils are used as leak detectors in scientific high vacuum systems and igniters in arc welders , their main use is entertainment and educational displays . Education and entertainment ( edit ) Electrum sculpture , the world 's largest Tesla coil . Builder Eric Orr is visible sitting inside the hollow spherical high voltage electrode . Tesla coils are displayed as attractions at science museums and electronics fairs , and are used to demonstrate principles of high frequency electricity in science classes in schools and colleges . Since they are simple enough for an amateur to make , Tesla coils are a popular student science fair project , and are homemade by a large worldwide community of hobbyists . Builders of Tesla coils as a hobby are called `` coilers '' . They attend `` coiling '' conventions where they display their home - made Tesla coils and other high voltage devices . Low - power Tesla coils are also sometimes used as a high - voltage source for Kirlian photography The world 's largest currently existing Tesla coil is a 130,000 - watt unit , part of a 38 - foot - tall ( 12 m ) sculpture titled Electrum owned by Alan Gibbs and currently resides in a private sculpture park at Kakanui Point near Auckland , New Zealand . A very large Tesla coil , designed and built by Syd Klinge , is shown every year at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival , in Coachella , Indio , California , USA . Austin Richards , a physicist in California , created a metal Faraday Suit in 1997 that protects him from Tesla coil discharges . In 1998 , he named the character in the suit Doctor MegaVolt and has performed all over the world and at Burning Man nine different years . Tesla coils can also be used to generate sounds , including music , by modulating the system 's effective `` break rate '' ( i.e. , the rate and duration of high power RF bursts ) via MIDI data and a control unit . The actual MIDI data is interpreted by a microcontroller which converts the MIDI data into a PWM output which can be sent to the Tesla coil via a fiber optic interface . The YouTube video Super Mario Brothers theme in stereo and harmony on two coils shows a performance on matching solid state coils operating at 41 kHz . The coils were built and operated by designer hobbyists Jeff Larson and Steve Ward . The device has been named the Zeusaphone , after Zeus , Greek god of lightning , and as a play on words referencing the Sousaphone . The idea of playing music on the singing Tesla coils flies around the world and a few followers continue the work of initiators . An extensive outdoor musical concert has demonstrated using Tesla coils during the Engineering Open House ( EOH ) at the University of Illinois at Urbana -- Champaign . The Icelandic artist Björk used a Tesla coil in her song `` Thunderbolt '' as the main instrument in the song . The musical group ArcAttack uses modulated Tesla coils and a man in a chain - link suit to play music . Vacuum system leak detectors ( edit ) Scientists working with high vacuum systems test for the presence of tiny pin holes in the apparatus ( especially a newly blown piece of glassware ) using high - voltage discharges produced by a small handheld Tesla coil . When the system is evacuated the high voltage electrode of the coil is played over the outside of the apparatus . At low pressures , air is more easily ionized and thus conducts electricity better than atmospheric pressure air . Therefore , the discharge travels through any pin hole immediately below it , producing a corona discharge inside the evacuated space which illuminates the hole , indicating points that need to be annealed or reblown before they can be used in an experiment . Health Hazards ( edit ) The high voltage radio frequency ( RF ) discharges from the output terminal of a Tesla coil pose a unique hazard not found in other high voltage equipment : when passed through the body they often do not cause the painful sensation and muscle contraction of electric shock , as lower frequency AC or DC currents do . The nervous system is insensitive to currents with frequencies over 10 -- 20 kHz . It is thought that the reason for this is that a certain minimum number of ions must be driven across a nerve cell 's membrane by the imposed voltage to trigger the nerve cell to depolarize and transmit an impulse . At radio frequencies , there is insufficient time during a half - cycle for enough ions to cross the membrane before the alternating voltage reverses . The danger is that since no pain is felt , experimenters often assume the currents are harmless . Teachers and hobbyists demonstrating small Tesla coils often impress their audience by touching the high voltage terminal or allowing the streamer arcs to pass through their body . If the arcs from the high voltage terminal strike the bare skin , they can cause deep - seated burns called RF burns . This is often avoided by allowing the arcs to strike a piece of metal held in the hand , or a thimble on a finger , instead . The current passes from the metal into the person 's hand through a wide enough surface area to avoid causing burns . Often no sensation is felt , or just a warmth or tingling . However this does not mean the current is harmless . Even a small Tesla coil produces many times the electrical energy necessary to stop the heart , if the frequency happens to be low enough to cause ventricular fibrillation . A minor misadjustment of the coil could result in electrocution . In addition , the RF current heats the tissues it passes through . Tesla coil currents , applied directly to the skin by electrodes , were used in the early 20th century for deep body tissue heating in the medical field of longwave diathermy . The amount of heating depends on the current density , which depends on the power output of the Tesla coil and the cross-sectional area of the path the current takes through the body to ground . Particularly if it passes through narrow structures such as blood vessels or joints it may raise the local tissue temperature to hyperthermic levels , `` cooking '' internal organs or causing other injuries . International ICNIRP safety standards for RF current in the body in the Tesla coil frequency range of 0.1 - 1 MHz specify a maximum current density of 0.2 mA per square centimeter and a maximum power absorption rate ( SAR ) in tissue of 4 W / kg in limbs and 0.8 W / kg average over the body . Even low power Tesla coils could exceed these limits , and it is generally impossible to determine the threshold current where bodily injury begins . Being struck by arcs from a high power ( > 1000 watt ) Tesla coil is likely to be fatal . Another reported hazard of this practice is that arcs from the high voltage terminal often strike the primary winding of the coil . This momentarily creates a conductive path for the lethal 50 / 60 Hz primary current from the supply transformer to reach the output terminal . If a person is connected to the output terminal at the time , either by touching it or allowing arcs from the terminal to strike the person 's body , then the high primary current could pass through the conductive ionized air path , through the body to ground , causing electrocution . Skin effect myth ( edit ) An erroneous explanation for the absence of electric shock that has persisted among Tesla coil hobbyists is that the high frequency currents travel through the body close to the surface , and thus do not penetrate to vital organs or nerves , due to an electromagnetic phenomenon called skin effect . This theory is false . RF current does tend to flow on the surface of conductors due to skin effect , but the depth to which it penetrates , called skin depth , depends on the resistivity and permittivity of the material as well as the frequency . Although skin effect limits currents of Tesla coil frequencies to the outer fraction of a millimeter in metal conductors , the skin depth of the current in body tissue is much deeper due to its higher resistivity and lower permittivity . The depth of penetration of currents of Tesla frequency ( 0.1 - 1 MHz ) in human tissues is roughly 24 to 72 cm ( 9 to 28 inches ) . Since even the deepest tissues are closer than this to the surface , skin effect has little influence on the path of the current through the body ; it tends to take the path of minimum electrical impedance to ground , and can easily pass through the core of the body . In the medical therapy called longwave diathermy , carefully controlled RF current of Tesla frequencies was used for decades for deep tissue warming , including heating internal organs such as the lungs . Modern shortwave diathermy machines use a higher frequency of 27 MHz , which would have a correspondingly smaller skin depth , yet these frequencies are still able to penetrate deep body tissues . Related patents ( edit ) Tesla 's patents See also : List of Tesla patents `` Electrical Transformer Or Induction Device '' . U.S. Patent No . 433,702 , August 5 , 1890 `` Means for Generating Electric Currents '' , U.S. Patent No . 514,168 , February 6 , 1894 `` Electrical Transformer '' , Patent No . 593,138 , November 2 , 1897 `` Method Of Utilizing Radiant Energy '' , Patent No . 685,958 November 5 , 1901 `` Method of Signaling '' , U.S. Patent No . 723,188 , March 17 , 1903 `` System of Signaling '' , U.S. Patent No. 725,605 , April 14 , 1903 `` Apparatus for Transmitting Electrical Energy '' , January 18 , 1902 , U.S. Patent 1,119,732 , December 1 , 1914 ( available at U.S. Patent 1,119,732 Others ' patents J.S. Stone , U.S. Patent 714,832 , `` Apparatus for amplifying electromagnetic signal - waves '' . ( Filed January 23 , 1901 ; Issued December 2 , 1902 ) A. Nickle , U.S. Patent 2,125,804 , `` Antenna '' . ( Filed May 25 , 1934 ; Issued August 2 , 1938 ) William W. Brown , U.S. Patent 2,059,186 , `` Antenna structure '' . ( Filed May 25 , 1934 ; Issued October 27 , 1936 ) . Robert B. Dome , U.S. Patent 2,101,674 , `` Antenna '' . ( Filed May 25 , 1934 ; Issued December 7 , 1937 ) Armstrong , E.H. , U.S. Patent 1,113,149 , `` Wireless receiving system '' . 1914 . Armstrong , E.H. , U.S. Patent 1,342,885 , `` Method of receiving high frequency oscillation '' . 1922 . Armstrong , E.H. , U.S. Patent 1,424,065 , `` Signalling system '' . 1922 . Gerhard Freiherr Du Prel , U.S. Patent 1,675,882 , `` High frequency circuit '' . ( Filed August 11 , 1925 ; Issued July 3 , 1928 ) Leydorf , G.F. , U.S. Patent 3,278,937 , `` Antenna near field coupling system '' . 1966 . Van Voorhies , U.S. Patent 6,218,998 , `` Toroidal helical antenna '' Gene Koonce , U.S. Patent 6,933,819 , `` Multifrequency electro - magnetic field generator '' . ( Filed October 29 , 2004 ; Issued August 23 , 2005 ) See also ( edit ) Bifilar coil Henry Leroy Transtrom , an inventor and showman who worked with high voltage electricity . List of Tesla patents Oudin coil , invented in 1893 by Paul Marie Oudin Wireless energy transfer References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Uth , Robert ( December 12 , 2000 ) . `` Tesla coil '' . Tesla : Master of Lightning . PBS.org . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Patent No . 454,622 , Nikola Tesla , SYSTEM OF ELECTRIC LIGHTING , filed 25 April 1891 ; granted 23 June 1891 Jump up ^ Dommermuth - Costa , Carol ( 1994 ) . Nikola Tesla : A Spark of Genius . Twenty - First Century Books . p. 75 . ISBN 0 - 8225 - 4920 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla coil '' . Museum of Electricity and Magnetism , Center for Learning . National High Magnetic Field Laboratory website , Florida State Univ. 2011 . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Instruction and Application Manual '' ( PDF ) . Model 10 - 206 Tesla Coil . Science First , Serrata , Pty . educational equipment website . 2006 . p. 2 . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cheney , Margaret ( 2011 ) . Tesla : Man Out of Time . Simon and Schuster . p. 87 . ISBN 1 - 4516 - 7486 - 4 . Jump up ^ Constable , George ; Bob Somerville ( 2003 ) . A Century of Innovation : Twenty Engineering Achievements that Transformed Our Lives . Joseph Henry Press . p. 70 . ISBN 0 - 309 - 08908 - 5 . Jump up ^ Smith , Craig B. ( 2008 ) . Lightning : Fire from the Sky . Dockside Consultants Inc . ISBN 0 - 615 - 24869 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Plesch , P.H. ( 2005 ) . High Vacuum Techniques for Chemical Syntheses and Measurements . Cambridge University Press . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 67547 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Tilbury , Mitch ( 2007 ) . The Ultimate Tesla Coil Design and Construction Guide . New York : McGraw - Hill Professional . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 149737 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ramsey , Rolla ( 1937 ) . Experimental Radio ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Ramsey Publishing . p. 175 . Jump up ^ Mazzotto , Domenico ( 1906 ) . Wireless telegraphy and telephony . Whittaker and Co. p. 146 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , T.K. ; Mailloux , Robert ; Oliner , Arthur A. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . History of Wireless . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 286 , 84 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 78301 - 3 . , archive Archived 2016 - 05 - 17 at the Portuguese Web Archive Jump up ^ `` Unfortunately , the common misunderstanding by most people today is that the Tesla coil is merely a device that produces a spectacular exhibit of sparks which tittilates audiences . Nevertheless , its circuitry is fundamental to all radio transmission '' Belohlavek , Peter ; Wagner , John W ( 2008 ) . Innovation : The Lessons of Nikola Tesla . Blue Eagle Group . p. 110 . ISBN 9876510096 . ^ Jump up to : Haddad , A. ; Warne , D.F. ( 2004 ) . Advances in High Voltage Engineering . IET . p. 605 . ISBN 0852961588 . ^ Jump up to : Naidu , M.S. ; Kamaraju , V. ( 2013 ) . High Voltage Engineering . Tata McGraw - Hill Education . p. 167 . ISBN 1259062899 . ^ Jump up to : Sprott , Julien C. ( 2006 ) . Physics Demonstrations : A Sourcebook for Teachers of Physics . Univ. of Wisconsin Press . pp. 192 -- 195 . ISBN 0299215806 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Barton B. ( November 24 , 2000 ) . `` The Classic Tesla Coil : A dual - tuned resonant transformer '' ( PDF ) . Tesla Coils . Terry Blake , 3rd webpage . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Denicolai , Marco ( May 30 , 2001 ) . `` Tesla Transformer for Experimentation and Research '' ( PDF ) . Thesis for Licentiate Degree . Electrical and Communications Engineering Dept. , Helsinki Univ. of Technology , Helsinki , Finland : 2 -- 6 . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Denicolai , 2001 , Tesla Transformer for Experimentation and Research , Ch. 2 , p. 8 - 10 ^ Jump up to : Gerekos , Christopher ( 2012 ) . `` The Tesla Coil '' ( PDF ) . Thesis . Physics Dept. , Université Libre de Bruxelles , Brussels , Belgium : 20 -- 22 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . , reprinted on The Zeus Tesla Coil , HazardousPhysics.com Jump up ^ Gottlieb , Irving ( 1998 ) . Practical Transformer Handbook : for Electronics , Radio and Communications Engineers . Newnes . pp. 103 -- 114 . ISBN 0080514561 . ^ Jump up to : Burnett , Richie ( 2008 ) . `` Operation of the Tesla Coil '' . Richie 's Tesla Coil Web Page . Richard Burnett private website . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Richie ( 2008 ) . `` Coupling Coefficient '' . Richie 's Tesla Coil Web Page . Richard Burnett private website . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Burnett , Richie ( 2008 ) . `` Tesla Coil Components , P. 2 '' . Richie 's Tesla Coil Web Page . Richard Burnett private website . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gerekos , 2012 , The Tesla Coil , p. 38 - 42 Archived June 23 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gerekos , 2012 , The Tesla Coil , p. 15 - 18 Archived June 23 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Bestimmung der elektrischen Kenngrößen von Teslaspulen Jump up ^ `` Improve efficiency and robustness by slightly modifying the problem of magnetic resonance theory '' . Green Electronics ( in Japanese ) . CQ publishing ( 19 ) : 59 -- 60 , 65 . October 2017 . ISBN 9784789848503 . Jump up ^ Teslaspulen in Aktion : Theorie der Solid State Tesla Coil ( SSTC ) Jump up ^ Gerekos , 2012 , The Tesla Coil , p. 19 - 20 Archived June 23 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Denicolai , 2001 , Tesla Transformer for Experimentation and Research , Ch. 3 , Sec. 3 - 5 , p. 22 Jump up ^ `` Tesla Coils - Frequently Asked Questions '' . oneTesla website . oneTesla Co. , Cambridge , Massachusetts . 2012 . Retrieved August 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Denicolai , 2001 , Tesla Transformer for Experimentation and Research , Ch. 2 , p. 11 - 17 Jump up ^ Gerekos , 2012 , The Tesla Coil , p. 1 , 23 Archived June 23 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Denicolai , 2001 , Tesla Transformer for Experimentation and Research , Ch. 2 , p. 10 Jump up ^ US Patent No. 1119732 , Nikola Tesla Apparatus for transmitting electrical energy , filed January 18 , 1902 ; granted December 1 , 1914 Jump up ^ Sarkar et al. ( 2006 ) History of Wireless , p. 279 - 280 , archive Archived 2016 - 05 - 17 at the Portuguese Web Archive Jump up ^ Reed , John Randolph ( 2000 ) . `` Designing high - gain triple resonant Tesla transformers '' ( PDF ) . Dept. of Engineering and Computer Science , Univ. of Central Florida . Retrieved August 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Thomson , Elihu ( November 3 , 1899 ) . `` Apparatus for obtaining high frequencies and pressures '' . The Electrician . London : The Electrician Publishing Co. 44 ( 2 ) : 40 -- 41 . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strong , Frederick Finch ( 1908 ) . High Frequency Currents . New York : Rebman Co. pp. 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Tesla , Nikola ( March 29 , 1899 ) . `` Some experiments in Tesla 's laboratory with currents of high frequencies and pressures '' . Electrical Review . New York : Electrical Review Publishing Co. 34 ( 13 ) : 193 -- 197 . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . p. 196 - 197 and fig. 2 : Tesla describes the steps in his invention of the high frequency transformer . Jump up ^ `` Tesla is entitled to either distinct priority or independent discovery of '' three concepts in wireless theory : `` ( 1 ) the idea of inductive coupling between the driving and the working circuits ( 2 ) the importance of tuning both circuits , i.e. the idea of an ' oscillation transformer ' ( 3 ) the idea of a capacitance loaded open secondary circuit '' Wheeler , L.P. ( August 1943 ) . `` Tesla 's contribution to high frequency '' . Electrical Engineering . IEEE. 62 ( 8 ) : 355 -- 357 . doi : 10.1109 / EE. 1943.6435874 . ISSN 0095 - 9197 . ^ Jump up to : Sarkar , T.K. ; Mailloux , Robert ; Oliner , Arthur A. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . History of Wireless . John Wiley and Sons . pp. 268 -- 270 . ISBN 0471783013 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) , archive Archived 2016 - 05 - 17 at the Portuguese Web Archive Jump up ^ Pierce , George Washington ( 1910 ) . Principles of Wireless Telegraphy . New York : McGraw - Hill Book Co. pp. 93 -- 95 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , John Ambrose ( 1910 ) . The Principles of Electric Wave Telegraphy and Telephony , 2nd Ed . London : Longmans , Green and Co. pp. 581 -- 582 . Jump up ^ `` Transformer '' . Encyclopaedia Britannica , 10th Ed . 33 . The Encyclopaedia Britannica Co. 1903 . p. 426 . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Elihu ( February 20 , 1892 ) . `` Induction by high potential discharges '' . Electrical World . New York : W.J. Johnson Co. 19 ( 8 ) : 116 -- 117 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Elihu ( April 1893 ) . `` High Frequency Electric Induction '' . Technology Quarterly and Proceedings of Society of Arts . Boston : Massachusetts Inst. of Technology . 6 ( 1 ) : 50 -- 59 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Elihu ( July 23 , 1906 ) . `` Letter to Frederick Finch Strong '' . The Electrotherapy Museum website . Jeff Behary , Bellingham , Washington , USA . Reproduced by permission of The American Philosophical Society . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . In this letter Thomson lists papers he published in technical journals which support his claim to priority in inventing the `` Tesla coil '' resonant transformer circuit Jump up ^ Denicolai , 2001 , Tesla Transformer for Experimentation and Research , Ch. 1 , p. 1 - 6 Jump up ^ The lecture `` Experiments with Alternate Currents of Very High Frequency and Their Application to Methods of Artificial Illumination '' is reprinted in Martin , Thomas Cummerford ( 1894 ) . The Inventions , Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla : With Special Reference to His Work in Polyphase Currents and High Potential Lighting , 2nd Ed . The Electrical Engineer . pp. 145 -- 197 . The Tesla coil circuit is shown p. 193 , fig. 127 Jump up ^ The lecture is reprinted in Tesla , Nikola ( 2007 ) . The Nikola Tesla Treasury . Wilder Publications . pp. 68 -- 107 . ISBN 1934451894 . The Tesla coil illustration is shown p. 103 , fig. 32 Jump up ^ de Queiroz , Antonio Carlos M. `` Generalized Multiple LC Resonance Networks '' . International Symposium on Circuits and Systems . IEEE. 3 : 519 -- 522 . Jump up ^ de Queiroz , Antonio Carlos M. `` Designing a Tesla Magnifier '' . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ This is equivalent to hundreds of thousands of horsepower Jump up ^ Gottlieb , Irving ( 1998 ) . Practical Transformer Handbook . Newnes . p. 551 . ISBN 0080514561 . Jump up ^ The Electrum Project Archived 2011 - 07 - 27 at the Wayback Machine. , Lightning On Demand , Brisbane CA Jump up ^ Interview with ArcAttack on Odd Instruments Archived 2008 - 09 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Duckon 2007 - Steve Ward 's Singing Tesla Coil video Archived June 23 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Tesla Music Band ^ Jump up to : Kluge , Stefan ( 2009 ) . `` Safety page '' . Stefan 's Tesla coil pages . Stefan Kluge 's personal website . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kovács ( 1945 ) Electrotherapy and Light Therapy , 5th Ed. , p. 205 - 206 ^ Jump up to : Mieny , C.J. ( 2003 ) . Principles of Surgical Patient Care ( 2nd ed . ) . New Africa Books . p. 136 . ISBN 9781869280055 . ^ Jump up to : Kalsi , Aman ; Balani , Nikhail ( 2016 ) . Physics for the Anaesthetic Viva . Cambridge Univ . Press . pp. 45 -- 46 . ISBN 1107498333 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Thomas Stanley ( 1916 ) . High Frequency Apparatus : Its Construction and Practical Application . USA : Everyday Mechanics Company . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Tom ( 7 May 2015 ) . `` Science teacher arrested after allegedly using Tesla coil to ' brand ' pupils by searing skin '' . Evening Standard . London , UK : Evening Standard Ltd . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Klipstein , Don ( 2005 ) . `` Tesla Coil Hazards and Safety '' . Don 's Tesla Coil Page . Don Klipstein 's personal website . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Graham A. ; Layer , David H. ; Osenkowsky , Thomas G. ( 2013 ) . National Association of Broadcasters Engineering Handbook , 10th Ed . Taylor and Francis . p. 357 . ISBN 1136034099 . ^ Jump up to : Atkinson , Chip ; Phillips , Ed ; Rzeszotarski , Mark S. ; Stephens , R.W. ( August 4 , 1996 ) . `` Tesla Coil Safety Information '' . Classic Tesla . Bart Anderson personal website . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tilbury , Mitch ( 2007 ) The Ultimate Tesla Coil Design and Construction Guide , p. 4 ^ Jump up to : Cooper , W. Fordham ( 2013 ) . Electrical Safety Engineering , 3rd Ed . Butterworth - Heinemann . p. 57 . ISBN 1483161498 . Jump up ^ Nikoletseas , Sotiris ; Yang , Yuanyuan ; Georgiadis , Apostolos ( 2016 ) . Wireless Power Transfer Algorithms , Technologies and Applications in Ad Hoc Communication Networks . Springer . pp. 166 -- 167 . ISBN 3319468103 . Jump up ^ Robberson , Elbert ( August 1954 ) . `` How to build a Tesla coil '' . Popular Science . New York : The Popular Science Publishing Co. 165 ( 2 ) : 192 . Jump up ^ Sarwate , V.V. ( 1993 ) . Electromagnetic Fields and Waves . New Age International , Ltd. p. 305 . ISBN 8122404685 . Jump up ^ Saberton , Claude ( 1920 ) . Diathermy in Medical and Surgical Practice . P.B. Hoeber Co. pp. 23 -- 24 . ^ Jump up to : Beatty , William J. ( 2012 ) . `` The skin effect protects us from Tesla coil zaps ? '' . Debunking Some Tesla Myths . Science Hobbyist webpage . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strong , Frederick Finch ( 1908 ) High Frequency Currents , p. 222 - 223 ^ Jump up to : `` It is apparent that the skin effect becomes significant for humans ... at frequencies greater than 10 MHz . '' Barnes , Frank S. ; Greenebaum , Ben ( 2006 ) . Biological and Medical Aspects of Electromagnetic Fields . CRC Press . pp. xix . ISBN 142000946X . ^ Jump up to : Elder , Joe Allen ; Cahill , Daniel F. ( 1984 ) . Biological Effects of Radiofrequency Radiation . US Environmental Protection Agency . pp. 3.15 -- 3.16 . ^ Jump up to : Saslow , Wayne M. ( 2002 ) . Electricity , Magnetism , and Light . Academic Press . p. 620 . ISBN 0 - 08 - 050521 - X . ^ Jump up to : Christie , R.V. ; Binger , Cal ( October 1927 ) . `` An experimental study of diathermy : IV . Evidence for the penetration of high frequency currents through the living body '' . The Journal of Experimental Medicine . 46 ( 5 ) : 715 -- 734 . doi : 10.1084 / jem. 46.5. 715 . PMC 2131316 . PMID 19869368 . Jump up ^ History of Wireless By Tapan K. Sarkar , et al. ISBN 0 - 471 - 78301 - 3 Jump up ^ A Multifrequency electro - magnetic field generator that is capable of generating electro - magnetic radial fields , horizontal fields and spiral flux fields that are projected at a distance from the device and collected at the far end of the device by an antenna . Further reading ( edit ) Operation and other information Armagnat , H. , & Kenyon , O.A. ( 1908 ) . The theory , design and construction of induction coils . New York : McGraw . Haller , G.F. , & Cunningham , E.T. ( 1910 ) . The Tesla high frequency coil , its construction and uses . New York : D. Van Nostrand Co . Iannini , R.E. ( 2003 ) . Electronic gadgets for the evil genius : 21 build - it - yourself projects . TAB electronics . New York : McGraw - Hill . Pages 137 -- 202 . Corum , Kenneth L. and James F. `` Tesla Coils and the Failure of Lumped - Element Circuit Theory '' Nicholson , Paul , `` Tesla Secondary Simulation Project '' ( Current state of the art in rigorously describing Tesla coil secondary behavior through theoretical analysis , simulation and testing of results in practice ) Vujovic , Ljubo , `` Tesla Coil '' . Tesla Memorial Society of New York . Hickman , Bert , `` Tesla Coil Information Center '' Cooper , John . F. , `` Magnifying Transmitter early - type circuit diagram ; Later - type circuit diagram '' . Tesla-Coil.com Electrical World `` The Development of High Frequency Currents for Practical Application ''. , The Electrical World , Vol 32 , No. 8 . `` Boundless Space : A Bus Bar '' . The Electrical World , Vol 32 , No. 19 . Other publications Cullen , A.L. ; Dobson , J. ( 1963 ) . `` The Corona Breakdown of Aerials in Air at Low Pressures '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London . Series A , Mathematical and Physical Sciences . 271 ( 1347 ) : 551 -- 564 . Bibcode : 1963RSPSA. 271 ... 551C . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1963.0035 . Bieniosek , F.M. `` Triple Resonance Pulse Transformer Circuit '' . Review of Scientific Instruments . 61 ( 6 ) . Bibcode : 1990RScI ... 61.1717 B . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1141138 . Corum , J.F. , and K.L. Corum , `` RF Coils , Helical Resonators and Voltage Magnification by Coherent Spatial Modes '' . IEEE , 2001 . de Queiroz , Antonio Carlos M. , `` Synthesis of Multiple Resonance Networks '' . Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . EE / COPE . Haller , George Francis , and Elmer Tiling Cunningham , `` The Tesla high frequency coil , its construction and uses '' . New York , D. Van Nostrand company , 1910 . Hartley , R.V.L. ( 1936 ) . `` Oscillations with Non-linear Reactances '' . Bell System Technical Journal . 3 : 424 -- 440 . Norrie , H.S. , `` Induction Coils : How to make , use , and repair them '' . Norman H. Schneider , 1907 , New York . 4th edition . Reed , J.L. ( 1988 ) . `` Greater voltage gain for Tesla transformer accelerators '' . Review of Scientific Instruments . 59 : 2300 . Bibcode : 1988RScI ... 59.2300 R . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1139953 . Reed , J.L. ( 2012 ) . `` Tesla transformer damping '' . Review of Scientific Instruments . 83 : 076101 . Bibcode : 2012RScI ... 83g6101R . doi : 10.1063 / 1.4732811 . Reed , J.L. ( 2015 ) . `` Conduction - coupled Tesla transformer '' . Review of Scientific Instruments . 86 : 035113 . Bibcode : 2015RScI ... 86c5113R . doi : 10.1063 / 1.4915940 . Reed , J.L. , `` Tuning the triple resonance Tesla pulse transformer , '' Google Docs , https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7PZG_uOiTWwUHVTX05DR2NpeDQ/view?usp=sharing Curtis , Thomas Stanley , High Frequency Apparatus : Its Construction and Practical Application . Everyday Mechanics Co. , 1916 . numerous academic IEEE publications ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tesla coils . Tesla coil at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Transformer Types Amorphous metal transformer Austin transformer Autotransformer Buck -- boost transformer Capacitor voltage transformer Current transformer Distribution transformer Delta - wye transformer Energy efficient transformer Flyback transformer Grounding transformer Instrument transformer Isolation transformer Dry isolation transformer Linear variable differential transformer Modulation transformer Neon - sign transformer Padmount transformer Paraformer Planar transformers Rotary transformer Rotary variable differential transformer Scott - T transformer Solid - state transformer Trigger transformer Variable - frequency transformer Zigzag transformer Coils Hybrid coil Induction coil Oudin coil Polyphase coil Repeating coil Tesla coil Trembler coil Topics Agbioeletric Balun Buchholz relay Bushing Center tap Circle diagram Condition monitoring of transformers Copper loss Dissolved gas analysis Electrical insulation paper Growler High - leg delta Induction regulator Leakage inductance Magnet wire Metadyne Open - circuit test Polarity Polychlorinated biphenyl Quadrature booster Resolver Resonant inductive coupling Severity factor Short - circuit test Stacking factor Synchro Tap changer Toroidal inductors and transformers Transformer oil Transformer oil testing Transformer utilization factor Vector group Manufacturers ABB Prolec GE Siemens TBEA Nikola Tesla Career and inventions Patents Egg of Columbus Magnifying transmitter Polyphase system Rotating magnetic field Alternating - current commutatorless induction motor Tesla Experimental Station Teleforce Telegeodynamics Tesla coil Wireless power Resonant inductive coupling Radio control Tesla turbine Tesla 's oscillator Three - phase electric power Wardenclyffe Tower Tesla Electric Light and Manufacturing Writings The Inventions , Researches , and Writings of Nikola Tesla Colorado Springs Notes , 1899 -- 1900 `` Fragments of Olympian Gossip '' My Inventions : The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla Other War of Currents Westinghouse Electric World Wireless System In popular culture Related Nikola Tesla Museum Tesla Science Center at Wardenclyffe IEEE Nikola Tesla Award Tesla Satellite Award Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport Tower to the People Wizard : The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla The Man Who Invented the Twentieth Century Tesla : Man Out of Time The Tesla World Light GND : 4449670 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tesla_coil&oldid=854705287 '' Categories : Electric transformers Power supplies Inventions by Nikola Tesla Electrical breakdown Hidden categories : Webarchive template other archives Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Articles needing additional references from August 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles needing cleanup from June 2018 All pages needing cleanup Articles containing how - to sections Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 06 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where do you usually find a tesla coil | [
"Tesla coils are displayed as attractions at science museums and electronics fairs, and are used to demonstrate principles of high frequency electricity in science classes in schools and colleges.\n",
"Tesla coils are displayed as attractions at science museums and electronics fairs, and are used to demonstrate principles of high frequency electricity in science classes in schools and colleges.\n",
"Tesla coils are displayed as attractions at science museums and electronics fairs, and are used to demonstrate principles of high frequency electricity in science classes in schools and colleges.\n"
] | [
"science museums",
"electronics fairs",
"science classes in schools and colleges"
] |
1852314465087627450 | Atmosphere of Earth | Atmosphere of Earth - wikipedia Atmosphere of Earth Jump to : navigation , search `` Air '' redirects here . For other uses , see Air ( disambiguation ) . `` Qualities of air '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Air quality . Blue light is scattered more than other wavelengths by the gases in the atmosphere , giving Earth a blue halo when seen from space onboard ISS at a height of 402 -- 424 km ( 250 -- 263 mi ) Composition of Earth 's atmosphere by volume . Lower pie represents trace gases that together compose about 0.038 % of the atmosphere ( 0.043 % with CO at 2014 concentration ) . Numbers are mainly from 1987 , with CO and methane from 2009 , and do not represent any single source . The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases , commonly known as air , that surrounds the planet Earth and is retained by Earth 's gravity . The atmosphere of Earth protects life on Earth by creating pressure allowing for liquid water to exist on the Earth 's surface , absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation , warming the surface through heat retention ( greenhouse effect ) , and reducing temperature extremes between day and night ( the diurnal temperature variation ) . By volume , dry air contains 78.09 % nitrogen , 20.95 % oxygen , 0.93 % argon , 0.04 % carbon dioxide , and small amounts of other gases . Air also contains a variable amount of water vapor , on average around 1 % at sea level , and 0.4 % over the entire atmosphere . Air content and atmospheric pressure vary at different layers , and air suitable for use in photosynthesis by terrestrial plants and breathing of terrestrial animals is found only in Earth 's troposphere and in artificial atmospheres . The atmosphere has a mass of about 5.15 × 10 kg , three quarters of which is within about 11 km ( 6.8 mi ; 36,000 ft ) of the surface . The atmosphere becomes thinner and thinner with increasing altitude , with no definite boundary between the atmosphere and outer space . The Kármán line , at 100 km ( 62 mi ) , or 1.57 % of Earth 's radius , is often used as the border between the atmosphere and outer space . Atmospheric effects become noticeable during atmospheric reentry of spacecraft at an altitude of around 120 km ( 75 mi ) . Several layers can be distinguished in the atmosphere , based on characteristics such as temperature and composition . The study of Earth 's atmosphere and its processes is called atmospheric science ( aerology ) . Early pioneers in the field include Léon Teisserenc de Bort and Richard Assmann . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Structure of the atmosphere 2.1 Principal layers 2.1. 1 Exosphere 2.1. 2 Thermosphere 2.1. 3 Mesosphere 2.1. 4 Stratosphere 2.1. 5 Troposphere 2.2 Other layers 3 Physical properties 3.1 Pressure and thickness 3.2 Temperature and speed of sound 3.3 Density and mass 4 Optical properties 4.1 Scattering 4.2 Absorption 4.3 Emission 4.4 Refractive index 5 Circulation 6 Evolution of Earth 's atmosphere 6.1 Earliest atmosphere 6.2 Second atmosphere 6.3 Third atmosphere 6.4 Air pollution 7 Images from space 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Composition Main article : Atmospheric chemistry Mean atmospheric water vapor The three major constituents of air , and therefore of Earth 's atmosphere , are nitrogen , oxygen , and argon . Water vapor accounts for roughly 0.25 % of the atmosphere by mass . The concentration of water vapor ( a greenhouse gas ) varies significantly from around 10 ppm by volume in the coldest portions of the atmosphere to as much as 5 % by volume in hot , humid air masses , and concentrations of other atmospheric gases are typically quoted in terms of dry air ( without water vapor ) . The remaining gases are often referred to as trace gases , among which are the greenhouse gases , principally carbon dioxide , methane , nitrous oxide , and ozone . Filtered air includes trace amounts of many other chemical compounds . Many substances of natural origin may be present in locally and seasonally variable small amounts as aerosols in an unfiltered air sample , including dust of mineral and organic composition , pollen and spores , sea spray , and volcanic ash . Various industrial pollutants also may be present as gases or aerosols , such as chlorine ( elemental or in compounds ) , fluorine compounds and elemental mercury vapor . Sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide ( SO ) may be derived from natural sources or from industrial air pollution . Major constituents of dry air , by volume Gas Volume Name Formula in ppmv in % Nitrogen 780,840 78.084 Oxygen O 209,460 20.946 Argon Ar 9,340 0.9340 Carbon dioxide CO 400 0.04 Neon Ne 18.18 0.001818 Helium He 5.24 0.000524 Methane CH 1.79 0.000179 Not included in above dry atmosphere : Water vapor H O 10 -- 50,000 0.001 % -- 5 % notes : volume fraction is equal to mole fraction for ideal gas only , also see volume ( thermodynamics ) ppmv : parts per million by volume Water vapor is about 0.25 % by mass over full atmosphere Water vapor strongly varies locally The relative concentration of gasses remains constant until about 10,000 m ( 33,000 ft ) . Structure of the atmosphere Earth 's atmosphere Lower 4 layers of the atmosphere in 3 dimensions as seen diagonally from above the exobase . Layers drawn to scale , objects within the layers are not to scale . Aurorae shown here at the bottom of the thermosphere can actually form at any altitude in this atmospheric layer . Principal layers In general , air pressure and density decrease with altitude in the atmosphere . However , temperature has a more complicated profile with altitude , and may remain relatively constant or even increase with altitude in some regions ( see the temperature section , below ) . Because the general pattern of the temperature / altitude profile is constant and measurable by means of instrumented balloon soundings , the temperature behavior provides a useful metric to distinguish atmospheric layers . In this way , Earth 's atmosphere can be divided ( called atmospheric stratification ) into five main layers . Excluding the exosphere , the atmosphere has four primary layers , which are the troposphere , stratosphere , mesosphere , and thermosphere . From highest to lowest , the five main layers are : Exosphere : 700 to 10,000 km ( 440 to 6,200 miles ) Thermosphere : 80 to 700 km ( 50 to 440 miles ) Mesosphere : 50 to 80 km ( 31 to 50 miles ) Stratosphere : 12 to 50 km ( 7 to 31 miles ) Troposphere : 0 to 12 km ( 0 to 7 miles ) Exosphere Main article : Exosphere The exosphere is the outermost layer of Earth 's atmosphere ( i.e. the upper limit of the atmosphere ) . It extends from the exobase , which is located at the top of the thermosphere at an altitude of about 700 km above sea level , to about 10,000 km ( 6,200 mi ; 33,000,000 ft ) where it merges into the solar wind . This layer is mainly composed of extremely low densities of hydrogen , helium and several heavier molecules including nitrogen , oxygen and carbon dioxide closer to the exobase . The atoms and molecules are so far apart that they can travel hundreds of kilometers without colliding with one another . Thus , the exosphere no longer behaves like a gas , and the particles constantly escape into space . These free - moving particles follow ballistic trajectories and may migrate in and out of the magnetosphere or the solar wind . The exosphere is located too far above Earth for any meteorological phenomena to be possible . However , the aurora borealis and aurora australis sometimes occur in the lower part of the exosphere , where they overlap into the thermosphere . The exosphere contains most of the satellites orbiting Earth . Thermosphere Main article : Thermosphere The thermosphere is the second - highest layer of Earth 's atmosphere . It extends from the mesopause ( which separates it from the mesosphere ) at an altitude of about 80 km ( 50 mi ; 260,000 ft ) up to the thermopause at an altitude range of 500 -- 1000 km ( 310 -- 620 mi ; 1,600,000 -- 3,300,000 ft ) . The height of the thermopause varies considerably due to changes in solar activity . Because the thermopause lies at the lower boundary of the exosphere , it is also referred to as the exobase . The lower part of the thermosphere , from 80 to 550 kilometres ( 50 to 342 mi ) above Earth 's surface , contains the ionosphere . The temperature of the thermosphere gradually increases with height . Unlike the stratosphere beneath it , wherein a temperature inversion is due to the absorption of radiation by ozone , the inversion in the thermosphere occurs due to the extremely low density of its molecules . The temperature of this layer can rise as high as 1500 ° C ( 2700 ° F ) , though the gas molecules are so far apart that its temperature in the usual sense is not very meaningful . The air is so rarefied that an individual molecule ( of oxygen , for example ) travels an average of 1 kilometre ( 0.62 mi ; 3300 ft ) between collisions with other molecules . Although the thermosphere has a high proportion of molecules with high energy , it would not feel hot to a human in direct contact , because its density is too low to conduct a significant amount of energy to or from the skin . This layer is completely cloudless and free of water vapor . However , non-hydrometeorological phenomena such as the aurora borealis and aurora australis are occasionally seen in the thermosphere . The International Space Station orbits in this layer , between 350 and 420 km ( 220 and 260 mi ) . Mesosphere Main article : Mesosphere The mesosphere is the third highest layer of Earth 's atmosphere , occupying the region above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere . It extends from the stratopause at an altitude of about 50 km ( 31 mi ; 160,000 ft ) to the mesopause at 80 -- 85 km ( 50 -- 53 mi ; 260,000 -- 280,000 ft ) above sea level . Temperatures drop with increasing altitude to the mesopause that marks the top of this middle layer of the atmosphere . It is the coldest place on Earth and has an average temperature around − 85 ° C ( − 120 ° F ; 190 K ) . Just below the mesopause , the air is so cold that even the very scarce water vapor at this altitude can be sublimated into polar - mesospheric noctilucent clouds . These are the highest clouds in the atmosphere and may be visible to the naked eye if sunlight reflects off them about an hour or two after sunset or a similar length of time before sunrise . They are most readily visible when the Sun is around 4 to 16 degrees below the horizon . A type of lightning referred to as either sprites or ELVES occasionally forms far above tropospheric thunderclouds . The mesosphere is also the layer where most meteors burn up upon atmospheric entrance . It is too high above Earth to be accessible to jet - powered aircraft and balloons , and too low to permit orbital spacecraft . The mesosphere is mainly accessed by sounding rockets and rocket - powered aircraft . Stratosphere Main article : Stratosphere The stratosphere is the second - lowest layer of Earth 's atmosphere . It lies above the troposphere and is separated from it by the tropopause . This layer extends from the top of the troposphere at roughly 12 km ( 7.5 mi ; 39,000 ft ) above Earth 's surface to the stratopause at an altitude of about 50 to 55 km ( 31 to 34 mi ; 164,000 to 180,000 ft ) . The atmospheric pressure at the top of the stratosphere is roughly 1 / 1000 the pressure at sea level . It contains the ozone layer , which is the part of Earth 's atmosphere that contains relatively high concentrations of that gas . The stratosphere defines a layer in which temperatures rise with increasing altitude . This rise in temperature is caused by the absorption of ultraviolet radiation ( UV ) radiation from the Sun by the ozone layer , which restricts turbulence and mixing . Although the temperature may be − 60 ° C ( − 76 ° F ; 210 K ) at the tropopause , the top of the stratosphere is much warmer , and may be near 0 ° C . The stratospheric temperature profile creates very stable atmospheric conditions , so the stratosphere lacks the weather - producing air turbulence that is so prevalent in the troposphere . Consequently , the stratosphere is almost completely free of clouds and other forms of weather . However , polar stratospheric or nacreous clouds are occasionally seen in the lower part of this layer of the atmosphere where the air is coldest . The stratosphere is the highest layer that can be accessed by jet - powered aircraft . Troposphere Main article : Troposphere The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth 's atmosphere . It extends from Earth 's surface to an average height of about 12 km , although this altitude actually varies from about 9 km ( 30,000 ft ) at the poles to 17 km ( 56,000 ft ) at the equator , with some variation due to weather . The troposphere is bounded above by the tropopause , a boundary marked in most places by a temperature inversion ( i.e. a layer of relatively warm air above a colder one ) , and in others by a zone which is isothermal with height . Although variations do occur , the temperature usually declines with increasing altitude in the troposphere because the troposphere is mostly heated through energy transfer from the surface . Thus , the lowest part of the troposphere ( i.e. Earth 's surface ) is typically the warmest section of the troposphere . This promotes vertical mixing ( hence the origin of its name in the Greek word τρόπος , tropos , meaning `` turn '' ) . The troposphere contains roughly 80 % of the mass of Earth 's atmosphere . The troposphere is denser than all its overlying atmospheric layers because a larger atmospheric weight sits on top of the troposphere and causes it to be most severely compressed . Fifty percent of the total mass of the atmosphere is located in the lower 5.6 km ( 18,000 ft ) of the troposphere . Nearly all atmospheric water vapor or moisture is found in the troposphere , so it is the layer where most of Earth 's weather takes place . It has basically all the weather - associated cloud genus types generated by active wind circulation , although very tall cumulonimbus thunder clouds can penetrate the tropopause from below and rise into the lower part of the stratosphere . Most conventional aviation activity takes place in the troposphere , and it is the only layer that can be accessed by propeller - driven aircraft . Space Shuttle Endeavour orbiting in the thermosphere . Because of the angle of the photo , it appears to straddle the stratosphere and mesosphere that actually lie more than 250 km below . The orange layer is the troposphere , which gives way to the whitish stratosphere and then the blue mesosphere . Other layers Within the five principal layers that are largely determined by temperature , several secondary layers may be distinguished by other properties : The ozone layer is contained within the stratosphere . In this layer ozone concentrations are about 2 to 8 parts per million , which is much higher than in the lower atmosphere but still very small compared to the main components of the atmosphere . It is mainly located in the lower portion of the stratosphere from about 15 -- 35 km ( 9.3 -- 21.7 mi ; 49,000 -- 115,000 ft ) , though the thickness varies seasonally and geographically . About 90 % of the ozone in Earth 's atmosphere is contained in the stratosphere . The ionosphere is a region of the atmosphere that is ionized by solar radiation . It is responsible for auroras . During daytime hours , it stretches from 50 to 1,000 km ( 31 to 621 mi ; 160,000 to 3,280,000 ft ) and includes the mesosphere , thermosphere , and parts of the exosphere . However , ionization in the mesosphere largely ceases during the night , so auroras are normally seen only in the thermosphere and lower exosphere . The ionosphere forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere . It has practical importance because it influences , for example , radio propagation on Earth . The homosphere and heterosphere are defined by whether the atmospheric gases are well mixed . The surface - based homosphere includes the troposphere , stratosphere , mesosphere , and the lowest part of the thermosphere , where the chemical composition of the atmosphere does not depend on molecular weight because the gases are mixed by turbulence . This relatively homogeneous layer ends at the turbopause found at about 100 km ( 62 mi ; 330,000 ft ) , the very edge of space itself as accepted by the FAI , which places it about 20 km ( 12 mi ; 66,000 ft ) above the mesopause . Above this altitude lies the heterosphere , which includes the exosphere and most of the thermosphere . Here , the chemical composition varies with altitude . This is because the distance that particles can move without colliding with one another is large compared with the size of motions that cause mixing . This allows the gases to stratify by molecular weight , with the heavier ones , such as oxygen and nitrogen , present only near the bottom of the heterosphere . The upper part of the heterosphere is composed almost completely of hydrogen , the lightest element . The planetary boundary layer is the part of the troposphere that is closest to Earth 's surface and is directly affected by it , mainly through turbulent diffusion . During the day the planetary boundary layer usually is well - mixed , whereas at night it becomes stably stratified with weak or intermittent mixing . The depth of the planetary boundary layer ranges from as little as about 100 metres ( 330 ft ) on clear , calm nights to 3,000 m ( 9,800 ft ) or more during the afternoon in dry regions . The average temperature of the atmosphere at Earth 's surface is 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ; 287 K ) or 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ; 288 K ) , depending on the reference . Physical properties Comparison of the 1962 US Standard Atmosphere graph of geometric altitude against air density , pressure , the speed of sound and temperature with approximate altitudes of various objects . Pressure and thickness Main article : Atmospheric pressure The average atmospheric pressure at sea level is defined by the International Standard Atmosphere as 101325 pascals ( 760.00 Torr ; 14.6959 psi ; 760.00 mmHg ) . This is sometimes referred to as a unit of standard atmospheres ( atm ) . Total atmospheric mass is 5.1480 × 10 kg ( 1.135 × 10 lb ) , about 2.5 % less than would be inferred from the average sea level pressure and Earth 's area of 51007.2 megahectares , this portion being displaced by Earth 's mountainous terrain . Atmospheric pressure is the total weight of the air above unit area at the point where the pressure is measured . Thus air pressure varies with location and weather . If the entire mass of the atmosphere had a uniform density from sea level , it would terminate abruptly at an altitude of 8.50 km ( 27,900 ft ) . It actually decreases exponentially with altitude , dropping by half every 5.6 km ( 18,000 ft ) or by a factor of 1 / e every 7.64 km ( 25,100 ft ) , the average scale height of the atmosphere below 70 km ( 43 mi ; 230,000 ft ) . However , the atmosphere is more accurately modeled with a customized equation for each layer that takes gradients of temperature , molecular composition , solar radiation and gravity into account . In summary , the mass of Earth 's atmosphere is distributed approximately as follows : 50 % is below 5.6 km ( 18,000 ft ) . 90 % is below 16 km ( 52,000 ft ) . 