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-7327004500024391105	Freedom of information laws by country	Freedom of Information laws by country - Wikipedia Freedom of Information laws by country Jump to : navigation , search `` Access to Information '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Information access . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Freedom of Information laws ( FOI laws ) allow access by the general public to data held by national governments . The emergence of freedom of information legislation was a response to increasing dissatisfaction with the secrecy surrounding government policy development and decision making . They establish a `` right - to - know '' legal process by which requests may be made for government - held information , to be received freely or at minimal cost , barring standard exceptions . Also variously referred to as open records , or sunshine laws ( in the United States ) , governments are typically bound by a duty to publish and promote openness . In many countries there are constitutional guarantees for the right of access to information , but these are usually unused if specific support legislation does not exist . Contents ( hide ) 1 Introduction 2 Legislation by country 2.1 Albania 2.2 Armenia 2.3 Australia 2.4 Azerbaijan 2.5 Bangladesh 2.6 Belgium 2.7 Belize 2.8 Bhutan 2.9 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2.10 Brazil 2.11 Bulgaria 2.12 Canada 2.13 Cayman Islands 2.14 Chile 2.15 People 's Republic of China 2.16 Colombia 2.17 Cook Islands 2.18 Croatia 2.19 Cyprus 2.20 Czech Republic 2.21 Denmark 2.21. 1 Scope 2.21. 2 Procedure 2.21. 3 Exceptions 2.21. 4 Appeals 2.21. 5 Revisions 2.22 Dominican Republic 2.23 Ecuador 2.24 El Salvador 2.25 Estonia 2.26 Europe 2.26. 1 Council of Europe 2.26. 2 European Union 2.26. 2.1 Right of access to documents of the Union 2.26. 2.2 Re-use of public sector information 2.26. 2.3 Register of lobbyists 2.26. 2.4 Access to Environmental Information 2.26. 2.5 Personal data 2.27 Finland 2.28 France 2.29 Georgia 2.30 Germany 2.31 Greece 2.32 Hong Kong 2.33 Hungary 2.34 Iceland 2.35 India 2.36 Ireland 2.37 Israel 2.38 Italy 2.39 Jamaica 2.40 Japan 2.41 Latvia 2.42 Malta 2.43 Liberia 2.44 Macedonia 2.45 Malaysia 2.46 Maldives 2.47 Mexico 2.48 Montenegro 2.49 Netherlands 2.50 New Zealand 2.51 Nigeria 2.52 Norway 2.53 Pakistan 2.54 Paraguay 2.55 Philippines 2.56 Pitcairn Islands 2.57 Poland 2.58 Republic of Moldova 2.59 Romania 2.60 Rwanda 2.61 Serbia 2.62 Slovakia 2.63 Slovenia 2.64 South Africa 2.65 South Korea 2.66 Sri Lanka 2.67 Sweden 2.68 Switzerland 2.69 Taiwan ( Republic of China ) 2.70 Tanzania 2.71 Thailand 2.72 Trinidad and Tobago 2.73 Turkey 2.74 Uganda 2.75 Ukraine 2.76 United Kingdom 2.77 United States 2.78 Uruguay 2.79 Zimbabwe 3 Pending legislation by country 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Introduction ( edit ) Main article : Access to public information See also : Freedom of information Over 100 countries around the world have implemented some form of freedom of information legislation . Sweden 's Freedom of the Press Act of 1766 is the oldest in the world . Most freedom of information laws exclude the private sector from their jurisdiction thus information held by the private sector can not be accessed as a legal right . This limitation has serious implications because the private sector performs many functions which were previously the domain of the public sector . As a result , information that was previously public is now within the private sector , and the private contractors can not be forced to disclose information . Other countries are working towards introducing such laws , and many regions of countries with national legislation have local laws . For example , all U.S. states have laws governing access to public documents belonging to the state and local taxing entities . Additionally , the U.S. Freedom of Information Act governs record management of documents in the possession of the federal government . A related concept is open meetings legislation , which allows access to government meetings , not just to the records of them . In many countries , privacy or data protection laws may be part of the freedom of information legislation ; the concepts are often closely tied together in political discourse . A basic principle behind most freedom of information legislation is that the burden of proof falls on the body asked for information , not the person asking for it . The person making the request does not usually have to give an explanation for their actions , but if the information is not disclosed a valid reason has to be given . In 2015 The UNESCO General Conference voted to designate Sept. 28 as `` International Day for the Universal Access to Information '' or , as it is more commonly known , Access to Information Day . The date had previously been celebrated as `` Right to Know Day '' since 2002 . The UNESCO resolution recommends approval by the UN General Assembly . Legislation by country ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Albania ( edit ) Main article : Access to public information in Albania In Albania , the constitution of 1998 guarantees the right of access to information ; the legislation for supporting this is Law no . 119 / 2014 `` On the right to information '' ( Ligji nr. 119 / 2014 `` Për të drejtën e informimit '' ) . The law regulates the right of access to information being produced or held by public sector . The rules contained in this law are designated to ensure the public access to information , in the framework of assuming the rights and freedoms of the individual in practice , as well as establishing views on the state and society situation. This law aims also at encouraging integrity , transparency and accountability of the public sector bodies . Every person shall , where deemed that the rights provided for in this law have been violated , be entitled to file a complaint administratively to the Information and Data Protection Commissioner 's Office . http://idp.al/index.php/sq/ Armenia ( edit ) Main article : Access to public information in Armenia The Law on Freedom of Information was unanimously approved by the Parliament on 23 September 2003 and went into force in November 2003 . Australia ( edit ) In Australia , the Freedom of Information Act 1982 was passed at the federal level in 1982 , applying to all `` ministers , departments and public authorities '' of the Commonwealth . There is similar legislation in all states and territories : Australian Capital Territory , the Freedom of Information Act 1989 New South Wales , the Government Information ( Public Access ) Act 2009 Northern Territory , the Information Act 2003 Queensland , the Right to Information Act 2009 South Australia , the Freedom of Information Act 1991 Tasmania , the Right to Information Act 2009 Victoria , the Freedom of Information Act 1982 Western Australia , the Freedom of Information Act 1992 Azerbaijan ( edit ) Main article : Media freedom in Azerbaijan § Access to public information In Azerbaijan , a Law on Access to Information was approved in 2005 . It has gone into effect . Previously in 1998 there was accepted Law on Freedom on Information , but the Law of 2005 provided more detailed and secured regulation for access to official information . Bangladesh ( edit ) On October 21 , 2008 , the Caretaker Government of Bangladesh issued in the Bangladesh Gazette the Right to Information Ordinance ( No. 50 of 2008 ) , based loosely on the Indian Right to Information Act , 2005 . The Ordinance was passed by the current government of Bangladesh in the first session of this parliament on March 29 , 2009 . The A2i programme is a part of the Vision 2021 , a political manifesto of the Bangladesh Awami League party before winning the National Elections of 2008 . Belgium ( edit ) Article 32 of the Constitution was amended in 1993 to include a right of access to documents held by the government . Belize ( edit ) In Belize , the Freedom of Information Act was passed in 1998 was amended in 2000 and is currently in force , though a governmental commission noted that `` not much use has been made of the Act '' . Bhutan ( edit ) The National Assembly of Bhutan passed an RTI Bill in February 2014 . Its purpose is to curb corruption by providing the public with the right to access information . Bosnia and Herzegovina ( edit ) Main article : Access to public information in Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina ( BiH ) was the first country in the Balkan region to adopt a Freedom of Information Act . Freedom of Access to Information Act or FOIA - was adopted by the Parliament Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 17 November 2000 . Both federal entities - the Republika Srpska and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina - passed freedom of information laws in 2001 , the Freedom of Access to Information Act for the Republika Srpska and Freedom of Access to Information Act for the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina respectively . The FOIA Act changed on the BiH state level two times . The first alteration was passed in 2006 , enabling stronger legal protection within the framework of administrative law of BiH . The second alteration was passed in December 2009 , which enforced legal penalties for prescribed violations . Brazil ( edit ) In Brazil , the Article 5 , XXXIII , of the Constitution sets that `` everyone shall have the right to receive information of his own interest or of public interest from public entities , which shall be given within the time prescribed by law '' . Also , article 22 of the Federal law no 8.159 / 1991 grants the right to `` full access to public documents '' . A statute passed in 2011 and that will enter into force in 2012 ( Federal Law 12.527 / 2011 , promulgated on 28 November 2011 ) regulates the manner and the timetable for the information to be given by the State . Bulgaria ( edit ) Main article : Access to public information in Bulgaria This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( February 2017 ) In Bulgaria , the Access to Public Information Act was passed in 2000 , following a 1996 recommendation from the Constitutional Court to implement such a law . Canada ( edit ) Main article : Freedom of information in Canada In Canada , the Access to Information Act allows citizens to demand records from federal bodies . The act came into force in 1983 , under the Pierre Trudeau government , permitting Canadians to retrieve information from government files , establishing what information could be accessed , mandating timelines for response . This is enforced by the Information Commissioner of Canada . There is also a complementary Privacy Act that was introduced in 1983 . The purpose of the Privacy Act is to extend the present laws of Canada that protect the privacy of individuals with respect to personal information about themselves held by a federal government institution and that provide individuals with a right of access to that information . It is a Crown copyright . Complaints for possible violations of the Act may be reported to the Privacy Commissioner of Canada . Canadian access to information laws distinguish between access to records generally and access to records that contain personal information about the person making the request . Subject to exceptions , individuals have a right of access to records that contain their own personal information under the Privacy Act but the general public does not have a right of access to records that contain personal information about others under the Access to Information Act . Each province and territory in Canada has its own access to information legislation . In many cases , this is also the provincial public sector privacy legislation . For example : Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act ( Alberta ) Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act ( Manitoba ) Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act ( Nova Scotia ) Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act ( Ontario ) Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act ( Saskatchewan ) Act respecting access to documents held by public bodies and the protection of personal information ( Quebec ) From 1989 to 2008 , requests made to the federal government were catalogued in the Coordination of Access to Information Requests System . A 393 - page report released in September 2008 , sponsored by several Canadian newspaper groups , compares Canada 's Access to Information Act to the FOI laws of the provinces and of 68 other nations . In 2009 , The Walrus ( magazine ) published a detailed history of FOI in Canada . Cayman Islands ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( February 2010 ) The Freedom of Information Law was passed in 2007 and was brought into force in January 2009 . Chile ( edit ) In Chile , article 8 of the Constitution provides for the freedom of information . A law titled Law on Access to Public Information ( Ley de Acceso a la Información Pública ) took effect on April 20 , 2009 . People 's Republic of China ( edit ) In April 2007 , the State Council of the People 's Republic of China promulgated the `` Regulations of the People 's Republic of China on Open Government Information '' ( 中华人民共和国政府信息公开条例 ) , which came into effect on May 1 , 2008 . Colombia ( edit ) The Colombian constitution grants the right of access to public information through Law 57 of 1985 which thereby mandates the publishing of acts and official documents . This is implemented and applies to documents that belong to official facilities ( offices or the like ) . Additionally there is the anti corruption statement of Law 190 of 1955 also known as anti corruption act which in its 51st article mandates public offices to list in visible area all the contracts and purchases made by month . The latter taking place slowly . A more modern law , the `` Ley de transparencia y del derecho de acceso a la información pública nacional '' its at its final stages . Article 23 of the constitution states that `` Every person has the right to present petitions to the authorities for the general or private interest and to secure their prompt resolution . The legislative body may regulate the presentation of petitions to private organisations in order to guarantee fundamental rights . '' This article justifies the existence of a jurisdictional mechanism known a petition action . This action is regulated by the law 1755 of 2015 and is considered by the Colombian Judicial Doctrine as a fundamental human right . According to the law all petitions should be fully addressed in 15 business days . If not addressed the official in charge of resolving the petition may be charged with misconduct . Cook Islands ( edit ) Access to official information is governed by the Official Information Act 2008 . The law is based heavily on the New Zealand legislation . Croatia ( edit ) Main article : Access to public information in Croatia In Croatia , the Zakon o pravu na pristup informacijama ( Act on the Right of Access to Information ) of 2003 extends to all public authorities . Cyprus ( edit ) Main article : Access to public information in Cyprus The right of access to information in Cyprus is guaranteed in constitutional provisions on freedom of expression but the legal framework is seriously flawed , with no law on access to information in the southern part of the Republic of Cyprus of the country and a law that falls below Council of Europe standards in the Northern occupied part of Cyprus . The right to access to public information is provided in different ways in the two parts of the island , in which Cyprus is de facto divided . As to 2011 , a research by the Open Cyprus Project showed that there was a level of 75 % of administrative silence island - wide , in response to information requests . Over half of the respondents to this survey stated that , in practice , access to key documents is not possible . Since late 2013 , a draft law on the Right to Access Public Information is being discussed in the Parliament of the Republic of Cyprus . As of 2017 it has not yet been approved . Czech Republic ( edit ) In the Czech Republic , the Zákon č. 106 / 1999 Sb. , o svobodném přístupu k informacím ( Act No. 106 / 1999 Coll . on Free Access to Information ) covers the `` state agencies , territorial self - administration authorities and public institutions managing public funds '' as well as any body authorised by the law to reach legal decisions relating to the public sector , to the extent of such authorisation . Denmark ( edit ) Access to Public Administration Files Act of 1985 is a Danish act passed by the Folketing concerning public access to governmental records . The Act came into force in 1987 and repealed the Public Records Act of 1970 . New version of the Act came into force on 1 January 2014 . Denmark is considered to be a historic pioneer in the field of FOI along with Sweden , Finland and Norway . There is no constitutional basis in the Constitution of Denmark for the right of the public to information . Denmark scores 64 points in Global Right to Information Rating . Scope ( edit ) According to the Act of 1985 , Section 4 Part 1 `` any person may ask to see documents received or issued by an administrative authority . '' Information concerning administrative matters of the public administration ; electricity and heating utilities as well as private bodies receiving public funding or performing public function can be acquired . Yet , the information concerning activities of judicial branch and legislators is not accessible . Procedure ( edit ) Reasons do not have to be given while making a request ; however , the authorities can ask for additional information regarding document . The requests are supposed to be handled as soon as possible ; if within period of 10 days response to an application was not provided , the authority has to inform on reasons for the delay as well as expected date for a decision . More detailed procedures are not laid down in the Act . Exceptions ( edit ) Access to information is limited by `` the obligation to maintain secrecy . '' Considerations of State security , defence , foreign policy , external economic interests as well as public financial interests can limit the granting of access to the information . Registers and records processed electronically are excluded from the administrative documents that can be given access to . Section 10 outlines other areas excluded from access , such as records of meetings of the Council of State , minutes , as well as documents prepared for such meetings ; correspondence between ministries concerning legislation and material used for scientific research or public statistics . Appeals ( edit ) Decision to grant or not to grant access can be appealed . Decisions can also be appealed externally to Folketingets Ombudsman . Ombudsman can also deliver opinions and review decisions ; however , these are not binding even though generally followed . Ombudsman receives 200 - 300 complaints annually ; approximately 15 percent of complaints are ruled in favour of appellants . Revisions ( edit ) The exemption regarding EU documents was taken out of the Act in 1991 . Amendments were also made in 2000 ; they concerned data on the employees of the Government . In January 2014 new Public Records Act was enforced . The new act was highly debated since it was considered to limit transparency in the Government and legislative proceedings ; Denmark received one point less in the category of Political Environment when compared with the Freedom of the Press report of 2015 . The new legislation caused demonstrations and protests . It can be regarded as a response to the 9 / 11 terrorist attacks . After the Public Records Act of 2013 came into effect , public access to information regarding the Intelligence Services instead of falling under the Public Records Act is now managed by the Act on the Security and Intelligence Service as well as the Act on the Defense Intelligence Service . In addition , the access to legislative process was further restricted . According to the new Act documents in the drafting stage are not to be accessed as well as `` other corresponding political activities , '' so restriction is not concerning only Bills . In the future , it will not be possible to find the calendars of ministers being published . Nevertheless , the Act was created while keeping in mind the strengthening the project of the Open Government ; the list of institutions covered by the Act was extended as well as list of public - private institutions and companies . Dominican Republic ( edit ) Hipólito Mejía approved Ley No. 200 - 04 - Ley General de Libre Acceso a la Información Pública ( Law number 200 - 04 - Law on Access to Information ) on 28 July 2004 , which allows public access to information from the government and private organisations that receive public money to conduct state business . Rough drafts and projects that are not part of an administrative procedure are not included . Ecuador ( edit ) In Ecuador , the Transparency and Access to Information Law of 2004 declares that the right of access to information is guaranteed by the state . El Salvador ( edit ) In El Salvador , the Law on Access to Public Information was given assent by The Legislative Assembly of El Salvador on 3 March 2011 . Estonia ( edit ) In Estonia , the Public Information Act of 2000 extends to all `` holders of information '' , which is clarified as being all government and local government bodies , legal persons in public law and legal persons in private law if they are performing public duties ( providing health , education etc . ) . Europe ( edit ) In matters concerning the local , national and transboundary environment , the Aarhus convention grants the public rights regarding access to information , public participation and access to justice in governmental decision - making processes . It focuses on interactions between the public and public authorities . Council of Europe ( edit ) The recognition of the right to access to public information under Article 10 ( including `` freedom ( ... ) to receive ( ... ) information '' ) of the European Convention on Human Rights was one of subjects in Guerra v. Italy case before the European Court of Human Rights in 1998 . The majority considered Article 10 was not applicable to the complaint . However , the court found that in the specific case , which included living near a high - risk factory , not providing information was in violation of Article 8 ( respect to private and family life ) . Besides , two judges expressed a dissent on applicability of Article 10 , and further six judges reserved a possibility , that in other circumstances , right to access to information could be protected by Article 10 . The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe has considered in 1996 , that `` public access to clear and full information on this subject ( Chernobyl disaster ) -- and many others for that matter -- must be viewed as a basic human right '' . In 2009 , CoE Convention on Access to Official Documents was opened for signature . European Union ( edit ) Right of access to documents of the Union ( edit ) Article 42 CFR and Article 15 TFEU give '' ( a ) ny citizen of the Union , and any natural or legal person residing or having its registered office in a Member State , ( ... ) a right of access to documents of the institutions , bodies , offices and agencies of the Union , whatever their medium . '' It follows from Article 15 TFEU that this right is `` subject to the principles and the conditions to be defined '' in legislation . Regulation ( EC ) No 1049 / 2001 of the European Parliament and the Council of 30 May 2001 regarding public access to European Parliament , Council and Commission documents further defines this right of access to documents of the three institutions ; for most other EU bodies and agencies , there is a provision in the legal act establishing them which makes Regulation No 1049 / 2001 applicable to them as well . In some other cases , specific rules apply ( e.g. to the EESC , the CoR , the Court of Justice , the Court of Auditors and the ECB ) . `` Document '' is defined broadly and it is assumed that all documents , even if classified , may be subject to right of access unless it falls under one of the exceptions . If access is refused , the applicant is allowed a confirmatory request . A complaint against a refusal can be made with the European Ombudsman and / or an appeal can be brought before the European General Court . Re-use of public sector information ( edit ) In addition , Directive 2003 / 98 / EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 17 November 2003 on the re-use of public sector information sets out the rules and practices for accessing public sector information resources for further exploitation . This directive has been reviewed in 2013 by Directive 2013 / 37 / EU of the European Parliament and the Council of 26 June 2013 amending Directive 2003 / 98 / EC on the re-use of public sector information Register of lobbyists ( edit ) Since 2008 , the European Commission operates the Register of Interest representatives , a voluntary register of lobbyists at the European union . Access to environmental Information ( edit ) Directive 2003 / 4 / EC of the European Parliament and Council provides for citizens of each country to have freedom of access to information on the environment , in line with the requirements of the Aarhus Convention . Governments are required to transcribe the directive into national legislation ( for example , in the United Kingdom , the Environmental Information Regulations 2004 . Personal data ( edit ) Directive 95 / 46 / EC , the Data Protection directive , provides a variety of rights in relation to personal data , including a right of access . This has been transcribed into national legislation through , for example , the Data Protection Act 1998 ( United Kingdom ) and the Data Protection 2003 ( Ireland ) . Finland ( edit ) In Finland , the Laki yleisten asiakirjain julkisuudesta 9.2. 1951 / 83 ( Act on the Openness of Public Documents of 1951 ) established the openness of all records and documents in the possession of officials of the state , municipalities , and registered religious communities . Exceptions to the basic principle could only be made by law , or by an executive order for specific enumerated reasons such as national security . The openness of unsigned draft documents was not mandated , but up to the consideration of the public official . This weakness of the law was removed when the law was revised in the 1990s . The revised law , the Laki viranomaisten toiminnan julkisuudesta 21.5. 1999 / 621 ( Act on the Openness of Government Activities of 1999 ) , called in short `` Publicity Act '' ( Finnish : Julkisuuslaki ) also extended the principle of openness to corporations that perform legally mandated public duties , such as pension funds and public utilities , and to computer documents . The Publicity Act establishes a process by which any person may access any record in possession of an authority . The person may ask the authority for the document in person or in writing . When making the request , the requester needs to specify the document so that it can be identified . However , the authority is liable to assist the person with its document registers and indices in this task . After receiving the request , the authority has two weeks to give the document . If the decision is negative , and document is withheld , the requester may appeal to the administrative court . The document may be given orally , for reading and copying in the authority 's premises or as an electronic or paper copy , as requested by the person . However , the copying may be declined if it would be unfeasible because of the large number of documents or otherwise technically difficult . There are also a number of limitations on the release of electronic documents designed for the protection of the individual privacy . The reasons for withholding a document are listed in the article 24 of the Act . They may be grouped to three categories : automatic non-openness , conditional non openness or conditional openness . The documents where automatic non-openness is prescribed remain withheld in all cases . In the case of conditional non-openness , the reasonability of the non-openness is reviewed case - by - case by the authority and , if appeals are made , by the court . In the third category , openness os a rule , and the reason for non-openness needs to be established by the authority . The absolute reasons for non-openness are ( subpoint of Article 24 in captions ) Documents of the foreign policy committee of the Council of State , foreign policy memos of the foreign ministry on political status , negotiations with foreign governments or organisations and diplomatic cryptograms , unless released by the ministry ( 1 ) registers held by law enforcement for investigation and prevention of crimes , as well as passport or ID card photos and biometric information on them ( 4 ) statistics and other documents on economic policy that might have amn impact on financial markets , until they are released to public ( 13 ) documents handed over to a statistical authority for the compilation of statistics and documents handed over voluntarily to an authority for purposes of research and statistics ( 16 ) documents containing medical information , information on sexual orientation or information pertaining to a customer of labour administration or of social services ( 25 ) documents containing information on a judicial psychiatric examination or on certain personal investigations relating to execution of prison sentences and similar custodial sentences ( 26 ) documents containing results or information from individual psychological testing ( 29 ) documents relating to the care of students , as well as any student evaluations containing verbal information on the personal qualities of the student ( 30 ) documents containing a secret phone number , or the location of a mobile communications device ( 31 ) documents identifying an anonymous witness ( 31a ) documents containing information on individual 's political opinions , hobbies , personal habits , membership and activities in associations , family life or opinions uttered within private life . However , information on having held positions of responsibility held or having been a candidate for them is public , as well as being aa founding member of a political party or electoral association . ( 32 ) Conditional non-openness is mandated for the following categories of documents , unless it is `` obviously clear '' that the protected interest is not endangered documents concerning international relations of Finland , Finnish institutions or Finnish persons , unless it is obviously clear that no harm will befall on Finnish foreign relations now or in the future ( 2 ) documents concerning criminal investigations or pending prosecutions until the investigation is over or the prosecution has pleaded , unless it is obviously clear that the investigation or the prosecution is not harmed and no private person will suffer material harm nor suffering ( 3 ) documents on security of buildings , facilities , communications or information systems , unless it is obviously clear that the security is not endangered ( 7 ) all documents of Finnish Security Intelligence Service and other documents concerning state security , unless it is obviously clear that state security is not endangered ( 9 ) documents concerning national defence or military intelligence , unless it is obviously clear that national defence is in no way harmed or endangered ( 10 ) documents , records and data used as a basis for or concerning an academic thesis , scientific or scholarly research or product development , unless it is obviously clear that the research , development or study , their proper evaluation , the student or the researcher or the funder of the work are not harmed ( 21 ) documents concerning a refugee or an applicant for a visa , residence permit or an asylum , unless it is obviously clear that the person or his loved ones are not harmed ( 24 ) information contained in the criminal register and in other registers held by authorities overseeing the execution of punishments , as well as documents of authorities if they contain personal information on persons who have lost their personal freedom or who participate in witness protection programme , unless it is obviously clear that the security , future employment and social reintegration of the person will not be endangered and there is a valid reason for releasing the specific information in question ( 28 ) Conditional openness is prescribed for the following categories of information : technical and tactical methods of police , Finnish Border Guard and prison authorities , if their release would make the work of such authorities more difficult ( 5 ) administrative complaints during their handling , if their release would harm investigation or be likely to cause suffering or harm to a party in the matter , unless grave reasons exist for release of information ( 6 ) information on civil defence or rescue preparations and on safety investigations , if the release would endanger rescue work , civil defence preparations , safety or security or their continued development , or would endanger getting information in future safety investigations , or would hurt the victims of an accident , their memory or their loved ones ( 8 ) information on financial , monetary , labour or fiscal policy measures or their preparations or pre-studies if the release would defeat the purpose of such measures , endanger the negotiation position of the state or otherwise cause great harm to the management of such policies ( 11 ) studies conducted by regulatory authorities of financial and pension institutions , if the studies include information on the regulated bodies and the release would endanger the proper functioning of financial markets ( 12 ) documents containing information on endangered species or valuable natural areas , if the release would endanger their preservation ( 14 ) documents pertaining to an investigation or other control measure by an authority if the release would endanger the regulatory control measure or its purpose ( 15 ) detailed returns of political candidates on their campaign funding ( 15 ) business and professional secrets of public bodies , if a competing the body would suffer economic harm , or a public or private body pursuing competing or similar activities would gain a competitive advantage by the release or if the possibilities of a body bound by the Publicity Act to make advantageous purchases or other financial arrangements would be harmed ( 17 ) documents used by a public body in a collective bargaining or labour action if the release would harm the public body as the employer ( 18 ) documents used for preparation of a legal action , if the release would harm a public body as a party to a suit ( 19 ) documents containing information on entrance examination or other examination or test , if the release would defeat the purpose of the test or exam or prevent its future use ( 22 ) documents containing sensitive information on the private life of a suspect , plaintiff , witness or other party to a criminal investigation , or information on the victim that would hurt the victim 's memory or her loved ones , unless the release is necessary to conduct the work of an authority ( 26 ) Non-open information remains non-open for 25 years after it was created or obtained by an authority . Documents that are non-open to protect the privacy of an individual remain non-open for 50 years after the protected individual has died . If information is still , after 25 years , valid and describes a security measure of a building , facility , system or method or it is still part of a plan used for national defence or civil defence , it remains non-open as long as the information is pertinent for the purpose . The same indefinite non-openness applies to all documents under international security obligations , if the release might still affect Finnish foreign relations negatively . The non-openness of other documents may be prolonged up to 55 years by the Council of State , if necessary to safeguard a protected interest . France ( edit ) In France , the accountability of public servants is a constitutional right , according to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen . The implementing legislation is the Loi n ° 78 - 753 du 17 juillet 1978 portant diverses mesures d'amélioration des relations entre l'administration et le public et diverses dispositions d'ordre administratif , social et fiscal ( Act No. 78 - 753 of 17 July 1978 . On various measures for improved relations between the Civil Service and the public and on various arrangements of administrative , social and fiscal nature ) . It sets as a general rule that citizens can demand a copy of any administrative document ( in paper , digitised or other form ) , and establishes the Commission d'Accès aux Documents Administratifs , an independent administrative authority , to oversee the process . Georgia ( edit ) Main article : Access to public information in Georgia In Georgia , the General Administrative Code contains a Law on Freedom of Information . Germany ( edit ) In Germany , the federal government passed a freedom of information law on September 5 , 2005 ; it was last updated on August 7 , 2013 . The law grants each person an unconditional right to access official federal information . No legal , commercial , or any other kind of justification is necessary . Twelve of the sixteen Bundesländer -- Baden - Württemberg , Berlin , Brandenburg , Bremen , Hamburg , Mecklenburg - Vorpommern , Nordrhein - Westfalen , Rheinland - Pfalz , Saarland , Sachsen - Anhalt , Schleswig - Holstein and Thüringen -- have approved individual `` Informationsfreiheitsgesetze '' ( Freedom of Information laws ) . Greece ( edit ) Main article : Access to public information in Greece In Greece , the 1975 Greek Constitution guaranteed the right of access to administrative documents and the right of citizens to obtain information . However it was not until 1986 that the first law was passed to provide for access to information . Article 16 ( Right to Access Administrative Documents -- Δικαίωμα γνώσης διοικητικών εγγράφων ) of Law 1599 / 1986 ( State - citizenry Relationship -- Σχέσεις Κράτους - πολίτη ) introduced the right of all citizens to read most administrative documents . This right is now codified as article 5 ( Access to documents -- Πρόσβαση σε έγγραφα ) of the Administrative Procedural Code ( Κώδικας Διοικητικής Διαδικασίας ) , Law 2690 / 1999 . Under this article , citizens have a right to know the content of administrative documents . Administrative documents are defined as those produced by public sector entities , such as reports , studies , minutes , statistical data , circulars , instructions , responses , consultatory responses , and decisions . In addition , citizens with a legitimate interest may also access private documents stored by public services . The right can not be exercised if the document concerns the private or family lives of others , or if the document 's confidentiality is safeguarded by specific legal provisions . Furthermore , the public body can refuse access if the document refers to discussions in the Cabinet , or if accessing the document can seriously hamper criminal or administrative violation investigations carried out by judicial , police , or military authorities . Citizens may study the documents at the place where they are archived , or they may obtain a copy at their own cost . Access to one 's own medical data is provided with the help of a doctor . Access to documents should take into account whether they be covered by copyright , patent , or trade secret regulations . In addition , Law 3448 / 2006 , on the reuse of public sector information , harmonises the national laws with the requirements on the European Union Directive 2003 / 98 / EC . Hong Kong ( edit ) In Hong Kong there are no laws specifically enacted to guarantee the freedom of information . Since March 1995 , the Government of Hong Kong has promulgated a `` Code on Access to Information '' to serve a similar purpose . This code , like other internal regulations of the Government , was not legislated by the Legislative Council and has a minimal legal status . It requires government agencies listed in its appendix to appoint Access to Information Officers to answer citizens ' requests for governmental records . A fee may be charged prior to the release of information . The code does not require the government to archive information . Hungary ( edit ) In Hungary , the Act on the Protection of Personal Data and Public Access to Data of Public Interest of 1992 extends a right of access to all data of public interest , defined as any information processed by a body performing a governmental function . Complaints and contested applications may be appealed to the Data Protection Commissioner or to the court . In 2005 the Parliament adopted the Act on the Freedom of Information by Electronic Means ( Act XC of 2005 ) . The Act has three basic parts : 1 . electronic disclousure of certain data by public sector bodies , 2 . publicity of legislation and 3 . openness of Court decisions . Iceland ( edit ) In Iceland the Information Act ( Upplysingalög ) Act no . 