99.99997 % is below 100 km ( 62 mi ; 330,000 ft ) , the Kármán line . By international convention , this marks the beginning of space where human travelers are considered astronauts . By comparison , the summit of Mt . Everest is at 8,848 m ( 29,029 ft ) ; commercial airliners typically cruise between 10 km ( 33,000 ft ) and 13 km ( 43,000 ft ) where the thinner air improves fuel economy ; weather balloons reach 30.4 km ( 100,000 ft ) and above ; and the highest X-15 flight in 1963 reached 108.0 km ( 354,300 ft ) . Even above the Kármán line , significant atmospheric effects such as auroras still occur . Meteors begin to glow in this region , though the larger ones may not burn up until they penetrate more deeply . The various layers of Earth 's ionosphere , important to HF radio propagation , begin below 100 km and extend beyond 500 km . By comparison , the International Space Station and Space Shuttle typically orbit at 350 -- 400 km , within the F - layer of the ionosphere where they encounter enough atmospheric drag to require reboosts every few months . Depending on solar activity , satellites can experience noticeable atmospheric drag at altitudes as high as 700 -- 800 km . Temperature and speed of sound Main articles : Atmospheric temperature and Speed of sound Temperature trends in two thick layers of the atmosphere as measured between January 1979 and December 2005 by Microwave Sounding Units and Advanced Microwave Sounding Units on NOAA weather satellites . The instruments record microwaves emitted from oxygen molecules in the atmosphere . Source : The division of the atmosphere into layers mostly by reference to temperature is discussed above . Temperature decreases with altitude starting at sea level , but variations in this trend begin above 11 km , where the temperature stabilizes through a large vertical distance through the rest of the troposphere . In the stratosphere , starting above about 20 km , the temperature increases with height , due to heating within the ozone layer caused by capture of significant ultraviolet radiation from the Sun by the dioxygen and ozone gas in this region . Still another region of increasing temperature with altitude occurs at very high altitudes , in the aptly - named thermosphere above 90 km . Because in an ideal gas of constant composition the speed of sound depends only on temperature and not on the gas pressure or density , the speed of sound in the atmosphere with altitude takes on the form of the complicated temperature profile ( see illustration to the right ) , and does not mirror altitudinal changes in density or pressure . Density and mass Temperature and mass density against altitude from the NRLMSISE - 00 standard atmosphere model ( the eight dotted lines in each `` decade '' are at the eight cubes 8 , 27 , 64 , ... , 729 ) Main article : Density of air The density of air at sea level is about 1.2 kg / m ( 1.2 g / L , 0.0012 g / cm ) . Density is not measured directly but is calculated from measurements of temperature , pressure and humidity using the equation of state for air ( a form of the ideal gas law ) . Atmospheric density decreases as the altitude increases . This variation can be approximately modeled using the barometric formula . More sophisticated models are used to predict orbital decay of satellites . The average mass of the atmosphere is about 5 quadrillion ( 5 × 10 ) tonnes or 1 / 1,200,000 the mass of Earth . According to the American National Center for Atmospheric Research , `` The total mean mass of the atmosphere is 5.1480 × 10 kg with an annual range due to water vapor of 1.2 or 1.5 × 10 kg , depending on whether surface pressure or water vapor data are used ; somewhat smaller than the previous estimate . The mean mass of water vapor is estimated as 1.27 × 10 kg and the dry air mass as 5.1352 ± 0.0003 × 10 kg . '' Optical properties This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Sunlight Solar radiation ( or sunlight ) is the energy Earth receives from the Sun . Earth also emits radiation back into space , but at longer wavelengths that we can not see . Part of the incoming and emitted radiation is absorbed or reflected by the atmosphere . In May 2017 , glints of light , seen as twinkling from an orbiting satellite a million miles away , were found to be reflected light from ice crystals in the atmosphere . Scattering Main article : Scattering When light passes through Earth 's atmosphere , photons interact with it through scattering . If the light does not interact with the atmosphere , it is called direct radiation and is what you see if you were to look directly at the Sun . Indirect radiation is light that has been scattered in the atmosphere . For example , on an overcast day when you can not see your shadow there is no direct radiation reaching you , it has all been scattered . As another example , due to a phenomenon called Rayleigh scattering , shorter ( blue ) wavelengths scatter more easily than longer ( red ) wavelengths . This is why the sky looks blue ; you are seeing scattered blue light . This is also why sunsets are red . Because the Sun is close to the horizon , the Sun 's rays pass through more atmosphere than normal to reach your eye . Much of the blue light has been scattered out , leaving the red light in a sunset . Absorption Main article : Absorption ( electromagnetic radiation ) Rough plot of Earth 's atmospheric transmittance ( or opacity ) to various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation , including visible light . Different molecules absorb different wavelengths of radiation . For example , O and O absorb almost all wavelengths shorter than 300 nanometers . Water ( H O ) absorbs many wavelengths above 700 nm . When a molecule absorbs a photon , it increases the energy of the molecule . This heats the atmosphere , but the atmosphere also cools by emitting radiation , as discussed below . The combined absorption spectra of the gases in the atmosphere leave `` windows '' of low opacity , allowing the transmission of only certain bands of light . The optical window runs from around 300 nm ( ultraviolet - C ) up into the range humans can see , the visible spectrum ( commonly called light ) , at roughly 400 -- 700 nm and continues to the infrared to around 1100 nm . There are also infrared and radio windows that transmit some infrared and radio waves at longer wavelengths . For example , the radio window runs from about one centimeter to about eleven - meter waves . Emission Main article : Emission ( electromagnetic radiation ) Emission is the opposite of absorption , it is when an object emits radiation . Objects tend to emit amounts and wavelengths of radiation depending on their `` black body '' emission curves , therefore hotter objects tend to emit more radiation , with shorter wavelengths . Colder objects emit less radiation , with longer wavelengths . For example , the Sun is approximately 6,000 K ( 5,730 ° C ; 10,340 ° F ) , its radiation peaks near 500 nm , and is visible to the human eye . Earth is approximately 290 K ( 17 ° C ; 62 ° F ) , so its radiation peaks near 10,000 nm , and is much too long to be visible to humans . Because of its temperature , the atmosphere emits infrared radiation . For example , on clear nights Earth 's surface cools down faster than on cloudy nights . This is because clouds ( H O ) are strong absorbers and emitters of infrared radiation . This is also why it becomes colder at night at higher elevations . The greenhouse effect is directly related to this absorption and emission effect . Some gases in the atmosphere absorb and emit infrared radiation , but do not interact with sunlight in the visible spectrum . Common examples of these are CO and H O . Refractive index See also : Scintillation ( astronomy ) The refractive index of air is close to , but just greater than 1 . Systematic variations in refractive index can lead to the bending of light rays over long optical paths . One example is that , under some circumstances , observers onboard ships can see other vessels just over the horizon because light is refracted in the same direction as the curvature of Earth 's surface . The refractive index of air depends on temperature , giving rise to refraction effects when the temperature gradient is large . An example of such effects is the mirage . Circulation Main article : Atmospheric circulation An idealised view of three large circulation cells . Atmospheric circulation is the large - scale movement of air through the troposphere , and the means ( with ocean circulation ) by which heat is distributed around Earth . The large - scale structure of the atmospheric circulation varies from year to year , but the basic structure remains fairly constant because it is determined by Earth 's rotation rate and the difference in solar radiation between the equator and poles . Evolution of Earth 's atmosphere See also : History of Earth and Paleoclimatology Earliest atmosphere The first atmosphere consisted of gases in the solar nebula , primarily hydrogen . There were probably simple hydrides such as those now found in the gas giants ( Jupiter and Saturn ) , notably water vapor , methane and ammonia . As the solar nebula dissipated , these gases escaped , partly driven off by the solar wind . Second atmosphere Outgassing from volcanism , supplemented by gases produced during the late heavy bombardment of Earth by huge asteroids , produced the next atmosphere , consisting largely of nitrogen plus carbon dioxide and inert gases . A major part of carbon - dioxide emissions soon dissolved in water and built up carbonate sediments . Researchers have found water - related sediments dating from as early as 3.8 billion years ago . About 3.4 billion years ago , nitrogen formed the major part of the then stable `` second atmosphere '' . An influence of life has to be taken into account rather soon in the history of the atmosphere , because hints of early life - forms appear as early as 3.5 billion years ago . How Earth at that time maintained a climate warm enough for liquid water and life , if the early Sun put out 30 % lower solar radiance than today , is a puzzle known as the `` faint young Sun paradox '' . The geological record however shows a continually relatively warm surface during the complete early temperature record of Earth - with the exception of one cold glacial phase about 2.4 billion years ago . In the late Archean Eon an oxygen - containing atmosphere began to develop , apparently produced by photosynthesizing cyanobacteria ( see Great Oxygenation Event ) , which have been found as stromatolite fossils from 2.7 billion years ago . The early basic carbon isotopy ( isotope ratio proportions ) strongly suggests conditions similar to the current , and that the fundamental features of the carbon cycle became established as early as 4 billion years ago . Ancient sediments in the Gabon dating from between about 2,150 and 2,080 million years ago provide a record of Earth 's dynamic oxygenation evolution . These fluctuations in oxygenation were likely driven by the Lomagundi carbon isotope excursion . Third atmosphere Oxygen content of the atmosphere over the last billion years The constant re-arrangement of continents by plate tectonics influences the long - term evolution of the atmosphere by transferring carbon dioxide to and from large continental carbonate stores . Free oxygen did not exist in the atmosphere until about 2.4 billion years ago during the Great Oxygenation Event and its appearance is indicated by the end of the banded iron formations . Before this time , any oxygen produced by photosynthesis was consumed by oxidation of reduced materials , notably iron . Molecules of free oxygen did not start to accumulate in the atmosphere until the rate of production of oxygen began to exceed the availability of reducing materials that removed oxygen . This point signifies a shift from a reducing atmosphere to an oxidizing atmosphere . O showed major variations until reaching a steady state of more than 15 % by the end of the Precambrian . The following time span from 541 million years ago to the present day is the Phanerozoic Eon , during the earliest period of which , the Cambrian , oxygen - requiring metazoan life forms began to appear . The amount of oxygen in the atmosphere has fluctuated over the last 600 million years , reaching a peak of about 30 % around 280 million years ago , significantly higher than today 's 21 % . Two main processes govern changes in the atmosphere : Plants use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere , releasing oxygen . Breakdown of pyrite and volcanic eruptions release sulfur into the atmosphere , which oxidizes and hence reduces the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere . However , volcanic eruptions also release carbon dioxide , which plants can convert to oxygen . The exact cause of the variation of the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is not known . Periods with much oxygen in the atmosphere are associated with rapid development of animals . Today 's atmosphere contains 21 % oxygen , which is high enough for this rapid development of animals . Play media Animation shows the buildup of tropospheric CO in the Northern Hemisphere with a maximum around May . The maximum in the vegetation cycle follows in the late summer . Following the peak in vegetation , the drawdown of atmospheric CO due to photosynthesis is apparent , particularly over the boreal forests . The scientific consensus is that the anthropogenic greenhouse gases currently accumulating in the atmosphere are the main cause of global warming . Air pollution Main article : Air pollution Air pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals , particulate matter or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to organisms . Stratospheric ozone depletion is caused by air pollution , chiefly from chlorofluorocarbons and other ozone - depleting substances . Images from space On October 19 , 2015 NASA started a website containing daily images of the full sunlit side of Earth on http://epic.gsfc.nasa.gov/ . The images are taken from the Deep Space Climate Observatory ( DSCOVR ) and show Earth as it rotates during a day . Blue light is scattered more than other wavelengths by the gases in the atmosphere , giving Earth a blue halo when seen from space . The geomagnetic storms cause beautiful displays of aurora across the atmosphere . Limb view , of Earth 's atmosphere . Colors roughly denote the layers of the atmosphere . This image shows the Moon at the centre , with the limb of Earth near the bottom transitioning into the orange - colored troposphere . The troposphere ends abruptly at the tropopause , which appears in the image as the sharp boundary between the orange - and blue - colored atmosphere . The silvery - blue noctilucent clouds extend far above Earth 's troposphere . Earth 's atmosphere backlit by the Sun in an eclipse observed from deep space onboard Apollo 12 in 1969 . See also Aerial perspective Air ( classical element ) Air glow Airshed Atmosphere ( on atmospheres in general ) Atmospheric dispersion modeling Atmospheric electricity Atmospheric models Atmospheric Radiation Measurement ( ARM ) ( in the U.S. ) Atmospheric stratification Aviation Biosphere Carbon dioxide in Earth 's atmosphere Compressed air COSPAR international reference atmosphere ( CIRA ) Environmental impact of aviation Global dimming Historical temperature record Hydrosphere Hypermobility ( travel ) Kyoto Protocol Leaching ( agriculture ) Lithosphere Standard Dry Air U.S. Standard Atmosphere Warm period Water vapor in Earth 's atmosphere Ozone layer Atmosphere portal Environment portal References Jump up ^ Zimmer , Carl ( 3 October 2013 ) . `` Earth 's Oxygen : A Mystery Easy to Take for Granted '' . New York Times . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Lide , David R. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics . Boca Raton , FL : CRC , 1996 : 14 - 7 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Ultraviolet radiation in the solar system By Manuel Vázquez , Arnold Hanslmeier ^ Jump up to : Wallace , John M. and Peter V. Hobbs . Atmospheric Science ; An Introductory Survey. Elsevier . Second Edition , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 732951 - 2 . Chapter 1 Jump up ^ `` Trace Gases '' . Ace.mmu.ac.uk . Archived from the original on 9 October 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Source for figures : Carbon dioxide , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , ( updated 2013 - 03 ) . Methane , IPCC TAR table 6.1 Archived 2007 - 06 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. , ( updated to 1998 ) . The NASA total was 17 ppmv over 100 % , and CO was increased here by 15 ppmv . To normalize , N should be reduced by about 25 ppmv and O by about 7 ppmv . Jump up ^ Vaughan , Adam ( 2015 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Global carbon dioxide levels break 400ppm milestone '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Air Composition '' . The Engineering ToolBox . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 04 . The composition of air is unchanged until elevation of approximately 10.000 m Jump up ^ Zell , Holly ( 2015 - 03 - 02 ) . `` Earth 's Upper Atmosphere '' . NASA . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Randy Russell ( 2008 ) . `` The Thermosphere '' . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` The height of the tropopause '' . Das.uwyo.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ahrens , C. Donald . Essentials of Meteorology . Published by Thomson Brooks / Cole , 2005 . Jump up ^ States , Robert J. ; Gardner , Chester S. ( January 2000 ) . `` Thermal Structure of the Mesopause Region ( 80 -- 105 km ) at 40 ° N Latitude . Part I : Seasonal Variations '' . Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 2000 . 57 : 66 -- 77 . Bibcode : 2000JAtS ... 57 ... 66S . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0469 ( 2000 ) 057 < 0066 : TSOTMR > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Joe Buchdahl . `` Atmosphere , Climate & Environment Information Programme '' . Ace.mmu.ac.uk . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences ( 1993 ) . `` stratopause '' . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Barry , R.G. & Chorley R.J. ( 1971 ) . Atmosphere , Weather and Climate . London , Menthuen & Co Ltd. , p. 65 Jump up ^ Tyson , P.D. , Preston - Whyte , R.A. ( 2013 ) . The Weather and Climate of Southern Africa . ( Second Edition ) . Oxford , Oxford University Press . p. 4 . Jump up ^ McGraw - Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Science & Technology . ( 1984 ) . Troposphere . `` It contains about four - fifths of the mass of the whole atmosphere . '' Jump up ^ `` ISS022 - E-062672 caption '' . NASA . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' homosphere ' ' -- AMS Glossary '' . Amsglossary.allenpress.com . Archived from the original on 14 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Earth 's Atmosphere '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- Earth Fact Sheet '' . Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 30 October 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Global Surface Temperature Anomalies '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Earth 's Radiation Balance and Oceanic Heat Fluxes '' . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Control Run '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Geometric altitude vs. temperature , pressure , density , and the speed of sound derived from the 1962 U.S. Standard Atmosphere . Jump up ^ `` The Mass of the Atmosphere : A Constraint on Global Analyses '' . Ams.allenpress.com. 1970 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Lutgens , Frederick K. and Edward J. Tarbuck ( 1995 ) The Atmosphere , Prentice Hall , 6th ed. , pp14 - 17 , ISBN 0 - 13 - 350612 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Atmospheric Temperature Trends , 1979 - 2005 : Image of the Day '' . Earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 2000 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ St. Fleur , Nicholas ( 19 May 2017 ) . `` Spotting Mysterious Twinkles on Earth From a Million Miles Away '' . New York Times . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Marshak , Alexander ; Várnai , Tamás ; Kostinski , Alexander ( 15 May 2017 ) . `` Terrestrial glint seen from deep space : oriented ice crystals detected from the Lagrangian point '' . Geophysical Research Letters . Bibcode : 2017GeoRL ... 44.5197 M . doi : 10.1002 / 2017GL073248 . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Zahnle , K. ; Schaefer , L. ; Fegley , B. ( 2010 ) . `` Earth 's Earliest Atmospheres '' . Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology . 2 ( 10 ) : a004895 . PMC 2944365 . PMID 20573713 . doi : 10.1101 / cshperspect. a004895 . Jump up ^ B. Windley : The Evolving Continents . Wiley Press , New York 1984 Jump up ^ J. Schopf : Earth 's Earliest Biosphere : Its Origin and Evolution . Princeton University Press , Princeton , N.J. , 1983 Jump up ^ Timothy W. Lyons , Christopher T. Reinhard & Noah J. Planavsky ( 2014 ) . `` Atmospheric oxygenation three billion years ago '' . Nature . 506 ( 7488 ) : 307 -- 15 . Bibcode : 2014Natur. 506 ... 307L . PMID 24553238 . doi : 10.1038 / nature13068 . Jump up ^ Martin , Daniel ; McKenna , Helen ; Livina , Valerie . `` The human physiological impact of global deoxygenation '' . The Journal of Physiological Sciences . 67 ( 1 ) : 97 -- 106 . ISSN 1880 - 6546 . doi : 10.1007 / s12576 - 016 - 0501 - 0 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ http://www.nap.edu/openbook/0309100615/gifmid/30.gif Jump up ^ Christopher R. Scotese , Back to Earth History : Summary Chart for the Precambrian , Paleomar Project Jump up ^ Peter Ward : ( 2 ) Out of Thin Air : Dinosaurs , Birds , and Earth 's Ancient Atmosphere Jump up ^ `` Summary for Policymakers '' ( PDF ) . Climate Change 2007 : The Physical Science Basis . Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . 5 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Starting from ( 3 ) Pollution -- Definition from the Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary Jump up ^ Northon , Karen . `` Daily Views of Earth Available on New NASA Website '' . NASA . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 21 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Earth 's atmosphere . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Air Interactive global map of current atmospheric and ocean surface conditions . Earth 's atmosphere Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere Tropopause Stratopause Mesopause Thermopause / Exobase Ozone layer Turbopause Ionosphere Atmospheres Star Sun Exoplanet HD 209458 b Kepler - 7b Planet Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Dwarf planet Ceres Pluto Makemake Satellite Callisto Dione Enceladus Europa Ganymede Io Moon Rhea Titan Triton See also Coma ( cometary ) Extraterrestrial atmosphere Stellar atmosphere Elements of nature Universe Space Time Energy Matter Change Earth Earth science History ( geological ) Structure Geology Plate tectonics Oceans Gaia hypothesis Future Weather Meteorology Atmosphere ( Earth ) Climate Clouds Sunlight Tides Wind Natural environment Ecology Ecosystem Field Radiation Wilderness Wildfires Life Origin ( abiogenesis ) Evolutionary history Biosphere Hierarchy Biology ( astrobiology ) Organism Eukaryota flora plants fauna animals fungi protista Prokaryotes archaea bacteria Viruses Category : Nature Portal : Science Natural resources Air Pollution / quality Ambient standards ( USA ) Index Indoor developing nations Law Clean Air Act ( USA ) Ozone depletion Emissions Airshed Trading Deforestation ( REDD ) Energy Law Resources Fossil fuels ( peak oil ) Geothermal Nuclear Solar sunlight shade Tidal Wave Wind Land Arable peak farmland Degradation Law property Management habitat conservation Minerals mining law sand peak rights Soil conservation fertility health resilience Use planning reserve Life Biodiversity Bioprospecting Biosphere Bushfood Bushmeat Fisheries law management Food Forests genetic resources law management Game law Gene bank Herbalist plants Marine conservation Non-timber forest products Rangeland Seed bank Wildlife conservation management Wood Water Types / location Aquifer storage and recovery Drinking Fresh Groundwater pollution recharge remediation Hydrosphere Ice bergs glacial polar Irrigation Rain harvesting Stormwater Surface water Wastewater reclaimed Aspects Desalination Floods Law Leaching Sanitation Conflict Conservation Peak water Pollution Privatization Quality Right Resources management policy Related Commons enclosure global land tragedy of Economics ecological Ecosystem services Exploitation overexploitation Earth Overshoot Day Management adaptive Natural capital accounting Nature reserve Systems ecology Urban ecology Wilderness Resource Common - pool Conflict ( perpetuation ) Curse Depletion Extraction Nationalism Renewable / Non-renewable Portals Agriculture and agronomy Energy Environment Fishing Forestry Mining Water Wetlands agencies law management ministries organizations Colleges Natural resources Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atmosphere_of_Earth&oldid=807367681 '' Categories : Atmosphere of Earth Atmospheric thermodynamics Breathing gases Environments Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2016 Articles needing additional references from October 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Тыва дыл Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro West - Vlams ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 14 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what are the main components of earth's atmosphere | [
"The three major constituents of air, and therefore of Earth's atmosphere, are nitrogen, oxygen, and argon. Water vapor accounts for roughly 0.25% of the atmosphere by mass. The concentration of water vapor (a greenhouse gas) varies significantly from around 10 ppm by volume in the coldest portions of the atmosphere to as much as 5% by volume in hot, humid air masses, and concentrations of other atmospheric gases are typically quoted in terms of dry air (without water vapor).[4] The remaining gases are often referred to as trace gases,[5] among which are the greenhouse gases, principally carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Filtered air includes trace amounts of many other chemical compounds. Many substances of natural origin may be present in locally and seasonally variable small amounts as aerosols in an unfiltered air sample, including dust of mineral and organic composition, pollen and spores, sea spray, and volcanic ash. Various industrial pollutants also may be present as gases or aerosols, such as chlorine (elemental or in compounds), fluorine compounds and elemental mercury vapor. Sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide (SO2) may be derived from natural sources or from industrial air pollution.",
"The three major constituents of air, and therefore of Earth's atmosphere, are nitrogen, oxygen, and argon. Water vapor accounts for roughly 0.25% of the atmosphere by mass. The concentration of water vapor (a greenhouse gas) varies significantly from around 10 ppm by volume in the coldest portions of the atmosphere to as much as 5% by volume in hot, humid air masses, and concentrations of other atmospheric gases are typically quoted in terms of dry air (without water vapor).[4] The remaining gases are often referred to as trace gases,[5] among which are the greenhouse gases, principally carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Filtered air includes trace amounts of many other chemical compounds. Many substances of natural origin may be present in locally and seasonally variable small amounts as aerosols in an unfiltered air sample, including dust of mineral and organic composition, pollen and spores, sea spray, and volcanic ash. Various industrial pollutants also may be present as gases or aerosols, such as chlorine (elemental or in compounds), fluorine compounds and elemental mercury vapor. Sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide (SO2) may be derived from natural sources or from industrial air pollution.",
"The three major constituents of air, and therefore of Earth's atmosphere, are nitrogen, oxygen, and argon. Water vapor accounts for roughly 0.25% of the atmosphere by mass. The concentration of water vapor (a greenhouse gas) varies significantly from around 10 ppm by volume in the coldest portions of the atmosphere to as much as 5% by volume in hot, humid air masses, and concentrations of other atmospheric gases are typically quoted in terms of dry air (without water vapor).[4] The remaining gases are often referred to as trace gases,[5] among which are the greenhouse gases, principally carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Filtered air includes trace amounts of many other chemical compounds. Many substances of natural origin may be present in locally and seasonally variable small amounts as aerosols in an unfiltered air sample, including dust of mineral and organic composition, pollen and spores, sea spray, and volcanic ash. Various industrial pollutants also may be present as gases or aerosols, such as chlorine (elemental or in compounds), fluorine compounds and elemental mercury vapor. Sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide (SO2) may be derived from natural sources or from industrial air pollution."
] | [
"nitrogen",
"oxygen",
"argon"
] |
6882319259207912621 | 1911 Indianapolis 500 | 1911 Indianapolis 500 - wikipedia 1911 Indianapolis 500 Jump to : navigation , search 1st Indianapolis 500 Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 Sanctioning body AAA Date 30 May 1911 Winner Ray Harroun Winning Entrant Nordyke & Marmon Company Average speed 74.602 mph ( 120.060 km / h ) Pole position Lewis Strang Pole speed N / A Most laps led Ray Harroun ( 88 ) Pre-race Pace car Stoddard - Dayton Pace car driver Carl G. Fisher Starter Fred J. Wagner Honorary referee R.P. Hooper Estimated attendance 85,000 Chronology Previous Next 1909 - 1910 events 1912 The 1911 International 500 - Mile Sweepstakes Race was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway on Tuesday , May 30 , 1911 . It was the inaugural running of the Indianapolis 500 , which is one of the most prestigious automobile races in the world . Ray Harroun , an engineer with the Marmon Motor Car Company , came out of retirement to drive , and won the inaugural event before re-retiring for good in the winner 's circle . Over the previous two seasons ( 1909 and 1910 ) , the Speedway had scheduled numerous smaller races during a series of meets over the two years . In a departure from that policy , for 1911 the management decided to instead schedule a single , large - scale event attracting widespread attention from both American and European racing teams and manufacturers . It proved to be a successful event , immediately establishing itself both as the premier motorsports competition in the nation , and one of the most prestigious in the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 One Race 1.1 `` Too much racing '' 1.2 Timing 1.3 Preparation , and the `` Month of May '' 1.4 Setting the field 2 The 500 - mile race 2.1 Controversy 3 Box score 3.1 Starting grid 3.2 Race results 3.3 Notes 4 Statistics 5 Notes 5.1 References 5.2 Works cited One race ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bob Burman , Louis Disbrow , Jack Tower , and Joe Grennon at the 1911 Indianapolis 500 `` Too much racing '' ( edit ) The 1910 racing season at Indianapolis Motor Speedway began well , with an estimated 60,000 spectators for the 200 mi ( 320 km ) Wheeler - Schebler Trophy on Memorial Day , won by Ray Harroun . Throughout the remainder of the season , however , the crowds grew progressively smaller , and after seeing a second decline in attendance in as many days for Labor Day , 5 September 1910 , the final day of the concluding meet , Speedway co-founders Carl Fisher , James Allison , Arthur Newby and Frank Wheeler conferred to decide on a new course for the following year . While the appearance on Monday of some 18,000 was reasonable enough , given both the rain showers occurring early that morning and the large parade held downtown during the afternoon , neither the two days of the Labor Day meet nor the July 4 weekend races had come near to equaling the Memorial Day turnout . While potential explanations for the decline included the high heat of summer and the women of the city making family holiday plans that did not include automobile racing , one of the most likely , they reasoned , was an overabundance of the very events they exhibited : too many races had diluted turnout down to only those most interested in the sport . Timing ( edit ) By the next day , Tuesday , 6 September 1910 , local newspapers had already heard rumors of the decision , and reported that the four partners would likely soon choose to concentrate on a singular , major event for 1911 . Most strongly considered were either a 24 - hour contest -- anticipating the 24 Hours of Le Mans , itself inaugurated just a dozen years later -- or a 1,000 mi ( 1,600 km ) endurance race , with a spectacular purse of $ 25,000 ; equivalent to 37.615 kg ( 82.93 lb ) of pure gold , and more than high enough to attract global as well as national and regional competition . The endurance event was favored by several manufacturers , but debate soon proceeded as to what would be most beneficial to the spectators as well as the participants . While a 24 - hour race would be possible on a technical level despite its extreme nature , all agreed that potential ticket - buyers would inevitably depart the grounds well before its conclusion . Deciding on a `` race window '' extending from 10 : 00AM to late afternoon , local time , early estimates placed the planned race distance at 300 to 500 miles ( 480 to 800 km ) . The race winner , with purse estimates ranging toward $30,000 , could expect to see as much as $12,000 . In choices for a specific date to hold the race , Memorial Day , already the occasion of the largest attendance , was always foremost . As suggested to the Speedway owners by business associate Lem Trotter , the time coincided with the completion of a late - spring agricultural practice known as `` haying , '' after which the farmers acquired an effective two - week break . While the intention , Trotter argued , would certainly be to draw from far more than just the local farming community , simple business sense called for as little interference as possible with the regional economy . That such an opportunity to avoid a conflict of interest fell on a major national holiday sealed the decision : within two days , formal announcement was made of a 500 - mile ( 800 km ) , marathon - distance motor race , to be held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway , 30 May 1911 . Preparation , and the `` month of May '' ( edit ) As desired and expected , news of a contest of such distance evoked strong enthusiasm both within and without the motorsport community . Newspaper and trade magazine articles used ever - new superlatives for the challenges expected to soon face both drivers and engineers , and continuing discussion throughout the spring and winter kept the race as the primary conversation piece of the average citizen . Everyone , it seemed , had something to say about it . Due to the publicity thus created , Speedway management , which had for the previous two seasons of meets charged the effectively nominal entry fee of one dollar per mile of scheduled race distances , took measures to ensure that the likely large entry list did not include any that were frivolous : at an accordingly heightened fee of $500 per car , participation became a nominally risky proposition to teams and manufacturers , since , although the high finishers were due to receive record purse money and accessory prizes , no money at all was offered to finishers below tenth place . Interest , however , was far from dampened , with entry blanks distributed over the course of the following month quickly returning filled , the first of which being an automobile built by the J.I. Case Threshing Machine Company of Racine , Wisconsin , to be driven by Lewis Strang . By 1 May 1911 , the final day for entry filing , a high total of some 46 cars had been nominated to compete . 1 May also marked the beginning of a long tradition of the opening of the Speedway , on the first day of the month of the race , to free practice on the circuit during daylight hours by any and all participants . A policy originally established so as to allow teams unfamiliar with the 2.5 - mile ( 4.0 km ) , recently brick - paved high - speed course as much time to acclimate as necessary , the `` Month of May '' , as it came to be called in future years , ultimately proved most advantageous in the short - term to the locally based teams , given that many of the entries from abroad did not even set out for the city until well into the month . One such example , the double - entry Pope - Hartford team based in Springfield , Massachusetts , came by way of the team 's actual racing cars themselves simply being driven cross-country , while loaded up with toolboxes and as many spare parts as they could hold , making overnight stops in New York City , Buffalo , Cleveland and Columbus , Ohio , before finally arriving , where they were duly met at the city 's East Washington Street by Frank Fox , who was not only the slated driver of one of the two cars but also the company 's local agent . Ultimately , of the full forty - six entries originally submitted , only the two cars of the Falcar team from Moline , Illinois failed to appear , due to an inability to acquire critical chassis pieces . Setting the field ( edit ) To further refine the entry list as the date of the race approached , a qualification system was implemented whereby each car would be required to demonstrate a sufficiently competitive pace . With several of the top entries having already recorded , during the `` unofficial '' practice time of the month , complete laps at up to 88 mph ( 142 km / h ) , a minimum required speed of 75 mph ( 121 km / h ) , based on a flying start over a 0.25 miles ( 0.40 km ) section of the main straightaway , was considered to be within reason . Thus , all cars successfully completing an officially - timed run of the quarter - mile distance at or under 12 seconds would be accepted into the starting field ; those that did not would be given two additional attempts before being rejected , a policy that began the tradition of three qualification attempts allotted to each entered car . In the years following these inaugural qualification sessions , which were held on 27 and 28 May 1911 , anecdotes would occasionally arise , and thereafter be steadily embellished in their retelling , regarding the purported qualifying times and speeds of given competitors , and how they compared to one another . In reality , no records of the sessions were kept at all , let alone publicized , with the sole objective being the confirmation of each car 's capability to achieve the minimum speed . Also in contrast to later eras , both the starting order and the car numbering of the participants were determined not by respective speeds or previous seasonal point totals , but by entry date , with the Strang - driven Case entry being assigned # 1 in the first starting position . The 500 - mile race ( edit ) The 1911 Stoddard - Dayton pace car on display at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Hall of Fame Museum . The largest racing purse offered to date , $ 27,550 , drew 46 entries from the United States and Europe , from which 40 qualified by sustaining 75 mph ( 121 km / h ) along the quarter mile - long main straight . Grid positions were determined by date of filing of official entry forms , rather than speed , a difference from the contemporary European practice of lottery . Entries were prescribed by rules to have a minimum weight of 2,300 lb ( 1,043 kg ) and a maximum engine size of 600 cubic inches ( 9.83 litres ) displacement . The 40 cars lined up five to a row , except for the first and last . In the first row , the Stoddard - Dayton pace car was situated on the inside ( driven by IMS owner Carl Fisher ) , with four competitors cars rounding out the row . Rows 2 - 8 had five cars each , while the final row had only one car in it . Fisher 's use of the Stoddard - Dayton is believed to constitute the first use of such a vehicle , for the first known mass rolling start of an automobile race . Amid roiling smoke , the roar of the 40 machines ' engines , and the waving of a red flag which signalled ' clear course ahead ' , American Johnny Aitken , in a National , took the lead from the fourth starting spot on the extreme outside of the first row , and held it until lap 5 when Spencer Wishart took over in a Mercedes , himself soon overtaken by David L. Bruce - Brown 's Fiat which would go on to dominate the first half of the race . Nearing the halfway point , Ray Harroun , an engineer for the Marmon - Nordyke company and defending AAA national champion , and the only driver competing without a riding mechanic due to his first - ever - recorded use of a cowl - mounted rear - view mirror , passed Bruce - Brown for the lead in his self - designed , six - cylinder `` Marmon Wasp '' ( so named for its distinctively sharp - pointed , wasp - like tail ) . Others faltered during the marathon event ; of the 14 cars to fall out , riding mechanic Sam Dickson was the lone fatality , killed when driver Arthur Greiner hit the wall in the second turn on lap 12 . Harroun , relieved by Cyrus Patschke for 35 laps ( 87.5 miles / 140.82 km ) , led 88 of the 200 laps , the most among the race 's seven leaders , for a race - average speed of 74.602 mph ( 120.060 km / h ) in a total time of 6 : 42 : 08 for the 500 - mile ( 804.67 km ) distance to win . During the midpoint of the second half the race , Harroun and Lozier driver Ralph Mulford had fought an intense duel , with Harroun holding a small advantage near the 340 mile ( 550 kilometer ) mark , whereupon one of the Wasp 's tires failed . Harroun 's forced stop allowed Mulford to move to the front , before Mulford also pitted for new rubber . After Mulford came back onto the track , Harroun was scored in the lead with a 1 - minute 48 second advantage , and victory . After the race , and collection of $10,000 for first place , Harroun returned to the position he had taken at the end of the 1910 racing season : retirement . He would never race again . Controversy ( edit ) Upon Harroun 's declared victory , second - place finisher Mulford supposedly protested , contending he had lapped Harroun when the Marmon limped in on the torn tire , an argument appearing plausible to some , due to an accident disrupting the official timing and scoring stand at nearly the same time . However , race officials were quick to note Mulford 's subsequent pit stop forced the Lozier crew to spend several minutes themselves changing a tire which stuck to the wheel hub ; Mulford 's protest was thus denied . According to track historian Donald Davidson , no protests were filed at the end of the race and Mulford offered congratulations to Harroun in the Detroit Free Press newspaper on June 4 . Davidson has also pointed out that Mulford was reported by contemporary publications to have changed 14 tires during the course of the race , including one from a blown tire in turn one . Changing tires at the time was a lengthy and painstaking process , as the wheels were typically not removable . Tires had to be pried off of the rims , remounted , and inflated - all using hand tools , and in the precarious confines of the primitive pit stalls . Mulford himself even understood and admitted that he lost at least 14 minutes of track position due to his numerous pit stops . `` ( Mulford ) expressed himself as more than satisfied with the outcome of the race and gives full credit to Ray Harroun and Cyrus Patschke for their great victory . '' Detroit Free Press ; June 4 , 1911 After blowing the tire on turn one , Mulford had to limp around the track for almost an entire lap , and subsequently bent the rim . That necessitated an even longer pit stop at that juncture to hammer out the damage . The accounts from the newspapers claim that Harroun changed only four tires all day during only three pit stops . Harroun 's team changed the right rear tire three times , and one other unspecified tire . Harroun 's shorter elapsed time in the pits is alone considered sufficient to more than overcome any track position advantage Mulford might have been thought to have . But the undermining evidence to support Harroun as the rightful winner was the team strategy to run a constant 75 mph pace , regardless of position , in order to save tire wear . During the 1910 Wheeler - Schebler Trophy Race , as well as during test runs in May 1911 , Harroun discovered that by merely running a constant 75 mph pace instead of an 80 mph ( or faster ) pace , he would substantially reduce his tire wear and increase tire life . Davidson contends that Mulford did not make serious claims to victory later in life , as some have suggested . And in fact the controversy itself did not begin to inflame until decades after the race . Likewise , internet - based urban legends , and a book published in 2011 , have fueled the meme . It is also possible that Mulford 's statements in the Detroit Free Press interview were misunderstood or purposely misconstrued . While giving full credit to Harroun for winning the race , Mulford did for himself claim the world record for 500 miles driven solo ( Harroun had relief help from Cyrus Patschke ) . He also made the laregely inconsequential claim that minus the stoppage time needed for pit stops ( over 14 minutes ) , he likely completed the 500 miles ( running time only ) in less elapsed time than Harroun & Patschke . Box score ( edit ) Starting grid ( edit ) 1911 Indianapolis 500 - Mile Race Qualification Results Starting grid determined by order of entry date . No qualification times or speeds recorded , only success or failure to qualify . Entries required to maintain an excess of 75 mph ( 121 km / h ) over a quarter - mile distance to qualify . Row No Far Inside No Inside Center No Center No Outside Center No Far Outside Pace Car Position Lewis Strang ( R ) † Ralph DePalma ( R ) Harry Endicott ( R ) Johnny Aitken ( R ) 5 Louis Disbrow ( R ) 6 Frank Fox ( R ) 7 Harry Knight ( R ) 8 † Joe Jagersberger ( R ) 9 Will Jones ( R ) 10 Gil Andersen ( R ) 11 Spencer Wishart ( R ) 12 W.H. Turner ( R ) 15 Fred Belcher ( R ) 16 † Arthur Chevrolet ( R ) 17 † Charles Basle ( R ) 18 Eddie Hearne ( R ) 19 Harry Grant ( R ) 20 Charlie Merz ( R ) 21 Howdy Wilcox ( R ) 5 23 Mel Marquette * ( R ) 24 Fred Ellis ( R ) 25 Harry Cobe ( R ) 26 Jack Tower ( R ) 27 Ernest Delaney ( R ) 6 28 David L. Bruce - Brown ( R ) 30 Lee Frayer ( R ) 31 Joe Dawson ( R ) 32 Ray Harroun ( R ) 33 Ralph Mulford ( R ) 7 34 Teddy Tetzlaff ( R ) 35 Herbert Lytle ( R ) 36 Hughie Hughes ( R ) 37 Charles Bigelow ( R ) 38 Ralph Beardsley ( R ) 8 39 Caleb Bragg ( R ) 41 Howard Hall ( R ) 42 Bill Endicott ( R ) 44 Arthur Greiner ( R ) 45 Bob Burman ( R ) 9 46 Billy Knipper ( R ) DNQ Louis Edmunds ( R ) Rupert Jeffkins ( R ) * Entry started in race by Bert Adams , finished by Mel Marquette . Race results ( edit ) 1911 Indianapolis 500 - Mile Race Race finishing times recorded down to second intervals . All entries still running at conclusion scored ahead of non-finishing entries , regardless of race completion percentage . Pos No Driver Entrant Chassis ( car name ) Engine Start Pos Laps Led * Laps Run Time ( interval ) Speed ( mph ) ( km / h ) Status Prize Money ( $ ) Cyl Displ ( in3 ) ( L ) 32 Ray Harroun * * ( R ) ( relieved by Cyrus Patschke ( ( R ) ) Nordyke & Marmon Company Marmon Wasp Marmon 28 88 200 6 : 42 : 08 74.602 120.060 finished 14,250 6 477 7.82 33 Ralph Mulford ( R ) Lozier Motor Company Lozier Lozier 29 10 200 6 : 43 : 51 + 0 : 01 : 43 74.285 119.550 finished 5,200 544 8.91 28 David L. Bruce - Brown ( R ) E.E. Hewlett Fiat Fiat 25 81 200 6 : 52 : 29 + 0 : 10 : 21 72.730 117.048 finished 3,250 589 9.65 11 Spencer Wishart ( R ) ( relieved by Dave Murphy ( R ) ) Spencer Wishart Mercedes Mercedes 11 5 200 6 : 52 : 57 + 0 : 10 : 49 72.648 116.916 finished 2,350 583 9.55 5 31 Joe Dawson ( R ) ( relieved by Cyrus Patschke ( R ) ) Nordyke & Marmon Company Marmon Marmon 27 0 200 6 : 54 : 34 + 0 : 12 : 26 72.365 116.460 finished 1,500 495 8.11 6 † Ralph DePalma ( R ) Simplex Automobile Company Simplex Simplex 200 7 : 02 : 02 + 0 : 19 : 54 71.084 114.399 finished 1,000 597 9.78 7 20 Charlie Merz ( R ) ( relieved by Len Zengel ( R ) ) National Motor Vehicle Company National National 18 0 200 7 : 06 : 20 + 0 : 24 : 12 70.367 113.245 finished 800 447 7.33 8 12 W.H. Turner ( R ) ( relieved by Walter Jones ( R ) ) Simplex Automobile Company Amplex Amplex 12 0 200 7 : 15 : 56 + 0 : 33 : 48 68.818 110.752 finished 700 443 7.26 9 15 Fred Belcher ( R ) ( relieved by John Coffey ( R ) ) Knox Automobile Company Knox Knox 13 200 7 : 17 : 09 + 0 : 35 : 01 68.626 110.443 finished 600 6 432 7.08 10 25 Harry Cobe ( R ) ( relieved by Louis Schwitzer ( R ) ) Jackson Automobile Company Jackson Jackson 22 0 200 7 : 21 : 50 + 0 : 39 : 42 67.899 109.273 finished 500 559 9.16 11 10 Gil Andersen ( R ) Ideal Motor Car Company Stutz Wisconsin 10 0 200 7 : 22 : 55 + 0 : 40 : 47 67.73 109.001 finished 0 390 6.39 12 36 Hughie Hughes ( R ) Mercer Motors Company Mercer Mercer 32 0 200 7 : 23 : 32 + 0 : 41 : 24 67.63 108.840 finished 0 300 4.92 13 30 Lee Frayer ( R ) ( relieved by Eddie Rickenbacker ( R ) ) Columbus Buggy Company Firestone - Columbus Firestone - Columbus 26 0 197 flagged flagged , still running 0 432 7.08 14 21 Howdy Wilcox ( R ) National Motor Vehicle Company National National 19 0 194 flagged flagged , still running 0 589 9.65 15 37 Charles Bigelow ( R ) ( relieved by W.H. Frey ( R ) ) ( relieved by E.H. Sherwood ( R ) ) Mercer Motors Company Mercer Mercer 33 0 194 flagged flagged , still running 0 300 4.92 16 Harry Endicott ( R ) Inter-State Automobile Company Inter-State Inter-State 0 192 flagged flagged , still running 0 390 6.39 17 41 Howard Hall ( R ) ( relieved by Rupert Jeffkins ( R ) ) Velie Motors Corporation Velie Velie 36 0 190 flagged flagged , still running 0 334 5.47 18 46 Billy Knipper ( R ) E.A. Moross Benz Benz 40 0 188 flagged flagged , still running 0 444 7.28 19 45 Bob Burman ( R ) E.A. Moross Benz Benz 39 0 183 flagged flagged , still running 0 520 8.52 20 38 Ralph Beardsley ( R ) ( relieved by Frank Goode ( R ) ) Simplex Automobile Company Simplex Simplex 34 0 178 flagged flagged , still running 0 597 9.78 21 18 Eddie Hearne ( R ) ( relieved by Edward Parker ( R ) ) Edward A. Hearne Fiat Fiat 16 0 175 flagged flagged , still running 0 487 7.98 22 6 Frank Fox ( R ) ( relieved by Fred Clemons ( R ) ) Pope Manufacturing Company Pope - Hartford Pope - Hartford 6 0 162 flagged flagged , still running 0 390 6.39 23 27 Ernest Delaney ( R ) Clark - Carter Automobile Company Cutting Cutting 24 0 160 flagged flagged , still running 0 390 6.39 24 26 Jack Tower ( R ) ( relieved by Robert Evans ( R ) ) Jackson Automobile Company Jackson Jackson 23 0 145 flagged flagged , still running 0 432 7.08 25 23 Bert Adams ( R ) ( started ) Mel Marquette ( R ) ( finished ) Speed Motors Company McFarlan McFarlan 20 0 142 flagged flagged , still running 0 6 377 6.18 26 42 Bill Endicott ( R ) ( relieved by Johnny Jenkins ( R ) ) Cole Motor Car Company Cole Cole 37 0 104 flagged flagged , still running 0 471 7.72 27 Johnny Aitken ( R ) National Motor Vehicle Company National National 8 125 did not finish connecting rod 0 589 9.65 28 9 Will Jones ( R ) Case Corporation Case Wisconsin 9 0 122 did not finish steering 0 284 4.65 29 Lewis Strang ( R ) ( relieved by Elmer Ray ( R ) ) Case Corporation Case Wisconsin 0 109 did not finish steering 0 284 4.65 30 7 Harry Knight ( R ) Westcott Motor Car Company Westcott Westcott 7 0 90 did not finish accident , front - straight 0 6 421 6.90 31 8 † Joe Jagersberger ( R ) Case Corporation Case Wisconsin 8 0 87 did not finish accident , front - straight 0 284 4.65 32 35 Herbert Lytle ( R ) Apperson Brothers Automotive Company Apperson Apperson 31 0 82 did not finish accident , pits 0 546 8.95 33 19 Harry Grant ( R ) American Locomotive Company Alco Alco 17 0 51 did not finish bearings 0 6 580 9.50 34 17 † Charles Basle ( R ) Buick Motor Company Buick Buick 15 0 46 did not finish mechanical 0 594 9.73 35 5 Louis Disbrow ( R ) Pope Manufacturing Company Pope - Hartford Pope - Hartford 5 0 45 did not finish accident , front - straight 0 390 6.39 36 16 † Arthur Chevrolet ( R ) Buick Motor Company Buick Buick 14 0 30 did not finish mechanical 0 594 9.73 37 39 Caleb Bragg ( R ) Caleb S. Bragg Fiat Fiat 35 0 24 did not finish wrecked , pits 0 487 7.98 38 24 Fred Ellis ( R ) Jackson Automobile Company Jackson Jackson 21 0 22 did not finish fire damage , withdrawn 0 355 5.82 39 34 Teddy Tetzlaff ( R ) Lozier Motor Company Lozier Lozier 30 0 20 did not finish accident , front - straight 0 544 8.91 40 44 Arthur Greiner ( R ) Simplex Automobile Company Amplex Amplex 8 0 12 did not finish accident , second turn 0 443 7.26 Notes ( edit ) * Due to an accident at the timing and scoring stand , laps 138 through 176 were unofficially recorded . * * Ray Harroun was relieved by Cyrus Patschke for approximately 35 laps at the halfway point of the race . † De Palma is usually shown as American , but his application for a US passport ( available at ( 1 ) ) reveals that he did not become a US citizen until 1920 . † Jagersberger was Austrian - born . † Chevrolet is usually shown as American , but documents available at ( 2 ) show he did not become a US citizen until at least 1917 . † Basle is usually shown as American , but documents available at ( 3 ) show he did not become a US citizen until at least 1917 . Statistics ( edit ) Race field average engine displacement : 460 in3 / 7.54 L Race field average qualifying speed : No full lap Finishing entries average time and finishing speed : 7 : 05 : 27 70.74 mph / 113.85 km / h Notes ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Crowd of 100,000 at the Speedway Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Great Race Wikisource has original text related to this article : Harroun is in Lead at 300 Wikisource has original text related to this article : Harroun Only One Sure of His Place Wikisource has original text related to this article : One Dead and Many Injured Wikisource has original text related to this article : Train and Trolley Bear in Thousands References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Fox , Jack C. ( 1994 ) . The Illustrated History of the Indianapolis 500 1911 - 1994 ( 4th ed . ) . Carl Hungness Publishing . p. 22 . ISBN 0 - 915088 - 05 - 3 . Jump up ^ Willis , Paul W. ( May 31 , 1911 ) . `` Harroun In ' Wasp ' Wins : One Death Is Race Toll '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 1 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : Kettlewell , Mike . `` Indianapolis : The Richest Race in the World '' , in Northey , Tom , ed . World of Automobiles ( London : Orbis , 1974 ) , Volume 9 , p. 1013 . ^ Jump up to : Davidson , Donald ; Shaffer , Rick ( 2013 ) . `` How It All Began ; 1910 '' . Autocourse Official History of the Indianapolis 500 , Second Edition . Icon Publishing Limited . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Kettlewell , p. 1013 . ^ Jump up to : Davidson , Donald ; Shaffer , Rick ( 2013 ) . `` A 500 - Mile Race It Is ; 1911 '' . Autocourse Official History of the Indianapolis 500 , Second Edition . Icon Publishing Limited . pp. 28 -- 30 . ^ Jump up to : Kettlewell , p. 1014 . Jump up ^ World of Automobiles ^ Jump up to : Popely , Rick ; Riggs , L. Spencer ( 1998 ) . `` 1911 '' . Indianapolis 500 Chronicle . Publications International , Ltd. p. 10 . Jump up ^ http://www.thevintageracer.com/articles/cyrus-patschke.htm Jump up ^ Popely , Rick ; Riggs , L. Spencer ( 1998 ) . `` 1911 '' . Indianapolis 500 Chronicle . Publications International , Ltd. p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : The Talk of Gasoline Alley . May 18 , 2010 . WFNI . ^ Jump up to : `` Mulford Claims World 's Record '' . Detroit Free Press . June 4 , 1911 . p. 70 . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : The Talk of Gasoline Alley . May 25 , 2011 . WFNI . ^ Jump up to : The Talk of Gasoline Alley . July 27 , 2008 . WFNI . Jump up ^ `` The History of the 500 - Episode 10 ( Mythbusters ) '' , WIBC 93.1 , April 14 , 2013 Jump up ^ The Talk of Gasoline Alley . May 26 , 2011 . WFNI . Works cited ( edit ) Jaslow , Russel ( 1997 ) . `` Who Really Won the First Indy 500 ? '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 16 . 2006 Indianapolis 500 Official Program Summary of race at www.champcarstars.com Indianapolis 500 Inaugural race 1911 Indianapolis 500 Ray Harroun 1912 Indianapolis 500 Joe Dawson Preceded by Inaugural race Record for the fastest average speed 74.602 mph Succeeded by 78.719 mph ( 1912 Indianapolis 500 ) Indianapolis 500 Track and race information Track Indianapolis Motor Speedway Race results IMS Museum Statistics Winners Pole - sitters Lap leaders Rookie of the Year Fatalities Firsts Pace cars Records Fastest laps By year Scott Brayton Award Louis Schwitzer Award Pit Stop Challenge Drivers List of drivers Non-qualifying drivers Female participants African - American participants Sanctioning bodies AAA Contest Board ( 1909 -- 1955 ) FIA ( 1950 -- 1960 ) USAC ( 1956 -- 1997 ) INDYCAR ( 1998 -- present ) Ownership Carl Fisher James Allison Arthur Newby Frank A. Wheeler Eddie Rickenbacker Tony Hulman Wilbur Shaw Mary F. Hulman Mari Hulman George Tony George Joie Chitwood Jeff Belskus Hulman & Company Officials Charlie Merz Tommy Milton Harry McQuinn Harlan Fengler Tom Binford Brian Barnhart Broadcasting Radio Bill Slater Sid Collins Paul Page Lou Palmer Bob Jenkins Mike King Donald Davidson Television Jim McKay Jackie Stewart Chris Schenkel Chris Economaki Sam Posey Jack Arute Jim Lampley Paul Page Bob Jenkins Todd Harris Marty Reid Allen Bestwick Other Tom Carnegie Robin Miller Ron McQueeney Related events Month of May Mini-Marathon IndyCar Grand Prix Indy Lights road course Freedom 100 Brickyard 400 Brickyard 400 Lilly Diabetes 250 Other U.S. Grand Prix Red Bull Grand Prix Triple Crown of Motorsport Brickyard Grand Prix Brickyard Sports Car Challenge IROC at Indy Indy Legends Charity Pro -- Am race Red Bull Air Race of Indianapolis Golf at IMS Champions Tour PGA Tour LPGA Tour Related area Town of Speedway Indianapolis Sports in Indianapolis Indiana Fairgrounds ( Hoosier Hundred ) Lucas Oil Raceway ( Carb Night Classic ) Lore Riding mechanic Andretti Curse Borg - Warner Trophy Indy / Charlotte `` Double Duty '' Entertainment Traditions Jigger Award 100 mph Club The Greatest 33 Jim Nabors Straight No Chaser Turbo Notable races The First 500 De Palma 's Heartbreaker Good Wine The Indy 300 First two - time winner 100 MPH Will Overhead First three - time winner Tony Hulman to the Rescue `` E-Z '' The youngest winner The Vukovich Accident Ward / Rathmann Duel British Invasion Sachs / MacDonald Tragedy The Turbine Mario 's Only Win A Race to Forget The Deluge The Glorious Fourth The first `` Split '' The Great Dispute Johncock & Mears Spin and Win The rainout The oldest winner Million Dollar Meeting The Closest Finish Orange juice instead of Milk Mercedes - Benz 500I Indy 505 The `` Split '' The Millenium 500 Racing vs. Rain Danicamania Uncrowned champion Centennial Anniversary The Fastest 500 Montoya Fifteen years later The 100th 500 Indianapolis 500 race summaries and box scores 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 No races held 1917 -- 1918 or 1942 -- 1945 due to World War I and World War II , respectively . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1911_Indianapolis_500&oldid=806680014 '' Categories : Indianapolis 500 races 1911 in motorsport 1911 in Indiana 1911 in American motorsport May 1911 sports events Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Magyar Nederlands Polski Slovenščina Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 14 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the first indianapolis 500 automobile race in 1911 | [
"\n1st Indianapolis 500\n\n\n\n\nIndianapolis Motor Speedway\n\n\nIndianapolis 500\n\n\nSanctioning body\nAAA\n\n\nDate\n30 May 1911\n\n\nWinner\n Ray Harroun\n\n\nWinning Entrant\nNordyke & Marmon Company\n\n\nAverage speed\n74.602 mph (120.060 km/h)\n\n\nPole position\n Lewis Strang\n\n\nPole speed\nN/A\n\n\nMost laps led\n Ray Harroun (88)\n\n\nPre-race\n\n\nPace car\nStoddard-Dayton\n\n\nPace car driver\nCarl G. Fisher\n\n\nStarter\nFred J. Wagner[1]\n\n\nHonorary referee\nR.P. Hooper[1]\n\n\nEstimated attendance\n85,000[2]\n\n\nChronology\n\n\n\n\n\nPrevious\nNext\n\n\n1909-1910 events\n1912\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Ray Harroun"
] |