50 / 1996 gives access to public information . India ( edit ) Main article : Right to Information ( India ) The Right to Information Act ( RTI Act ) was passed by Parliament on 11 May 2005 and was published in the gazette of India on 15 June 2005 . It came into effect on 12 October 2005 replacing the erstwhile Freedom of information Act , 2002 . The Supreme Court of India had , in several Judgments prior to enactment of both Acts , interpreted Indian Constitution to read Right to Information as the Fundamental Right as embodied in Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression and also in Right to Life . RTI Act laid down a procedure to guarantee this right . Under this law all Government Bodies or Government funded agencies have to designate a Public Information Officer ( PIO ) . The PIO 's responsibility is to ensure that information requested is disclosed to the petitioner within 30 days or within 48 hours in case of information concerning the life or liberty of a person . The law was inspired by previous legislation from select states ( among them Tamil Nadu ( 1997 ) , Goa ( 1997 ) , Rajasthan ( 2000 ) , Karnataka ( 2000 ) , Delhi ( 2001 ) , Maharashtra ( 2002 ) etc . ) that allowed the right to information ( to different degrees ) to citizens about activities of any State Government body . A number of high - profile disclosures revealed corruption in various government schemes such scams in Public Distribution Systems ( ration stores ) , disaster relief , construction of highways etc . The law itself has been hailed as a landmark in India 's drive towards more openness and accountability . However the RTI India has certain weaknesses that hamper implementation . There have been questions on the lack of speedy appeal to non-compliance to requests . The lack of a central PIO makes it difficult to pin - point the correct PIO to approach for requests . There is also a criticism of the manner in which the Information Commissioners are appointed to head the information commission . It is alleged by RTI Activists that bureaucrats working in close proximity with the government are appointed in the RTI Commissions in a non-transparent manner . The PIO , being an officer of the relevant Government institution , may have a vested interest in not disclosing damaging information on activities of his / her Institution , This therefore creates a conflict of interest . In the state of Maharashtra it was estimated that only 30 % of the requests are actually realised under the Maharashtra Right to Information act . The law does not allow disclosure of information that affects national security , defence , and other matters that are deemed of national interest . Ireland ( edit ) In Ireland the Freedom of Information Act 1997 came into effect in April , 1998 . This provided for members of the public to access information specifically about themselves , amend incorrect information , and request an explanation behind administrative decisions concerning themselves , as well as allowing any person to access records generated by a list of specified public bodies . The Act is seen as having led to a sea - change in the relationship between the citizen , journalists , government departments and public bodies . Disclosure is the default assumption of the Act ; bodies can withhold information only by citing exemptions specified in the legislation . Decisions of public bodies in relation to requests for information may be reviewed by the Information Commissioner . The Act was subsequently amended by the Freedom of Information ( Amendment ) Act 2003 . The amendments introduced fees for non-personal requests and restricted the kinds of material which could be accessed . On 14 October 2014 , the Freedom of Information Act 2014 repealed the 1997 and 2003 Acts , removing most of the restrictions introduced in 2003 and widened the range of bodies covered to all public bodies , unless specifically exempt . It also allowed for the Government to prescribe ( or designate ) other bodies receiving significant public funds , so that the FOI legislation applies to them also . One particular controversy which has caused concern to journalists and historians is that traditionally government ministers would annotate and sign any major policy or report documents which they had seen . However this practice has fallen out of favour because of the new openness . This annotation and signing of documents has often given a paper trail and unique insight as to `` what the minister knew '' about a controversy or how he or she formed an opinion on a matter . Also civil and public servants have become more informal , in keeping written records of potentially controversial meeting and avoiding writing memos as a result . While this information would not often be released , and sometimes only under the thirty year rule , the fact that government ministers now do not annotate and sign documents creates the concerns that while government is open it is not accountable as to who did or saw what or how decision making process works . Israel ( edit ) The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Israel , the Freedom of Information Law , 5758 - 1998 , supported by the Freedom of Information Regulations , 5759 - 1999 , controls freedom of information . It defines the bodies subject to the legislation by a set of listed categories - essentially , most public bodies - and provides for the government to publish a list of all affected bodies . However , this list does not seem to have been made publicly available , if indeed it was ever compiled . Many public bodies are not obliged to follow the law , which limits the potential for use by the public . The Israeli Freedom of Information Law has , in some cases , actually achieved the opposite intended result . some Government agencies now take the position that a citizen may only request information via FOIL -- i.e. , an official letter designated as such and including the 95 shekel fee . Thus an Israeli citizen in many cases can not simply write a letter asking a question , and can be asked to file a FOIL application with a fee and wait the minimum statutory 30 days for a reply , which the agency can extend to 60 days . In many cases FOIL letters are simply ignored , or some laconic response is sent stating the request is either unclear , unspecific , too vague or some other legalese , anything in order to keep the information away from the public . When the 60 days are up , if the anticipated result usually yield nothing significant , the applicant must petition the District Court to compel disclosure , a procedure that requires attorneys to draft pleadings and a payment of ( approximately ) $420 court fee . A judgement in such FOIL appeals in Israel can take many months , and again the agency can easily avoid disclosure by simply not complying , although risking being charged with contempt of court . While there are some successes in courts compelling Israeli government agencies to disclose information , they are usually in non-controversial areas . The law provides for the expected `` security '' exemption and an applicant applying for such information can expect not to benefit from FOIL ( and also have his or her court appeal rejected ) . it will be noted that Applicants can sometimes be helped by The Movement for Freedom of Information . Italy ( edit ) Chapter V of Law No. 241 of 7 August 1990 provides for access to administrative documents . However , the right to access is limited . The law states that those requesting information must have a legal interest . The 1992 regulations require `` a personal concrete interest to safeguard in legally relevant situations . '' The courts have ruled that this includes the right of environmental groups and local councilors to demand information on behalf of those they represent . It was amended in 2005 . The revision appears to adopt the court rulings and relax the interest somewhat to allow access when an individual can show they represent a more general public interest . Jamaica ( edit ) In Jamaica , the relevant legislation is the Access to Information Act , 2002 . Japan ( edit ) In Japan , the `` Law Concerning Access to Information Held by Administrative Organs '' ( 行政機関の保有する情報の公開に関する法律 ) was promulgated in 1999 . The law was enforced in 2001 . In many local governments , it establishes the regulations about information disclosure ( 情報公開条例 ) from the latter half of the 1980s . Latvia ( edit ) The Constitution of Latvia states : `` Article 100 . Everyone has the right to freedom of expression , which includes the right to freely receive , keep and distribute information and to express his or her views . Censorship is prohibited . '' The right to access state held information has been repeatedly recognised by the Constitutional Court of Latvia , most notably in its judgment `` On Conformity of the Cabinet of Ministers 21 January 1997 Regulations No. 46 `` On Government Agreements '' with the 20 November 1998 `` Information Accessibility Law '' The Law on Freedom of Information was signed into law by the State President in November 1998 and has been amended a number of times recently . Any person can ask for information in `` any technically feasible form '' without having to show a reason . The request can be oral or written . Bodies must respond in 15 days . Malta ( edit ) On the 1st of September 2012 , Legal Notice 156 of 2012 brought the Freedom of Information Act ( Chapter 496 of the Laws of Malta ) fully into force , allowing the public ( resident citizens of Malta , the EU and the EEA ) to submit requests for documents / information held by the Government . FOI requests are submitted free of charge but processing of documents by public authorities may require the public to pay fees which never exceed Eur 40 . When access to documents is refused , the FOIA in Malta provides for a complaint and appeal mechanism that can be ultimately resolved through the Courts of Appeal . Liberia ( edit ) President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf signed the Freedom of Information Act of 2010 into law in October 2010 . Liberia became only the fourth country in Africa , and the first in West Africa , to pass such legislation . The law allows both the media and individual citizens to demand information from any public authority or any private authority that carries out government functions . Macedonia ( edit ) This article 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( February 2017 ) Main article : Access to public information in the Republic of Macedonia Article 16 of the Constitution of Macedonia guarantees `` access to information and the freedom of reception and transmission of information '' . The Law on Free Access to Information of Public Character was adopted on 25 January 2006 . It is scheduled to go into force in September 2006. The law allows any natural or legal person to obtain information from state and municipal bodies and natural and legal persons who are performing public functions . The requests can be oral , written or electronic . Requests must be responded to in 10 days . Malaysia ( edit ) The state of Selangor passed the Freedom of Information Enactment ( Selangor ) 2010 on 1 April 2011 , allowing the Malaysian public an access to the state documents including that of local councils , city halls and state government - linked companies . Subsequently , the state of Penang passed the Freedom of Information bill on 4 November 2011 , allowing the public to access to state documents . Both states are under the ruling of the federal opposition Pakatan Rakyat . Maldives ( edit ) The Maidives passed the Right to Information Act ( RTI ) on January 12 , 2014 . Mexico ( edit ) The Constitution was amended in 1977 to include a right of freedom of information . Article 6 says in part , `` the right of information shall be guaranteed by the state . '' The Supreme Court made a number of decisions further enhancing that right . The Federal Law of Transparency and Access to Public Government Information was unanimously approved by Congress in April 2002 and signed by President Fox in June 2002 . It went into effect in June 2003 . Montenegro ( edit ) Main article : Access to public information in Montenegro A freedom of information law was passed in Montenegro late in 2005 , after a process of several years . Netherlands ( edit ) Article 110 of the Constitution states : `` In the exercise of their duties government bodies shall observe the principle of transparency in accordance with the rules to be prescribed by Act of Parliament . '' The Dutch act on public access to government information entered into force in 1980 and is updated several times later . Under the act known as the Wet Openbaarheid van Bestuur ( nl ) , or Wob for short , any person can demand information ( called wobbing ) related to an administrative matter if it is contained in documents held by public authorities or companies carrying out work for a public authority . The request can either be written or oral . The authority has two ( on environmental issues ) or four weeks to respond . The act also obliges the government to provide information unsolicited as it is in the interest of good and democratic governance . New Zealand ( edit ) In New Zealand , the relevant legislation is the Official Information Act 1982 . This implemented a general policy of openness regarding official documents and replaced the Official Secrets Act . Nigeria ( edit ) Former President Goodluck Jonathan signed into law the Freedom of Information ( FoI ) Bill , awaited for 12 years by media proprietors and practitioners alike , during which the Villa got knocks for filibustering and lawmakers complained of bombardment by campaigners . The House of Representatives passed the Bill on February 24 , 2011 and the Senate dialled up integrity on March 16 as it delivered on promise to pass it . The harmonised version was passed by both Chambers on May 26 , 2011.It was conveyed to Jonathan on May 27 , and he signed it on May 28 , 2011 , according to a statement Aso Rock issued on Tuesday . Two states in Nigeria ( namely Ekiti and Lagos State ) have adopted the Freedom of Information Act at State level but they have extended the response date at State level from 7 days to 14 days . More states are expected to adopt the bill and come up with their own version . FOI expert and author of Nigeria Freedom of Information Act : A Practical Guide For Nigerians , Temitope Olodo , on BEN TV Channel 184 told viewers that `` the passing of the law was a victory for Nigerians all over the world '' . Norway ( edit ) The current freedom of information legislation was enacted May 19 . 2006 , and superseded the previous law of 1970 by January 1 , 2009 . Article 100 of the Constitution gives access to public documents . The basic principle of the law is everyone has the right to access to State and municipal documents and to be present at sittings of courts and elected assemblies . Pakistan ( edit ) Main article : Freedom of Information Act in Pakistan President Pervez Musharraf promulgated the Freedom of Information Ordinance 2002 in October 2002 . The law allows any citizen access to public records held by a public body of the federal government including ministries , departments , boards , councils , courts and tribunals . It does not apply to government owned corporations or provincial governments . The bodies must respond within 21 days . More recently , by virtue of the 18th Amendment of 2010 , article 19A has been inserted in the Constitution of Pakistan . It gives the right to access to information the status of a fundamental constitutional right . Article 19A `` Right to Information '' reads : `` Every citizen shall have the right to have access to information in all matters of public importance subject to regulation and reasonable restrictions imposed by law '' . Paraguay ( edit ) The National Constitution of Paraguay enacted in 1992 , guarantees the right to be informed and to receive true , responsible , and equitable information ( Art . 28 ) . The same article states that public sources of information are free , and that a law will regulate the modalities , time periods , and sanctions `` in order to make this right effective '' . In practice , this last provision delayed the recognition of the right due to the absence of a law making it `` effective '' . Congress , government agencies and Courts were reluctant to enforce the right to access public sources of information until 2013 . A Supreme Court judgment ( No. 1306 of 15 October 2013 ) , marked the beginning of what has been called a `` Transparency Spring '' . The ruling from the Supreme Court was made in the context of an Amparo filed by a citizen called Jose Daniel Vargas Tellez , after the San Lorenzo Municipality denied him access to the information about the names , the job descriptions and the wages of all the employees that were working in that public office . The Court of First Instance and the Court of Appeals rejected the Amparo on the grounds that information of that type was considered sensitive by the Data Protection and Privacy Act ( Law 1682 / 02 and 1969 / 02 ) . The latter rulings were challenged on constitutional grounds and the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Vargas Tellez holding that while this information relating to the identity and wages of public employees and officers constitutes personal propriety data , it is nonetheless registered in a `` public source of information '' , which makes it available to any citizen who requests it . The right to access to these informations is recognised under the Constitution and international instruments such as the American Convention on Human Rights ( Art . 13 ) ; The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ( Art . 19 ) ; and the United Nations Convention against Corruption ( Art . 13 ) . Following the Supreme Court _́ s decision , and with the support of the civil society and President Horacio Cartes , the first Transparency law was enacted ( Law No. 5189 / 14 ) requiring all public offices to disclose information regarding the use of public funds to pay salaries . In addition , The Freedom of Information and Government Transparency Law ( Law 5282 / 2014 ) was enacted in 2014 and a final regulation of 2015 ( Executive Decree 4064 / 15 ) set the final step in the road to Transparency . These rules expressly recognize that the right to access public information is a human right , which improves the State , promotes citizen participation and public accountability , and serves as a tool to combat corruption . Currently , all requests to access public information can be done online through a single portal , and government offices are obliged to respond within 15 days . Paraguay became internationally committed to promote transparency , empower citizens , fight corruption , and harness new technologies to strengthen governance after becoming a member of the Open Government Partnership . Presently , most government offices have Transparency offices and can provide information to citizens and receive reports of corruption . The main Executive agency in charge of promoting Electronic Government is the SENATICS . Rectification , Clarification and Destruction of False or Distorted information : Art 28 of the Constitution also states that any person affected by the diffusion of a false , distorted , or ambiguous information has the right to demand its rectification or its clarification by the same means and under the same conditions in which it was divulged , without prejudice to the other compensatory rights . There is also a specific law that regulates Habeas Data , and any citizen can request a copy of publicly or privately held information relating to him , and can demand that any inaccurate data found be destroyed . Philippines ( edit ) On July 23 , 2016 , Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte signed the executive order on freedom of information to be implemented effectively in all offices under the executive branch of government . Pitcairn Islands ( edit ) Section 13 ( 4 ) of the Constitution of the Pitcairn Islands provides that `` Freedom of information in Pitcairn shall be provided by Ordinance , which shall reflect the freedom of information legislation of the United Kingdom adapted to the circumstances of Pitcairn '' . The Freedom of Information Ordinance 2012 implements this requirement . Poland ( edit ) Article 61 of the Constitution provides for the right to information and mandates that Parliament enact a law setting out this right . The Law on Access to Public Information was approved in September 2001 and went into effect in January 2002 . The Act allows anyone to demand access to public information , public data and public assets held by public bodies , private bodies that exercise public tasks , trade unions and political parties . The requests can be oral or written . The bodies must respond within 14 days . Republic of Moldova ( edit ) Main article : Access to public information in Moldova Article 34 of the Constitution provides for a right of access to information . The Law of the Republic of Moldova on Access to Information was approved by Parliament in May 2000 and went into force in August 2000 . Under the law , citizens and residents of Moldova can demand information from state institutions , organisations financed by the public budget and individuals and legal entities that provide public services and hold official information . Romania ( edit ) Main article : Access to public information in Romania Since 2001 there is one law on Freedom of Information and one on transparent decision making processes in public administration ( a sunshine law ) . Rwanda ( edit ) The law Relating to Access to Information was passed on the 08 / 02 / 2013 . It puts forth the purpose of the law , recognises the right to access to information , the procedures for accessing information , and compliance related issues. available at http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/postoftheday/2013/18/Rwanda_ATI_Law_March2013_NewDelhi_SatbirS.pdf Serbia ( edit ) Main article : Access to public information in Serbia In Serbia , the Access to Public Information Act gives access to documents of public authorities . Slovakia ( edit ) Slovakia passed the Freedom of Information Act in May 2000 ( Num . law : 211 / 2000 Z. z . ) . Under the law , everybody can demand information from state institutions , organisations , from municipalities , individuals and legal entities financed by the public budget . Slovenia ( edit ) Main article : Access to public information in Slovenia Slovenia passed the Access to Public Information Act in March 2003 . The Act governs the procedure which ensures everyone free access to public information held by state bodies , local government bodies , public agencies , public funds and other entities of public law , public powers holders and public service contractors . South Africa ( edit ) Main article : Promotion of Access to Information Act , 2000 Section 32 of the Constitution of South Africa guarantees `` the right of access to any information held by the state ; and any information that is held by another person and that is required for the exercise or protection of any rights . '' This right is implemented through the Promotion of Access to Information Act , which was enacted on 2 February 2000 . The right of access to privately held information is an interesting feature , as most freedom of information laws only cover governmental bodies . South Korea ( edit ) The Constitutional Court ruled in 1989 that there is a constitutional right to information `` as an aspect of the right of freedom of expression and specific implementing legislation to define the contours of the right was not a prerequisite to its enforcement . '' The Act on Disclosure of Information by Public Agencies was enacted in 1996 and went into effect in January 1998 . It allows citizens to demand information held by public agencies . Sri Lanka ( edit ) Sri Lanka 's Right to Information Act No 12 of 2016 was certified on 4 August 2016 . After much debate and many amendments to the draft Bill , the final Act comprising 44 Sections was certified in early August 2016 . The implementation of the Act is expected to take time due to the necessity of establishing cadre positions in government institutions to provide information to the general public . The Act is considered to hold many strengths and positive features that would effectively authorize citizens to be actively involved in the process of governance . Moreover , Article 14A ( 1 ) introduced by virtue of 19th Amendment to the 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka has paved the way for the recognition of right to information as a fundamental right . Sweden ( edit ) In Sweden , the Freedom of the Press Act grants public access to official documents and is included in the Constitution of Sweden . Dating back to 1766 , it is the first freedom of information legislation in the modern sense . In modern times the right has become known as the Principle of Public Access ( Swedish : offentlighetsprincipen ) . The Principle of Public Access means that the general public is guaranteed insight into activities pursued by government agencies . All official documents handled by government agencies are public unless they contain information specified as secret under the Public Access to Information and Secrecy Act . Each request to take part of official documents is handled individually and classifying documents or information as secret is subject to appeal . The constitution also grants the right for government employees to pass on information without risk of criminal charges or repercussions and the right to attend court proceedings and meetings of legislative assemblies like the Riksdag . Switzerland ( edit ) Switzerland is a federal state . Access to federal documents is governed by the Swiss Federal Act on the Principle of Freedom of Information in Public Administration ( and supervised by the Federal Data Protection and Information Commissioner ) . Access to documents at the cantonal level is governed by cantonal laws , which are mostly similar to the federal law . Taiwan ( Republic of China ) ( edit ) The `` Freedom of Government Information Law '' ( 政府資訊公開法 ) , enacted by the Legislative Yuan of the ROC government in Taiwan , has been in force since 28 December 2005 . Tanzania ( edit ) Tanzania 's Access to Information Act was passed in 2016 . Thailand ( edit ) In Thailand , the relevant legislation is the Official Information Act of 1997 . Trinidad and Tobago ( edit ) In Trinidad and Tobago , the relevant legislation is the Freedom of Information Act , 1999 . Turkey ( edit ) Main article : Access to public information in Turkey In Turkey , the Turkish Law on the Right to Information ( Bilgi Edinme Hakkı Kanunu ) was signed on October 24 , 2003 and it came into effect 6 months later on April 24 , 2004 . Uganda ( edit ) In Uganda , the Access to Information Act was approved in 2005 and went into effect in 2006 . Ukraine ( edit ) Main article : Access to public information in Ukraine The 1996 Constitution does not include a specific general right of access to information but contains a general right of freedom of collect and disseminate information and rights of access to personal and environmental information . The 1992 Law on Information ( since 2011.05. 09 - new edition ) is a general information policy framework law that includes , classification of information , a citizen 's a right to access information , accreditation policy , information of public interest and exemptions from liability for journalists . Law on Access to Public Information was adopted 13 January 2011 and go into force from 9 May 2011 . It widens the range of subjects , obliged to provide information , gives legislative definition of public information and makes public information accessible with statutory restrictions . United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : Freedom of information in the United Kingdom The Freedom of Information Act 2000 ( 2000 c. 36 ) is the implementation of freedom of information legislation in the United Kingdom on a national level , with the exception of Scottish bodies , which are covered by the Freedom of Information ( Scotland ) Act 2002 ( 2002 asp. 13 ) . Environmental information is covered by further legislation Environmental Information Regulations 2004 . Tony Blair , the UK Prime Minister who introduced the Freedom of Information Act , later expressed regret over the Act , claiming that the Act impeded the ability of officials to deliberate `` with a reasonable level of confidentiality '' . United states ( edit ) Main article : Freedom of information in the United States In the United States the Freedom of Information Act was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 4 , 1966 and went into effect the following year . Ralph Nader has been credited with the impetus for creating this act , among others . The Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments were signed by President Bill Clinton on October 2 , 1996 . The Act applies only to federal agencies . However , all of the states , as well as the District of Columbia and some territories , have enacted similar statutes to require disclosures by agencies of the state and of local governments , though some are significantly broader than others . Some state and local government agencies attempt to get around state open records laws by claiming copyright for their works and then demanding high fees to license the public information . Some states expand government transparency through open meeting laws , which require government meetings to be announced in advance and held publicly . Uruguay ( edit ) The Act was enacted in 2008 under President Vazquez 's Administration and is mainly implemented by the Judiciary . Zimbabwe ( edit ) In Zimbabwe , the Access to Information and Privacy Act ( AIPPA ) was signed by their President Robert Mugabe in February 2002 . Pending legislation by country ( edit ) In Argentina , national freedom of information legislation is pending , though some individual regions have legislation on a local level . Such is the case of the City of Buenos Aires . In Barbados , the Government headed by David Thompson has proposed to put in place a Freedom of Information Bill . The Government has launched various initiatives to vett the proposed bill with the citizens of the country for comment . In Botswana , as of 2003 , the government was quoted as saying `` The Freedom of Information Bill is not a priority for the new ministry , but some activities like information gathering and initial planning will start . '' In the Cayman Islands , the Freedom of Information Regulations Act 2008 is expected to go into effect on January 1 , 2009 . In Fiji , the constitution gives a general right of access , but enabling legislation has not yet been passed . A draft Freedom of Information Bill was circulated in 2000 but derailed by political unrest ; the government has not yet begun work on a second bill . In Ghana , the Right to Information Bill 2003 was resubmitted to the Cabinet in 2005 . In Indonesia , the House of Representatives drafted and submitted a freedom of information bill in 2004 , and in 2008 passed with the name Public Information Openness Law . In Jordan , there is a draft Law on the Guarantee of Access to Information which was passed onto Parliament at the end of 2005 . In Kenya , the draft Freedom of Information Act 2007 will soon be tabled into Parliament . In Lesotho , the Access and Receipt of Information Bill was before Parliament in 2003 - 4 , but the current status of the legislation is unknown In Mauritius , there is currently no freedom of information legislation . In 2005 , the government pledged to enact a Freedom of Information Act but no legislation has yet been passed . In Mozambique , the government produced a draft Freedom of Information Bill in August 2005 . It is expected to become law within two years . In Nauru , the Freedom of Information Act 2004 was laid before the parliament in that year , but was not passed . Further work on the legislation is currently being held back , pending a review of the country 's Constitution . In Sri Lanka , the 2004 draft Freedom of Information Act has been endorsed by both major parties , but had not been passed as of January 2005 . In August 2016 the Right to Information Act was unanimously certified by parliament . Passed Right to Information on February 3 , 2017 ( Unless stated otherwise , information is current as of July 2008 ) . See also ( edit ) Access to public information Freedom of information Aarhus Convention on Access to Information , Public Participation in Decision - making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters Freedom in the world Information commissioner Non-profit organizations and access to public information Open government Right to know Need to know Secrecy Transparency in behaviour People David Banisar Alasdair Roberts Zev Yaroslavsky , Los Angeles City Council member ( 1974 -- 94 ) who authored city 's freedom - of - information ordinance References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FOI Commentary '' . www.austlii.edu.au . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Access - Info Europe , Statement by European RTI Community on the world 's First Official Access to Information Day , 28 September 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Access to Information Laws : Overview and Statutory Goals '' . Right2info.org . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's First Freedom of Information Act '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Staples , William R. Encyclopedia of privacy . Greenwood Publishing Group . Jump up ^ Mazhar Siraj ( 2010 ) . `` Exclusion of Private Sector from Freedom of Information Laws : Implications from a Human Rights Perspective '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences . 2 ( 1 ) : 211 -- 226 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO Names Sept. 28 Access to Information Day '' . freedominfo.org. 17 November 2015 . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` F.O.I. Center - Association of an Investigative Journalists of Armenia '' . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ACT legislation register - Freedom of Information Act 1989 - main page '' . Legislation.act.gov.au . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` New South Wales Consolidated Acts : Government Information ( Public Access ) Act 2009 '' . Austlii.edu.au. 2010 - 11 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` INFORMATION ACT '' . Department of the Attorney - General and Justice . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Right to Information Act 2009 '' ( PDF ) . The Office of the Queensland Parliamentary Counsel. 2010 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` South Australian Consolidated Acts : Freedom Of Information Act 1991 '' . Austlii.edu.au . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Tasmanian Consolidated Acts : Right to Information Act 2009 '' . Austlii.edu.au. 2009 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ State of Victoria , Australia , Department of Justice ( 2010 - 09 - 14 ) . `` Freedom of Information '' . FOI.vic.gov.au . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 29 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Office of the Information Commissioner ( WA ) Home Page '' . State of Western Australia . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh Right to Information Ordinance , No. 50 of 2008 ( Bangla ) '' ( in Bengali ) . 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'' ^ Jump up to : Freedom House , `` Country Report : Denmark . '' Freedom of the Press 2016 , https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/denmark . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived March 27 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.freedominfo.org/2011/03/el-salvador-joins-the-list-of-foi-countries/ Jump up ^ `` Parliament of Estonia , Public Information Act Passed 15 November 2000 '' . Legaltext.ee. 2000 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Grand Chamber judgment on application no . 14967 / 89 See para. 50 - 60 , as well as concurring opinion of Mrs Palm , joined by Mr Bernhardt , Mr Russo , Mr Macdonald , Mr Makarczyk and Mr van Dijk , partly dissenting opinion of Mr Thór Vilhjálmsson , concurring opinion of Mr Jambrek Jump up ^ `` PACE resolution no . 1087 ( 1996 ) on the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster '' . Assembly.coe.int. 1996 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Convention on Access to Official Documents '' . 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Available on the website of the German Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection , as part of the project `` Gesetze im Internet '' ( laws on the Internet ) , in cooperation with juris GMBH , a legal information service . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Dorovinis , Vassilis ; Etairia , Elliniki ( June 1998 ) . Doors to Democracy . Szentendre , Hungary : The Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe . p. 89 . ISBN 963 8454 58 X . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Article 5 of the Administrative Procedures Code -- Document Access ( in Greek ) Jump up ^ `` Code on Access to Information '' . Access.gov.hk. 2014 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 nr. 140 28 . desember / Upplýsingalög '' . Althingi.is . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` home page '' . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Right to Information Act to complete five years on October 12 Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis '' . 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Jump up ^ `` Freedom of Information Around the World 2006 : A Global Survey of Access to Government Information Laws by David Banisar '' . SSRN . SSRN 1707336 . doi : 10.2139 / ssrn. 1707336 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Blacked Out : Government Secrecy in the Information Age - Alasdair Roberts - Google Boeken . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Freedom of information . International : Freedominfo : one - stop portal for freedom of information laws and movements around the world . Right2Info : good law and practice from around the world , including links to RTI and other related laws and constitutional provisions from nearly 100 countries . Open Government : a Journal on Freedom of Information . An open access e-journal with peer - reviewed research and commentary on FOI worldwide . Now defunct ? FOIAnet ARTICLE 19 : Global human rights organisation which promotes freedom of expression and access to information The Access Initiative The Publics Right to Know Freedom of Information Training Manual for Public Officials Model Freedom of Information Law National Right to Information Laws , Regulations and Bills Map , November 2011 Global Integrity Transparency Report , covers over 80 countries , updated yearly International survey of FOI laws , mid-2005 World FOI Chart , comparative table of FOI laws Global index of FOI rulings Europe : Access Info Europe UK Campaign for Freedom of Information Privacy & Data Protection : UK 's leading journal on FOI issues . Legal Leaks - Freedom of Information and Journalism Transparency International BiH India : Government portal for Right to Information Government Portal for filing RTI Online - central government only Online Service to file RTI Applications for both state and central governments Turkey : Turkish Right to Know Act - Civil Portal United States : The National Freedom of Information Coalition The WikiFoia A wiki for state and local laws , news and support The National Security Archive -- a collection of declassified documents acquired through the FOIA Comprehensive list of FOIA officers in US government FOIA Guidance -- U.S. Department of Justice Guide to the Freedom of Information Act , 2009 Georgia Open Records Act , Ballotpedia Nepal Right to Information Act 2007 Open Meetings : The Public Notice Resource Center -- A non profit group that protects open meetings laws PNRC Of Record Breaking News Blog South Korea : Seoul Information Communication Plaza - Information disclosure by the city of seoul ( hide ) Freedom of information laws by country Canada France India United Kingdom United States Elsewhere Freedom of speech portal Law portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_information_laws_by_country&oldid=807083834 '' Categories : Freedom of information legislation Accountability Government information Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 errors : external links CS1 Croatian - language sources ( hr ) Articles with Finnish - language external links Articles with Ukrainian - language external links Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia external links cleanup from October 2013 Wikipedia spam cleanup from October 2013 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2015 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles needing additional references from February 2010 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2010 Articles containing Finnish - language text NPOV disputes from September 2011 All NPOV disputes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 All articles with minor POV problems Articles with minor POV problems from September 2011 Articles with obsolete information from February 2017 Interlanguage link template link number Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2003 All articles containing potentially dated statements Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Eesti Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Português Davvisámegiella کوردی ไทย ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 20 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	under the freedom of information act any citizen may demand information about	[ "The Act applies only to federal agencies. However, all of the states, as well as the District of Columbia and some territories, have enacted similar statutes to require disclosures by agencies of the state and of local governments, though some are significantly broader than others. Some state and local government agencies attempt to get around state open records laws by claiming copyright for their works and then demanding high fees to license the public information.[122]:441–42 Some states expand government transparency through open meeting laws, which require government meetings to be announced in advance and held publicly." ]	[ "federal agencies" ]
-6167548876072371445	Taj Mahal	Taj Mahal - Wikipedia Taj Mahal Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Taj Mahal ( disambiguation ) . Taj Mahal Location Agra , Uttar Pradesh , India Coordinates 27 ° 10 ′ 30 '' N 78 ° 02 ′ 31 '' E / 27.17500 ° N 78.04194 ° E / 27.17500 ; 78.04194 Coordinates : 27 ° 10 ′ 30 '' N 78 ° 02 ′ 31 '' E / 27.17500 ° N 78.04194 ° E / 27.17500 ; 78.04194 Height 73 m ( 240 ft ) Built 1632 -- 53 Architect Ustad Ahmad Lahauri Architectural style ( s ) Mughal architecture Visitors 7 -- 8 million ( in 2014 ) Website www.tajmahal.gov.in Location of Taj Mahal in Uttar pradesh Taj Mahal ( India ) Show map of Uttar Pradesh Show map of India Show all UNESCO World Heritage Site Criteria Cultural : i Reference 252 Inscription 1983 ( 7th Session ) The Taj Mahal ( / ˌtɑːdʒ məˈhɑːl , ˌtɑːʒ - / ; meaning `` Crown of the Palace '' ) is an ivory - white marble mausoleum on the south bank of the Yamuna river in the Indian city of Agra . It was commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal emperor , Shah Jahan ( reigned from 1628 to 1658 ) , to house the tomb of his favourite wife , Mumtaz Mahal . The tomb is the centrepiece of a 17 - hectare ( 42 - acre ) complex , which includes a mosque and a guest house , and is set in formal gardens bounded on three sides by a crenellated wall . Construction of the mausoleum was essentially completed in 1643 but work continued on other phases of the project for another 10 years . The Taj Mahal complex is believed to have been completed in its entirety in 1653 at a cost estimated at the time to be around 32 million rupees , which in 2015 would be approximately 52.8 billion rupees ( U.S. $ 827 million ) . The construction project employed some 20,000 artisans under the guidance of a board of architects led by the court architect to the emperor , Ustad Ahmad Lahauri . The Taj Mahal was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983 for being `` the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world 's heritage '' . It is regarded by many as the best example of Mughal architecture and a symbol of India 's rich history . The Taj Mahal attracts 7 -- 8 million visitors a year . In 2007 , it was declared a winner of the New7Wonders of the World ( 2000 -- 2007 ) initiative . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration 2 Architecture and design 2.1 Tomb 2.2 Exterior decorations 2.2. 1 Interior decoration 2.3 Garden 2.4 Outlying buildings 3 Construction 4 Later days 5 Threats 6 Tourism 7 Myths 8 Gallery 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Sources 11 External links Inspiration The Taj Mahal was commissioned by Shah Jahan in 1631 , to be built in the memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal , a Persian princess who died giving birth to their 14th child , Gauhara Begum . Construction of the Taj Mahal began in 1632 . The imperial court documenting Shah Jahan 's grief after the death of Mumtaz Mahal illustrate the love story held as the inspiration for Taj Mahal . The principal mausoleum was completed in 1643 and the surrounding buildings and garden were finished about five years later . Architecture and design Main article : Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal The Taj Mahal incorporates and expands on design traditions of Persian and earlier Mughal architecture . Specific inspiration came from successful Timurid and Mughal buildings including the Gur - e Amir ( the tomb of Timur , progenitor of the Mughal dynasty , in Samarkand ) , Humayun 's Tomb , Itmad - Ud - Daulah 's Tomb ( sometimes called the Baby Taj ) , and Shah Jahan 's own Jama Masjid in Delhi . While earlier Mughal buildings were primarily constructed of red sandstone , Shah Jahan promoted the use of white marble inlaid with semi-precious stones . Buildings under his patronage reached new levels of refinement . Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal `` Shah Jahan on a globe '' from the Smithsonian Institution Artistic depiction of Mumtaz Mahal Tomb The tomb is the central focus of the entire complex of the Taj Mahal . It is a large , white marble structure standing on a square plinth and consists of a symmetrical building with an iwan ( an arch - shaped doorway ) topped by a large dome and finial . Like most Mughal tombs , the basic elements are Persian in origin . The base structure is a large multi-chambered cube with chamfered corners forming an unequal eight - sided structure that is approximately 55 metres ( 180 ft ) on each of the four long sides . Each side of the iwan is framed with a huge pishtaq or vaulted archway with two similarly shaped arched balconies stacked on either side . This motif of stacked pishtaqs is replicated on the chamfered corner areas , making the design completely symmetrical on all sides of the building . Four minarets frame the tomb , one at each corner of the plinth facing the chamfered corners . The main chamber houses the false sarcophagi of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan ; the actual graves are at a lower level . The tomb Taj Mahal from Main Entrance . Four minarets frame the tomb . Interior view of the vaulted dome over the tombs of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz . The false sarcophagi of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan in the main chamber . The actual tombs of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan in the lower level . Main marble dome , smaller domes , and decorative spires that extend from the edges of the base walls . The most spectacular feature is the marble dome that surmounts the tomb . The dome is nearly 35 metres ( 115 ft ) high which is close in measurement to the length of the base , and accentuated by the cylindrical `` drum '' it sits on which is approximately 7 metres ( 23 ft ) high . Because of its shape , the dome is often called an onion dome or amrud ( guava dome ) . The top is decorated with a lotus design which also serves to accentuate its height . The shape of the dome is emphasised by four smaller domed chattris ( kiosks ) placed at its corners , which replicate the onion shape of the main dome . The dome is slightly asymmetrical . Their columned bases open through the roof of the tomb and provide light to the interior . Tall decorative spires ( guldastas ) extend from edges of base walls , and provide visual emphasis to the height of the dome . The lotus motif is repeated on both the chattris and guldastas . The dome and chattris are topped by a gilded finial which mixes traditional Persian and Hindustani decorative elements . The main finial was originally made of gold but was replaced by a copy made of gilded bronze in the early 19th century . This feature provides a clear example of integration of traditional Persian and Hindu decorative elements . The finial is topped by a moon , a typical Islamic motif whose horns point heavenward . The minarets , which are each more than 40 metres ( 130 ft ) tall , display the designer 's penchant for symmetry . They were designed as working minarets -- a traditional element of mosques , used by the muezzin to call the Islamic faithful to prayer . Each minaret is effectively divided into three equal parts by two working balconies that ring the tower . At the top of the tower is a final balcony surmounted by a chattri that mirrors the design of those on the tomb . The chattris all share the same decorative elements of a lotus design topped by a gilded finial . The minarets were constructed slightly outside of the plinth so that in the event of collapse , a typical occurrence with many tall constructions of the period , the material from the towers would tend to fall away from the tomb . Exterior decorations The exterior decorations of the Taj Mahal are among the finest in Mughal architecture . As the surface area changes , the decorations are refined proportionally . The decorative elements were created by applying paint , stucco , stone inlays or carvings . In line with the Islamic prohibition against the use of anthropomorphic forms , the decorative elements can be grouped into either calligraphy , abstract forms or vegetative motifs . Throughout the complex are passages from the Qur'an that comprise some of the decorative elements . Recent scholarship suggests that the passages were chosen by Amanat Khan . The calligraphy on the Great Gate reads `` O Soul , thou art at rest . Return to the Lord at peace with Him , and He at peace with you . '' The calligraphy was created in 1609 by a calligrapher named Abdul Haq . Shah Jahan conferred the title of `` Amanat Khan '' upon him as a reward for his `` dazzling virtuosity '' . Near the lines from the Qur'an at the base of the interior dome is the inscription , `` Written by the insignificant being , Amanat Khan Shirazi . '' Much of the calligraphy is composed of florid thuluth script made of jasper or black marble inlaid in white marble panels . Higher panels are written in slightly larger script to reduce the skewing effect when viewed from below . The calligraphy found on the marble cenotaphs in the tomb is particularly detailed and delicate . Abstract forms are used throughout , especially in the plinth , minarets , gateway , mosque , jawab and , to a lesser extent , on the surfaces of the tomb . The domes and vaults of the sandstone buildings are worked with tracery of incised painting to create elaborate geometric forms . Herringbone inlays define the space between many of the adjoining elements . White inlays are used in sandstone buildings , and dark or black inlays on the white marbles . Mortared areas of the marble buildings have been stained or painted in a contrasting colour which creates a complex array of geometric patterns . Floors and walkways use contrasting tiles or blocks in tessellation patterns . On the lower walls of the tomb are white marble dados sculpted with realistic bas relief depictions of flowers and vines . The marble has been polished to emphasise the exquisite detailing of the carvings . The dado frames and archway spandrels have been decorated with pietra dura inlays of highly stylised , almost geometric vines , flowers and fruits . The inlay stones are of yellow marble , jasper and jade , polished and levelled to the surface of the walls . Detailed exterior design Base , dome and minaret . Finial , tamga of the Mughal Empire . Calligraphy of Persian poems . Plant motifs . Reflective tiles . Marble jali lattice . Calligraphy of Arabic Ayaat . Interior decoration The interior chamber of the Taj Mahal reaches far beyond traditional decorative elements . The inlay work is not pietra dura , but a lapidary of precious and semiprecious gemstones . The inner chamber is an octagon with the design allowing for entry from each face , although only the door facing the garden to the south is used . The interior walls are about 25 metres ( 82 ft ) high and are topped by a `` false '' interior dome decorated with a sun motif . Eight pishtaq arches define the space at ground level and , as with the exterior , each lower pishtaq is crowned by a second pishtaq about midway up the wall . The four central upper arches form balconies or viewing areas , and each balcony 's exterior window has an intricate screen or jali cut from marble . In addition to the light from the balcony screens , light enters through roof openings covered by chattris at the corners . The octagonal marble screen or jali bordering the cenotaphs is made from eight marble panels carved through with intricate pierce work . The remaining surfaces are inlaid in delicate detail with semi-precious stones forming twining vines , fruits and flowers . Each chamber wall is highly decorated with dado bas - relief , intricate lapidary inlay and refined calligraphy panels which reflect , in miniature detail , the design elements seen throughout the exterior of the complex . Detailed interior design Flowers carved in marble . Detail of pietra dura jali inlay . Delicacy of intricate pierce work . Archways in the mosque . Incised painting . Finial floor tiling . Detail of jali . Muslim tradition forbids elaborate decoration of graves . Hence , the bodies of Mumtaz and Shah Jahan were put in a relatively plain crypt beneath the inner chamber with their faces turned right , towards Mecca . Mumtaz Mahal 's cenotaph is placed at the precise centre of the inner chamber on a rectangular marble base of 1.5 by 2.5 metres ( 4 ft 11 in by 8 ft 2 in ) . Both the base and casket are elaborately inlaid with precious and semiprecious gems . Calligraphic inscriptions on the casket identify and praise Mumtaz . On the lid of the casket is a raised rectangular lozenge meant to suggest a writing tablet . Shah Jahan 's cenotaph is beside Mumtaz 's to the western side , and is the only visible asymmetric element in the entire complex . His cenotaph is bigger than his wife 's , but reflects the same elements : a larger casket on a slightly taller base precisely decorated with lapidary and calligraphy that identifies him . On the lid of the casket is a traditional sculpture of a small pen box . The pen box and writing tablet are traditional Mughal funerary icons decorating the caskets of men and women respectively . The Ninety Nine Names of God are calligraphic inscriptions on the sides of the actual tomb of Mumtaz Mahal . Other inscriptions inside the crypt include , `` O Noble , O Magnificent , O Majestic , O Unique , O Eternal , O Glorious ... `` . The tomb of Shah Jahan bears a calligraphic inscription that reads ; `` He travelled from this world to the banquet - hall of Eternity on the night of the twenty - sixth of the month of Rajab , in the year 1076 Hijri . '' Garden Walkways beside reflecting pool The complex is set around a large 300 - metre ( 980 ft ) square charbagh or Mughal garden . The garden uses raised pathways that divide each of the four quarters of the garden into 16 sunken parterres or flowerbeds . Halfway between the tomb and gateway in the centre of the garden is a raised marble water tank with a reflecting pool positioned on a north - south axis to reflect the image of the mausoleum . The raised marble water tank is called al Hawd al - Kawthar in reference to the `` Tank of Abundance '' promised to Muhammad . Elsewhere , the garden is laid out with avenues of trees labeled according to common and scientific names and fountains . The charbagh garden , a design inspired by Persian gardens , was introduced to India by Babur , the first Mughal emperor . It symbolises the four flowing rivers of Jannah ( Paradise ) and reflects the Paradise garden derived from the Persian paridaeza , meaning ' walled garden ' . In mystic Islamic texts of the Mughal period , Paradise is described as an ideal garden of abundance with four rivers flowing from a central spring or mountain , separating the garden into north , west , south and east . Most Mughal charbaghs are rectangular with a tomb or pavilion in the centre . The Taj Mahal garden is unusual in that the main element , the tomb , is located at the end of the garden . With the discovery of Mahtab Bagh or `` Moonlight Garden '' on the other side of the Yamuna , the interpretation of the Archaeological Survey of India is that the Yamuna river itself was incorporated into the garden 's design and was meant to be seen as one of the rivers of Paradise . Similarities in layout and architectural features with the Shalimar Gardens suggests both gardens may have been designed by the same architect , Ali Mardan . Early accounts of the garden describe its profusion of vegetation , including abundant roses , daffodils , and fruit trees . As the Mughal Empire declined , the Taj Mahal and its gardens also declined . By the end of the 19th century , the British Empire controlled more than three - fifths of India , and assumed management of the Taj Mahal . They changed the landscaping to their liking which more closely resembled the formal lawns of London . Outlying buildings The Great gate ( Darwaza - i rauza ) is the main entrance to the tomb . The Taj Mahal complex is bordered on three sides by crenellated red sandstone walls ; the side facing the river is open . Outside the walls are several additional mausoleums , including those of Shah Jahan 's other wives , and a larger tomb for Mumtaz 's favourite servant . The main gateway ( darwaza ) is a monumental structure built primarily of marble , and reminiscent of the Mughal architecture of earlier emperors . Its archways mirror the shape of the tomb 's archways , and its pishtaq arches incorporate the calligraphy that decorates the tomb . The vaulted ceilings and walls have elaborate geometric designs like those found in the other sandstone buildings in the complex . At the far end of the complex are two grand red sandstone buildings that mirror each other , and face the sides of the tomb . The backs of the buildings parallel the western and eastern walls . The western building is a mosque and the other is the jawab ( answer ) , thought to have been constructed for architectural balance although it may have been used as a guesthouse . Distinctions between the two buildings include the jawab 's lack of a mihrab ( a niche in a mosque 's wall facing Mecca ) , and its floors of geometric design whereas the floor of the mosque is laid with outlines of 569 prayer rugs in black marble . The mosque 's basic design of a long hall surmounted by three domes is similar to others built by Shah Jahan , particularly the Masjid - i Jahān - Numā , or Jama Masjid , Delhi . The Mughal mosques of this period divide the sanctuary hall into three areas comprising a main sanctuary and slightly smaller sanctuaries on either side . At the Taj Mahal , each sanctuary opens onto an expansive vaulting dome . The outlying buildings were completed in 1643 . Taj Mahal and outlying buildings as seen from across the Yamuna River ( northern view ) Construction The Taj Mahal is built on a parcel of land to the south of the walled city of Agra . Shah Jahan presented Maharajah Jai Singh with a large palace in the centre of Agra in exchange for the land . An area of roughly 1.2 hectares ( 3 acres ) was excavated , filled with dirt to reduce seepage , and levelled at 50 metres ( 160 ft ) above riverbank . In the tomb area , wells were dug and filled with stone and rubble to form the footings of the tomb . Instead of lashed bamboo , workmen constructed a colossal brick scaffold that mirrored the tomb . The scaffold was so enormous that foremen estimated it would take years to dismantle . The Taj Mahal was constructed using materials from all over India and Asia . It is believed over 1,000 elephants were used to transport building materials . The translucent white marble was brought from Makrana , Rajasthan , the jasper from Punjab , jade and crystal from China . The turquoise was from Tibet and the Lapis lazuli from Afghanistan , while the sapphire came from Sri Lanka and the carnelian from Arabia . In all , twenty - eight types of precious and semi-precious stones were inlaid into the white marble . According to the legend , Shah Jahan decreed that anyone could keep the bricks taken from the scaffold , and thus it was dismantled by peasants overnight . A 15 - kilometre ( 9.3 mi ) tamped - earth ramp was built to transport marble and materials to the construction site and teams of twenty or thirty oxen pulled the blocks on specially constructed wagons . An elaborate post-and - beam pulley system was used to raise the blocks into desired position . Water was drawn from the river by a series of purs , an animal - powered rope and bucket mechanism , into a large storage tank and raised to a large distribution tank . It was passed into three subsidiary tanks , from which it was piped to the complex . The plinth and tomb took roughly 12 years to complete . The remaining parts of the complex took an additional 10 years and were completed in order of minarets , mosque and jawab , and gateway . Since the complex was built in stages , discrepancies exist in completion dates due to differing opinions on `` completion '' . Construction of the mausoleum itself was essentially completed by 1643 while work continued on the outlying buildings . Estimates of the cost of construction vary due to difficulties in estimating costs across time . The total cost at the time has been estimated to be about 32 million Indian rupees , which is around 52.8 billion Indian rupees ( $827 million US ) based on 2015 values . Later days Abdul Hamid Lahauri in his book Badshahnama refers to Taj Mahal as rauza - i munawwara , meaning the illumined or illustrious tomb . Soon after the Taj Mahal 's completion , Shah Jahan was deposed by his son Aurangzeb and put under house arrest at nearby Agra Fort . Upon Shah Jahan 's death , Aurangzeb buried him in the mausoleum next to his wife . In the 18th century , the Jat rulers of Bharatpur invaded Agra and attacked the Taj Mahal , the two chandeliers , one of agate and another of silver , which were hung over the main cenotaph , were taken away by them , along with the gold and silver screen . Kanbo , a Mughal historian , said the gold shield which covered the 4.6 - metre - high ( 15 ft ) finial at the top of the main dome was also removed during the Jat despoliation . By the late 19th century , parts of the buildings had fallen into disrepair . During the time of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Taj Mahal was defaced by British soldiers and government officials , who chiselled out precious stones and lapis lazuli from its walls . At the end of the 19th century , British viceroy Lord Curzon ordered a sweeping restoration project , which was completed in 1908 . He also commissioned the large lamp in the interior chamber , modelled after one in a Cairo mosque . During this time the garden was remodelled with British - style lawns that are still in place today . Threats Protective wartime scaffolding In 1942 , the government erected a scaffolding to disguise the building in anticipation of air attacks by the Japanese Air Force . During the India - Pakistan wars of 1965 and 1971 , scaffolding were again erected to mislead bomber pilots . More recent threats have come from environmental pollution on the banks of the Yamuna River including acid rain due to the Mathura Oil Refinery , which was opposed by Supreme Court of India directives . The pollution has been turning the Taj Mahal yellow . To help control the pollution , the Indian government has set up the Taj Trapezium Zone ( TTZ ) , a 10,400 - square - kilometre ( 4,000 sq mi ) area around the monument where strict emissions standards are in place . Concerns for the tomb 's structural integrity have recently been raised because of a decline in the groundwater level in the Yamuna river basin which is falling at a rate of around 1.5 m ( 5 ft ) per year . In 2010 , cracks appeared in parts of the tomb , and the minarets which surround the monument were showing signs of tilting , as the wooden foundation of the tomb may be rotting due to lack of water . It has been pointed out by politicians , however , that the minarets are designed to tilt slightly outwards to prevent them from crashing on top of the tomb in the event of an earthquake . In 2011 , it was reported that some predictions indicated that the tomb could collapse within 5 years . Small minarets located at two of the outlying buildings were reported as damaged by a storm on April 11 , 2018 . Tourism Visitors at Taj Mahal The Taj Mahal attracts a large number of tourists . UNESCO documented more than 2 million visitors in 2001 , which had increased to about 7 -- 8 million in 2014 . A two - tier pricing system is in place , with a significantly lower entrance fee for Indian citizens and a more expensive one for foreigners . Most tourists visit in the cooler months of October , November and February . Polluting traffic is not allowed near the complex and tourists must either walk from parking lots or catch an electric bus . The Khawasspuras ( northern courtyards ) are currently being restored for use as a new visitor centre . The small town to the south of the Taj , known as Taj Ganji or Mumtazabad , was originally constructed with caravanserais , bazaars and markets to serve the needs of visitors and workmen . Lists of recommended travel destinations often feature the Taj Mahal , which also appears in several listings of seven wonders of the modern world , including the recently announced New Seven Wonders of the World , a recent poll with 100 million votes . The grounds are open from 06 : 00 to 19 : 00 weekdays , except for Friday when the complex is open for prayers at the mosque between 12 : 00 and 14 : 00 . The complex is open for night viewing on the day of the full moon and two days before and after , excluding Fridays and the month of Ramadan . For security reasons only five items -- water in transparent bottles , small video cameras , still cameras , mobile phones and small ladies ' purses -- are allowed inside the Taj Mahal . Myths Jean - Baptiste Tavernier , one of the first European visitors to the Taj Mahal Ever since its construction , the building has been the source of an admiration transcending culture and geography , and so personal and emotional responses have consistently eclipsed scholastic appraisals of the monument . A longstanding myth holds that Shah Jahan planned a mausoleum to be built in black marble as a Black Taj Mahal across the Yamuna river . The idea originates from fanciful writings of Jean - Baptiste Tavernier , a European traveller who visited Agra in 1665 . It was suggested that Shah Jahan was overthrown by his son Aurangzeb before it could be built . Ruins of blackened marble across the river in Moonlight Garden , Mahtab Bagh , seemed to support this legend . However , excavations carried out in the 1990s found that they were discoloured white stones that had turned black . A more credible theory for the origins of the black mausoleum was demonstrated in 2006 by archaeologists who reconstructed part of the pool in the Moonlight Garden . A dark reflection of the white mausoleum could clearly be seen , befitting Shah Jahan 's obsession with symmetry and the positioning of the pool itself . No evidence exists for claims that describe , often in horrific detail , the deaths , dismemberments and mutilations which Shah Jahan supposedly inflicted on various architects and craftsmen associated with the tomb . Some stories claim that those involved in construction signed contracts committing themselves to have no part in any similar design . Similar claims are made for many famous buildings . No evidence exists for claims that Lord William Bentinck , governor - general of India in the 1830s , supposedly planned to demolish the Taj Mahal and auction off the marble . Bentinck 's biographer John Rosselli says that the story arose from Bentinck 's fund - raising sale of discarded marble from Agra Fort . Another myth suggests that beating the silhouette of the finial will cause water to come forth . To this day , officials find broken bangles surrounding the silhouette . In 2000 , India 's Supreme Court dismissed P.N. Oak 's petition to declare that a Hindu king built the Taj Mahal . In 2005 a similar petition was dismissed by the Allahabad High Court . This case was brought by Amar Nath Mishra , a social worker and preacher who says that the Taj Mahal was built by the Hindu King Parmar Dev in 1196 . As of 2017 , several court cases about Taj Mahal being a Hindu temple have been inspired by Oak 's theory . In August 2017 , Archaeological Survey of India ( ASI ) stated there was no evidence to suggest the monument ever housed a temple . A theory that the Taj Mahal was designed by an Italian , Geronimo Vereneo , held sway for a brief period after it was first promoted by Henry George Keene in 1879 who went by a translation of a Spanish work Itinerario , ( The Travels of Fray Sebastian Manrique , 1629 - 1643 ) . Another theory that a Frenchman , Austin of Bordeaux designed the Taj was promoted by William Henry Sleeman based on the work of Jean - Baptiste Tavernier . These idea were revived by Father Hosten and discussed again by E.B. Havell and served as the basis for subsequent theories and controversies . Gallery Taj Mahal Eastern view in the morning Western view at sunset Taj Mahal through the fog A panoramic view looking 360 degrees around the Taj Mahal in 2005 See also Architecture of India Mehtab Bagh , a garden directly across the river from Taj Mahal Fatehpur Sikri , a nearby city and World Heritage Site Bibi Ka Maqbara , a similar building in the Deccan Taj Mahal replicas and derivatives Inside , a 1968 new - age music album recorded in the building Uttar Pradesh portal Architecture portal References Notes Jump up ^ Dutemple , Lesley A ( 2003 ) . The Taj Mahal . Lerner Publications Co. p. 32 . ISBN 0 - 8225 - 4694 - 9 . Archived from the original on 20 May 2016 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archaeological Survey of India Agra working on compiling visual archives on Taj Mahal '' . The Economic Times . 29 November 2015 . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Wells , John C. ( 1990 ) . Longman pronunciation dictionary . Harlow , England : Longman . p. 704 . 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Architectural Guide to Mughal India , Chronicle Books . External links Media related to Taj Mahal at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to Taj Mahal at Wikiquote Taj Mahal travel guide from Wikivoyage Official website of the Taj Mahal Description of the Taj Mahal at the Archaeological Survey of India Profile of the Taj Mahal at UNESCO Tourist attractions in Agra World Heritage Sites Agra Fort Fatehpur Sikri Taj Mahal Mughal architecture Chini Ka Rauza Gyarah Sidi Itmad - Ud - Daulah Mariam 's Tomb Sikandra Mosques Jama Masjid Moti Masjid Other religious places Bateshwar Guru ka Tal Mankameshwar Temple Swamibagh Shopping Kinari Bazaar Loha Mandi Raja ki mandi Sadar Bazaar Sanjay Place Gardens Mehtab Bagh Paliwal Park Ram Bagh Wildlife sanctuaries Keetham Lake National Chambal Wildlife Sanctuary Patna Bird Sanctuary Fairs Ram Barat Taj Mahotsav World Heritage Sites in India North Agra Fort The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier Fatehpur Sikri Great Himalayan National Park Humayun 's Tomb Keoladeo National Park Khajuraho Group of Monuments Kalka - Shimla Railway Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks Qutub Minar and its Monuments Red Fort Complex Taj Mahal East Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Kaziranga National Park Mahabodhi Temple Complex Nalanda Manas Wildlife Sanctuary Sun Temple at Konark Sundarbans National Park Khangchendzonga National Park South Great Living Chola Temples Group of Monuments at Hampi Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram Group of Monuments at Pattadakal Nilgiri Mountain Railway Western Ghats West Historic City of Ahmadabad Ajanta Caves Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka Champaner - Pavagadh Archaeological Park Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Churches and convents of Goa Elephanta Caves Ellora Caves Hill Forts of Rajasthan Jantar Mantar of Jaipur Rani ki vav Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi Western Ghats Mughal Empire Emperors Babur Humayun Akbar Jahangir Shah Jahan Aurangzeb ( Alamgir ) Muhammad Azam Shah Bahadur Shah I Jahandar Shah Farrukhsiyar Rafi ud - Darajat Shah Jahan II Muhammad Shah Ahmad Shah Bahadur Alamgir II Shah Jahan III Shah Alam II Akbar II Bahadur Shah II Battles and conflicts Battle of Panipat ( 1526 ) Gujarat conquest Battle of Khanwa Battle of Ghaghra Siege of Sambhal Battle of Panipat ( 1556 ) Battle of Thanesar Siege of Chittorgarh Siege of Ranthambore Battle of Tukaroi Battle of Raj Mahal Battle of Haldighati Battle of Bhuchar Mori Siege of Kandahar Mughal -- Safavid War ( 1622 -- 23 ) Siege of Orchha Mughal -- Safavid War ( 1649 -- 53 ) Battle of Samugarh Battle of Khajwa Suppression of Tilpat rebellion Ahom -- Mughal conflicts Siege of Purandhar Tibet -- Ladakh -- Mughal War Mughal -- Maratha Wars Siege of Bijapur Siege of Jinji Child 's War Siege of Golconda Battle of Karnal Third Battle of Panipat Battle of Buxar Siege of Delhi Architecture Taj Mahal Gardens of Babur Fatehpur Sikri Tomb of Salim Chishti Humayun 's Tomb Red Fort Lahore Fort Jahangir Mahal Lalbagh Fort Akbar 's Tomb Agra Fort Chawk Mosque Shalimar Gardens Achabal Gardens Jahangir 's Tomb Bibi Ka Maqbara Badshahi Mosque Shahi Bridge Shah Jahan Mosque , Thatta Sheesh Mahal Sunehri Masjid Tipu Sultan Mosque Wazir Khan Mosque more Adversaries Ibrahim Lodi Rana Sanga Sher Shah Suri Hemu Maharana Pratap Malik Ambar Gokula Pratapaditya Shivaji Lachit Borphukan Khushal Khattak Sir Josiah Child Guru Gobind Singh Henry Every Bajirao I Nader Shah Hector Munro Provinces Bengal Subah Gujarat Subah See also Art Cuisine Culture Flag Gardens Language Military Painting Persians Tribe Weapons Timurid dynasty family tree Successor states Maratha Empire Rajput states Jats Sikh Empire Nawabs of Bengal Awadh Nizam of Hyderabad Carnatic Kingdom of Mysore Rohilkhand BNF : cb12162158x ( data ) GND : 4086583 - 6 LCCN : sh85132019 NDL : 00954708 NKC : xx0082572 SUDOC : 030147409 ULAN : 500304454 VIAF : 172481610 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taj_Mahal&oldid=842493408 '' Categories : Buildings and structures completed in 1654 Buildings and structures in Agra Domes Iranian architecture Islamic architecture Mausoleums in Uttar Pradesh Mughal architecture Mughal funerary gardens in India Persian gardens in India Taj Mahal Tourist attractions in Agra World Heritage Sites in India Marble buildings Tourism in India 1654 establishments in the Mughal Empire Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use Indian English from July 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from November 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Good articles Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - 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About Wikipedia	where is the tomb in the taj mahal	[ "The tomb is the central focus of the entire complex of the Taj Mahal. It is a large, white marble structure standing on a square plinth and consists of a symmetrical building with an iwan (an arch-shaped doorway) topped by a large dome and finial. Like most Mughal tombs, the basic elements are Persian in origin.[13]" ]	[ "the central focus of the entire complex" ]
3606697333463713218	Select Portfolio Servicing	Select Portfolio Servicing - wikipedia Select Portfolio Servicing Jump to : navigation , search Select Portfolio Servicing , Inc . ( SPS ) is a loan servicing company founded in 1989 as Fairbanks Capital Corp. with operations in Salt Lake City , Utah and Jacksonville , Florida . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 See also 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) Select Portfolio Servicing was created as a Utah company in 1989 . Filings with both the Utah Secretary of State and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) confirm this . Filings with the Utah SOS and SEC would more accurately confirm that Fairbanks Capital Corp. was created as a Utah company in 1989 . Fairbanks Holding ( the parent company of Fairbanks Capital ) was owned in part by PMI Group , Inc. , and bond guaranty firm Financial Security Assurance . In November 2003 , Fairbanks Capital Corp. and Fairbanks Capital Holding Corp. agreed to pay $40 million to settle with the FTC and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development ( HUD ) , which charged them with engaging in a number of unfair , deceptive , and illegal practices in the servicing of subprime mortgage loans . The Commission distributed the $40 million as redress to affected consumers . The settlement also imposed a number of specific limitations on Fairbanks 's ability to charge fees and engage in certain practices when servicing mortgage loans . In early 2004 , Fairbanks changed its name to Select Portfolio Servicing , Inc. and SPS Holding Corp . Fairbanks changed its name to Select Portfolio Servicing effective June 30 , 2004 according to its Articles of Amendment . In 2005 , Select Portfolio Servicing was purchased by Credit Suisse , a financial services company , headquartered in Zürich , Switzerland . According to a Securities and Exchange Commission report ( CFN : 1 - 6862 ) filed August 12 , 2005 , Credit Suisse First Boston ( USA ) , Inc. now known as Credit Suisse , purchased Select Portfolio Servicing and its parent holding company for $144.4 million . Credit Suisse 's Investment Banking Strategy included `` the acquisition of Select Portfolio Servicing , a mortgage servicing company . '' In 2007 , the FTC conducted a review of Select Portfolio Servicing 's compliance with certain aspects of the 2003 settlement . The FTC and Select Portfolio Servicing negotiated and agreed to several modifications of the settlement . HUD has also agreed to these changes . Select Portfolio Servicing 's current CEO is Timothy O'Brien and its COO is Randhir Gandhi . See also ( edit ) Subprime lending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Fairbanks Capital Corp. / Select Portfolio Servicing '' . Ftc.gov. 2009 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived April 18 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` FTC , Subprime Mortgage Servicer Agree to Modified Settlement '' . Ftc.gov. 2011 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbb.org/utah/business-reviews/mortgage-brokers/select-portfolio-servicing-inc-in-salt-lake-cty-ut-2003108/ External links ( edit ) Official website Google Finance -- SPS Profile Federal Trade Commission Press Release Consumer Affairs Complaints and Reviews Legal Struggles with SPS and Other Mortgage Servicers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Select_Portfolio_Servicing&oldid=787104424 '' Categories : Mortgage lenders Financial services companies of the United States Credit Suisse Subprime mortgage crisis Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 June 2017 , at 13 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what type of company is select portfolio servicing	[ "Select Portfolio Servicing, Inc. (SPS) is a loan servicing company founded in 1989 as Fairbanks Capital Corp. with operations in Salt Lake City, Utah and Jacksonville, Florida." ]	[ "a loan servicing company" ]
-8634175733120646180	Music of The Lord of the Rings film series	Music of the Lord of the Rings film series - wikipedia Music of the Lord of the Rings film series Jump to : navigation , search An automated process has detected links on this page on the local or global blacklist . If the links are appropriate you may request whitelisting by following these instructions ; otherwise consider removing or replacing them with more appropriate links . ( To hide this tag , set the `` invisible '' field to `` true '' ) List of blacklisted links : ( show ) https://anakin022.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/the-hobbit-an-unexpected-journey-ost.pdf Triggered by \ bfiles \. wordpress \. com \ b on the global blacklist Lord of the Rings Operatic Film Score Cycle by Howard Shore Related The Hobbit Text J.R.R. Tolkien , Philippa Boyens , Fran Walsh , Howard Shore Language English , Old English , fictional languages ( Sindarin , Quenya , Khuzdul , Black Speech , Adunaic ) Composed 2000 ( 2000 ) -- 2004 Movements 90 movements ( in three parts ) for the live - to - projection cycle Scoring soprano boy soprano alto tenor ( Symphony ) large male choir ( Fellowship of the Ring ) large mixed choir large boy choir `` Hobbit Band '' Large symphony orchestra The music of The Lord of the Rings film series was composed , orchestrated , conducted and produced by Howard Shore . The scores are often considered to represent the greatest achievement in the history of film music in terms of length of the score , the size of the staged forces , the unusual instrumentation , the featured soloists , the multitude of musical styles and the number of leitmotifs used . Shore wrote many hours of music for The Lord of the Rings , effectively scoring the entire film length . Over 13 hours of the music ( including various alternate takes ) has been released across various formats . Shore conceived the score as operatic and antiquated - sounding . He made use of an immense ensemble including a large symphony orchestra ( principally , the London Philharmonic Orchestra ) , multiple instrumental `` bands '' , various choirs and vocal and instrumental soloists , requiring an ensemble ranging from 230 to 400 musicians . Throughout the composition , Shore has woven over 100 identified leitmotifs , which are inter-related and categorized into groups that correspond to the Middle - earth cultures to which they relate , forming the greatest and most intricate collection of themes in the history of the cinema . The music was continued with the music of the Hobbit films , the prequels to Lord of the Rings , with more than 160 leitmotives within over 21 hours of music , making it one of the biggest catalogues of themes in the history of orchestral music . The score became the most successful of Shore 's career , earning three Oscars , two Golden Globes , three Grammy , and several other nominations , and some of his themes ( like the Shire theme ) and songs earning great popularity . The score was voted for best Soundtrack in cinema history . The score was the subject of a short documentary film called Howard Shore : An Introspective , and has even earned a dedicated research - based book by musicologist Doug Adams . The scores go on being performed by choirs and orchestras around the world as symphony pieces , concert suites and live to - projection concerts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Principal leitmotifs 2.1 First appearance in The Fellowship of the Ring 2.2 First appearance in The Two Towers 2.3 First appearance in The Return of the King 2.4 Reprised Themes from `` The Hobbit '' 2.5 Themes of The Hobbit 3 Unconfirmed leitmotifs 3.1 Motifs in the Original Soundtracks , Fan - Credits , Rarities and Symphony 3.2 Variants and fragments 3.3 Diegetic motifs ( not by Howard Shore ) 4 Instrumentation 5 Use of Tolkien languages 6 Songs 7 Diegetic music 8 Deleted tracks 9 Soloists 10 Original soundtracks 11 The Complete Recordings 11.1 The Fellowship of the Ring 11.2 The Two Towers 11.3 The Return of the King 12 Theme presentations and Concert Suites 13 The Music of the Lord of the Rings Films 13.1 The Rarities Archives 14 Awards 15 Symphony 15.1 Track listing 16 Live to Projection 17 See also 18 Notes 19 References 20 Further reading 21 External links Overview ( edit ) Shore was chosen by the filmmakers when they found themselves temporarily - tracking parts of the footage to pieces from his existing scores . The films were also temp - tracked sparsely with pieces from the scores to Braveheart and Last of the Mohicans . Shore visited the set and met with the filmmakers and various people involved in the production including conceptual designers Alan Lee and John Howe ( who would contribute to his Symphony and Doug Adams ' book on the score ) , actors Elijah Wood , Sean Astin and Andy Serkis , Screenwriter Philipha Boyens ( who became Shore 's principal librettist for the score ) and others , and saw assembled footage of all three films . Howard Shore , composer of The Lord of the Rings series ' film score Shore agreed to take the project in early 2000 . He envionsed the scores to all three films as a through - composed cycle , a grand opera told in three parts , involving a large network of leitmotives , large choral and orchestral forces ( including additional `` bands '' of instruments besides the main orchestra ) , frequent use of singing voices , both in choirs and through a wide ensemble of vocal soloists . The score uses a neo-romantic , 19 - century style and structure , derived from Shore 's desire to have the music sounding antiquated , but he nevertheless married it to modern and at times avant - garde techniques including atonal sections , unusual instrumental choices and orchestral set - ups , aleatoric writing , sprechstimme voices and syncopated rhythms , as well as borrowing from eastern scales , medieval styles of music , contemporary film music idioms for specific setpieces , classical idioms for some of the music of the Shire , new - age and contemporary idioms for the end - credits songs , etc . However , he insisted on staying away from electronic or synthesized music . Shore orchestrated the music himself , and conducted all of the orchestral sessions and many of the choral and soloist sessions . In keeping with his operatic vision , Shore used the three scripts and the book itself to write themes even before having film reels to compose to . As a result , Shore spent nearly four years on the composition , compared to a period of 6 -- 8 weeks per film , and a week or two of recording , as practiced by most film composers . For the recording process , which extended over four weeks per film , he composed the music in long suite - like pieces for the orchestra to go through during a day of playing , rather than short cues , lending greater cohesion to the music . Only a few minutes of finalized music were recorded each day to allow for input from director Peter Jackson and revisions to the music and performance Jackson gave Shore direction and had each theme played to him as a mock - up and by the orchestra before approving it . All of the music production ( which overlapped with the films ' editing process ) was supervised by Jackson who often asked for significant changes to the music , which is unusual for film music . Shore began his work on the music early during the production of The Fellowship of the Ring in late 2000 and recorded the first pieces of music ( the Moria sequence ) in spring of 2001 to a 40 - minute teaser of the film , as the film was still being shot . The scored section also included a version of the Breaking of the Fellowship sequence , with an extended tin whistle solo , and a montage of footage from the following two films . The rest of the score was recorded in London during the editing of the film in post production . Shore would later return to the finished film , recording additional music and revised takes for the extended DVD version in March 2002 . A similar pattern was followed for The Two Towers ( which was scored at a faster pace than the other two ) and The Return of the King ( with Shore also , unusually , providing an original score with new themes for the trailer , as well ) with the final sessions taking place in Watford on 20 March 2004 . Shore wrote the music effectively for the entire film length . In the finished film , some of the music was dialed out while other parts were looped or tracked and re-tracked , so overall about 90 % of the finished film contains music . The music was performed primarily by the London Philharmonic Orchestra and three choirs : London Voices ( for mixed and all - women choral parts ) , Wellington Maori - Samoan choir ( for all - male choral passages in Fellowship of the Ring ) and London Oratory School Schola boy choir . The New Zealand Symphony Orchestra contributed some of the early Moria music , written for an early edit of the film . A wide variety of instrumental and vocal soloists , including members of the films ' cast , contributed to the scores as well . Each film calls for at least one soprano and / or alto soloist and one boy soloist . The scores for The Fellowship of the Ring and The Return of the King won Academy Awards in 2002 and 2004 , with The Two Towers not being nominated simply because of a rule of the Academy to not nominate sequel scores that reuse old themes , a rule that was undone specifically as to allow for the nomination of Return of the King . The latter film also won an Oscar statuette for Best Song , as well as the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score and Best Original Song . Shore 's music for The Lord of the Rings has become the most successful composition of his career and one of the most popular motion picture scores in history . Along with his Music of The Hobbit film series , the prequels to the Lord of the Rings , Shore wrote 21 hours of music . Principal leitmotifs ( edit ) Howard Shore 's composition does not utilize motifs over from either other scores of his career or from passages of existing film or stage music , with the exception of one intentional nod to Richard Wagner over the end - credits of the third film . Shore wrote a long series of interrelated leitmotifs that were used , developed , combined or fragmented throughout the three scores . The motifs are attached to places , cultures , characters , objects and occurrences , and are divided into sets and subsets of related themes . While all stage and film composers occasionally deviated from the meaning of their themes and used them `` romantically '' ( i.e. as a suggestion of mood ) Shore refrains from using this technique . Several pieces feature intriguing thematic choices like choosing `` The History of the One Ring theme '' for the passage of the Argonath or the `` Ringwraith theme '' for the Orc Armies in the Prologue ( and again for Azog in The Hobbit ) but neither is outright `` romantic '' in their application and can be explained . The History of the Ring being the main theme of the series , its usage over the Argonath hints that the film is coming to a close with the Ringbearer about to depart east . The `` Ringwraith theme '' , itself derived from `` The Power of Mordor '' theme , is more of a theme for the servants of Sauron , not just the Nazgul , and makes multiple appearances in that context . The only outright use of a theme for its romantic sweep was not done by Shore but created by means of tracked music featuring the Moria motif being applied by the filmmakers themselves to the Warg Attack in the Two Towers . Continuing in The Hobbit , Shore would go on to quote the `` Gondor Reborn '' once in a situation that has nothing to do with Gondor , but otherwise his use of themes is always justified . Shore also uses his themes subtly to inform dramatic connections , rather than serve strictly as a musical stand - in for characters . A good example is how Shore forms the first notes of the fellowship theme over Sam joining Frodo , and expanding on it when Merry , Pippin and Strider join the group to hint at the gradual coming together of the Fellowship of the Ring and leading up to the full statement in the council of Elrond . There is even significance as to the order in which themes appear in a scene or to when a theme is absent . The themes go through a series of variations of orchestration , tempo and harmony to denote changes to characters and the general progression of the plot . Again , the fellowship theme gradually comes together before appearing in a string of full heroic statements as the whole company travels and struggles . After Gandalf 's demise , however , the theme appears fragmented , the harmony is changed and the instrumentation is reduced leading up to a dirge - like statement over the death of Boromir . It is gradually remade leading up to a choral statement in the assault on the Black Gate . Each film , and particularly the first one , starts with an overture : a series of statements of the principal themes of the feature , which extended from the opening credits till after the individual title of the film . The prologue to the first film , for instance , features the History of the One Ring theme , Lothlórien theme , The Mordor accompaniments , Sauron 's theme , the Servants of Sauron theme , the Fall of Men , Aragorn 's theme and the Shire theme and variations and at some point was to feature the second - age Gondor theme and the Power of Mordor as well . The main Lord of the Rings theme appears on the main title , while the main theme of each individual episode appears on the second title . Shore used the first film to introduce the principle themes , the second film to add more themes and the third film to create conflict and cross-overs between the existing themes and bring them to a resolution , creating in the process new themes for the Fourth Age . All of these themes were complied into a menu by musicologist Doug Adams , who worked with Shore on the documentation of the score . Doug identified about 90 motifs ( some very brief , scarcely used and / or only subtly differentiated from others ) in the three Complete Recordings , by far the largest catalog of themes for a theatrical work . Furthermore , in creating The Hobbit scores Shore would not only add another 62 themes or more , but actually went on to reuse some isolated musical gestures from the Lord of the Rings scores , turning them into leitmotives after - the - fact , adding up to over 100 leitmotives used in the Lord of the Rings trilogy alone , and 160 when combined with motives of The Hobbit . There are also leitmotives which Shore only used in alternate forms of pieces from the soundtracks , and even several variations and diegetic pieces that can be added to this count , as well . By comparison , John Williams ' 16 - hour composition to Star Wars features about fifty themes overall , and other film compositions ( such as James Horner 's Titanic ) featuring but a handful , thereby making Shore 's work on the Lord of the Rings films by far the most thematically - rich of any cinematic work , and when coupled with his work on The Hobbit trilogy , even rivals Wagner 's Ring catalog of leitmotifs , making it not the only the most thematically complex film score but one of the most leitmotivically - nuanced works in the history of orchestral music . The themes below are as they appear across the three films , sorted out into their thematic families . Many are provided with a clean audio example . The themes within each family share a soundscape and melodic and harmonic traits , but there are also connections between themes of different families to imply dramatic connections and lend cohesiveness to the score as a whole : First appearance in The Fellowship of the Ring ( edit ) History of the Ring This theme is usually associated with the One Ring and its history . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Themes for the One Ring `` The History of the One Ring '' or The Lord of the Rings theme : a minor - key string melody plays over the Lord of the Rings title card for all three films . Howard Shore has considered this theme , more so than the Shire or the Fellowship theme , as the `` main theme '' of the score , given that its basic pitches are the basis for all the themes in the score . It is used as a `` main theme '' when the Fellowship passes the Argonath , played on brass , but otherwise it usually appears with little variation ( except for when it mingles with Smeagol 's theme or the other Ring and Mordor themes ) , showing how evil is static whereas good is dynamic . `` The Seduction of the Ring '' : a slow , melancholic variation of the ring theme , sung by choir . The associated lyrics first appear with a mixed choir when Gandalf finds the account of Isildur . The first proper appearance ( when Gandalf warns Frodo never to surrender to the Ring 's temptation and put it on ) is hummed by a boy choir , and later sung when Boromir is tempted . In the Return of the King , it returns when Deagol first finds it , moving from the boys to the women choir . `` Sauron ( Mordor / The Evil of the Ring ) '' : A more menacing variation , used more as a theme for Sauron ( and - by proxy - for Mordor ) . It is usually played on muted brass and a Moroccan Rhaita , giving it an old , eastern flavor , while also maintaining its more aggressive and nasal sound . Themes for Mordor The evil themes are forceful and at times sacrilegious due to use of choir and stacked harmonies . The themes structurally share Middle - Eastern intervals ( to evoke the antiquity of the music rather than any ethnic connection ) , chromatic progression and descending melodies , as opposed to the Fellowship music which ascends by whole steps . The music of Mordor is the antithesis of the music of The Shire , both having a series of underlying accompaniment figures and main themes that the scores pits one against the other . `` Mount Doom '' : A pair of alternating chords , derived from the opening harmonies of Gollum 's theme . It first appears when Elrond recalls taking Isildur to the Crack of Doom , and returns only when the Hobbits are on the side of the Mountain , fighting Gollum , where it is sung by the full choir . `` The Threat of Mordor '' : this , along with the accompaniment motifs , is one of several danger motifs associated with Mordor , but this acts as a main melody . By Return of the King , it becomes much more powerful , ascending rather than descending and forms the basis to the Witch King 's theme . `` The Servants of Sauron '' : This theme is a combination of a choir singing the pitches of the Ring theme stacked over each other , while the different Mordor accompaniments are combined underneath , and the Skip - Beat used as an ostinato . It is first heard in the Battle of the Last Alliance in the prologue , applied first to the Orc Armies and then to Sauron himself . Afterwards it is used almost ( but not always ) only with the Ringwraiths . `` The Power of Mordor '' : An elaboration on the Ringwraith theme , this music was originally used by Shore in the initial takes on the Prologue ( presented in the Original Soundtrack Release ) , but were later decided to appear in the third installment , with only a short quote at the Council of Elrond . The Footsteps of Doom ( End - Cap ) : This is the first beats of the Ringwraith theme repeated on the percussion as a figure of impending doom . Sauron 's theme This theme represents The Evil of the Ring , as well as Sauron and Mordor . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Mordor Accompaniment Figures : These are three ( or more ) motifs that accompany the music of Mordor , especially that of the Ringwraiths : `` Descending Thirds '' motif : This is the background music to a lot of the more forceful Mordor themes , especially Sauron 's theme , but it also appears on its own : for instance , when Bilbo leaves the Ring behind in Bag End . It is the basis to the Dol Guldur theme and to Azog and Bolg 's themes from The Hobbit . The Mordor Skip - Beat : This is a `` chase '' ostinato used with the Ringwraith theme . It has several variations , including a distinct two - pitch variant , used predominantly in the Flight to the Ford sequence . The Mordor Outline : This is just a martial drumbeat . It is used in association with the forces of Sauron ( like his armies at the Black Gate ) and with forces allied with him , such as the Haradrim ( it plays under the Mumakil sequence ) and Saruman . Themes for the Hobbits The Hobbit themes are very Celtic - sounding , scored for Celtic instruments namely fiddle and tin whistle . Their maturation through the story has them not only transform melodically and harmonically , but also make use of the orchestral relatives of the folk instruments with which they are originally played . The music is stepwise and calm , with old - world modal harmonies to evoke familiarity . The Shire ( Hymn Setting ) The theme for Frodo Baggins , a variation on the theme of the Hobbits . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Main Themes : The basic tune of the Shire theme appeared in several distinct variations , each constituting a theme in its own right : `` The Pensive variant '' : The basic , reflective version of the shire theme . On the soundtrack , it starts with a solo tin whistle , followed by a solo fiddle and then the complete orchestra repeating the same phrase . The track then quietens down and the solo tin whistle plays a second melody , again followed by the orchestra . The track ends with the violin and then the tin whistle repeating the first theme . `` The Rural variant '' : usually heard only in Hobbiton , often with a lively fiddle solo with improvised grace notes added to the melody . A variant of this music plays during the Prologue to the final film . `` The Playful variant '' : Usually applied to Merry and Pippin . The Hymn variant `` : A series of hymn chords , usually used as a harmony to the Shire theme , which is usually played in a slow tempo for this theme . Serves usually as a theme for Frodo Baggins . The chords themselves are first heard when Gandalf and Bilbo talk about Frodo in Bag End . `` In Dreams '' : The song variation of the Hymn Variant used in the End - Credits suite of the film . `` A Hobbit 's Understanding '' : used when the Hobbits come to understand the hardships and struggles of their journey . It is used when Gandalf advises and encourages Frodo in Moria , and in a more grand setting throughout the Breaking of the Fellowship sequence and again when Sam encourages Frodo in Osgiliath in the following installment . The Hobbit Accompaniments : The Shire themes , especially the Hobbiton or Folk theme , is often accompanied by a series of minor motifs that serve as accompaniment figures . These figures go on to become distinct motives on their own right as the story progresses : The Hobbit Outline : An `` Expectation '' motif played under a lot of the Shire music , most notably the Rural variant . It is usually the one to open a series of accompaniment figure statements , like when Frodo first meets up with Gandalf . The Hobbit Two - Step : A motif for Hobbit Playfullness played under the Shire and Hobbiton music . The Hobbit Skip - Beat : Another motif for hobbit Happiness and playfulness playing under the Shire music , usually directly after the two - step figure . Dark variations of it start to appear later in the series . The Hobbit End - Cap : A finale figure to the Hobbiton theme and the Accompaniment figures , that usually serves as a motif for the Hobbits ' Bafflement . Themes for Gollum `` The Pity of Smeagol '' : a slow , gloomy piece which acts as a theme for Smeagol . It is first heard in the prologue when Smeagol discovers the Ring . It is closely related to the Hobbit music but also to the History of the One Ring and the Weakness Arpeggios . Themes for The Elves The Music of the Elves is sinuous ( in line with the Arts ' Department vision of the Elvish architecture ) and elegant , being scored for women voices , violins and chimes . It is however also ancient , exotic and at times closed off to the outside world , like the Elves , and is than scored for Middle - Eastern or Indian and African instruments and contains melodic intervals prevalent in Eastern music . Rivendell : a theme for female chorus , usually accompanied by a series of string arpeggios , which also appear by themselves . While it is written to be very soothing , it becomes more saddened as Arwen leaves in The Two Towers , and when she returns to Rivendell in the last film . `` Arwen '' : This theme for female choir and soloist is used when Arwen makes a grand entrance . It is used when she appears before Frodo and again , sung by Renee Fleming , when she appears at Aragorn 's coronation . Lothlórien : a soft , ethereal chorus accompanied by cellos in the Phrygian mode . It is written in an adapted form the Maqam Hijaz , so as to create a sense of antiquity and provide Lothlórien with a slightly unsettling effect . A more hard - edged , brass - driven version of the theme appears in the second film during the battle of Helm 's Deep . `` Elvish Pledge '' : This motif is sung when the Doors of Durin are revealed , a memory of the pledge of the Elves or Eregion ( who built the doors ) to the Dwarves of Moria . It is reprised when Haldir joins the fight at Helms ' Deep . Themes for Isengard `` Isengard '' theme `` : This theme was created to provide a sense of industrialism , and is scored for low brass and accompanied by the percussive Orc theme . Its opening reflects the opening of the Fellowship theme , showing the rivalry of Gandalf , leader of the Fellowship , and Saruman . `` Five Beat Pattern '' : The accompaniment to the Isengard theme , serving as the musical representation of the Orcs in general . It is played on anvils , Bell Plates and other metallic percussion instruments . The 5 / 4 time signature makes this theme feel off - kilter . Doug Adams lists this motif twice , once for Isengard and once for Mordor , with the musical distinction that the Isengard 5 - beat pattern accents the first and forth beats , unlike the rest of the 5 / 4 music which applies to orcs more generally . Whether the two can be musically categorized as two separate leitmotifs is subjective . Adams also lists the Cruelty of the Orcs twice ( since it `` realigns with Mordor '' in the last film ) and the Evil of the Ring ( which doubles as Sauron 's theme ) . `` The Orc Crawl '' : A four - pitch motif for the Uruk - Hai band that hunts down the Fellowship , usually sung by choir . It is also used when the three hunters chase said band in the Two Towers . Isengard theme The Isengard theme ( on brass ) and the Orc theme ( on Percussion ) . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Themes for Nature `` Nature 's Reclamation '' ( commonly referred to by fans as the Nature theme ) : the theme was first heard while Gandalf was trapped in Isengard when a moth serving as a messenger for the Eagles arrived at the pinnacle of Orthanc ; the moth and the Eagles represent nature here as well . The theme has a grander version in `` The Two Towers '' during the `` Last March of the Ents '' . This statement was tracked into the parallel scenes in Helm 's Deep to signal the sunrise as the Rohirrim charge . The theme is used in a grand setting as the sun rises again behind the Rohirrim before the battle of the Pelennor fields , and in several statements leading up to that . Themes for the Dwarves The Dwarvish music is raw , based on open fifths rather than full chords , . It is scored for all - male voices , often for very deep and rough voices at that , and for blaring brass . `` Moria '' : An ascending , ominous danger motif on brass and male choir . It is first suggested when Gandalf realizes they will have to go through the mines , and stated when the doors first opened in a non-threatening setting . Only as the company escapes the Balrog does it return in its more aggressive setting . It is used as the music for the opening credits of the Two Towers , which starts with a depiction of the Gandalf 's duel with the Balrog . It is also tracked into the beginning of the fight between the Rohirrim and Wargs , the theme used here almost `` romantically '' , more for its mood than its thematic meaning . There is also a mock - up of an early variation of this theme in the Rarities . `` Dwarrowdelf '' : This theme is much more grand and emotional than the other Moria themes , but it is minor and melancholic , representing the ruined grandeur of the Dwarves . Its grand statement is when the fellowship enter the 21st hall of Moria , again more quietly at Balin 's Tomb and for the third time as the Battle of the Mazarbul has subsided . `` The Dark Places of the World '' : A danger motif for the Moria sequences . It is associated with the deep chasms of Moria and used both when the Fellowship runs down the stairs and again when Gandalf and the Balrog fall . Themes for Gondor The music of Gondor and the World of men and stately and brassy , but not necessarily triumphant , the music lamenting the decay of the mortal world . Only from the later half of the Two Towers and into Return of the King are the themes of the world of men presented in truly heroic settings . `` Realm of Gondor '' theme : the basic version of this was established during the Council of Elrond in `` The Fellowship of the Ring '' , and also existed in the Extended Edition of `` The Two Towers '' . It becomes the signature theme of Return of the King , earning grand statements over the riding of Gandalf up Minas Tirith and through the Lighting of the Beacons . It occurs in three variants : Gondor in Decline , Gondor in Ascension ( used in the third film and the trailer ) , and a `` Numenore '' variation used in the Rarities Archives , which also presents a mock - up of an early , major - moded variant of the `` Ascension '' theme . `` Minas Tirith '' theme : the basic version of this was established during a scene with Aragorn and Boromir in Lothlórien in `` The Fellowship of the Ring '' . It reappears in the third film , related to Minas Tirith and the History of Gondor . In the third film , a variant of this theme also stands for Anduril . The Fellowship theme ( The Ring Goes South ) Colloquially regarded to be the main theme of Lord of The Rings . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Themes for the Fellowship `` The Fellowship of the Ring '' theme : a heroic , sweeping piece using principally brass and orchestra . It is heard in various versions during the first film ( of which it is the signature or main theme ) , but after `` The Bridge of Khazad - dûm , '' the last time that the entire Fellowship is together , it fractures and can only be heard infrequently and sparingly throughout the next two films until the remainder of The Fellowship charge the Black Gate `` The Mouth of Sauron '' and `` For Frodo '' where it is sung by the choir . This theme is colloquially known as the main theme of the Lord of the Rings trilogy . Along with The Shire theme , this is the most repeated theme in the series . Curiously , on the album , this theme is used once in conjunction with Haldir 's archers as they join Aragorn 's cause . Here the theme is extrapolated from its narrow meaning ( which only encompasses the nine walkers ) and is applied as a general idea of `` fellowship '' and friendship . `` The Drive of the Fellowship '' : a little string figure that appears when the members of the Fellowship ready themselves to fight the Orcs in the Mines of Moria . It is also heard in Weathertop . `` Strider '' : The embryonic form of Aragorn 's theme , which only features the opening figure , starting with a perfect forth . It is used during his introduction and in the battle of Weathertop . There is also a Second - Age variant of it used in the Prologue that pertains to Elendil and Isildur . `` The Heroics of Aragorn '' : The more heroic statements , especially in the third film , are labeled as `` The Heroics of Aragorn . '' They also form the ascending coda of the Gondor in Ascension theme . Themes for the Monsters of Middle Earth `` The Watcher in the Water '' : Appears several times in the track `` The Doors of Durin '' , this piece is distinct but also informed by the other monster themes . This theme starts as a microtonal contrabass solo and develops into aleatoric music and is in the vein of science - fiction monster themes . `` The Cave Troll '' : This piece is only used ( albeit in bracketed fashion ) in the battle of the Mazarbul is association with the Cave Troll . It is cumbersome like the Troll but also pitiful , just like the film 's depiction of the Troll . `` The Balrog '' : a theme for percussion and male chorus appearing under a lot of the Moria material in the `` Bridge of Khazad Dum '' . It returns in the opening to The Two Towers . Themes for Middle Earth : The Ring Quest themes `` The Journey There '' : This motif is related to the Ring theme . It is used sparingly : once when Frodo and Sam roam the Shire , once when Frodo realizes he has to leave the company after looking into Galadriel 's mirror . It is used again when the company rows down the Anduin , and in the Third film when Frodo , Sam and Gollum walk to Mordor . `` Dangerous Passes '' : This theme is used whenever the Ringbearer traverses dangerous and mountainous passes . It scores the Caradhras scenes , but returns for the secrets stairs in Return of the King , albeit being muted in the film . `` Evil Times '' : Whenever the Quest of the Ring brings suffering to a character , this theme is used . It is applied to Gandalf sitting atop Orthanc in the Fellowship of the Ring . It gradually comes to encompass all instances of evils wrought during the War of the Ring , applied for instance to the suffering of the people of Rohan or of Faramir . `` Weakness motif '' ( Weakness and Redemption ) : this Arpeggio signals weaknesses of the mind and temptation , and the overcoming of them . It is applied to Boromir 's weakness for the Ring , and forms the basis of Gollum 's theme , signaling his weakness as well . It is related to the Rivendell Arpeggios . Themes for Middle Earth : `` All Shall Come to Darkness '' themes `` Nameless Fear '' : This motif appears when Galadriel speaks of a nameless fear and shortly afterwards when Frodo temps Gandalf with taking the Ring . It returns when Galadriel speaks to Elrond of the will of the Ring in the Two Towers . `` The Fall of Men '' : This motif is unique to the first film , being used once when Elendil dies and again when Boromir succumbs to the call of the ring . `` A Noble End '' : This theme is about a death of noble sacrifice . It is used mostly for Boromir 's death and revisited when other characters reflect on his death , but it is also applied to Theoden in the Return of the King . Themes for Middle Earth : `` Another Path '' theme `` Gandalf 's Farewells '' : This music is sung by a solo voice immediately after Gandalf falls . It is also used when he eventually departs to Valinor . It is repeated in other occasions , although not necessarily with any direct connection to Gandalf 's death , but perhaps in an opposite meaning , of meeting with Gandalf again : When Frodo and Sam lie on the slopes of the collapsed Mount Doom , Gandalf 's Farewells is used , perhaps to show that the Hobbits are ready to meet again with Gandalf in death . Themes recurring from The Hobbit and in Alternate forms of the Soundtrack From alternate forms of the soundtrack : The Prophecy , The Realm of Numenore . From The Hobbit : Bilbo 's Birthday , Map of the Lonely Mountain , Smoke Rings , Flaming Red Hair ( diegetic ) , Gandalf 's Fireworks , Bree , Elvish Medicine , Mithril Vest , Durin 's Folk , Galadriel 's Powers . First appearance in the Two Towers ( edit ) Returning The History of the One Ring , Seduction of the Ring , Sauron , The Shire , Frodo / Hymn variant , Merry and Pippin , Hobbit Lullaby , Hobbit Outline , Hobbit End - Cap , A Hobbit 's Understanding , Pity of Smeagol , The Servants of Sauron , Threat of Mordor , Descending Thirds , Mordor Skip - Beat , Footsteps of Doom , Servants of Sauron , Isengard , Uruk Hai , Orc Crawl , the Realm of Gondor , Fellowship , Strider , Heroics of Aragorn , Rivendell , Lothlorien , Elvish Pledge , Diminishment of the Elves , Evil Times , Weakness Motif , Nameless Fear , The Balrog , Moria , The Dark Places of the World , Nature 's Reclamation . Themes for One Ring `` The Fate of the Ring '' : In and of itself , this theme appears only once , when Gandalf tells Aragorn that the Ring remains hidden from Sauron in the Two Towers . In the soundscape of the Forth age , switched into major mode , it becomes the Destruction of the Ring theme . Themes for Mordor The Way to Mordor : Shore crafts this truncated variant of the Threat of Mordor to denote proximity to Mordor and the roads leading to it . It is used for Frodo and Sam 's journey to Mordor in the Two Towers , and in the Osgiliath skirmish in the Return of the King . Themes for the Hobbits `` The Hobbit Lullaby Variant '' : This motif first appears as a `` lullaby - like '' orchestral setting of the main ( Pensive ) Shire theme , as Sam and Frodo leave the Green Dragon . Its first definitive statement as a separate theme is when Merry and Pippin fall asleep due to Treebeard 's recitations . A variation of it is used when Frodo and Sam sleep on the slopes of the Morgul vale . `` The Hobbit Antics '' : Merry and Pippin 's antics from Fangorn going forward are scored with a motif drawn from the Hobbit End - Cap and Gandalf 's Fireworks motifs . A twisted variation of it appears twice when Frodo scrambles in Shelob 's lair . Themes for Gollum `` Gollum 's Menace '' : This is the theme of the Gollum or `` Stinker '' side . It features the cimbalom which at once gives it the feeling of the Hobbit music and yet gives it a jittery feeling that mimics Gollum 's motions . `` Gollum 's Song '' : The melody for the End - Credits Song , Gollum 's Song , also appears in the finale of the film and is informed by the other themes for Gollum . Themes for the Elves `` Evenstar '' : the main love theme of Aragorn and Arwen . It is much more moody than Aniron , since the shadow of death hovers over the love of Aragorn and Arwen . Themes for Isengard `` The Cruelty of the Orcs '' : This is a descending , dissonant motif on brass . It is used mostly for the Wargs and the war machines of the Orcs and continues in the Return of the King . `` The Uruk - Hai in Battle '' : For the army at Helm 's Deep , Shore uses a related motif unique to Isengard . It is used for the gunpowder explosives set under the outer wall and again for the crowbalistas of the Uruk Hai . `` Grima Wormtongue '' : Grima 's theme is alienated from the Rohan themes , and rather aligned with the Isengard theme . It is a collection of low notes on brass and deep woodwinds . Themes for Nature `` Gandalf the White in Nature '' : This theme appears when Gandalf the White is revealed before Aragorn , and when Aragorn remembers his words at sunrise in Helm 's Deep , although that was replaced in the film with Nature 's Reclamation . `` The Ent theme '' : This theme is scored for low , woody sounds like log drums , bassoon and cellos . It is plodding and slow , like the Ents . `` Treebeard 's Stride '' : This is more of a theme for Treebeard himself and the forest named after him . It is used when Aragorn first looks into the forest , and again for scenes with Treebeard . `` Small Stones '' : This motif is more active and related to the Shire themes . It is used , sung by choir , when Gandalf comments of the coming of Merry and Pippin to Fangorn , and again when they encourage the Ents to action . Themes for Rohan `` The Rohan Fanfare '' : featuring the hardanger fiddle . This is the signature theme of the Two Towers , playing over the corresponding title . It utilizes brass , violas and the Hardanger fiddle . At its most grand , at the charge of the Pelennor fields , it is played by a brass section twice the size usually deployed in the score . The Riders of Rohan : This short motif is used for Éomer when he leads his rogue band of riders . It is used in the fight with the Uruk Hai and in when they surround Aragorn , Gimli and Legolas . Éowyn 's theme : using open fifth intervals ( lacking the third of the chord -- this means that the chords can not be defined as major or minor ) which is common for the music of Gondor , implying Eowyn 's eventual connection to Faramir . It is used when we first see her , again when she stands before Edoras . A slow variation of it is played before Theodred 's Dirge , and it eventually plays in a very triumphant setting when she rides off to battle . Eowyn and Theoden : This theme has a more developed B - section . It is used when Eowyn sees Theoden healed and makes a series of moody appearances before being used very heroically when Eowyn dispatches the Witch King . Eowyn and Aragorn : This theme starts like Eowyn and Theoden but has a different ending . The ending only first appears in Helm 's Deep when Eowyn shouts at Aragorn , and earns its last statement on a double fiddle when Aragorn leaves her to go to the paths of the Dead . Themes for the Fellowship `` The White Rider and the Fellowship '' : a waltz - time , sweeping , full - orchestra crescendo with heavy strings that represents Gandalf the White . It is used over wide shots of him riding Shadowfax . `` The Fellowship in Rohan '' : When the Fellowship and the Riders first meet , their themes begin to mingle . This forms a new motif that only matures in the battle of Helm 's Deep , appearing heroically when Gimli leaps on the Uruk Hai to save Aragorn . Themes for the Monsters of Middle Earth `` Mumakil theme '' : This is the only musical theme of the East and South of Middle Earth . It uses a Dilruba . It reappears with the Mumakil at the Pelennor fields . First appearance in the Return of the King ( edit ) Returning Shire , Hobbiton , Frodo , Merry and Pippin , Hobbit Lullaby , Hobbit Heroic variant , Hobbit Outline , Two - Step , Skip - Beat , End - cap , Antics , Gollum 's Menace , Smeagol 's Pity , Fellowship , White Rider , Strider , Aragorn 's Heroics , Dwarf End cap , The History of the One Ring , Seduction of the Ring , Fate of the Ring , Sauron , Mount Doom , Threat of Mordor , Footsteps of Doom , Mordor Outline , Skip - Beat , Descending Thirds , Way to Mordor , Servants of Sauron , Power of Mordor , Isengard , Orc theme , Cruelty of the Orcs , Lothlorien , Rivendell , Arwen , Evenstar , Evil Times , Weakness Motif , Journey There , Dangerous Passes , Gandalf 's Farewells , Mumakil , Gondor ( in Decline ) , Minas Tirith , Rohan , Eowyn , Eowyn and Theoden , Eowyn and Aragorn . Recurring in `` The Hobbit '' and in alternate forms of the Soundtrack : The Forces of the Enemy , Legolas ' Heroic Feats , Minas Morgul , The Eagles , Breath of Life . Themes for The One Ring `` The Destruction of the Ring '' ( Fourth Age theme ) : This theme shifts the ring themes into a major mode . It celebrates not only the destruction of the Ring but also that of Mordor and the ushering of the Forth Age , with its own unique soundscape . Themes for Mordor `` The Witch King of Angmar '' ( Fourth Age theme ) : After Saruman dies , his theme is extrapolated and used in conjunction with the Threat of Mordor in retrogrades to form the theme for the Witch King . This is one of the Forth Age themes of Mordor , showcasing the possibility of Mordor 's triumph . The Orcs of Mordor theme : a variant of the Witch - King 's theme , this variation is more devolved and is applied to the Armies of Mordor marching to the Black Gate , well after the demise of the Witch King . Themes for The Shire `` Meriadoc the Warrior '' : A hybrid of the Shire theme , the Fellowship theme and the Rohan fanfare . `` The Shire Heroic Variant '' : This heroic setting of the Shire theme , interjected with brass fanfares , is applied strictly to Sam , as he races to save Frodo from the Orcs of Cirith Ungol . Adams mentions `` several '' heroic statements , which perhaps refer to the choral setting of `` The Arguement '' used on Mount Doom . `` The Shire Reborn '' ( Fourth Age theme ) : This is the Fourth Age Shire theme , used as Sam and Rosie go home and the film closes . It is accompanied by a Fourth Age variant of the Shire Outline figure . `` Bilbo 's Song '' ( Fourth Age theme ) : This is an encore theme that Howard Shore wrote specifically for the end of the fan credits of the Extended Edition of Return of the King . It is the final development of the Shire themes . Themes for the Elves `` Arwen 's Song '' ( Fourth Age theme ) : Sung by Liv Tyler . It was originally slated for the moment when Arwen has a vision of Eldarion ( which in and of itself was originally slated for the Two Towers ) , but was bumped for a variation of the Evenstar theme , and ended up being used in the Houses of Healing scene . Themes for the Dwarves `` The Dwarf End - Cap '' : To cap off the Dwarf themes in the final film , Howard Shore scored Gimli and his antics with a motif constructed like the Hobbit End - Cap , but more in the vein of the Dwarvish music . Themes for Gondor `` The Realm of Gondor in Ascension '' ( Fourth Age theme ) `` The Stewards of Gondor '' ( Faramir and Denethor ) : This theme is usually heard on a pan flute . It is used when Faramir argues with his father as to retaking Osgiliath , and again when he marches down Minas Tirith to fulfill his father 's will on the matter . `` Battlefield Heroism '' : Used for the Heroism of the soldiers of Gondor and , by extension , to the heroism of Pippin ( a soldier of Gondor ) as he rescues Faramir from the fires . `` Gondor Reborn '' ( Fourth Age theme ) : A Fourth - Age theme , based on the Minas Tirith theme . It was also used in the fall of Barad Dur ( and in the finale of the first Hobbit film ) as a more general `` good triumphs over evil '' musical idea . Themes for the Monsters of Middle Earth `` Shelob 's theme '' : For Shelob , Howard Shore crafted music that is more in the style of horror film scores , making her feel alien to the texture of the overarching score while also conveying her terror and gait . Themes for Middle Earth `` The Paths of the Dead '' ( `` All Shall Come to Darkness '' theme ) : This theme is scored for low voices and Tibetan Gongs , giving it an ethereal feeling . It is hinted when the apparition of the King of the Dead first appears , and again during Aragorn 's dream of Arwen before the Paths of the Dead sequence where it figures prominently . `` The Return Journey '' ( Fourth Age `` Ring Quest '' theme ) : Whereas the Journey There is based on the Ring theme , The Return Journey is based on the Shire theme . `` The Grey Havens '' theme ( Fourth Age `` Another Path '' theme ) : featured in `` Into the West '' by Annie Lennox . It is only foreshadowed two times : first when Gandalf describes the vision of Valinor to Pippin , and again triumphantly when Sam lifts Frodo up Mount Doom . Reprised themes from `` the Hobbit '' ( edit ) In The Hobbit film trilogy soundtracks , aside from adding well over 70 new leitmotifs to the Middle Earth catalog , Howard Shore chose to reprise and vary pieces of music that did not initially have thematic significance in the Lord of the Rings , thereby turning them into themes . Since some of these motifs are only short , singular quotes , or a subtle variation on an existing motif , their status as leitmotifs is debatable and they are only listed as possible motifs . Themes for the Dwarves `` Durin 's folk '' : The early Moria sequences in The Fellowship of the Ring were scored with a droning male choir . This piece was reprised in the Prologue to An Unexpected Journey , thereby turning it into a theme for the Dwarves . `` The Map of the Lonely Mountain '' : This melody is heard in `` The Fellowship of the Ring '' when Gandalf takes a gander at the Map of the Lonely Mountain at Bag - End . It appears several times in The Hobbit , and is connected to Thorin 's theme . Themes for the Shire `` Smoke rings '' : A short variant of the Shire theme , used for Bilbo and Gandalf puffing Smoke Rings from their pipes , was reused for a similar shot at the Beginning of `` The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey '' , with a harmonic hint towards The History of the Ring theme . `` Bree '' : A `` dark '' variation on the Hobbit Skip - Beat , used as the Hobbits enter the town of Bree in `` The Fellowship of the Ring '' was reused for shots of Thorin walking in Bree in the prologue to The Desolation of Smaug . `` Gandalf 's fireworks '' : In `` The Fellowship of the Ring '' , Gandalf 's fireworks , set up by Merry and Pippin , were scored with a tune based on the Hobbit Accompaniment figures . That piece was used twice in The Hobbit to illustrate Bilbo 's memories of Gandalf . A menacing variant of it was used over the opening credits to The Desolation of Smaug , connection the firework ( which was fashioned in the likeness of Smaug ) and the titular dragon . `` Mithril vest '' : An Oboe line that scored Bilbo giving the Mithril Vest to Frodo was used for Thorin giving it to Bilbo . `` Bilbo 's birthday '' : In the Fellowship of the Ring , as the banner for Bilbo 's Birthday Party is erected , a statement of the Hobbiton theme ends with a `` fiddle fanfare '' . Shore re-used that piece to score Bilbo opening up replies to his Birthday invitations in the beginning of The Hobbit . Some of the playful music that accompanies Merry and Pippin in the cornfield is used when Bilbo is running out of his home . Whether or not there is a recurring leitmotif contained within the music is debatable . Themes for the Elves `` Elvish medicine '' : Related to Arwen 's theme , this was heard in the Fellowship of the Ring when Frodo succumbed to the effect of the Morgul Blade . It was reused in The Hobbit for Tauriel healing Kili . `` Legolas ' heroic feats '' : a swirling - string piece used for Legolas taking down a Mumakil from The Return of the King was reused for his scenes in Laketown . `` Galadriel 's powers '' : When Galadriel appears in wrath and banishes Sauron , Shore quotes a piece for brass that he used for Galadriel in `` The Mirror of Galadriel '' from the Fellowship of the Ring . Themes for Mordor `` The Forces of the Enemy '' : A variation on Sauron 's theme , played over Descending Thirds accompaniment , was reused for Sauron 's appearance to Gandalf and again in `` the Guardians of the Three '' from the Battle of the Five Armies . Minas Morgul : In both versions of the `` High Fells '' piece , a short musical figure from `` A Coronal of Gold and Silver '' appears , standing for the abode of the Ringwraiths . Theme for Nature `` The Eagles '' : Both of Shore 's compositions for the Eagle rescue ( the album and the finished film ) are informed by `` The Eagles '' in Return of the King . The former , in particular , quotes the melody of `` the Eagles '' briefly . Themes of the Hobbit ( edit ) see the Music of the Hobbit film series : Principal Leitmotifs . In The Hobbit , Howard Shore added about 70 more new themes which are a part of the greater catalogue of themes for the Middle Earth film franchise . The themes are part of the existing thematic families for Dwarves , Hobbits , Elves , Middle Earth , Nature and the Forces of Evil and the World of Men , and are as follows : Bilbo Baggins Bilbo 's Adventure Bilbo 's theme Bilbo 's theme ( Tookish Side ) Fussy Bilbo Sneaky Bilbo Dwarves Erebor theme Arkenstone motif Thorin 's theme Dwarves in - exile The House of Durin The Quest of Erebor An Unexpected Party Ancient Enemies The Company theme The Adventure theme Moon Runes ' theme The Dwarf Lords Thrain 's theme Dain 's theme War Preparations ' theme Thorin 's fate theme Elves The Woodland Realm theme The White Gems of Lasgalen theme Thranduil 's theme Legolas ' theme Elvish Host theme Tauriel 's theme Tauriel and Kili 's theme The Valley of Imladris theme The World of Men Laketown theme The Master of Laketown 's theme Alfrid 's theme Bard 's theme Girion 's theme Bard 's family theme Bard the Leader theme Bard and the People of Laketown Middle Earth Pine Glades of the Misty Mountains ' theme Mirkwood theme Death motif Elvish Blades motif Forest River theme Smaug 's themes Dragon Breath motif Smaug 's theme Smaug 's Malice Dragon Sickness Smaug 's Fate The Hill of Sorcery themes Azog 's theme Bolg 's theme The Necromancer 's theme The Dol Guldur theme The Threat of Dol Guldur The Nine Goblintown theme Warg theme The Gundabad theme Ogres ' theme Stone Trolls ' theme Spiders of Mirkwood theme Nature The Eagles ' theme Beorn 's theme Stone Giants theme Gandalf the Grey 's theme Radagast the Brown 's theme Shadow over Greenwood theme The Order of the Istari theme Unconfirmed leitmotifs ( edit ) The themes above have been identified by musicologist Doug Adams , namely in his Liner Notes and `` The Music of the Lord of the Rings films '' book , based on the intentions of Howard Shore as presented in the Complete Recordings . However , there are other motifs in the score , in three forms : themes that do n't recur in the films or the Complete Recordings but do recur in alternate forms of the soundtracks like the Original Soundtrack or Rarities ; motifs that are distinctive variants or components of existing themes which are nevertheless not labeled as separate themes by Doug Adams ; and pieces of music ( mostly diegetic music and musical sound effects ) that were not written by Shore but are nevertheless used in conjunction with his score and reappear thematically . The validity with which these motifs are identified as themes varies . Motifs in the original soundtracks , fan - credits , Rarities and Symphony ( edit ) Some of these motifs went unused in the film ( and the Complete Recording ) , but appeared several times over the course of the original soundtrack release ( which are not covered by the book ) or the Rarities Archives