-7260896394815275401 | The Natural | The Natural - wikipedia The Natural Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1952 novel . For the 1984 film based on the novel , see The Natural ( film ) . For other uses , see The Natural ( disambiguation ) . The Natural Cover page of The Natural ( first edition ) Author Bernard Malamud Cover artist Simon Goltche Country United States Language English Publisher Harcourt Brace and Company Publication date 1952 Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) OCLC 11868356 Followed by The Assistant ( 1957 ) The Natural is a 1952 novel about baseball by Bernard Malamud , and is his debut novel . The story follows Roy Hobbs , a baseball prodigy whose career is sidetracked when he is shot by a woman whose motivation remains mysterious . Whether she is acting alone or is part of a plot can be debated . Most of the story concerns itself with his attempts to return to baseball later in life , when he plays for the fictional New York Knights with his legendary bat `` Wonderboy '' . Based upon the bizarre shooting incident and subsequent comeback of Philadelphia Phillies player Eddie Waitkus , the story of Roy Hobbs takes some poetic license and embellishes what was truly a strange , but memorable , account of a career lost too soon . Apart from the fact that both Waitkus and fictional Hobbs were shot by women , there are few if any other similarities . It has been alternately suggested that the shooting incident might have been inspired by Chicago Cubs shortstop Billy Jurges , who was shot by a showgirl with whom he was romantically linked , but there has been no evidence to support this claim . A film adaptation of The Natural starring Robert Redford as Roy Hobbs was released in 1984 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Major themes 3 Major characters 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Nineteen - year - old Roy Hobbs is traveling by train to Chicago with his manager Sam to try out for the Chicago Cubs . Other passengers include sportswriter Max Mercy , Walter `` The Whammer '' Whambold , the leading hitter in the American League and three - time American League Most Valuable Player ( based on Babe Ruth ) , and Harriet Bird , a beautiful but mysterious woman . The train makes a quick stop at a carnival along the rail where The Whammer challenges Hobbs to strike him out . Hobbs does just that , much to everyone 's surprise and The Whammer 's humiliation . Back on the train Harriet Bird strikes up a conversation with Hobbs , who never suspects that Bird has any ulterior motive . In fact , she is a lunatic obsessed with shooting the best baseball player . Her intended target was Whammer , but after Hobbs struck him out , her attention shifts to Hobbs . In Chicago , Hobbs checks into his hotel and promptly receives a call from Bird , who is also staying there . When he goes down to her room , she shoots him in the stomach . The novel picks up 15 years later in the dugout of the New York Knights , a fictional National League baseball team . The team has been on an extended losing streak and manager Pop Fisher 's and assistant manager Red Blow 's careers appear to be winding to an ignominious end . During one losing game , Roy Hobbs emerges from the clubhouse tunnel and announces that he is the team 's new right fielder , having just been signed by Knights co-owner Judge Banner . Both Pop and Red take Hobbs under their wing , and Red later tells Hobbs about Fisher 's plight as manager of the Knights . The Judge wants to take over Pop 's share in the team but can not do that until the current season ends and provided the Knights fail to win the National League pennant . Being the newest player , Roy has a number of practical jokes played upon him , including the theft of his `` Wonderboy '' bat . Once Roy gets his first chance at bat , however , he proves to be a true `` natural '' at the game . During one game , Pop substitutes Hobbs as a pinch hitter for team star Bump Baily . Pop is disappointed with Baily , who has not been hustling and decides to teach him a lesson by pinch - hitting for him . Pop tells Roy to `` knock the cover off of the ball . '' Roy literally does that -- hitting a triple to right field . A few days later , a newly - hustling Bump attempts to play a hard hit fly ball . He runs into the outfield wall , later dying from the impact . Roy permanently takes over Bump 's position . Max Mercy reappears , searching for details of Hobbs ' past . Hobbs remains quiet even after Mercy offers five thousand dollars , telling him that , `` all the public is entitled to is my best game of baseball . '' At the same time , Hobbs has been attempting to negotiate a higher salary with the judge , arguing that his success should be rewarded . Mercy introduces Hobbs to bookie Gus Sands , who is keeping company with Memo Paris , Pop 's niece . Hobbs has been infatuated with Memo since he came to the Knights . Hobbs ' magic tricks appear to impress her . Max Mercy writes a column about the judge 's refusal to grant Hobbs a raise , and a fan uprising ensues . Hobbs , however , is more occupied with Memo and attempts to further their relationship . Pop warns Hobbs about Memo 's tendency to impart bad luck on the people she associates with . Hobbs dismisses the warning , but soon after , he falls into a hitting slump . Numerous attempts to reverse it fail until he finally hits a home run during a game where a mysterious woman rises from her seat . Before Hobbs can see who she is , she has left . Roy eventually meets her , Iris Lemon , and proceeds to court her . Upon learning she is a grandmother , however , he loses interest and returns his attention to Memo Paris . Memo rebuffs Roy 's advances ; Hobbs continues to play brilliantly and leads the Knights to a 17 - game winning streak . With the Knights one game away from winning the National League pennant , Roy attends a party hosted by Memo where he collapses and awakens in the hospital . The doctor says he can play in the final game of the season , but must retire after that if he wants to live . Hobbs wants to start a family with Memo and realizes he will need money . The judge offers Hobbs a bribe to lose the Knight 's final game . Hobbs makes a counter-offer of $35,000 , which is accepted . That night , unable to sleep , he reads a letter from Iris . After seeing the word ' grandmother ' in the letter , he discards it . He plays the next day and while at - bat , fouls a pitch into the stands that strikes Iris , injuring her , and splits the Wonderboy bat in two lengthwise . Iris tells Roy that she is pregnant with his child , and now he is determined to do his best for their future . At the end of the game , with a chance to win it , Hobbs , now trying to win , comes to bat against Herman Youngberry , a brilliant young pitcher similar to Hobbs at the same age . Youngberry strikes out Hobbs , ending the game and the season for the Knights . As he sits bemoaning the end of the season and possibly his career , Mercy rediscovers the shooting and also finds out that Hobbs was paid to throw the game . If this report from Mercy is true , Roy Hobbs will be expelled from the game and all of his records removed . Major Themes ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The novel draws upon several sources of mythology , most notably the story of The Fisher King . In the story 's earliest versions , the knight Percival does not ask the king about the grail , so he fails to cure the Wasteland . Pop Fisher is the manager of the Knights and his team is trying to win the pennant , something he has never achieved in his career as both a player and a manager . His name is an obvious reference , along with his need to be `` cured '' by Roy . Roy Hobbs is the great knight Percival who is meant to return the Holy Grail ( pennant ) to Pop Fisher . In Malamud 's version , Hobbs does not win the pennant and the reader is led to believe that Pop Fisher will fade into obscurity . Alternatively , Roy Hobbs might represent a composite of the flawed hero King Arthur and Lancelot . Each is a heroic character whose lusts lead to his downfall . The name `` Roy Hobbs '' is derived from the Latin roots of `` King '' and `` horse , '' implying the chivalric ideal , and the Wonderboy bat has the same invincible properties of both Lancelot 's strength and Arthur 's sword Excalibur , both of which fail in the final crisis due to the characters ' flaws . The main difference between the film and the novel is the relationship between Hobbs and Iris and the ending . In the film , Hobbs and Iris have known each other since childhood and had a romantic relationship before Hobbs left to pursue baseball . Their brief romance resulted in an out - of - wedlock child whom Hobbs never knew existed . At the end of the film , Hobbs hits a home run to win the game and complete his heroic journey and is reunited with Iris and their son . In the novel , however , Hobbs has a tragic flaw ; he has a weakness to succumb to his appetites , women , and caring too much about his own glory . These tragic flaws result in the destruction of his Excalibur ( Wonderboy ) , and ends with him failing at his final time at bat . While the film shows Hobbs victorious and fulfilling his dreams of glory , the novel shows a Hobbs who is crushed by his own hubris and must now live as a forgotten man . Major characters ( edit ) A signed first edition copy of The Natural held by Oregon State University , who employed Malamud . Roy Hobbs -- `` The Natural '' -- A former teenage pitching phenomenon whose career was sidelined and dreams were derailed when he was seriously injured after a meeting with a mysterious woman who shoots him as he travels to Chicago to try out for a Major League baseball team . The story revolves around Hobbs 's quest to make a comeback years after the tragedy and , hopefully , finally to take his rightful place on the field and be remembered as one of the greatest ballplayers of all time . Memo Paris -- Roy 's main love interest throughout the story , Memo is Pop Fisher 's niece and is often in the company of Sands . She is generally unhappy and leads Roy on for most of the novel . Pop Fisher -- The grizzled manager of the New York Knights , Pop was once a fine player who is remembered for making a crucial error in his playing career and for never winning the big game . His name and situation are suggestive of the Fisher King of legend . Max Mercy -- A seedy journalist who is more concerned with unearthing facts about the player 's personal lives than covering the sport itself . Mercy meets Hobbs in the beginning of the novel and later spends most of his time trying to uncover his dark secrets . Sands -- A morally bankrupt bookie who enjoys placing bets against Hobbs until he persuades him to take a dive in the final game . He is also always around Memo , despite Roy 's protests . Iris Lemon -- A fan of Roy 's who helps him break his slump in the middle of the season . Iris makes a deep connection with Roy , although he favors Memo over her until the end of the novel . Harriet Bird -- The mysterious woman the teen - aged Roy meets on the train when he is en route to Chicago at the beginning of the novel . She later shoots him in her hotel room before committing suicide . Her character is loosely based on Ruth Ann Steinhagen , a disturbed 19 - year - old baseball fan who , obsessed with Eddie Waitkus , shot and nearly killed him in 1949 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lalli ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` This Day in Philly Sports History : A Demented Fan and the Natural '' . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ted Cox ( May 4 , 2012 ) . `` Chicago sports tragedies : off the field '' . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Al Yellon ( January 8 , 2007 ) . `` The Top 100 Cubs Of All Time -- # 42 Billy Jurges '' . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mattew Annis ( 2007 ) . `` The Fisher King '' . Undergraduate Research Internship . University of Rochester . Retrieved February 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sparknotes . `` The Natural : Themes , Motifs , and Symbols '' . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Inscribed , first - edition copy of acclaimed novel , `` The Natural , '' donated to OSU `` . Oregon State University . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Sparknotes . `` Character List '' . Sparknotes . Sparknotes . Retrieved February 21 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Baseball portal Books portal Picture of book cover from University of Texas Library collection New York Times review of The Natural from August 26 , 1952 . ( hide ) Works by Bernard Malamud Novels The Natural ( 1952 ) The Assistant ( 1957 ) A New Life ( 1961 ) The Fixer ( 1966 ) Pictures of Fidelman : An Exhibition ( 1969 ) The Tenants ( 1971 ) Dubin 's Lives ( 1979 ) God 's Grace ( 1982 ) Short story collections The Magic Barrel ( 1958 ) Idiots First ( 1963 ) Rembrandt 's Hat ( 1974 ) The Stories of Bernard Malamud ( 1983 ) The People and Uncollected Stories ( 1989 ) The Complete Stories ( 1997 ) Short stories `` The Mourners '' ( 1955 ) `` The Jewbird '' ( 1963 ) `` The Prison '' ( 1950 ) `` A Summer 's Reading '' `` Armistice '' Collections Novels and Stories of the 1940s & 50s ( 2014 ) Novels and Stories of the 1960s ( 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Natural&oldid=830782320 '' Categories : 1952 American novels American novels adapted into films Baseball novels Debut novels Harcourt ( publisher ) books Novels by Bernard Malamud Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2013 Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles that may contain original research from March 2013 All articles that may contain original research Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 16 March 2018 , at 22 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what happened to roy hobbs after he was shot | [
"The Natural is a 1952 novel about baseball by Bernard Malamud, and is his debut novel. The story follows Roy Hobbs, a baseball prodigy whose career is sidetracked when he is shot by a woman whose motivation remains mysterious. Whether she is acting alone or is part of a plot can be debated. Most of the story concerns itself with his attempts to return to baseball later in life, when he plays for the fictional New York Knights with his legendary bat \"Wonderboy\"."
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"attempts to return to baseball later in life, when he plays for the fictional New York Knights with his legendary bat \"Wonderboy\""
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5963243485062581223 | Earle Hyman | Earle Hyman - wikipedia Earle Hyman Jump to : navigation , search Earle Hyman George Earle Plummer ( 1926 - 10 - 11 ) October 11 , 1926 Rocky Mount , North Carolina , U.S. November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) ( aged 91 ) Englewood , New Jersey , U.S. Other names Earl Hyman Occupation Stage , film and television actor Years active 1943 -- 2001 Earle Hyman ( October 11 , 1926 -- November 17 , 2017 ) was an American stage , television , and film actor . Hyman is known for his role on ThunderCats as the voice of Panthro and various other characters . He also appeared on The Cosby Show as Cliff 's father , Russell Huxtable . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 1.1 Death 2 Filmography 3 Awards and nominations 4 References 5 External links Life and career ( edit ) Hyman was born in Rocky Mount , North Carolina , as George Earle Plummer according to the North Carolina Birth Index . He is believed to have been of Native American ancestry . His parents , Zachariah Hyman ( Tuscarora / Meherrin ) and Maria Lilly Plummer ( Haliwa - Saponi / Nottoway ) , moved their family to Brooklyn , New York in the late 1920s , where Hyman primarily grew up . Hyman became interested in acting after seeing a production of Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen 's Ghosts . `` The first play I ever saw was a present from my parents on my 13th birthday -- Nazimova in ' Ghosts ' at Brighton Beach on the subway circuit -- and I just freaked out . '' He made his Broadway stage debut as a teenager in 1943 in Run , Little Chillun , and later joined the American Negro Theater . The following year , Hyman began a two - year run playing the role of Rudolf on Broadway in Anna Lucasta , starring Hilda Simms in the title role . He was a member of the American Shakespeare Theatre beginning with its first season in 1955 , and played the role of Othello in the 1957 season . In December 1958 he came to London to play the leading role in Moon on a Rainbow Shawl , by Errol John , at the Royal Court . In 1959 he again appeared in the West End , this time in the first London production of A Raisin In the Sun alongside Kim Hamilton . The show ran at the Adelphi Theatre and was directed again by Lloyd Richards . A life member of The Actors Studio , Hyman appeared throughout his career in productions in both the United States and Norway , where he also owned property . In 1965 , won a Theatre World Award and in 1988 , he was awarded the St Olav 's medal for his work in Norwegian theater . In addition to his stage work , Hyman appeared in various television and film roles including adaptions of Macbeth ( 1968 ) , Julius Caesar ( 1979 ) , and Coriolanus ( 1979 ) , and voiced Panthro on the animated television series ThunderCats ( 1985 -- 1990 ) . He played two roles ( at different times ) on television 's The Edge of Night . One of his most well known roles , that of Russell Huxtable in The Cosby Show , earned him an Emmy Award nomination in 1986 . He played the father of lead character Cliff Huxtable , played by actor Bill Cosby , despite only being 11 years older than Cosby . Death ( edit ) Hyman , who never married or had children , died at age 91 on November 17 , 2017 , at the Lillian Booth Actors Home in Englewood , New Jersey . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Film Role Notes 1945 The Lost Weekend Smoking Man Uncredited 1954 The Bamboo Prison Doc Jackson , medic 1966 Afrikaneren Raymond Alternative title : The African 1972 The Possession of Joel Delaney Charles Credited Earl Hyman The Super Cops Police Detective Uncredited 1979 Coriolanus Cominius Julius Caesar Cicero 1982 Fighting Back Police Chief Freeman Alternative title : Death Vengeance 1985 Thundercats -- HO : The Movie Panthro ( Voice ) Light Years Maxum ( Voice ) Alternative title : Gandahar Television Year Title Role Notes 1957 Hallmark Hall of Fame Adam 1 episode The United States Steel Hour Jim 1 episode 1963 Espionage Premier Djatuma 1 episode East Side / West Side Mr. Marsden 1 episode 1964 The Nurses Buratta 1 episode Playdate Crouch 1 episode The Defenders District Attorney 1 episode 1965 Seaway Tom Nkomo 1 episode 1968 Macbeth Macbeth Television movie 1969 Sesame Street `` Big '' tuba player Film about `` Big and Little '' musician friends , first aired on Episode 16 1980 The Ivory Ape Inspector St. George Television movie 1982 Long Day 's Journey Into Night James Tyrone Television movie 1984 The Edge of Night Bailiff Unknown episodes 1984 -- 1992 The Cosby Show Russell Huxtable 40 episodes 1985 The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus King Awgwa ( Voice ) Television movie 1985 -- 1989 ThunderCats Panthro / Redeye ( Voice ) 125 episodes A Different World Russell Huxtable Episode : : Sometimes You Get the Bear , Sometimes the Bear Gets You '' A Man Called Hawk Jefferson Adams Episode : `` Passing the Bar '' Seier'n er vår Sammy Unknown episodes 1995 All My Children Mr. Patterson Unknown episodes Hijacked : Flight 285 Wayne Edwards Television movie Cosby Rev. Mitchell 1 episode 2000 The Moving of Sophia Myles Bishop Heath Television movie Twice in a Lifetime Charley Freeman 1 episode Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Result Film , series or play 1956 Theatre World Award Won - - 1980 Tony Award Nominated Best Featured Actor in a Play The Lady From Dubuque CableACE Award Won Actor in a Dramatic Presentation Long Day 's Journey Into Night 1986 Emmy Award Nominated Outstanding Guest Performer in a Comedy Series The Cosby Show ( For episode `` Happy Anniversary '' ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` From Ibsen to Pinter and back again Earle Hyman 's long journey with the masters '' . Thevillager.com . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Winer , Laurie ( 1991 - 03 - 24 ) . `` From Cosby 's Father to Colonel Pickering , By Way of Norway '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Buckley , Michael ( 2005 - 10 - 23 ) . `` Stage and Screen Star Earle Hyman '' . Playbill.com . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Roberta Krensky ( 1986 ) , The American Shakespeare Theatre , Stratford 1955 -- 1985 , Folger Books , p. 43 , ISBN 0 - 918016 - 88 - 6 Jump up ^ Stephens , Frances ( 1959 ) . `` '' Moon on a Rainbow Shawl `` '' . Theatre World Annual ( London ) . A Pictorial Review of West End Productions with a record of Plays and Players . London : Barrie & Rockliff . p. 89 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Garfield , David ( 1980 ) . `` Appendix : Life Members of The Actors Studio as of January 1980 '' . A Player 's Place : The Story of The Actors Studio . New York : MacMillan Publishing Co. , Inc. p. 278 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 542650 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Earle Hyman , Grandpa Huxtable on ' The Cosby Show , ' Dies at 91 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Earle Hyman , Grandpa Huxtable on ' The Cosby Show , ' Dies at 91 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Classic Sesame Street - `` Big and Little '' External links ( edit ) Earle Hyman on IMDb Earle Hyman at the Internet Broadway Database Earle Hyman at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Audio Interview ( 2008 ) VIAF : 35904679 LCCN : n85273945 SNAC : w6b11zqn Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earle_Hyman&oldid=832150455 '' Categories : 1926 births 2017 deaths 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors African - American male actors American male stage actors American male television actors American male voice actors Male actors from North Carolina American male Shakespearean actors American expatriates in Norway People from Rocky Mount , North Carolina People from Brooklyn Recipients of the St. Olav 's Medal Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Magyar Norsk Polski Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 03 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played bill cosby's father in the cosby show | [
"Earle Hyman (October 11, 1926 – November 17, 2017) was an American stage, television, and film actor. Hyman is known for his role on ThunderCats as the voice of Panthro and various other characters. He also appeared on The Cosby Show as Cliff's father, Russell Huxtable."
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"Earle Hyman"
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-1024818169006684334 | An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge | An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge - wikipedia An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge Jump to : navigation , search For the film , see An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge ( film ) . For the American Dad ! episode , see An Incident at Owl Creek . `` An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge '' Author Ambrose Bierce Country United States Language English Genre ( s ) Short story Published in Tales of Soldiers and Civilians Publication date 1890 `` An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge '' is `` one of the most famous and frequently anthologized stories in American literature '' ; and was written by American Civil War soldier , wit , and writer Ambrose Bierce . Originally published by The San Francisco Examiner on July 13 , 1890 , it was first collected in Bierce 's 1891 book Tales of Soldiers and Civilians . The story , which is set during the Civil War , is famous for its irregular time sequence and twist ending . Bierce 's abandonment of strict linear narration in favor of the internal mind of the protagonist is considered an early example of experimentation with stream of consciousness . Author Kurt Vonnegut wrote : `` ... I consider anybody a twerp who has n't read the greatest American short story , which is ' ( An ) Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge , ' by Ambrose Bierce . It is n't remotely political . It is a flawless example of American genius , like ' Sophisticated Lady ' by Duke Ellington or the Franklin stove . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Themes 3 Stories with similar structure 4 Adaptations 4.1 Movies , television , and videos 4.2 Radio 4.3 Stage 4.4 Other 5 Influence 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Peyton Farquhar , a plantation owner in his mid-thirties , is being prepared for execution by hanging from an Alabama railroad bridge during the American Civil War . Six military men and a company of infantrymen are present , guarding the bridge and carrying out the sentence . Farquhar thinks of his wife and children and is then distracted by a noise that , to him , sounds like an unbearably loud clanging ; it is actually the ticking of his watch . He considers the possibility of jumping off the bridge and swimming to safety if he can free his tied hands , but the soldiers drop him from the bridge before he can act on the idea . In a flashback , Farquhar and his wife are relaxing at home one evening when a soldier rides up to the gate . Farquhar , a supporter of the Confederacy , learns from him that Union troops have seized the Owl Creek railroad bridge and repaired it . The soldier suggests that Farquhar might be able to burn the bridge down if he can slip past its guards . He then leaves , but doubles back after nightfall to return north the way he came . The soldier is actually a disguised Union scout who has lured Farquhar into a trap , as any civilian caught interfering with the railroads will be hanged . The story returns to the present , and the rope around Farquhar 's neck breaks when he falls from the bridge into the creek . He frees his hands , pulls the noose away , and surfaces to begin his escape . His senses now greatly sharpened , he dives and swims downstream to avoid rifle and cannon fire . Once he is out of range , he leaves the creek to begin the journey to his home , 30 miles away . Farquhar walks all day long through a seemingly endless forest , and that night he begins to hallucinate , seeing strange constellations and hearing whispered voices in an unknown language . He travels on , urged by the thought of his wife and children despite the pains caused by his ordeal . The next morning , after having apparently fallen asleep while walking , he finds himself at the gate to his plantation . He rushes to embrace his wife , but before he can do so , he feels a heavy blow upon the back of his neck ; there is a loud noise and a flash of white , and `` then all is darkness and silence '' . It is revealed that Farquhar never escaped at all ; he imagined the entire third part of the story during the time between falling through the bridge and the noose breaking his neck . Themes ( edit ) This short story demonstrates that there is no romance or glory in war . The title of the story contains the word `` occurrence '' , which demonstrates how common the loss of life is within war , lessening the perceived value of those human lives . Farquhar 's fantasy demonstrates the danger of having illusions about war , because war is not a love story that ends with running to your wife 's arms , it has ruthless and pitiless punishment . Another theme present in the story is that of `` dying with dignity '' . The story shows the reader that there is no mitigation for the deaths that occur in warfare , so even attempts to have men die with dignity were lacking in honor . The final idea focused upon within the piece is the idea of psychological escape right before death . Farquhar experiences an intense delusion to distract him from his inevitable death . The moment of horror that the readers experience at the end of the piece , when they realize that he dies , reflects the distortion of reality that Farquhar encounters . Since it is not ( only ) the narrator who tells a story but ( also ) the reader him - or herself , another aspect is of considerable importance here . As he himself once put it , ( bitter ) Bierce detested `` ... bad readers -- readers who , lacking the habit of analysis , lack also the faculty of discrimination , and take whatever is put before them , with the broad , blind catholicity of a slop - fed conscience of a parlor pig '' . Farquhar was duped by a Federal scout -- and cursory readers on their part are successfully duped by the author who makes them think they are witnessing Farquhar 's lucky escape from the gallows . Instead , they only witness the hallucination of such an escape taking place in the character 's unconscious mind which is governed by the instinct of self - preservation . In retrospect we see that the title -- if taken literally -- from the outset provides the readers with the information that there will not be any change of scenery at all because simply an occurrence at that bridge is announced . The entire story might well be read as a parable : We are all doomed , and whatever frantic attempts we make to gain our personal salvation -- in our final moment there will be no epiphany but only its absolute opposite and negation , just `` darkness and silence '' . This is Bierce 's rejection of the Christian thesis of man 's final redemption , and it is the ultimate symbol of the futility of human aspiration . Farquhar 's miserable end illustrates a most extreme discrepancy between aspiration and reality . Stories with similar structure ( edit ) The plot device of a long period of subjective time passing in an instant , such as the imagined experiences of Farquhar while falling , has been explored by several authors . An early literary antecedent appears in the Tang dynasty tale , The Governor of Nanke , by Li Gongzuo . Another medieval antecedent is Don Juan Manuel 's Tales of Count Lucanor , Chapter XII ( c 1335 ) , `` Of that which happened to a Dean of Santiago , with Don Illan , the Magician , who lived at Toledo '' , in which a life happens in an instant . Charles Dickens ' essay `` A Visit to Newgate '' wherein a man dreams he has escaped his death sentence has been speculated as a possible source for the story . Bierce 's story highlighted the idea of subjective time passing at the moment of death and popularized the fictional device of false narrative continuation , which has been in wide circulation ever since then . Notable examples of this technique from the early - to - mid 20th century include H.G. Wells 's The Door in the Wall ( 1906 ) and `` The Beautiful Suit '' ( 1909 ) , Vladimir Nabokov 's `` Details of a Sunset '' ( 1924 ) and `` The Aurelian '' ( 1930 ) , Jorge Luis Borges 's `` The Secret Miracle '' ( 1944 ) and `` The South '' ( 1949 ) , William Golding 's Pincher Martin ( 1956 ) , Terry Gilliam 's Brazil ( 1985 ) as well as Julio Cortázar 's `` The Island at Midday , '' and Leo Perutz 's `` From Nine to Nine '' . Among more recent works , David Lynch 's later films have been sometimes compared to `` An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge '' , although they also have been interpreted as the Möbius strip storylines . A particularly strong inspiration for the 1990 film Jacob 's Ladder , for both Bruce Joel Rubin and Adrian Lyne , was Robert Enrico 's 1962 short film An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge , one of Lyne 's favourite movies . Tobias Wolff 's short story `` Bullet in the Brain '' ( 1995 ) reveals the protagonist 's past through relating what he remembers -- and does not -- in the millisecond after he is fatally shot . Adaptations ( edit ) Several adaptations of `` An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge '' have been produced . Movies , television , and videos ( edit ) The Spy ( also released as The Bridge ) was a silent movie adaptation of the story , directed in 1929 by Charles Vidor . A TV version of the story starring British actor Ronald Howard was telecast in 1959 during the fifth season of the Alfred Hitchcock Presents television anthology series . La rivière du hibou ( `` The Owl River '' ) , a French version directed by Robert Enrico and produced by Marcel Ichac and Paul de Roubaix , was released in 1963 . It won the award for best short subject at the 1962 Cannes film festival and won an Oscar at the 1963 Academy Awards for best live - action short . In 1964 La rivière du hibou aired on American television as an episode of the anthology series The Twilight Zone . In 2006 , the DVD Ambrose Bierce : Civil War Stories was released , which contains adaptations of three of Ambrose Bierce 's short stories , among them `` An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge '' directed by Brian James Egan . The DVD also contains an extended version of the story with more background and detail than the one included in the trilogy . Owl Creek Bridge , a 2008 short film by director John Giwa - Amu , won the BAFTA Cymru Award for best short . The story was adapted to follow the last days of Khalid , a young boy who is caught by a gang of racist youths . `` An Incident at Owl Creek '' was a 2010 episode of the TV series American Dad ! The 2010 Babybird music video `` Unloveable '' , directed by Johnny Depp , retells the Owl Creek Bridge story . The 2011 Grouplove music video `` Colours '' also retells the Owl Creek Bridge story . A 2013 short film , The Exit Room , starring Christopher Abbott as a journalist in a war - torn 2021 United States , is based on the story . In Bon Jovi 's video clip for the song `` Dyin ' Ai n't Much Of A Livin ' , '' the Owl Creek Bridge story is featured . Radio ( edit ) In 1936 , the radio series The Columbia Workshop broadcast an adaptation of `` An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge '' . William N. Robson 's first script adaptation was broadcast on Escape December 10 , 1947 , starring Harry Bartell as Peyton Farquhar . Suspense broadcast three different versions , all with slightly different scripts by William N. Robson : the first on December 9 , 1956 , starring Joseph Cotten as Peyton Farquhar ; the second on December 15 , 1957 , starring Victor Jory as Farquhar ; and the third on July 9 , 1959 , starring Vincent Price as Farquhar . CBS Radio Mystery Theater broadcast an adaptation by Sam Dann on June 4 , 1974 ( repeated on August 24 , 1974 , and September 15 , 1979 ) starring William Prince . Winifred Phillips narrated and composed original music for an abridged version of the story for the Tales by American Masters radio series , produced by Winnie Waldron on May 29 , 2001 . The Twilight Zone Radio Dramas ( 2002 ) broadcast an adaptation of the story by M.J. Eliot directed by JoBe Cerny , starring Christian Stolte as Farquhar and featuring Stacy Keach as the narrator . Stage ( edit ) Scottish composer Thea Musgrave composed an opera , An Occurrence at Owl Street Bridge , which was broadcast by the BBC in 1981 . An Occurrence Remembered , a theatrical retelling of Bierce 's An Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge and Chickamauga , premiered in the fall of 2001 in New York City under the direction of Lorin Morgan - Richards and lead choreographer Nicole Cavaliere . Other ( edit ) Issue # 23 of the comics magazine Eerie , published in September 1969 by Warren Publishing , contained an adaptation of the story . Influence ( edit ) The story 's irregular time sequence and `` blink - of - an - eye '' twist ending has inspired numerous works , including : The plot of the radio play `` Present Tense '' , written by James Poe , starring Vincent Price and broadcast on Escape on January 31 , 1950 , has similarities to An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge . The same script was used ( with Price again starring ) on Suspense on March 3 , 1957 . The album Stampede from The Doobie Brothers includes a track called `` I Cheat the Hangman '' , authored by Patrick Simmons and released November 12 , 1975 . It is a somber outlaw ballad that was inspired by the story `` An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge '' . `` It 's about a ghost returning to his home after the Civil War and not realizing he 's dead , '' said Simmons about the song . The 1985 film Brazil has a similar final act . The fourteenth track on Bressa Creeting Cake 's self - titled 1997 album is entitled `` Peyton Farquhar '' . The heavy metal band Deceased retold the tale in the song `` The Hanging Soldier '' on its 2000 album Supernatural Addiction . The film The Descent from 2005 has a similar final act . The 2002 Spike Lee film 25th Hour engages in an extended version of this idea as Monty is being taken to prison by his dad . Adam Young has said that this story was the inspiration for the name of his 2007 electronica musical project , Owl City . The Escapist is a 2008 film directed by Rupert Wyatt . In an interview with Trevor Groth , Wyatt said `` The structure of the film 's plot was inspired by a well known short story written in the 19th century by Ambrose Bierce called ' An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge ' . '' In the final scene , Frank Perry visits Rizza 's cell , brings the book , and says he must have read it about a dozen times . In The Simpsons , season 25 , episode 6 , `` The Kid Is All Right '' ( 2013 ) , Lisa Simpson 's campaign speech is cut short when she notices the shadow of a noose around her neck , explained by Mr. Largo as a prop for the school 's production of `` An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge '' . In an interview with Afterbuzz , Teen Wolf writer and creator Jeff Davis said that the final sequence of the Season 3 finale ( 2104 ) was inspired by `` An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge '' . The song Mendokusai on Tellison 's 2015 album Hope Fading Nightly features the refrain `` We are all broken necked , swinging from the timbers of Owl Creek Bridge . '' In Black Mirror , season 3 , episode 2 , `` Playtest '' ( 2016 ) , involves a similar plot point . The 2017 movie , 47 Meters Down , follows a similar end structure , with the main character 's `` rescue '' ending up being a figment of her imagination . In Scrubs , the episode `` My Occurrence '' has a similar plot structure , where the main character J.D. believes that a clerical mistake was made with his patient Ben . J.D. spends the entire episode trying to get it rectified , only to realize at the end that this was all a fantasy to avoid the reality that Ben had been diagnosed with leukemia . The episode 's title is also a reference to the story . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge : Ambrose Bierce . '' Short Story Criticism , v. 72 , Joseph Palmisano , ed . Farmington Hills , MI : Thomson Gale , 2004 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Khanom , Afruza . `` Silence as Literary Device in Ambrose Bierce 's ' The Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge . ' Teaching American Literature : A Journal of Theory and Practice . Spring 6.1 ( 2013 ) : 45 -- 52 . Print . Jump up ^ Vonnegut , Kurt , `` Do You Know What a Twerp Is ? '' A Man Without a Country , 2005 , pp. 7 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge Themes - eNotes.com '' . eNotes . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Prattle , The San Francisco Argonaut , 22 June 1878 , as quoted in F.J. Logan The Wry Seriousness of Owl Creek Bridge in : American Literary Realism , 10 , No. 2 ( Spring 1977 ) , pp. 101 - 113 . Jump up ^ Ambrose Bierce 's `` An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge '' : an annotated critical edition . Robert C. Evans ed. 2003 , Locust Hill Press , West Cornwall , CT . ISBN 0 - 9722289 - 6 - 9 . Jump up ^ Juan Manuel , Prince of Villena , Tales of Count Lucanor , https://archive.org/stream/countlucanororfi00juaniala/countlucanororfi00juaniala_djvu.txt Jump up ^ This story was rewritten by Jorge Luis Borges in `` The Wizard Postponed '' , in his book A Universal History of Infamy ( 1935 ) . Jump up ^ Tabachnick , Stephen . `` A Possible Source for Ambrose Bierce 's `` An Occurrence at Owlcreek Bridge . '' ANQ : A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles , Notes , and Reviews. 26.1 ( 2013 ) : 45 -- 48 . Print . Jump up ^ `` Thain '' . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Metaphilm : : : Reading Inland Empire '' . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Bruce Joel Rubin , Jacob 's Ladder , Applause Theatre & Cinema Books , 1990 Jump up ^ Hartl , John ( 1990 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Adrian Lyne Met A Metaphysical Challenge '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge ( 1962 ) '' . NY Times . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Exit Room '' . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Buxton , Frank and Owen , Bill . The Big Broadcast : 1920 - 1950 , New York , Avon Books , 1973 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ `` '' An Occurrance ( sic ) at Owl Creek Bridge `` '' . Escape and Suspense. 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` '' An Occurrance ( sic ) at Owl Creek Bridge `` '' . Escape and Suspense. 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Civil War Times Illustrated , December 2001 Jump up ^ `` Escape and Suspense ! : Escape - Present Tense '' . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` When the Dead Dream : Films Inspired by ' An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge ' - Cineleet '' . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why I Call Myself Owl City '' . Adam Young Blog . Archived from the original on 2015 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . References ( edit ) Barrett , Gerald R. ( 1973 ) . From Fiction to Film : An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge . Encino , CA : Dickenson Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 822100 - 83 - 6 . Blume , Donald T. ( 2004 ) . Ambrose Bierce 's Civilians and Soldiers in Context : A Critical Study . Kent , OH : Kent State University Press . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 790 - 2 . Evans , Robert C. ( 2003 ) . Ambrose Bierce 's Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge : An Annotated Critical Edition . West Cornwall , CT : Locust Hill Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 972228 - 96 - 1 . Owens , David M. ( 1994 ) . `` Bierce and Biography : The Location of Owl Creek Bridge '' . American Literary Realism , 1870 -- 1910 26 ( 3 ) , pp. 82 -- 89 . ( Online edition hosted by the Ambrose Bierce Project ) Stoicheff , Peter . ( 1993 ) . `` ' Something Uncanny ' : The Dream Structure in Ambrose Bierce 's ' An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge ' '' . Studies In Short Fiction , 30 ( 3 ) , 349 -- 358 . Talley , Sharon . ( 2010 ) . Ambrose Bierce and the Dance of Death . Knoxville , TN : University of Tennessee Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57233 - 690 - 2 . Yost , David . ( 2007 ) . `` Skins Before Reputations : Subversions of Masculinity in Ambrose Bierce and Stephen Crane '' . War , Literature & the Arts : An International Journal of the Humanities , 19 ( 1 / 2 ) , 247 -- 260 . External links ( edit ) The full text of An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge at Wikisource Media related to An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge at Wikimedia Commons `` An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge '' , collected in In the Midst of Life at Internet Archive ( scanned books original editions ) `` An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge '' at Project Gutenberg ( plain text and HTML ) Ambrose Bierce 's `` An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge '' . An Annotated Critical Edition Photographs of Sulfur Creek Trestle , the actual location which inspired Owl Creek Bridge . An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge public domain audiobook at LibriVox ( hide ) Works by Ambrose Bierce Books Tales of Soldiers and Civilians ( 1891 ) The Devil 's Dictionary ( 1906 ) A Vision of Doom ( 1980 ) Short stories `` A Psychological Shipwreck '' ( 1879 ) `` Killed at Resaca '' ( 1887 ) `` An Inhabitant of Carcosa '' ( 1886 ) `` One of the Missing '' ( 1888 ) `` A Tough Tussle '' ( 1888 ) `` An Unfinished Race '' ( 1888 ) `` One of Twins '' ( 1888 ) `` A Horseman in the Sky '' ( 1889 ) `` The Spook House '' ( 1889 ) `` The Middle Toe of the Right Foot '' ( 1890 ) `` The Man and the Snake '' ( 1890 ) `` An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge '' ( 1890 ) `` The Realm of the Unreal '' ( 1890 ) `` The Boarded Window '' ( 1891 ) `` The Secret of Macarger 's Gulch '' ( 1891 ) `` The Death of Halpin Frayser '' ( 1891 ) `` The Damned Thing '' ( 1893 ) `` The Eyes of the Panther '' ( 1897 ) `` Moxon 's Master '' ( 1899 ) `` The Moonlit Road '' ( 1907 ) `` Beyond the Wall '' ( 1907 ) VIAF : 177631555 LCCN : no98056032 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=An_Occurrence_at_Owl_Creek_Bridge&oldid=815689007 '' Categories : 1890 short stories Existentialist short stories Short stories by Ambrose Bierce Short stories set in the American Civil War Fiction with unreliable narrators Works originally published in The San Francisco Examiner 1890 in fiction Short stories adapted into films Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch Français Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 12 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was an occurrence at owl creek bridge written | [
"\"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge\" is \"one of the most famous and frequently anthologized stories in American literature\";[1] and was written by American Civil War soldier, wit, and writer Ambrose Bierce. Originally published by The San Francisco Examiner on July 13, 1890, it was first collected in Bierce's 1891 book Tales of Soldiers and Civilians. The story, which is set during the Civil War, is famous for its irregular time sequence and twist ending. Bierce's abandonment of strict linear narration in favor of the internal mind of the protagonist is considered an early example of experimentation with stream of consciousness.[2]"
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"1890"
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-5943294965961107537 | Chloe Sullivan | Chloe Sullivan - wikipedia Chloe Sullivan Jump to : navigation , search Chloe Sullivan Smallville character First appearance `` Pilot '' Created by Alfred Gough & Miles Millar Portrayed by Allison Mack First comic appearance ( Tie - in comic ) Smallville : The Comic ( November 2002 ) First comic appearance ( DC Universe ) Action Comics # 893 ( November 2010 ) Information Aliases `` Watchtower '' Relatives Lois Lane Affiliations Smallville Torch Daily Planet Justice League Isis Foundation Chloe Sullivan is a fictional character in the television series Smallville , which is based on the Superman and Superboy comics published by DC Comics . Portrayed by series regular Allison Mack , the character was created exclusively for Smallville by series developers Alfred Gough and Miles Millar . Other than main character Clark Kent , Chloe is the only main character to last the duration of the show , though Mack only signed on for five episodes in the tenth and final season . The character has also appeared in various literature based on Smallville , an internet series , and was then later adapted back into the original Superman comics which inspired Smallville . In Smallville , Chloe is Clark Kent 's best friend , Lois Lane 's cousin , and the editor of the high school newspaper the Torch ; she notices that the meteor rocks ( kryptonite ) are mutating the citizens of Smallville which she tracks on her `` Wall of Weird '' . She generally teams up with Clark and Pete Ross in tracking and stopping meteor - infected people from harming other citizens . In the first five seasons , Chloe harbors an unrequited love for Clark , but eventually accepts her place as his best friend and nothing more . In later seasons , Chloe discovers she has a meteor rock power of her own , until she apparently loses them during an encounter with the alien supervillain Brainiac . In terms of romantic storylines , after Superman supporting character Jimmy Olsen is introduced to the show , he becomes Chloe 's boyfriend and later husband , but the pair later divorce . In the show 's final seasons , Chloe finds romance with Oliver Queen , otherwise known as the costumed vigilante - archer Green Arrow , whom she eventually marries and has a son with . Chloe Sullivan has been characterized as independent , intelligent , curious and impulsive by both the writers and the actress that portrays her . The latter two characteristics often cause Chloe to get into trouble with both her friends and with local industrialists Lionel Luthor and his son Lex , two of the show 's primary antagonists . Mack has been recognized with multiple award nominations and wins for her portrayal of Chloe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Role in Smallville 2 Portrayal 3 Character development 3.1 Storyline progression 3.2 Characterization 3.3 Relationships 4 Reception 5 Other media appearances 5.1 Chloe Chronicles 5.2 Young - adult novels 5.3 Comic books 5.3. 1 Smallville 5.3. 2 Other versions 5.4 Television 6 References Role in Smallville ( edit ) Introduced in the series pilot , Chloe spends much of season one helping her best friend Clark Kent ( Tom Welling ) stop the citizens of Smallville who have developed special abilities from genetic mutations , caused by the meteor rocks that fell to Smallville in 1989 , from committing crimes . It is established that Chloe is the editor of the school newspaper the Torch at the start of the first season . Her journalistic curiosity -- always wanting to `` expose falsehoods '' and `` know the truth '' -- causes tension with her friends , especially when she is digging into Clark 's past in the season two episode `` Lineage '' . In the early seasons , Chloe hides the fact that she is in love with Clark , although the feeling is not reciprocated ; she confesses her true feelings to Clark in season two 's `` Fever '' while he is sick , but he calls out Lana Lang 's name in his delirium . Her feelings for Clark get in the way of her better judgment as she betrays his trust in the season two finale , after witnessing him and Lana Lang ( Kristin Kreuk ) sharing a kiss in his barn , and agrees to uncover information on Clark for Lionel Luthor ( John Glover ) in exchange for a job at the Daily Planet . Chloe and Clark patch their relationship in the season three episode `` Whisper '' , after Clark discovers that she has been helping Lionel . When Chloe stops her investigation , Lionel has her fired from the Daily Planet , and also fires her father from his job at LuthorCorp . In season three 's `` Forsaken '' , Chloe decides to assist Lex Luthor ( Michael Rosenbaum ) , Lionel 's son , with getting Lionel arrested for the murder of Lex ' grandparents ; Chloe 's hope is to get out from under Lionel 's control . In the season three finale , the F.B.I. place Chloe and her father in a safe - house until Lionel 's trial ; unfortunately , the safe - house explodes once Chloe and her father enter and they are presumed dead . Chloe 's cousin , Lois Lane ( Erica Durance ) , comes to Smallville to investigate Chloe 's death in the fourth season premiere . In season four 's `` Gone '' , Clark and Lois team - up and discover that Lex 's security team found the explosives in the safe - house , pulled Chloe and her father to safety before they detonated , and that he has been hiding her ever since . After Chloe 's testimony in the same episode , Lionel is convicted of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment . In the season four episode `` Pariah '' , Chloe discovers Clark 's secret when Alicia Baker ( Sarah Carter ) , Clark 's girlfriend , decides that it needs to be exposed to the world in order for him to feel more comfortable about who he really is . Alicia hopes that Chloe will write a story exposing Clark , but Chloe decides that Clark kept his secret for a reason and decides not to write the story . Chloe finally reveals to Clark in the season five premiere that she has known his secret , but that she wanted him to be comfortable enough to tell her on his own . At the same time , Clark reveals that he was not infected by the meteor rocks in Smallville , as Chloe initially suspected , but that he is in fact an alien who was sent to Earth as a baby during the meteor shower of 1989 . In season five 's `` Thirst '' , Chloe earns her dream job at the Daily Planet , starting in the basement . In the season six episode `` Justice '' , Chloe begins assisting Green Arrow ( Justin Hartley ) and his team of superheroes under the codename `` Watchtower '' . In `` Freak '' , she discovers she herself is meteor - infected , with an unknown ability , and begins to worry that she is a `` time bomb '' heading towards insanity . She later discovers in `` Progeny '' that her institutionalized mother , Moira Sullivan ( Lynda Carter ) , is meteor - infected as well . In the season finale , Chloe learns that her special power lets her heal any wound and even reverse death , when it activates to save Lois . In season seven 's `` Descent '' , when Chloe attempts to keep information regarding `` The Traveler '' a secret from Lex , who is unaware that `` The Traveler '' is really Clark , he fires her from her job at the Daily Planet . When in `` Sleeper '' , Lana falls into a catatonic state having been attacked by the Kryptonian artificial intelligence known as Brainiac ( James Marsters ) , Chloe takes over Lana 's Isis Foundation , a free clinic for individuals who have been infected by the meteor rocks . In the seventh season finale , Chloe is attacked by Brainiac , but her healing powers prevent him from harming her . When she returns home , Jimmy Olsen ( Aaron Ashmore ) , her on - again - off - again boyfriend since season six , proposes marriage . Before Chloe can answer the Department of Domestic Security ( DDS ) appears and arrests her for hacking into the government database . At the start of season eight , it is revealed that Chloe was not arrested by DDS , but Lex 's security personnel impersonating DDS agents . While subjected to their tests , Chloe discovers that her altercation with Brainiac has apparently caused to her to lose her meteor - related powers , but instilled two new abilities : vast super intelligence and technopathy . Returning to Smallville , Chloe reopens the Isis Foundation . Though she loves Jimmy , she finds herself attracted to paramedic Davis Bloome ( Samuel Witwer ) . In the episode `` Abyss '' , Brainiac 's infestation causes Chloe to lose her memories . Clark takes Chloe to his biological father Jor - El , who restores her memories . After Chloe marries Jimmy in `` Bride '' , she is kidnapped by Doomsday , a genetically engineered killing machine bent on destroying Earth and becomes Brainiac 's vessel once again . Brainiac attempts to drain the world of all its human knowledge but is stopped and removed from Chloe 's body by the Legion , superheroes from the future , in `` Legion '' . In `` Hex '' , Chloe assumes the codename Watchtower full time because she feels her life needs more meaning . Chloe discovers that Davis is Doomsday in `` Eternal '' . She attempts to assist Davis ' suicide using kryptonite ; when this fails , she stays by his side in order to keep Doomsday under control . In the episode `` Beast '' , she and Davis leave town together ; Chloe reasons it will protect Clark . In the season eight finale , she uses black kryptonite to separate Davis from Doomsday ; Clark buries Doomsday beneath Metropolis . However , when Davis discovers that Chloe is still in love with Jimmy , he stabs Jimmy and attempts to kill Chloe ; Jimmy impales him on a metal rod , and they both die . Chloe vows to keep the Watchtower Jimmy gave her as a wedding gift open , in the hope that all lost heroes -- namely Oliver and his team -- will find their way home . At the start of the ninth season , using Oliver 's money , Chloe transforms the Watchtower into an information fortress and superhero headquarters . In this capacity , she acquires a rival in Tess 's computer expert Stuart Campbell ( Ryan McDonell ) ; her status as superhero information broker also makes her a target for Checkmate bosses Amanda Waller ( Pam Grier ) and Maxwell Lord ( Gil Bellows ) . Over the course of the season , she grows romantically close to Oliver . In the season ten première , when Oliver is kidnapped by Suicide Squad leader Rick Flag ( Ted Whittall ) , Chloe risks her own sanity by putting on the helmet of Doctor Fate to learn his location . With the information acquired from Fate 's helmet , she organizes a switch for Oliver ; in Flag 's captivity , Chloe fakes suicide and goes off - the - grid . Chloe returns in `` Collateral '' , and reveals that she has been helping Clark , Oliver , and the rest of the heroes while in hiding , having blackmailed the Suicide Squad into helping her . Afterward , she resumes her relationships with the show 's protagonists . In the episode `` Fortune '' , Chloe decides to move to Star City to return to journalism following her marriage to Oliver Queen . In a flashforward in the series finale , Chloe is now the mother to a young boy , but remains in touch with Clark and Lois . Portrayal ( edit ) Chloe Sullivan was introduced by the show 's creators to be a `` Lois Lane archetype '' , as well as be Smallville 's `` outsider '' , which series developers Gough and Millar felt the show needed in order to have a character that notices the strange happenings in Smallville . She is the original creation of Al Gough and Miles Miller , having not been produced first in the DC Comics Universe , unlike the other main characters Clark Kent , Lana Lang , Lex Luthor , and Pete Ross . When they first began developing the series , Gough and Millar had intended for Chloe to have an `` ethnic background '' . After learning about Smallville from the show 's casting director , Dee Dee Bradley , Allison Mack toyed with the idea of auditioning for the role of Lana Lang , but chose instead to audition for the role of Chloe Sullivan . Gough and Millar felt she had a `` rare ability to deliver large chunks of expositionary ( sic ) dialogue conversationally '' , and decided to cast her against their initial intention to give the character an ethnic origin . According to Mack , the reason she got the role was because she went into her second audition with a `` very flippant attitude '' . Kristen Bell also auditioned for the role of Chloe Sullivan ; she would eventually go on to star in the television series Veronica Mars . Aside from Allison Mack , Roan Curtis portrayed Chloe as a child in the season six episode `` Progeny '' , with Victoria Duffield taking on the role in the eighth season episode `` Abyss '' . Mack enjoys the fact that her character was created specifically for the show , because she feels like she does not have to worry about being compared to someone else in the same role , which she likens to people comparing Michael Rosenbaum 's performance as Lex Luthor to Gene Hackman 's portrayal in the Superman film series of the 1970s -- 1980s . Mack only signed on for five episodes of the tenth and final season . Character development ( edit ) Storyline progression ( edit ) Allison Mack was disappointed that the character `` lost some of her backbone '' in the second season . The second season was about exploring Chloe 's heart , and the idea of her being this `` lovelorn ( ... ) angsty teenager '' . As Mack describes her , `` ( Chloe ) was a little spineless and a little bit too much of a pushover ( in season two ) . '' Mack does believe that by the end of the season Chloe manages to get some of that integrity back . The actress likes to make sure that her character is kept `` smart '' and `` ambitious '' , but at the end of season two Chloe 's impulsiveness causes her to get stuck under Lionel 's control , when she `` spitefully '' agrees to uncover Clark 's secrets for Lionel Luthor after Clark is not honest with her about his newly established relationship with Lana . For season three , Mack wanted the character to be given a major obstacle to overcome , something that would help the character mature . The obstacle in question became Lionel 's control over Chloe , after she made a deal to spy on Clark . Allison Mack believes that Chloe is in her own comfort zone while she is working at the Torch , as she is in complete control , but likens Chloe being under Lionel 's control to that of a `` caged animal '' . When she ruins the lives of a mother and her son in season three 's `` Truth '' , after exposing the