as well as the Lord of the Ring Symphony or the fan - credits of the extended editions . Doug Adams identified at least one of them as a theme , the Second - Age Gondor theme . These appear below : Theme for Gondor `` Numenore theme '' : The rarities introduced an uncut early variation of the prologue , featuring an aforementioned second - age variant of the Gondor theme , that has an ending distinct from both the `` Ascension '' and `` Decline '' codas . In drafts of the music of the Lord of the Rings films , this theme was listed in the opening menu as an `` unused theme . Themes for Mordor `` The Prophecy '' : This was used for the original take on the Prologue . A snippet of it appears in the final Prologue and again in the Two Towers when Galadriel and Elrond converse . In both instances , it is related to the corrupting power of the Ring . Theme for the Shire `` Frodo 's Song '' : a flute variation on Frodo 's theme . A fragment of it is quoted over the end - credits before `` Into the West '' but there is also a longer version used under the `` In Discussion '' track on the Rarities Archive . Themes for Middle Earth `` Emyn Muil '' : This melancholy melody for chorus was dialed out of the finished film , and appears only once in the Original Soundtrack and the Complete Recordings , yet appears three times in the Rarities Archives version of the track . `` Use Well the Days '' Themes for the Fellowship `` Breath of Life '' : This song , by Sheila Chandra , is connected to Aragorn 's theme . It is also used in the trailer music for Return of the King , and - in the film version - in the Rivendell scenes during the Two Towers . The song is also informed by one of the settings of `` The Missing '' when Eowyn thinks Aragorn has died . Theme for Nature `` Shadowfax theme '' : this choral melody appears only once in the finished film ( and the Complete Recordings ) where Gandalf , astride Shadowfax , charges with the Rohirrim at the Orcs at Helm 's Deep . However , in the Original Soundtrack Release , this melody was also used when Shadowfax makes his first appearance . There are other `` themes '' of this nature but their definition is more tenuous . In the Extended Edition , there is technically a reprise of the Argonath music over the fan - credits . The choral piece for Saruman 's duel with Gandalf can be seen as a relative of the Servants of Sauron theme ( in the Lord of the Rings Symphony , Shore clarifies this connection by attaching this piece , in full , to the end of the composition `` The Black Rider '' ) , and even the choral Outburst `` Mettanna ! '' from the prologue to the Two Towers is reprised several times . There are several alternate forms of existing themes that never got past the mock - up stage , like an alternate Moria theme , an alternate , major - key version for the Ascension of Gondor , an alternate Frodo 's Song and Arwen 's Song . Variants and fragments ( edit ) Another group of motifs are ones that can be subjectively labeled as distinct variants of the themes in Adams ' menu , even though he himself does not list them as separate themes . First , there are multiple gestures that are at the basis of some of themes , like the `` there and back again '' shape that opens the Fellowship theme and conencts it to its subsidiary themes , which may be considered a leitmotif on its own right . Equally , the inverted figure , which serves as a general gesture for the forces of evil , could be considered a leitmotif , as can other figures as well . Part of the thematic development in the score also occurs throughout introduction of hybrid figures , although few of those are labeled as separate themes by Adams : there is a recurring hybrid of Smeagol 's theme and the Ring theme , which illustrates his connecting to it ; In his programs for Live concerts , Adams mentions the hybrid of all of the ring 's themes , heard at Mount Doom , as a theme for the Destruction of the Ring . This `` ' meta ' - ring theme '' is a culmination of various hybrids that occur , first between the History and Evil themes and followed by the Evil and Seduction theme ( in the prologue to Return of the King ) , but it is n't listed as a theme in Doug 's book . Other notable variations include Shore changing melodies from descending to rising , a device applied to all the Mordor motifs in Return of the King , but not one of those is labeled a separate theme in the book . He also takes the Nazgul harmonies and sets them to a choir for the Witch King 's battle with Eowyn and while that figure is non-recurring , it is a device that he also used with other themes like Thorin 's in An Unexpected Journey . There is a two - beat variation of the Mordor Skip - Beat used in `` the most frenetic situations '' which can be described as a separate chase motif . The Shire theme , because of the malleable and long - winded nature , can be described as two themes , with the B - section being used sparingly and separately from the A-phrase , often in a very different , expansive , orchestral set - up . The underlying bodhran - tapping accompaniment , while too generic to be a proper leitmotif , is a recurring figure across the various scores . While the Shire 's theme Forth Age variation is described as a new theme , the undelying accompaniment , a development of the Outline figure , is not . In fact , the outline figure also has a `` warped '' variation used for Smeagol 's antics ( when he fetches rabbits for Frodo ) which could be considered a second - age variant , as well . Smeagol and Deagol are actually associated with several `` second - age '' variations on several of the Shire themes , including a variant of the rural or playful Shire theme and a variation of the Hobbit Antics . Other themes also have such variations : The melody and accompaniments of the Rivendell theme often appear separately , so the Arpeggio accompaniment can be described as a separate motif , possibly for Elrond . The Rohan theme appears twice ( although , admittedly , within a single piece ) in a `` klaxon '' variation , as does one of the choral settings of `` The Call '' . Aragorn 's theme appears in a `` second - age '' variation attached to Isildur , mentioned by Doug as `` the fleeting shape of the Fellowship theme . '' For Anduril , Shore introduces a triumphant setting of the otherwise pensive Minas Tirith theme , accompanied by the Rivendell Arpeggios . Since he used those Arpeggios as a device for transforming a theme in The Hobbit , this too may be considered a separate theme . The woodflute tune for Eowyn and Faramir , also , can be seen as a summation of Eowyn 's various themes , and hence may be considered a theme , as well . Diegetic motifs ( not by Howard Shore ) ( edit ) Although the score is by Howard Shore , some of the diegetic music in the film is not . Most of it was composed by a New - Zealand musician collective known as Plan 9 ( Jannet Roddick , David Donaldson , Stephen Roche ) and David Longe , known collectively within the context of the Lord of the Rings ( and The Hobbit ) as `` The Elvish Impersonators . '' They composed several vocal and instrumental pieces as well musical sound effects used for the Ring and Sauron , for the Dead Marshes and for Fangorn . Other musical sound effects , added by the films ' sound design department , include war horns and bells ringing . Other film compositions were made by Enya , co-producer Fran Walsh and by the actors Viggo Mortensen and Billy Boyd . The role of these pieces within the structure of the music of the Lord of the Rings is arguable . While the were n't composed by Howard Shore , they often were accompanied by the score : The second verse of `` Edge of Night '' was accompanied by the string section and picked up by the clarinet , Gandalf 's performance of the Old Walking song was harmonized by the orchestra , the underscore to both of Enya 's compositions was orchestrated and conducted by Howard Shore . The fiddle accompaniment of the Drinking Score is even featured in the live performances . All of those pieces ( excluding `` rock and pool '' as well as what are outright effects like horn calls ) are even featured on the album . Some of it , like Aragorn 's coronation chant , even appears in the Lord of the Rings Symphony . Furthermore , many of the musical sound effects like horn - calls were made to complement the score while other pieces shared a more coincidental connection to the score , such as the stepwise melody of `` The Edge of Night '' ( evoking the Shire music ) and its open - fifth opening figure , evoking Gondor , where it is sung in the film . Others like the diegetic 5 / 4 - time drum - beats were outright inspired by the score . Within the overarching concept of Howard 's Middle Earth music ( including the music of `` the Hobbit '' films ) , the score has occasionally adopted diegetic music ( by `` the Elvish Impersonators '' ) like the Misty Mountains song , as well as leaked into diegetic music ( like `` Valley of Imladris '' ) and even into sound effects , with a war horn calling out the Erebor theme . Hence , these compositions can be viewed in much the same way that other composers will use phrases from Dies Irae as themes within their scores . These `` themes '' include the piece `` Flaming Red Hair on her feet '' which would go on to be reprised in The Hobbit , The Old Walking Song , which appears twice in the score ; Rock and Pool , which appears three times in the series ; The Edge of Night which was reprised in the trailer for The Battle of the Five Armies and is related to that film 's own end - credit song . These can be , to some extent , attributed to the thematic family of The Shire . Others such as the musically - produced sound - effects associated with the Ring or the Orcish war chants ( recorded in a crowded Rugby stadium ) can be associated with the Mordor material . Even pieces such as Aniron ( which is formally dubbed `` theme for Aragorn and Arwen '' ) or the Two Towers trailer music , Requiem for a Tower , could be seen as part of the construction of the music of Middle Earth / Instrumentation ( edit ) Howard Shore orchestrated the music himself and made use of an immense ensemble : the core of the orchestra ranging from 93 to 120 pieces , as well as a `` celtic '' band of 9 players or more , an `` eastern '' band of at least four players , multiple choirs calling for some 210 singers or more , and about 15 vocal soloists , and twenty more in the diegetic music . Woodwinds : 3 - 4 flutes ( all doubling on alto flutes and piccolos , fourth doubling on recorder and bass flute ) , 3 oboes ( 3rd and - optionally - 2nd , doubling on English horns ) , 3 - 4 clarinets in B - Flat and E-flat ( 3rd doubling on bass clarinet in B - flat and contrabass clarinet in B - flat ) , 3 bassoons ( 3rd and 2nd doubling on contrabassoon ) . Brass : 5 - 6 horns in F ( horns 1 - 5 doubling on Wagner tubas ) , 4 trumpets in B - Flat ( piston and rotary valve ) , 3 tenor trombones , 1 bass trombone , tuba ( all doubled in `` Charge of the Rohirrim '' ) timpani : 6 - 14 kettledrums ( two sets with two or three players overall ) Percussion : seven percussionists : one on bass drum , one on snare drums , one on 3 - 4 taiko drums ( large , medium and small ) , one on 2 - 5 tamtams ( medium and large ) ; three additional percussionists : one on second set of taiko drums ( Helm 's Deep only ) and second bass drum ; one on distressed piano and chains and one on 1 - 2 anvils , both only for the orc theme . The percussionists double on various instruments , both pitched and unpitched : Non-Pitched : 5 tibetan nipple gongs ( 6 `` , 8 '' , 10 `` , 12 '' , 14 `` ) , cymbals ( 1 - 2 suspended ; crash , 2 clash , crotales and china ) , gong drum , rattle . Pitched : tubular bells , mark tree , bell tree , triangle , glockenspiel , chime bars , tenor drums , 2 log drums , 2 metal bell plates ( 14 `` , 1 ' thick ) , bass marimba , 2 bodhráin . Keyboards : piano , celesta . Voices : up to 55 - piece boy choir ; up to 85 - piece SATB mixed choir , augmented with additional alto , soprano and oktavist bass voices for select passages ; up to 60 - piece male TTBB ( originally all - Maori ) choir , augmented with ten `` grunting '' voices , treble solo ( girl ) , boy soprano soloist , contralato soloist , alto soloists , lyrical soprano soloists , mezzo - soprano soloists , soprano soloist , coloratura soprano soloist , baritone soloist . Strings : 2 harps , 17 first violins ( the concertmaster doubling on fiddle , hardanger and double fiddle ) , 14 - 16 second violins , 12 violas , 10 violoncellos , 8 double basses with low - C string . `` Hobbit Band '' : Fiddle ( optional ) , 1 tin whistle ( doubling on low whistle and on fifth flute and piccolo ) , musette , hammered dulcimer ( doubling on cimbalom ) , 1 - 2 classical guitars ( six and twelve strings ; one doubling on acoustic guitar ) , mandolin , Celtic harp , wood flute ( optional ) , drones . Eastern Band : sarangi ( doubling on dilruba ) , 50 - string monochord ( with adaptable bridges ) , 2 nay flutes ( one doubling on an offstage rhaita ) , a pan flute . In a live performance , a lot of the expanded instrumentation such as sections of double brass or added woodwinds - are removed , and some of the parts can be doubled by a single player , and the various soloist parts are often performed by one soprano . Nevertheless , such performances always require a mimimum of 230 players , and have been knows to exceed 400 - pieces , with expanded choral forces and sometimes with augmented orchestral forces . Additionally , Shore 's composition for The Hobbit also calls for added pieces in the orchestra and existing bands , as well as a 16 - piece Gamelan orchestra , several baroque instruments , and some added instruments ( within and outside of the orchestral palette ) to be played by the existing ensemble as well as additional soloists . Trailer music , written by Shore or otherwise , featured additional parts ( such as added cellos and horns ) or was layered and remixed to create such an effect . Also , the diegetic music and musical sound design in the film features additional instruments such as banjolele , harmonium , hurdy - gurdy , goblet drum , castanets , Jew 's harp , rommelpot , zither , cowhorn , dungchen , bells , and possibly congas , bongos , hasapi and a home - made Đàn - bầu . The orchestra , choir , soloists and instruments were recorded at a variety of venues : Watford Town Hall , Abbey Road Studios , Air Lyndhurst , Henry Wood Studio and the Wellington Town Hall . Several of the soloists were recorded in private studios . The symphony version was recorded in KKL Lucerne , and `` A Composer 's Journey '' was recorded in the Montreal Symphony House . Effort was put into creating a unified sound between the various orchestras and venues . Shore was adamant on creating a unique sound for this series , and created a unique way of handling the orchestra , dividing it by the range of the instruments . The choir , soloists and specialist instruments were often ( but not always ) recorded apart from the orchestra , with many of the choral sessions being conducted by their respective choirmaster , under Shore 's supervision . Shore was insistent on not using any electronic sounds in the recording of the score , although he did use mock - ups in the preparation of the score . Use of Tolkien languages ( edit ) The film score for The Lord of the Rings incorporates extensive vocal music blended with the orchestral arrangements . The great majority of the lyrics used in the libretto are in the invented languages of Middle - earth , representing the various cultures and races in Tolkien 's writings . These languages include Quenya and Sindarin associated with Elves , Adûnaic and Rohirric for Men , and Khuzdul of the Dwarves. Old English was used as an analog for Rohirric and English was used as an analog for the Common Tongue . Some of these languages had been developed extensively by Tolkien , while others were extrapolated by linguist David Salo based on the limited examples of vocabulary and linguistic style available . The libretto was derived from several sources , including songs and poems written by Tolkien , phrases from the screenplay ( often sung against the corresponding dialogue or recitation ) as well as original and adapted material from Shore and from screenwriters Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , and others , all translated by Salo while stressing good choral sounds . The vocal music serves primarily to give texture and cultural aesthetic to the score ; there is never any translation of the lyrics in the on - screen presentation , and in some cases only fragments of the source texts are used for their sound more so than their meaning , although overall the use of the choral text remains mostly coherent . Songs ( edit ) The score includes a series of songs , diegetic and non-diegetic . Some of the songs and the associated underscore were released as single CD releases and music videos featuring footage from the film and the production , prior to the release of the entire soundtracks . Some of the diegetic songs were not composed by Howard Shore , but he orchestrated and conducted the orchestral accompaniment and even reprised some of them in his symphony . `` Aníron '' ( The Fellowship of the Ring ) performed and composed by Enya , orchestrated and conducted by Shore . Released as a Single for Enya , the London Philharmonic and London Voices . An alternate take appears on Enya 's album . `` Arwen 's Song '' ( The Return of the King ) performed by Liv Tyler . `` Asea Aranion '' : Performed by Sissel Kyrkjebø . Diegetic Songs `` To the Bottle I Go '' ( The Fellowship of the Ring ) performed by Billy Boyd , Dominic Monaghan , Elijah Wood , and other Hobbit cast members . Composed by Fran Walsh . `` The Road Goes Ever On '' : sung by Sir Ian Mckellen and later by Sir Ian Holm . The first appearance is underscored by Shore 's whistle music . Composed by the Elvish Impersonators . `` Lament for Gandalf '' : sung in Lothlorien by Elizabeth Fraser and a women choir . It was composed by Howard Shore and forms part of the score , but is heard by the characters . Elvish Lament : Composed by `` The Elvish Impersonators '' : Plan 9 and David Longe . It is the only vocal duet in the score . `` The Song of Beren and Lúthien '' ( The Fellowship of the Ring ) composed and performed by Viggo Mortensen . `` The Funeral of Théodred '' ( The Two Towers ) composed by Plan 9 and performed by Miranda Otto . `` Fishing Song '' : Sung by Gollum in several spots ( as well as in An Unexpected Journey ) `` The Green Dragon '' ( The Return of the King ) performed by Billy Boyd and Dominic Monaghan . Composed by Plan 9 . Accompanied ( in Shore 's underscore ) with Dermot Crehan on fiddle . `` The Edge of Night '' ( The Return of the King ) composed and performed by Billy Boyd . `` The Return of The King '' ( The Return of The King ) performed by Viggo Mortensen . End - credits songs `` May It Be '' ( The Fellowship of the Ring ) performed and composed by Enya , underscore orchestrated and conducted by Shore : nominated for the Academy Award for Best Song in 2001 and performed at the ceremony . Released as a Single and as a music video featuring footage from the film . `` In Dreams '' ( The Fellowship of the Ring ) performed by Edward Ross . `` Gollum 's Song '' ( The Two Towers ) performed by Emilíana Torrini is musically related to Gollum 's Pity Theme . The lyrics are by Fran Walsh . Released as a Single and as a music video featuring footage from the film . The song was to have been performed by Björk , whose name actually appeared in the closing credits of the film as shown in theaters ; Björk had to decline because of her pregnancy , however , and Torrini was credited in the DVD . This track is also titled `` Long Ways to Go Yet , '' in The Complete Recordings . This version of the track includes additional instrumental music at the end , making it a medley of themes to cap off the album . Artist Geoff Keezer has released a jazz piano version of the song . Unrelated to the song of the same name in the book . `` Into the West '' ( The Return of the King ) performed by Annie Lennox : won the Academy Award for Best Song in 2004 . Alternate acoustic takes were released to the public . Released as a Single and as a music video featuring footage from the film . `` Use Well the Days '' ( The Return of the King , Deluxe Soundtrack ) performed by Annie Lennox . Diegetic music ( edit ) Besides the source songs , the films also feature instrumental diegetic music , mostly by The Elvish Impersonators : Including `` Flaming Red Hair on her feet '' , an alternate ( and unreleased ) `` Flowers for Rosie '' and a piece for the Bywater Marketplace . The film also includes source drumming ( set to Shore 's concept of a 5 / 4 - time beat for the Orcs ) , chanting and horn calls , which were all made to conform to the score . The underscore goes on to accompany most of those diegetic pieces : Mortensen 's chant at the coronation is backed by soft choir and strings . `` The Edge of Night '' features string accompaniment and ends with the clarinet and than the string repeating the melody , so the contributions grow out of the score . Deleted tracks ( edit ) Because a lot of the music was being recorded as the film was being edited and because the recordings were subjected to the direction of Peter Jackson , the process took several weeks for each film and produced a variety of alternate takes and changing compositions . Therefore , several pieces of music written by Howard Shore never made it into the final cut of the film trilogy or any officially released soundtracks . Among these are various alternate takes and small extensions that were micro-edited out of the film and soundtrack releases , but some have been unearthed by fans . Some additional music , including the most prominent alternate takes , was released in the Rarities Archive or played over the fan - credits of the Extended films . For instance , a special musical arrangement written for the trailer for The Return of the King , which primarily consisted of principal leitmotifs along with movie trailer - like music . Additionally , there was a song entitled `` Use Well the Days '' sung by Annie Lennox , which can be found on a supplementary DVD included with The Return of the King soundtrack in some packages released in 2003 . If all the new material is complied together , it would amount to about 14 hours of music . Soloists ( edit ) For the three films Shore worked with many vocal and instrumental soloists . Vocal Alto : Hilary Summers ( contralato ) Annie Lennox ( light alto ) Boy Soprano : Benedict `` Ben '' Del Maestro Edward Ross Blake Heslop - Charman Mezzo - Soprano Sheila Chandra Janet Roddick Enya Soprano Elizabeth Fraser Emilíana Torrini Sissel Kyrkjebø Isabel Bayrakdarian ( lyrical soprano ) Miriam Stockley ( lyrical ) Aivale Cole ( née Mabel Faletolu ; lyrical ) Renée Fleming ( coloratura soprano ) Cast Performers Billy Boyd ( Pippin ) - Tenor . Viggo Mortensen ( Aragorn ) - baritone . Miranda Otto ( Éowyn ) - mezzo - soprano . Sir Ian Holm ( Bilbo Baggins ) - baritone . Sir Ian McKellen ( Gandalf ) - baritone . Liv Tyler ( Arwen ) - soprano . Dominic Monaghan ( Meriadoc `` Merry '' Brandybuck ) - tenor . Elijah Wood ( Frodo ) - tenor . Andy Serkis ( Smeagol ) - baritone . Sir Peter Jackson provided a tamtam hit when Aragorn enters Edoras . Other actors like John Rhys Davies ( as Fangorn ) , Alan Howard ( voice of the ring ) , Bernard Hill ( Theoden ) and Orlando Bloom ( Legolas ) recited verses or provided narration , without a melody . Instrumental The `` Elvish Impersonators '' : Jannet Roddick , David Donaldson , Stephen Roche ( `` Plan 9 '' ) and David Long : Fiddle , Hurdy - Gurdy , Rommelpot , Jaw Harp , Harmonium , Whistle , Bodhran , Goblet Drum , Castanets , Tambourines , drones , Zither ; possibly Dan Bau , Hasapi , Conga and Bongos . Dermot Crehan -- Fiddle , Sarangi , Hardanger fiddle , Double Fiddle . Sir James Galway -- flute , tin whistle , low whistle . Ulrich Herkenhoff -- pan flute Edward Cervenka -- Hammered Dulcimer , cimbalom . Mike Taylor : Tin Whistle , Low Whistle , Fiddle , Jan Hendrickse : Rhaita , Nay Flute . Sylvia Hallett : Sarangi , Dilruba . Edward Hession : Musette . Tracey Goldsmith : Musette . Jean Kelly : Celtic Harp . Greg Knowles : Dulcimer , Cimbalom . John Parricelli : Six - String Guitar , Twelve - String Guitar . Gillian Tingay : Celtic Harp . Sonia Slany : Monochord . Robert White : Drones / Bodhrán , Alan Doherty : Nay Flute , Tin Whistle . Alan Kelly : Bodhrán Original soundtracks ( edit ) Recordings of the score were originally issued on single - disc albums , that closely followed the theatrical release dates of the films or presented earlier versions recorded during the film 's editing . The music on the disc was arranged as a concert - piece while also keeping reasonably with the plot progression of the film . Many of the tracks are edited to create Concert Suites of some of the themes such as the Ringwraith theme ( in `` Black Rider '' ) , the Durin theme ( In `` Journey in the Dark '' ) , the Rohan theme ( in `` Riders of Rohan '' ) and the Gondor theme ( in `` The White Tree '' ) . Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King `` The Prophecy '' ( 3 : 55 ) Foundations of Stone '' ( 3 : 51 ) `` A Storm Is Coming '' ( 2 : 52 ) `` Concerning Hobbits '' ( 2 : 55 ) `` The Taming of Sméagol '' ( 2 : 48 ) `` Hope and Memory '' ( 1 : 45 ) `` The Shadow of the Past '' ( 3 : 32 ) `` The Riders of Rohan '' ( 4 : 05 ) `` Minas Tirith '' ( 3 : 37 ) `` The Treason of Isengard '' ( 4 : 00 ) `` The Passage of the Marshes '' ( 2 : 46 ) `` The White Tree '' ( 3 : 25 ) `` The Black Rider '' ( 2 : 48 ) `` The Uruk - hai '' ( 2 : 58 ) `` The Steward of Gondor '' ( 3 : 53 ) `` At the Sign of the Prancing Pony '' ( 3 : 14 ) `` The King of the Golden Hall '' ( 3 : 49 ) `` Minas Morgul '' ( 1 : 58 ) `` A Knife in the Dark '' ( 3 : 34 ) `` The Black Gate Is Closed '' ( 3 : 17 ) `` The Ride of the Rohirrim '' ( 2 : 08 ) Flight to the Ford '' ( 4 : 14 ) `` Evenstar '' ( 3 : 15 ) `` Twilight and Shadow '' ( 3 : 30 ) `` Many Meetings '' ( 3 : 05 ) `` The White Rider '' ( 2 : 28 ) `` Cirith Ungol '' ( 1 : 44 ) `` The Council of Elrond '' ( 3 : 49 ) `` Treebeard '' ( 2 : 43 ) `` Andúril '' ( 2 : 35 ) `` The Ring Goes South '' ( 2 : 03 ) `` The Leave Taking '' ( 3 : 41 ) `` Shelob 's Lair '' ( 4 : 07 ) `` A Journey in the Dark '' ( 4 : 20 ) `` Helm 's Deep '' ( 3 : 53 ) `` Ash and Smoke '' ( 3 : 25 ) `` The Bridge of Khazad - dûm '' ( 5 : 57 ) `` The Forbidden Pool '' ( 5 : 27 ) `` The Fields of the Pelennor '' ( 3 : 26 ) `` Lothlórien '' ( 4 : 33 ) `` Breath of Life '' ( 5 : 07 ) `` Hope Fails '' ( 2 : 20 ) `` The Great River '' ( 2 : 42 ) `` The Hornburg '' ( 4 : 34 ) `` The Black Gate Opens '' ( 4 : 01 ) `` Amon Hen '' ( 5 : 02 ) `` Forth Eorlingas '' ( 3 : 15 ) `` The End of All Things '' ( 5 : 12 ) `` The Breaking of the Fellowship '' ( 7 : 20 ) `` Isengard Unleashed '' ( 5 : 01 ) `` The Return of the King '' ( 10 : 14 ) `` May It Be '' ( by Enya ; 4 : 19 ) `` Samwise the Brave '' ( 3 : 46 ) `` The Grey Havens '' ( 5 : 59 ) `` Gollum 's Song '' ( 5 : 51 ) `` Into the West '' ( 5 : 57 ) Bonus Track : `` Farewell to Lórien '' ( 4 : 37 ) Bonus Track : `` Use Well the Days '' ( 3 : 10 ) Total length : 71 : 26 Total length : 77 : 38 Total length : 75 : 15 Total length : 224 : 19 Contains material not included in the Complete Recordings . Concertized piece Edited - down in the Deluxe Edition to accommodate for the Bonus track . All soundtrack albums of the trilogy have been released through Reprise Records , Enya 's label at that time of the first soundtrack 's release . While the cover art for The Fellowship of the Ring uses an original compilation of film characters , the covers for The Two Towers and The Return of the King reflect the respective film posters . Limited Deluxe versions of the Original Soundtracks were also released , with bonus tracks covering Farwell to Lorien ( from the Extended Edition ) and the song Use Well the Days , as well as a documentary ( made by Shore 's wife , Elizabeth Conotoir , following Shore 's creation of the music and his work with the soloists and director . List of original soundtracks , with selected chart positions and certifications Title Album details Peak chart positions Certifications US US Soundtracks AUS AUT FIN GER NLD NZL SWI UK The Fellowship of the Ring Released : 20 November 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 20 ) Label : Reprise Formats : CD , digital download 29 8 7 21 8 10 RIAA : Platinum BEA : Gold BPI : Gold IFPI FIN : Gold IFPI SWI : Gold MC : Gold The Two Towers Released : 10 December 2002 ( 2002 - 12 - 10 ) Label : Reprise Formats : CD , digital download 43 31 11 8 20 -- 14 28 RIAA : Gold BPI : Gold MC : Gold The Return of the King Released : 25 November 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 25 ) Label : Reprise Formats : CD , digital download 36 33 5 5 10 19 9 8 34 RIAA : Gold BPI : Gold `` -- '' denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory . The Complete Recordings ( edit ) Starting in 2005 , a year after the extended release of The Return of the King , Reprise Records began to release one multi-disc set for each part of the trilogy . These annually published collections , titled The Complete Recordings , contain the entire score for the extended versions of the films on CD , along with an additional DVD - Audio disc that offers 2.0 stereo and 5.1 surround mixes of the soundtrack . Each album also comes with extensive liner notes by music journalist Doug Adams which reviews all of the tracks and provides information about the process of composing and recording the score , as well as a detailed list of all musical instruments , people and organizations involved . These Annotated Scores have been made freely available by New Line on the promotional website for the soundtracks ( see below ) . The cover artwork uses common elements for the three albums like the film series ' logo and an inscription in Tolkien 's tengwar letters . The background of each album cover differs though in that it shows an aspect from the map of Middle - earth drawn by Christopher Tolkien that fits the title of the release and the location of the plot : The Fellowship of the Ring depicts the Shire , Rhudaur and Eregion in dark red , the cover for The Two Towers shows Rohan and Fangorn in dark blue while The Return of the King shows a map of Gondor in dark green . The Fellowship of the Ring ( edit ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring : The Complete Recordings Soundtrack album by Howard Shore Released 13 December 2005 Length 180 : 35 Label Reprise The Complete Recordings for The Fellowship of the Ring span just over three hours of music on three CDs . The set was released on 13 December 2005 . Track listing Disc one No . Title Length 1 . `` Prologue : One Ring to Rule Them All '' 7 : 16 2 . `` The Shire '' 2 : 29 3 . `` Bag End '' ( feat . `` The Road Goes Ever On '' , performed by Ian McKellen ) 4 : 35 4 . `` Very Old Friends '' 3 : 12 5 . `` Flaming Red Hair '' 2 : 39 6 . `` Farewell Dear Bilbo '' 1 : 45 7 . `` Keep It Secret , Keep It Safe '' ( feat . `` The Road Goes Ever On '' , performed by Ian Holm ; feat . Billy Boyd and Dominic Monaghan ) 8 : 54 8 . `` A Conspiracy Unmasked '' 6 : 09 9 . `` Three Is Company '' 1 : 58 10 . `` The Passing of the Elves '' 2 : 39 11 . `` Saruman the White '' 4 : 09 12 . `` A Shortcut to Mushrooms '' 4 : 07 13 . `` Strider '' 2 : 34 14 . `` The Nazgûl '' ( feat . `` The Song of Beren and Lúthien '' , performed by Viggo Mortensen ) 6 : 04 Total length : 58 : 30 Disc two No . Title Length 1 . `` Weathertop '' 2 : 14 2 . `` The Caverns of Isengard '' 4 : 54 3 . `` Give Up the Halfling '' 4 : 49 4 . `` Orthanc '' 1 : 06 5 . `` Rivendell '' 3 : 26 6 . `` The Sword That Was Broken '' 3 : 34 7 . `` The Council of Elrond Assembles '' ( feat . `` Aníron ( Theme for Aragorn and Arwen ) '' , composed & performed by Enya ) 4 : 01 8 . `` The Great Eye '' 5 : 30 9 . `` Gilraen 's Memorial '' 5 : 01 10 . `` The Pass of Caradhras '' 5 : 04 11 . `` The Doors of Durin '' 6 : 03 12 . `` Moria '' 2 : 27 13 . `` Gollum '' 2 : 26 14 . `` Balin 's Tomb '' 8 : 30 Total length : 59 : 05 Disc three No . Title Length 1 . `` Khazad - dûm '' 8 : 00 2 . `` Caras Galadhon '' ( feat . `` Lament for Gandalf '' , performed by Elizabeth Fraser ) 9 : 20 3 . `` The Mirror of Galadriel '' 6 : 21 4 . `` The Fighting Uruk - hai '' 11 : 32 5 . `` Parth Galen '' 9 : 13 6 . `` The Departure of Boromir '' 5 : 29 7 . `` The Road Goes Ever On ... ( Part 1 ) '' 5 : 58 8 . `` May It Be '' ( composed & performed by Enya ) 3 : 26 9 . `` The Road Goes Ever On ... ( Part 2 ) '' ( feat . `` In Dreams '' , performed by Edward Ross ) 3 : 41 Total length : 63 : 01 The Two Towers ( edit ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers : The Complete Recordings Soundtrack album by Howard Shore Released 7 November 2006 Length 188 : 13 Label Reprise The Complete Recordings for The Two Towers span over three hours of music on three CDs . The set was released on 7 November 2006 . Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic ScoreNotes Track listing Disc one No . Title Length 1 . `` Glamdring '' 3 : 50 2 . `` Elven Rope '' 2 : 19 3 . `` Lost in Emyn Muil '' 4 : 15 4 . `` My Precious '' 2 : 56 5 . `` Uglúk 's Warriors '' 1 : 41 6 . `` The Three Hunters '' 6 : 12 7 . `` The Banishment of Éomer '' 3 : 55 8 . `` Night Camp '' 2 : 50 9 . `` The Plains of Rohan '' 4 : 15 10 . `` Fangorn '' 5 : 13 11 . `` The Dead Marshes '' 5 : 08 12 . `` '' Wraiths on Wings `` '' 2 : 08 13 . `` Gandalf the White '' 6 : 48 14 . `` The Dreams of Trees '' 1 : 55 15 . `` The Heir of Númenor '' 6 : 51 16 . `` Ent - Draught '' 2 : 54 Total length : 63 : 10 Disc two No . Title Length 1 . `` Edoras '' 4 : 34 2 . `` The Court of Meduseld '' 3 : 11 3 . `` Théoden King '' ( feat . `` The Funeral of Théodred '' , performed by Miranda Otto ) 6 : 12 4 . `` The King 's Decision '' 2 : 08 5 . `` Exodus from Edoras '' 5 : 43 6 . `` The Forests of Ithilien '' 6 : 38 7 . `` One of the Dúnedain '' ( feat . `` Evenstar '' , performed by Isabel Bayrakdarian ) 7 : 13 8 . `` The Wolves of Isengard '' 4 : 22 9 . `` Refuge at Helm 's Deep '' 4 : 00 10 . `` The Voice of Saruman '' 1 : 12 11 . `` Arwen 's Fate '' ( feat . `` The Grace of the Valar '' , performed by Sheila Chandra ) 3 : 59 12 . `` The Story Foretold '' 3 : 39 13 . `` Sons of the Steward '' 6 : 03 14 . `` Rock and Pool '' 2 : 55 15 . `` Faramir 's Good Council '' 2 : 21 Total length : 63 : 59 Disc three No . Title Length 1 . `` Aragorn 's Return '' 2 : 12 2 . `` War Is Upon Us '' 3 : 36 3 . `` '' Where Is the Horse and the Rider ? `` '' 6 : 16 4 . `` The Host of the Eldar '' 2 : 51 5 . `` The Battle of the Hornburg '' 2 : 53 6 . `` The Breach of the Deeping Wall '' 3 : 03 7 . `` The Entmoot Decides '' 2 : 06 8 . `` Retreat '' ( feat . `` Haldir 's Lament '' , performed by Elizabeth Fraser ) 4 : 41 9 . `` Master Peregrin 's Plan '' 2 : 32 10 . `` The Last March of the Ents '' ( feat . Ben Del Maestro ) 2 : 31 11 . `` The Nazgûl Attack '' 2 : 45 12 . `` Théoden Rides Forth '' ( feat . Ben Del Maestro ) 5 : 48 13 . `` The Tales That Really Matter '' 12 : 01 14 . `` '' Long Ways to Go Yet `` '' ( feat . `` Gollum 's Song '' , performed by Emilíana Torrini ) 8 : 06 Total length : 61 : 12 The Return of the King ( edit ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King : The Complete Recordings Soundtrack album by Howard Shore Released 20 November 2007 Length 229 : 17 Label Reprise The Complete Recordings for The Return of the King span almost three hours and fifty minutes on four CDs . The accompanying DVD - audio disc is double - sided to accommodate all of the material . The set was released on 20 November 2007 and is currently the only of the three to be available for digital download . Track listing Disc one No . Title Length 1 . `` Roots and Beginnings '' 6 : 31 2 . `` Journey to the Crossroads '' 2 : 17 3 . `` The Road to Isengard '' 2 : 18 4 . `` The Foot of Orthanc '' 4 : 45 5 . `` Return to Edoras '' 1 : 51 6 . `` The Chalice Passed '' 1 : 51 7 . `` The Green Dragon '' ( feat . Billy Boyd and Dominic Monaghan ) 0 : 35 8 . `` Gollum 's Villainy '' 2 : 10 9 . `` Éowyn 's Dream '' 1 : 24 10 . `` The Palantír '' 3 : 10 11 . `` Flight from Edoras '' 2 : 19 12 . `` The Grace of Undómiel '' ( feat . Renée Fleming ) 6 : 21 13 . `` The Eyes of the White Tower '' 4 : 33 14 . `` A Coronal of Silver and Gold '' 8 : 27 15 . `` The Lighting of the Beacons '' 9 : 03 Total length : 57 : 32 Disc two No . Title Length 1 . `` Osgiliath Invaded '' ( feat . Ben Del Maestro ) 8 : 48 2 . `` The Stairs of Cirith Ungol '' 2 : 41 3 . `` Allegiance to Denethor '' 3 : 20 4 . `` The Sacrifice of Faramir '' ( feat . `` The Edge of Night '' , performed by Billy Boyd ) 4 : 09 5 . `` The Parting of Sam and Frodo '' 4 : 04 6 . `` Marshalling at Dunharrow '' 4 : 57 7 . `` Andúril - Flame of the West '' 3 : 28 8 . `` The Passing of the Grey Company '' 4 : 12 9 . `` Dwimorberg - The Haunted Mountain '' 2 : 26 10 . `` Master Meriadoc , Swordthain '' 1 : 40 11 . `` The Paths of the Dead '' 6 : 22 12 . `` The Siege of Gondor '' 9 : 01 13 . `` Shelob 's Lair '' 8 : 53 14 . `` Merry 's Simple Courage '' 2 : 09 Total length : 66 : 03 Disc three No . Title Length 1 . `` Grond - The Hammer of the Underworld '' 1 : 33 2 . `` Shelob the Great '' 5 : 13 3 . `` The Tomb of the Stewards '' 3 : 58 4 . `` The Battle of the Pelennor Fields '' 4 : 10 5 . `` The Pyre of Denethor '' 2 : 59 6 . `` The Mûmakil '' 0 : 57 7 . `` Dernhelm in Battle '' 2 : 06 8 . `` A Far Green Country '' 1 : 28 9 . `` Shieldmaiden of Rohan '' 5 : 07 10 . `` The Passing of Théoden '' 2 : 16 11 . `` The Houses of Healing '' ( feat . Liv Tyler ) 2 : 58 12 . `` The Tower of Cirith Ungol '' 4 : 41 13 . `` The Last Debate '' ( feat . `` Asëa Aranion '' , performed by Sissel ) 4 : 21 14 . `` The Land of Shadow '' 6 : 29 15 . `` The Mouth of Sauron '' ( feat . Sir James Galway ) 8 : 16 16 . `` '' For Frodo `` '' ( feat . Ben Del Maestro ) 3 : 17 Total length : 59 : 44 Disc four No . Title Length 1 . `` Mount Doom '' ( feat . Renée Fleming ) 4 : 09 2 . `` The Crack of Doom '' 4 : 02 3 . `` The Eagles '' ( feat . Renée Fleming ) 2 : 24 4 . `` The Fellowship Reunited '' ( feat . Sir James Galway , Viggo Mortensen , and Renée Fleming ) 12 : 18 5 . `` The Journey to the Grey Havens '' ( feat . Sir James Galway ) 7 : 35 6 . `` Elanor '' ( feat . Sir James Galway ) 1 : 28 7 . `` Days of the Ring '' ( feat . `` Into the West '' , performed by Annie Lennox ) 11 : 10 8 . `` Bilbo 's Song '' 2 : 58 Total length : 45 : 58 Theme presentations and concert suites ( edit ) Howard Shore crafted a series of concert suites that develop a single theme , either by means of editing down material written for alternate forms of the film ( which was scored during editing ) , thematic presentations ( in mock - up and orchestral renditions ) made for Peter Jackson , and several theme presentations written largely for the end - credits or during the Lord of the Rings Symphony . The Fellowship of the Ring `` Seduction of the Ring '' : The Symphony features a concert presentation of the Seduction theme with the associated lyrics and a monochord accompaniment . `` Concerning Hobbits '' : This famous piece from the original soundtrack is edited from material written for an alternate edit of the introduction of the Shire . It was reworked into The Lord of the Rings Symphony . Aníron : This song exists in a longer , album version , which appears on `` The Very Best of Enya . '' `` A Journey in the Dark '' : The credits present an edited down `` concert score '' version of the music written for the Moria scenes . `` The Fellowship of the Ring '' : On the original Soundtrack release , the statement of the Fellowship theme ( which precedes `` In Dreams '' in the credits ) segues directly into the final crescendo of the theme , rather than returning to a tracked statement from `` The Great Eye '' as it does in the credits , thereby creating a fleshed out , concert - form theme presentation for the Fellowship theme . The Two Towers `` Rohan '' : The original soundtrack presents a version of Eowyn and Theoden 's theme played on violas before transitioning into an alternate of the final statement of the Rohan theme that closes the theatrical credits . `` Evenstar '' : Featured in the credits . It does not include the solo voice . `` Gandalf the White '' : featured only in the credits . The Return of the King `` The End of All Things '' : an edited alternate of the music of the finale at Mount Doom , with a concert - finale missing the big crescendos of the complete recording 's version of the piece . `` Days of the Ring '' : The theatrical credits end with a tribute to Richard Wagner 's music of the Ring Cycle ( particularly the last of the cycle , Götterdämmerung ) , which was in inspiration of Shore in terms of the structure of the work . The section is n't an outright quote of any specific passage of Wagner 's Opera , but more of an allusion to his sound and several of his melodic ideas . The Original Soundtrack release has a concert - setting of this finale , which is missing the big crescendo of the film version . `` The Journey Back '' : featured over the credits before `` Into the West '' begins . `` Frodo 's Song '' : A flute rendition of the theme which is played under the `` In Discussion '' rarities track . Only a snippet of it appears in the finished credits . Shore also created a suite of Fellowship of the Ring , played in his `` Film Music of Howard Shore '' concerts , and a suite for chamber orchestra and flute created for Sir James Galway . The Live to Projection concerts also feature variations of some of those suites as entr'acte music . The music of the Lord of the Rings films ( edit ) The Music of the Lord of the Rings Films ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 7390 - 7157 - 1 ) is a book which was written by Doug Adams and released on 5 October 2010 . The book contains a detailed look at the themes and leitmotifs in the films ' music . It also contains snippets of sheet music and illustrations . The book was released with a companion CD , The Rarities Archives . The CD has 21 tracks of previously unreleased music created for the films , as well as an audio interview with Howard Shore . The Rarities Archives ( edit ) The Lord of the Rings : The Rarities Archives Soundtrack album by Howard Shore Released European Union on 28 September and in the U.S. and worldwide on 5 October 2010 Length 1 : 19 : 25 Label Howe Records Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` Prologue : One Ring to Rule Them All ( Alternate ) '' 5 : 56 2 . `` The Shire / The Hobbits ( Mock - up ) '' 2 : 00 3 . `` Out From Bree ( Theatrical Version & Alternate ) '' 4 : 04 4 . `` Flight to the Ford ( Alternate ) '' 4 : 04 5 . `` Moria ( Mock - up ) '' 1 : 44 6 . `` The Fighting Uruk - hai ( Alternate ) '' 1 : 47 7 . `` The Argonath ( Alternate ) '' 2 : 18 8 . `` Gwenwin in în ( '' Arwen 's Song '' Alternate / Mock - up ) '' 2 : 02 9 . `` Arwen 's Song ( Complete ) '' 2 : 11 10 . `` Emyn Muil ( Alternate ) '' 3 : 23 11 . `` The Rohan Fanfare ( Mock - up ) '' 3 : 09 12 . `` The Eaves of Fangorn ( Alternate ) '' 5 : 25 13 . `` The Ent Theme ( Mock - up ) '' 2 : 00 14 . `` The Return of the King Trailer '' 2 : 34 15 . `` The Gondor Theme ( Mock - up ) '' 2 : 18 16 . `` The Muster of Rohan ( Alternate ) '' 6 : 43 17 . `` The Siege of Gondor ( Alternate ) '' 3 : 13 18 . `` Shieldmaiden of Rohan ( Theatrical Version ) '' 2 : 00 19 . `` Sammath Naur ( Alternate ) '' 8 : 51 20 . `` Frodo 's Song ( '' Into the West '' Alternate / Mock - up ) '' 2 : 23 21 . `` Elanor ( Alternate ) '' 1 : 30 22 . `` In Conversation ( Audio Interview Part 1 ) '' 5 : 05 23 . `` In Conversation ( Audio Interview Part 2 ) '' 4 : 27 Awards ( edit ) The scores and soundtrack albums of the film trilogy have won several awards : The Fellowship of the Ring Preceded by Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon Academy Award for Best Original Score 2001 Succeeded by Frida Preceded by Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album 2001 Succeeded by The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers Preceded by Amélie World Soundtrack Award for Best Original Soundtrack 2002 Succeeded by Frida The Two Towers Preceded by The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album 2002 Succeeded by The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King The Return of the King Preceded by Frida Academy Award for Best Original Score 2003 Succeeded by Finding Neverland Preceded by `` Lose Yourself '' by Eminem from 8 Mile Academy Award for Best Original Song 2003 with `` Into the West '' by Annie Lennox Succeeded by `` Al Otro Lado del Río '' from The Motorcycle Diaries Preceded by Frida Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score 2003 Succeeded by The Aviator Preceded by The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album 2003 Succeeded by Ray Symphony ( edit ) The Lord of the Rings Symphony Soundtrack album by Howard Shore Released 13 September 2011 Recorded Lucerne , Switzerland Length 1 : 55 : 15 Label Howe Records Following the theatrical release of each of the films , Howard Shore reworked the music from the films and original soundtrack releases into movements for the concert hall , eventually creating the complete The Lord of the Rings Symphony , a more structured six - movement work for orchestra , choir and soloist . This suite has been performed in various concert halls around the world , accompanied by a light and visual art show by Alan Lee and John Howe . A DVD titled Howard Shore : Creating the Lord of the Rings Symphony -- a composer 's journey through Middle Earth has been released . The 50 - minute - long DVD features extensive excerpts of the concert given by Shore and the Montreal Orchestra , Grand Choir and Children choir at the `` Montreal en Lumiere '' Festival , interspersed with spoken commentary by Shore , who recounts his approach in composing the music for the three films and then reworking it into the LOTR symphony . On 13 September 2011 , Shore released `` The Lord of the Rings Symphony '' on CD and MP3 format . The double - album was recorded in Lucerne , Switzerland and performed by the 21st Century Symphony Orchestra & Chorus ( including treble Loris Sikora , Boy Soprano Manuelle Polli , Mezzo - Soprano Kaitlyn Lusk and Bass - Bartione Marc - Olivier Oetterli ) under the direction of Ludwig Wicki . Track listing ( edit ) `` Movement 1 '' - 11 : 25 The Prophecy Concerning Hobbits The Black Rider and Treason of Isengard `` Movement 2 '' - 34 : 04 Rivendell The Ring Goes South A Journey in the Dark The Bridge of Khazad Dum Lothlorien The Great River Amon Hen The Breaking of the Fellowship `` Movement 3 '' - 18 : 15 Foundations of Stone / Glamdring Gollum Rohan The Black Gate Is Closed Evenstar The White Rider Treebeard The Forbidden Pool `` Movement 4 '' - 10 : 28 The Hornburg Forth Eorlingas The Last March of the Ents . Gollum 's Song `` Movement 5 '' - 15 : 26 Flight from Edoras . Minas Tirith The Lighting of the Beacons . The Steward of Gondor Cirith Ungol Anduril `` Movement 6 '' - 26 : 13 The Fields of the Pelennor The Paths of the Dead . The End of All Things The Return of the King The Grey Havens Into the West . Live to Projection ( edit ) Live to Projection is a series where The Lord of the Rings theatrical films ( which only had dialogue and sound effects ) are projected while the music is performed live in sync with the films . It is conducted by Ludwig Wicki and Erik Eino Ochsner and was performed around the world , including Switzerland , Australia and the United States . The concerts , which consist of multiple movements , restore unused or alternate sections of the soundtrack ( where other concerts of this kind for other films repeat the final film music ) and even required Shore to edit several bars of the music , including a feature entr'acte suite . Sometimes they are performed as a cycle featuring the Lord of the Rings Symphony followed by each theatrical film on four consecutive nights . The choir and orchestra are amplified for sake of control over the sound mix with the film , which is supplied with subtitles in the local language . See also ( edit ) Book : The Lord of the Rings film trilogy The Lord of the Rings ( soundtrack ) , the score of the 1978 Ralph Bakshi film by Leonard Rosenman . Symphony No. 1 `` The Lord of the Rings '' , a 1988 concert band composition by Johan de Meij Music of The Hobbit film series For another long - running , thematic composition for a film franchise , see John Williams ' Music of Star Wars . Compare both to a more traditional film composition ( in terms of leitmotivic density or lack thereof ) with James Horner 's Titanic . Middle - earth portal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The emotional aspect of the music has been modeled after early Italian Opera while the structure was more in line with the Late - Romantic German Operas . While there are recited and narrated sections in the film , they are performed in spoken language rather than as an operatic recitative , making the music more of an operetta . Although , with composers like Wagner diminishing the distinction of the recitative and aria , and with others like John Adams , John Corigliano , Philip Glass , John Harbison and even Andre Previn instilling further changes to the medium , Shore 's work on the films can be `` set at the edges of opera pretty easily '' or at least compared to recordings of operas where the recitative parts are dailed out . http://www.filmscoremonthly.com/articles/2004/14_Jan---Return_of_the_King_Mailbag.asp Jump up ^ The early sessions saw Shore conduct the orchestra , choir and stage bands simultaneously . Later , the choirs would be conducted by their director after the orchestral sessions on the relevant part of the picture were recorded earlier that day . Jump up ^ John Williams famously took 10 - 14 weeks to compose and record each installment in the Star Wars saga . Jump up ^ The Complete Recordings ' length is about 90 % of the film length ( without added credits ) , and additional music , including ( but not limited to ) alternate passages , exists as well . However , the difference arises mostly from short stops of music during scene transitions ( of which there are many given the film 's length ) rather than drawn out passages that go unscored . Jump up ^ Even here , however , the music is not entirely without reason . Since `` Gondor Reborn '' has a strong association of `` good triumphs over evil '' Shore extrapolated that meaning from its specific Gondor association and applied it more generally here . Shore also uses this technique when he applies `` The Fellowship theme '' to Haldir in `` The Two Towers '' , using it once as an extrapolation of its companionship association from the narrow application to the nine walkers . It can also be argued that there is a connection , however tenuous , with the success of the Quest of Erebor and the ultimate salvation of Gondor , as later expressed in `` the Battle of the Five Armies . '' Even the Moria theme , being associated with the perils of Moria and its Orcs , can be argued to be vaguely relevant . In fact , the Two Towers opens with the Moria theme , as Gandalf 's battles with the Balrog , and there is a strain of Dwarvish - styled music that continues to follow Gimli in the film leading up to the tracked statement . Jump up ^ This form of using leitmotifs is more in the vein of Wagner and less in the `` devolved '' form , for which film music was criticised by the likes of Theodor Adorno . See Leitmotif : Critique of the leitmotif concept . Jump up ^ Doug Identified 93 motifs ( although the book at one point was said to include 104 motifs ) , including four motifs that are counted under two different categories and three none - recurring ideas . This figure does not include an unused , second - age variation of the Gondor theme nor 3 - 4 additional motifs that only appear in alternate forms of the soundtrack , neither does it include 11 - 14 isolated motifs that were reprised in The Hobbit scores , or diegetic motives not written by Shore but woven into the score , all of which bring the theme count from anywhere between 100 and 120 , not counting for 62 - 70 leitmotives that appear in The Hobbit trilogy . There is an argument as to whether the musical gestures that form the basis of the themes ( like the `` there and back again '' figure that forms the basis of all of the fellowship themes ) can also be counted among the musical themes of the series . Jump up ^ Wagner 's Ring Cycle nevertheless remains the most thematically dense work , featuring 178 leitmotifs within the framework of a 15 - hour work , compared to a roughly similar number in Shore 's 21 - hour Middle Earth scores . Jump up ^ The Seduction of the Ring ( listening Sample ) Jump up ^ The Threat of Mordor ( listening example ) Jump up ^ The Servants of Sauron '' theme ( listening sample ) Jump up ^ Descending Thirds ( listening sample ) Jump up ^ The Shire / Hobbit main theme ( listening sample ) Jump up ^ A Hobbit 's Understanding ( listening sample ) Jump up ^ Hobbit Outline motif ( listening sample ) Jump up ^ The Pity of Smeagol ( listening sample ) Jump up ^ Listening sample : Rivendell theme ( melody and arpeggio accompaniment ) Jump up ^ Arwen Revealed ( listening example ) Jump up ^ Lothlorien / Galadriel theme ( listening sample ) Jump up ^ Nature 's reclamation theme ( listening sample ) Jump up ^ Although it is technically calling back to the use of the Moria theme in the opening . The Two Towers also introduces a Dwarvish variant of the Fellowship theme so there is a consistent vein of Dwarvish music throughout the film . Jump up ^ Dwarrowdelf theme ( listening sample ) Jump up ^ Gondor in Decline theme ( listening example ) Jump up ^ Minas Tirith / White Tree theme ( listening example ) Jump up ^ Gandalf 's Farewells ( listening example ) Jump up ^ Hobbit Antics ostinato ( listening sample ) Jump up ^ Stinker / Gollum 's Menace theme ( listening sample ) Jump up ^ The Ent / Fangorn theme ( listening sample ) Jump up ^ Rohan theme and fanfare ( listening sample ) Jump up ^ Eowyn Shieldmaiden 's theme ( listening example ) Jump up ^ Eowyn and Theoden theme ( sample ) Jump up ^ The White Rider theme ( listening sample ) Jump up ^ Destruction of the Ring / Destruction of Mordor theme ( listening sample ) Jump up ^ The Shire Reborn ( listening sample ) Jump up ^ Gondor Reborn theme ( listening sample ) Jump up ^ http://www.woodzie.org/lotr/themes/pippin.mp3 Jump up ^ Shore 's basic brass lineup is five horns , four trumpets , three trombones and tuba , but he added a sixth horn ( e.g. Return of the King , The Annotated Score , p. 27 . ) and a fourth trombone for the most dramatic passages . For the charge of the Rohirrim , Shore , apparently , doubled the brass . The trumpets had to be recorded separately with the Hardanger to avoid either from being overpowered by the horns : `` Dermot 's fondest recollection of performing on this Hardanger was when Howard asked him to join an eight strong trumpet session to play the ' Rohan ' theme . '' ( http://www.gardinerhoulgate.co.uk/lord-of-the-strings/ ) . This is typically not used in live performances . The recorded Lord of the Rings Symphony uses six horns throughout , while the passages using the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra use a bass trombone throughout . Several passages , particularly of those pertaining to the forces of evil , use mutes on the brass instruments to produce a more nasal sound . Jump up ^ Shore requires a large assortment ( as many at eight ) snare drums of various sorts , including deep field or marching snares , a military drum with rope snares , and shallow `` guilotine '' snares . Jump up ^ The score requires two sets of taiko drums ( which are , in one instance , played simultaneously ) , and includes various types of drums : small Shime - daikos , medium size chū - daikos , and several large drum : an o - daiko , a hira - daiko , and two okedo - daiko drums : an elongated one used in the Moria sequence and a short one used in the Montreal Symphony Orchestra recording . Sometimes , the large drum is played on both drumheads by two players . Jump up ^ Shore called for a piano where the sustain pedal is pressed by a sandbag . The wires which are then struck by a steel chain wrapped around ( and glued to ) a gardening glove worn over the player 's hand . The original recording uses a Grand Piano ( besides the one played by the keyboard section ) . A Composer 's Journey uses a console Piano where the front panel is removed . The recorded Lord of the Rings Symphony uses a soundboard which is removed from the piano for the player to strike . The Chains themselves are also used as rattles and dragged over the floor . http://www.amagpiesnest.com/instruments/instruments_orcs.htm#chains https://www.lpo.org.uk/recordings/the-fellowship-of-the-ring.html Jump up ^ According to the Annotated Score ( p. 24 ) this is not a Musette bagpipe but a small , Musette - like button accordion , tuned diatonically . In some live performances , including the recorded performance of the Lord of the Rings Symphony , it is replaced by a standard keyboard accordion . Jump up ^ The Sydney premier of the Return of the King featured an expanded string section ( 36 violins divided , 14 violas , 11 cellos and 9 contrabasses ) and added woodwind parts for two cor anglais , a bass clarinet and two contrabassoons and some of the added brass instruments for The Ride of the Rohirrim . The overall size of the choir has been known to reach up to 225 singers . The Orensaz performance had 400 musicians on stage. http://www.musicoflotr.com/2009/11/orensanz-transcript.html References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The score has been repeatedly voted to be the best film score , and even review sites such as Filmtracks named Shore 's score `` arguably the most respected and impressive trilogy of music of all time : Howard Shore 's massive work for Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings . '' ^ Jump up to : Adams , Doug . The Music of The Lord of the Rings Films . ( Carpentier , 2010 ) , p. 11 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-34748803 ^ Jump up to : http://www.runmovies.eu/howard-shore-on-the-lord-of-the-rings/ Jump up ^ Marillyn Miller , A Magpie 's Nest . Jump up ^ http://www.filmscoremonthly.com/articles/2001/14_Nov---Lord_of_the_Rings_Howard_Shore_Interview_Excerpt.asp Jump up ^ http://www.spiritsspace.org/lotr/oscars.htm Jump up ^ See Music of The Hobbit film series . Jump up ^ Another case is that of `` Gandalf 's Farewells '' theme , which is used in several scenes that have nothing to do with saying farewell to the Wizard , such as when Frodo and Sam await their fate on the slopes of Mount Doom , or in the Prologue to The Hobbit . However , the theme can easily be said to be used in opposition to its regular association , here implying meeting again with the Wizard . Jump up ^ http://www.amagpiesnest.com/themes/index_Themes.htm Jump up ^ http://musicofmiddleearth.com/list/ Jump up ^ http://www.amagpiesnest.com/themes/THmordor_acc_skipbeat.htm Jump up ^ The Journey There theme ( listening example ) Jump up ^ Mikko Ojala identified the chanting in My Dear Frodo , 3 : 34 - 4 : 10 as the same perfect fifths that were used for Fellowship of the Ring in `` A Journey in the Dark '' . ( http://www.amagpiesnest.com/main.htm ) Jump up ^ Musicologist Doug Adams comments : `` It 's sort of a hybrid of Thorin , Gandalf , and Bilbo all mixed together . An immensely evocative figure ! '' Jump up ^ Doug Adams notes : `` Bilbo 's prophetic line ( '' ... and nothing unexpected ever happened `` ) coupled with the ring imagery has redefined the G# - A . In Fellowship it was a bucolic cadence . In The Hobbit , it 's an unmistakable movement from the sharp fourth of the chord to the fifth . It is a veiled reference to The History of the Ring theme . '' Jump up ^ According to LeBlanc , this motif appears at The Quest for Erebor , 1 : 04 - 1 : 17 . Edmund Meinerts identifies it as well . Jump up ^ Jason Leblanc identifies this motif as appearing twice in An Unexpected Journey . Doug Adams identifies it as a motif in his liner notes . The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey , liner notes , p. 12 . Jump up ^ LeBlanc notes it in his list . The theme is also noted in a draft of Doug Adams ' book . Jump up ^ According to Mikko Ojala : `` a spirited rhythmic reading of the Rural Setting plays and ends in a quote from FotR , the music for the raising of Bilbo 's birthday banner in the Party Field being reprised as a reference to the upcoming event . '' Jump up ^ Doug Adams mentions another appearance was written for a deleted scene . Jump up ^ LeBlanc dubs this theme as `` Elven Heroics '' . Jump up ^ LeBlanc lists `` The Power of Galadriel '' as appearing in `` The Guardians of the Three '' 4 : 29 - 5 : 07 . Jump up ^ Mikko Ojala identifies this as a separate variant to Sauron 's theme . Jump up ^ Krok identifies a quotation of the choral build in `` The High Fells . '' Jump up ^ http://www.jwfan.com/forums/index.php?/topic/26592-the-prophecy/&do=findComment&comment=1029043 Jump up ^ http://www.amagpiesnest.com/source_songs/FOTR/SSprophecy.htm Jump up ^ Marrilyn Miller makes the melody of Shadowfax 's appearance on the OST to be the same as that of his appearance at the end of the film . Jump up ^ Doug Adams , The Music of the Lord of the Rings films , part III : The Return of the King , The Annotated Score , p. 28 Jump up ^ Marillyn Miller notes several variations of the Mordor Skip - Beat , one or more of which may or may not be considered a separate motif : `` Whether these can be considered variants ( as DA sometimes labels them ) or just the Skip Beat moving into and out of other material is subjective . '' Jump up ^ Eric Rawlins identified this as a separate variant . Marilynn Miller also originally separated the Shire B theme from the A-phrase . She comments that Doug Adams does not categorise the expansive B - phrase as either the rural or pensive variant - indicating perhaps that it is neither . Jump up ^ http://www.amagpiesnest.com/odds_ends/OEheartbeatshire.htm Jump up ^ Annotated score , fellowship . p. 2 . Marillyn Miller identifies it as playing when Isildur stands against Sauron , and cites Melson as supporting her claim , while also noting the Descending Thirds playing over it . Jason LeBlanc lists it as an `` UNKNOWN THEME '' and identifies two occurrences in the Prologue , both playing with the Mordor Descending Thirds . The Music of Middle Earth lists it as a variant of both Aragorn 's Heroics and the Fellowship theme , again in conjunction with the Descending Thirds . ^ Jump up to : The horn sounds , featuring a variety of natural horns ( shofar s , dungchen s , birch trumpets , olifant s , etcetera ) , were purposefully chosen to work with Shore 's score. http://www.amagpiesnest.com/official_info/dvd_transcripts/rotk_commentary.htm#ChargeofRohirrim Jump up ^ There are variations between different parts of the films and different orchestras used on the project . Shore 's basic lineup was of a 96 - piece core orchestra , but that figure fluctuated and several sections call for additional forces . Jump up ^ Shore calls for four alto flutes as accompaniment for the Breath of Life and Evenstar . Annotated Score , Two Towers , p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : The similarly orchestrated The Hobbit , calls for 3 oboes , of which two double on English horns and the same for the second and third bassoons doubling on contrabassoons . http://www.jwfan.com/forums/uploads/monthly_2016_06/image.thumb.jpeg.4757280813638bba4c1646fc98d58e41.jpeg Jump up ^ Shore calls for one contrabass clarinet in B - flat for a humoristic rendition of Gollum 's theme in the Two Towers . Annotated Score , Two Towers , p. 15 . Jump up ^ http://kmuw.org/post/musical-space-unique-instruments-remarkable-films . Jump up ^ Various passages call for either two sets of timpani with two players ( the Annotated Score , p. 4 ) or for one large set played by two players . The Montreal Symphony Orchestra , recorded through `` A Composer 's Journey to Middle Earth '' , has two timpanists throughout the concert . The New Zealand Symphony Orchestra , used for the Moria sequences also used two timpanists , which are reportedly the largest set of timpani in the southern hemisphere : http://www.filmmusicsociety.org/news_events/features/newsprint.php?ArticleID=121714 Jump up ^ The recording uses a blacksmith anvil , but the recorded Lucern performance uses a brake drum , and bars of metal or railroad anvils are also often used . https://www.flickr.com/photos/jimjware/3368139663/in/album-72157615642861094/lightbox/ Jump up ^ Shore often calls for gongs and cymbals to be bowed or even scraped rather than be struck . ( http://www.amagpiesnest.com/main.htm ) These are often replaced with four Thai or chinese gongs and a large Javanese gong or a wind gong . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/articles/6304248/the-hobbit-howard-shore-the-battle-of-five-armies-score-lord-of-the-rings-music Jump up ^ In some live performances , it is replaced by Shekere . Shore also uses the rattle to hit the bass drum , as he does specify the use of various drumsticks in different passages . Jump up ^ The log drums used in The Lord of the Rings have a unique stripe of wood over the slit of the drum . Jump up ^ The recorded score uses two , medium - sized , thin - framed , none - tunable bodhrans , which are either struck by hand or by stick in across the scores , and were sometimes heated up to acquire the right sound . https://www.lpo.org.uk/recordings/the-fellowship-of-the-ring.html Other performances had been known to use deep - frame bodhrain hung on a frame ( as is done in the recorded Montreal performance ) , large bodhran ( used , for instance , in The Last Goodbye ) , and tunable and / or cross-braced versions of the bodhran . Jump up ^ The second piano , used largely as a percussion instrument , may double the first piano in select passages . Jump up ^ http://www.amagpiesnest.com/main.htm . The male choir is composed in part of players from the New Zealand national rugby union team that double as `` Haka '' performers . For Foundations of Stone , two choirs seem to be used . Jump up ^ A fiddle with pairs of strings instead of single strings , crafted specifically at the request of Dermot Crehan , the leader of the London Philharmonic Orchestra , and used for one scene with Eowyn . Film Score Monthly , volume 8 number 10 , pp. 21 , 23 . Jump up ^ For `` A Composer 's Journey '' , the violin section of the Montreal Symphony Orchestra is somewhat enlarged , as is the case of the New - Zealand Symphony Orchestra recording . Jump up ^ https://www.eamdc.com/news/emthe-fellowship-of-the-ring-live-to-projectionem-comes-to-radio-city-music-hall/ Jump up ^ May be replaced by the fourth flautist doubling on whistles . Jump up ^ Adams originally mentioned a Harpsichord being used in the Shire , as well http://www.filmscoremonthly.com/articles/2001/15_Nov---Lord_of_the_Rings_CD_Review.asp Jump up ^ Shore called for a unique bowing technique unlike the traditional style of bowing the instrument . Annotated Score , Two Towers , p. 40 . Jump up ^ The Rhaita is too loud to record or perform with the orchestra and was recorded separately and , in a live performance , may be muted or played offstage . The original score used africa ( arabic ) Nay flutes , but the Symphony recording utilizes a Turkish nay. http://www.powerflute.ch/PDF/interview_cinema_musica_EN.pdf Jump up ^ For Live Performances , the Pan Flute may be replaced by a variety of end - blown flutes such as the quena . Jump up ^ Amateur performances such NJYS ' Playathon , used over 450 - pieces orchestra alone . Jump up ^ Plan 9 and David Longe played this piece on the set of Bilbo 's Party . It features bowed Banjolele , Hurdy - Gurdy , Rommelpot , Jaw Harp and Harmonium , Whistle and Bodhran as well as a Goblet drum , castanets and tambourines . Jump up ^ Plan 9 created musical sound effects used for the Ring ( possibly featuring Plan 9 's zither , hasapi and home - made Đàn bầu ) , the Dead Marshes ( featuring violin and voices ) , Fangorn . They also wrote an unreleased piece titled `` Flowers for Rosie . '' Jump up ^ For the Fangorn sound design . Jump up ^ For the voice of the Ring . Jump up ^ http://musicbehindthescreen.blogspot.co.il/2016/03/scoring-series-lord-of-rings.html Jump up ^ Adams , pp 2 - 4 . Jump up ^ http://www.amagpiesnest.com/cd_editions/index_cd_editions.htm ^ Jump up to : http://www.amagpiesnest.com/diegetic/TH_diegetic_music.htm ^ Jump up to : http://www.amagpiesnest.com/diegetic/TH_diegetic_music.htm . ^ Jump up to : http://www.musicoflotr.com/2011/12/plan-9-interview.html Jump up ^ The Fellowship of the Ring trailer used music from outside Shore 's score , `` Gothic Power . '' Trailers for further films were slated after the credits of the theatrical release , and featured music from Shore , music in the vein of Shore or existing music from Shore 's score . The Two Towers trailer featured the debut of the Evenstar theme and a variation of Lux Aeternae from Clint Mansell 's Requiem for a Dream score which was reorchestrated to fit with Shore 's score , earning the moniker `` Requiem for a Tower '' . The Return of the King trailer was scored in its entirety by Howard Shore , debuting the Gondor in - Ascension theme . Howard Shore also composed the trailer music for An Unexpected Journey and the Gamelan music for the Desolation of Smaug trailer . Billy Boyd 's Last Goodbye was used over the first trailer of The Battle of the Five Armies . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings - The Return of the King '' . amazon.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lord Of The Strings '' . Gardiner Houlgate . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ For Sir James , Shore also wrote a suite that acts like a concerto for flute and orchestra , based on the Shire and Fellowship themes . Jump up ^ JimWare provided a Breakdown of the Original Soundtracks compared to the Complete Recordings . Jump up ^ http://www.amagpiesnest.com/reconstructing/index_reconstructing.htm ^ Jump up to : Peak Billboard chart positions : The Fellowship of the Ring : The Fellowship of the Ring at AllMusic . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . The Two Towers : The Two Towers at AllMusic . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . The Return of the King : The Return of the King at AllMusic . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Discography Howard Shore '' . australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 8 January 2014 . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Discographie Howard Shore '' . austriancharts.at ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 12 January 2014 . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Discography Howard Shore '' . finnishcharts.com . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 8 January 2014 . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Discographie -- Howard Shore '' . charts.de ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Discografie Howard Shore '' . dutchcharts.nl ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 9 January 2014 . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Discography Howard Shore '' . charts.org.nz . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 8 January 2014 . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Discography Howard Shore '' . swisscharts.com . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 8 January 2014 . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Howard Shore '' ( select `` Albums '' tab ) . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` American certifications -- Lord of the Rings '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2003 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certified Awards Search '' . British Phonographic Industry . Archived from the original ( To access , enter the search parameter `` The Lord of the Rings '' and select `` Search by Title '' ) on 16 July 2016 . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Soundtrack ; ' The Lord of the Rings ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canadian certifications -- Lord of the Rings '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Two Towers by Howard Shore '' . ScoreNotes . Archived from the original on 23 November 2012 . Retrieved 3 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers -- The Complete Recordings - Howard Shore '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 3 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings - The Return of the King - The Complete Recordings '' . amazon.com . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.amagpiesnest.com/cbc_analysis/cbc_analysis.htm Jump up ^ An edit of the theatrical cut appears on the extended end - credits suite , whereas the extended cut score is used in the Complete Recordings . The Original Soundtrack version is dissimilar to both . Jump up ^ http://www.jwfan.com/forums/index.php?/topic/20819-the-complete-cue-lists-thread/&page=9 Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( 7 October 2010 ) . `` New book explores ' Lord of the Rings ' music '' . Variety . Retrieved 8 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Erik Eino Ochsner to Conduct Lord of the Rings Performance '' . Wallstreet Online . 11 March 2011 . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Morgan , David ( 6 October 2010 ) . `` Middle Earth Returns to Radio City '' . CBS News . Retrieved 8 October 2010 . Jump up ^ See the list of movements for Fellowship of the Ring. https://www.tso.ca/sites/default/files/dec-123.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.21co.ch/de/presse/2009/cinemamusica15_twotowers.pdf Further reading ( edit ) Adams , Doug ( 2010 ) . The Music of The Lord of the Rings Films . Carpentier . External links ( edit ) New Line 's promotional website for the soundtracks Annotated Score for The Fellowship of the Ring Annotated Score for The Two Towers , archived from the original Annotated Score for The Return of the King , archived from the original Official website of Howard Shore Doug Adams 's blog on the scores and his book , The Music of the Lord of the Rings Films List of CD releases for Lord of the Rings on Soundtrackguide.net The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film series The Lord of the Rings Films The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Music The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King `` Aníron '' `` Concerning Hobbits '' `` Into the West '' `` May It Be '' `` A Walking Song '' Production Original characters ( Figwit ) Production design Principal photography Special effects Accolades The Exhibition Gollum : How We Made Movie Magic The Long and Short of It The Hobbit Films An Unexpected Journey The Desolation of Smaug The Battle of the Five Armies Production Original characters Tauriel Music `` I See Fire '' Accolades Video games The Two Towers The Return of the King The Third Age The Third Age ( GBA ) Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth The Battle for Middle - earth II The Battle for Middle - earth II : The Rise of the Witch - king Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Lego The Hobbit Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Russian Swedish Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The History of Middle - earth The History of The Lord of the Rings Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit The Tale of Beren and Lúthien Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Ceorl Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship ! ( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol . I ( 1990 ) Vol . I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings_film_series&oldid=818945845 '' Categories : 2005 soundtracks 2006 soundtracks Classical music soundtracks Albums recorded at Abbey Road Studios The Lord of the Rings film music Middle - earth music Music by media franchise Films scored by Howard Shore Howard Shore soundtracks Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Articles with dead external links from September 2011 Tagged pages containing blacklisted links Use dmy dates from August 2017 Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia ქართული Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 14 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings the song at the end of fellowship of the ring	[ "\n\"May It Be\" (The Fellowship of the Ring) performed and composed by Enya, underscore orchestrated and conducted by Shore: nominated for the Academy Award for Best Song in 2001 and performed at the ceremony. Released as a Single and as a music video featuring footage from the film.\n\"In Dreams\" (The Fellowship of the Ring) performed by Edward Ross.\n\"Gollum's Song\" (The Two Towers) performed by Emilíana Torrini is musically related to Gollum's Pity Theme. The lyrics are by Fran Walsh. Released as a Single and as a music video featuring footage from the film. The song was to have been performed by Björk, whose name actually appeared in the closing credits of the film as shown in theaters; Björk had to decline because of her pregnancy, however, and Torrini was credited in the DVD. This track is also titled \"Long Ways to Go Yet,\" in The Complete Recordings. This version of the track includes additional instrumental music at the end, making it a medley of themes to cap off the album. Artist Geoff Keezer has released a jazz piano version of the song. Unrelated to the song of the same name in the book.\n\"Into the West\" (The Return of the King) performed by Annie Lennox: won the Academy Award for Best Song in 2004. Alternate acoustic takes were released to the public. Released as a Single and as a music video featuring footage from the film.\n\"Use Well the Days\" (The Return of the King, Deluxe Soundtrack) performed by Annie Lennox.\n", "\n\"May It Be\" (The Fellowship of the Ring) performed and composed by Enya, underscore orchestrated and conducted by Shore: nominated for the Academy Award for Best Song in 2001 and performed at the ceremony. Released as a Single and as a music video featuring footage from the film.\n\"In Dreams\" (The Fellowship of the Ring) performed by Edward Ross.\n\"Gollum's Song\" (The Two Towers) performed by Emilíana Torrini is musically related to Gollum's Pity Theme. The lyrics are by Fran Walsh. Released as a Single and as a music video featuring footage from the film. The song was to have been performed by Björk, whose name actually appeared in the closing credits of the film as shown in theaters; Björk had to decline because of her pregnancy, however, and Torrini was credited in the DVD. This track is also titled \"Long Ways to Go Yet,\" in The Complete Recordings. This version of the track includes additional instrumental music at the end, making it a medley of themes to cap off the album. Artist Geoff Keezer has released a jazz piano version of the song. Unrelated to the song of the same name in the book.\n\"Into the West\" (The Return of the King) performed by Annie Lennox: won the Academy Award for Best Song in 2004. Alternate acoustic takes were released to the public. Released as a Single and as a music video featuring footage from the film.\n\"Use Well the Days\" (The Return of the King, Deluxe Soundtrack) performed by Annie Lennox.\n", "\n\"May It Be\" (The Fellowship of the Ring) performed and composed by Enya, underscore orchestrated and conducted by Shore: nominated for the Academy Award for Best Song in 2001 and performed at the ceremony. Released as a Single and as a music video featuring footage from the film.\n\"In Dreams\" (The Fellowship of the Ring) performed by Edward Ross.\n\"Gollum's Song\" (The Two Towers) performed by Emilíana Torrini is musically related to Gollum's Pity Theme. The lyrics are by Fran Walsh. Released as a Single and as a music video featuring footage from the film. The song was to have been performed by Björk, whose name actually appeared in the closing credits of the film as shown in theaters; Björk had to decline because of her pregnancy, however, and Torrini was credited in the DVD. This track is also titled \"Long Ways to Go Yet,\" in The Complete Recordings. This version of the track includes additional instrumental music at the end, making it a medley of themes to cap off the album. Artist Geoff Keezer has released a jazz piano version of the song. Unrelated to the song of the same name in the book.\n\"Into the West\" (The Return of the King) performed by Annie Lennox: won the Academy Award for Best Song in 2004. Alternate acoustic takes were released to the public. Released as a Single and as a music video featuring footage from the film.\n\"Use Well the Days\" (The Return of the King, Deluxe Soundtrack) performed by Annie Lennox.\n", "\n\"May It Be\" (The Fellowship of the Ring) performed and composed by Enya, underscore orchestrated and conducted by Shore: nominated for the Academy Award for Best Song in 2001 and performed at the ceremony. Released as a Single and as a music video featuring footage from the film.\n\"In Dreams\" (The Fellowship of the Ring) performed by Edward Ross.\n\"Gollum's Song\" (The Two Towers) performed by Emilíana Torrini is musically related to Gollum's Pity Theme. The lyrics are by Fran Walsh. Released as a Single and as a music video featuring footage from the film. The song was to have been performed by Björk, whose name actually appeared in the closing credits of the film as shown in theaters; Björk had to decline because of her pregnancy, however, and Torrini was credited in the DVD. This track is also titled \"Long Ways to Go Yet,\" in The Complete Recordings. This version of the track includes additional instrumental music at the end, making it a medley of themes to cap off the album. Artist Geoff Keezer has released a jazz piano version of the song. Unrelated to the song of the same name in the book.\n\"Into the West\" (The Return of the King) performed by Annie Lennox: won the Academy Award for Best Song in 2004. Alternate acoustic takes were released to the public. Released as a Single and as a music video featuring footage from the film.\n\"Use Well the Days\" (The Return of the King, Deluxe Soundtrack) performed by Annie Lennox.\n" ]	[ "Enya", "Edward Ross", "Emilíana Torrini", "Annie Lennox" ]