mother as a fugitive from the law , Chloe is forced to look deeper into her own self . Mack believes that this event was a turning point for Chloe 's maturity ; it is the moment that she realizes that there needs to be a line she should never cross . After it is revealed to Clark in the season five premiere that Chloe knows his secret , the character becomes a larger part of the storyline for the show . Knowing Clark 's secret allowed Chloe to finally come to terms with her feelings for Clark , and recognize where their relationship will always be ; Chloe 's acceptance of her place in Clark 's life provides a means for the two to have a more meaningful friendship , without the concerns of Chloe 's unrequited love . According to Mack , Chloe has learned to evolve her love for Clark into something more `` genuine '' and `` selfless '' . For the actress , having Chloe become part of the meteor infected community in season six allowed Mack 's character to continue to evolve . Mack views this transition as a means for her character to become more emotionally connected to those people -- the meteor infected -- she spent five seasons trying to expose to the public . Being infected by the meteors gives Chloe motivation to try to understand them and allows her to grow closer to Clark , as she can better understand what it feels like to live in a world where you have a special ability . Writer Holly Harold believes that , in addition to being infected by the meteor rocks , bringing Lois into the journalistic field also provides Chloe with a lot of ammunition for growth and development . Lois 's presence at the Daily Planet allows Chloe the chance to reflect upon herself , and discover what things are most important to her -- her career or her family and friends . The competition that Lois provides is beneficial , as it gives Chloe a chance to bring out the best in herself . Characterization ( edit ) Allison Mack characterizes Chloe as being a `` misfit '' during the first season ; more of `` a really smart girl with attitude '' . She goes on to describe Chloe as intelligent and independent . Another of Chloe 's defining characteristics is her need to `` expose falsehoods '' and find the truth in every situation . The character is curious , and wants to be honest with people . She is always trying to make sense of the situation . Next to her curiosity , her impulsiveness is a key characteristic that eventually leaves her under the control of Lionel Luthor , when she offers to uncover information on Clark for Lionel . The reason for this betrayal is based on Chloe 's love for Clark . As Allison Mack explains , Chloe is so blinded by her love for Clark that she neglects to see all of the mistakes that he makes . It is this unrequited love for Clark that `` drives ( Chloe ) to be as ambitious and as focused as she is '' . A leading theory among audiences was that Chloe would eventually change her name to Lois Lane , Clark 's wife in the comics , as she embodies various characteristics that Lois Lane has in the comic books . The creative team removed the notion that Chloe was going to turn into Clark 's future wife when they introduced Lois Lane in season four . Though the characters share similarities , according to Mack , Chloe and Lois are more `` different shades of the same color ( ... ) Chloe is a softer version of Lois '' . Chloe 's upbringing allows her to be less jaded than Lois . Chloe also looks to the future , whereas Lois is more shortsighted . The season six finale reveals that Chloe has the ability to heal others . Mack describes Chloe 's newfound meteor power as similar to `` empathy '' . The actress further defines the power as the ability to heal others by taking their pain and making it her own . Writer Todd Slavkin contends that giving Chloe the power to heal was the best choice for the character . According to Slavkin , Chloe has sacrificed so much in her life for the greater good that it only seemed natural that her meteor power would reflect that . For the writer , it did not make sense for her ability to be something `` malicious and evil and destructive '' . In season eight , Chloe discovers that she also has super-intelligence -- being able to solve complex algorithms faster than LuthorCorp 's most powerful supercomputer . She and Clark later deduce that her newfound intelligence was brought on during her encounter with Brainiac , who infected her with a part of himself during his attack . Relationships ( edit ) One of Chloe 's key relationships is with the series protagonist , Clark Kent . Although believers in the `` Chlois '' theory initially suspected that Chloe would eventually become Lois Lane , Clark 's future wife in the comics , Mack contends that Clark does not love Chloe in the way that she loves him . The actress does not believe that Clark 's feelings will ever change . Regardless of Clark 's feelings , Mack recognizes that Chloe is blinded by her love for Clark , which ultimately affects her judgment in not only seeing Clark 's faults , but making choices that place her character in danger . In season five , Clark finally discovers that Chloe knows his secret , and this revelation allows Chloe the opportunity to come to terms with her feelings for Clark ; this also provided a means for the two have a more meaningful friendship , without the concerns of Chloe 's unrequited love . Speaking on the evolving relationship of Clark and Chloe , Mack believes that the season six introduction of Jimmy Olsen into Chloe 's life increased her value to Clark . Before , Chloe would drop anything for Clark , but now that Chloe has other priorities , it makes Clark realize how valuable she is to him . The introduction of Jimmy Olsen also provides Chloe with someone she can finally have a romantic relationship with . The relationship is strained when Chloe has to lie to cover up Clark 's secret , as well as keeping the fact that she is meteor - infected hidden . Writer Holly Harold questions whether or not Jimmy has taken over the place in Chloe 's heart that Clark occupied for so long . Chloe 's relationship with her mother is one tackled both off - screen and behind the scenes . In a brainstorming session , Mack , Gough and Millar came up with the idea that Chloe 's mother had left her at a young age . Mack wanted to make the character a `` latchkey kid '' , in an effort to explain why she is out all hours of the night . Mack feels that Chloe has real abandonment issues , which play on the fact that she never feels like she is good enough for anyone . These abandonment issues were meant to provide a reason for why the character is devastated by the fact that Clark does not love her the same way that she loves him , as well as the reason for why Chloe does not have many female friends . One of Chloe 's story arcs in season five involved her finding her mother in a mental institution , and living with the fear that she will have a mental breakdown of her own and end up in a psychiatric facility . This fear also affects Clark , who worries that keeping his secret will have negative effects on Chloe , like it did Pete . Reception ( edit ) Allison Mack has been nominated for a number of awards for her role as Chloe Sullivan . She was nominated for a Saturn Award as best supporting actress in a television program in 2006 and 2007 . Mack has been nominated seven consecutive times -- between 2002 and 2009 -- for Teen Choice Award 's Choice Teen Sidekick ; she won the award in 2006 and 2007 . Other media appearances ( edit ) Apart from her appearances on television , Chloe has also appeared in her own online spin - off , a series of young adult novels , a bi-monthly Smallville comic book , and been given a 2010 introduction into the official DC comics universe . Chloe Chronicles ( edit ) Apart from the television series Smallville , the character of Chloe Sullivan appeared in her own web - based spin - off series , titled Smallville : Chloe Chronicles . Allison Mack continued her duties as the investigative , high school reporter , with the series originally airing exclusively on AOL.com . The first volume aired between April 29 , 2003 and May 20 , 2003 . The web series eventually made its way to Britain 's Channel 4 website . Smallville : Chloe Chronicles was created by Mark Warshaw , with the scripts written by Brice Tidwell ; Allison Mack was given final script approval . This final approval allowed Mack to review and make changes to the script as she saw fit . Warshaw also communicated regularly with Gough and Millar so that he could find more unique ways to expand Smallville stories over to Chloe 's Chronicles . `` I think it 's a bit more like The X-Files or NYPD Blue . The Chronicles are like a detective story , with Chloe following clues and interviewing people , going from spot to spot , figuring things out . '' -- Allison Mack describes Chloe Chronicles . In the first volume , picking up some time after the events of season one 's `` Jitters '' , Chloe begins checking into the rumors of the `` Level 3 '' facility at the Smallville LuthorCorp plant . Here , she starts investigating the death of LuthorCorp employee Earl Jenkins , which takes her to a research company known as Nu - Corp . Chloe interviews Nu - Corp 's Dr. Arthur Walsh , who reveals that he knows what really happened to Earl Jenkins while he was working at LuthorCorp . Walsh disappears before Chloe can get the all of information . In volume two , Chloe is contacted by an ex-Navy SEAL , Bix , and former member of LuthorCorp 's `` Deletion Group '' who has information regarding Dr. Walsh 's disappearance . Walsh begins sending Chloe videos , which lead Chloe to discover that Walsh was working with Donovan Jameson , the head of Nu - Corp , and Dr. Stephen Hamilton on experimentations involving the meteor rocks . Chloe and Pete Ross ( Sam Jones III ) , who accompanies Chloe as her cameraman , learn that Jameson is experimenting on meteor infected people in order to steal their abilities . Jameson , exhibiting the same jitters as Earl Jenkins , attempts to kill Chloe and Pete to hide what he has been doing , but his jitters become uncontrollable and he kills himself in his lab . As Chloe and Pete leave the lab they come across Lionel Luthor , leading Chloe to realize that Lionel was funding Jameson 's efforts . The third volume of the Chloe Chronicles , titled Vengeance Chronicles , features Chloe teaming up with the `` Angel of Vengeance '' Andrea Rojas ( Denise Quiñones ) , from season five 's `` Vengeance '' , to stop Lex Luthor . Andrea informs Chloe that Lex turned Lionel 's `` Level 3 '' facility into his own `` 33.1 '' research lab . Rojas , working with meteor infected individuals Yang and Molly Griggs , wants Chloe 's help to expose LuthorCorp 's experimentation on the meteor infected . Young - adult novels ( edit ) Chloe 's first appearance in literature was in the Aspect published Smallville : Strange Visitors . Here , Chloe is conned into believing that Dr. Donald Jacobi , a `` faith healer '' is interested in her research on the meteor rocks . She quickly realizes , after attending one of Jacobi 's shows , that he is nothing more than a con artist , which causes her to devote her time to proving that so no one will fall victim to his schemes . In Smallville : Dragon , Chloe attempts to solve the murder of one of her teachers , Mr. Tait , which she and Clark believe to be the work of recently released convict Ray Dansk . While attending a party put on by Lex , Chloe is injured during an attack on the crowd by Dansk , who has turned into a reptilian creature thanks to exposure to the meteor rocks . Comic books ( edit ) Smallville ( edit ) In 2012 , the Smallville series was continued through the comic book medium with Smallville : Season 11 . Written by Bryan Q. Miller , who also wrote for the television series , the first issue reveals that Chloe and Oliver Queen are living in Star City . Chloe is working for the Star City Gazette , but remains a friend and ally to the heroes . She and Lois discover a spacecraft in Earth 's atmosphere , later revealing the pilot is Chloe 's counterpart from a parallel reality ( the same universe where Clark Luthor and alternate - Lionel Luthor was from ) . She was sent by her cousin , Lois Queen ( the alternate version of Lois Lane and Clark 's ally of that world ) , to warn Clark of the coming `` Crisis '' , which destroyed her world . She dies after Oliver and Chloe take her to a hospital . After Chloe asks Lois to steal the components and plans of Lionel Luthor 's memory device , Project Intercept , with Oliver , Chloe had Emil Hamilton build it with upgrades so she can find information from the remnants of her deceased counterpart 's memories . Inside what is left of her counterpart 's mind , Chloe finds a universe coming to an end , caused by an attack led by a powerful gargantuan being ; she also witnesses Lois Queen 's death . She finds she now has some of the memories of her counterpart , and discovers her killer is one of the Multiverse 's guardians , the Monitors . After taking a leave of absence with Oliver , Chloe later return as Clark begins to gather everyone to make a stand against The Monitors . At this point , Chloe is now about nine months pregnant . After the Monitors ' defeat , Chloe and Oliver join the Department of Extranormal Operations . She later gives birth to a baby boy , whom she and Oliver named `` Jonathan , '' after Clark 's late - adoptive father Jonathan Kent . Other versions ( edit ) Although Chloe appeared alongside her television cohorts in the Smallville comic books , which featured tie - ins to the Chloe Chronicles webisodes , DC writers hoped to bring Chloe into DC continuity at least as early as 2007 . The character ultimately made her first appearance in the mainstream DC Comics Universe in 2010 . According to writer Kurt Busiek , the problem of bringing Chloe into the mainstream comic book universe , and keeping her television background , was that she would have filled two roles : `` the Girl from Back Home and the Reporter '' . Those roles were already filled by the adult comic book versions of Lana Lang and Lois Lane , so the plan was to give the character a new background . Busiek hoped to make Chloe the younger sister of someone Clark had gone to school with , who was a now interning at the Daily Planet . Busiek believed that this would make her different from Lana and Lois , but still familiar to readers who also watched the show . Another distinguishing feature would be that this version of Chloe would not know Clark 's secret , nor would she be meteor infected . These ideas never came to fruition . Chloe first appeared in `` Jimmy Olsen 's Big Week '' , a serialized Jimmy Olsen story written by Nick Spencer , beginning in Action Comics # 893 ( November 2010 ) . Spencer stated that introducing Chloe has been his first `` positive contribution '' to the DC Universe . Because of the continuity differences between Smallville and the comic book Superman stories , Spencer chose to stay `` as true to the character '' as he could by honoring her romantic history with Jimmy Olsen from later Smallville seasons , as well as her journalistic background from its early seasons . Spencer decided to introduce Chloe after he began conceiving of a clever , dogged female reporter for Jimmy Olsen to interact with , and realized that he had been subconsciously writing about Chloe . Television ( edit ) Chloe Sullivan is mentioned during a flashback in a season three episode of Supergirl titled `` Midvale '' where she helps a teenage Alex and Kara Danvers in solving a murder mystery of a classmate through email correspondence . Parallel to the original interpretation , she is referred as Clark Kent 's best friend and knows his secrets and even has a `` Wall of Weird . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sands , Rich . `` Smallville 's Chloe Makes Her Comic - Book Debut '' TV Guide ; September 27 , 2010 ; Page 10 ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Paul , ( Season 1 Companion ) , pp. 128 -- 131 Jump up ^ Alfred Gough , Miles Millar ( writers ) & Greg Beeman ( director ) ( November 5 , 2002 ) . `` Lineage '' . Smallville . Season 2 . Episode 7 . The WB . Jump up ^ Matthew Okumura ( writer ) & Bill Gereghty ( director ) ( February 18 , 2003 ) . `` Fever '' . Smallville . Season 2 . Episode 16 . The WB . Jump up ^ Alfred Gough , Miles Millar ( writers ) & Greg Beeman ( director ) ( May 20 , 2003 ) . `` Exodus '' . Smallville . Season 2 . Episode 23 . The WB . Jump up ^ Ken Horton ( writer ) & Tom Wright ( director ) ( January 21 , 2004 ) . `` Whisper '' . Smallville . Season 3 . Episode 10 . The WB . Jump up ^ Kelly Souders , Brian Peterson ( writers ) & Terrence O'Hara ( director ) ( May 12 , 2004 ) . `` Forsaken '' . Smallville . Season 3 . Episode 21 . The WB . Jump up ^ Miles Millar , Alfred Gough ( writers ) & Greg Beeman ( director ) ( May 19 , 2004 ) . `` Covenant '' . Smallville . Season 3 . Episode 22 . The WB . Jump up ^ Alfred Gough , Miles Millar ( writers ) & Greg Beeman ( director ) ( September 22 , 2004 ) . `` Crusade '' . Smallville . Season 4 . Episode 1 . The WB . Jump up ^ Kelly Souders , Brian Peterson ( writers ) & Greg Beeman ( director ) ( September 29 , 2004 ) . `` Gone '' . Smallville . Season 4 . Episode 2 . The WB . Jump up ^ Holly Harold ( writer ) & Paul Shapiro ( director ) ( February 2 , 2005 ) . `` Pariah '' . Smallville . Season 4 . Episode 12 . The WB . Jump up ^ Todd Slavkin , Darren Swimmer ( writers ) & James Marshall ( director ) ( September 29 , 2005 ) . `` Arrival '' . Smallville . Season 5 . Episode 1 . The WB . Jump up ^ Steven S. DeKnight ( writer ) & Paul Shapiro ( director ) ( October 27 , 2005 ) . `` Thirst '' . Smallville . Season 5 . Episode 5 . The CW . Jump up ^ Steven S. DeKnight ( writer & director ) ( January 18 , 2007 ) . `` Phantom '' . Smallville . Season 6 . Episode 112 . The WB . Jump up ^ Todd Slavkin , Darren Swimmer ( writers ) & Michael Rosenbaum ( director ) ( February 15 , 2007 ) . `` Freak '' . Smallville . Season 6 . Episode 15 . The WB . Jump up ^ Genevieve Sparling ( writer ) & Terrence O'Hara ( director ) ( May 17 , 2007 ) . `` Phantom '' . Smallville . Season 6 . Episode 22 . The WB . ^ Jump up to : Todd Slavkin , Darren Swimmer ( writers ) & James Marshall ( director ) ( May 17 , 2007 ) . `` Phantom '' . Smallville . Season 6 . Episode 22 . The WB . Jump up ^ Don Whitehead , Holly Henderson ( writers ) & Ken Horton ( director ) ( April 17 , 2008 ) . `` Descent '' . Smallville . Season 7 . Episode 16 . The CW . Jump up ^ Caroline Dries ( writer ) & Whitney Ransick ( director ) ( April 24 , 2008 ) . `` Sleeper '' . Smallville . Season 7 . Episode 17 . The CW . Jump up ^ Don Whitehead , Holly Henderson ( writers ) & Todd Slavkin ( director ) ( May 15 , 2008 ) . `` Arctic '' . Smallville . Season 7 . Episode 20 . The CW . ^ Jump up to : Kelly Souders , Brian Peterson , Todd Slavkin , Darren Swimmer ( writers ) & Kevin G. Fair ( director ) ( 2008 - 09 - 18 ) . `` Odyssey '' . Smallville . Season 8 . Episode 1 . The CW . Jump up ^ Don Whitehead , Holly Henderson ( writers ) & Kevin Fair ( director ) ( November 13 , 2008 ) . `` Abyss '' . Smallville . Season 8 . Episode 9 . The CW . Jump up ^ Al Septien & Turi Meyer ( writers ) & Jeannot Szwarc ( director ) ( November 20 , 2008 ) . `` Bride '' . Smallville . Season 8 . Episode 10 . The CW . Jump up ^ Geoff Johns ( writer ) & Glen Winter ( director ) ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` Legion '' . Smallville . Season 8 . Episode 11 . The CW . Jump up ^ Bryan Miller ( writer ) & Mairzee Almas ( director ) ( March 26 , 2009 ) . `` Hex '' . Smallville . Season 8 . Episode 17 . The CW . Jump up ^ Brian Peterson & Kelly Souders ( writer ) & James Marshall ( director ) ( April 2 , 2009 ) . `` Eternal '' . Smallville . Season 8 . Episode 18 . The CW . Jump up ^ Genevieve Sparling ( writer ) & Michael Rohl ( director ) ( April 30 , 2009 ) . `` Beast '' . Smallville . Season 8 . Episode 20 . The CW . Jump up ^ Brian Peterson & Kelly Souders ( writer ) & James Marshall ( director ) ( May 14 , 2009 ) . `` Doomsday '' . Smallville . Season 8 . Episode 22 . The CW . Jump up ^ Brian Peterson , Kelly Souders ( writers ) & Kevin Fair ( director ) ( September 25 , 2009 ) . `` Savior '' . Smallville . Season 9 . The CW . Jump up ^ Don Whitehead , Holly Henderson ( writers ) & Mairzee Almas ( director ) ( October 2 , 2009 ) . `` Metallo '' . Smallville . Season 9 . The CW . Jump up ^ John Chisholm ( writer ) & Tim Scanlan ( director ) ( April 9 , 2010 ) . `` Checkmate '' . Smallville . Season 9 . The CW . Jump up ^ Genevieve Sparling ( writer ) & Kevin Fair ( director ) ( April 2 , 2010 ) . `` Escape '' . Smallville . Season 9 . The CW . Jump up ^ Jordan Hawley ( writer ) & Glen Winter ( director ) ( October 1 , 2010 ) . `` Shield '' . Smallville . Season 10 . The CW . Jump up ^ Jordan Hawley ( writer ) & Morgan Beggs ( director ) ( February 4 , 2011 ) . `` Collateral '' . Smallville . Season 10 . The CW . Jump up ^ Anne Cofell Saunders ( writer ) & Christopher Petry ( director ) ( February 4 , 2011 ) . `` Fortune '' . Smallville . Season 10 . The CW . Jump up ^ Al Septien & Turi Meyer ( writer ) & Kevin Fair ( director ) ( May 13 , 2011 ) . `` Finale Part 1 '' . Smallville . Season 10 . The CW . Jump up ^ Brian Peterson & Kelly Souders ( writer ) & Greg Beeman ( director ) ( May 13 , 2011 ) . `` Finale '' . Smallville . Season 10 . The CW . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Paul ( 2004 ) . Smallville : The Official Companion Season 1 . London : Titan Books . pp. 8 -- 17 . ISBN 1 - 84023 - 795 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Allison Mack Will Direct an Episode of ' Smallville ' '' . Retrieved August 27 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Paul , ( Season 1 Companion ) , pp. 128 - 131 Jump up ^ `` Veronica Mars : Series Finale '' . Retrieved September 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Paul , ( Season 2 Companion ) pp. 132 - 135 ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Paul , ( Season 3 Companion ) pp. 126 - 129 ^ Jump up to : Byrne , Craig , ( Season 5 Companion ) pp. 128 - 131 ^ Jump up to : Byrne , Craig , ( Season 6 Companion ) pp. 128 - 131 Jump up ^ Byrne , Craig , ( Season 4 Companion ) pp. 126 - 129 Jump up ^ Jason C. `` Allison Mack - Smallville 's Chloe Sullivan - Part 1 '' . CWSOURCE . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved September 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Caroline Dries ( writer ) & Mairzee Almas ( director ) ( October 2 , 2008 ) . `` Toxic '' . Smallville . Season 8 . The CW . Jump up ^ `` SITH Leads Nomination List for 32nd Annual Saturn Awards '' . Mania . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved September 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 33rd Annual Saturn Award Nominations '' . Saturn Awards . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved September 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Britney , Gellar , J. Lo Lead Teen Choice Nominees '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved September 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards Have Jennys ' Numbers '' . Zap2it . June 16 , 2003 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2003 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' O.C. , ' ' Mr. & Mrs. Smith ' Lead Teen Choice Nominees '' . Zap2it . June 1 , 2005 . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2007 . Retrieved September 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice ' 07 '' . Fox . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2007 . Retrieved September 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kelly West ( June 15 , 2009 ) . `` Nominations Posted For 2009 Teen Choice Awards '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved June 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` America Online has teamed up with Warner Bros. Television and The WB Television Network to produce new mini-dramas to publicise Smallville '' . BBC . April 29 , 2003 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2005 . Retrieved March 23 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Paul , ( Season 2 Companion ) pp. 154 -- 155 Jump up ^ Smallville : Chloe Chronicles ( season 2 DVD special features ) ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Warner Bros. Home Video . Jump up ^ Smallville : Chloe Chronicles Volume II ( season 3 DVD special features ) ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Warner Bros. Home Video . Jump up ^ Smallville : Vengeance Chronicles ( season 5 DVD special features ) ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Warner Bros. Home Video . Jump up ^ Roger Stern ( October 1 , 2002 ) . Smallville : Strange Visitors . Aspect . ISBN 0 - 446 - 61213 - 8 . Jump up ^ Alan Grant ( May 24 , 2004 ) . Smallville : Dragon . Aspect . ISBN 84 - 414 - 1475 - 0 . Jump up ^ Smallville Season 11 vol. 1 # 1 ( May 2012 ) Jump up ^ Smallville Season 11 vol. 1 # 4 ( August 2012 ) Jump up ^ Smallville Season 11 vol. 1 # 10 ( February 2013 ) Jump up ^ Smallville Season 11 vol. 1 # 11 ( March 2013 ) Jump up ^ Smallville Season 11 vol. 1 # 12 ( April 2013 ) Jump up ^ Smallville Season Eleven ' : Alien ' vol. 1 # 1 ( December 2013 ) Jump up ^ Smallville Season Eleven : Alien vol. 1 # 2 ( January 2014 ) Jump up ^ Smallville Season Eleven : Continuity vol. 1 # 4 ( March 2015 ) Jump up ^ Arune Singh ( December 1 , 2003 ) . `` Somebody Save Me : Clint Carpenter talks Smallville , the TV show and the comic '' . Comic Book Reviews . Retrieved August 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` America Online Offers Exclusive Access To Series Of New Online Adventures Tied To The WB 's Hit Series ' Smallville ' '' . Time Warner . April 14 , 2004 . Retrieved August 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` WonderCon ' 07 DC Nation Panel with Matt Idelson '' . Newsarama . Internet Archives . August 27 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2007 . Retrieved September 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Troy Brownfield . `` Smallville 's Chloe Sullivan Joins The Superman Supporting Cast '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 . Retrieved September 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Troy Brownfield ( December 17 , 2007 ) . `` Smallville 's ' Chloe Sullivan ' joins the Superman supporting cast '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 . Retrieved December 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Manning , Shaun . `` CCI : DC Universe '' Comic Book Resources ; July 24 , 2010 Jump up ^ Ching , Albert . ( September 22 , 2010 ) . `` Jimmy Olsen , Chloe Sullivan , Nick Spencer and ACTION COMICS '' . Newsarama . Retrieved September 29 , 2010 . Smallville Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 Episodes List of episodes `` Pilot '' `` Tempest '' `` Reckoning '' `` Absolute Justice '' `` Finale '' Characters Characters of Smallville Clark Kent Lex Luthor Lana Lang Chloe Sullivan Lionel Luthor Lois Lane Justice League Book Category Superman Jerry Siegel Joe Shuster Other writers and artists Characters List of DC Comics characters named Superman List of Superman supporting characters List of Superman enemies Locations Metropolis Ace o ' Clubs Daily Planet Daily Star Galaxy Communications LexCorp Project Cadmus Suicide Slum List of areas , landmarks , institutions and businesses Krypton Argo City Kandor Kryptonopolis Vathlo Island Apokolips Bizarro World Colu Daxam Fortress of Solitude Phantom Zone S.T.A.R. Labs Smallville Stryker 's Island Warworld Objects and material Kryptonite Supermobile History and themes Character and cast Dynasty Kryptonian Origin Powers and abilities Publication history Action Comics # 1 Superman and Lois Lane Symbol Ongoing publications Action Comics Batman / Superman Superboy Supergirl Superman Superman / Wonder Woman In other media In film Miscellaneous Alternative versions of Superman Superman ( gene ) Joanne Siegel Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chloe_Sullivan&oldid=833432034 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 2001 Smallville characters DC Comics metahumans Television sidekicks Fictional characters from Kansas Fictional empaths Fictional hackers Fictional businesspeople Fictional amateur detectives Fictional reporters Comics characters introduced in 2010 Fictional technopaths Fictional characters with healing abilities Teenage characters in television Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Use mdy dates from September 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Magyar Norsk Português Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 14 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does chloe sullivan find out about clark | [
"Chloe and Clark patch their relationship in the season three episode \"Whisper\", after Clark discovers that she has been helping Lionel. When Chloe stops her investigation, Lionel has her fired from the Daily Planet, and also fires her father from his job at LuthorCorp.[6] In season three's \"Forsaken\", Chloe decides to assist Lex Luthor (Michael Rosenbaum), Lionel's son, with getting Lionel arrested for the murder of Lex' grandparents; Chloe's hope is to get out from under Lionel's control.[7] In the season three finale, the F.B.I. place Chloe and her father in a safe-house until Lionel's trial; unfortunately, the safe-house explodes once Chloe and her father enter and they are presumed dead.[8] Chloe's cousin, Lois Lane (Erica Durance), comes to Smallville to investigate Chloe's death in the fourth season premiere.[9] In season four's \"Gone\", Clark and Lois team-up and discover that Lex's security team found the explosives in the safe-house, pulled Chloe and her father to safety before they detonated, and that he has been hiding her ever since. After Chloe's testimony in the same episode, Lionel is convicted of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment.[10] In the season four episode \"Pariah\", Chloe discovers Clark's secret when Alicia Baker (Sarah Carter), Clark's girlfriend, decides that it needs to be exposed to the world in order for him to feel more comfortable about who he really is. Alicia hopes that Chloe will write a story exposing Clark, but Chloe decides that Clark kept his secret for a reason and decides not to write the story.[11]"
] | [
"In the season four episode \"Pariah\""
] |
-4375882542141446572 | Trophic level | Trophic level - wikipedia Trophic level Jump to : navigation , search First trophic level . The plants in this image , and the algae and phytoplankton in the lake , are primary producers . They take nutrients from the soil or the water , and manufacture their own food by photosynthesis , using energy from the sun . The trophic level of an organism is the position it occupies in a food chain . The word trophic derives from the Greek τροφή ( trophē ) referring to food or nourishment . A food chain represents a succession of organisms that eat another organism and are , in turn , eaten themselves . The number of steps an organism is from the start of the chain is a measure of its trophic level . Food chains start at trophic level 1 with primary producers such as plants , move to herbivores at level 2 , predators at level 3 and typically finish with carnivores or apex predators at level 4 or 5 . The path along the chain can form either a one - way flow or a food `` web '' . Ecological communities with higher biodiversity form more complex trophic paths . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Overview 3 Biomass transfer efficiency 4 Evolution of trophic levels 5 Fractional trophic levels 6 Mean trophic level 7 FiB index 8 Tritrophic and other interactions 9 Examples 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) The concept of trophic level was developed by Raymond Lindeman ( 1942 ) , based on the terminology of August Thienemann ( 1926 ) : `` producers '' , `` consumers '' and `` reducers '' ( modified to `` decomposers '' by Lindeman ) . Overview ( edit ) Consumer categories based on material eaten ( plant : green shades are live , brown shades are dead ; animal : red shades are live , purple shades are dead ; or particulate : grey shades ) and feeding strategy ( gatherer : lighter shade of each color ; miner : darker shade of each color ) The three basic ways in which organisms get food are as producers , consumers and decomposers . Producers ( autotrophs ) are typically plants or algae . Plants and algae do not usually eat other organisms , but pull nutrients from the soil or the ocean and manufacture their own food using photosynthesis . For this reason , they are called primary producers . In this way , it is energy from the sun that usually powers the base of the food chain . An exception occurs in deep - sea hydrothermal ecosystems , where there is no sunlight . Here primary producers manufacture food through a process called chemosynthesis . Consumers ( heterotrophs ) are species that can not manufacture their own food and need to consume other organisms . Animals that eat primary producers ( like plants ) are called herbivores . Animals that eat other animals are called carnivores , and animals that eat both plant and other animals are called omnivores . Decomposers ( detritivores ) break down dead plant and animal material and wastes and release it again as energy and nutrients into the ecosystem for recycling . Decomposers , such as bacteria and fungi ( mushrooms ) , feed on waste and dead matter , converting it into inorganic chemicals that can be recycled as mineral nutrients for plants to use again . Trophic levels can be represented by numbers , starting at level 1 with plants . Further trophic levels are numbered subsequently according to how far the organism is along the food chain . Level 1 : Plants and algae make their own food and are called producers . Level 2 : Herbivores eat plants and are called primary consumers . Level 3 : Carnivores that eat herbivores are called secondary consumers . Level 4 : Carnivores that eat other carnivores are called tertiary consumers . Level 5 : Apex predators that have no predators are at the top of the food chain . Second trophic level Rabbits eat plants at the first trophic level , so they are primary consumers . Third trophic level Foxes eat rabbits at the second trophic level , so they are secondary consumers . Fourth trophic level Golden eagles eat foxes at the third trophic level , so they are tertiary consumers . Decomposers The fungi on this tree feed on dead matter , converting it back to nutrients that primary producers can use . In real world ecosystems , there is more than one food chain for most organisms , since most organisms eat more than one kind of food or are eaten by more than one type of predator . A diagram that sets out the intricate network of intersecting and overlapping food chains for an ecosystem is called its food web . Decomposers are often left off food webs , but if included , they mark the end of a food chain . Thus food chains start with primary producers and end with decay and decomposers . Since decomposers recycle nutrients , leaving them so they can be reused by primary producers , they are sometimes regarded as occupying their own trophic level . Biomass transfer efficiency ( edit ) An energy pyramid illustrates how much energy is needed as it flows upward to support the next trophic level . This diagram is not to scale , because only about 10 % of the energy transferred between each trophic level is converted to biomass . In general , each trophic level relates to the one below it by absorbing some of the energy it consumes , and in this way can be regarded as resting on , or supported by , the next lower trophic level . Food chains can be diagrammed to illustrate the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to the next in a food chain . This is called an energy pyramid . The energy transferred between levels can also be thought of as approximating to a transfer in biomass , so energy pyramids can also be viewed as biomass pyramids , picturing the amount of biomass that results at higher levels from biomass consumed at lower levels . The efficiency with which energy or biomass is transferred from one trophic level to the next is called the ecological efficiency . Consumers at each level convert on average only about 10 % of the chemical energy in their food to their own organic tissue ( the ten - percent law ) . For this reason , food chains rarely extend for more than 5 or 6 levels . At the lowest trophic level ( the bottom of the food chain ) , plants convert about 1 % of the sunlight they receive into chemical energy . It follows from this that the total energy originally present in the incident sunlight that is finally embodied in a tertiary consumer is about 0.001 % Evolution of trophic levels ( edit ) Both the number of trophic levels and the complexity of relationships between them evolve as life diversifies through time , the exception being intermittent mass extinction events . Fractional trophic levels ( edit ) Killer whales ( orca ) are apex predators but they are divided into separate populations hunting specific preys varying from tuna , small sharks , and seals . Food webs largely define ecosystems , and the trophic levels define the position of organisms within the webs . But these trophic levels are not always simple integers , because organisms often feed at more than one trophic level . For example , some carnivores also eat plants , and some plants are carnivores . A large carnivore may eat both smaller carnivores and herbivores ; the bobcat eats rabbits , but the mountain lion eats both bobcats and rabbits . Animals can also eat each other ; the bullfrog eats crayfish and crayfish eat young bullfrogs . The feeding habits of a juvenile animal , and , as a consequence , its trophic level , can change as it grows up . The fisheries scientist Daniel Pauly sets the values of trophic levels to one in plants and detritus , two in herbivores and detritivores ( primary consumers ) , three in secondary consumers , and so on . The definition of the trophic level , TL , for any consumer species is : T L i = 1 + ∑ j ( T L j ⋅ D C i j ) ( \ displaystyle TL_ ( i ) = 1 + \ sum _ ( j ) ( TL_ ( j ) \ cdot DC_ ( ij ) ) \ ! ) where T L j ( \ displaystyle TL_ ( j ) ) is the fractional trophic level of the prey j , and D C i j ( \ displaystyle DC_ ( ij ) ) represents the fraction of j in the diet of i . In the case of marine ecosystems , the trophic level of most fish and other marine consumers takes value between 2.0 and 5.0 . The upper value , 5.0 , is unusual , even for large fish , though it occurs in apex predators of marine mammals , such as polar bears and killer whales . In addition to observational studies of animal behavior , and quantification of animal stomach contents , trophic level can be quantified through stable isotope analysis of animal tissues such as muscle , skin , hair , bone collagen . This is because there is a consistent increase in the nitrogen isotopic composition at each trophic level caused by fractionations that occur with the synthesis of biomolecules ; the magnitude of this increase in nitrogen isotopic composition is approximately 3 -- 4 ‰ . Mean trophic level ( edit ) The mean trophic level of the world fisheries catch has steadily declined because many high trophic level fish , such as this tuna , have been overfished In fisheries , the mean trophic level for the fisheries catch across an entire area or ecosystem is calculated for year y as : T L y = ∑ i ( T L i ⋅ Y i y ) ∑ i Y i y ( \ displaystyle TL_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( \ sum _ ( i ) ( TL_ ( i ) \ cdot Y_ ( iy ) ) ) ( \ sum _ ( i ) Y_ ( iy ) ) ) ) where Y i y ( \ displaystyle Y_ ( iy ) ) is the catch of the species or group i in year y , and T L i ( \ displaystyle TL_ ( i ) ) is the trophic level for species i as defined above . Fish at higher trophic levels usually have a higher economic value , which can result in overfishing at the higher trophic levels . Earlier reports found precipitous declines in mean trophic level of fisheries catch , in a process known as fishing down the food web . However , more recent work finds no relation between economic value and trophic level ; and that mean trophic levels in catches , surveys and stock assessments have not in fact declined , suggesting that fishing down the food web is not a global phenomenon . However Pauly et al. note that trophic levels peaked at 3.4 in 1970 in the northwest and west - central Atlantic , followed by a subsequent decline to 2.9 in 1994 . They report a shift away from long - lived , piscivorous , high - trophic - level bottom fishes , such as cod and haddock , to short - lived , planktivorous , low - trophic - level invertebrates ( e.g. , shrimps ) and small , pelagic fish ( e.g. , herrings ) . This shift from high - trophic - level fishes to low - trophic - level invertebrates and fishes is a response to changes in the relative abundance of the preferred catch . They argue this is part of the global fishery collapse . FiB index ( edit ) Since biomass transfer efficiencies are only about 10 % , it follows that the rate of biological production is much greater at lower trophic levels than it is at higher levels . Fisheries catches , at least to begin with , will tend to increase as the trophic level declines . At this point the fisheries will target species lower in the food web . In 2000 , this led Pauly and others to construct a `` Fisheries in Balance '' index , usually called the FiB index . The FiB index is defined , for any year y , by F i B y = log Y y / ( T E ) T L y Y 0 / ( T E ) T L 0 ( \ displaystyle FiB_ ( y ) = \ log ( \ frac ( Y_ ( y ) / ( TE ) ^ ( TL_ ( y ) ) ) ( Y_ ( 0 ) / ( TE ) ^ ( TL_ ( 0 ) ) ) ) ) where Y y ( \ displaystyle Y_ ( y ) ) is the catch at year y , T L y ( \ displaystyle ( TL ) _ ( y ) ) is the mean trophic level of the catch at year y , Y 0 ( \ displaystyle Y_ ( 0 ) ) is the catch , T L 0 ( \ displaystyle ( TL ) _ ( 0 ) ) the mean trophic level of the catch at the start of the series being analyzed , and T E ( \ displaystyle TE ) is the transfer efficiency of biomass or energy between trophic levels . The FiB index is stable ( zero ) over periods of time when changes in trophic levels are matched by appropriate changes in the catch in the opposite direction . The index increases if catches increase for any reason , e.g. higher fish biomass , or geographic expansion . Such decreases explain the `` backward - bending '' plots of trophic level versus catch originally observed by Pauly and others in 1998 . Tritrophic and other interactions ( edit ) One aspect of trophic levels is called tritrophic interaction . Ecologists often restrict their research to two trophic levels as a way of simplifying the analysis ; however , this can be misleading if tritrophic interactions ( such as plant -- herbivore -- predator ) are not easily understood by simply adding pairwise interactions ( plant -- herbivore plus herbivore -- predator , for example ) . Significant interactions can occur between the first trophic level ( plant ) and the third trophic level ( a predator ) in determining herbivore population growth , for example . Simple genetic changes may yield morphological variants in plants that then differ in their resistance to herbivores because of the effects of the plant architecture on enemies of the herbivore . Plants can also develop defenses against herbivores such as chemical defenses . Examples ( edit ) Depending on the nature of the species the precise trophic level of the species may be somewhat ambiguous and its precise value may vary depending on the source . Virtually all plants as well as phytoplankton and similar organisms are classified at level 1.0 . Many worms would be typically classified at level 2.1 ; a typical insect 2.2 ; a jellyfish 3.0 ; a typical bird 3.6 . A 2013 study published in the National Academy of Sciences estimates the average trophic level of human beings at 2.21 , similar to pigs or anchovy . This is only an average , and plainly both modern and ancient human eating habits are complex and vary greatly . For example , a traditional Eskimo living on a diet consisting primarily of seals would have a trophic level of nearly 5 . See also ( edit ) Cascade effect Energy flow ( ecology ) Mesopredator release hypothesis Trophic cascade Trophic state index -- applied to lakes Trophic dynamics -- Food web References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Definition of TROPHIC '' . www.merriam-webster.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Lindeman , R.L. ( 1942 ) . The trophic - dynamic aspect of ecology . Ecology 23 : 399 -- 418 . link . Jump up ^ Thienemann , A. 1926 . Der Nahrungskreislauf im Wasser . Verh . deutsch . Zool . Ges. , 31 : 29 - 79 , link . ( Also at : Zool . Anz . Suppl. , 2 : 29 - 79 . ) Jump up ^ Science of Earth Systems . Cengage Learning . 2002 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7668 - 3391 - 3 . Jump up ^ The Ecology of Deep - sea Hydrothermal Vents . Princeton University Press . 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04929 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Lisowski M , Miaoulis I , Cyr M , Jones LC , Padilla MJ , Wellnitz TR ( 2004 ) Prentice Hall Science Explorer : Environmental Science , Pearson Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 115090 - 4 ^ Jump up to : American Heritage Science Dictionary , 2005 . Houghton Mifflin Company . ^ Jump up to : Pauly , D. ; Palomares , M.L. ( 2005 ) . `` Fishing down marine food webs : it is far more pervasive than we thought '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin of Marine Science . 76 ( 2 ) : 197 -- 211 . Jump up ^ Sahney , S. & Benton , M.J. ( 2008 ) . `` Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the Royal Society : Biological . 275 ( 1636 ) : 759 -- 65 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2007.1370 . PMC 2596898 . PMID 18198148 . Jump up ^ Odum WE and Heald EJ ( 1975 ) `` The detritus - based food web of an estuarine mangrove community '' . Pages 265 -- 286 in L.E. Cronin , ed . Estuarine research . Vol. 1 . Academic Press , New York . Jump up ^ Pimm , SL ; Lawton , JH ( 1978 ) . `` On feeding on more than one trophic level '' . Nature . 275 ( 5680 ) : 542 -- 544 . doi : 10.1038 / 275542a0 . Jump up ^ Cortés , E ( 1999 ) . `` Standardized diet compositions and trophic levels of sharks '' . ICES J. Mar . Sci. 56 ( 5 ) : 707 -- 717 . doi : 10.1006 / jmsc. 1999.0489 . ^ Jump up to : Pauly , D ; Trites , A ; Capuli , E ; Christensen , V ( 1998 ) . `` Diet composition and trophic levels of marine mammals '' . ICES J. Mar . Sci. 55 ( 3 ) : 467 -- 481 . doi : 10.1006 / jmsc. 1997.0280 . Jump up ^ Szpak , Paul ; Orchard , Trevor J. ; McKechnie , Iain ; Gröcke , Darren R. ( 2012 ) . `` Historical Ecology of Late Holocene Sea Otters ( Enhydra lutris ) from Northern British Columbia : Isotopic and Zooarchaeological Perspectives '' . Journal of Archaeological Science . 39 ( 5 ) : 1553 -- 1571 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jas. 2011.12. 006 . Jump up ^ Millennium Ecosystem Assessment ( 2005 ) Ecosystems and Human Well - being : Synthesis Island Press . pp. 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Sethi , SA ; Branch , TA ; Watson , R ( 2010 ) . `` Global fishery development patterns are driven by profit but not trophic level '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 107 ( 27 ) : 12163 -- 12167 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1003236107 . PMC 2901455 . PMID 20566867 . Jump up ^ Branch , TA ; Watson , Reg ; Fulton , Elizabeth A. ; Jennings , Simon ; McGilliard , Carey R. ; Pablico , Grace T. ; Ricard , Daniel ; Tracey , Sean R. ( 2010 ) . `` Trophic fingerprint of marine fisheries '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 468 ( 7322 ) : 431 -- 435 . doi : 10.1038 / nature09528 . PMID 21085178 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Pauly , D ; Christensen v , V ; Dalsgaard , J ; Froese , R ; Torres Jr , FC Jr ( 1998 ) . `` Fishing down marine food webs '' . Science . 279 ( 5352 ) : 860 -- 863 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 279.5352. 860 . PMID 9452385 . Jump up ^ Pauly , D ; Christensen , V ; Walters , C ( 2000 ) . `` Ecopath , Ecosim and Ecospace as tools for evaluating ecosystem impact of fisheries '' . ICES J. Mar . Sci. 57 ( 3 ) : 697 -- 706 . doi : 10.1006 / jmsc. 2000.0726 . Jump up ^ Kareiva , Peter ; Sahakian , Robert ( 1990 ) . `` Letters to Nature : Tritrophic effects of a simple architectural mutation in pea plants '' . Nature . 35 ( 6274 ) : 433 -- 434 . doi : 10.1038 / 345433a0 . Jump up ^ PW Price ; CE Bouton ; P Gross ; BA McPheron ; JN Thompson ; Weis , and A.E. ( 1980 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Interactions Among Three Trophic Levels : Influence of Plants on Interactions Between Insect Herbivores and Natural Enemies '' . Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 11 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 65 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. es. 11.110180. 000353 . Jump up ^ Biodiversity and Morphology : Table 3.5 in Fish on line , Version 3 , August 2014 . FishBase Jump up ^ Yirka , Bob ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` Eating up the world 's food web and the human trophic level '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 110 : 20617 -- 20620 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1305827110 . Lay summary -- Phys.org . Jump up ^ Campbell , Bernard Grant ( 1995 - 01 - 01 ) . Human Ecology : The Story of Our Place in Nature from Prehistory to the Present . p. 12 . ISBN 9780202366609 . External links ( edit ) Trophic levels BBC . Last updated March 2004 . Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Trophic components General Abiotic component Abiotic stress Behaviour Biogeochemical cycle Biomass Biotic component Biotic stress Carrying capacity Competition Ecosystem Ecosystem ecology Ecosystem model Keystone species List of feeding behaviours Metabolic theory of ecology Productivity Resource Producers Autotrophs Chemosynthesis Chemotrophs Foundation species Mixotrophs Myco - heterotrophy Mycotroph Organotrophs Photoheterotrophs Photosynthesis Photosynthetic efficiency Phototrophs Primary nutritional groups Primary production Consumers Apex predator Bacterivore Carnivores Chemoorganotroph Foraging Generalist and specialist species Intraguild predation Herbivores Heterotroph Heterotrophic nutrition Insectivore Mesopredators Mesopredator release hypothesis Omnivores Optimal foraging theory Predation Prey switching Decomposers Chemoorganoheterotrophy Decomposition Detritivores Detritus Microorganisms Archaea Bacteriophage Environmental microbiology Lithoautotroph Lithotrophy Microbial cooperation Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial intelligence Microbial loop Microbial mat Microbial metabolism Phage ecology Food webs Biomagnification Ecological efficiency Ecological pyramid Energy flow Food chain Trophic level Example webs Cold seeps Hydrothermal vents Intertidal Kelp forests Lakes North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Rivers San Francisco Estuary Soil Tide pool Processes Ascendency Bioaccumulation Cascade effect Climax community Competitive exclusion principle Consumer - resource systems Copiotrophs Dominance Ecological network Ecological succession Energy quality Energy Systems Language f - ratio Feed conversion ratio Feeding frenzy Mesotrophic soil Nutrient cycle Oligotroph Paradox of the plankton Trophic cascade Trophic mutualism Trophic state index Defense , counter Animal coloration Antipredator adaptations Camouflage Deimatic behaviour Herbivore adaptations to plant defense Mimicry Plant defense against herbivory Predator avoidance in schooling fish Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Other components Population ecology Abundance Allee effect Depensation Ecological yield Effective population size Intraspecific competition Logistic function Malthusian growth model Maximum sustainable yield Overpopulation in wild animals Overexploitation Population cycle Population dynamics Population modeling Population size Predator -- prey ( Lotka -- Volterra ) equations Recruitment Resilience Small population size Stability Species Biodiversity Density - dependent inhibition Ecological effects of biodiversity Ecological extinction Endemic species Flagship species Gradient analysis Indicator species Introduced species Invasive species Latitudinal gradients in species diversity Minimum viable population Neutral theory Occupancy -- abundance relationship Population viability analysis Priority effect Rapoport 's rule Relative abundance distribution Relative species abundance Species diversity Species homogeneity Species richness Species distribution Species - area curve Umbrella species Species interaction Antibiosis Biological interaction Commensalism Community ecology Ecological facilitation Interspecific competition Mutualism Storage effect Spatial ecology Biogeography Cross-boundary subsidy Ecocline Ecotone Ecotype Disturbance Edge effects Foster 's rule Habitat fragmentation Ideal free distribution Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis Island biogeography Landscape ecology Landscape epidemiology Landscape limnology Metapopulation Patch dynamics r / K selection theory Resource selection function Source -- sink dynamics Niche Ecological niche Ecological trap Ecosystem engineer Environmental niche modelling Guild Habitat Marine habitats Limiting similarity Niche apportionment models Niche construction Niche differentiation Other networks Assembly rules Bateman 's principle Bioluminescence Ecological collapse Ecological debt Ecological deficit Ecological energetics Ecological indicator Ecological threshold Ecosystem diversity Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber 's law Liebig 's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson 's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state Balance of nature Biological data visualization Ecocline Ecological economics Ecological footprint Ecological forecasting Ecological humanities Ecological stoichiometry Ecopath Ecosystem based fisheries Endolith Evolutionary ecology Functional ecology Industrial ecology Macroecology Microecosystem Natural environment Regime shift Systems ecology Urban ecology Theoretical ecology List of ecology topics Aquatic ecosystem topics Aquatic ecosystems -- general and freshwater components General Acoustic ecology Adaptation Agent - 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Freshwater Biology Biomes Ecosystems freshwater lake river Fish Hyporheic zone Limnology Lake stratification Macrophyte Pond Fish pond Rheotaxis Stream bed Stream pool Trophic state index Upland and lowland Water garden Wetland brackish marsh freshwater marsh swamp bog fen Environmental quality More ... Ecoregions Freshwater ( List ) Marine ( List ) The Everglades Maharashtra The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre The San Francisco Estuary Aquatic ecosystems -- marine components Marine Marine biology Marine chemistry Deep scattering layer Diel vertical migration Ecosystems large marine marine ) f - ratio Iron fertilization Marine snow Ocean nourishment Oceanic physical - biological process Ocean turbidity Photophore Thorson 's rule Upwelling Whale fall More ... Marine life Bacteriophages Census Fish coastal coral reef deep sea demersal pelagic Deep sea communities Deep sea creature Deep - water coral Invertebrates Larvae Mammals Marine life Microorganisms Paradox of the plankton Reptiles Seabirds Seashore wildlife Vertebrates Wild fisheries Marine habitats Bay mud Coastal biogeomorphology Cold seeps Coral reefs Davidson Seamount Estuaries Intertidal ecology Intertidal wetlands Kelp forests Hydrothermal vents Lagoons Mangroves Marine biomes Marine habitats Mudflats Rocky shores Salt marshes Salt pannes and pools Seagrass meadows Sponge grounds Sponge reefs Tide pools Issues Ecological values of mangroves Fisheries and climate change HERMIONE Marine conservation Marine conservation activism Marine pollution Marine Protected Area Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trophic_level&oldid=822386639 '' Categories : Fisheries Ecology Hidden categories : All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Norsk Polski Português Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 January 2018 , at 02 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where do the organisms in the first trophic level get their energy from | [
"Producers (autotrophs) are typically plants or algae. Plants and algae do not usually eat other organisms, but pull nutrients from the soil or the ocean and manufacture their own food using photosynthesis. For this reason, they are called primary producers. In this way, it is energy from the sun that usually powers the base of the food chain.[4] An exception occurs in deep-sea hydrothermal ecosystems, where there is no sunlight. Here primary producers manufacture food through a process called chemosynthesis.[5]"
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"sun"