8785381061637394370	Lauren Tom	Lauren Tom - wikipedia Lauren Tom Jump to : navigation , search Lauren Tom Tom in July 2010 . ( 1961 - 08 - 04 ) August 4 , 1961 ( age 56 ) Highland Park , Illinois , U.S. Occupation Actress , voice artist Years active 1978 -- present Spouse ( s ) Glenn Lau - Kee ( October 23 , 1982 -- ? ) Curt Kaplan ( October 1999 -- present ) Children Website www.laurentom.com Lauren Tom ( born August 4 , 1961 ) is an American actress and voice artist . Her roles include Lena St. Clair in The Joy Luck Club , Julie in the NBC sitcom Friends , Dot in the final season of Grace Under Fire , and the voices for both mother and daughter characters on three animated TV comedy series : on Futurama she voiced Amy Wong and her mother Inez , on King of the Hill she voiced Minh and Connie Souphanousinphone and finally she voiced Numbuh 3 and her mother Genki in Codename Kids Next Door . She portrays Celia Mack in the Disney Channel series Andi Mack . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Theatre 3 Film 4 Television 4.1 Voice acting 5 Personal life 6 Filmography 7 References 8 External links Early Life ( edit ) Tom was born in the Chicago suburb of Highland Park , Illinois , the daughter of Nancy ( née Dare ) and Chan Tom , Jr. , who worked in the frozen food business . She has a brother named Chip . Their parents were born in Chicago , and their grandparents came from Kaiping , Guangdong province , China . Raised in Highland Park , Tom was teased as a child about her Chinese heritage , making her introverted and eventually inspiring her to study dance . Theatre ( edit ) At the age of 17 , Tom landed a spot with a touring company of A Chorus Line and was cast in the Broadway production of the show less than a year later in the role of Connie . She won an Obie Award for her Off - Broadway acting and was cast in the Broadway shows Hurlyburly and Doonesbury . In Chicago she starred in the Goodman Theater 's production of ' Tis Pity She 's a Whore . Film ( edit ) Tom had several small roles in movies including Nothing Lasts Forever , Wall Street , See No Evil , Hear No Evil and Blue Steel . Her biggest role up until that point was as a waitress in the Robin Williams / Tim Robbins film Cadillac Man . This role led to being a guest on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson . Tom landed a lead role in the film The Joy Luck Club in 1993 , which led to roles in other films such as When a Man Loves a Woman and North . Since the mid-1990s , Tom has focused her work , primarily , in voiceover roles . She has appeared in a few live action films , including the 2003 comedy Bad Santa and the critically acclaimed 2004 film In Good Company . Television ( edit ) Lauren Tom 's first role in television was that of Miko Wakamatsu on The Facts of Life . She subsequently appeared on The Equalizer , Catfish With Black Bean Sauce , thirtysomething , Quantum Leap , Chicago Hope , Homicide : Life on the Street , Grace Under Fire , Friends , The Nanny , The Middle , DAG , The Division , Monk , My Wife and Kids , Barbershop : The Series , Grey 's Anatomy , The Closer and Men in Trees . She had an acting role in a bonus feature on the Futurama : Into the Wild Green Yonder DVD . She also had a supporting role on the 8th and 9th season of the drama series Supernatural as prophet Kevin Tran 's mother , Linda Tran . Voice acting ( edit ) Tom began vocal work in the animated series Superman : The Animated Series playing Angela Chen . From there on , she voiced Dana Tan in Batman Beyond and had minor roles on Pinky and the Brain , Extreme Ghostbusters , The Zeta Project before landing her regular roles on King of the Hill , where she voiced Minh and Connie Souphanousinphone and later Futurama , where she voices Amy and Inez Wong . She has also lent her voice to All Grown Up ! , Rocket Power , Max Steel , Handy Manny as Mrs. Lee and Nelson , Samurai Jack , Johnny Bravo , Justice League Unlimited , Kim Possible and Legion of Super Heroes . From 2002 to 2008 , Lauren Tom played Numbuh Three ( Kuki Sanban ) and Numbuh Three 's mother Genki on Codename : Kids Next Door . She also voiced various recurring characters on the show , such as Numbuh 23 and Numbuhs 44 and 45 . She has also voiced the villains Gizmo and Jinx on Teen Titans , Yan Lin , Susan , Alchemy on W.I.T.C.H. , Tasumi on The Replacements , Jake 's mom , Counselor Chang on American Dragon : Jake Long , and as Joo Dee on Avatar the Last Airbender . She also guest - starred in The Penguins of Madagascar as Chuck Charles 's co-anchor , Bonnie Chang , in `` Gator Watch '' and `` All Tied Up With a Boa '' . Recently in 2010 , she did the voice of Bai Li and Ming on the animated series , Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness and also played the role of Jessica in the animated film , Scooby - Doo ! Camp Scare . Other animated movies Tom has voiced include Mulan II , Kim Possible : The Secret Files , Kim Possible Movie : So The Drama , Batman Beyond : Return of the Joker and the four Futurama movies : Bender 's Big Score , The Beast with a Billion Backs , Bender 's Game and Into the Wild Green Yonder . She voiced Li Li Stormstout in World of Warcraft : Mists of Pandaria and played Hayaku on an episode of Turbo FAST . Personal Life ( edit ) Tom married Glenn Lau - Kee on October 23 , 1982 . Following the end of that marriage , she wed actor Curt Kaplan in October , 1999 . She and Kaplan have a son , Oliver Kaplan . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1982 Facts of Life , The The Facts of Life Miko Episode : `` The Americanization of Miko '' Episode : `` Runaway '' Doonesbury : A Broadway Musical Ching ' Honey ' Huan 1984 Nothing Lasts Forever Eloy 1984 ABC Afterschool Special Sarah Episode : `` Mom 's on Strike '' 1985 CBS Schoolbreak Special Kim Episode : `` The Exchange Student '' 1985 Equalizer , The The Equalizer Mrs. Tom Episode : `` China Rain '' 1985 Spenser : For Hire Episode : `` Children of a Tempest Storm '' 1985 Cosby Show , The The Cosby Show Mrs. Gwynne Episode : `` Denise 's Friend '' Magic Sticks Redhead Wall Street Lady Broker 1989 Rooftops Audry 1989 See No Evil , Hear No Evil Mitzie 1989 Blue Steel Marjolene Ping the Female Reporter 1990 Cadillac Man Helen 1990 Angel of Death Julie TV movie 1990 thirtysomething Gail Episode : `` The Distance '' 1991 Lenny Nurse Episode : `` G.I. Joe '' 1991 Quantum Leap Sophie Episode : `` Southern Comforts '' 1991 Palace Guard Episode : `` Eye of Newt '' 1991 Anything but Love Episode : `` First Lady Sings the Blues '' Man Trouble Adele Bliss 1993 Joy Luck Club , The The Joy Luck Club Lena St. Clair 1993 Mr. Jones Amanda Chang 1994 When a Man Loves a Woman Amy 1994 704 Hauser Margaret Episode : `` Triskaidekaphobia '' 1994 North Mrs. Ho 1994 Homicide : Life on the Street Emma Zoole Episode : `` A Model Citizen '' Episode : `` Happy to Be Here '' 1994 Chicago Hope Nurse Julia Episode : `` You Gotta Have Heart '' and Episode : `` Love and Hope '' 1995 Puzzle Place , The The Puzzle Place Julie 's Mom Episode : `` Family Fun '' 1995 Kidnapped : In the Line of Duty Lily Yee TV movie 1995 Escape to Witch Mountain Claudia Ford TV movie 1995 Nanny , The The Nanny Kim Episode : `` The Chatterbox '' 1995 If Not for You Claire Episode : `` Pilot '' 1995 -- 1996 Friends Julie 7 episodes Batman Superman Movie : World 's Finest , The The Batman Superman Movie : World 's Finest Angela Chen ( voice ) TV movie Superman : The Last Son of Krypton Angela Chen ( voice ) TV movie 1996 -- 1999 Superman Angela Chen ( voice ) 14 episodes 1997 Blues Brothers Animated Series , The The Blues Brothers Animated Series Soon - He / Mrs. Fun ( voice ) 3 episodes 1997 Tell Me No Secrets Connie Ching TV movie 1997 Murder Live ! Marge Fong TV movie 1997 Tracey Takes On ... Weng Episode : `` Race Relations '' 1997 Pinky and the Brain Shopper Episode : `` Brain Acres '' 1997 New Batman Adventures , The The New Batman Adventures Ice Maiden # 3 ( voice ) Episode : `` Cold Comfort '' 1997 Extreme Ghostbusters Episode : `` Fallout '' Episode : `` Eyes of a Dragon '' 1997 -- 1998 Grace Under Fire Dot 12 episodes 1997 -- 2010 King of the Hill Connie Minh Various ( voice ) 98 episodes 1998 Adventures from the Book of Virtues Mother ( voice ) Episode : `` Charity '' 1998 SubZero Mariko ( voice ) Video 1998 Dexter 's Laboratory Teacher ( voice ) Episode : `` Last But Not Beast '' 1998 With Friends Like These ... Yolanda Chin 1998 Susan 's Plan Carol 1998 Vengeance Unlimited Samantha Episode : `` Dishonorable Discharge '' 1999 Batman Beyond : The Movie Dana Tan ( voice ) TV movie 1999 Catfish in Black Bean Sauce Mai 1999 Early Edition Amy Hunter Episode : `` Play It Again , Sammo '' 1999 Rocket Power Trish and Sherry ( voice ) Episode : `` Fall and Rise of Sam / Typhoid Sam '' 1999 Y2K Ann Lee TV movie 1999 -- 2001 Kids from Room 402 , The The Kids from Room 402 Jordan ( voice ) TV series 1999 -- 2001 Batman Beyond Dana Tan Various ( voice ) 22 episodes 1999 -- 2003 2008 -- 2013 Futurama Amy Wong Inez Wong Various ( voice ) 125 + episodes 2000 City of Angels Episode : `` Unhand Me '' 2000 Teacher 's Pet Younghee Additional voices TV series 2000 Weekenders , The The Weekenders Candace ( voice ) Episode : `` Real Fake '' 2000 Pepper Ann Alice Kane Episode : `` Complementary Colors '' Episode : `` A Is for Average / Alice Kane Went Down to Calcutta '' 2000 Batman Beyond : Return of the Joker Dana Tan ( voice ) Video 2000 -- 2001 DAG Ginger Chin 17 episodes 2000 -- 2001 Clerks ( voice ) 2 episodes 2001 Jack the Dog Angel 2001 Max Steel Laura Chen ( voice ) Episode : `` Strangers '' 2001 Johnny Bravo Ting ( voice ) Episode : `` Enter the Chipmunk '' 2001 No P in the O.O.L. Numbuh 3 ( voice ) TV movie 2001 -- 2002 Zeta Project , The The Zeta Project Agent Lee ( voice ) 8 episodes 2002 Chang Family Saves the World , The The Chang Family Saves the World TV movie 2002 ChalkZone Flunke / Robin ( voice ) 1 episode 2002 The Division Nora Chen 6 episodes 2002 Wild Thornberrys Movie , The The Wild Thornberrys Movie Additional Voices ( uncredited ) 2002 What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? Various ( voice ) 4 episodes 2002 My Wife and Kids Hostess Episode : `` Table for Too Many : Part 1 '' Episode : `` Table for Too Many : Part 2 '' 2002 -- 2005 Kim Possible Yoshiko ( voice ) Episode : `` Crush '' Episode : `` Low Budget '' Episode : `` A Very Possible Christmas '' Episode : `` Showdown at the Crooked D '' 2002 -- 2003 Totally Spies ! Lady Dragon Keiko Sunny ( voice ) Episode : `` Game Girls '' Episode : `` Man or Machine '' Episode : `` Here Comes the Sun '' 2002 -- 2004 Fillmore ! Various ( voice ) 16 episodes 2002 -- 2008 Codename : Kids Next Door Kuki ' Numbuh 3 ' Sanban ( voice ) Genki Sanban Additional voices 78 episodes 2003 Manhood Bambi 2003 All Grown Up ! Bean ( voice ) Episode : `` Interview with a Campfire : `` Part 1 '' Episode : `` Interview with a Campfire : Part 2 '' 2003 Monk Mrs. Ling Episode : `` Mr. Monk and the 12th Man '' 2003 Duck Dodgers Dr. Yoshimi ( voice ) Episode : `` The Spy Who Did n't Love Me '' 2003 Kim Possible : The Secret Files Yoshiko ( voice ) Video 2003 Samurai Jack Samurai Jack 's mother Additional characters ( voice ) 3 episodes 2003 Bad Santa Lois 2003 Line of Fire Korean Jury Member Episode : `` This Land Is Your Land '' 2003 -- 2005 2006 Justice League Unlimited Chung Kid Dana Tan Dr. Light ( voice ) Episode : `` Epilogue '' Episode : `` The Great Brain Robbery '' Episode : `` Eclipsed '' 2003 -- 2005 Teen Titans Gizmo Jinx ( voice ) 6 episodes Infinite Darcy , The The Infinite Darcy Darcy Chang ( voice ) TV series Teacher 's Pet Younghee ( voice ) 30 Days Until I 'm Famous Carla TV movie Mulan II Su ( voice ) Video My Wife and Kids Annie Hoo Episode : `` Jr . Sells His Car '' Episode : `` Restaurant Wars '' In Good Company Obstetrician 2004 -- 2006 W.I.T.C.H. Yan Lin Various ( voice ) 51 episodes 2005 Kim Possible : So the Drama Yoshiko ( voice ) TV movie 2005 Danger Rangers Various ( voice ) Episode : `` Fires & Liars '' 2005 Barbershop Dana 4 episodes 2005 Threshold Janet Tam Episode : `` The Order '' 2005 Clifford 's Puppy Days Shun ( voice ) 2 episodes 2005 -- 2006 Avatar : The Last Airbender Joo Dee Additional voices ( voice ) 3 episodes 2005 -- 2007 American Dragon : Jake Long Susan Long Counselor Chang ( voice ) 25 episodes 2006 God 's Waiting List Sylvia 2006 Courting Alex Jan Episode : `` Everything I Know About Men '' 2006 Let Go Beverly TV movie 2006 Grey 's Anatomy Audrey Episode : `` Begin the Begin '' 2006 In from the Night Dr. Myra Chen TV movie 2006 Codename : Kids Next Door - Operation : Z.E.R.O. Kuki ' Numbuh 3 ' Sanban ( voice ) TV movie 2006 Closer , The The Closer Dr. Tann Episode : `` Borderline '' 2006 Me , Eloise ( voice ) Episode : `` Eloise Goes to School '' 2006 -- 2008 Men in Trees Mai Washington 26 episodes 2006 -- 2009 Replacements , The The Replacements Tasumi ( voice ) 43 episodes 2007 Billy & Mandy 's Big Boogey Adventure Numbuh Three ( voice ) TV movie 2007 Grim Adventures of the KND , The The Grim Adventures of the KND Numbuh 3 ( voice ) TV movie 2007 Futurama : Bender 's Big Score Amy Various ( voice ) Video 2007 -- 2008 Legion of Super Heroes Zyx ( voice ) Episode : `` Child 's Play '' Episode : `` Trials '' 2008 Futurama : The Beast with a Billion Backs Amy Wong Inez Wong ( voice ) Video 2008 Futurama : Bender 's Game Amy Various ( voice ) Video 2008 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Bae Chin Episode : `` Say Uncle '' 2009 Futurama : Into the Wild Green Yonder Amy Wong Inez Wong Trixie ( voice ) Video 2009 Without a Trace Kim Tan Episode : `` Devotion '' 2009 Hawthorne Mrs. Tanaka Episode : `` The Sense of Belonging '' 2010 -- 2011 Penguins of Madagascar , The The Penguins of Madagascar Bonnie Chang ( voice ) Episode : `` Gator Watch '' Episode : `` All Tied Up With a Boa '' Phineas and Ferb Additional Voices Episode : `` Phineas and Ferb : Summer Belongs to You ! '' Scooby - Doo ! Camp Scare Jessica ( voice ) Video Fish Hooks Barb ( voice ) Episode : `` Bea Becomes an Adult Fish '' 2010 -- 2013 Pound Puppies Various ( voice ) 2011 Kung Fu Panda 2 Market Sheep ( voice ) 2011 Curious George Mei ( voice ) 2011 Chasing Eagle Rock Roxanne Post-production 2011 Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness Song ( voice ) TV series 2012 Napoleon Dynamite Tokiko ( voice ) Episode : `` Scantronica Love '' 2012 -- 2014 Supernatural Mrs. Linda Tran Episode : `` What 's Up , Tiger Mommy ? '' Episode : `` A Little Slice Of Kevin '' Episode : `` Captives '' 2013 -- present Teen Titans Go ! Gizmo Jinx ( voice ) Episode : `` Laundry Day '' Episode : `` Girl 's Night Out '' 2014 Turbo FAST Hayaku Translator ( voice ) Episode : `` Turbo Drift '' 2014 The Simpsons Amy Wong ( voice ) Episode : `` Simpsorama '' 2015 Penn Zero : Part - Time Hero Sashi 's Mom ( voice ) Episode : `` Flurgle Burgle '' 2015 Pretty Little Liars Rebecca 2015 Justice League : Gods and Monsters Lara Video 2017 Andi Mack Celia Mack Main Character References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Lauren Tom Biography ( 1961 - ) '' . FilmReference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 15 . Some sources cite 1959 ^ Jump up to : Tom in Lauren Tom ( Untold Stories ) . Chinese American Museum . August 1 , 2013 . Event occurs at 00 : 03 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lauren Tom Biography '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pryor , Tim ( October 1993 ) . `` Lauren Tom : China Girl '' . Detour . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Article from In Style Magazine Accessed 7 February 2010 Jump up ^ Bommer , Lawrence ( 1990 - 03 - 09 ) . `` Updated ` Tis Pity ` Set In Mussolini ` s Italy '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Tom , Lauren ( 2012 - 10 - 02 ) . `` twitter.com/LaurenTom9000 '' . @ erictbar : That 's great ! My monk sounds great. :) Did you happen to do Li - Li , a young girl in The Valley of the Four Winds , as well ? @ LaurenTom9000 : Yep ! Glad you had fun with the Monk ! :) Jump up ^ `` Lauren Tom '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . External links ( edit ) Asian Americans portal Biography portal Television portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lauren Tom . Official website Lauren Tom on IMDb Lauren Tom at the Internet Broadway Database VIAF : 10060737 LCCN : n84017161 ISNI : 0000 0000 5934 268X BNF : cb14233544d ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lauren_Tom&oldid=808319903 '' Categories : 1961 births Living people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Chicago American film actresses American actresses of Chinese descent American stage actresses American television actresses American voice actresses Obie Award recipients Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Internet Broadway Database person ID same as Wikidata Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Occitan Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 04 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played ross's girlfriend julie on friends	[ "Lauren Tom (born August 4, 1961)[1] is an American actress and voice artist. Her roles include Lena St. Clair in The Joy Luck Club, Julie in the NBC sitcom Friends, Dot in the final season of Grace Under Fire, and the voices for both mother and daughter characters on three animated TV comedy series: on Futurama she voiced Amy Wong and her mother Inez, on King of the Hill she voiced Minh and Connie Souphanousinphone and finally she voiced Numbuh 3 and her mother Genki in Codename Kids Next Door. She portrays Celia Mack in the Disney Channel series Andi Mack." ]	[ "Lauren Tom" ]
-4864684214398677900	Seat belt legislation	Seat belt legislation - wikipedia Seat belt legislation Seat belt legislation requires the fitting of seat belts to motor vehicles and the wearing of seat belts by motor vehicle occupants to be mandatory . Laws requiring the fitting of seat belts to cars have in some cases been followed by laws mandating their use , with the effect that thousands of deaths on the road have been prevented . Different laws apply in different countries to the wearing of seat belts . Contents 1 National comparisons 1.1 Australia 1.2 Canada 1.3 United Kingdom 1.4 United States 1.5 Developing countries 2 Effects 3 Opposition 3.1 Risk compensation and other theories 3.2 Individual liberty 3.3 Side - effects of seat belts 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References and further reading National comparisons ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) In Australia , after the introduction of mandatory front outboard mounting points in 1964 , the use of seat belts by all vehicle passengers was made compulsory in the states of Victoria and South Australia in 1970 and 1971 , respectively . By 1973 , the use of fitted seat belts by vehicle occupants was made compulsory for the rest of Australia and some other countries during the 1970s and 1980s . The subsequent dramatic decline in road deaths is generally because of seat belt laws and subsequent road safety campaigns . Seat belts are not required for bus occupants , reversing drivers , and those driving some slow moving vehicles . The laws for these differ depending on the state or territory with jurisdiction . Canada ( edit ) Main article : Seat belt legislation in Canada All provinces in Canada have primary enforcement seat belt laws . In 1976 , Ontario was the first province to pass a law which required vehicle occupants to wear seat belts . United Kingdom ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , seat belts must be worn at all times if they are fitted to a vehicle unless reversing . Passengers may be exempt from wearing a seat belt for different reasons . Since September 18 , 2006 , children travelling in the UK must also use an appropriate child seat in addition to the standard seat belt , unless they are 12 years old and / or have reached at least 135 centimetres ( 53 in ) in height . In the UK , a requirement for anchorage points was introduced in 1965 , followed by the requirement in 1968 to fit three - point belts in the front outboard positions on all new cars and all existing cars back to 1965 . Successive UK Governments proposed , but failed to deliver , seat belt legislation throughout the 1970s . Front seat belts were compulsory equipment on all new cars registered in the UK from 1972 , although it did not become compulsory for them to be worn until 1983 . Rear seat belts were compulsory equipment from 1986 and became compulsory for them to be worn in 1991 . However , it has never been a legal requirement for cars registered before those dates to be fitted with seat belts . In one such attempt in 1979 similar claims for potential lives and injuries saved were advanced . William Rodgers , then Secretary of State for Transport in the Callaghan Labour Government ( 1976 -- 1979 ) , stated : `` On the best available evidence of accidents in this country - evidence which has not been seriously contested - compulsion could save up to 1000 lives and 10,000 injuries a year . '' United states ( edit ) Main article : Seat belt legislation in the United States Seat belt use by type of law in the US , 2008 In the United States , seat belt legislation varies by state . The state of Wisconsin introduced legislation in 1961 requiring seat belts to be fitted to the front outboard seat positions of cars . Seat belts have been mandatory equipment since the 1968 model year per Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 208 . New York State passed the first law in the US mandating the use of seat belts in 1984 under the leadership of John D. States , an orthopedic surgeon who dedicated his career to improving automotive safety . Depending on which state a driver is in , not wearing a seat belt in the front seat is either a primary offense or a secondary offense , with the exception of New Hampshire , which does not have a law requiring people over age 18 to wear a seat belt . In the front seat , the driver and each passenger must wear a seat belt , one person per belt . In some states , such as New York , New Hampshire , and Michigan , belts in the rear seats are not mandatory for people over the age of 16 , though it is extremely advised . The driver and front - seat passengers aged 16 or older can be fined up to $50 each for failure to buckle up . In California , you must be 15 years or older to accompany the driver in the front seat . Children 14 and younger must sit in the rear seat until they reach the age of 15. Template : DMV.org Seat belt use by sex , age , and type of law in the US , 2008 A primary offense means that a police officer can pull a driver over for the seat belt law violation alone , and secondary offense indicates that one can be punished for a seat belt law violation only if they are already pulled over for another reason . By January 2007 25 states and the District of Columbia had primary seat belt laws , 24 had secondary seat belt laws , and New Hampshire had no laws . In 2009 , Public Health Law Research published several evidence briefs summarizing the research assessing the effect of a specific law or policy on public health . One stated , `` Safety belt laws work , but there is strong evidence to support that primary enforcement safety belt laws are more effective than secondary enforcement laws in increasing seat belt use and reducing crash injuries . '' Another found that `` there is strong evidence that enhanced seat belt enforcement interventions can substantially increase seat belt use and its associated benefits . '' Developing countries ( edit ) In many developing countries , pedestrians , cyclists , rickshaw operators and moped users represent the majority of road users . In India , all cars manufactured after March 25 , 1994 are equipped with front seat belts . The rule was extended for rear seats in 2002 . The usage of seat belts is to be implemented by the respective states , with most states making seat belt usage for front seat passengers mandatory in 2002 . Older vehicles that did not originally have seat belts were exempted . However , enforcement is weak in most parts of the country . In Indonesia , belts are only mandatory for front seats . Many low entry car models are not equipped with rear seat belts . In Malaysia , the first stage of safety belt laws was implemented in 1979 . This was expanded in January 2009 to include rear passengers . Passenger vehicles registered prior to January 1 , 1995 , and those weighing more than 3.5 tons are exempted from this rule . The third and fourth stages , which will deal with baby and child seats and the number of passengers in a vehicle , have not taken effect . In the Philippines , a seat belt law , Republic Act No. 8750 , was approved in August 5 , 1999 . The law took effect in 2000 and requires all public and private vehicles , except motorcycles and tricycles , to have their front seats equipped with seat belts . Front seats as defined by the law includes the first row of seats behind the driver for public utility buses . Those below the age of six are prohibited to occupy the front seats of motor vehicles even if wearing a seat belt . Jeepneys are only required to have lap belts for the front seat passengers and the driver . The table below gives an overview of when seat belt legislation was first introduced in different countries . It includes both regional and national legislation . Country Compulsory wearing Compulsory fitting Source Cars Bus passengers Cars Buses Driver Front passengers Rear passengers Argentina 1994 1994 1994 ( First row only , all in school buses ) Australia 1970 ( Victoria ) , 1971 ( SA , NSW ) , 1972 ( national ) , 1986 ( child restraints ) 1969 , 1970 ( back seat , Victoria ) 1971 ( back seat ) 1983 ( ≤ 3.5 tonnes ) Canada 1976 Czech Republic 1966 ( outside cities ) 1990 ( all ) 1976 1990 1968 European Union 1993 Finland 1982 2006 France 1973 ( outside cities ) , 1975 ( cities at night ) , 1979 ( all ) 1990 2003 1967 , 1978 ( back seat ) 2003 Germany 1976 1984 1999 1970 , 1979 ( back seat ) 1999 Angurtpflicht Hungary 1976 1993 Hong Kong 2004 ( minibuses ) 1996 ( back seat ) 2004 ( minibuses ) India 1994 ( front seats ) , 2002 ( rear seats ) Ireland 1979 1992 1971 ( front seats ) , 1992 ( rear seats ) Italy 1990 ( where available ) ‡ 2006 ‡ 1988 ( new vehicles ) ; 1989 ( all * , front seats ) ; 1990 ( new vehicles , back seats ) ; 2000 ( all * , back seats ) 2006 Japan 1971 † ( 1985 ) 1971 ( no fines ) , 1985 ( fines on freeway ) , 1993 ( all ) 2008 2008 1969 Myanmar 2017 2017 2017 2016 ( motorway buses enforced ) Netherlands 1976 1992 1975 ( front ) 1990 ( rear ) New Zealand 1972 1972 ( 15 years and over ) , 1979 ( 8 years and over ) 1989 ♣ 1972 ( vehicles registered after 1965 ) , 1975 ( after 1955 ) Philippines 2000 ( those below 6 years prohibited to occupy front seats ) 2000 ( first row beside the driver 's seat only ) 2000 Singapore 1973 1973 1993 2008 ( small buses ) 1973 Spain Sri Lanka 2011 2011 Sweden 1986 1969 ( front ) 1970 ( rear ) Thailand 2009 United Kingdom 1991 2006 1967 ( front ) 1987 ( rear ) United States 1984 ( New York ; seat belt use law is jurisdiction of individual states ) Wisconsin , 1961 . Federally , front lap 1965 model year ; front shoulder & rear lap 1968 ; 3 - point front 1974 * - actually only vehicles registered after 15 June 1976 ; in previous registered vehicles fitting is optional † - required by the law , but no penalty for violation at the time ‡ - required by the law , but low enforcement ♣ - definitely introduced by this date , possibly earlier Effects ( edit ) Lives saved by seat belts and airbags in the United States ( 1991 -- 2001 ) Studies by road safety authorities conclude that seat belt legislation has reduced the number of casualties in road accidents . Experiments using both crash test dummies and human cadavers also indicated that wearing seat belts should lead to reduced risk of death and injury in car crashes . Studies of accident outcomes suggest that fatality rates among car occupants are reduced by between 30 and 50 percent if seat belts are worn . The US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) estimates that death risks for a driver wearing a lap - shoulder seat belt are reduced by 48 percent . The same study indicated that in 2007 , an estimated 15,147 lives were saved by seat belts in the United States and that if seat belt use were increased to 100 percent , an additional 5024 lives would have been saved . An earlier statistical analysis by the NHTSA claimed that seat belts save over 10,000 lives every year in the US . According to a more recent fact sheet produced by the NHTSA : `` In 2012 , seat belts saved an estimated 12,174 lives among passenger vehicle occupants 5 and older . ( ... ) Research has found that lap / shoulder seat belts , when used , reduce the risk of fatal injury to front - seat passenger car occupants by 45 % and the risk of moderate - to - critical injury by 50 % . ( ... ) Research on the effectiveness of child safety seats has found them to reduce the risk of fatal injury by 71 % for infants ( younger than 1 year old ) and by 54 % for toddlers ( 1 to 4 years old ) in passenger cars . '' By 2009 , despite large increases in population and the number of vehicles , road deaths in Victoria had fallen below 300 , less than a third of the 1970 level , the lowest since records were kept , and far below the per capita rate in jurisdictions such as the United States . This reduction was generally attributed to aggressive road safety campaigns beginning with the seat belt laws . A 2008 study in the Journal of Health Economics found that mandatory seat belt laws in the U.S. `` significantly increased seatbelt use among high school age youths by 45 - 80 % '' and `` significantly reduced traffic fatalities and serious injuries resulting from fatal crashes by 8 and 9 % , respectively . '' The authors note that these `` results suggest that if all states had primary enforcement seatbelt laws then regular youth seatbelt use would be nearly universal and youth fatalities would fall by about 120 per year . '' Opposition ( edit ) A number of groups and individuals are opposed to seat belt legislation . The most common grounds for opposition are : The view that laws requiring the wearing of seat belts are an infringement of individual liberty . Claims that official estimates of the number of lives saved by seat belts are overstated or fail to take into account additional risks for other road users . Risk compensation and other theories ( edit ) The most common basis for disputing estimates of the benefits of seat belts is risk compensation and risk homeostasis , advanced by researchers John Adams and Gerald Wilde . The idea of this theory is that , if the risk of death or injury from a car crash is reduced by the wearing of seat belts , drivers will respond by reducing the precautions they take against crashes . Adams accepts the hypothesis that wearing seat belts improves a vehicle occupant 's chances of surviving a crash . In order to explain the disparity between the agreed improvement in crash survival and the observed results , Adams and Wilde argue that protecting someone from the consequences of risky behaviour may tend to encourage greater risk taking . Wilde states , `` to compel a person to use protection from the consequences of hazardous driving , as seat belt laws do , is to encourage hazardous driving . A fine for non-compliance will encourage seat belt use , but the fact that the law fails to increase people 's desire to be safe encourages compensatory behaviour . '' Studies and experiments have been carried out to examine the risk compensation theory . In one experiment subjects were asked to drive go - karts around a track under various conditions . It was found that subjects who started driving belted did not drive any slower when subsequently unbelted , but those who started driving unbelted did drive consistently faster when subsequently belted . A study of habitual non-seat belt wearers driving in freeway conditions found evidence that they had adapted to seat belt use by adopting higher driving speeds and closer following distances . In another study , taxi drivers who were habitual non-wearers were timed over a route with passengers who did , and others who did not , insist on the driver wearing a belt . They completed the route faster when belted . In addition to risk compensation , Adams has suggested other mechanisms that may lead to inaccurate or unsupportable predictions of positive benefits from seat belt legislation . Case - control studies based on voluntary use of safety aids can attribute to the aid benefits that actually come from the risk - averse nature of those likely to use them voluntarily ( confounding ) , particularly early adopters . Fatality rates are subject to considerable stochastic noise , and comparison of single years or short periods can be misleading . Individual liberty ( edit ) Opponents have objected to the laws on libertarian principles . Some do so on the grounds that seat belt laws infringe on their civil liberties . For example , in a 1986 letter to the editor of the New York Times , a writer argued that seat belt legislation was `` coercive '' and that `` a mandatory - seat - belt law violates the right to bodily privacy and self - control '' . A counterpoint to the libertarian view is that by reducing death and serious injury , mandatory seat belt use and enforcement of seat belt laws results in substantial social benefits . For example , an analysis by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that in 2010 non-fatal injuries to motor vehicle occupants cost the United States $48 billion in medical expenses and lost work . An example is an unbelted driver who kills or injures another road user because he / she slides out of proper seating position and can not regain control of the vehicle during slippery conditions . Another notable scenario is of rear - seated passengers being forced forward in a crash and thus inadvertently harming the driver or front passenger . A University of Wisconsin study demonstrated that car accident victims who had not worn seat belts cost the hospital ( and the state , in the case of the uninsured ) on average 25 % more . Side - effects of seat belts ( edit ) Neck injuries can be caused by the deceleration from a high speed . The passengers head continues to move forward while the body is restrained , potentially causing paralyzing injuries . A study of such injuries notes , `` Seatbelts save lives . However , they may cause injury to adjacent structures and when they malfunction can cause injury to the abdominal viscera , bony skeleton and vascular structures . The motor industry has attempted to reduce these injuries by modification of vehicle design and safety equipment . '' See also ( edit ) Car accident Click It or Ticket Clunk Click Every Trip Road safety Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A Potted Seat Belt History '' . Drivers Technology . Jump up ^ Milne , P.W. `` Fitting and Wearing of Seat Belts in Australia : The history of a successful countermeasureA '' ( PDF ) . February , 1985 . Department of Transport ; Federal Office of Road Safety , Australian Government Publishing Service . Retrieved 15 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Helena Webb ( 15 August 2006 ) . `` Loose belts lose lives '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Jump up ^ 2005 Regulatory Impact Statement - Seat belt legislation amendments Archived 2007 - 10 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Seatbelts Saving Lives In Ontario For 35 Years '' ( Press release ) . Ministry of Transportation , Ontario . December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wearing a seat belt and exemptions '' . Directgov . Jump up ^ `` RoSPA History - How Belting Up Became Law '' . RoSPA . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` RoSPA History - How Belting Up Became Law '' ( PDF ) . john adams . Jump up ^ `` The History of Seat Belt Development '' . School Transportation News . STN Media Group . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Click it or ticket Jump up ^ `` Most Wanted '' . National Transportation Safety Board . Jump up ^ `` Primary Enforcement of Safety Belt Laws '' . Public Health Law Research . Robert Wood Johnson Foundation . December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Enhanced Enforcement of Safety Belt Laws '' . Public Health Law Research . Robert Wood Johnson Foundation . 2009 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia '' . US Department of State . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` All must belt up in MPVs '' . The Star . 29 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 1 January 2009 . Retrieved 1 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Republic Act No. 8750 '' . LAWPHiL . Eleventh Congress of the Philippines . Archived from the original on 5 August 1999 . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Crisostomo , Sheila ( 1 May 2000 ) . `` Seat Belt Law takes effect today '' . The Philippine Star . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) National Law No26 , 687 - Article 30 A , Article 40 K and Article 55 ^ Jump up to : https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00022331.htm Jump up ^ http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/roads/safety/publications/1985/pdf/Belt_Analysis_4.pdf Jump up ^ http://aplikace.mvcr.cz/archiv2008/sbirka/1966/sb35-66.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2005 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2005 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ http://www.ladocfrancaise.gouv.fr/dossier_actualite/securite_routiere/chronologie.shtml Jump up ^ http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/199901/27/0127119.htm Jump up ^ http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/travel_and_recreation/roads_and_safety/seatbelts_when_motoring_in_ireland.html Jump up ^ http://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/atto/serie_generale/caricaDettaglioAtto/originario;jsessionid=an4pS+wPCztq+ANf1oUxlw__.ntc-as2-guri2a?atto.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=1988-04-11&atto.codiceRedazionale=088G0149&elenco30giorni=false Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1999/ra_8750_1999.html Jump up ^ http://www.umu.se/dsps/surgery/personal/personal_kirurgi/OAG%20rapport%20124.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.rospa.com/about/history/seatbelt-history.aspx RoSPA Jump up ^ `` Lives Saved Calculations for Seat Belts and Frontal Air Bags '' ( PDF ) . National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . December 2009 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Glassbrenner , Donna . `` Estimating The Lives Saved By Safety Belts and Air Bags '' ( PDF ) . National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 September 2012 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic Safety Facts - 2012 Data - Occupant Protection '' ( PDF ) . National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Sexton , Reid ( 27 December 2009 ) . `` Victoria 's road toll at record low '' . theage.com.au . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Lucas , Clay ( 9 July 2010 ) . `` How low can we go ? '' . theage.com.au . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Carpenter , Christopher S. ; Stehr , Mark ( 2008 - 05 - 01 ) . `` The effects of mandatory seatbelt laws on seatbelt use , motor vehicle fatalities , and crash - related injuries among youths '' . Journal of Health Economics . 27 ( 3 ) : 642 -- 662 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jhealeco. 2007.09. 010 . ISSN 0167 - 6296 . PMID 18242744 . Jump up ^ John Adams ( 2006 ) . `` The Failure of Seat Belt Legislation '' ( PDF ) . John Adams . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 04 . ( primary source ) Jump up ^ Wilde GJS ( 1994 ) . Target Risk . Toronto : PDE Publications . ISBN 0 - 9699124 - 0 - 4 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Streff FM ; Geller ES ( August 1988 ) . `` An experimental test of risk compensation : between - subject versus within - subject analyses '' . Accident Analysis and Prevention . 20 ( 4 ) : 277 -- 87 . doi : 10.1016 / 0001 - 4575 ( 88 ) 90055 - 3 . PMID 3415759 . Jump up ^ Janssen W ( April 1994 ) . `` Seat belt wearing and driving behaviour : An instrumented - vehicle study '' . Accident Analysis and Prevention . 26 ( 2 ) : 249 -- 2 . doi : 10.1016 / 0001 - 4575 ( 94 ) 90095 - 7 . PMID 8198694 . Jump up ^ Wilde GJS ( 1994 ) . Target Risk ( 1st ed . ) . ISBN 0 - 9699124 - 0 - 4 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Jeff Jacoby ( August 25 , 1994 ) . `` Unbuckling the Voters '' ( Op - Ed ) . Boston Globe . Jump up ^ David Solan ( February 26 , 1986 ) . `` Seat - Belt Laws Violate Your Civil Rights '' ( Op - Ed ) . New York Times . Jump up ^ CDC ( September 2014 ) . `` Data & Statistics ( WISQARS ) : Cost of Injury Reports '' . Jump up ^ Marion Ceraso ; Keri Frisch ; Stephen Hargarten ; Timothy Corden ( September 2006 ) . `` Primary Enforcement of Seatbelt Laws : A Means for Decreasing Injuries , Deaths and Crash - Related Costs in Wisconsin ? '' ( PDF ) . University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Smith , J.E. ( 2005 ) . Injuries caused by seatbelt - Trauma . tra.sagepub.com . pp. Vol. 7 , No. 4 , 211 -- 215 . Archived from the original on 17 October 2006 . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . References and further reading ( edit ) John Adams ( 1995 ) . Risk . Routledge . ISBN 1 - 85728 - 068 - 7 . Wilde G.S. Target Risk PDE Publications , 1994 The Isles report `` Seat belt savings : Implications of European Statistics '' , UK DoT , 1981 , Sourced from Death on the Streets , Cars and the Mythology of Road Safety by Robert Davis , Leading Edge Press , North Yorkshire UK , 1992 and `` Report questions whether seat belts save lives '' by M. Hamer , New Scientist , 7 February 1985 p7 Evaluation of Automobile Safety Regulations : The case of Compulsory Seat Belt Legislation in Australia . by J.A.C. Coneybeare , Policy Sciences 12 : 27 - 39 , 1980 Compulsory Seat Belt Use : Further Inferences , by P. Hurst Accident Analysis and Prevention. , Vol 11 : 27 - 33 , 1979 Wilde G.S. Risk Homeostasis and Traffic Accidents Propositions , Deductions and Discussion of Dissension in Recent Reactions , Ergonomics 1988 Vol , 31 , 4 : 439 Methodological Issues in Testing the Hypothesis of Risk Compensation by Brian Dulisse , Accident Analysis and Prevention Vol. 25 ( 5 ) : 285 - 292 , 1997 RS 255 The initial impact of seat belt legislation in Ireland by R. Hearne , An Foras Forbatha , Dublin , 1981 The efficacy of seat belt legislation : A comparative study of road accident fatality statistics from 18 countries , by J. Adams . Department of Geography University College , London 1981 Casualty Reductions , Whose Problem ? By F. West - Oram , Traffic Engineering and Control , September 1990 The Puzzle of Seat Belts Explained , Press Release of the Annual Conference of the British Psychological Society , April 1999 Reconsidering the effects of seat belt Laws and Their Enforcement Status by T.S. Dee Accident Analysis and Prevention. , Vol 30 ( 1 ) : 1 - 10 , 1998 Traffic law and safety Rules of the road All - way stop Assured clear distance ahead Australian Road Rules Boulevard rule Green Cross Code Move over law New Zealand Road Code Overtaking Left - and right - hand traffic Right - of - way School bus traffic stop laws Traffic code Turn on red Vienna Convention on Road Traffic Road user guides Driver 's manual The Highway Code The Highway Code ( Malta ) Road Users ' Code Rules of the Road ( Ireland ) Enforcement Impaired driving Breathalyzer Field sobriety testing Camera Enforcement Red light Highway patrol / State police Parking enforcement Road traffic control Textalyzer Traffic court Traffic guard Traffic stop Traffic ticket Warning Speed limit Advisory speed limit Assured clear distance ahead National Maximum Speed Law School zone Speed limit enforcement Speed limits by country Category : Speed limits by country Moving violations Impaired driving Canada United States Distracted driving Mobile phones and driving Texting while driving Reckless driving Street racing Tailgating Vehicular homicide Wrong - way driving Driver licensing Commercial driver 's license European driving licence Graduated driver licensing Inter-American Driving Permit International Driving Permit Learner 's permit Point system Driving licences by country List of countries by minimum driving age Traffic violations reciprocity Commercial Driver 's License Information System Driver License Agreement Driver License Compact Non-Resident Violator Compact Parking Alternate - side parking Decriminalised parking enforcement Disabled parking permit Double parking Parking chair Parking violation Wheel clamp Car safety Seat belt laws Click It or Ticket Clunk Click Every Trip Road safety Tachograph Digital tachograph Drivers ' working hours ( Europe ) Epilepsy and driving Hours of service ( US ) `` How 's my driving ? '' sign Old age and driving Sleep deprived driving Slow moving vehicle Vision Zero Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seat_belt_legislation&oldid=846267437 '' Categories : Car safety Traffic law Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Spanish - language external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 15 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did it become law to wear seat belts	[ "New York State passed the first law in the US mandating the use of seat belts in 1984 under the leadership of John D. States, an orthopedic surgeon who dedicated his career to improving automotive safety.[10] Depending on which state a driver is in, not wearing a seat belt in the front seat is either a primary offense or a secondary offense, with the exception of New Hampshire, which does not have a law requiring people over age 18 to wear a seat belt. In the front seat, the driver and each passenger must wear a seat belt, one person per belt. In some states, such as New York, New Hampshire, and Michigan, belts in the rear seats are not mandatory for people over the age of 16, though it is extremely advised. The driver and front-seat passengers aged 16 or older can be fined up to $50 each for failure to buckle up. In California, you must be 15 years or older to accompany the driver in the front seat. Children 14 and younger must sit in the rear seat until they reach the age of 15.Template:DMV.org \n" ]	[ "1984" ]