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4785737480619163756 | Large denominations of United States currency | Large denominations of United States currency - wikipedia Large denominations of United States currency This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Large denominations of United States currency greater than $100 were circulated by the United States Treasury until 1969 . Since then , U.S. dollar banknotes have only been issued in seven denominations : $1 , $2 , $5 , $10 , $20 , $50 , and $100 . Contents 1 Overview and history 2 Public versus institutional use 3 Passive retirement 4 In popular culture 5 High - denomination banknote issuing data 6 High - denomination United States banknotes 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Footnotes 8.2 Notes 8.3 Bibliography 9 External links Overview and history ( edit ) Large - denomination currency ( i.e. , banknotes with a face value of $500 or higher ) had been used in the United States since the late 18th century . The first $500 note was issued by the Province of North Carolina , authorized by legislation dated May 10 , 1780 . Virginia quickly followed suit and authorized the printing of $500 and $1,000 notes on October 16 , 1780 and $2,000 notes on May 7 , 1781 . High - denomination treasury notes were issued , for example during the War of 1812 ( $1,000 notes authorized by an act dated June 30 , 1812 ) . During the American Civil War Confederate currency included $500 and $1,000 notes . During the Federal banknote issuing period ( 1861 to present ) , the earliest high - denomination notes included three - year Interest - bearing notes of $500 , $1,000 , and $5,000 , authorized by Congress on July 17 , 1861 . In total , 11 different types of U.S. currency were issued in high - denomination notes across nearly 20 different series dates . The obverse of United States banknotes generally depict either historical figures , allegorical figures symbolizing significant concepts ( e.g. , liberty , justice ) , or a combination of both . The reverse designs range from abstract scroll - work with ornate denomination identifiers to reproductions of historical art works . Public versus institutional use ( edit ) Series 1934 gold certificates ( $100 , $1,000 , $10,000 and $100,000 ) were issued after the gold standard was repealed and gold was compulsorily confiscated by order of President Franklin Roosevelt on March 9 , 1933 ( see United States Executive Order 6102 ) . Thus the series 1934 notes were used only for intragovernmental ( i.e. , Federal Reserve Bank ) transactions and were not issued to the public . This series was discontinued in 1940 . The series 1928 gold certificate reverse was printed in black and green . See history of the United States dollar . Passive retirement ( edit ) Although they are still technically legal tender in the United States , high - denomination bills were last printed on December 27 , 1945 , and officially discontinued on July 14 , 1969 , by the Federal Reserve System , due to ' lack of use ' . The $5,000 and $10,000 effectively disappeared well before then . The Federal Reserve began taking high - denomination currency out of circulation ( destroying large bills received by banks ) in 1969 . As of May 30 , 2009 , only 336 $10,000 bills were known to exist ; 342 remaining $5,000 bills ; and 165,372 remaining $1,000 bills . Due to their rarity , collectors often pay considerably more than the face value of the bills to acquire them . Some are in museums in other parts of the world . For the most part , these bills were used by banks and the Federal government for large financial transactions . This was especially true for gold certificates from 1865 to 1934 . However , for the most part , the introduction of an electronic money system has made large - scale cash transactions obsolete . When combined with concerns about counterfeiting and the use of cash in unlawful activities such as the illegal drug trade and money laundering , it is unlikely that the U.S. government will re-issue large denomination currency in the near future , despite the amount of inflation that has occurred since 1969 ( a $100 bill is now worth less , in real terms , than a $20 bill was worth in 1969 ) . According to the U.S. Department of Treasury website , `` The present denominations of our currency in production are $1 , $2 , $5 , $10 , $20 , $50 and $100 . The purpose of the United States currency system is to serve the needs of the public and these denominations meet that goal . Neither the Department of the Treasury nor the Federal Reserve System has any plans to change the denominations in use today . '' In popular culture ( edit ) Before they were ' retired ' , host Monty Hall regularly tempted or teased contestants on Let 's Make a Deal with a $1,000 bill featuring Grover Cleveland . Ridiculously high denomination bills are sometimes used in fiction , for example the trillion dollar bill possessed by Montgomery Burns in The Simpsons . High - denomination banknote issuing data ( edit ) Key to high denomination banknote type abbreviations Abbr Type Size Series dates High denomination series date Comments $500 $1,000 $5,000 $10,000 $100,000 LT Legal tender Large 1862 -- 1923 1862 1863 1869 1874 1875 1878 1880 1862 1863 1869 1878 1880 1878 1878 -- CITN Compound interest treasury note Exception 1863 -- 1864 1863 1864 1864 -- -- -- IBN Interest bearing note Exception 1861 -- 1865 1861 1863 1864 1865 1861 1863 1864 1865 1861 1863 1864 1865 -- -- SC Silver certificate Large 1878 -- 1923 1878 1880 1878 1880 1891 -- -- -- TN Treasury note Large 1890 -- 1891 1891 1890 1891 -- -- -- NBN National bank note Large 1865 -- 1875 1865 1875 1865 1875 -- -- -- FRN Federal reserve note Large 1914 -- 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 -- NGBN National gold bank note Large 1870 -- 1883 1870 -- -- -- -- GC Gold certificate Large 1865 -- 1922 1865 1870 1875 1882 1922 1865 1870 1875 1882 1907 1922 1865 1870 1882 1888 1865 1870 1875 1882 1888 1900 -- FRN Federal reserve note Small 1928 -- present 1928 1934 1928 1934 1928 1934 1928 1934 -- GC Gold certificate Small 1928 -- 1934 1928 1928 1934 1928 1928 1934 1934 High - denomination United States banknotes ( edit ) The National Numismatic Collection at the Smithsonian Institution contains ( among other things ) the Bureau of Engraving and Printing ( BEP ) certified proofs and the Treasury Department collection of United States currency . Using a combination of proofs and issued notes , a nearly complete type set of high - denomination currency was compiled . Notably missing are several types of Compound and Interest Bearing Notes . Printed during the early to mid-1860s on very thin paper , these high - denomination notes are virtually non-existent . Their issuance ( 1861 -- 65 ) pre-dates the BEP 's responsibility for U.S. Currency ( 1870s ) , so it is fortunate that any proofs exist in the current archives . High denomination United States banknotes Value Type Series Fr . Image Portrait / engraving Comments 000500 $500 LT 1862 -- 63 Fr. 183c Gallatin - Albert Albert Gallatin 4 known ( variety ) 7 known ( type ) 000500 $500 LT 1869 Fr. 184 Adams - John - Quincy John Quincy Adams ( Charles Burt ) Justice ( Stephen A. Schoff ) 4 known ( only one privately ) 000500 $500 LT 1874 -- 78 Fr. 185b Mansfield - Joseph Joseph Mansfield ( Charles Burt ) Victory ( Charles Burt ) 000500 $500 LT 1880 Fr. 185l Mansfield - Joseph Joseph Mansfield ( Charles Burt ) Victory ( Charles Burt ) 5 known ( variety ) 000500 $500 CITN 1864 Fr. 194a Proof zStandard Bearer - New Ironsides Standard Bearer ( left ) ( George D. Baldwin ) New Ironsides ( right ) ( James Smillie ) Unknown 000500 $500 SC 1878 Fr. 345a Sumner - Charles Charles Sumner ( Charles Burt ) Unique ( variety and type ) 000500 $500 SC 1880 Fr. 345c Sumner - Charles Charles Sumner ( Charles Burt ) 5 known ( variety ) 7 known ( type ) 000500 $500 TN 1891 Fr. 379 Proof Sherman - William William Tecumseh Sherman None issued 000500 $500 NBN 1865 -- 75 Fr. 464 zCivilization - Sirius - Burgoyne Civilization ( left ) ( James D. Smillie ) Sirius arriving in New York ( right ) Surrender of General Burgoyne ( rev ) ( Frederick Girsch ) 2 known ( variety ) 3 known ( type ) 000500 $500 FRN 1918 Fr. 1132d Marshall - John John Marshall ( Charles Schlecht ) de Soto discovering the Mississippi ( rev ) ( Frederick Girsch ) 000500 $500 GC 1863 Fr. 1166d Proof zEagle - shield Eagle with shield or E Pluribus Unum ( Charles Skinner ) Unknown 000500 $500 GC 1870 -- 75 Fr. 1166i Lincoln - Abraham Abraham Lincoln ( Charles Burt ) Unique 000500 $500 GC 1882 -- 1922 Fr. 1216a Lincoln - Abraham Abraham Lincoln ( Charles Burt ) 000500 $500 FRN 1928 -- 34 Fr. 2200g McKinley - William William McKinley ( John Eissler ) 000500 $500 GC 1928 Fr. 2407 McKinley - William William McKinley ( John Eissler ) 001000 $1,000 LT 1862 -- 63 Fr. 186e Morris - Robert Robert Morris ( Charles Schlecht ) Unique ( variety ) 5 known ( type ) 001000 $1,000 LT 1869 Fr. 186f Proof Clinton - DeWitt DeWitt Clinton 2 known 001000 $1,000 LT 1878 Fr. 187a Clinton - DeWitt DeWitt Clinton Columbus in his study ( Henry Gugler ) 001000 $1,000 LT 1880 Fr. 187k Clinton - DeWitt DeWitt Clinton Columbus in his study ( Henry Gugler ) 4 known ( variety ) ~ 20 -- 25 known ( type ) 001000 $1,000 IBN 1863 Fr. 201 Proof zJustice - Liberty Justice ( left ) ; Liberty ( right ) Unknown 001000 $1,000 IBN 1863 Fr. 206 Proof zShips Guerriere and the Constitution ( left ) and Discovery of the Mississippi by De Soto ( right ) Unknown 001000 $1,000 SC 1878 Fr. 346a Proof Marcy - William William Marcy ( Charles Schlecht ) Unknown 001000 $1,000 SC 1880 Fr. 346d Marcy - William William Marcy ( Charles Schlecht ) 5 known ( variety ) 5 known ( type ) 001000 $1,000 SC 1891 Fr. 346e Marcy - William William Marcy ( Charles Schlecht ) Liberty ( Charles Burt ) 2 known 001000 $1,000 TN 1890 Fr. 379a Meade - George George Meade ( Charles Burt ) 5 known ( variety ) 7 known ( type ) 001000 $1,000 TN 1891 Fr. 379c Meade - George George Meade ( Charles Burt ) 2 known ( variety ) 3 known ( type ) 001000 $1,000 NBN 1865 -- 75 Fr. 465 Proof zScott - Winfield - Washington - George Scott entering City of Mexico ( left ) ( Alfred Jones ) United States Capitol ( right ) ( James Smillie ) Washington resigning his commission ( rev ) ( Frederick Girsch ) Unknown 001000 $1,000 FRN 1918 Fr. 1133d Hamilton - Alexander Alexander Hamilton ( G.F.C. Smillie ) Eagle ( rev ) ( Marcus W. Baldwin ) 001000 $1,000 GC 1863 Fr. 1166e Proof zEagle - shield - Justice - scales Eagle with shield or E Pluribus Unum ( Charles Skinner ) Justice with scales Unique 001000 $1,000 GC 1870 -- 75 Fr. 1166o Proof Hamilton - Alexander Alexander Hamilton ( Charles Burt ) Unique 001000 $1,000 GC 1882 Fr. 1218g Hamilton - Alexander Alexander Hamilton ( G.F.C. Smillie ) 001000 $1,000 GC 1907 -- 22 Fr. 1219 Hamilton - Alexander Alexander Hamilton 001000 $1,000 FRN 1928 -- 34 Fr. 2210g Cleveland - Grover Grover Cleveland ( John Eissler ) 001000 $1,000 GC 1928 Fr. 2408 Cleveland - Grover Grover Cleveland ( John Eissler ) 001000 $1,000 GC 1934 Fr. 2409 Cleveland - Grover Grover Cleveland ( John Eissler ) 005000 $5,000 LT 1878 Fr. 188 Proof Madison - James James Madison ( Alfred Sealey ) Eagle ( William Chorlton ) All notes have been redeemed , none outstanding 005000 $5,000 IBN 1863 Fr. 202 Proof zAltar - of - Liberty The Altar of Liberty ( Louis Delnoce ) Unknown 005000 $5,000 IBN 1865 Fr. 212h Proof zJustice - New Ironsides Justice ( left ) New Ironsides ( center ) ( James Smillie ) 005000 $5,000 FRN 1918 Fr. 1134d Madison - James James Madison ( Alfred Sealey ) Washington resigning his commission ( rev ) ( Louis Delnoce ) Unique ( variety ) 5 known ( type ) 005000 $5,000 GC 1863 Fr. 1166f Proof zEagle - Shield - Female Eagle with shield or E Pluribus Unum ( Charles Skinner ) Female Unique 005000 $5,000 GC 1870 -- 75 Fr. 1166k Proof Madison - James James Madison ( Alfred Sealey ) Unknown 005000 $5,000 GC 1882 Fr. 1221a Proof Madison - James James Madison ( Alfred Sealey ) Two known 005000 $5,000 FRN 1928 -- 34 Fr. 2220g Madison - James James Madison ( Alfred Sealey ) 005000 $5,000 GC 1928 Fr. 2410 Madison - James James Madison 010000 $10,000 LT 1878 Fr. 189 Proof Jackson - Andrew Andrew Jackson ( Alfred Sealey ) All notes have been redeemed , none outstanding 010000 $10,000 FRN 1918 Fr. 1135d Chase - Salmon Salmon Chase ; Embarkation of the Pilgrims ( rev ) Unique ( variety ) 5 known ( type ) 010000 $10,000 GC 1863 Fr. 1166g Proof zEagle - Shield Eagle with shield or E Pluribus Unum ( Charles Skinner ) Unknown 010000 $10,000 GC 1870 -- 75 Fr. 1166l Proof Jackson - Andrew Andrew Jackson Unique 010000 $10,000 GC 1882 Fr. 1223a Proof Jackson - Andrew Andrew Jackson ( Alfred Sealey ) Two known 010000 $10,000 GC 1900 Fr. 1225 Jackson - Andrew Andrew Jackson ( Alfred Sealey ) 010000 $10,000 FRN 1928 -- 34 Fr. 2230b Chase - Salmon Salmon P. Chase 010000 $10,000 GC 1928 Fr. 2411 Chase - Salmon Salmon P. Chase 010000 $10,000 GC 1934 Fr. 2412 Chase - Salmon Salmon P. Chase 100000 $100,000 GC 1934 Fr. 2413 Wilson - Woodrow Woodrow Wilson ( G.F.C. Smillie ) Reverse ( Frederick Pauling ) See also ( edit ) Numismatics portal Currency of the United States Gold certificate Fake denominations Silver certificate ( United States ) Silver standard Treasury Note ( 1890 -- 91 ) References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ One hundred $10,000 bills were on display for many years by Benny Binion at Binion 's Horseshoe casino in Las Vegas , Nevada , where they were encased in acrylic . The display has since been dismantled and the bills sold to private collectors . Jump up ^ The following types of United States banknotes were not issued in high denominations and are not included in the list below : Demand notes , Federal Reserve bank notes ( large or small size ) , legal tender ( small size ) , silver certificates ( small size ) , National Bank Notes ( small size ) The table sections are sorted by their appearance in the Friedberg reference book . Jump up ^ Large size notes represent the earlier types or series of U.S. banknotes . Their `` average '' dimension is 7 ⁄ × 3 ⁄ inches ( 187 × 79 mm ) . Small size notes ( described as such due to their size relative to the earlier large size notes ) are an `` average '' 6 ⁄ × 2 ⁄ ( 156 × 67 mm ) , the size of modern U.S. currency . `` Each measurement is ± 0.08 inches ( 2 mm ) to account for margins and cutting '' . Exceptions to the large versus small categories are the CITN , IBN , and RC , all slightly larger than the large size note dimensions . Jump up ^ All Series 1878 $5,000 and $10,000 notes have been redeemed . Jump up ^ Issued HD IBNs are virtually unknown . There may be one $500 and 2 -- 3 $1,000 known from all issue dates . Jump up ^ A $500 Series 1891 Treasury Note was authorized and a certified proof was prepared , but the note was never issued . Jump up ^ Three banks issued $500 NBGN . None are reported , only four notes have not been redeemed . Jump up ^ The Kidder National Gold Bank of Boston received two - note $500 -- $1,000 sheets from the Treasury . The bank returned the shipment intact . Jump up ^ No issued notes or proofs exist of either $500 or $1,000 NGBN Jump up ^ Despite the authorizing act date of 3 March 1863 , Gold certificates were not issued until 1865 . Jump up ^ Series 1934 Gold certificates were never intended for public circulation . Jump up ^ The table is sorted by denomination and then by Friedberg number . Jump up ^ When the information is available , the engraver 's name has been added in parentheses . Column sorting is based on the individual depicted in the portrait . Jump up ^ Variety is the Friedberg number , or specific combination of signatures and seal type ; type represents all the varieties that exist for a given denomination and design , it is the total number of note known for the entire design type . Jump up ^ Of the 5 known notes , 4 are in institutional collections . Jump up ^ Of the 4 known notes , 2 are in institutional collections . Jump up ^ None exist outside of institutional collections . Jump up ^ None exist outside of institutional collections . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , pp. 232 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Newman , 2008 , p. 326 . Jump up ^ Newman , 2008 , p. 454 . Jump up ^ Newman , 2008 , p. 455 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Fricke , 2014 , p. 122 & 124 . Jump up ^ United States Congress . Act of July , 17 1861 Chapter V. Washington D.C. : 1861 Jump up ^ `` Large denominations '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing / Treasury Website . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2014 . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Brian ( July 24 , 2009 ) . `` Somebody Call Officer Crumb ! : How much cash can a corrupt politician cram into a cereal box ? '' . Slate.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . As to `` cereal boxes '' as a repository for ill - gotten bribes compare `` Little Tin Box '' in the musical Fiorello ! . Jump up ^ our Treasury -- FAQs : Denominations of Currency . Jump up ^ refer to video transcripts Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , generally . Jump up ^ Friedberg , p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 54 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , pp. 71 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 2004 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 2004 , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : `` Heritage Auctions ( # 3521 ) 2013 January 9 -- 14 FUN Signature Auction '' . HA.com . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 1993 , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 61 . ^ Jump up to : Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 1993 , p. 290 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 109 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , p. 265 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 2004 , p. 216 . ^ Jump up to : Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 57 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , p. 145 . ^ Jump up to : Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 66 . ^ Jump up to : Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , pp. 89 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 2004 , p. 95 . ^ Jump up to : Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 1993 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 110 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 1993 , p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 2004 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 2004 , p. 39 Jump up ^ Hessler , 1993 , p. 83 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 2004 , p. 200 . ^ Jump up to : Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 159 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 2004 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 2004 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 1993 , p. 237 . Bibliography ( edit ) Fricke , Pierre ( 2014 ) . Collecting Confederate Paper Money . Pierre Fricke . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9844534 - 9 - 8 . Friedberg , Arthur L. ; Friedberg , Ira S. ( 2013 ) . Paper Money of the United States : A Complete Illustrated Guide With Valuations ( 20th ed . ) . Coin & Currency Institute . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87184 - 520 - 7 . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Hessler , Gene ( 1993 ) . The Engraver 's Line -- An Encyclopedia of Paper Money & Postage Stamp Art . BNR Press . ISBN 0 - 931960 - 36 - 3 . Hessler , Gene ( 2004 ) . U.S. Essay , Proof and Specimen Notes ( 2 ed . ) . BNR Press . ISBN 0 - 931960 - 62 - 2 . Huntoon , Peter W. ( 1995 ) . United States Large Size National Bank Notes . Society of Paper Money Collectors , Inc . ISBN 0 - 9648774 - 1 - 4 . Newman , Eric P. ( 2008 ) . The Early Paper Money of America ( 5 ed . ) . Krause Publications . ISBN 0 - 89689 - 326 - X . Schwartz , John ; Lindquist , Scott ( 2011 ) . Standard Guide to Small - Size U.S. Paper Money -- 1928 to Date . Krause Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4402 - 1703 - 6 . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Money of the United States by denomination at Wikimedia Commons Large Denominations from the Bureau of Engraving and Printing U.S. Department of the Treasury United States currency and coinage Topics Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Note U.S. dollar U.S. Mint Philadelphia San Francisco Denver West Point Bureau of Engraving and Printing Mutilated currency Current coinage Penny ( 1 ¢ ) Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Quarter ( 25 ¢ ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Dollar ( $1 ) Bullion coinage America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins American Buffalo American Gold Eagle American Platinum Eagle American Silver Eagle American Palladium Eagle Current paper money $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 See also Bicentennial coinage Commemoratives Early Commemoratives Modern Commemoratives Confederate dollar Large denominations Obsolete denominations Promotional fake denominations Counterfeit United States currency Mill Coin production In God We Trust E pluribus unum Annuit cœptis Nicknames Replacement banknote Sales tax token Obsolete United States currency and coinage Topics United States coinage United States dollar History of the United States dollar Coins Half cent ( 1793 -- 1857 ) Fugio Cent ( 1787 ) Large cent ( 1793 -- 1857 ; 1868 ) Two - cent piece ( 1836 ; 1864 -- 73 ) Three - cent nickel ( 1865 -- 89 ) Three - cent silver ( 1851 -- 73 ) Half dime ( 1792 -- 1873 ) Twenty - cent piece ( 1875 -- 78 ) Gold coins Gold dollar ( 1849 -- 89 ) Quarter eagle ( 1796 -- 1929 ) Three - dollar piece ( 1854 -- 89 ) Half eagle ( 1795 -- 1929 ) Eagle ( 1795 -- 1933 ) Double eagle ( 1850 -- 1933 ) Half - union ( 1877 , 1915 ) Patterns Two - cent billon ( 1836 ) Three - cent bronze ( 1863 ) Stella ( 1879 -- 80 ) Currency Discontinued denominations Fractional currency Large denominations of currency Discontinued currency types Early American currency Compound interest treasury note Demand Note Federal Reserve Bank Note Gold certificate Interest bearing note National Bank Note National gold bank note Refunding Certificate Silver certificate Treasury or Coin Note Treasury Note ( 19th century ) United States Note United States postal notes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Large_denominations_of_United_States_currency&oldid=851498744 '' Categories : Paper money of the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Use mdy dates from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Polski Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2018 , at 18 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did they stop making thousand dollar bills | [
"Although they are still technically legal tender in the United States, high-denomination bills were last printed on December 27, 1945, and officially discontinued on July 14, 1969, by the Federal Reserve System,[9] due to 'lack of use'. The $5,000 and $10,000 effectively disappeared well before then.[nb 1]\n"
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"December 27, 1945"
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-3021977521102694053 | Marion Crane | Marion Crane - wikipedia Marion Crane Jump to : navigation , search Marion Crane Psycho character Janet Leigh as Marion Crane in Psycho ( 1960 ) . First appearance Psycho Last appearance Bates Motel Created by Robert Bloch Portrayed by Janet Leigh ( Psycho ) Vera Miles ( Psycho trailer ) Anne Heche ( Psycho ( 1998 ) ) Rihanna ( Bates Motel ) Information Gender Female Family Lila Crane ( deceased sister ) Mary Loomis ( deceased niece ) ( film canon only ) Significant other ( s ) Sam Loomis ( deceased ex-boyfriend and brother - in - law ) Marion Crane ( also called Mary Crane ) is a fictional character created by Robert Bloch in his 1959 novel Psycho , and portrayed by Janet Leigh in the 1960 film of the same name directed by Alfred Hitchcock . She is also portrayed by Anne Heche in the 1998 remake , and by Rihanna in the television series Bates Motel ( 2017 ) which retells the Psycho story over the years prior to the events of the novel and film . For her performance in Psycho , Leigh was nominated for Best Supporting Actress in the Academy Awards and won a Golden Globe Award in the same category . Contents ( hide ) 1 Fictional character biography 1.1 Differences between the film and novel 2 Appearances and references in the rest of the series 3 Comic books 4 Portrayals 5 Appearances 5.1 Novels 5.2 Films 5.3 Television 5.4 Comics 6 References 7 External links Fictional character biography ( edit ) Marion lives in Phoenix , Arizona and is unhappy in her relationship with Sam Loomis ( John Gavin ) , a divorcé who is in too much debt to marry her . Marion rejects his idea to take the afternoon off and rushes back to her storefront real estate office . Her boss of ten years , Mr. Lowery ( Vaughn Taylor ) , arrives shortly afterward with Tom Cassidy ( Frank Albertson ) , a wealthy customer who is buying the Harris Street Property , one of Lowery 's houses on the market for $40,000 as a wedding present for his daughter , making cash payment in full , which causes mild alarm to Lowery . However , instead of depositing Cassidy 's money in the bank , Marion , wanting to pay Sam 's debts and marry him , impulsively goes on the run with the money . She drives to the ( fictional ) small town of Fairvale , California , where Sam lives , and pays California Charlie ( John Anderson ) , a used car salesman , to trade her car for a new one after a highway patrol officer ( Mort Mills ) checks her license plate . She turns off the main road without realizing it , and arrives at the Bates Motel . She checks in with the proprietor , Norman Bates ( Anthony Perkins ) , who shyly invites her to have dinner with him . After wrapping the remaining money inside a newspaper , Marion overhears a heated argument between Norman and his mother about letting Marion into the house . During dinner , Marion has a conversation with Norman , who says that he is trapped by his obligation to his mentally ill mother . She realizes that she , too , is stuck in a `` private trap '' , and can only escape it by taking responsibility for stealing the money . She gently suggests to Norman that he put his mother in a mental hospital , which he heatedly refuses to do . She bids him goodnight , and returns to her room . There , she undresses while Norman watches through a peephole hidden in the wall of his office . Resolving to make amends to her employer , Marion makes a few calculations based on how much the escapade has cost her . She then takes a shower . Suddenly , a mysterious figure enters the bathroom -- shadowy through the shower curtain -- and stabs Marion to death . Believing his mother has committed the murder , Norman puts the naked corpse and shower curtain -- and , unknowingly , the money -- in the trunk of Marion 's car and sinks it in a nearby swamp . The climax of the novel and film reveals that Norman murdered Marion while under the control of an alternate personality -- one taking the form of his mother , whom he had murdered ten years before . The psychiatrist who examines Norman explains that , when Norman felt attracted to Marion , the `` Mother '' personality became jealous and killed her . In the final scene , Norman -- now completely controlled by the `` Mother '' personality -- is institutionalized for killing Marion . Differences between the film and novel ( edit ) In the novel , she is named Mary Crane and she dies after Norman decapitates her ; in the film , `` Mother '' stabs her repeatedly . Her name was changed to Marion in the film because of a then real life Mary Crane residing in Phoenix , Arizona . In the novel , she is Norman 's first victim ; in the film , he had murdered two young girls before her . Appearances and references in the rest of the series ( edit ) Psycho 's first sequel , 1983 's Psycho II , starts off with a flashback to the shower scene . Marion 's sister , Lila Crane ( Vera Miles ) , now Lila Loomis , is on a crusade to keep Norman locked up . The film introduces Mary Loomis ( Meg Tilly ) , Lila 's daughter with Sam and Marion 's niece . Both are killed in the film ; Lila is stabbed while in Norman 's fruit cellar by a woman who looks like him in his `` Mother '' guise ( later revealed to be Emma Spool , ( Claudia Bryar ) ) , and Mary is shot by police when she attempts to kill Norman . In the second sequel , 1986 's Psycho III , the shower scene appears again in a flashback , this time when Norman sees Maureen Coyle ( Diana Scarwid ) who reminds him of Marion . `` Mother '' tries to kill Maureen in exactly the same room and bathroom of the Bates Motel where Marion died , only to find that Maureen slit her wrists in a bathtub filled with water in an attempted suicide . Later , after being rescued by Norman , Maureen dies falling down the same stairs of the Bates house where private investigator Milton Arbogast died . Marion makes no appearance in the final sequel , 1990 's Psycho IV : The Beginning . She is merely referred to a few times as `` the girl ( Norman ) killed in the shower '' . Comic books ( edit ) Marion appears in the 1992 three - issue comic book adaptation of the 1960 film Psycho , released by Innovation Publishing . Portrayals ( edit ) Marion was played by Janet Leigh in the 1960 film Psycho and by Anne Heche in the 1998 remake . Leigh was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress . Heche was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress . Rihanna portrayed Marion in the fifth and final season of the TV series Bates Motel , a contemporary prequel and reimagining of the 1960 film Psycho . This version of the character is a contemporary take on the role . In this continuity , she is a notary public living in Seattle , Washington . When Marion was five years old , her mother got sick and died , Marion 's father did not want to raise her and sent Marion to live with her aunt in Miami , Florida . When she was fifteen , Marion ran away from home and moved to Seattle . She is in a long - distance relationship with Sam Loomis ( Austin Nichols ) , who , unbeknownst to her , is married . She meets him at the Bates Motel for a tryst , and the proprietor , Norman Bates ( Freddie Highmore ) , spies on them through a peephole as they make love . She steals $400,000 from her employer so she and Sam can get married . She drives to Sam 's hometown of White Pine Bay , Oregon and tells him to meet her at the motel . She meets Norman , who tells her that Sam is using her and gives her his address . At Sam 's house , she sees him arguing with his wife and realizes he has made a fool of her ; enraged , she takes a lead pipe to his car and smashes it . She returns to the motel and seeks comfort from Norman , who fears that his `` Mother '' personality will take control and kill her . To save her , he urges her to leave and never come back . She drives away with the money to begin a new life , while Sam who came to the motel to find her is killed by Norman as Sam takes a shower . Appearances ( edit ) Novels ( edit ) Psycho , ( 1959 , as `` Mary Crane '' ) Psycho II , ( 1982 , mentioned only ) Films ( edit ) Psycho , ( 1960 ) Psycho II , ( 1983 , flashback only ) Psycho III , ( 1986 , flashback only ) Psycho IV : The Beginning , ( 1990 , mentioned only ) Psycho , ( 1998 ) Television ( edit ) Bates Motel , ( 2017 , two episodes ) Comics ( edit ) Alfred Hitchcock 's Psycho , ( 1992 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Marion Crane '' . Comic Vine . comicvine.com . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hitchcock 's leading ladies '' . Houston Chronicle . chron.com . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Haggstrom , Jason ( June 16 , 2010 ) . `` Marion , Norman , and the Collision of Narratives in Psycho '' . Reel 3 . reel3.com . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Saclao , Christian ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bates Motel ' Season 5 Spoilers : EP Talks Rihanna 's Performance As Marion Crane '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ `` Dark Paradise '' . Bates Motel ( TV series ) . Season 5 . Episode 1 . February 20 , 2017 . A&E . Jump up ^ `` Dreams Die First '' . Bates Motel ( TV series ) . Season 5 . Episode 5 . March 20 , 2017 . A&E . Jump up ^ `` Marion '' . Bates Motel ( TV series ) . Season 5 . Episode 6 . March 27 , 2017 . A&E . External links ( edit ) Psycho Novels Psycho ( 1959 ) Psycho II ( 1982 ) Psycho House ( 1990 ) Psycho : Sanitarium ( 2016 ) Films Psycho ( 1960 ) Psycho II ( 1983 ) Psycho III ( 1986 ) Psycho ( 1998 ) Television Films Bates Motel ( 1987 ) Psycho IV : The Beginning ( 1990 ) Series Bates Motel ( 2013 -- 17 ) Characters Norman Bates Norma Bates Marion Crane Lila Crane Emma Spool Miscellaneous Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho Hitchcock ( 2012 ) Robert Bloch 's Psychos The Psycho Legacy ( 2010 ) `` The Murder '' `` Motorpsycho Nitemare '' Psycho : Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture Psycho Bates Motel Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Characters Norma Louise Bates Norman Bates Marion Crane Related articles Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marion_Crane&oldid=815162246 '' Categories : Female characters in literature Female characters in film Horror film characters Horror television characters Fictional secretaries Fictional characters from Arizona Fictional characters introduced in 1959 Characters in American novels of the 20th century Fictional thieves Psycho ( franchise ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 04 : 05 . About Wikipedia | how much money did marion crane steal in the first psycho | [
"Marion lives in Phoenix, Arizona and is unhappy in her relationship with Sam Loomis (John Gavin), a divorcé who is in too much debt to marry her. Marion rejects his idea to take the afternoon off and rushes back to her storefront real estate office. Her boss of ten years, Mr. Lowery (Vaughn Taylor), arrives shortly afterward with Tom Cassidy (Frank Albertson), a wealthy customer who is buying the Harris Street Property, one of Lowery's houses on the market for $40,000 as a wedding present for his daughter, making cash payment in full, which causes mild alarm to Lowery. However, instead of depositing Cassidy's money in the bank, Marion, wanting to pay Sam's debts and marry him, impulsively goes on the run with the money. She drives to the (fictional) small town of Fairvale, California, where Sam lives, and pays California Charlie (John Anderson), a used car salesman, to trade her car for a new one after a highway patrol officer (Mort Mills) checks her license plate. She turns off the main road without realizing it, and arrives at the Bates Motel. She checks in with the proprietor, Norman Bates (Anthony Perkins), who shyly invites her to have dinner with him. After wrapping the remaining money inside a newspaper, Marion overhears a heated argument between Norman and his mother about letting Marion into the house.[3]"
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"$40,000"
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-5354550297720262332 | John Ratzenberger | John Ratzenberger - wikipedia John Ratzenberger Jump to : navigation , search John Ratzenberger Ratzenberger at the 2011 Time 100 gala John Dezso Ratzenberger ( 1947 - 04 - 06 ) April 6 , 1947 ( age 70 ) Bridgeport , Connecticut , U.S. Alma mater Sacred Heart University Occupation Actor , voice actor , entrepreneur Years active 1976 -- present Known for Cliff Clavin in Cheers Various Pixar film roles Television Cheers John Ratzenberger 's Made in America Political party Republican Spouse ( s ) Georgia Stiny ( m . 1985 ; div. 2004 ) Julie Blichfeldt ( m . 2012 ) Children Website www.ratzenberger.com John Dezso Ratzenberger ( born April 6 , 1947 ) is an American actor , voice actor , and entrepreneur . He is best known as Cliff Clavin in Cheers . He is also known for his extensive vocal work in Pixar Animation Studios ' films , notably Hamm in the Toy Story franchise and Mack in the Cars franchise . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Cheers 2.2 Pixar 2.3 Reality show appearances 2.4 Additional voice , TV , and film work 3 Other work 4 Personal life 5 Political views 6 Filmography 6.1 Film 6.2 Television 6.3 Video games 7 References 8 External links Early Life ( edit ) Ratzenberger was born in Bridgeport , Connecticut , the son of Bertha Veronica ( née Grochowski ) , who worked for Remington Arms , and Dezso Alexander Ratzenberger , a Texaco truck driver . His father was of Austrian and Hungarian descent , and his mother was of Polish ancestry . He attended St. Ann 's School in Bridgeport and Sacred Heart University in Fairfield , Connecticut . In 1969 , Ratzenberger was a tractor operator at the Woodstock Festival . He moved to London in 1971 and stayed there for 10 years . Career ( edit ) Ratzenberger was a house framer living in London when he began his career in the performing arts . Through the 1970s , he performed with Ray Hassett as the comedic theatrical duo Sal 's Meat Market , which toured across the UK . Peter Richardson and Nigel Planer as The Outer Limits and in The Comic Strip were heavily influenced by Sal 's Meat Market . His first role was a patron in The Ritz ( 1976 ) . Throughout the late 1970s and early 1980s , Ratzenberger appeared in various minor roles in major feature films , including Firefox ; A Bridge Too Far , as Lieutenant James Megellas ; Superman , as a missile controller ; Superman II , as the NASA control man ; Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back as Major Bren Derlin ; Motel Hell as a drummer ; Outland as a doomed mine worker named Tarlow ; and Gandhi , playing an American lieutenant . Cheers ( edit ) Ratzenberger at the 1992 Primetime Emmy Awards Ratzenberger is well known for playing mail carrier Cliff Clavin on the sitcom Cheers . He had read for the part of Norm Peterson , but after the audition , he sensed that they were not going to give him the part . Sensing an opportunity , he asked if they had written a bar know - it - all , which the producers decided was a great idea . Ratzenberger also came up with the idea for Cliff 's trademark white socks , which he wore as a tribute to French comedian Jacques Tati . Cliff became known for his outlandish stories of plausible half - truths , uninteresting trivia , and misinformation , and in general for being a pretentious blowhard . Cliff and Norm , the primary customer characters , became iconic bar buddies . Ratzenberger provided the voice for an animated version of Cliff on The Simpsons sixth - season episode `` Fear of Flying '' . When Paramount Television licensed the look of the Cheers bar to the Host International subsidiary of Host Marriott Services for use in airports in the U.S. and New Zealand , the group also created animatronic barflies . They were called `` Hank '' and `` Bob '' ; Ratzenberger and George Wendt claimed Hank and Bob resembled them , and in January 1993 , sued Host for using their likenesses without permission . The case languished in court for eight years before all sides settled in 2001 . Pixar ( edit ) Ratzenberger has had a voice part in all of Pixar 's feature films made to date , ranging from main characters to characters who appear in only one scene . His roles include : Hamm the Piggy Bank in the Toy Story series ( 1995 , 1999 , 2010 , 2019 ) P.T. Flea , the Circus Ring Leader in A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) The Abominable Snowman in the Monsters , Inc. series ( 2001 , 2013 ) The school of Moonfish in Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) The Underminer in The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Mack the truck in the Cars series ( 2006 , 2011 , 2017 ) Mustafa the waiter in Ratatouille ( 2007 ) John in WALL - E ( 2008 ) Tom the construction worker in Up ( 2009 ) Gordon the guard in Brave ( 2012 ) Fritz in Inside Out ( 2015 ) Earl the velociraptor in The Good Dinosaur ( 2015 ) Bill the crab in Finding Dory ( 2016 ) Ratzenberger 's tenure at Pixar was parodied during the end credits of Cars , where his character , Mack , watches car - themed versions of Pixar films ( Toy Car Story , Monster Trucks , Inc. , and A Bug 's Life ) . Mack notes that all the characters Ratzenberger has played were excellent until he realizes that they are performed by the same actor , at which point he remarks , `` They 're just using the same actor over and over , '' and asks `` What kind of cut - rate production is this ? ! '' His favorite of his Pixar characters was P.T. Flea , because `` in real life , I always get a kick out of those kinds of characters , people who just go into a rage for ( no ) explicable reason . He was always on edge . His blood pressure was always way over the top , and everything that he did was done in a panicked state . So it was a lot of fun to play him . '' Although technically not Pixar films , Ratzenberger also voiced Harland the jet tug in DisneyToon Studios ' Planes ( 2013 ) and a mustached plane named Brodi in its sequel , Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) . Reality show appearances ( edit ) During season six of Last Comic Standing , Ratzenberger was a talent scout with his former Cheers co-star George Wendt . On March 2 , 2007 , he replaced Vincent Pastore ( who had quit after one week of training ) on the fourth season of the American version of Dancing with the Stars . He was partnered with professional ballroom dancer Edyta Sliwinska , who had been Pastore 's partner ; the two were the sixth couple to be eliminated from the show . On December 3 , 2009 , Ratzenberger appeared on an episode of American Chopper to help promote awareness of the Iraq Star Foundation . On June 26 , 2011 , Ratzenberger was asked by NASCAR to give the shouting command for the 2011 Toyota Save - Mart 350 at Sonoma . Ratzenberger accepted and gave the `` Gentlemen , start your engines '' command . On April 23 , 2015 , Ratzenberger appeared as a guest judge on the 14th season of Hell 's Kitchen for an alcohol challenge , in nod to his appearances on Cheers . Additional voice , tv , and film work ( edit ) Guest starred as `` Walter Brewster `` in an episode of Magnum PI in 1984 Appeared in the sitcom Sabrina the Teenage Witch as Bob or Santa Claus ( 1997 ) Hosted the Travel Channel TV series John Ratzenberger 's Made in America , about things made in the USA ( 2003 -- 2008 ) Guest - starred in four episodes of the first season of John Ritter 's sitcom 8 Simple Rules as Paul Hennessy 's overly friendly neighbor Fred Doyle Hosts the Wildcard section in the PC version of the board game , Trivial Pursuit Also appeared on That ' 70s Show as Glen , a man stuck in an awful marriage with his high - school sweetheart whose negative example gives Eric second thoughts about marrying Donna Played Thomas Foy in the TV movie The Pennsylvania Miners ' Story As Shelly Cole star in The Village Barbershop ( 2008 ) , written and directed by Chris Ford Made an appearance in Bill Nye the Science Guy Provided the voice of Rigger in the animated series Captain Planet and the Planeteers Made an appearance on British show Live from Studio Five ( February 17 , 2010 ) . Appeared in television commercials for the Pitney Bowes personal post office , ended every commercial saying `` Hey , I look good in red ! '' Appeared in commercials for Quality Hotels and Zaxby 's restaurant chain ( 2010 ) Plays Mike the Angel in What If ... , a Pure Flix Entertainment / Jenkins Entertainment movie release in 2010 , also starring Kevin Sorbo , Kristy Swanson , and Debby Ryan Reprised his role of Cliff Clavin in an episode of Frasier and - along with his Cheers partner , George Wendt - an episode of Wings called `` The Story of Joe '' Hosted the documentary , Industrial Tsunami , intended to wake Americans up to the shortage of skilled workers threatening the existence of American companies and entire industries Appeared in the final episode of Secret Army entitled `` The Execution '' as a Canadian officer who is bribed by Standartenfuhrer Kessler 's mistress Madeleine Duclos to spring Kessler from the POW camp where he is incarcerated Starred in `` A House Divided , '' the 28th episode of the first season of Melissa & Joey as Arnie the neighbor Voiced the bathhouse 's assistant manager , Aniyaku , in the English dub of Spirited Away Made a cameo in the DisneyToon Studios animation Planes ( 2013 ) playing Harland the pushback vehicle Made commercials for Ontario 's The Beer Store with his Cheers partner , George Wendt Appeared in Drop Dead Diva as Kim Kaswell 's estranged father Other work ( edit ) Ratzenberger at the 2008 Rhode Island International Film Festival Ratzenberger developed a packaging - alternatives product made from biodegradable and non-toxic recycled paper as a safe alternative to styrofoam `` peanuts '' and plastic bubble wrap . This product was manufactured by his company Eco-Pak Industries , which he later sold . Ratzenberger co-authored We 've Got it Made in America : A Common Man 's Salute to an Uncommon Country ( ISBN 1 - 931722 - 84 - 6 ) , published in 2006 . He also co-founded the Nuts , Bolts and Thingamajigs Foundation , dedicated to raising awareness among young people of skilled trades and engineering disciplines . In 2010 , Ratzenberger became affiliated with and now represents the Center for America ( formerly the Foundation for Fair Civil Justice ) to further develop his work and increase awareness about the skilled worker shortage facing the United States and the changes needed to positively impact and increase the number of skilled workers . He joined as a Board Member in 2010 . CFA is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization whose mission is to `` educate , motivate , and empower the American people to understand they have the greatest stake in removing obstacles to a fair civil justice system , innovation , entrepreneurism , and job creation . '' CFA creates multi-media educational programs , publications , and website features that reach millions of Americans through radio , television , and the internet . '' In 2016 , Ratzenberger launched thegiftbox.com , an e-commerce website that allows customers to subscribe to a variety of monthly boxes . Personal Life ( edit ) Ratzenberger has two children , James John born in 1987 , and Nina Kathrine born in 1989 , both from a 19 - year marriage to Georgia Stiny that ended in divorce in 2004 . After dating for nearly four years , Ratzenberger married Julie Blichfeldt ( then 46 years old ) on November 6 , 2012 . Both Ratzenberger and Blichfeldt were described as `` avid outdoors enthusiasts , philanthropists , and activists '' . Political views ( edit ) Ratzenberger , a Republican , said he considered running for the U.S. Senate in Connecticut in 2012 . During the 2008 presidential race , Ratzenberger campaigned for John McCain , appearing with former Cheers co-star Kelsey Grammer at several Republican party events . He also has been outspoken in opposition of the 2010 health care reform bill , referring to it as socialism . He endorsed Mitt Romney in 2012 . He appeared on Your World with Neil Cavuto to support Donald Trump 's candidacy during the 2016 presidential race , shortly after Trump was declared the presumptive Republican nominee . On January 17 , 2010 , he appeared and endorsed Scott Brown for the United States Senate at Mechanics Hall in Worcester , Massachusetts . Ratzenberger campaigned for Republican Josh Mandel of Ohio for the State Treasurer position during the 2010 election and on January 10 , 2011 , served as master of ceremonies for Mandel 's swearing into office . In response to the 2012 Aurora shooting , he said `` Hollywood has to , at some point , admit that what they produce does affect the minds of people ... If you just want to shock ' em ... society will pay the price for that at some point . '' Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes 1976 The Ritz Patron 1977 Twilight 's Last Gleaming Sgt . Kopecki A Bridge Too Far Lt James Megellas Valentino Newshound 1978 Warlords of Atlantis Fenn Superman Missile controller 1979 Hanover Street Sergeant John Lucas Arabian Adventure Achmed Yanks Corporal Cook The Bitch Hal Leonard 1980 The Empire Strikes Back Major Bren Derlin Motel Hell Drummer Superman II Controller # 1 1981 Outland Tarlow Ragtime Policeman Reds Communist Leader Uncredited 1982 Battletruck Rusty AKA Warlords of the 21st Century Firefox Chief Peck Gandhi American Lieutenant Voice dubbed over 1984 Protocol Security Guard on TV Uncredited 1985 The Falcon and the Snowman Detective Uncredited House II : The Second Story Bill 1995 Toy Story Hamm The Piggy Bank ( voice ) 1997 That Darn Cat Dusty Bad Day on the Block Al Calavito One Night Stand Phil 1998 A Bug 's Life P.T. Flea ( voice ) 1999 Toy Story 2 Hamm The Piggy Bank ( voice ) 2001 Monsters , Inc . Yeti / The Abominable Snowman ( voice ) 2002 Spirited Away Assistant Manager ( voice ) 2003 Finding Nemo School of Moonfish ( voice ) The Incredibles Underminer ( voice ) 2006 Something New Brian 's Father Uncredited Cars Mack The 18 - Wheeler Truck ( voice ) 2007 Ratatouille Mustafa The Waiter ( voice ) 2008 The Village Barbershop Art Leroldi WALL - E John ( voice ) 2009 Up Tom The Construction Worker ( voice ) What If ... Mike The Angel Toy Story 3 Hamm The Piggy Bank ( voice ) 2011 Hawaiian Vacation Hamm The Piggy Bank ( voice ) Short film Small Fry Hamm The Piggy Bank ( voice ) Short film Cars 2 Mack The 18 - Wheeler Truck ( voice ) 2012 Brave Gordon The Guard ( voice ) Partysaurus Rex Hamm The Piggy Bank ( voice ) Short film The Woodcarver Ernest 2013 Monsters University Yeti / The Abominable Snowman ( voice ) Planes Harland The Pitty ( voice ) Super Buddies Marvin `` Gramps '' Livingstone Video In the Name of God Reverend Thomas 2014 Planes : Fire & Rescue Brodie ( voice ) 2015 Inside Out Fritz ( voice ) Russell Madness Mick Vaughn The Good Dinosaur Earl The Velociraptor ( voice ) 2016 Finding Dory Husband Crab ( Bill ) ( voice ) 2017 Cars 3 Mack The 18 - Wheeler Truck ( voice ) Coco TBA ( voice ) Post-Production 2019 Toy Story 4 Hamm The Piggy Bank ( voice ) Filming Television ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes 1979 Secret Army Staff Sergeant Dexter Episode : `` The Execution '' 1980 ITV Playhouse Tom Phillips Episode : `` Friends in Space '' 1981 The Good Soldier Jimmy TV movie Private Schulz American Newsreel Commentator ( voice ) Uncredited Episode # 1.5 Goliath Awaits Bill Sweeney TV movie Code Red Inspector Ray Allen Episode : `` All That Glitters '' 1982 Hill Street Blues Phony Cop Episode : `` Some Like it Hot - Wired '' 1982 -- 93 Cheers Cliff Clavin 268 episodes Wizards and Warriors Archie Episode : `` The Dungeon of Death '' 1984 Magnum , P.I. Walt Brewster Episode : `` The Legacy of Garwood Huddle '' 1985 St. Elsewhere Cliff Clavin Episode : `` Cheers '' The Love Boat Marty Elder Episode : `` A Day in Port '' 1986 Combat Academy Mr. Barnett TV movie The Tortellis Cliff Clavin Episode : `` Frankie Comes to Dinner '' Timestalkers General Joe Brodsky TV movie Small World Morris Zapp 6 episodes Mickey 's 60th Birthday Cliff Clavin TV movie Walt Disney 's Wonderful World of Color Cliff Clavin Episode : `` Disneyland 's 35th Anniversary Celebration '' Camp Cucamonga Marvin Schector TV movie The Earth Day Special Cliff Clavin TV special Wings Cliff Clavin Episode : `` The Story of Joe '' 1990 -- 92 Captain Planet and the Planeteers Rigger ( voice ) 24 episodes Nurses Mr. Hafner Episode : `` Illicit Transfers '' Moon Over Miami Norman Rust Episode : `` Farewell , My Lovelies '' 1994 , 2014 The Simpsons Cliff Clavin / CGI Homer Simpson ( voice ) Episodes : `` Fear of Flying '' , `` Treehouse of Horror XXV '' 1995 Murphy Brown Felix Episode : `` A Rat 's Tale '' Sister , Sister Gus Kiamilikimaka 2 episodes Caroline in the City Mr. Berman Episode : `` Caroline and Richard 's Mom '' 1997 Happily Ever After : Fairy Tales for Every Child Hinky ( voice ) Episode : `` The Pied Piper '' Sabrina , the Teenage Witch Bob / Santa Claus Episode : `` Sabrina Claus '' The Detectives Edsel Episode : `` Go West Old Man '' 1998 Remember WENN Mr. Abernathy Episode : `` And If I Die Before I Sleep '' 2000 Touched by an Angel Merl Episode : `` Monica 's Bad Day '' 2001 That ' 70s Show Glen Episode : `` Holy Craps '' The Drew Carey Show Himself / Various Episode : `` Drew Live III '' 2002 Frasier Cliff Clavin Episode : `` Cheerful Goodbyes '' The Pennsylvania Miners ' Story Thomas `` Tucker '' Foy TV movie 2003 8 Simple Rules Fred Doyle 4 episodes 2004 -- 08 Made in America Himself ( host ) 97 episodes 2006 Rodney Himself Episode : `` Celebrity '' 2011 Melissa & Joey Arnie Episode : `` A House Divided '' 2012 Matchmaker Santa George TV movie 2012 -- 14 Drop Dead Diva Larry Kaswell 3 episodes 2013 Bones Bill Schumacher Episode : `` The Cheat in the Retreat '' CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Stu Kirchoff Episode : `` Torch Song '' 2013 -- 14 Legit Walter Nugent 10 episodes Franklin & Bash Judge Elliot Reid 3 episodes 2014 How Murray Saved Christmas Officer Bender ( voice ) TV special 2015 The McCarthys Charlie Ellis Episode : `` Hall of Fame '' Hell 's Kitchen Himself Episode : `` 11 Chefs Compete '' Video games ( edit ) Year Title Voice role Toy Story : Activity Center Hamm The Piggy Bank Animated Storybook : Toy Story Hamm The Piggy Bank 1999 Toy Story 2 : Activity Center Hamm The Piggy Bank Toy Story 2 : Buzz Lightyear to the Rescue Hamm The Piggy Bank 2005 The Incredibles : Rise of the Underminer Underminer 2006 Cars Mack Toy Story 3 : The Video Game Hamm The Piggy Bank 2012 Kinect Rush : A Disney - Pixar Adventure Hamm The Piggy Bank 2013 Disney Infinity Hamm The Piggy Bank 2017 Cars 3 : Driven to Win Mack References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : About John from Ratzenberger 's official website Jump up ^ John Ratzenberger Biography ( 1947 -- ) from filmreference.com Jump up ^ `` Last Night 's Dancing with the Stars : What You Did n't See '' . PEOPLE.com . Jump up ^ `` The Ratzenberger Attic '' . Jump up ^ The Mark Levin Show ( wma ) ( Radio ) . May 8 , 2008 . Retrieved December 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Spelling , Ian ( May 21 , 2009 ) . `` John Ratzenberger , Pixar 's good luck charm , on Up , Bugs and Toys 3 '' . Sci Fi Wire . Retrieved May 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sal 's Meat Market -- Unfinished Histories '' . Unfinishedhistories.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Wilmut , Roger ( 1989 ) . Did n't You Kill My Mother in Law ? - the story of alternative comedy in Britain from the Comedy Store to Saturday Night Live . UK : Methuen . p. 58 . ISBN 0 - 413 - 17390 - 9 . Jump up ^ Toasting Cheers , Dennis A. Bjorklund , p. 7 ^ Jump up to : The Joe Cook Program ( Radio ) . July 26 , 2012 . http://joecookprogram.wordpress.com/2012/07/26/john-ratzenberger-interview/ Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Norm and Cliff Fight Cheers Robots '' . go.com . Jump up ^ Bar Association Plus , Norm and Cliff settle Cheers robot lawsuit from the Entertainment Weekly website Jump up ^ `` Pixar 's secret weapon : John Ratzenberger , Slate.com slideshow Jump up ^ `` Disney 's `` Planes '' Hi - res Stills , Fun Facts and Activity Sheets `` . Stitch Kingdom . May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` World premiere of Disney `` Planes '' turns Hollywood Boulevard into a celebrity - filled landing strip `` . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Planes Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing ' adds Cliff from ' Cheers ' '' . CNN . Associated Press . February 20 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2007 . Retrieved March 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ www.thevillagebarbershop.com Jump up ^ `` 育毛 や 発 毛 に 効果 が ある シャンプー の 種類 について ヰミゼゥ '' . thewhatifmovie.com . Jump up ^ `` Cheerful Goodbyes '' . Frasier . Season 9 . Episode 21 . April 30 , 2002 . OCLC 124055292 . NBC . Jump up ^ About John : Innovator from Ratzenberger 's official website Jump up ^ Official website of the Nuts , Bolts & Thingamajigs Foundation Jump up ^ `` Early recruitment : Foundation draws youth to careers in manufacturing '' . Industrial Engineer . May 2009 . p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Ratzenberger -- Fiddlers Bay Productions '' . ratzenberger.com . ^ Jump up to : `` foundationforfairciviljustice.org '' . Jump up ^ TheGiftBox.com . `` Actor John Ratzenberger Launches TheGiftBox.com '' . www.prnewswire.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Ratzenberger weds Julie Blichfeldt '' . UPI . November 30 , 2012 . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rachel E. Stassen - Berger ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` Pawlenty draws wallets fat ... and famous '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Jump up ^ John Ratzenberger and Kelsey Grammer greeted McCain supporters , called voters on behalf of the Republican ticket , participated in voter - registration activities at the local campaign headquarters , and held a McCain victory rally in Henderson , Nevada . `` Political emissaries descend on valley : Richardson , Grammer rally voters at events '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . October 11 , 2008 . Retrieved October 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Stars stump in Las Vegas Valley '' . NBC - affiliated KVBC website . October 11 , 2008 . Retrieved October 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tea Party activists hit the Hill , arrested outside Pelosi 's office '' . CNN Political Ticker . November 5 , 2009 . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Obama , Romney turn to star power for help in NV -- San Jose Mercury News Jump up ^ `` ' The Only Candidate for Me ' : Pixar Icon Throws Support Behind Donald Trump '' . Fox News Insider . May 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Ratzenberger . John Ratzenberger on IMDb John Ratzenberger at the TCM Movie Database John Ratzenberger Official Website VIAF : 120933537 LCCN : no97049476 GND : 141339675 BNF : cb14219120b ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Ratzenberger&oldid=806297898 '' Categories : 1947 births Living people 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American expatriates in the United Kingdom American male film actors American male television actors American male voice actors American people of Austrian descent American people of Hungarian descent American people of Polish descent Connecticut Republicans Male actors from Bridgeport , Connecticut Participants in American reality television series Sacred Heart University alumni Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Articles with hCards Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2003 All articles containing potentially dated statements Turner Classic Movies person ID not in Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Acèh Asturianu Deutsch Español فارسی Føroyskt Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 01 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays the voice of mack in cars | [
"John Dezso Ratzenberger (born April 6, 1947)[1] is an American actor, voice actor, and entrepreneur. He is best known as Cliff Clavin in Cheers. He is also known for his extensive vocal work in Pixar Animation Studios' films, notably Hamm in the Toy Story franchise and Mack in the Cars franchise."
] | [
"John Dezso Ratzenberger"
] |
1506231216119364910 | Jerome Avenue | Jerome Avenue - wikipedia Jerome Avenue Jerome Avenue Jerome Avenue at the 167th Street subway station Namesake Jerome Park Racetrack Owner City of New York Maintained by NYCDOT Length 6.4 mi ( 10.3 km ) Location Bronx , New York City South end I - 87 / Sedgwick Avenue in Highbridge Major junctions I - 95 / US 1 in Morris Heights Mosholu Parkway in Bedford Park I - 87 / 233rd Street in Van Cortlandt Park North end Central Park Avenue in Yonkers Jerome Avenue is one of the longest thoroughfares in the New York City borough of the Bronx , New York , United States . The road is 5.6 miles ( 9.0 km ) long and stretches from Highbridge general area to Woodlawn . Both of these termini are with the Major Deegan Expressway which runs parallel to the west . Most of the elevated IRT Jerome Avenue Line runs along Jerome Avenue . The Cross Bronx Expressway interchanges with Jerome and the Deegan . Though it runs through what is now the West Bronx neighborhood , Jerome Avenue is the dividing avenue between the nominal `` West '' and `` East '' streets in the Bronx ; Fifth Avenue serves Manhattan in the same capacity . Contents 1 Street description 2 History 3 Transportation 4 Major intersections 5 References Street description ( edit ) The IRT Jerome Avenue Line is the brown straight line linking the two Yankee stadiums with the bottom of the picture Edward L Grant Highway crosses Cross Bronx Expressway The south end of Jerome Avenue is at interchange 5 of the Major Deegan Expressway . The road begins as a divided highway , intersecting with 161st Street , which goes to Yankee Stadium and its station of the IRT Jerome Avenue Line . Jerome merges into the road to the Macombs Dam Bridge and heads north , paralleling Macombs Dam Park . After some intersections with local roads , Jerome Avenue intersects with 167th Street which at the intersection which , west of there , is named Edward L. Grant Highway . Just east of the intersection is the 167th Street station , another station along the way . Several blocks north , 170th Street intersects , just before crossing the Edward L. Grant Highway . A subway station is also present here . Mt . Eden Avenue intersects in Morris Heights and the Cross Bronx Expressway does soon after . West 176th Street becomes concurrent with Jerome for a short time . The roads soon split , West 176th now known as East 176th . North the intersection with Tremont Avenue , Burnside Avenue intersects as Jerome Avenue leaves Morris Heights . 183rd street is the next major intersection , in University Heights . Fordham Road , both East and West intersect in University Heights . Saint James Park is passed to the east of Jerome , south of the intersection with Kingsbridge Road . As Jerome passes Lehman College , Bedford Park Boulevard ( 200th Street ) intersects . Jerome Avenue then crosses the Mosholu Parkway on an overpass , after passing the train yard for the Avenue 's IRT line . Jerome Avenue intersects with Gun Hill Road as it enters Woodlawn . Here , Van Cortlandt Park is to the west . The final station on the IRT line is located in Woodlawn , just before intersecting Bainbridge Avenue . Jerome Avenue continues , cuts between Van Cortlandt Park and Woodlawn Cemetery , and comes to an end at the Major Deegan and 233rd Street . The road continues as a service road for the Major Deegan , until it reaches the Bronx - Westchester border , where it becomes Central Park Avenue ( NY 100 ) , one of the main streets of the city of Yonkers . History ( edit ) Jerome Avenue was put together as a plank road in 1874 for $375,000 . It appeared on maps as Central Avenue , because it started from Macombs Dam Bridge to Jerome Park Racetrack . Borough President Louis F. Haffen selected contractors in 1897 to pave Jerome Avenue . Three sections of the road were to be remodeled , costing the Bronx about $136,505 . The street was to be renamed after an unknown city alderman . Kate Hall Jerome , wife of Lawrence Jerome , was furious , replacing all the signs with the name Jerome Avenue in honor of Jerome Park Racetrack opened by her husband 's financier brother , Leonard Jerome in 1866 . When the subway line was commissioned , Jerome went from rural road to commercial artery . The southern part of the avenue , from the intersection with 161st Street , formed the western edge of Macombs Dam Park . The parkland was alienated by the state legislature to enable construction of a new Yankee Stadium . Lower portions of the thoroughfare were demapped by the City Planning Commission , followed by the Department of City Planning 's 2006 release of the Bronx Harlem River Waterfront Bicycle and Pedestrian Study . The Park Plaza Apartments at 1005 Jerome Avenue , one of the borough 's first and most prominent Art Deco apartment houses and a New York City landmark since 1981 , was overlooked in the environmental impact statement and is now in the shadow of the completed new stadium . In March 2018 , the New York City Council voted to approve the rezoning of 92 blocks in the South Bronx , centered along Jerome Avenue from 165th to 184th Streets . The rezoning will allow developers to construct 4,600 housing units along the corridor , including 1,500 affordable housing units . At the time of the rezoning , the corridor consisted mainly of small businesses , warehouses , and auto - parts shops . Transportation ( edit ) Fordham Road station The New York City Subway 's Jerome Avenue elevated line , served by the 4 train , runs along most of Jerome Avenue . The now - demolished Ninth Avenue elevated merged with the Jerome Avenue line south of the 167th Street station . The first station along the Jerome Avenue elevated line is the 161st Street -- Yankee Stadium station , served by the 4 , B , and D trains . All of the Jerome Avenue Line 's elevated stations north of 167th Street , with the exception of Bedford Park Boulevard -- Lehman College , are located directly above Jerome Avenue . The line and the 4 train have their northern terminus at Woodlawn , at the eastern edge of Van Cortlandt Park . The Jerome Avenue Line south of Kingsbridge Road opened on June 2 , 1917 . The Bedford Park Boulevard , Mosholu Parkway , and Woodlawn stations opened on April 15 , 1918 . Major intersections ( edit ) The entire route is in the New York City borough of the Bronx . Location mi km Destinations Notes Highbridge 0.0 0.0 I - 87 north ( Major Deegan Expressway ) Exit 6 on I - 87 Macombs Dam Bridge -- Manhattan Northbound exit only 0.1 0.16 East 161st Street Serves Yankee Stadium 0.2 0.32 Macombs Dam Bridge to I - 87 south ( Major Deegan Expressway ) 0.7 Edward L. Grant Highway to I - 95 south ( George Washington Bridge ) Morris Heights 1.5 2.4 I - 95 / US 1 ( Cross Bronx Expressway ) to I - 87 -- George Washington Bridge , New Haven , CT Exit 2A on I - 95 / US 1 2.0 3.2 Tremont Avenue Fordham 2.9 4.7 Fordham Road to I - 87 ( Deegan Expressway ) / I - 95 ( Cross Bronx Expressway ) Bedford Park -- Norwood line 4.4 7.1 To Mosholu Parkway Access via service roads Norwood 4.7 7.6 Gun Hill Road Van Cortlandt Park 5.6 9.0 233rd Street 5.7 9.2 I - 87 ( Major Deegan Expressway south / New York Thruway north ) -- Manhattan , Queens , Albany Exit 13 on I - 87 ; Jerome Avenue serves as service roads for I - 87 6.4 10.3 Central Park Avenue north Continuation into Westchester County 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Incomplete access References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Google ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` Jerome Avenue '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : John McNamara ( 1991 ) . History in Asphalt : The Origin of Bronx Street and Place Names ( PDF ) . Google Books . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` TO PAVE JEROME AVENUE ; Contractors Named for Work on Three Sections of the Thoroughfare '' . New York Times . August 13 , 1897 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ CITY PLANNING COMMISSION 2006 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Baird - Remba , Rebecca ; Stateman , Alison ; sturdivant - Sani , Christina ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) . `` Jerome Avenue Rezoning Passes City Council With Little Opposition '' . Commercial Observer . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Zoe ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) . `` City Council approves rezoning of Bronx 's Jerome Avenue '' . Curbed NY . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Kensinger , Nathan ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) . `` What happens to Jerome Avenue after its rezoning ? '' . Curbed NY . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Subway Map '' ( PDF ) . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` THREE NEW LINKS OF THE DUAL SUBWAY SYSTEM OPENED , INCLUDING A SHUTTLE SERVICE FROM TIMES SQUARE TO THIRTY - FOURTH STREET ; Service on the Jerome Avenue Branch Frorm 149th Street North to About 225th Street Began Yesterday Afternoon -- The Event Celebrated by Bronx Citizens and Property Owners -- The Seventh Avenue Connection Opened This Morning '' . The New York Times . 1917 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Jerome Av . Line Ordered Opened '' . The New York Times . 1918 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 02 . Major streets of the Bronx North -- south Arthur Av Broadway Boston Rd Esplanade Grand Concourse Jerome Av Park Av Mosholu Pkwy Sedgwick Av Southern Blvd Third Av Webster Av White Plains Rd East -- west Fordham Rd Gun Hill Rd Pelham Pkwy Shore Rd Tremont Av Westchester Av 133rd St 161st St 233rd St List of eponymous streets in New York City Coordinates : 40 ° 51 ′ 42.22 '' N 73 ° 54 ′ 6.61 '' W / 40.8617278 ° N 73.9018361 ° W / 40.8617278 ; - 73.9018361 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerome_Avenue&oldid=852066751 '' Categories : Streets in the Bronx Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Pages using New York City Subway service templates Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 26 July 2018 , at 12 : 03 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who is jerome avenue in the bronx named after | [
"Jerome Avenue was put together as a plank road in 1874 for $375,000.[2] It appeared on maps as Central Avenue, because it started from Macombs Dam Bridge to Jerome Park Racetrack. Borough President Louis F. Haffen selected contractors in 1897 to pave Jerome Avenue. Three sections of the road were to be remodeled, costing the Bronx about $136,505.[3] The street was to be renamed after an unknown city alderman.[2] Kate Hall Jerome, wife of Lawrence Jerome, was furious, replacing all the signs with the name Jerome Avenue in honor of Jerome Park Racetrack opened by her husband's financier brother, Leonard Jerome in 1866. When the subway line was commissioned, Jerome went from rural road to commercial artery. \n"
] | [
"Leonard Jerome"
] |
3092168956966119807 | List of female Indian chief ministers | List of female Indian chief ministers - wikipedia List of female Indian chief ministers Jump to : navigation , search The three incumbent woman chief ministers in India -- Vasundhara Raje , Mamata Banerjee and Mehbooba Mufti Sixteen women have served as the chief minister of an Indian state . Currently , three are in office -- Vasundhara Raje , Mamata Banerjee and Mehbooba Mufti . Of the thirteen states to have been headed by a female chief minister , only three -- Delhi , Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh -- have had two woman premiers . Five of the woman chief ministers belonged to the Indian National Congress , four to the Bharatiya Janata Party and two to the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam . In the Republic of India , a chief minister is the head of government of each of twenty - nine states and two union territories ( Delhi and Puducherry ) . According to the Constitution of India , at the state - level , the governor is de jure head , but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister . Following elections to the state legislative assembly , the governor usually invites the party ( or coalition ) with a majority of seats to form the government . The governor appoints the chief minister , whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly . Given he has the confidence of the assembly , the chief minister 's term is for five years ; the office is subject to no term limits . Chronological list of female Indian chief ministers ( edit ) Key * incumbent chief minister No Name Portrait State Term ( s ) Total tenure Party Sucheta Kriplani Uttar Pradesh 2 October 1963 -- 13 March 1967 1258 days Indian National Congress Nandini Satpathy -- Orissa 14 June 1972 -- 3 March 1973 6 March 1974 -- 16 December 1976 1278 days Indian National Congress Shashikala Kakodkar Goa 12 August 1973 -- 27 April 1979 2084 days Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party Syeda Anwara Taimur -- Assam 6 December 1980 -- 30 June 1981 206 days Indian National Congress Janaki Ramachandran -- Tamil Nadu 7 January 1988 -- 30 January 1988 23 days All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 6 Jayalalithaa Tamil Nadu 24 June 1991 -- 12 May 1996 14 May 2001 -- 21 September 2001 2 March 2002 -- 12 May 2006 16 May 2011 -- 27 September 2014 23 May 2015 -- 5 December 2016 5238 days All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 7 Mayawati Uttar Pradesh 13 June 1995 -- 18 October 1995 21 March 1997 -- 21 September 1997 3 May 2002 -- 29 August 2003 13 May 2007 -- 15 March 2012 2562 days Bahujan Samaj Party 8 Rajinder Kaur Bhattal -- Punjab 21 January 1996 -- 12 February 1997 388 days Indian National Congress 9 Rabri Devi Bihar 25 July 1997 -- 11 February 1999 9 March 1999 -- 2 March 2000 11 March 2000 -- 6 March 2005 2746 days Rashtriya Janata Dal 10 Sushma Swaraj Delhi 12 October 1998 -- 3 December 1998 52 days Bharatiya Janata Party 11 Sheila Dikshit Delhi 3 December 1998 -- 28 December 2013 5504 days Indian National Congress 12 Uma Bharati Madhya Pradesh 8 December 2003 -- 23 August 2004 259 days Bharatiya Janata Party 13 Vasundhara Raje * Rajasthan 8 December 2003 -- 18 December 2008 8 December 2013 -- present 3255 days Bharatiya Janata Party 14 Mamata Banerjee * West Bengal 20 May 2011 -- present 2356 days All India Trinamool Congress 15 Anandiben Patel Gujarat 22 May 2014 -- 7 August 2016 808 days Bharatiya Janata Party 16 Mehbooba Mufti * Jammu and Kashmir 4 April 2016 -- present 575 days Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party See also ( edit ) List of female Indian governors List of current Indian chief ministers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Durga Das Basu . Introduction to the Constitution of India . 1960 . 20th Edition , 2011 Reprint . pp. 241 , 245 . LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8038 - 559 - 9 . Lists of chief ministers of Indian states ( and current incumbents ) Andhra Pradesh N. Chandrababu Naidu Arunachal Pradesh Pema Khandu Assam Sarbananda Sonowal Bihar Nitish Kumar Chhattisgarh Raman Singh Delhi Arvind Kejriwal Goa Manohar Parrikar Gujarat Vijay Rupani Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar Himachal Pradesh Virbhadra Singh Jammu and Kashmir Mehbooba Mufti Jharkhand Raghubar Das Karnataka Siddaramaiah Kerala Pinarayi Vijayan Madhya Pradesh Shivraj Singh Chouhan Maharashtra Devendra Fadnavis Manipur N. Biren Singh Meghalaya Mukul Sangma Mizoram Lal Thanhawla Nagaland T.R. Zeliang Odisha Naveen Patnaik Puducherry V. Narayanasamy Punjab Amarinder Singh Rajasthan Vasundhara Raje Sikkim Pawan Kumar Chamling Tamil Nadu Edappadi K. Palaniswami Telangana K. Chandrasekhar Rao Tripura Manik Sarkar Uttar Pradesh Yogi Adityanath Uttarakhand Trivendra Singh Rawat West Bengal Mamata Banerjee Women chief ministers From the Bharatiya Janata Party From the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_female_Indian_chief_ministers&oldid=808064927 '' Categories : Indian women Chief Ministers Lists of Indian female political office - holders Lists of Chief Ministers of Indian states Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2013 Talk About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം ଓଡ଼ିଆ தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 17 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who became the first woman chief minister of a state in india | [
"\n\nNo\nName\nPortrait\nState\nTerm(s)\nTotal tenure\nParty\n\n\n1\nSucheta Kriplani\n\nUttar Pradesh\n2 October 1963 – 13 March 1967\n1258 days\nIndian National Congress\n\n\n\n2\nNandini Satpathy\n–\nOrissa\n14 June 1972 – 3 March 1973\n6 March 1974 – 16 December 1976\n1278 days\nIndian National Congress\n\n\n\n3\nShashikala Kakodkar\n\nGoa\n12 August 1973 – 27 April 1979\n2084 days\nMaharashtrawadi Gomantak Party\n\n\n\n4\nSyeda Anwara Taimur\n–\nAssam\n6 December 1980 – 30 June 1981\n206 days\nIndian National Congress\n\n\n\n5\nJanaki Ramachandran\n–\nTamil Nadu\n7 January 1988 – 30 January 1988\n23 days\nAll India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam\n\n\n\n6\nJayalalithaa\n\nTamil Nadu\n24 June 1991 – 12 May 1996\n14 May 2001 – 21 September 2001\n2 March 2002 – 12 May 2006\n16 May 2011 – 27 September 2014\n23 May 2015 – 5 December 2016\n5238 days\nAll India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam\n\n\n\n7\nMayawati\n\nUttar Pradesh\n13 June 1995 – 18 October 1995\n21 March 1997 – 21 September 1997\n3 May 2002 – 29 August 2003\n13 May 2007 – 15 March 2012\n2562 days\nBahujan Samaj Party\n\n\n\n8\nRajinder Kaur Bhattal\n–\nPunjab\n21 January 1996 – 12 February 1997\n388 days\nIndian National Congress\n\n\n\n9\nRabri Devi\n\nBihar\n25 July 1997 – 11 February 1999\n9 March 1999 – 2 March 2000\n11 March 2000 – 6 March 2005\n2746 days\nRashtriya Janata Dal\n\n\n\n10\nSushma Swaraj\n\nDelhi\n12 October 1998 – 3 December 1998\n52 days\nBharatiya Janata Party\n\n\n\n11\nSheila Dikshit\n\nDelhi\n3 December 1998 – 28 December 2013\n5504 days\nIndian National Congress\n\n\n\n12\nUma Bharati\n\nMadhya Pradesh\n8 December 2003 – 23 August 2004\n259 days\nBharatiya Janata Party\n\n\n\n13\nVasundhara Raje *\n\nRajasthan\n8 December 2003 – 18 December 2008\n8 December 2013 – present\n3255 days\nBharatiya Janata Party\n\n\n\n14\nMamata Banerjee *\n\nWest Bengal\n20 May 2011 – present\n2356 days\nAll India Trinamool Congress\n\n\n\n15\nAnandiben Patel\n\nGujarat\n22 May 2014 – 7 August 2016\n808 days\nBharatiya Janata Party\n\n\n\n16\nMehbooba Mufti *\n\nJammu and Kashmir\n4 April 2016 – present\n575 days\nJammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party\n\n\n"
] | [
"Sucheta Kriplani"
] |
-7292371233456532246 | Healthy People program | Healthy People program - wikipedia Healthy People program Jump to : navigation , search Healthy People is a program of a nationwide health - promotion and disease - prevention goals set by the United States Department of Health and Human Services . The goals were first set in 1979 `` in response to an emerging consensus among scientists and health authorities that national health priorities should emphasize disease prevention '' . The Healthy People program was originally issued by the Department of Health , Education and Welfare ( DHEW ) . This first issue contained `` a report announcing goals for a ten - year plan to reduce controllable health risks . In its section on nutrition , the report recommended diets with fewer calories ; less saturated fat , cholesterol , salt , and sugar ; relatively more complex carbohydrates , fish and poultry ; and less red meat . '' Though this recommended diet consisted of more processed foods rather than fresh produce , the report advised for consumers to `` be wary of processed foods '' . The goals were subsequently updated for Healthy People 2000 , Healthy People 2010 , and Healthy People 2020 . Healthy People 2010 , started in January 2000 by the United States Department of Health and Human Services , was a set of nationwide health - promotion and disease - prevention goals to be achieved by the year 2010 . Programs such as HealthCorps grew out of this plan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Healthy People 2010 2 Healthy People 2010 and Healthy People 2020 3 References 4 External links Healthy People 2010 ( edit ) Healthy People 2010 `` was developed through a broad consultation process , built on the best scientific knowledge and designed to measure programs over time '' . It is composed of 467 specific objectives organized into 28 focus areas , as well as two overarching goals . The two goals are : `` increase quality and years of healthy life '' `` eliminate health disparities '' To track the Healthy People 2010 objectives , national data are being gathered from 190 sources . Ten `` Leading Health Indicators '' reflect major health concerns : physical activity overweight and obesity tobacco use substance abuse responsible sexual behavior mental health injury and violence environmental quality immunization access to health care The campaign identifies 6 major factors ( Social Identities ) that contribute to disparities in the health of Americans : gender race or ethnicity education or income disability geographic location sexual orientation Healthy People 2010 and Healthy People 2020 ( edit ) Healthy People 2010 expanded and updated the 1979 `` Healthy People '' and 1990 `` Healthy People 2000 '' efforts ; for example , the Healthy People 2000 goal of `` reducing health disparities '' was strengthened in Healthy People 2010 to `` eliminate health disparities '' . Healthy People 2020 expanded on Healthy People 2010 and was presented on 2 December 2010 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nestle , Marion ( 1993 ) . `` Food Lobbies , the Food Pyramid , and U.S. Nutrition Policy '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Health Services . 23 ( 3 ) : 483 -- 95 . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion . What is Healthy People ? Archived 2009 - 01 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 2009 Jan 18 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Health Statistics . About Healthy People 2010 . Accessed 2009 Jan 18 . Jump up ^ The Saturday Evening Post , November / December 2007 Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion . What are its goals ? Archived 2009 - 01 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 2009 Jan 18 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion . Data overview . Accessed 2009 Jan 18 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion . What are the Leading Health Indicators ? Accessed 2009 Jan 18 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . A systematic approach to health improvement . In : Healthy People 2010 . 2nd ed . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office , 2000 November . Accessed 2009 Jan 18 . Jump up ^ National Center for Health Statistics . Healthy People 2000 final review . Hyattsville , MD : Public Health Service , 2001 . Accessed 2009 Jan 18 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. ( 1 ) Accessed 2011 Sept 16 . External links ( edit ) Healthy People.gov Official web site Healthy People 2010 Information Access Project Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Healthy_People_program&oldid=808104040 '' Categories : Public health education United States Department of Health and Human Services Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 22 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the nationwide health promotion and disease prevention plan | [
"Healthy People is a program of a nationwide health-promotion and disease-prevention goals set by the United States Department of Health and Human Services. The goals were first set in 1979 \"in response to an emerging consensus among scientists and health authorities that national health priorities should emphasize disease prevention\". The Healthy People program was originally issued by the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (DHEW). This first issue contained \"a report announcing goals for a ten-year plan to reduce controllable health risks. In its section on nutrition, the report recommended diets with fewer calories; less saturated fat, cholesterol, salt, and sugar; relatively more complex carbohydrates, fish and poultry; and less red meat.\" Though this recommended diet consisted of more processed foods rather than fresh produce, the report advised for consumers to \"be wary of processed foods\".[1] The goals were subsequently updated for Healthy People 2000, Healthy People 2010, and Healthy People 2020.[2]"
] | [
"Healthy People"
] |
-6057369669489310294 | Ghost (Hamlet) | Ghost ( Hamlet ) - wikipedia Ghost ( Hamlet ) Jump to : navigation , search Ghost Hamlet character The ghost ( right ) appears to Hamlet ( left ) in the `` closet scene '' , from Rowe 's edition of Shakespeare 's works ( 1709 ) , showing the Prince and Queen in contemporary dress ; the former king 's portrait is on the wall behind Information Family Gertrude ( wife ) Prince Hamlet ( son ) King Claudius ( brother ) Other name ( s ) King Hamlet ( former ) The ghost of Hamlet 's late father is a character from William Shakespeare 's play Hamlet . In the stage directions he is referred to as `` Ghost . '' His name is also Hamlet , and he is referred to as King Hamlet to distinguish him from the Prince . He is loosely based on a legendary Jutish chieftain , named Horwendill , who appears in Chronicon Lethrense and in Saxo Grammaticus ' Gesta Danorum . According to oral tradition , the Ghost was originally played by Shakespeare himself . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Interpretations 3 Performances 4 See also 5 References Overview ( edit ) For a synopsis of the play , see Hamlet The Ghost appears three times in the play : in Act I , Scene i ; in the continuum of Act I , Scenes iv and v ; and Act III , Scene iv . The ghost arrives at 1.00 a.m. in at least two of the scenes , and in the other scene all that is known is that it is night . The Ghost first appears to a duo of soldiers -- Bernardo and Marcellus -- and a visitor to Denmark , Horatio . The men draw their swords and stand in fear , requesting that Horatio , as a scholar , address the ghost . Horatio asks the ghost to speak , and reveal its secret . It is about to do so when the cock crows , signalling morning , and the ghost instead disappears . In this scene , the Ghost is clearly recognised by all present as the King , dressed in his full armour . Marcellus notes that the ghost had appeared to the castle guards twice before . Talk of spectral visitations has unsettled the night watch . Francisco , who Bernardo relieves on guard duty says , `` For this relief much thanks ; ' t is bitter cold , And I am sick at heart . '' Seeing the Ghost arrayed in a military aspect , and aware of Fortinbras marshalling his forces on the frontier , Horatio recognises that the appearance of the Ghost must portend something regarding matters of state . Horatio then persuades Prince Hamlet into staying up with the guards to see if the ghost returns . At midnight , it appears , and beckons Hamlet to follow . Once alone , the ghost describes his wanderings on the earth , and his harrowing life in purgatory , since he died without receiving last rites . `` ... but know , thou noble youth , The serpent that did sting thy Fathers life , Now wears his crown . '' Ghost of Hamlet 's Father He tells the young Hamlet that he was poisoned and murdered by his brother , Claudius , the new King of Denmark , and asks the prince to avenge his death . He also expresses disgust at his wife , Gertrude , for marrying Claudius , but warns Hamlet not to confront her , but to leave that to Heaven . Later , Prince Hamlet returns to his friends and has them swear on his sword to keep what they have seen a secret . When they resist , the ghost utters the words `` Swear '' and `` Swear on the sword '' , from below the stage , until his friends agree . The prince Hamlet , fearing that the apparition may be a demon pretending to be King Hamlet , decides to put the ghost to the test by staging a play that re-enacts the circumstances that the spirit claims led to his death . Claudius 's reaction is one of guilt and horror , and Prince Hamlet is convinced that the ghost is , in fact , his father . However , due to his over-analytical mind and the complexity of the ghost 's conditions , much time passes before Hamlet can carry out his orders . In the third appearance , Hamlet is confronted by the ghost in his mother 's closet , and is rebuked for not carrying out his revenge and for disobeying in talking with Gertrude . Hamlet fearfully apologises . Gertrude , however , can not see the ghost , and thinks Hamlet is mad , asking why he stares and talks to nothing . In this scene , the ghost is described as being in his nightgown . He is never mentioned again . King Hamlet is described by the few who mention him -- and this excludes basically all except Hamlet , Horatio and the guards -- as a warrior , as he led Denmark 's forces to victory against Norway , and personally defeated its King Fortinbras in hand - to - hand combat . Hamlet respects him , saying Claudius pales in comparison to him , and frequently reflecting on him in an endearing manner . Interpretations ( edit ) The prompt book from an 1874 staging of Hamlet by English actor and manager Henry Irving ( 1838 -- 1905 ) , in which he experimented with using limelight ( burning calcium oxide ) to represent the ghost . `` The Ghost in Hamlet is essential to the plot of the play . '' He has also been the subject of a variety of interpretations . W.W. Greg was of the opinion that the Ghost was a figment of Hamlet 's overwrought imagination . J. Dover Wilson and others have argued that in having the Ghost appear a number of times to others before appearing to Hamlet , Shakespeare makes clear that the apparition is not a mere illusion . Performances ( edit ) About a hundred years after Shakespeare died , Nicholas Rowe reported that he had heard an anecdote that Shakespeare himself had played the Ghost , starting a story that continues to this day . See also ( edit ) List of ghosts References ( edit ) England portal Theatre portal Fictional characters portal ^ Jump up to : Sylvan Barnet , `` Shakespeare : An Overview , '' in Macbeth , ed . Sylvan Barnet , A Signet Classic , 1998 , p. ix . ^ Jump up to : Egan , Maurice Francis . The Ghost in Hamlet and Other Essays in Comparative Literature . Chicago : A.C. McClurg & Co , 1906 . pp. 11 -- 47 Jump up ^ `` Hamlet ( Folio 1 , 1623 ) '' . uvic.ca . ^ Jump up to : Joseph , Miriam . `` Discerning the Ghost in Hamlet . '' PMLA 76.5 ( 1961 ) : 493 -- 502 Jump up ^ Greg , W.W. , `` Hamlet 's Hallucinations '' , MLR , XII , 1917 , 393 -- 421 William Shakespeare 's Hamlet Characters Hamlet Claudius Gertrude Ghost Polonius Laertes Ophelia Horatio Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Fortinbras The Gravediggers Yorick Soliloquies `` To be , or not to be '' `` Mortal coil '' `` What a piece of work is a man '' `` Speak the speech '' Words and phrases `` The lady doth protest too much , methinks '' `` Thy name is '' `` Primrose path '' Terminology Dumbshow Induction Quiddity Substitution Sources Criticism Legend of Hamlet The Spanish Tragedy Ur - Hamlet Critical approaches Bibliographies Horwendill Saxo Grammaticus House of Gonzaga Damon and Pythias Influence Common phrases from Hamlet Hamlet in popular culture References to Ophelia Language of flowers Human skull symbolism Performances Moscow Art Theatre ( 1911 -- 1912 ) Richard Burton ( 1964 ) On screen 1900 1907 1908 1912 1913 1917 1921 1935 1948 1954 1961 1964 1969 2000 2011 Adaptations Films The Rest Is Silence ( 1959 ) The Bad Sleep Well ( 1960 ) Ophelia ( 1963 ) Johnny Hamlet ( 1968 ) One Hamlet Less ( 1973 ) The Angel of Vengeance -- The Female Hamlet ( 1977 ) Strange Brew ( 1983 ) Hamlet Goes Business ( 1987 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Let the Devil Wear Black ( 1999 ) The Banquet ( 2006 ) Tardid ( 2009 ) Karmayogi ( 2012 ) Haider ( 2014 ) Hamlet A.D.D. ( 2014 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) Novels Gertrude and Claudius ( 2000 ) Dating Hamlet ( 2002 ) Ophelia 's Revenge ( 2003 ) The Dead Fathers Club ( 2006 ) Something Rotten ( 2007 ) Hamlet 's Father ( 2008 ) The Story of Edgar Sawtelle ( 2008 ) Plays Hamletmachine ( 1977 ) Dogg 's Hamlet ( 1979 ) Fortinbras ( 1991 ) Musicals Rockabye Hamlet ( 1973 ) The Lion King ( 1997 ) Television Hamlet ( Australian TV , 1959 ) Hamlet at Elsinore ( BBC , 1964 ) Hamlet , Prince of Denmark ( BBC , 1980 ) Hamlet ( BBC 2 , animated , 1992 ) Hamlet ( BBC 2 , 2009 ) Parodies 15 - Minute Hamlet The Complete Works of William Shakespeare ( Abridged ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Io , Amleto The Klingon Hamlet `` Lyle the Kindly Viking '' To Be or Not to Be : That is the Adventure Songs `` My Robin is to the Greenwood Gone '' ( 16th century ) `` Pull Me Under '' ( 1992 ) `` Song for Athene '' ( 1997 ) Opera / classical Hamlet ( Thomas ) Amleto ( Faccio ) Hamlet ( Tchaikovsky ) Tristia ( Berlioz ) Die Hamletmaschine ( Rihm ) Hamlet ( Dean ) Story within a story Films To Be or Not to Be ( 1942 ) Acting Hamlet in the Village of Mrdusa Donja ( 1973 ) To Be or Not to Be ( 1983 ) Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1990 ) Renaissance Man ( 1994 ) In the Bleak Midwinter ( 1995 ) Hamlet 2 ( 2008 ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead ( 2009 ) Three Days ( 2012 ) Plays Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1966 ) Stage Blood ( 1974 ) I Hate Hamlet ( 1991 ) To Be or Not to Be ( 2008 ) Novels Hamlet , Revenge ! ( 1937 ) Theatre of War ( 1994 ) `` The Undiscovered '' ( 1997 ) The Shakespeare Stealer ( 1998 ) Interred with Their Bones ( 2007 ) Television `` The Producer '' ( 1966 ) Slings & Arrows ( 2003 ) Art Ophelia Affe mit Schädel Video game Last Action Hero ( 1993 ) Hamlet ( 2010 ) Intertextuality Asterix and the Great Crossing The Seagull Sharpe 's Havoc Related Hamlet and Oedipus Hamlet Had an Uncle Hamlet and His Problems Hebenon Hamlet Q1 Ostalo je ćutanje The Chronicles of Amber `` Symphony No. 65 '' ( Haydn ) War Highlander II : The Quickening The Hobart Shakespeareans Gertrude -- The Cry Poor Murderer Something Rotten ! `` The Conscience of the King '' `` Born to Be King '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghost_(Hamlet)&oldid=799572434 '' Categories : Characters in Hamlet Fictional ghosts Fictional kings Fictional Danish people Male Shakespearean characters Fratricide in fiction Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Norsk Polski Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 14 : 54 . About Wikipedia | the first one to see the ghost of king hamlet is | [
"The Ghost first appears to a duo of soldiers—Bernardo and Marcellus—and a visitor to Denmark, Horatio. The men draw their swords and stand in fear, requesting that Horatio, as a scholar, address the ghost. Horatio asks the ghost to speak, and reveal its secret. It is about to do so when the cock crows, signalling morning, and the ghost instead disappears. In this scene, the Ghost is clearly recognised by all present as the King, dressed in his full armour. Marcellus notes that the ghost had appeared to the castle guards twice before. Talk of spectral visitations has unsettled the night watch. Francisco, who Bernardo relieves on guard duty says, \"For this relief much thanks; 't is bitter cold, And I am sick at heart.\"[2]",
"The Ghost first appears to a duo of soldiers—Bernardo and Marcellus—and a visitor to Denmark, Horatio. The men draw their swords and stand in fear, requesting that Horatio, as a scholar, address the ghost. Horatio asks the ghost to speak, and reveal its secret. It is about to do so when the cock crows, signalling morning, and the ghost instead disappears. In this scene, the Ghost is clearly recognised by all present as the King, dressed in his full armour. Marcellus notes that the ghost had appeared to the castle guards twice before. Talk of spectral visitations has unsettled the night watch. Francisco, who Bernardo relieves on guard duty says, \"For this relief much thanks; 't is bitter cold, And I am sick at heart.\"[2]",
"The Ghost first appears to a duo of soldiers—Bernardo and Marcellus—and a visitor to Denmark, Horatio. The men draw their swords and stand in fear, requesting that Horatio, as a scholar, address the ghost. Horatio asks the ghost to speak, and reveal its secret. It is about to do so when the cock crows, signalling morning, and the ghost instead disappears. In this scene, the Ghost is clearly recognised by all present as the King, dressed in his full armour. Marcellus notes that the ghost had appeared to the castle guards twice before. Talk of spectral visitations has unsettled the night watch. Francisco, who Bernardo relieves on guard duty says, \"For this relief much thanks; 't is bitter cold, And I am sick at heart.\"[2]"
] | [
"Bernardo",
"Marcellus",
"Horatio"
] |
-4773668110495245404 | Panic! at the Disco | Panic ! At the Disco - wikipedia Panic ! At the Disco Panic ! at the Disco Panic ! at the Disco at the Shorty Awards in 2015 Background information Also known as Panic at the Disco ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Origin Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. Genres Pop rock synth - pop pop punk baroque pop emo pop alternative rock Years active 2004 -- present Labels DCD2 Fueled by Ramen Associated acts The Young Veins Website panicatthedisco.com Members Brendon Urie Past members Ryan Ross Spencer Smith Brent Wilson Jon Walker Dallon Weekes Panic ! at the Disco is an American rock band from Las Vegas , Nevada , formed in 2004 by childhood friends Brendon Urie , Ryan Ross , Spencer Smith and Brent Wilson . Since 2015 , vocalist Urie is the only official member in the band , supported on tours by guitarist Kenneth Harris , drummer Dan Pawlovich , and bassist Nicole Row . Panic ! at the Disco recorded its first demos while its members were in high school . Shortly after , the band recorded and released its debut studio album , A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out ( 2005 ) . Popularized by the second single , `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies , '' the album was certified double platinum in the US . In 2006 , founding bassist Brent Wilson was fired from the band during an extensive world tour and subsequently replaced by Jon Walker . Influenced by 1960s rock bands the Beatles , the Zombies and the Beach Boys , and preceded by the single `` Nine in the Afternoon , '' the band 's second studio album , Pretty . Odd. ( 2008 ) marked a significant departure from the sound of the band 's debut . Ross and Walker , who favored the band 's new direction , departed because Urie and Smith wanted to make further changes to the band 's style . The duo subsequently formed a new band , The Young Veins , leaving Urie and Smith as the sole remaining members of Panic ! at the Disco . Continuing as a duo , Urie and Smith released a new single , `` New Perspective , '' and recruited bassist Dallon Weekes and guitarist Ian Crawford as touring musicians for live performances . Weekes was later inducted into the band 's lineup as a full - time member in 2010 . The band 's third studio album , Vices & Virtues ( 2011 ) , was recorded solely by Urie and Smith in 2010 , produced by John Feldmann and Butch Walker . As a three - piece , Urie , Smith , and Weekes recorded and released the band 's fourth studio album , Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! , in 2013 . Prior to the release of the album , Smith unofficially left the band due to health and drug - related issues , leaving Urie and Weekes as the remaining members . The duo recruited guitarist Kenneth Harris and drummer Dan Pawlovich as touring musicians for live performances . In 2015 , Smith officially left the band after not performing live with the band since his departure in 2013 . Shortly thereafter , Weekes reverted to being a touring member once again , leaving Urie as the only member of the official lineup . In April 2015 , `` Hallelujah '' was released as the first single from Panic ! at the Disco 's fifth studio album , Death of a Bachelor ( 2016 ) . In December 2017 , Weekes officially announced his departure from the band . Preceded by lead single `` Say Amen ( Saturday Night ) , '' the band 's sixth studio album , Pray for the Wicked , was released on June 22 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Formation and early years ( 2004 -- 2005 ) 1.2 A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 1.3 Pretty . Odd. and ... Live in Chicago ( 2007 -- 2009 ) 1.4 Lineup change and Vices & Virtues ( 2009 -- 2012 ) 1.5 Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! ( 2012 -- 2015 ) 1.6 Departure of Spencer Smith and Death of a Bachelor ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 1.7 Departure of Dallon Weekes and Pray for the Wicked ( 2017 -- present ) 2 Musical style and influences 3 Band members 4 Discography 5 Tours 6 Awards and nominations 6.1 Grammy Awards 6.2 MTV Video Music Awards 6.3 Other Awards 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History Formation and early years ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Panic ! at the Disco was formed in 2004 in the suburban area of Summerlin , Las Vegas , by childhood friends Ryan Ross , who sang and played guitar , and Spencer Smith , who played drums . They both attended Bishop Gorman High School , and they began playing music together in ninth grade . They invited friend Brent Wilson from nearby Palo Verde High School to join on bass , and Wilson invited classmate Brendon Urie to try out on guitar . The quartet soon began rehearsing in Smith 's grandmother 's living room . Urie grew up in a Mormon family in Las Vegas and early on missed some rehearsals to go to church . Ross initially was the lead vocalist for the group , but after hearing Urie sing back - up during rehearsals , the group decided to make him the lead . Initially , Panic ! at the Disco was a Blink - 182 cover band . In the group 's early experimental demos , the band created a sound that was different from the many death - metal groups that were performing in Las Vegas at the time . The band signed a recording contract without having performed a live show . `` We never went out and played shows before we got signed because the music scene in Las Vegas is so bad . There 's not a lot going on , '' Smith said . `` In our practice space , there were something like 30 bands , and every day we 'd walk into that room and hear the exact same death - metal bands . So it kind of influenced us to be different . And to get out of Las Vegas . '' Urie began working at Tropical Smoothie Cafe in Summerlin to afford rent for the band 's new practice space . The four left their educations behind to concentrate on music ; Ross had a falling out with his father when he dropped out of college , and when Urie dropped out of high school his parents kicked him out of the house . He stayed with friends until he could afford to rent an apartment . Ross and Urie soon began to commit to their laptops the demos they had been developing and posted three early demos ( `` Time to Dance , '' `` Nails for Breakfast , Tacks for Snacks '' and `` Camisado '' ) on PureVolume . On a whim , they sent a link to Fall Out Boy bassist Pete Wentz via a LiveJournal account . Wentz , who was in Los Angeles at the time with the rest of Fall Out Boy working on the band 's major - label debut , From Under the Cork Tree , drove to Las Vegas to meet with the young , unsigned band . Upon hearing `` two to three '' songs during band practice , Wentz was impressed and immediately wanted the band to sign to his Fueled by Ramen imprint label Decaydance Records , which made the band the first on the new label . Around December 2004 , the group signed to the label . As news broke that Wentz had signed Panic ! ( who had yet to perform a single live show ) , fans on the internet began to bash the group . `` Almost right away we knew what was going to happen , '' Ross explained in a 2006 interview . `` We had two songs online and people were already making assumptions on what kind of band we were and what we were going to sound like . '' Meanwhile , Wentz began to hype the band wherever possible : from wearing `` Pete ! at the Disco '' T - shirts onstage to mentioning the group in interviews . Wentz gave a quick shout - out to the band during a press junket on the day before the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards : `` I 've got a couple of bands coming out soon on Decaydance , one being this band called Panic ! at the Disco , '' Wentz said . `` Their record is going to be your next favorite record . It 's called A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out -- get it before your little brother does . '' At the time of the band 's signing , all of the band members were still in high school ( with the exception of Ross , who was forced to quit UNLV ) . Urie graduated in May 2005 , and Wilson and Smith finished school online as the band left for College Park , Maryland , to record their debut record . A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Main article : A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out In 2006 , the band headlined their first tour and achieved platinum status on their debut album . The band relocated to College Park , Maryland , to record its debut album from June to September 2005 . Although they only had shells of songs when they arrived , the rest of the album shaped up fast through the marathon session . `` We did n't have a day off in the five - and - a-half weeks we were there , 12 or 14 hours a day , '' Ross said in a 2005 interview . `` We were making things up in our heads that were n't there , and on top of the stress of trying to finish the record , we were living in a one - bedroom apartment with four people on bunk beds , '' recalled Ross . `` Everyone got on everybody 's nerves . Someone would write a new part for a song and someone else would say they did n't like it just because you ate their cereal that morning . '' The album is split into two halves : the first half is mostly electronic dance punk , while the second half features Vaudevillian piano , strings , and accordion . The band grew tired of writing only with drum machines and keyboards and , inspired by film scores ( specifically the works of Danny Elfman and Jon Brion ) decided to write a completely different half . `` By the end of that , we were completely exhausted , '' said Ross of the studio sessions . After its completion , `` we had two weeks to come home and learn how to be a band , '' Ross said . The group played its first live show during the summer of 2005 at local Las Vegas music venue The Alley on West Charleston . Afterwards , the band toured nationally on the Nintendo Fusion Tour with mentors Fall Out Boy , as well as Motion City Soundtrack , The Starting Line , and Boys Night Out for the rest of 2005 . The band 's debut album , A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out , was released September 27 , 2005 . Sales began relatively slow . It debuted at No. 112 on the Billboard 200 album chart , No. 6 on the Billboard Independent Albums chart , and No. 1 on the Billboard Top Heatseekers chart , with nearly 10,000 albums sold in the first week of release . Within a span of four months , Panic ! would see the video for its first single , `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies , '' rocket up the Billboard Hot 100 as sales of Fever passed the 500,000 mark . At the end of March 2006 , the band announced a headlining tour . By August , the group 's debut record was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , and the music video for `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' won Video of the Year at the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards . `` Some aspects of the fame are annoying , but at the end of the day it 's something we 're most grateful for . It 's certainly opened the door to a whole new batch of opportunities , '' Ross said of the band 's newfound fame and instant success . In May 2006 , Panic ! at the Disco announced that original bassist Brent Wilson had left the band , `` posting a statement that was both diplomatic and entirely inscrutable ( ... ) yet ( failing ) to mention any reason why Wilson is leaving Panic , '' according to MTV News . He was replaced in the band by Jon Walker . In June , Wilson asserted to MTV News that he was kicked out of the band via a phone call . `` It was done as a phone call and the only person who spoke was Spencer . Apparently , Brendon and Ryan were on the speakerphone too , but they did n't say a word . They never even said they were sorry , '' explained Wilson . Smith wrote a lengthy e-mail back to James Montgomery of MTV News , stating , in part , `` We made the decision based on Brent 's lack of responsibility and the fact that he was n't progressing musically with the band , '' and revealed that Wilson did not write nor play any bass present on Fever : Instead , Urie recorded these parts . Wilson demanded a cut in royalties , and threatened to take his former band to court . In 2006 , the band supported The Academy Is ... on the band 's worldwide tour `` Ambitious Ones and Smoking Guns '' from January to May . Beginning in June , the group headlined its first unnamed national tour , that would last until August . During the group 's performance at the 2006 Reading Festival in August , the band was greeted by excessive bottling , one of which hit Urie in the face that knocked him unconscious . Despite this , the band continued with its set after Urie recovered . The band 's second headlining tour , dubbed the Nothing Rhymes with Circus Tour , began in November . In roughly one year , Panic ! at the Disco went from being the opening act on a five - band bill to the headliners on a massive arena tour . The Nothing Rhymes with Circus Tour feature the band 's first highly theatrical live shows , which featured every song with dance numbers , skits , and tricks performed by a six - member troupe , as the band donned intricate costumes , loosely re-enacting moments from the songs . Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times noted the sudden success and circus - inspired tour of the young band in a concert review : `` There 's something charming about watching a band trying to navigate sudden success , aided by a contortionist , a ribbon dancer and all the rest of it . '' MTV News favorably likened its theme and wardrobe to `` Janet Jackson 's audience - dividing , hypersexual The Velvet Rope Tour . '' The group , fresh off the major success of A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out , took a break after non-stop touring , and the group members began formulating ideas for their next album together during the winter of 2006 . Pretty . Odd and ... Live in Chicago ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Main articles : Pretty . Odd. and ... Live in Chicago Former guitarist and vocalist Ryan Ross performing with the band in 2007 . He was responsible for writing most of the music and lyrics until his departure in 2009 . After a short period of development regarding the ideas of the album , on March 6 , 2007 the band arrived at a cabin in the rural mountains of Mount Charleston , Nevada and began the writing process for the new album . After recording the new tracks and performing them live over the summer , the band returned to its native Las Vegas as well as the group 's old rehearsal studio , where the band members wrote their debut record . The band grew uninterested in the songs previously written and by August scrapped the entire new album ( which Ross later revealed was `` three - quarters '' done ) and started over . `` We wanted to approach these songs in the most basic form , '' Ross said . `` We wrote them all on one acoustic guitar and with someone singing . I think that we kind of skipped that part of songwriting on the first record , and this time we 're sort of paying attention to that . ( ... ) We 've written a bunch of songs since we 've been home ( Las Vegas ) . I think it 's the most fun and the happiest we 've been since we started . '' With simplicity the new focus and the old album shelved , the group settled in and began recording what would become Pretty . Odd . In October , the band entered the Studio at the Palms at the Palms Casino Resort in Las Vegas to begin recording the album . In January 2008 , the band unveiled a new logo and dropped the exclamation point from the group 's name , becoming Panic at the Disco . Released on March 21 , 2008 , Pretty . Odd . was described by the band as `` more organic and mellower '' than A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out , as well as unintentionally and coincidentally similar to music of the Beatles , in both songwriting and scope . The record debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 chart , with first - day sales of 54,000 , and first - week sales of 139,000 copies in the United States . Those figures marked the band 's biggest sales week to that date , beating a previous record held by A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out ( which sold 45,000 during the winter of 2006 ) . The record also debuted at `` Current Alternative Albums '' chart and No. 2 on the `` Digital Albums '' chart , the latter of which accounted for 26 percent of the disc 's overall sales . The album charted high in various other countries and was eventually certified gold in the United Kingdom , however , Pretty . Odd . received relatively disappointing sales in the face of its predecessor . Pretty . Odd . was , however , critically acclaimed in contrast to Fever : Barry Walters of Spin called Panic 's debut album `` embarrassing '' while regarding the new record as `` ( daring ) to be optimistically beautiful at a time when sadness and ugliness might have won them easier credibility . '' The band 's musical style changed after the release of their psychedelic - inspired album Pretty . Odd . The band announced plans to headline the 2008 Honda Civic Tour in January 2008 , which took up the majority of early touring for the album . Motion City Soundtrack , the Hush Sound and Phantom Planet opened for the tour , which performed across North America from April 10 to July 14 , 2008 . Throughout October and November 2008 , the band toured with Dashboard Confessional and The Cab on the Rock Band Live Tour promoting the video game Rock Band 2 . As expected and predicted by several music publications , the band adopted a very different style for the touring in support of Pretty . Odd. , in contrast to the dark , circus - themed elements of the band 's previous stage shows . Each show contained `` woodsy set pieces , projections of flora and fauna , and mic stands wrapped in lights and flowers , '' and each band member dressed in a vest . While reflecting on the theatrical nature of A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out touring , Urie commented : `` We did it and it was a lot of fun when we did it , but this time around I think we wanted to get back to a more intimate , personal setting , and scale it down a little bit . '' Ryan Ross explained that : `` It 's more about connecting with the audience and seeing what 's gon na happen every night . It 's not as scripted out and pre-planned . It makes it more exciting for us , and less monotonous every night . '' A live album , ... Live in Chicago , based on live recordings from Chicago during the Honda Civic Tour , was released December 2 , 2008 . An accompanying DVD contains photos from the tour , each music video from the album as well as behind - the - scenes footage of the videos and the tour , the short film Panic ! at the Disco In : American Valley , and the documentary feature based on the tour , All In A Day 's . Pretty . Odd. 's touring was also defined by a larger effort to remain environmentally conscious . On the tour , the band worked with two non-profit eco organizations : Reverb , which facilitates environmentally friendly touring ; and Global Inheritance , which seeks to inspire more eco-activism . In a 2008 interview , Ross revealed that the band traveling on a biodiesel bus , to re-using plastics , and recycling more backstage . The band went as far as to print tour booklets on recycled paper , with soy ink , and organize an `` eco-contest , '' in which profits from the tour went straight to environmental organizations . Lineup change and Vices & Virtues ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Main articles : Vices & Virtues and The Young Veins Ian Crawford ( left ) and Dallon Weekes ( right ) replaced Ross and Walker to tour Pretty . Odd . In spring 2009 , the band began recording material for its third studio album . However , on July 6 , 2009 , Ryan Ross and Jon Walker announced via the band 's official website that the two were leaving the band . In an interview following the split , Ross explained that he first brought the idea to Smith in late June 2009 over lunch : `` Spencer and I had lunch and caught up for a while , and then the big question came up , like , ' Well , what do you want to do ? ' and I said , ' Well , I think it might be best if we kind of do our own thing for a while , ' and he said , ' I 'm glad you said that , because I was going to say the same thing , ' '' Ross recalled . `` And there was really no argument , which is really the best way that could 've worked out . '' Ross said the split was largely due to creative differences between him and Urie . Urie wanted the band to explore a more polished pop sound , while Ross -- and , by extension , Walker -- was interested in making retro - inspired rock . Urie and Smith became the remaining original members of the band after the departure of Ross and Walker . The news asserted that both tour plans with blink - 182 in August 2009 and new album production `` will continue as previously announced . '' The following day , Alternative Press broke the news that `` New Perspective , '' the first song recorded without Ross and Walker , would debut the following month on radio and as a part of the soundtrack to the film Jennifer 's Body . On July 10 , 2009 , Alternative Press also reported that the band had regained the exclamation point , becoming , once again , Panic ! at the Disco . `` New Perspective '' was released on July 28 , 2009 . Former guitarist of pop rock band The Cab , Ian Crawford and Dallon Weekes , frontman of indie rock band The Brobecks , filled in for Ross and Walker on tour during the blink - 182 Summer Tour in August 2009 . The band re-entered the studio during early 2010 and spent much of the year recording the group 's third studio album . During this time , touring bassist Dallon Weekes joined the band 's official lineup along with Urie and Smith , making the band a three - piece . Although Weekes did not perform on the upcoming album , he was responsible for the conceptualization of the cover art of the album and was also featured on the album cover , masked and standing in the background behind Smith and Urie . On January 18 , 2011 , the band revealed that an album titled Vices & Virtues would officially be released on March 22 , 2011 . The album was produced by Butch Walker and John Feldmann . The record 's first single , `` The Ballad of Mona Lisa , '' was released digitally on February 1 , 2011 , with the music video being released February 8 , 2011 . Vices & Virtues was officially released March 22 , 2011 , to relatively positive critical reviews . The band began touring in support of the album , christened the Vices & Virtues Tour , in earnest beginning in February 2011 . The tour has sported the same electric , over-the - top theatricality the band was known for during the Fever era . `` I really miss wearing costumes and makeup , '' Urie told Spin . `` I love throwing a big production . I 've recently been reading about Tesla coils and I 'm trying to figure out how I can get one that sits on the stage and shoots sparks without hurting anybody . '' The group was scheduled to play the Australian Soundwave Revolution festival in September / October but the festival was canceled . The band performed at the Counter-Revolution mini-festival , the festival that took its place . On May 12 , 2011 , the band collaborated with indie pop band Fun. and the two groups embarked on an American tour , releasing a single together titled `` C'mon . '' Panic ! at the Disco contributed a new song `` Mercenary '' to the soundtrack for the video game Batman : Arkham City . Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! ( 2012 -- 2015 ) Main article : Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! After the unofficial departure of Smith due to drug addiction problems , Urie and Weekes were the remaining members of the band from 2013 to 2015 . After the Vices & Virtues tour cycle , Urie , Smith , and Weekes began writing and preparing for a fourth album . During the recording of the album , touring guitarist Ian Crawford , who joined the band in 2009 after the departure of Ryan Ross and Jon Walker , left the band citing his desire to make `` real , genuine '' music . On July 15 , 2013 , the album was announced as Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! , with a scheduled release date of October 8 , 2013 . The first single , `` Miss Jackson , '' was released on July 15 , 2013 , along with its music video to promote the album . Panic ! at the Disco opened for Fall Out Boy on the Save Rock And Roll Arena Tour with Kenneth Harris replacing Crawford . Panic ! at the Disco performing in Uncasville , Connecticut at the Mohegan Sun Arena during the Gospel Tour Shortly before the band began its first tour in support of the album , Smith wrote an open letter to fans regarding his abuse of alcohol and prescription medications since the recording of Pretty . Odd . Although Smith joined the band for the first handful of dates , he left the tour to `` continue fighting addiction . '' Urie posted on the band 's official website on August 7 , 2013 , that `` It 's become evident that Spencer still needs more time to take care of himself . I ca n't expect him to be fighting addiction one minute and be fully immersed in a national tour the next . With that said , the tour will continue without Spencer while he is away getting the help he needs . '' Since Spencer 's leave of absence , Dan Pawlovich of the band Valencia has filled in on tour . In an interview with Pure Fresh on September 23 , 2014 , Urie stated that he had already thought about ideas on the fifth studio album ; however , he was not sure if it would be a Panic ! at the Disco album , or a solo album . Urie has also stated there are no current plans for Smith to return to the band . Departure of Spencer Smith and Death of a Bachelor ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Main article : Death of a Bachelor On April 2 , 2015 , Smith announced that he had officially left the band . That same month , Urie revealed in an interview with Kerrang ! that he was working on new material for the band 's fifth studio album . After Smith 's departure , Weekes was the only remaining member since their first lineup change to not leave the band . On April 20 , 2015 , Urie released `` Hallelujah '' as a single without any previous formal announcements . It debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at No. 40 , the band 's second highest ever after `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies . '' The band performed at the KROQ Weenie Roast on May 16 , 2015 . On September 1 , 2015 , another song from the fifth studio album , `` Death of a Bachelor '' , premiered on an Apple Music broadcast hosted by Pete Wentz . The second single , `` Victorious '' was released at the end of the month . On October 22 , 2015 , through the band 's official Facebook page , Urie announced the new album as Death of a Bachelor with a scheduled release date of January 15 , 2016 . It is the first album written and composed by Urie with a team of writers , as the status of Weekes changed from an official member to that of a touring member once again . Weekes ' status was rumored during the promotion of Death of a Bachelor that he was no longer an official member , until it was confirmed by Weekes himself on October 24 , 2015 , via Twitter that he was `` not contributing creatively anymore . '' The third single `` Emperor 's New Clothes '' was released on the same day , along with the official music video . `` LA Devotee '' was released November 26 as a promotional single . On December 31 , 2015 , the band released `` Do n't Threaten Me with a Good Time . '' The band co-headlined the Weezer & Panic ! at the Disco Summer Tour 2016 with Weezer from June to August 2016 . The band released a cover of Queen 's `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' in August 2016 , on the Suicide Squad soundtrack album . On September 22 , 2016 , the band released the music video for `` LA Devotee . '' With the release came the announcement of the Death of a Bachelor Tour in 2017 . MisterWives and Saint Motel were announced as the opening acts . In a December 2016 interview , Urie said that he hoped to make a music video for every song on the album Death of a Bachelor . Departure of Dallon Weekes and Pray for the Wicked ( 2017 -- present ) On December 15 , 2017 , the band released their fourth live album All My Friends We 're Glorious : Death of a Bachelor Live . It was released as a limited - edition double - vinyl and digital download . Five days later , the band released a non-album Christmas song titled `` Feels Like Christmas . '' On December 27 , bassist Dallon Weekes officially announced his departure from Panic ! at the Disco after over eight years of performing in the band . On March 19 , 2018 , the band played a surprise show in Cleveland , Ohio with new touring bassist , Nicole Row . On March 21 , 2018 , the band released two new songs `` Say Amen ( Saturday Night ) '' and `` ( Fuck A ) Silver Lining . '' At the same time , the band also announced the Pray for the Wicked Tour and a new album called Pray for the Wicked . On June 7 , 2018 , the band performed at the fountains at the Bellagio prior to game 5 of the Stanley Cup Finals . The performance is said to have had sentimental value to the band as they took to the stage in their hometown . Musical style and influences Panic ! at the Disco performing in 2013 . Panic ! at the Disco -- `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' 30 - second sample from Panic ! at the Disco `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' , from the album A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Panic ! at the Disco have been known to change their sound each album . Musically , they have mainly been described as pop rock , pop , pop punk , baroque pop , electropop , synth - pop , dance - punk , power pop , alternative rock , emo pop , vaudeville , and emo . Panic ! at the Disco went on record many times saying that the group 's second album would be completely different from A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out , as Rolling Stone wrote in an article : `` The group cemented its next direction with their first single , called `` Nine in the Afternoon . '' `` It 's influenced by the music our parents listened to : the Beach Boys , the Kinks , the Beatles , '' says Ross . `` Our new songs are more like classic rock than modern rock . We got older and started listening to different music -- and this seems like the natural thing to do right now . '' Pretty . Odd . has been described as being like `` ( Panic ) dropping the entire Beatles catalog into a blender , adding some modern alternative ice and the horn section from Sonia Dada , then churning out a new - millennium Liverpool smoothie . '' In his review of the band 's live album , Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted , `` ... Pretty . Odd . suggests that they 're becoming that rare thing in 2008 : a pop - oriented rock band . They might not be doing this knowingly , but the results are entertaining all the same . '' Urie has cited bands / artists such as Frank Sinatra , Queen , David Bowie , Weezer , Green Day and My Chemical Romance as his biggest influences . Band members Main article : List of Panic ! at the Disco band members Current members Brendon Urie -- lead vocals , guitar , piano , keyboards ( 2004 -- present ) ; bass guitar ( 2005 -- 2010 , 2015 -- present ) ; drums ( 2015 -- present ) Former members Ryan Ross -- lead guitar , vocals , piano , keyboards , synthesizers ( 2004 -- 2009 ) ; lead vocals ( 2004 ) Spencer Smith -- drums , percussion ( 2004 -- 2015 ; inactive 2013 -- 2015 ) Brent Wilson -- bass guitar ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Jon Walker -- bass guitar , backing vocals , piano , keyboards , guitar ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Dallon Weekes -- bass guitar , vocals , piano , keyboards , guitar ( 2010 -- 2015 ; touring member 2009 -- 2010 , 2015 -- 2017 ) Discography Main article : Panic ! at the Disco discography A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out ( 2005 ) Pretty . Odd. ( 2008 ) Vices & Virtues ( 2011 ) Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! ( 2013 ) Death of a Bachelor ( 2016 ) Pray for the Wicked ( 2018 ) Tours Headlining 2005 Tour ( 2005 ) Nothing Rhymes with Circus ( 2006 ) Pretty . Odd . Tour ( 2008 ) Vices & Virtues Tour ( 2011 - 12 ) Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! Tour ( 2014 ) Gospel Tour ( 2014 ) Death of a Bachelor Tour ( 2017 ) Pray for the Wicked Tour ( 2018 ) Co-headlining Nintendo Fusion Tour ( with Fall Out Boy , The Starting Line , Motion City Soundtrack and Boys Night Out ) ( 2005 ) Honda Civic Tour ( with Motion City Soundtrack , Death Cab for Cutie , Phantom Planet and The Hush Sound ) ( 2008 ) Rock Band Live Tour ( with Dashboard Confessional ) ( 2008 ) Summer Tour 2016 ( with Weezer ) ( 2016 ) Opening Act Take Cover Tour ( for Acceptance and The Receiving End of Sirens ) ( 2005 ) Ambitious Ones and Smoking Guns Tour ( for The Academy Is ... ) ( 2006 ) Truckstops & Statelines Tour ( for The Academy Is ... ) ( 2006 ) Blink - 182 in Concert ( Blink - 182 ) ( 2009 ) Save Rock and Roll Tour ( for Fall Out Boy ) ( 2013 ) Awards and nominations Grammy Awards Year Category Nominated work Result Ref . 2017 Best Rock Album Death of a Bachelor Nominated MTV Video Music Awards Year Category Nominated work Result Ref . 2006 Video of the Year `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' Won Best New Artist in a Video Nominated Best Group Video Nominated Best Rock Video Nominated Best Art Direction Nominated 2008 Best Pop Video `` Nine in the Afternoon '' Nominated Best Direction Nominated 2016 Best Rock Video `` Victorious '' Nominated Other Awards Year Award Category Nominated work Result Ref . 2006 Teen Choice Awards Rock Track `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' Nominated TMF Awards Best Video International Won 2007 Los Premios MTV Latinoamérica Best International Rock Group Panic ! at the Disco Nominated Kerrang ! Awards Best International Band Nominated 2008 Los Premios MTV Latinoamérica Best International Rock Group Nominated MTV Asia Awards The Style Award Won Teen Choice Awards Rock Track `` Nine in the Afternoon '' Nominated 2011 Kerrang ! Awards Best Single `` The Ballad of Mona Lisa '' Nominated 2014 Alternative Press Music Awards Best Vocalist Brendon Urie Won Artist of the Year Panic ! at the Disco Nominated 2015 Best Bassist Dallon Weekes Nominated Best Live Band Panic ! at the Disco Nominated Rock Sound Readers Poll Video of the Year `` Emperor 's New Clothes '' Won 2016 Alternative Press Music Awards Best Music Video Won Song of the Year `` Hallelujah '' Won Artist of the Year Panic ! at the Disco Nominated 2017 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Group Nominated See also List of songs recorded by Panic ! at the Disco References ^ Jump up to : James Montgomery ( January 11 , 2008 ) . `` Panic at the Disco Explain Excised Exclamation Point : ' It Got A Little Bit Annoying ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cashmere , Paul ( January 13 , 2008 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco Change Their Name '' . GoConnect . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : allmusic ( ( ( Panic at the Disco -- Biography ) ) ) Jump up ^ Santiago , Brianna ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` Celebrities you did n't know graduated from Las Vegas high schools '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! comes home to play House of Blues '' . Las Vegas Sun . June 18 , 2011 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kalil , Mike ( October 28 , 2005 ) . `` Panic ! Attacks '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who are Panic ! at the Disco ? '' . BBC News . September 1 , 2006 . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dave Simpson ( June 20 , 2008 ) . `` Growing up is hard to do '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Brandon Herbel ( November 11 , 2005 ) . `` Panic ! At the Disco -- Interview '' . AbsolutePunk . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Emily Zemler ( October 3 , 2005 ) . `` Artist of the Day : Panic ! at the Disco '' . Spin . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : James Montgomery ( February 2 , 2006 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco Fight For Cred , Swear They Have No Beef with the Killers '' . MTV News . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Valerie Nome ( March 22 , 2011 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco Frontman Moves Forward '' . OK ! . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! Attack '' . Dose.ca . July 11 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2012 . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : James Montgomery ( July 31 , 2006 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco Carry Emo - Punk Banner into VMAs With Five Noms '' . MTV News . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cathy McCabe ( October 5 , 2006 ) . `` Time to hit panic button '' . Herald Sun . Australia . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Herald - Journal staff reports ( July 29 , 2005 ) . `` Fall Out Boy to lead Nintendo Fusion Tour '' . Herald - Journal . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gene Stout ( December 1 , 2006 ) . `` A sudden Panic ! has hit the world '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( May 18 , 2006 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco Claim Split With Bassist Was Amicable , Mutual Decision '' . MTV News . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( May 18 , 2006 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco Split Gets Nasty : Band Alleges Wilson Did Not Play On LP '' . MTV News . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( August 9 , 2006 ) . `` Ex-Panic ! At The Disco Bassist Initiates Legal Action Against Band '' . MTV News . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Academy Is ... . & Panic ! At The Disco -- ' The Ambitious Ones and Smoking Guns Tour ' '' . ContactMusic.com . January 16 , 2006 . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jem Aswad ( March 31 , 2006 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco Announce First Headlining North American Tour '' . MTV News . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! At The Disco speak after bottling '' . NME . August 25 , 2006 . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( October 3 , 2006 ) . `` For Next Tour , Panic ! At The Disco Relying On ... Motley Crue ? '' . MTV News . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Joanna Horowitz ( December 5 , 2006 ) . `` Circus troupe Panic ! steals the limelight '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kelefa Sanneh ( November 15 , 2006 ) . `` Rock ' n ' Roll ' n ' Circus , on Tour From Las Vegas '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! At The Disco Open Tour With Mime , Drum Line & Oh Yeah , And Rock -- MTV News '' . MTV News . Montgomery , James . August 11 , 2006 . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Corey Moss ( December 26 , 2006 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco Promise Vulgar Video , Want Movie Music For New LP '' . MTV News . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! At The Disco move into cabin to begin work on new LP '' . Alternative Press . March 8 , 2007 . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : James Montgomery ( August 7 , 2007 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco Try A Different Tack For New LP : Simplicity '' . MTV News . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : James Montgomery ( September 14 , 2007 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco Divulge Why They Wanted Second Chance at Second Album '' . MTV News . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( February 21 , 2008 ) . `` Panic at the Disco Promise New Album Is n't A Huge Departure : ' We 're Still The Same Guys ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Panic at the Disco 's Pretty . Odd . Is Pretty Huge '' . Marketwire. April 4 , 2008 . Retrieved February 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jason Bracelin ( April 3 , 2008 ) . `` Panic at the Disco riding high on CD sales '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved February 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( May 15 , 2008 ) . `` Panic at the Disco Measure Their Success With Live Shows : ' You Ca n't Download The Concert Ticket ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved February 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Barry Walters ( March 22 , 2008 ) . `` Pretty . Odd . -- Review '' . Spin . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( January 10 , 2008 ) . `` Panic at the Disco Name New LP ; Set To Headline Honda Civic Tour '' . MTV News . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( January 24 , 2008 ) . `` Panic at the Disco Exclusives : Sneak - Peek ' Afternoon ' Video , Hear Song '' . MTV News . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chris Harris ( July 31 , 2008 ) . `` Panic at the Disco , Dashboard Confessional To Co-Headline Rock Band Live Tour '' . MTV News . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chris Harris ( September 7 , 2008 ) . `` Panic at the Disco , Plain White T 's Help Launch Rock Band 2 At Pre-VMA Party '' . MTV News . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( January 22 , 2008 ) . `` Panic at the Disco Pledge To Drop Circus Theme , Underwear on Upcoming Tour '' . MTV News . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : John Norris ( May 9 , 2008 ) . `` Panic at the Disco Talk About New , Stripped - Down Show at NYC Concert '' . MTV News . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Larry Fitzmaurice ( November 25 , 2008 ) . `` Exclusive Video : Panic at the Disco 's New DVD '' . Spin . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Panic at the Disco Unveils LIVE IN CHICAGO '' . Marketwire . November 5 , 2008 . Retrieved February 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ John Norris ( May 9 , 2008 ) . `` Panic at the Disco Get ( Cough ) ' Green ' '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2013 . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Annie Zaleski ( January 24 , 2011 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco frontman Brendon Urie opens up about Vices & Virtues '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved January 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Tamar Anitai ( July 6 , 2009 ) . `` Ryan Ross And Jon Walker Quit Panic ! At The Disco '' . MTV News . Retrieved January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( July 13 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : Ryan Ross Talks About Leaving Panic ! At The Disco '' . MTV News . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AltPress Exclusive : First Ryan Ross-less Panic At The Disco song out August 17 '' . Alternative Press . July 7 , 2009 . Retrieved January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Panic at the Disco 's New Perspective -- News Article -- '' . Absolutepunk.net . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ James Montomery ( July 29 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : Spencer Smith Reveals New Members Of Panic ! At The Disco '' . MTV News . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Weekes , Dallon . `` Weekes ' album cover concept '' . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . Pauseandplay.com . October 18 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2006 . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ James Montomery ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco 's Vices & Virtues : Fever Dreams , New Perspectives '' . MTV News . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( March 14 , 2011 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco Line Up Vices & Virtues Tour Dates '' . MTV News . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vann Alexandra ( March 14 , 2011 ) . `` Preview : Panic ! at the Disco Plot Spring Tour '' . Spin . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ After all the teasing , Panic ! at the Disco 's song Archived April 20 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Decaydance . Retrieved September 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Trimboli , Grant . `` P ! aTD Touring Member Ian Crawford Leaving to Make ' Real , Genuine ' Music '' . Under The Gun Review . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Panic ! At The Disco Announce Fourth Studio Album Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Panic ! At The Disco Returns with New Album , ' Miss Jackson ' Single Billboard . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Spencer Smith Leaves Panic ! At The Disco Tour To Continue ' Fighting Addiction ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Panic ! At the Disco Stay Calm About Drummer Crisis , Embrace Creativity . Music.yahoo.com ( August 23 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Globo ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` Brendon Urie to release a solo album ? '' . Pure Fresh . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matt Crane ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` Brendon Urie reflects on the one - year anniversary of ' Too Weird To Live , Too Rare To Die ! ' '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Emily Carter ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Spencer Smith Officially Leaves Panic ! at the Disco '' . Kerrang ! . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brendon Urie Talks Spencer Smith And New Panic ! Material . Kerrang ! ( April 13 , 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Urie , Brendon . `` Panic ! at the Disco on Facebook -- Hallelujah '' . facebook.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Hello my fellow sinners , First off , thank you . Thank you for always being there . For speaking your mind . For following what you believe . For allowing me to grow . For granting me the opportunity to live my dream . Words simply ca n't express my full appreciation and gratitude for you . As I begin what feels like a new chapter of my life , I 'm filled with immense excitement and a fresh sense of hope . I 've seen this band through every phase , every change , every hardship . And yet my appreciation and love grows with every breath . So I lift my arms in praise of your greatness . YOU are great . YOU are beautiful . YOU are talented and smart , and kind , and loving , and generous , and simply amazing . And you make me want to scream `` HALLELUJAH ! '' from the top of my lungs with every bit of fervor and strength I possess . And I invite you to join me as you have over and over again . So Hallelujah , my fellow sinners . Hallelujah . Love , Brendon Urie Jump up ^ Urie , Brendon . `` Brendon Urie on Twitter -- `` All you sinners stand up ... # Hallelujah '' `` . twitter.com . Brendon Urie . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ KROQ Weenie Roast Y Fiesta 2015 Lineup & Ticket Info `` The World Famous KROQ . Kroq.cbslocal.com . Retrieved on January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carter , Emily ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Panic ! at the Disco Premiere New Song , Death of a Bachelor '' . Kerrang.com . Kerrang ! . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2015 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! at the Disco Shares New Song ' Victorious ' -- Billboard '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ EXCLUSIVE : Brendon Urie on How His Wife Inspired Panic ! At The Disco 's New Album Title , ' Death of a Bachelor '. 9news.com ( October 22 , 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! At The Disco announce new album , share first single '' . AXS . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! At The Disco Have Finally Announced A New Album Blunt Mag '' . Blunt Mag -- Alternative Music News , Reviews , and Interviews . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dallon Weekes on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Panic ! At The Disco stream new single ' LA Devotee ' -- listen . Nme.Com ( November 28 , 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Sharp , Tyler ( December 31 , 2015 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco Drop New Single , `` Do n't Threaten Me with a Good Time '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sharp , Tyler ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco , Weezer announce co-headlining tour '' . AltPress.com . Alternative Press . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad ' Soundtrack : Skrillex & Rick Ross , Panic ! at the Disco Cover ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' & More '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Suicide Squad Movie Soundtrack Revealed '' . screenrant.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Payne , Chris ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Panic ! at the Disco Drops ' LA Devotee ' Video With Will From ' Stranger Things , ' Shares 2017 Arena Tour '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` interview '' . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ EXCLUSIVE : Is A Panic ! & Twenty One Pilots Collab On The Way ? , retrieved December 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Panic ! At the Disco Plot New Live LP , ' All My Friends We 're Glorious ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dickman , Maggie ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco release ' Death Of A Bachelor ' live concert footage '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murray , Robin ( November 11 , 2017 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco Announce New Live Album '' . Clash music . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! At The Disco Delivers New Holiday Song ' Feels Like Christmas ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bassist Dallon Weekes Leaves Panic ! at the Disco : ' I 'm Grateful for the Chance I 've Had ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Payne , Chris ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Meet Panic ! at the Disco 's New Bassist Nicole Row '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! At The Disco introduce new bass player '' . Alternative Press . March 19 , 2018 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Melendez , Monique ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Panic ! at the Disco -- `` Say Amen ( Saturday Night ) '' / `` ( Fuck A ) Silver Lining '' `` . Spin . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dickman , Maggie ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco announce massive U.S. tour '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Moore , Sam ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco announce new album and unveil single ' Say Amen ( Saturday Night ) ' '' . NME . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas - based Panic ! at the Disco will perform in Vegas before Game 5 '' . Washington Post . June 7 , 2018 . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! at the Disco Set to Perform at Game 5 of the Stanley Cup : Exclusive '' . Billboard . June 6 , 2018 . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Beaumont , Mark ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Panic ! at the Disco review -- emo pop for a teen rebellion '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lashbrook , Alyssa ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Panic ! at the Disco -- Hallelujah & Death Of A Bachelor -- Single Reviews '' . Rolling Stone music reviews . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schleicher , Marnie. `` 8 Things You Missed From Panic ! at the Disco 's Oracle Arena Show '' . sfweekly . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mapes , Jillian ( January 19 , 2011 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco Sets Mar 29 Release for ' Vices & Virtues ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Maura ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Album review : Panic ! at the Disco , ' Death of a Bachelor ' '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chad Grischow ( March 29 , 2011 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco : Vices & Virtues Review : Shrinking the band does not necessarily mean shrinking the sound on new album '' . IGN . Retrieved March 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rolli , Bryan ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` The Killers and Panic ! at the Disco : How the Two Veteran Rock Bands Took the Long Way to the Top '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Panic ! at the Disco -- Death Of A Bachelor '' . Tuned Up . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Treacy , Christopher ( May 12 , 2008 ) . `` No need to Panic : Baroque pop band is better than ever '' . Boston herald . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lamb , Bill ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` Top 10 Panic ! At the Disco Songs '' . Thought Co . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Panic ! At The Disco : ' Death of a Bachelor ' Album Review '' . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! at the Disco Too Weird to Live too Rare to Die '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! at the Disco '' . Spin . October 3 , 2005 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Panic ! at the Disco Releases New Record '' . independent . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! at the Disco 's New Album ' Pray For The Wicked ' Is Here : Stream It Now '' . June 22 , 2018 . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Panic At The Disco Goes Psychedelic '' . Npr . September 19 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Aroesti , Rachel ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Panic ! at the Disco : Pray for the Wicked review -- a parade of emo - pop pizzazz '' . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pretty Odd -- Panic At The Disco And The Strange Death Of Emo '' . NME . July 7 , 2009 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived November 19 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Pretty . Interesting . Look at Panic ! at the Disco '' . Pluggedinonline.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . link Allmusic.com . February 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lainez , Sherwin ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` Panic ! at the Disco 's Brendon Urie Talks the Influence of Bowie , Queen , and Sinatra on Death of a Bachelor '' . ABC Radio . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spanos , Brittany ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Watch Panic ! at the Disco 's Brendon Urie Talk Working With Rivers Cuomo '' . Rollingstone . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Christina ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco Announces Tour For New Album ' Too Weird To Live , Too Rare To Die ' : See The Dates '' . Idolator . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Crane , Matt ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco announce The Gospel Tour with Walk The Moon '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Sydney ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco brings its Death of A Bachelor tour to the Wells Fargo Center '' . WXPN . University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Traiman , Steve ( July 17 , 2006 ) . `` Hawthorne Heights to headline Nintendo Fusion tour '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paul , Aubin ( January 24 , 2008 ) . `` Panic At the Disco / Motion City Soundtrack / Hush Sound / Phantom Planet on Honda Civic Tour '' . Punknews.org . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Harris , Chris ( July 30 , 2008 ) . `` Panic ! at the Disco , Dashboard Confessional To Co-headlining ' Rock Band ' Live Tour '' . MTV . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Acceptance , Cartel , Receiving End of Sirens and more to tour the US '' . Rockfreaks.net . July 22 , 2005 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Academy Is ... at Academy 2 - 10 / 10 '' . BBC . January 19 , 2006 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Academy Is ... announce `` Truckstops And Statelines '' tour `` . Alternative Press . November 30 , 2005 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Academy Is ... , Panic ! Plan ' Truckstops ' Tour '' . Spin . December 1 , 2005 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ; Elias , Matt ( May 20 , 2009 ) . `` Blink - 182 Tour Openers Possibly More Excited Than You Are '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2012 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Payne , Chris ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` Watch Panic ! At The Disco 's Brendon Urie Narrate Fall Out Boy 's Drunk History '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nappa , Tony ( September 6 , 2013 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco ' Save Rock and Roll ' Setlist '' . Infectious Magazine . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 59th Annual GRAMMY Awards Winners & Nominees '' . The GRAMMYs . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chris , Payne ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Flashback Friday : Panic ! at the Disco Wins 2006 Video of the Year VMA , Gets Speech Interrupted '' . billboard . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2010 MTV VMA Countdown : Avenged Sevenfold Scare The Children '' . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! At The Disco triumph at MTV awards '' . NME . Jump up ^ `` 2006 MTV Video Music Award Nominations '' . stereogum . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Panic ! At the Disco Songs '' . thoughtco . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! at the Disco Will be At the VMAS , But will ' Nine in the Afternoon ' Win Them A Moonman That Night ? '' . mtv . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Mtv Video Music Awards : See The List of VMAs Winners '' . mtv . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards - 2006 '' . Awards and Winners . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2014 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Payne , Chris ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Flashback Friday : Panic ! at the Disco Wins 2006 Video of the Year VMA , Gets Speech Interrupted '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Belinda Tops ' Los Premios MTV Latinoamerica 2007 ' With 5 Nominations '' . top40 - charts . September 13 , 2007 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kerrang ! Awards 2007 : It 's Enter Shakiri v My Chemical Romance '' . IndieLondon.co.uk . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Harris , Chris ( October 6 , 2008 ) . `` Metallica To Perform At Los Premios MTV Latinoamérica 2008 '' . MTV . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Yusof , Zack ( August 4 , 2008 ) . `` Party time at MTV Asia Awards 2008 '' . The Star Online . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Teen Choice Awards winners and nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . Arthur Ochs Sulzberger , Jr . June 17 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2008 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` And the nominees are ... '' Kerrang ! . Bauer Media Group . May 4 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` And The Skully Goes To : APMAs 2014 -- Winners + Nominees '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Here are all the 2015 APMAs nominees ! '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Biddulph , Andy ( December 31 , 2015 ) . `` Rock Sound Readers ' Poll Results : Video of the Year '' . Rock Sound . Jump up ^ `` Here 's a list of winners from the 2016 APMAs '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's a list of winners from the 2016 APMAs ( part 2 ) '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2017 : Full List Of Nominees '' . People 's Choice . November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Panic ! at the Disco . Official website Panic ! at the Disco at AllMusic hide Panic ! at the Disco Brendon Urie Brent Wilson Ryan Ross Jon Walker Spencer Smith Dallon Weekes Studio albums A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out Pretty . Odd . Vices & Virtues Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! Death of a Bachelor Pray for the Wicked Live albums ... Live in Chicago All My Friends We 're Glorious Singles `` The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage '' `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' `` But It 's Better If You Do '' `` Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off '' `` Build God , Then We 'll Talk '' `` Nine in the Afternoon '' `` Mad as Rabbits '' `` That Green Gentleman ( Things Have Changed ) '' `` Northern Downpour '' `` The Ballad of Mona Lisa '' `` Ready to Go ( Get Me Out of My Mind ) '' `` Let 's Kill Tonight '' `` Miss Jackson '' `` This Is Gospel '' `` Girls / Girls / Boys '' `` Hallelujah '' `` Victorious '' `` Emperor 's New Clothes '' `` Death of a Bachelor '' `` Say Amen ( Saturday Night ) '' `` High Hopes '' Other songs `` New Perspective '' `` LA Devotee '' `` Do n't Threaten Me with a Good Time '' `` Crazy = Genius '' `` King of the Clouds '' Tours Vices & Virtues Tour Summer Tour 2016 Death of a Bachelor Tour Pray for the Wicked Tour Related articles Band members Discography List of songs recorded The Young Veins BNF : cb150875895 ( data ) GND : 10339674 - 3 ISNI : 0000 0001 2174 1906 MusicBrainz : b9472588 - 93f3 - 4922 - a1a2 - 74082cdf9ce8 VIAF : 143485470 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panic!_at_the_Disco&oldid=850208020 '' Categories : Alternative rock groups from Nevada American pop music groups American pop punk groups American pop rock music groups Musical groups established in 2004 Musical groups from the Las Vegas Valley Decaydance Records artists Fueled by Ramen artists Crush Management artists Panic ! at the Disco 2004 establishments in Nevada Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Use mdy dates from June 2018 Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 12 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did kenny join panic at the disco | [
"Panic! at the Disco is an American rock band from Las Vegas, Nevada, formed in 2004 by childhood friends Brendon Urie, Ryan Ross, Spencer Smith and Brent Wilson. Since 2015, vocalist Urie is the only official member in the band, supported on tours by guitarist Kenneth Harris, drummer Dan Pawlovich, and bassist Nicole Row. Panic! at the Disco recorded its first demos while its members were in high school. Shortly after, the band recorded and released its debut studio album, A Fever You Can't Sweat Out (2005). Popularized by the second single, \"I Write Sins Not Tragedies,\" the album was certified double platinum in the US. In 2006, founding bassist Brent Wilson was fired from the band during an extensive world tour and subsequently replaced by Jon Walker.\n"
] | [
"2015"
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7363222709821153254 | The Fault in Our Stars | The Fault in Our Stars - wikipedia The Fault in Our Stars Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2012 novel . For the film based on the novel , see The Fault in Our Stars ( film ) . For the film 's soundtrack , see The Fault in Our Stars ( soundtrack ) . The Fault in Our Stars Author John Green Cover artist Rodrigo Corral Country United States Language English Genre Young adult novel Realistic fiction Published January 10 , 2012 ( Dutton Books ) Media type Print ( hardcover , paperback ) Pages 317 ISBN 0 - 525 - 47881 - 7 The Fault in Our Stars is the sixth novel by author John Green , published in January 2012 . The title is inspired by Act 1 , Scene 2 of Shakespeare 's play Julius Caesar , in which the nobleman Cassius says to Brutus : `` The fault , dear Brutus , is not in our stars , / But in ourselves , that we are underlings . '' The story is narrated by Hazel Grace Lancaster , a 16 - year - old girl with cancer . Hazel is forced by her parents to attend a support group where she subsequently meets and falls in love with 17 - year - old Augustus Waters , an ex-basketball player and amputee . A feature film adaptation of the novel directed by Josh Boone and starring Shailene Woodley , Ansel Elgort and Nat Wolff was released on June 6 , 2014 . Both the book and its film adaptation were met with strong critical and commercial success . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Publication history 3 Critical reception 4 Film adaptation 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Hazel Grace Lancaster -- a 16 - year - old with cancer that has spread to her lungs -- attends a cancer patient support group at her mother 's behest . At first she hesitates because she feels like it has done her nothing . She thinks attending the support group could be the worst part of her life , until a particular support meeting , Hazel meets a 17 - year - old boy named Augustus Waters , whose osteosarcoma caused him to lose his right leg , which was replaced with a prosthetic . On catching Augustus stare at her , Hazel feels weird . They meet after the Support Group and converse on the fact that they were not `` literally '' in the heart of Jesus , but in a basement . When everything seems to go well , Augustus pulls out a cigarette and puts it between his lips . Hazel is disgusted by this and yells at him saying that he 's already got cancer and he wants to pay money for more cancer , `` Not being able to breathe sucks , '' she yells . Augustus calmly explains the metaphor , which is , `` You put the thing that kills you right between your teeth but you do n't give it the power to kill you . '' Hazel , impressed by this , goes to his place to watch a movie . Augustus is at the meeting to support his friend , Isaac , whose only remaining eye is soon to be removed due to cancer . Hazel and Augustus strike a bond immediately and agree to read each other 's favorite novels . Augustus gives Hazel The Price of Dawn , and Hazel recommends An Imperial Affliction , a novel written by Peter Van Houten , who lives in Amsterdam , about a cancer - stricken girl named Anna that parallels Hazel 's own experience . After Augustus finishes reading her book , he is frustrated upon learning that the novel ends abruptly without a conclusion . Hazel explains the novel 's author had retreated following the novel 's publication and has not been heard from since . A week later , Augustus reveals to Hazel that he has tracked down Van Houten 's assistant , Lidewij , and , through her , has managed to start an e-mail correspondence with Van Houten . The two write to Van Houten with questions regarding the novel 's ending and the fate of the mother of Anna . Van Houten eventually replies , explaining that he can only answer Hazel 's questions in person . At a picnic , Augustus surprises Hazel with tickets to Amsterdam to meet Van Houten . While in Amsterdam , Augustus confesses his love for Hazel . Hazel and Augustus finally meet Van Houten but are shocked to find that he is a mean - spirited drunk . Horrified by Van Houten 's behavior , Lidewij confesses to having arranged the meeting on his behalf , angering Van Houten , who proceeds to insult Hazel 's cancer , starting an argument and causing Hazel and Augustus to flee from the drunken author 's home . Augustus confesses that his cancer has returned . The two affirm their love and support for each other . Upon their return to Indianapolis , Augustus 's health worsens and he ends up in the ICU for a few days . Fearing his death , Augustus invites Isaac and Hazel to his pre-funeral , where they give eulogies . An extremely sick Augustus dies soon after . This leaves Hazel heartbroken and she does n't know what to do with herself . After this traumatic event , Van Houten shows up at Augustus 's funeral to apologize to Hazel . Hazel learns that Augustus was writing a sequel to An Imperial Affliction . Hazel reads Augustus 's words . He says getting hurt in this world is inevitable , but we do get to choose whom we allow to hurt us , and that he is happy with his choice , and hopes she likes her choice too . The book closes with Hazel stating that she is happy with her choice . Publication history ( edit ) On December 21 , 2011 , Barnes & Noble accidentally shipped 1500 copies of The Fault in Our Stars before the release date to people who had pre-ordered the book . Green released a statement saying , `` Mistakes happen . The people who made this error were not bad or incompetent people , and they were not acting maliciously . We all make mistakes , and it is not my wish to see Barnes and Noble or any of their employees vilified . '' Many people who received the book pledged not to read it until its release date , January 10 , 2012 , or discuss it until the next day , January 11 , as per a request of Green 's not to spoil it for other readers . Most kept to this promise leaving the experience untarnished for those who got the book on the intended release date . The book rose to # 84 on the Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble bestseller lists in June 2011 shortly after its title was announced . Green promised that every pre-order would be hand - signed by him , requiring him to sign every copy of the first printing . He proposed that the general public vote on the color Sharpie he would use to sign the books , resulting in him signing the 150,000 books with a variety of Sharpie colors , each in proportion to the amount of votes received for that color . However , some people who ordered from international booksellers received unsigned copies because those bookstores , including Amazon UK , underestimated how many books they needed and ordered more after the signing was complete , but Green agreed to fix this problem , telling people with unsigned pre-orders to email him so they could be sent a signed bookplate . Many fans submitted their book cover designs to various outlets including Tumblr and Twitter , tagging Green in these posts so he could see them . The sizeable number of posts received has prompted Green 's publisher Penguin to seek a fan - designed cover for a reprint of one of Green 's other books , An Abundance of Katherines . The Fault in Our Stars debuted at # 1 on The New York Times Best Seller list for Children 's Chapter Books and remained in that spot for seven consecutive weeks . A Hebrew edition of The Fault in Our Stars was published in Israel in August 2012 and more editions of the novel are forthcoming in Dutch , German , Spanish , French , Swedish , Danish , Icelandic , Chinese , and Portuguese . The Fault in Our Stars has also gained places on several bestseller lists . It was # 1 on The Wall Street Journal bestseller list , # 1 on the Indiebound bestseller list , and # 9 on The Bookseller bestseller list . The novel was also The New York Times Book Review Editor 's Choice . As of January 2013 , there are nearly 1 million copies of the novel in print . In December 2012 , it was announced that a special edition with a silver cover and an expanded Q&A , dubbed the ' Exclusive Collector 's Edition ' , would be available from Barnes and Noble . All or at least most of the copies first available for purchase of this edition of the book contained a printing error wherein several pages of the first chapter were replaced with pages from the Q&A section at the back of the book . Critical reception ( edit ) The Fault in Our Stars received critical acclaim . Critics mostly praised the book for its humor , strong characters , language , themes and new perspective on cancer and romance . The New York Times ' review of the book called it `` a blend of melancholy , sweet , philosophical and funny '' and said that it `` stays the course of tragic realism '' , while noting that the book 's unpleasant plot details `` do nothing to diminish the romance ; in Green 's hands , they only make it more moving . '' NPR 's Rachel Syme noted that `` ( Green 's ) voice is so compulsively readable that it defies categorization , '' saying that the `` elegantly plotted '' book `` may be his best . '' Time called The Fault in Our Stars `` damn near genius . '' Entertainment Weekly wrote , `` ( Augustus and Hazel 's ) love story is as real as it is doomed , and the gut - busting laughs that come early in the novel make the luminous final pages all the more heartbreaking '' , and gave the novel an overall A − grade . Amazon.com calls it `` insightful , bold , irreverent , and raw '' and Green 's `` most ambitious and heartbreaking work yet . '' The Manila Bulletin says that the book is `` a collection of maudlin scenes and trite observations about the fragility of life and the wisdom of dying . And while it does talk about those things and more , the treatment of it is far from being maudlin or trite . '' The Manila Bulletin also added that `` Just two paragraphs into the work , and he immediately wallops the readers with such an insightful observation delivered in such an unsentimental way that its hard not to shake your head in admiration . '' The Manila Bulletin stated that The Fault in Our Stars was a triumph for John Green . USA Today called it a `` elegiac comedy . '' They gave the book a rating of four out of four stars. The School Library Journal stated that it was `` a strong choice for Adult Collections . '' The Fault in Our Stars received a starred review from Kirkus Reviews , who described it as `` a smartly crafted intellectual explosion of a romance . '' Several well - known authors have contributed their own positive reviews for the book . Jodi Picoult , author of My Sister 's Keeper , calls The Fault in Our Stars `` an electric portrait of young people who learn to live life with one foot in the grave . '' She goes on to say that the novel is `` filled with staccato bursts of humor and tragedy . '' Bestselling author of The Book Thief , Markus Zusak , describes it as `` a novel of life and death and the people caught in between '' and `` John Green at his best '' . Pertaining to Green 's writing throughout the book , E. Lockhart , author of The Boyfriend List , says `` He makes me laugh and gasp at the beauty of a sentence or the twist of a tale . He is one of the best writers alive and I am seething with envy of his talent . '' Time named The Fault in Our Stars as the # 1 fiction book of 2012 . Kirkus Reviews listed it among the top 100 children 's books of 2012 . It also made USA Today 's list of the top 10 books of 2012 . In 2013 , the Edmonton Journal named the book one of their `` favourite books of the year . '' One notable unfavorable opinion appeared in the Daily Mail . In the piece , the plot of The Fault in Our Stars was described as `` mawkish at best , exploitative at worst '' and the book was characterized as belonging to the `` sick - lit '' young adult genre , together with other young - adult novels such as Never Eighteen and Before I Die . This entire genre , as well as the genre of young - adult novels dealing with suicide and self - harm ( the piece mentions Thirteen Reasons Why , By the Time You Read This , I 'll Be Dead , The Lovely Bones , and Red Tears ) was criticized as being `` distasteful '' and inappropriate for their target audience of teens . The Guardian criticized the piece , pointing out in particular that The Fault in Our Stars was chosen by The Guardian as that month 's `` teen book club choice '' because `` it 's a gripping read , featuring two compelling characters , that deals sensitively and even humorously with a difficult situation without descending into mawkishness . '' In general , The Guardian faulted the Daily Mail for suggesting that the issues of illness , depression , and sexuality are inappropriate precisely `` in the one place where difficult subjects have traditionally been most sensitively explored for teens : fiction written specifically for them . '' For his part , in an interview for The Guardian , John Green said : `` The thing that bothered me about The Daily Mail piece was that it was a bit condescending to teenagers . I 'm tired of adults telling teenagers that they are n't smart , that they ca n't read critically , that they are n't thoughtful , and I feel like that article made those arguments . '' Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : The Fault in Our Stars ( film ) In January 2012 , Fox 2000 , a division of 20th Century Fox , optioned the rights to adapt the novel into a feature film . Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber wrote the adapted screenplay . Josh Boone signed on to direct a year later , in February 2013 . Wyck Godfrey and Marty Bowen produced the film . Shailene Woodley stars as Hazel , while Ansel Elgort plays Augustus . Nat Wolff was cast as Isaac , the friend that introduces them , and Laura Dern stars as Hazel 's mother . Sam Trammell was cast as Mr. Lancaster , Hazel 's father . On August 29 , 2013 , John Green announced that Mike Birbiglia would be playing Patrick , and on September 6 , 2013 , Green announced that Willem Dafoe would portray Peter Van Houten . Principal photography began on August 26 , 2013 , in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , which doubled for the novel 's setting of Indianapolis , Indiana , with a few days in Amsterdam , before concluding October 16 , 2013 . The film was released on June 6 , 2014 , in the United States . It was positively received by critics , with praise going to Woodley 's performance as well as the entire film . The film also proved to be commercially successful , retaining the No. 1 spot at the box - office during its opening weekend , and grossed over $307 million worldwide against its budget of $12 million . It was released on Blu - Ray and DVD on September 16 , 2014 . See also ( edit ) United States portal 2010s portal Children 's literature portal Novels portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Deahl , Rachel ( January 31 , 2012 ) . `` Fox Options John Green 's ' Fault in Our Stars ' '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Green , John ( 21 December 2011 ) . `` The Leaking of The Fault in Our Stars '' . John Green 's Tumblr . Retrieved 26 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Green , John ( December 23 , 2011 ) . `` There Will Be NO SPOILERS ! ! ! '' . Vlogbrothers . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trachtenberg , Jeffrey A ( 1 July 2011 ) . `` Tweeting from a La - Z - Boy , An Unfinished Book Hits No. 1 '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 24 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Green , John ( 29 June 2011 ) . `` The Fault in Our Stars '' . Vlogbrothers . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Green , John ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` Question Tuesday : The Fault in Our Stars is Here Edition '' . John Green Books . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Green , John . `` An Abundance of Covers Competition '' . Penguin Group . Retrieved 14 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers : January 29 , 2012 '' . The New York Times . January 22 , 2012 . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Heyman , Marshall ( February 18 , 2012 ) . `` The Young and the Sociable '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` JohnGreenBooks.com : The Fault in Our Stars '' . Retrieved 27 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Bob Minzesheimer ( 2013 - 01 - 16 ) . `` John and Hank Green rock Carnegie Hall '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Sprague , Rachel ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Fault in Our Stars ' collector 's edition publish date pushed back '' . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Standiford , Natalie ( January 15 , 2012 ) . `` The Tenacity of Hope '' . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Syme , Rachel ( January 17 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Fault In Our Stars ' : Love In A Time Of Cancer '' . NPR . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Lev Grossman ( February 6 , 2012 ) . `` The Topic of Cancer '' . Time . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stephan Lee ( January 11 , 2012 ) . `` The Fault in Our Stars '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon.com : The Fault in Our Stars '' . Retrieved 27 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Love in The Time Of The Big C '' . Manila Bulletin . 9 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Minzesheimer , Bob ( 2012 - 02 - 02 ) . `` ' The Fault in Our Stars '' : not a cancer book `` . USA Today . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Fault in Our Stars '' . School Library Journal . April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Fault in Our Stars '' . Kirkus Reviews . 10 January 2012 . Retrieved 24 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Lev Grossman ( December 4 , 2012 ) . `` Top 10 Fiction Books '' . Time . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Vicky . `` Best Children 's Books of 2012 ( Page 24 ) '' . Kirkus Reviews . Retrieved 24 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Deirdre Donahue , Jocelyn McClurg , Carol Memmott , Bob Minzesheimer and Craig Wilson ( 21 December 2012 ) . `` 10 books we loved in 2012 '' . USA Today . Retrieved 26 December 2013 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Le Blanc , Brittney ( 16 December 2013 ) . `` Edmonton Journal staff pick favourite books of the year '' . Edmonton Journal . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 26 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Tanith , Carey ( 2013 - 01 - 03 ) . `` The ′ sick - lit ′ books aimed at children : It 's a disturbing phenomenon . Tales of teenage cancer , self - harm and suicide ... '' . The Daily Mail . United Kingdom . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Pauli , Michelle ( 2013 - 01 - 04 ) . `` ′ Sick - lit ′ ? Evidently young adult fiction is too complex for The Daily Mail '' . The Guardian . United Kingdom . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` John Green : ' I 'm tired of adults telling teenagers that they are n't smart ' '' . The Guardian . United Kingdom . 2013 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Fault in Our Stars Movie Lands Director '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Laura Dern Joins ' Fault in Our Stars ' '' . Variety . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sara Vilkomerson ( March 19 , 2013 ) . `` Shailene Woodley offered lead role for ' The Fault in Our Stars ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sara Vilkomerson ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` Ansel Elgort offered lead in ' The Fault in Our Stars ' opposite Shailene Woodley -- Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vilkomerson , Sara ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Nat Wolff cast as Isaac in ' The Fault in Our Stars ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ David , Jesse ( 2013 - 08 - 15 ) . `` True Blood 's Trammell Joins Fault in Our Stars '' . Vulture . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Schooley , Tim ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Fox 2000 shoots for ' Stars ' in Pittsburgh '' . Pittsburgh Business Times . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Axelrad , Jacob ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` New film ' Fault in Our Stars ' to be shot in Pittsburgh '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Deutsch , Lindsay ( 8 October 2013 ) . `` ' The Fault In Our Stars ' movie gets a release date '' . USA Today . Retrieved 26 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Fault In Our Stars ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDB . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Fault In Our Stars '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Fault in Our Stars Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Fault in Our Stars ( hide ) Works by John Green Fiction Looking for Alaska ( 2005 ) An Abundance of Katherines ( 2006 ) Paper Towns ( 2008 ) The Fault in Our Stars ( 2012 ) Turtles All the Way Down ( 2017 ) Co-authored fiction Let It Snow : Three Holiday Romances ( 2008 ) Will Grayson , Will Grayson ( 2010 ) YouTube projects Vlogbrothers ( 2007 -- present ) Crash Course ( 2011 -- present ) The Art Assignment ( 2014 -- present ) Adaptations The Fault in Our Stars ( 2014 film ) Paper Towns ( 2015 film ) Let It Snow ( 2017 film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fault_in_Our_Stars&oldid=808247224 '' Categories : 2012 American novels Books about cancer American young adult novels American romance novels Novels set in Amsterdam Novels set in Indianapolis American novels adapted into films Novels by John Green Books by YouTube personalities Books with cover art by Rodrigo Corral Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Русский Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 19 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the fault in our stars published | [
"\nThe Fault in Our Stars\n\n\n\n\nAuthor\nJohn Green\n\n\nCover artist\nRodrigo Corral\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nGenre\n\n\n\nYoung adult novel\nRealistic fiction\n\n\n\n\n\nPublished\nJanuary 10, 2012 (Dutton Books)\n\n\nMedia type\nPrint (hardcover, paperback)\n\n\nPages\n317\n\n\nISBN\n0-525-47881-7\n\n"
] | [
"January 10, 2012"
] |
-4191245744349155770 | Amelia Lily | Amelia Lily - wikipedia Amelia Lily Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject . It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia 's content policies , particularly neutral point of view . Please discuss further on the talk page . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Amelia Lily Lily performing in 2012 Background information Birth name Amelia Lily Oliver ( 1994 - 10 - 16 ) 16 October 1994 ( age 22 ) Nunthorpe , Middlesbrough , England , United Kingdom Genres Pop , dance , pop rock Occupation ( s ) Singer , songwriter , recording artist Instruments Vocals Years active 2011 -- present Labels Xenomania , Sony , Warner Associated acts Kelly Rowland Website www.amelialily.com Amelia Lily ( born Amelia Lily Oliver ; 16 October 1994 ) is an English actress and pop singer who finished third on the eighth series of The X Factor in 2011 and was the runner - up on Celebrity Big Brother 20 . Following The X Factor , Lily signed a £ 500,000 record deal with Sony . She then released a single called `` You Bring Me Joy '' , which charted across the United Kingdom . The single peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart and number twenty one in the Republic of Ireland . Lily 's follow up single during 2013 called `` Shut Up ( And Give Me Whatever You Got ) '' charted within the UK Singles Chart with a Top 15 result of Number eleven . Lily 's second single in 2013 `` Party Over '' peaked within the top forty of the UK Singles Chart . During 2015 Lily joined the cast of American Idiot the musical as a lead role of `` Whatsername '' , in the show Lily performs the songs `` She 's a Rebel '' , `` Last Night on Earth '' , `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' and `` 21 Guns '' . Lily also performs a solo song during the show called `` Letterbomb '' . Previously Lily had musical production experience having already performed as part of the cast of Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat as the narrator claiming a lead role . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 2011 : The X Factor 2.1. 1 Performances on The X Factor 2.2 2012 : Be a Fighter 2.3 2013 : Girls Aloud and Olly Murs Tour 2.4 2014 : California 2.5 2015 -- present : Theatre and Celebrity Big Brother 3 Artistry 4 Personal life 5 Discography 5.1 Singles 5.1. 1 As lead artist 5.1. 2 As featured artist 6 References Early life ( edit ) The daughter of Aranka Bradley and Barry Oliver , Amelia Lily was born on 16 October 1994 in Nunthorpe , Middlesbrough . She was educated at Chandlers Ridge Primary school followed by the independent , fee - paying Teesside High School , in nearby Eaglescliffe . Lily began her musical career while still a secondary school pupil by posting videos of herself singing on YouTube . Her cover of Adele 's `` Someone Like You '' garnered over 1 million views . From the age of 13 , she began writing songs with her guitar and aspired to be a country singer after being brought up listening to it . She was a figure skater for 6 years during her childhood . She was also working on the tills at a garden centre in Nunthorpe , for £ 4.90 an hour , which she `` absolutely hated '' . Lily declared in an interview for The Sun that she suffered bullying for five years at a previous school , saying she `` had no friends '' , and `` used to come home crying all the time '' . The newspaper reported that bullies picked on her because of her different style and , even after Lily was asked to sing at an assembly , they said she `` would never make it '' . On a SugarScape interview in August 2012 , she revealed that she wanted to be a nun when she was younger . Career ( edit ) 2011 : the X Factor ( edit ) Known as the `` Comeback Kid '' , Lily auditioned for The X Factor in Liverpool in front of judges Louis Walsh , Gary Barlow , Tulisa , and Kelly Rowland in 2011 . She sang Erma Franklin 's `` Piece of My Heart '' and won praise from all four judges . Gary Barlow said `` ... oh my goodness , 16 years old that was incredible . That absolutely lifted the top of this arena , well done . Amazing vocals . Amelia I am blown away ... '' She progressed through boot camp to the judges ' houses , where she sang `` E.T. '' by Katy Perry in front of Rowland and guest judge Jennifer Hudson . Lily made it to the live shows in Rowland 's girls category , along with Misha B , Janet Devlin and Sophie Habibis . She performed `` Billie Jean '' receiving positive reviews . The judges loved her performance on the Britain vs America theme show , with Louis telling her : `` Amelia , you deserve to be on that stage '' ; Gary also gave her thumbs - up , commenting : `` That was a really great opening to the show '' but she was the first of the girls category to be eliminated from the live shows on 9 October by decision of her mentor . There was no public vote in the inaugural live show . After her surprise elimination , Lily continued to perform at clubs . Prior to the sixth live show of The X Factor , it was announced that Frankie Cocozza had been axed and that the public would be given the chance to reinstate a contestant eliminated during the first live show . Lily was voted back into the competition after winning 48.8 % of the vote , beating 2 Shoes , James Michael and Jonjo Kerr . Her comeback performance of `` The Show Must Go On '' received critical acclaim from all four judges . In week 7 she sang Think by Aretha Franklin . Despite positive comments from the judges , she was in the bottom two with Craig Colton , and was saved after Barlow and Tulisa voted to send Colton through to the quarter - final while Rowland and Walsh who had the casting vote voted to send Lily through to the quarter - final . This meant Walsh sent the result to deadlock and Lily was sent through to the quarter - final . The following week , Lily again received critical acclaim from the judges for her two performances : China in Your Hand and Since U Been Gone , with Barlow commenting that it was `` really nice to hear ( ' China in Your Hand ' ) sung in tune . '' It was later revealed that she topped the public vote in the quarter - final and semi-final . On 4 December , she won a place in the final along with Little Mix and Marcus Collins . Throughout the series , she topped the public vote twice and was in the bottom two only once before reaching the finals , where she finished in third place with 26.5 per cent of the public vote . Performances on The X Factor ( edit ) Episode Song Result Audition `` Piece of My Heart '' Advanced Bootcamp 1 `` You 've Got the Love '' ( group performance ) Advanced Bootcamp 2 `` Nobody Knows '' Advanced Judges ' houses `` E.T. '' Advanced `` You and I '' Live show 1 `` Billie Jean '' Not saved by Kelly Rowland Eliminated Return vote N / A 1st ( 48.8 % ) Reinstated Live show 6 `` The Show Must Go On '' 1st ( 27.4 % ) Live show 7 `` Think '' 5th ( 11.3 % ) Bottom two Results show 7 `` You and I '' ( final showdown performance ) Saved by judges Live show 8 `` China in Your Hand '' 1st ( 23.8 % ) `` Since U Been Gone '' Live show 9 ( semi-final ) `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' 3rd ( 21.4 % ) `` I 'm with You '' Live show 10 ( final ) `` Ai n't No Other Man '' 3rd ( 26.5 % ) Eliminated `` River Deep -- Mountain High '' ( duet with Kelly Rowland ) 2012 : be a Fighter ( edit ) After Lily embarked on the X Factor tour , it was announced that she had signed a £ 500,000 record deal with Sony subsidiary Xenomania . In September 2012 , she released her debut single , `` You Bring Me Joy '' , which reached number one on iTunes following its release , eventually charting at number two in the UK . Her second single , `` Shut Up ( and Give Me Whatever You Got ) '' , was released in January 2013 , peaking at number 11 on the UK Singles Chart . Her third single , `` Party Over '' , was released in April 2013 and reached number 40 . Her debut album was planned to be released on 29 April 2013 , and was to be titled Be a Fighter . Lily described the album as featuring an eclectic range of genres -- `` There 's a bit of dubstep on there as well which I think will surprise people ! The sound is all over the place but I think the record works because we 've only included songs that I really connected with . '' Lily announced in July 2013 that the album 's release had been postponed to record new material for it as she wanted it to be `` perfect '' . Be a Fighter appeared on online retailers later in 2013 with a new release date of 4 February 2014 , but was subsequently taken down . 2013 : girls Aloud and Olly Murs tour ( edit ) Lily was the support act for Girls Aloud 's arena tour , Ten : The Hits Tour , participating from 21 February to 20 March 2013 . On the tour Lily was the opening act for several tour dates , she notably performed You Bring Me Joy and a Bruno Mars cover Locked Out of Heaven . `` You Bring Me Joy '' was at the time at Number 2 on the English Charts . Lily was also the main support act for Olly Murs 's gig at the INTRO Festival . She also performed at Allstarz Summer Party at Madejski Stadium in Reading and later Chester Rocks at Chester Racecourse in June 2013 , both of which were alongside Jessie J and Lawson . 2014 : California ( edit ) In July 2014 , Lily announced the release of a single titled `` California '' on Warner Music , due for release 7 September . On 25 July , Lily released the music video for `` California '' on 25 July 2014 . The music video has gained 467,529 viewers . In 2016 , a promo CD featuring the explicit version of `` California '' appeared online including two new tracks , `` The Best Of Me Yet ( Greatest Night ) '' and `` U Get Me '' . 2015 -- present : theatre and Celebrity Big Brother ( edit ) In November 2014 it was announced that Lily would be replacing Marcus Collins in the UK tour of Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat from February 2015 . In May , the London Evening Standard announced that Lily would be taking on the role of Whatsername when Green Day 's American Idiot comes to London . She competed in Celebrity Big Brother 2017 . Lily left the house on Day 25 as the runner up behind Sarah Harding . Artistry ( edit ) Lily credits Pink as her major musical influence and idol . She also admires Kelly Clarkson , and cited her as her hero during The X Factor , singing one of her songs in the show , `` Since U Been Gone '' . Personal life ( edit ) Lily is a Type 1 diabetic , having been diagnosed with the condition aged three . She is the sister of Any Dream Will Do 's Lewis Bradley . Discography ( edit ) Singles ( edit ) As lead artist ( edit ) Year Title Peak chart positions Certifications Album UK IRE NL SCO 2012 `` You Bring Me Joy '' 21 67 BPI : Silver Non-album singles 2013 `` Shut Up ( and Give Me Whatever You Got ) '' 11 63 -- 8 `` Party Over '' 40 -- -- 36 2014 `` California '' 83 -- -- 43 `` -- '' denotes single that did not chart or was not released . As featured artist ( edit ) Year Title Peak chart positions Album UK IRE SCO 2011 `` Wishing on a Star '' ( as part of The X Factor Finalists 2011 featuring JLS and One Direction ) Charity single References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` AMELIA LILY '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Amelia Lily '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Amelia Lily - X Factor - Adele - Someone Like You '' . YouTube . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amelia Lily interview '' . CraveOnMusic . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Smart , Gordon ( July 2012 ) . `` The Sun , UK '' . London . Jump up ^ Smart , Gordon . `` X Factor finalist Amelia Lily on debut single and ambitions -- The Sun -- Showbiz -- Bizarre '' . The Sun . London . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Amelia Lily : ' I wanted to be a nun when I was younger ' '' . SugarScape . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Bull , Sarah ( December 2011 ) . `` Mail Online , UK '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` Tellymix.co.uk '' . September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' X Factor ' Amelia Lily ' lands three - album record deal ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Amelia Lily hits number one on iTunes with ' You Bring Me Joy ' '' . Digital Spy. 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Script beat Amelia Lily to score first UK No. 1 single '' . Digital Spy. 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Robert ( 21 February 2013 ) . `` Amelia Lily previews new single ' Party Over ' - listen '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 28 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Corner , Lewis ( 27 February 2013 ) . `` Amelia Lily debuts new single ' Party Over ' - listen '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 28 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Amelia Lily : ' New album has dubstep , soul ' '' . Digital Spy. 7 August 2012 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Amelia Lily still working on debut album : ' I want it to be perfect ' Digital Spy Jump up ^ Copsey , Robert ( 19 February 2013 ) . `` Amelia Lily to support Girls Aloud UK arena tour '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 28 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Pain , Andrew ( 28 February 2013 ) . `` Amelia Lily to support at Olly Murs gig in Middlesbrough '' . Evening Gazette . Retrieved 28 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Becky . `` Review : Allstarz Summer Party at Madejski Stadium '' . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` X Factor 's Amelia Lily joins Joseph tour as Narrator '' . WhatsOnStage.com . Jump up ^ `` X Factor finalist thanks Simon Cowell as she makes West End debut as '' . London Evening Standard . Jump up ^ `` Amelia Lily - Bio '' . Heat . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Amelia does Kelly ... Clarkson not Rowland - The X Factor 2011 Live Show 8 ( Full Version ) '' . YouTube . TheXFactorUK . Retrieved 28 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Amelia Lily - Diabetes UK '' . Diabetes UK . Retrieved 11 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Amelia Lily > UK Charts '' . Official Charts Company . officialcharts.com/ . Jump up ^ `` Discography Amelia Lily '' . irish-charts.com . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` Discografie Amelia Lily '' . Dutch Charts Portal . Hung Medien ( Steffen Hung ) . Jump up ^ Peak positions for Scotland : For `` You Bring Me Joy '' : `` Chart Archive > 22 September 2012 '' . Official Charts Company . 22 September 2012 . For `` Shut Up ( and Give Me Whatever You Got ) '' : `` Chart Archive > 2 February 2013 '' . Official Charts Company . 2 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 26 May 2013 . For `` Party Over '' : `` Chart Archive > 4 May 2013 '' . Official Charts Company . 4 May 2013 . For `` California '' : `` Chart Archive > 14 September 2014 '' . Official Charts Company . 14 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certified Awards '' ( enter `` Amelia Lily '' into the `` Keywords '' box , then select `` Search '' ) . British Phonographic Industry . Jump up ^ Peak positions for the featured singles in the UK : For `` Wishing on a Star '' : `` Chart Archive > 10 December 2011 '' . Official Charts Company . 10 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Peak positions for the featured singles in Ireland : For `` Wishing on a Star '' : `` Chart Archive > Week Ending : 1 December 2011 '' . IRMA. 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Peak positions for the featured singles in Scotland : For `` Wishing on a Star '' : `` Chart Archive > 10 December 2011 '' . Official Charts Company . 10 December 2011 . Amelia Lily Singles `` You Bring Me Joy '' `` Shut Up ( And Give Me Whatever You Got ) '' `` Party Over '' `` California '' Featured singles `` Wishing on a Star '' Related articles The X Factor series 8 finalists Notable contestants of The X Factor ( UK ) Series 1 Steve Brookstein G4 Tabby Callaghan Rowetta Satchell Roberta Howett Lloyd Wade Series 2 Shayne Ward Andy Abraham Journey South Brenda Edwards Chico Slimani The Conway Sisters Maria Lawson Series 3 Leona Lewis Ray Quinn Ben Mills The MacDonald Brothers Kerry McGregor Avenue The Dolly Rockers Tiwa Savage Series 4 Leon Jackson Rhydian Roberts Same Difference Niki Evans Hope Matthew Protheroe Daniel de Bourg Series 5 Alexandra Burke JLS Eoghan Quigg Diana Vickers Ruth Lorenzo Laura White Annastasia Baker Series 6 Joe McElderry Olly Murs Stacey Solomon Jedward Lucie Jones Stacey McClean Daniel Pearce Series 7 Matt Cardle Rebecca Ferguson One Direction Cher Lloyd Mary Byrne Katie Waissel Aiden Grimshaw Belle Amie John Adeleye The Reason Twem Annastasia Baker Series 8 Little Mix Marcus Collins Amelia Lily Misha B Janet Devlin Kitty Brucknell Frankie Cocozza Series 9 James Arthur Jahméne Douglas Christopher Maloney Union J Rylan Clark Ella Henderson . Lucy Spraggan Carolynne Poole Nathan Fagan - Gayle Stephanie McMichael Series 10 Sam Bailey Nicholas McDonald Luke Friend Rough Copy Megan McKenna Series 11 Ben Haenow Fleur East Andrea Faustini Lauren Platt Stereo Kicks Stevi Ritchie Only the Young Jake Quickenden Chloe Jasmine Blonde Electra Lizzy Pattinson Raign Series 12 Louisa Johnson Reggie ' n ' Bollie 4th Impact Series 13 Matt Terry Saara Aalto Ryan Lawrie Sada Vidoo MusicBrainz : 48e114c4 - 91ba - 4a6a - bea7 - e7f6615f1dd4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amelia_Lily&oldid=797451666 '' Categories : 1994 births English singer - songwriters English Roman Catholics Living people People from Nunthorpe The X Factor ( UK TV series ) contestants English female pop singers People with diabetes mellitus type 1 Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2014 Wikipedia articles with possible conflicts of interest from March 2014 BLP articles lacking sources from March 2014 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano Português Română Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2017 , at 04 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did amelia lily come on the x factor | [
"Known as the \"Comeback Kid\",[8] Lily auditioned for The X Factor in Liverpool in front of judges Louis Walsh, Gary Barlow, Tulisa, and Kelly Rowland in 2011. She sang Erma Franklin's \"Piece of My Heart\" and won praise from all four judges. Gary Barlow said \"...oh my goodness, 16 years old that was incredible. That absolutely lifted the top of this arena, well done. Amazing vocals. Amelia I am blown away...\"[9]"
] | [
"2011"
] |
5077608514224559591 | The Wizard of Oz (1925 film) | The Wizard of Oz ( 1925 film ) - wikipedia The Wizard of Oz ( 1925 film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Wizard of Oz Directed by Larry Semon Produced by Larry Semon Written by Larry Semon L. Frank Baum , Jr . Based on The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum Starring Larry Semon Bryant Washburn Dorothy Dwan Virginia Pearson Oliver Hardy Charles Murray Cinematography Frank B. Good H.F. Koenekamp Leonard Smith Edited by Sam S. Zimbalist Distributed by Chadwick Pictures Corporation Release date April 13 , 1925 ( 1925 - 04 - 13 ) Running time 93 minutes 85 min ( cut edition ) Country United States Language Silent film English intertitles The Wizard of Oz is a 1925 American silent film directed by Larry Semon , who also appears in a lead role -- that of a farmhand disguised as a Scarecrow . The only completed 1920s adaptation of L. Frank Baum 's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , this film features Oliver Hardy as the Tin Woodman . Dorothy is portrayed by Dorothy Dwan . `` L. Frank Baum , Jr . '' is top - billed with the writing of the script . This is Frank Joslyn Baum , Baum 's eldest son , and although his actual contribution to the screenplay is doubted by Baum scholar Michael Patrick Hearn , he was certainly involved in the business angle of the production . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Television 6 Home media 7 Music 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Play media The complete movie A toymaker ( Semon ) reads L. Frank Baum 's book to his granddaughter . The Land of Oz is ruled by Prime Minister Kruel ( Josef Swickard ) , aided by Ambassador Wikked ( Otto Lederer ) , Lady Vishuss ( Virginia Pearson ) , and the Wizard ( Charles Murray ) , a `` medicine - show hokum hustler '' . When the discontented people , led by Prince Kynd ( Bryant Washburn ) , demand the return of the princess , who disappeared while a baby many years before , so she can be crowned their rightful ruler , Kruel has the Wizard distract them with a parlor trick : making a female impersonator ( Frederick Ko Vert ) appear out of a seemingly empty basket . Kruel sends Wikked on a mission . Meanwhile , in Kansas , Dorothy ( Dorothy Dwan ) lives on a farm with her relatives . While Aunt Em ( Mary Carr ) is a kind and caring woman , Uncle Henry ( Frank Alexander ) is an obese man with a short temper who shows little love for his niece . He also abuses his farmhands : Snowball ( credited to G. Howe Black , a stage name for Spencer Bell , who frequently appeared in Semon 's films ) and Hardy 's and Semon 's unnamed characters . The latter two are both in love with Dorothy , who favors Hardy 's character . Aunt Em reveals to Dorothy that she was placed on their doorstep as a baby , along with an envelope and instructions that it be opened only when she turned 18 . On her 18th birthday , however , Wikked and his minions arrive at the farm by biplane and demand the envelope . When Uncle Henry refuses to hand it over , Wikked suborns Hardy 's character by promising him wealth and Dorothy . Wikked then has Dorothy tied to a rope and raised high up a tower ; his men start a fire underneath the rope . Hardy 's character finds the note , but Semon 's character takes it and saves Dorothy , only to have Wikked and his men capture them all at gunpoint . Then a tornado suddenly strikes . Dorothy , the two rivals for her affections and Uncle Henry take shelter in a shed . It ( and Snowball ) are carried aloft and land in Oz . Dorothy finally reads the contents of the envelope ; it declares that she , Princess Dorothea , is the rightful ruler of Oz . Thwarted , Kruel blames the farmhands for kidnapping her and orders the Wizard to transform them into something else , such as monkeys , which he is of course unable to do . Chased by Kruel 's soldiers , Semon 's character disguises himself as a scarecrow , while Hardy 's improvises a costume from the pile of tin in which he is hiding . They are still eventually taken captive . During their trial , the Tin Man accuses his fellow farmhands of kidnapping Dorothy . Kynd has the Scarecrow and Snowball put in the dungeon . Kruel makes the Tin Man `` Knight of the Garter '' and Uncle Henry the `` Prince of Whales '' . Wikked suggests he retain his power by marrying Dorothy . The Wizard helps the two prisoners escape by giving Snowball a lion costume , which he uses to scare away the guards . Though the Scarecrow manages to reach Dorothy to warn her against Kruel , he is chased back down into the dungeon by the Tin Man , and ends up getting trapped inside a lion cage ( with real lions ) for a while . He and Snowball finally escape . When Kynd finds Kruel trying to force Dorothy to marry him , they engage in a sword fight . When Kruel 's henchmen intervene and help disarm Kynd , the Scarecrow saves Dorothy and Kynd . Defeated , Kruel claims that he took Dorothy to Kansas in order to protect her from court factions out to harm her , but she orders that he be taken away . The Scarecrow is heartbroken to discover that Dorothy has fallen for Prince Kynd . He then flees up a tower from the Tin Man , who tries to blast him with a cannon . Snowball flies a biplane overhead , and the Scarecrow manages to grab a rope ladder dangling underneath it . However , the ladder breaks , and he falls . The scene shifts abruptly back to the little girl , who had fallen asleep . She wakes up and leaves . The grandfather reads from the book that Dorothy marries Prince Kynd and they live happily ever after . Cast ( edit ) Dorothy Dwan as Dorothy Larry Semon as a farmhand / the Scarecrow Oliver Hardy as another farmhand / the Tin Man Spencer Bell as Snowball / the Cowardly Lion . In the credits he is listed as G. Howe Black . Charles Murray as the Wizard Bryant Washburn as Prince Kynd Josef Swickard as Prime Minister Kruel Mary Carr as Aunt Em Frank Alexander as Uncle Henry Virginia Pearson as Lady Vishuss , Otto Lederer as Ambassador Wikked Frederick Ko Vert as the Phantom of the Basket The names of William Hauber and William Dinus appear in the cast list at the beginning of the film , but the characters they play are not given . It is also thought that Chester Conklin and Wanda Hawley made minor appearances in the film , but their names do not appear in the credits . Production ( edit ) The film departs radically from the novel upon which it is based , introducing new characters and exploits . Along with a completely different plot , the film is all set in a world that is only barely recognizable as the Land of Oz from the books . The film focuses mainly upon Semon 's character , who is analogous to Ray Bolger 's Scarecrow character in the 1939 version . The major departure from the book and film is that the Scarecrow , the Tin Man , and the Cowardly Lion are not actually characters , but are in fact disguises donned by three farm hands who find themselves swept into Oz by a tornado . Dorothy is here played by Dorothy Dwan -- Semon 's wife - as a young woman . In a drastic departure from the original book , the Tin Man is a villain . Some elements of the narrative have their roots in earlier adaptations of The Wizard of Oz . For example , Prime Minister Kruel has a predecessor in King Krewl , the antagonist of His Majesty , the Scarecrow of Oz . The note explaining Princess Dorothea 's true heritage is signed `` Pastoria '' , a name used for the exiled King of Oz in the 1902 stage version of The Wizard of Oz and for the father of Princess Ozma in The Marvelous Land of Oz and later Oz books . Reception ( edit ) According to Ben Mankiewicz of Turner Classic Movies , the film was poorly received by critics and audiences . However , Mordaunt Hall of The New York Times gave it a favorable review , writing `` ' The Wizard of Oz ' can boast of being the type of rough and tumble farce that sends bright faces from the theatre . '' Chadwick Pictures went bankrupt during its run , and many theaters did not even receive a print to show . Semon did not fully recover from the financial debacle , and died only a few years later in 1928 . Television ( edit ) The film was first broadcast in 1931 by television station W2XCD of Passaic , New Jersey , owned by the DeForest Radio Company , serialized over the nights of June 8 , 9 , and 10 . Home media ( edit ) The film is in the public domain , and many home media releases of the film , including Betamax , VHS , Laserdisc , CED , DVD , HD DVD and Blu - ray Disc , are available . It is also available in Amazon Video The film is also included in many of the home media releases of The Wizard of Oz along with earlier silent films based on the Oz stories , beginning with the 2005 3 - disc Collector 's Edition of the film . Music ( edit ) The film 's premiere in 1925 featured original music orchestrated by Louis La Rondelle , conducted by Harry F. Silverman , featuring Julius K. Johnson at the piano . Many home video releases of the film completely lacked a score , as with many early releases of public domain silent films . The version with an organ score performed by Rosa Rio was made in 1986 , and was included in the Video Yesteryear edition . In 1996 , a new version was made . This version was included in all of the home media releases of the film , beginning with the `` L. Frank Baum Silent Film Collection of Oz '' , released by American Home Entertainment on November 26 , 1996 , and features a score performed by Mark Glassman and Steffen Presley , and a narration performed by Jacqueline Lovell . In 2005 , another version was made . This version features original music composed and arranged by Robert Israel and performed by the Robert Israel Orchestra ( Europe ) , and is included in all of the home media releases of the 1939 film , beginning with the 2005 3 - Disc Collector 's Edition DVD of the film . See also ( edit ) Adaptations of The Wizard of Oz References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hall , Mordaunt ( April 14 , 1925 ) . `` Movie Review : The Wizard of Oz '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Swartz , Mark Evan ( 2002 ) . Oz Before the Rainbow : L. Frank Baum 's the Wonderful Wizard of Oz on Stage and Screen to 1939 . Baltimore , Maryland : JHU Press . p. 237 . ISBN 978 - 0801870927 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Eileen ( December 14 , 1996 ) . `` For Oz Fans , There 's No Place Like American Home '' . Billboard . p. 62 . Jump up ^ from the cable television broadcast of `` Wizard of Oz , '' Turner Movie Classics , Monday , December 1 , 2008 , 12 : 15 AM EST -- 2 : 00 AM EST , with Introduction by Robert Osborne External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Wizard of Oz ( 1925 film ) . The Wizard of Oz is available for free download at the Internet Archive The Wizard of Oz on IMDb The Wizard of Oz at AllMovie The Bad Movie Report -- Oz Silent Films The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Canonical books L. Frank Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 ) Ozma of Oz ( 1907 ) Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz ( 1908 ) The Road to Oz ( 1909 ) The Emerald City of Oz ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1913 ) Tik - Tok of Oz ( 1914 ) The Scarecrow of Oz ( 1915 ) Rinkitink in Oz ( 1916 ) The Lost Princess of Oz ( 1917 ) The Tin Woodman of Oz ( 1918 ) The Magic of Oz ( 1919 ) Glinda of Oz ( 1920 ) Ruth Plumly Thompson The Royal Book of Oz ( 1921 ) Kabumpo in Oz ( 1922 ) The Cowardly Lion of Oz ( 1923 ) Grampa in Oz ( 1924 ) The Lost King of Oz ( 1925 ) The Hungry Tiger of Oz ( 1926 ) The Gnome King of Oz ( 1927 ) The Giant Horse of Oz ( 1928 ) Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz ( 1929 ) The Yellow Knight of Oz ( 1930 ) Pirates in Oz ( 1931 ) The Purple Prince of Oz ( 1932 ) Ojo in Oz ( 1933 ) Speedy in Oz ( 1934 ) The Wishing Horse of Oz ( 1935 ) Captain Salt in Oz ( 1936 ) Handy Mandy in Oz ( 1937 ) The Silver Princess in Oz ( 1938 ) Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Others The Wonder City of Oz ( 1940 ) The Scalawagons of Oz ( 1941 ) Lucky Bucky in Oz ( 1942 ) The Magical Mimics in Oz ( 1946 ) The Shaggy Man of Oz ( 1949 ) The Hidden Valley of Oz ( 1951 ) Merry Go Round in Oz ( 1963 ) Yankee in Oz ( 1972 ) The Enchanted Island of Oz ( 1976 ) The Forbidden Fountain of Oz ( 1980 ) The Ozmapolitan of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wicked Witch of Oz ( 1993 ) The Giant Garden of Oz ( 1993 ) The Runaway in Oz ( 1995 ) The Rundelstone of Oz ( 2000 ) The Emerald Wand of Oz ( 2005 ) Trouble Under Oz ( 2006 ) Alternate Dorothy of Oz ( 1989 ) Locations and elements Land of Oz Emerald City Munchkin Country Gillikin Country Winkie Country Quadling Country Yellow brick road Oogaboo Deadly Desert Nonestica Forest of Burzee Land of Ev Merryland Mo Ix Nome Kingdom Noland Ruby slippers Silver Shoes Apocrypha The Oz Film Manufacturing Company Characters Dorothy Gale Toto Princess Ozma The Wizard of Oz Scarecrow Tin Woodman Cowardly Lion Jack Pumpkinhead Tik - Tok Sawhorse Trot Hungry Tiger Good Witch of the North Glinda , the Good Witch of the South Wicked Witch of the West Wicked Witch of the East Aunt Em Uncle Henry Betsy Bobbin Billina Boq Button - Bright Cap'n Bill Eureka Herby Jellia Jamb Jenny Jump Jinjur Jinnicky the Red Jinn John Dough Kabumpo Mombi Munchkins Nome King Ojo the Lucky Pastoria Patchwork Girl Peter Brown Pigasus Polychrome Queen Lurline Shaggy Man Soldier with the Green Whiskers Winged monkeys Woggle - Bug Other writers Authors John R. Neill Jack Snow Rachel Cosgrove Payes Eloise Jarvis McGraw Dick Martin Alexander Volkov Gregory Maguire Sherwood Smith Roger S. Baum Illustrators William Wallace Denslow Frank Kramer Dirk Gringhuis Dick Martin Eric Shanower William Stout Adaptations and other derivative works Films The Fairylogue and Radio - Plays ( 1908 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1910 ) Dorothy and the Scarecrow in Oz ( 1910 ) The Land of Oz ( 1910 ) John Dough and the Cherub ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1914 ) The Magic Cloak of Oz ( 1914 ) His Majesty , the Scarecrow of Oz ( 1914 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1925 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1933 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Return to Oz ( 1964 ) The Wonderful Land of Oz ( 1969 ) Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde ( 1971 ) Journey Back to Oz ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1975 ) The Wiz ( 1978 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1982 ) Return to Oz ( 1985 ) Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz ( 1987 ) The Dreamer of Oz : The L. Frank Baum Story ( 1990 ) Lion of Oz ( 2000 ) The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) Dorothy and the Witches of Oz ( 2011 ) After the Wizard ( 2011 ) Oz the Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return ( 2014 ) Ozland ( 2014 ) Guardians of Oz ( 2015 ) Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz ( 2016 ) Stage The Wizard of Oz ( 1902 ) The Woggle - Bug ( 1905 ) The Tik - Tok Man of Oz ( 1913 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1942 ) The Wiz ( 1974 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1981 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2000 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) The Woodsman ( 2012 ) Television Tales of the Wizard of Oz ( 1961 ) Off to See the Wizard ( 1967 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1990 ) The Oz Kids ( 1996 ) Lost in Oz ( 2002 ) Once Upon a Time ( since 2011 ) The Wiz Live ! ( 2015 ) Lost In Oz ( 2015 ) Emerald City ( 2017 ) Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz ( 2017 ) Comics Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 -- 05 ) Adventures in Oz ( 1986 -- 92 ) The Enchanted Apples of Oz ( 1986 ) Oz Squad ( 1991 ) Lost Girls ( 1991 -- 92 ) Oz ( 1994 ) Dorothy of Oz ( 2006 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2009 ) Video games The Wizard of Oz ( 1993 ) The Wizard of Oz : Beyond the Yellow Brick Road ( 2008 ) Emerald City Confidential ( 2009 ) Parodies The Wozard of Iz Os Trapalhões eo Mágico de Oróz The Wonderful Wizard of Ha 's Wizard of Odd Reimagining The Wizard of Mars ( 1965 ) Hunter ( 1973 ) Zardoz ( 1974 ) Oz ( 1976 ) The Number of the Beast ( 1980 ) A Barnstormer in Oz ( 1982 ) The Wizard of A.I.D.S. ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz ( 1990 ) Twister ( 1994 ) The Dark Tower IV : Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Tin Man ( 2007 ) Dorothy Must Die ( 2014 ) The Wicked Will Rise ( 2015 ) The Wicked Years Wicked Son of a Witch A Lion Among Men Out of Oz Wicked ( musical ) Characters Others Rainbow Road to Oz MÄR The Wizard of Oz ( pinball ) The Wizard of Oz ( arcade game ) Related The International Wizard of Oz Club The Baum Bugle Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1925_film)&oldid=790333083 '' Categories : 1925 films 1920s adventure films 1920s comedy films 1920s fantasy films American black - and - white films American films American coming - of - age films American silent feature films Children 's fantasy films Fantasy - comedy films Fantasy adventure films Films based on The Wizard of Oz Films directed by Larry Semon Films set in Kansas Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Commons category without a link on Wikidata Articles with Internet Archive links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano 日本 語 Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2017 , at 01 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played the tin man in the 1925 wizard of oz | [
"The Wizard of Oz is a 1925 American silent film directed by Larry Semon, who also appears in a lead role—that of a farmhand disguised as a Scarecrow. The only completed 1920s adaptation of L. Frank Baum's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, this film features Oliver Hardy as the Tin Woodman. Dorothy is portrayed by Dorothy Dwan."
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"Oliver Hardy"
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