7323871253657967413	Run batted in	Run batted in - wikipedia Run batted in Jump to : navigation , search `` RBI '' redirects here . For other uses , see RBI ( disambiguation ) . A run batted in ( RBI ) , plural runs batted in ( RBI or RBIs ) , is a statistic in baseball and softball that credits a batter for making a play that allows a run to be scored ( except in certain situations such as when an error is made on the play ) . For example , if the batter bats a base hit , then another player on a higher base can head home to score a run , and the batter gets credited with batting in that run . Prior to the 1920 Major League Baseball season , runs batted in were not an official baseball statistic . Nevertheless , the RBI statistic was tabulated -- unofficially -- from 1907 through 1919 by baseball writer Ernie Lanigan , according to the Society for American Baseball Research . Common nicknames for an RBI include `` ribby '' ( or `` ribbie '' ) , `` rib '' , and `` ribeye '' . The plural of RBI is generally `` RBIs '' , although some commentators use `` RBI '' as both singular and plural , as it can also stand for `` runs batted in '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Major League Baseball Rules 2 Criticism 3 RBI leaders in Major League Baseball 3.1 Career 3.2 Season 3.3 Game 3.4 Inning 3.5 Postseason ( single season ) 4 Game - winning RBI 5 See also 6 References Major League baseball Rules ( edit ) The official rulebook of Major League Baseball states in Rule 10.04 : ( a ) The official scorer shall credit the batter with a run batted in for every run that scores : ( 1 ) unaided by an error and as part of a play begun by the batter 's safe hit ( including the batter 's home run ) , sacrifice bunt , sacrifice fly , infield out or fielder 's choice , unless Rule 10.04 ( b ) applies ; ( 2 ) by reason of the batter becoming a runner with the bases full ( because of a base on balls , an award of first base for being touched by a pitched ball or for interference or obstruction ) ; or ( 3 ) when , before two are out , an error is made on a play on which a runner from third base ordinarily would score . ( b ) The official scorer shall not credit a run batted in ( 1 ) when the batter grounds into a force double play or a reverse - force double play ; or ( 2 ) when a fielder is charged with an error because the fielder muffs a throw at first base that would have completed a force double play . ( c ) The official scorer 's judgment must determine whether a run batted in shall be credited for a run that scores when a fielder holds the ball or throws to a wrong base . Ordinarily , if the runner keeps going , the official scorer should credit a run batted in ; if the runner stops and takes off again when the runner notices the misplay , the official scorer should credit the run as scored on a fielder 's choice . Criticism ( edit ) The perceived significance of the RBI is displayed by the fact that it is one of the three categories that comprise the triple crown . In addition , career RBIs are often cited in debates over who should be elected to the Hall of Fame . However , critics , particularly within the field of sabermetrics , argue that RBIs measure the quality of the lineup more than it does the player himself since an RBI can only be credited to a player if one or more batters preceding him in the batting order reached base ( the exception to this being a solo home run , in which the batter is credited with driving himself in ) . This implies that better offensive teams -- and therefore , the teams in which the most players get on base -- tend to produce hitters with higher RBI totals than equivalent hitters on lesser - hitting teams . RBI leaders in Major League baseball ( edit ) Career ( edit ) Hank Aaron , All - time career leader in RBI with 2,297 . Totals are current through September 6 , 2017 . Active players are in bold . Hank Aaron -- 2,297 Babe Ruth -- 2,213 Alex Rodríguez -- 2,055 Barry Bonds -- 1,996 Lou Gehrig -- 1,993 Stan Musial -- 1,951 Ty Cobb -- 1,937 Jimmie Foxx -- 1,922 Eddie Murray -- 1,917 Albert Pujols -- 1,910 Season ( edit ) Hank Greenberg , Hall of Famer and 2 - time MVP Hack Wilson ( 1930 ) -- 191 Lou Gehrig ( 1931 ) -- 185 Hank Greenberg ( 1937 ) -- 183 Jimmie Foxx ( 1938 ) -- 175 Lou Gehrig ( 1927 , 1930 ) -- 173 Game ( edit ) 12 RBIs Jim Bottomley ( September 16 , 1924 ) Mark Whiten ( September 7 , 1993 ) 11 RBIs Wilbert Robinson ( June 10 , 1892 ) Tony Lazzeri ( May 24 , 1936 ) Phil Weintraub ( April 30 , 1944 ) 10 RBIs By 10 MLB players , most recently Scooter Gennett on June 6 , 2017 Inning ( edit ) Fernando Tatís ( April 23 , 1999 ) -- 8 Ed Cartwright ( September 23 , 1890 ) -- 7 Alex Rodriguez ( October 4 , 2009 ) -- 7 Postseason ( single season ) ( edit ) David Freese ( 2011 ) -- 21 Scott Spiezio ( 2002 ) -- 19 Sandy Alomar ( 1997 ) -- 19 David Ortiz ( 2004 ) -- 19 Game - winning RBI ( edit ) Main article : Game - winning RBI See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of Major League Baseball RBI Records List of Major League Baseball players with 1000 RBIs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Accurate RBI Record of Babe Ruth . SABR Website . Retrieved on September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barbara Ann Kipfer ( 2007 ) . Word Nerd : More Than 18,000 Fascinating Facts about Words . Sourcebooks , Inc . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Steven Pinker ( 2011 ) . Words and Rules : The Ingredients of Language . HarperCollins . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bryan Garner ( 2009 ) . Garner 's Modern American Usage . Oxford University Press . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sox try to stay clear of big hitters PCL team does n't want to compete with Broncos , AFA '' . The Gazette . August 8 , 1989 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grabiner , David . `` The Sabermetric Manifesto '' . Retrieved September 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Michael D. ( 2003 ) . Moneyball : The Art of Winning an Unfair Game . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05765 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Revisiting the Myth of the RBI Guy , Part One '' . Driveline Mechanics . May 18 , 2009 . Retrieved September 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ten or More RBI in One Game '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . June 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Freese breaks the all - time single - season post-season RBI record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . October 28 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . ( hide ) Baseball statistics Batting Batting average On - base percentage Slugging percentage Hit Single Double Triple Home run Extra-base hit Grand slam RBI Game - winning RBI Walk Bunt Sacrifice bunt Sacrifice fly On - base plus slugging Base running Run Stolen base Stolen base percentage Caught stealing Pitching Win -- loss record Innings pitched Pitchers of record Save Hold Run Earned ERA Strikeout Walk Perfect game No - hitter WHIP BB / 9 K / 9 Quality start Complete game Shutout Wild pitch Fielding Fielding percentage Assist Putout Error Fielder 's choice Defensive indifference Passed ball Sabermetrics Adjusted ERA+ Base runs Batting park factor Catcher 's ERA Defensive Runs Saved Extrapolated Runs Game score Isolated Power Range factor Runs created Secondary average NERD Out of zone plays made Ultimate zone rating Weighted on - base average Wins Above Replacement Win probability added Win Shares Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Run_batted_in&oldid=800169685 '' Categories : Baseball statistics Baseball terminology Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 22 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the meaning of rbi in baseball	[ "A run batted in (RBI), plural runs batted in (RBI or RBIs), is a statistic in baseball and softball that credits a batter for making a play that allows a run to be scored (except in certain situations such as when an error is made on the play). For example, if the batter bats a base hit, then another player on a higher base can head home to score a run, and the batter gets credited with batting in that run." ]	[ "run batted in" ]
7841059734719569525	Los Angeles Kings	Los Angeles Kings - Wikipedia Los Angeles Kings Los Angeles Kings 2018 -- 19 Los Angeles Kings season Conference Western Division Pacific Founded 1967 History Los Angeles Kings 1967 -- present Home arena Staples Center City Los Angeles , California Colors Silver , black , white Media FS West Prime Ticket My13 KABC ( 790 AM ) Univision Deportes ( 1020 AM ) Owner ( s ) Los Angeles Kings Hockey Club , L.P. , an AEG company ( Philip Anschutz , chairman ) General manager Rob Blake Head coach John Stevens Captain Anze Kopitar Minor league affiliates Ontario Reign ( AHL ) Manchester Monarchs ( ECHL ) Stanley Cups 2 ( 2011 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 ) Conference championships 3 ( 1992 -- 93 , 2011 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 ) Presidents ' Trophy 0 Division championships 1 ( 1990 -- 91 ) Official website nhl.com/kings The Los Angeles Kings are a professional ice hockey team based in Los Angeles . They are members of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The team was founded on June 5 , 1967 , after Jack Kent Cooke was awarded an NHL expansion franchise for Los Angeles on February 9 , 1966 , becoming one of the six teams that began play as part of the 1967 NHL expansion . The Kings played their home games at The Forum in Inglewood , California , a suburb of Los Angeles , for thirty - two years , until they moved to the Staples Center in Downtown Los Angeles at the start of the 1999 -- 2000 season . During the 1970s and early 1980s , the Kings had many years marked by impressive play in the regular season only to be washed out by early playoff exits . Their highlights in those years included the strong goaltending of Rogie Vachon , and the `` Triple Crown Line '' of Charlie Simmer , Dave Taylor and Hall of Fame player Marcel Dionne , who had a famous upset of the uprising Edmonton Oilers in a 1982 playoff game known as the Miracle on Manchester . In 1988 , the Kings traded with the Oilers to get their captain Wayne Gretzky , leading to a successful phase of the franchise that raised hockey 's popularity in Los Angeles , and helped raise the sport 's profile in the `` Sun Belt '' region . Gretzky , fellow Hall of Famer Luc Robitaille and defenseman Rob Blake led the Kings to the franchise 's sole division title in 1990 -- 91 , and the Kings ' first Stanley Cup Final appearance in 1993 . After the 1993 Finals , the Kings entered financial problems , with a bankruptcy in 1995 that was only solved after the franchise was acquired by Philip Anschutz ( owner of Anschutz Entertainment Group , operators of Staples Center ) and Edward P. Roski . A period of mediocrity ensued , with the Kings only resurging as they broke a six - year playoff drought in the 2009 -- 10 season , with a team that included goaltender Jonathan Quick , defenseman Drew Doughty , and forwards Dustin Brown , Anze Kopitar and Justin Williams . Under coach Darryl Sutter , who was hired early in the 2011 -- 12 season , the Kings won two Stanley Cups in three years : 2012 , over the New Jersey Devils , and 2014 , against the New York Rangers . Quick and Williams respectively won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player of the playoffs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 NHL expansion and the `` Forum Blue and Gold '' years ( 1967 -- 1975 ) 1.2 Marcel Dionne and the `` Triple Crown Line '' ( 1975 -- 1988 ) 1.3 McNall brings Gretzky to LA ( 1988 -- 1993 ) 1.4 Bankruptcy , move to the Staples Center , and rebuild ( 1993 -- 2009 ) 1.5 Return to the playoffs and Stanley Cups ( 2009 -- 2014 ) 1.6 Playoff struggles ( 2014 -- present ) 2 Team identity 2.1 Uniforms and logos 2.2 Mascot 2.3 Rivalries 3 Season - by - season record 4 Players and personnel 4.1 Current roster 4.2 Team captains 4.3 Head coaches 4.4 General managers 4.5 Team owners 5 Team and League honors 5.1 Retired numbers 5.2 Hall of Famers 5.3 Franchise records 6 Broadcasters 7 Affiliate teams 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Main article : History of the Los Angeles Kings NHL expansion and the `` Forum Blue and gold '' years ( 1967 -- 1975 ) ( edit ) The Forum was the second home of the Kings . The Forum was home of the Kings from 1967 to 1999 . When the NHL decided to expand for the 1967 -- 68 season amid rumblings that the Western Hockey League ( WHL ) was proposing to turn itself into a major league and compete for the Stanley Cup , Canadian entrepreneur Jack Kent Cooke paid the NHL $2 million to place one of the six expansion teams in Los Angeles . Following a fan contest to name the team , Cooke chose the name Kings because he wanted his club to take on `` an air of royalty , '' and picked the original team colors of purple ( or `` Forum Blue '' , as it was later officially called ) and gold because they were colors traditionally associated with royalty . The same color scheme was worn by the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , which Cooke also owned . Cooke wanted his new NHL team to play in the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena , home of the Lakers , but the Los Angeles Coliseum Commission , which manages the Sports Arena and the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum to the present day , had already entered into an agreement with the WHL 's Los Angeles Blades ( whose owners had also tried to land the NHL expansion franchise in Los Angeles ) to play their games at the Sports Arena . Frustrated by his dealings with the Coliseum Commission , Cooke said , `` I am going to build my own arena ... I 've had enough of this balderdash . '' Construction on Cooke 's new arena , the Forum , was not yet complete when the 1967 -- 68 season began , so the Kings opened their first season at the Long Beach Arena in the neighboring city of Long Beach on October 14 , 1967 , defeating another expansion team , the Philadelphia Flyers , 4 -- 2 . The `` Fabulous Forum '' finally opened its doors on December 30 , 1967 , with the Kings being shut out by the Flyers , 2 -- 0 . While the first two seasons had the Kings qualifying for the playoffs , afterwards poor management led the Kings into hard times . The general managers established a history of trading away first - round draft picks , usually for veteran players , and attendance suffered during this time . Eventually the Kings made two key acquisitions to resurge as a contender . By acquiring Toronto Maple Leafs winger Bob Pulford , who would later become the Kings ' head coach , in 1970 , and Montreal Canadiens goaltender Rogie Vachon in 1971 , the Kings went from being one of the worst defensive teams in the league to one of the best , and in 1974 they returned to the playoffs . Marcel Dionne and the `` Triple crown line '' ( 1975 -- 1988 ) ( edit ) After being eliminated in the first round of the playoffs in both 1973 -- 74 and 1974 -- 75 , the Kings moved to significantly upgrade their offensive firepower when they acquired center Marcel Dionne from the Detroit Red Wings . Behind Dionne 's offensive prowess , the strong goaltending of Rogie Vachon , and the speed and scoring touch of forward Butch Goring , the Kings played two of their most thrilling seasons yet , with playoff match ups against the then - Atlanta Flames in the first round , and the Boston Bruins in the second round , both times being eliminated by Boston . Acquired by the Kings in 1975 , Marcel Dionne was paired with Dave Taylor and Charlie Simmer . The line , known as the Triple Crown Line , went on to be one of the highest - scoring line combinations in NHL history . Bob Pulford left the Kings after the 1976 -- 77 season after constant feuding with then owner Jack Kent Cooke , and General Manager Jake Milford decided to leave as well . This led to struggles in the 1977 -- 78 season , where the Kings finished below . 500 and were easily swept out of the first round by the Maple Leafs . Afterwards Vachon would become a free agent and sign with the Detroit Red Wings . The following season , Kings coach Bob Berry tried juggling line combinations , and Dionne found himself on a new line with two young , mostly unknown players : second - year right winger Dave Taylor and left winger Charlie Simmer , who had been a career minor - leaguer . Each player benefited from each other , with Simmer being the gritty player who battled along the boards , Taylor being the play maker , and Dionne being the natural goal scorer . This line combination , known as the `` Triple Crown Line '' , would go on to become one of the highest - scoring line combinations in NHL history . During the first three seasons of the Triple Crown Line , a period where Dr. Jerry Buss purchased the Kings , the Lakers , and the Forum for $67.5 million , the Kings were eliminated in the first round . Then in the 1982 Stanley Cup playoffs , a Kings team that finished 17th overall and fourth in their division with 63 points , managed to upset the second overall Edmonton Oilers , led by the young Wayne Gretzky . With two victories in Edmonton and one at the Forum -- dubbed `` Miracle on Manchester '' , where the Kings managed to erase a 5 -- 0 deficit at the third period and eventually win in overtime -- the Kings managed to eliminate the vaunted Oilers , but they wound up eliminated by eventual finalists Vancouver Canucks in five games . Despite Dionne 's leadership , the Kings missed the playoffs in the next two seasons . A postseason return occurred in 1984 -- 85 under coach Pat Quinn , where the Kings were quickly swept out of the playoffs by the Oilers in their second - straight Stanley Cup championship . After a losing season in 1985 -- 86 , the Kings saw two important departures during 1986 -- 87 , as Quinn signed a contract in December to become coach and general manager of the Vancouver Canucks with just months left on his Kings contract -- eventually being suspended by NHL President John Ziegler for creating a conflict of interest - and Dionne left the franchise in March in a trade to the New York Rangers . Despite these shocks , a young squad that would lead the Kings into the next decade , including star forwards Bernie Nicholls , Jimmy Carson , Luc Robitaille , and defenseman Steve Duchesne , started to flourish under head coach Mike Murphy , who played thirteen season with the Kings and was their captain for seven years , and his replacement Robbie Ftorek . The Kings made the playoffs for two seasons , but they were unable to get out of the first round given the playoff structuring forced them to play either the Oilers or the equally powerful Calgary Flames en route to the Conference Finals . In all , the Kings faced either the Oilers or the Flames in the playoffs four times during the 1980s . McNall brings Gretzky to LA ( 1988 -- 1993 ) ( edit ) The Kings acquired Wayne Gretzky in a blockbuster trade with the Edmonton Oilers in 1988 . He was named team captain the next year , maintaining the position until he was traded in 1996 . However , the 1988 -- 89 season would be a big turning point for the franchise . In 1987 , coin collector Bruce McNall purchased the Kings from Buss and turned the team into a Stanley Cup contender almost overnight . On August 9 , 1988 , McNall acquired the league 's best player , Wayne Gretzky , in a blockbuster trade with the Edmonton Oilers . The trade rocked the hockey world , especially north of the border where Canadians mourned the loss of a player they considered a national treasure . McNall changed the team colors to silver and black . Gretzky 's arrival generated much excitement about hockey and the NHL in Southern California , and the ensuing popularity of the Kings is credited with the arrival of another team in the region , the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim ( later renamed to Anaheim Ducks in 2006 ) , and the arrival of a new NHL team in Northern California in the form of the San Jose Sharks , and the NHL 's expanding or moving into other Sun Belt cities such as Dallas , Phoenix , Tampa , Miami and Nashville . In Gretzky 's first season with the Kings , he led the team in scoring with 168 points on 54 goals and 114 assists , and won his ninth Hart Memorial Trophy as the league 's Most Valuable Player . The fourth overall Kings eliminated Gretzky 's old team , the Oilers , in the first round of the 1989 playoffs , before being swept out of the playoffs in the second round by the eventual Stanley Cup champion Flames . Clashes between Gretzky and head coach Robbie Ftorek led to his dismissal , replaced by Tom Webster . The next season , where Gretzky became the league 's all - time leading scorer , was the inverse of its predecessor , with the Kings eliminating the defending champion Flames before falling to the eventual champion Oilers . Gretzky spearheaded the Kings to their first regular season division title in franchise history in the 1990 -- 91 season , but the heavily favored Kings lost a close series against Edmonton in the second round that saw four games go into overtime . After the third straight elimination by the Oilers in 1992 , Tom Webster was relieved from head coach , and General Manager Rogie Vachon was moved to a different position in the organization and named Nick Beverley as his successor . Beverley hired coach Barry Melrose , then at the Adirondack Red Wings . Melrose would help the Kings reach new heights in the 1992 -- 93 season , even if Gretzky missed 39 games with a career - threatening herniated thoracic disk . Led by Luc Robitaille , who filled in as captain on Gretzky 's absence , the Kings finished with a 39 -- 35 -- 10 record ( 88 points ) , clinching third place in the Smythe Division . Heavily contested series at the 1993 playoffs had the Kings eliminating the Flames , Canucks and Leafs en route to their first berth in the Stanley Cup Finals . In the 1993 Stanley Cup Finals , the Kings faced the Montreal Canadiens . After winning the opening game 4 -- 1 , the Kings suffered a turnaround during Game 2 . Late in the contest , with the Kings leading by a score of 2 -- 1 , Canadiens coach Jacques Demers requested a measurement of Kings defenseman Marty McSorley 's stick blade . His suspicions proved to be correct , as the curve of blade was too great , and McSorley was penalized . The Canadiens pulled their goalie , Patrick Roy , giving them a two - man advantage , and Eric Desjardins scored on the resulting power play to tie the game . Montreal went on to win the game in overtime on another goal by Desjardins , and the Kings never recovered . They dropped the next two games in overtime , and lost Game 5 , 4 -- 1 , giving the Canadiens the 24th Stanley Cup in franchise history . Bankruptcy , move to the Staples Center , and rebuild ( 1993 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) The next chapter after the 1993 playoff run for the Kings was tough for Kings fans , having a sluggish start on 1993 -- 94 season to cost them a playoff berth , the first absence from the postseason since 1986 . At the same time , McNall defaulted on a loan from Bank of America , who threatened to force the Kings into bankruptcy unless he sold the team . McNall sold the team to IDB Communications founder Jeffrey Sudikoff and former Madison Square Garden president Joseph Cohen in the wake of a federal investigation into his financial practices . It later emerged that McNall 's free - spending ways put the Kings in serious financial trouble . At one point , Cohen and Sudikoff were even unable to meet player payroll , and were ultimately forced into bankruptcy in 1995 . They were forced to trade many of their stronger players , and the middling results led to Gretzky 's departure in 1996 as he requested a trade to a legitimate Stanley Cup contender , and went to the St. Louis Blues . Acquired in trade with the New York Rangers in 1995 , Mattias Norström was named as the team captain in 2001 , maintaining the position until he was traded in 2007 . On October 6 , 1995 , one day before the 1995 -- 96 season opener , the bankruptcy court approved the purchase of the Kings by Phillip Anschutz and Edward P. Roski for $113.5 million . The subsequent rebuild had the Kings only return to the playoffs in 1998 , led by captain Rob Blake and strong players Jozef Stumpel and Glen Murray , where the highly skilled St. Louis Blues swept the team in four games . The Kings suffered though an 1998 -- 99 injury - plagued season as they finished last in the Pacific Division and missed the playoffs with a 32 -- 45 -- 5 record , leading to the dismissal of head coach Larry Robinson . The Kings , along with the Los Angeles Lakers , made an even bigger move in 1999 , as they left The Forum , after 32 seasons , and moved to the Staples Center in downtown Los Angeles , which was built by Anschutz and Roski . Staples Center was a state - of - the - art arena , complete with luxury suites and all the modern amenities that fans and athletes would want in a brand - new facility . With a new home , a new coach , a potential 50 - goal scorer in the fold and players such as Rob Blake , Luc Robitaille , Glen Murray , Jozef Stumpel , Donald Audette , Ian Laperriere and Mattias Norstrom , the Kings improved dramatically , finishing the season the 1999 -- 2000 season with a 39 -- 31 -- 12 -- 4 record ( 94 points ) , good for second place in the Pacific Division . But in the 2000 playoffs , the Kings were once again eliminated in the first round , this time by the Detroit Red Wings in a four - game sweep . The 2000 -- 01 season was a controversial one , as fans began to question AEG 's commitment to the success of the Kings because they failed to significantly improve the team during the off - season . Adding fuel to the fire was the February 21 , 2001 , trade of star defenseman and fan favorite Rob Blake to the Colorado Avalanche . Despite this , two players gotten in the deal , right wing Adam Deadmarsh and defenseman Aaron Miller , became impact players for the Kings , who finished the 2000 -- 01 season with a 38 -- 28 -- 13 -- 3 record ( 92 points ) , good for a third - place finish in the Pacific Division and another first - round playoff date with the Detroit Red Wings . The heavily favored Red Wings suffered an upset , losing in six games for the Kings ' first playoff series win since 1993 . In the second round , the Kings forced seven games in their series against the Avalanche , but lost to the eventual Stanley Cup champions . Afterwards , during the off - season , Luc Robitaille turned down a one - year deal with a substantial pay cut and ended up signing with Detroit , as the Red Wings represented his best chance at winning the Stanley Cup , and like Tomas Sandstrom before him in 1997 , Robitaille won the Stanley Cup with Detroit in 2002 . The Kings started off the season with a sluggish October and November , and then found their game again to finish with 95 points . They in fact were tied in points with the second place Phoenix Coyotes , and only finished third in the Pacific Division and seventh in the West due to a goals - for differential -- the Coyotes having 228 and the Kings having 214 as a team . In the playoffs they met the Colorado Avalanche once again , this time in the first round . The series would prove to be a carbon copy of their previous meeting , with the Kings behind three games to one and bouncing back to tie the series , only to be dominated in the seventh game and eliminated . The next seasons would be major disappointments as the Kings hit another major decline , missing the postseason up until the 2009 -- 10 season . Return to the playoffs and Stanley Cups ( 2009 -- 2014 ) ( edit ) Drafted by the Kings in the late -- 2000s , Anze Kopitar ( left ) and Drew Doughty ( right ) helped the team become playoff contenders in the early -- 2010s . During the 2009 -- 10 season , the team had built a consistent roster with goalie Jonathan Quick , defenseman Drew Doughty , and forwards Dustin Brown , Anze Kopitar and Justin Williams . Finishing sixth overall in the West with 101 points , just the third 100 - plus point season in franchise history , and establishing a franchise record with a nine - game unbeaten streak , the Kings returned to the playoffs , where they lost to a highly skilled Vancouver Canucks team in six games . The Kings entered the 2011 playoffs as the seventh seed in the West and played San Jose in the first round . Despite Anze Kopitar 's absence with injury , the Kings pushed the series to six games until an overtime goal by Joe Thornton qualified the Sharks . A bad start to the 2011 -- 12 season resulted in coach Terry Murray being fired , with Darryl Sutter being chosen as his replacement . The Kings were much improved under Sutter , finishing with the eight seed , having rounded out the season with a 40 -- 27 -- 15 record for 95 points . The Kings then headed into the 2012 playoffs against the Presidents ' Trophy - winning Vancouver Canucks . After playing two games in Vancouver and one in Los Angeles , the Kings were up 3 -- 0 in the series , a franchise first . By winning Game 5 in Vancouver , the Kings advanced to the Conference Semi-finals for the first time since the 2000 -- 01 season , whereupon they swept the second - seeded St. Louis Blues , advancing to the Western Conference Finals for only the second time in franchise history . In doing so , the Kings also became the first NHL team to enter the playoffs as the eighth seed and eliminate the first - and second - seeded teams in the Conference . They then defeated Phoenix in five games to reach the Finals , culminating in an overtime goal by Dustin Penner in Game 5 , and thus becoming the second team in NHL history to beat the top three Conference seeds in the playoffs ( the Calgary Flames achieved the same feat in 2004 , ironically also under Darryl Sutter ) and the first eighth seed to accomplish the feat . Los Angeles faced the New Jersey Devils in the Final , defeating them in six games to win their first Stanley Cup in franchise history . With the Game 6 victory occurring on home ice at Staples Center , the Kings became the first team since the 2007 Anaheim Ducks to win the Stanley Cup at home , as well as the second Californian NHL team to do so . The Kings became the first eight seed champion in any of the North American major leagues , the first Stanley Cup champion that finished below fifth in its conference , and the third to finish below second in its division ( after the 1993 Canadiens and the 1995 Devils ) . Goaltender Jonathan Quick was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player during the playoffs , and soon after signed a ten - year contract extension on June 28 . Dustin Brown with the Stanley Cup during the Kings ' victory parade , after defeating the New Jersey Devils in the 2012 Stanley Cup Finals . Due to the 2012 -- 13 NHL lockout , the 2012 -- 13 Los Angeles Kings season began on January 19 , 2013 , and was shortened to 48 games . The Kings finished the season as the fifth seed in the West and began the defense of the Cup on the road against the St. Louis Blues , who they swept in the 2012 playoffs . After losing the first two games , the Kings won four in a row to eliminate the Blues in six games . In the second round , they then played a very tough San Jose Sharks team , this time with home ice advantage . In the first game , Jarret Stoll suffered an injury from the Sharks ' Raffi Torres , who ended up being suspended for the rest of the series . The Kings eventually won in seven games . In the Western Conference Finals , they faced the number one seed in the West and Presidents ' Trophy winner , the Chicago Blackhawks . After dropping the first two games , the Kings won Game 3 with Jeff Carter suffering an injury from Blackhawks defenseman Duncan Keith , who was suspended for Game 4 as a result . After losing Game 4 , the Kings battled the Blackhawks through two overtime periods in Game 5 , with Patrick Kane eventually scoring the game - winning goal that won the game and the series , sending the Blackhawks to the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals and ending the Kings ' season . During the 2013 -- 14 season , the Kings acquired Marian Gaborik , and qualified for their fifth straight playoffs with the sixth - best result of the West . In the first round of the 2014 playoffs , the Kings played their in - state rivals , the San Jose Sharks . After losing the first three games to the Sharks , the Kings became the fourth team in NHL history to win the final four games in a row after initially being down three games to none , beating the Sharks in San Jose in the deciding Game 7 . In the second round , the Kings played another in - state rival , Anaheim . After starting the series with two wins , the Kings lost three - straight games , trailing the series three games to two . However , for the second time in the first two rounds of the playoffs , the Kings were able to rally back after being down in the series and defeated the Ducks in Anaheim in Game 7 . In the third round , the Kings jumped out to a three games to one lead against Stanley Cup - defending Chicago , but were unable to close out the series in the fifth and sixth games . On June 1 , 2014 , the Kings advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals for the second time in three years after winning Game 7 , 4 -- 3 , in overtime through a goal from Alec Martinez , clinching their third Western Conference title in franchise history . The Kings became the first team in NHL history to win three Game 7s en route to a Stanley Cup Finals berth . Not only were the Kings the first team in history to accomplish this feat , they also managed to win all game sevens on opposing ice . For the third time , the Kings were finalists after finishing third in their division and sixth or lower in their conference . Eric Garcetti , the Mayor of Los Angeles , looks out at the crowd during the Kings ' 2014 victory parade . Emerging as the 2014 Stanley Cup champions , the Kings won their second Stanley Cup in three years . In the Final , the Kings faced the Eastern Conference - winning New York Rangers , who had defeated the Montreal Canadiens in six games in the Eastern Finals . The Kings won the Stanley Cup in five games , culminating with an Alec Martinez goal in the second overtime of Game 5 at Staples Center . The championship run had a record - tying 26 playoff games ( the 1986 -- 87 Philadelphia Flyers and 2003 -- 04 Calgary Flames being the others ) , with the Kings facing elimination a record seven times . With their Game 7 victory in the Conference Finals and wins in the first two games of the Cup Finals , they became the first team to win three consecutive playoff games after trailing by more than one goal in each game . Justin Williams , who scored twice in the Finals and had points in all three Game 7s throughout the playoffs , won the Conn Smythe Trophy as playoff MVP . Playoff struggles ( 2014 -- present ) ( edit ) Having won two Stanley Cup championships in the last three years , the Kings entered the 2014 -- 15 season as the early favorites to retain their title . However , the Kings struggled often , with scoring slumps , defensemen losing games to injury and suspensions and frequent road losses . A defeat to the Calgary Flames in the penultimate game of the season eliminated the Kings from playoff contention , while qualifying Calgary , which coincidentally missed the postseason during the Kings ' five - season playoff streak . Despite finishing with a record of 40 -- 27 -- 15 , the Kings became the first defending Stanley Cup champion to miss the postseason since the 2006 -- 07 Carolina Hurricanes and only the fourth overall since the 1967 NHL expansion season . At the start of the 2015 -- 16 season . The Kings were expected to make the playoffs . They entered the playoffs as the fifth seeded in their conference and second seeded in their division . They faced the San Jose Sharks , but lost to them in five games . On June 16 , 2016 the Kings named Anze Kopitar the 14th captain in team history , replacing Dustin Brown , who had led the team for the past eight seasons . The Kings celebrated their 50th anniversary during the 2016 -- 17 season along with the other still active 1967 expansion teams ( the St. Louis Blues , Philadelphia Flyers , and Pittsburgh Penguins ) , and for the first time since 2002 , they hosted the NHL All - Star Game . Goaltender Jonathan Quick suffered an injury on opening night that sidelined him for most of the season , and the Kings struggled without him . Backup Peter Budaj filled the void , earning his first starting duties since his time with the Colorado Avalanche six years earlier , but near the trade deadline , the Kings traded him to Tampa Bay for another goalie , Ben Bishop who shared the crease with Jonathan Quick down the stretch , the superstar having returned from his injury . Despite the trade , the Kings ultimately missed the playoffs for the second time in three seasons and , in the offseason , fired General manager Dean Lombardi and head coach Darryl Sutter . Assistant general manager Rob Blake was promoted to be the new general manager and John Stevens took over as head coach after serving as associate head coach for the Kings for several seasons . In the 2017 NHL Expansion Draft , the Vegas Golden Knights drafted defenseman Brayden McNabb , who had been left unprotected by the Kings . In the next season , the Kings clinched the playoffs as a wild card , but were swept by the expansion Golden Knights . Team identity ( edit ) Uniforms and logos ( edit ) The original logo of the Kings , used from 1967 to 1982 . The Los Angeles Kings debuted in the NHL wearing purple -- officially , `` Forum blue '' -- and gold uniforms . The original design was simple and straightforward , featuring monochrome striping on the shoulders and tail , as well as purple pants with white and gold trim . Later on , white trim was added on the numbers , and names were also added , while tail stripes were adjusted . At one point , gold pants were used to pair with the gold uniforms during the 1970s . A variation of the original crown logo , with a contrasting color background , was used with this uniform . From 1980 to 1988 , the Kings modified their uniforms to include a contrasting yoke that extends from sleeve to sleeve . White was also added to the socks , on the tail stripes , and at the bottom of the yoke , but the color was removed from the pants . The names and numbers were also modified to a standard NHL block lettering . Just in time for Wayne Gretzky 's arrival , the Kings ' colors changed to black and silver . The new uniforms did not deviate much from the prior design , save for the color scheme , a new primary Kings logo , and a switch from a contrasting yoke color to sleeve stripes . With minor changes to the text and pant striping , the uniforms were used until the 1997 -- 98 season . The primary logo used by the Kings , from 1982 to 1988 . The Kings briefly reintroduced purple and gold to the color scheme upon unveiling an alternate jersey for the 1995 -- 96 season . The uniform featured a gradually fading black splash , medieval - inspired serif text , and a logo of a bearded figure wearing a golden crown . The so - called `` Burger King '' jersey proved to be unpopular with fans , and was scrapped after only one season . For the 1998 -- 99 season , the Kings unveiled new logos , uniforms and color scheme , restoring the purple -- albeit a lighter shade compared to Forum Blue -- as grey and black had become associated with gang colors . The new primary logo was a shield and crest featuring three royal symbols , a lion , a crown and the Sun . The jerseys featured the shield logo with hints of purple on the yoke , sleeve stripes and tail . By coincidence , this was the same color scheme as the NBA 's Sacramento team which is also called the Kings . The bottom of the jerseys read the city name . A purple alternate jersey featuring the updated secondary crown logo was unveiled for the 1999 -- 2000 season . In 2002 , the crown logo became the primary while the shield logo was demoted to alternate status . The socks on the black and purple uniforms also switched designations to match their counterparts . Upon moving to the Reebok Edge design in 2007 , the jerseys were updated without the tail stripes . The purple - tinged road jerseys were used until the 2010 -- 11 season , while the home jersey was demoted to alternate status in 2011 and remained in use until 2013 . The Kings ' logo from 1988 to 1998 . The word mark was used on their black helmets from 2008 to 2013 , and white helmets from 2011 to 2013 . In 2008 , the Kings unveiled an alternate jersey inspired from the 1988 -- 98 Kings motif . The current logo , now in a black and silver banner with the updated crown logo and ' LA ' abbreviation on top , made its debut with the jersey . Three years later , the Kings completed the transition back to the classic black and silver by unveiling a new away jersey , which unlike the home jersey , features a black and silver tail stripe . The Kings script from their 1988 -- 98 logo returned on the helmets , and would stay that way until 2013 , when they were replaced by the current Kings script . Since the 2010 -- 11 season , the Kings have also worn their classic purple and gold jerseys from the late 1970s as part of `` Legends Night '' on select home dates . Minor changes in the uniform include the NHL shield logo on the neck piping , as well as the use of the Reebok Edge design . Kings ' logos used from 1998 to 2011 . The shield logo ( left ) served as the team 's primary logo until 2002 , when the alternate crown logo was designated as the Kings ' primary logo . The shield logo was retained as the team 's alternate logo until 2011 . The Kings wore silver jerseys with white trim , black stripes and shoulder yoke during the 2014 NHL Stadium Series . The uniforms featured a metallic treatment of the alternate crown logo in front . The sleeve numbers were slightly tilted diagonally , while the back numbers were enlarged for visibility purposes . A new ' LA ' alternate logo was placed on the left shoulder yoke . For the 2015 Stadium Series , the Kings wore a tricolored jersey featuring the team 's silver , black and white colors . Both the sleeve and back numbers are enlarged , while white pants were used with this jersey . As part of the Kings ' 50th anniversary in the 2016 -- 17 season , the team will be wearing commemorative silver alternate jerseys with a black shoulder yoke and striping for every Saturday home game . The logos and lettering were accented with metallic gold , while a purple neckline featured five gold diamonds to symbolize the Kings ' original colors . Adidas signed an agreement with the NHL to be the official manufacturer of uniforms and licensed apparel for all teams , starting with the 2017 -- 18 season , replacing Reebok . The home and away uniforms that were debuted in the 2007 -- 08 season remained identical with the exception of the new Adidas ADIZERO template and the new collar . With the new collar , the NHL shield was moved to the front and center on a pentagon with a new `` Chrome Flex '' style . The waist stripes on the road white jersey became curved instead of being straight across . Mascot ( edit ) The mascot of the Kings since 2007 is Bailey , a 6 - foot lion ( 6 - foot 4 inches with mane included ) who wears No. 72 because it is the average temperature in Los Angeles . He was named in honor of Garnet `` Ace '' Bailey , who served Director of Pro Scouting for seven years before dying in the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks . Bailey is the second mascot , after Kingston the snow leopard in the early 1990s . Rivalries ( edit ) The Kings have developed strong rivalries with the two other Californian teams of the NHL , the Anaheim Ducks -- who also play in the Los Angeles metropolitan area , leading to the rivalry nickname `` Freeway Face - Off '' as both cities are separated by the Interstate 5 - and the San Jose Sharks -- which also showcases the contrast between Northern and Southern California . The Kings eliminated both teams during the 2014 Stanley Cup run , and have played outdoor games with them for the NHL Stadium Series , losing to the Ducks at Dodger Stadium in 2014 and beating the Sharks at Levi 's Stadium the following year . Season - by - season record ( edit ) List of the last five seasons completed by the Kings . For the full season - by - season history , see List of Los Angeles Kings seasons Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , OTL = Overtime losses / Shootout losses , Pts = Points , GF = Goals for , GA = Goals against Season GP OTL Pts GF GA Finish Playoffs 2013 -- 14 82 46 28 8 100 206 174 3rd , Pacific Stanley Cup champions , 4 -- 1 ( Rangers ) 2014 -- 15 82 40 27 15 95 220 205 4th , Pacific Did not qualify 2015 -- 16 82 48 28 6 102 225 195 2nd , Pacific Lost in First Round , 1 -- 4 ( Sharks ) 2016 -- 17 82 39 35 8 86 201 205 5th , Pacific Did not qualify 2017 -- 18 82 45 29 8 98 239 203 4th , Pacific Lost in First Round , 0 -- 4 ( Golden Knights ) Players and personnel ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) view talk Updated June 17 , 2018 # Nat Player Pos S / G Age Acquired Birthplace 7001780000000000000 ♠ 78 United States ! Brickley , Daniel Daniel Brickley 2.0 ! D 23 2018 Sandy , Utah 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 United States ! Brown , Dustin Dustin Brown 7.0 ! RW 33 2003 Ithaca , New York 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Slovakia ! Budaj , Peter Peter Budaj 1.0 ! G 35 2018 Banská Bystrica , Czechoslovakia 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 United States ! Campbell , Jack Jack Campbell 1.0 ! G 26 2016 Port Huron , Michigan 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 Canada ! Carter , Jeff Jeff Carter ( A ) 4.3 ! C / RW 33 2012 London , Ontario 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Canada ! Clifford , Kyle Kyle Clifford 6.0 ! LW 27 2009 Ayr , Ontario 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Canada ! Doughty , Drew Drew Doughty ( A ) 2.0 ! D 28 2008 London , Ontario 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Sweden ! Folin , Christian Christian Folin 2.0 ! D 27 2017 Kungsbacka , Sweden 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 United States ! Forbort , Derek Derek Forbort 2.0 ! D 26 Duluth , Minnesota 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 United States ! Gravel , Kevin Kevin Gravel 2.0 ! D 26 Kingsford , Michigan 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 United States ! Iafallo , Alex Alex Iafallo 6.2 ! LW / C 24 2017 Eden , New York 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Sweden ! Kempe , Adrian Adrian Kempe 6.0 ! LW 21 2014 Kramfors , Sweden 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Slovenia ! Kopitar , Anze Anze Kopitar ( C ) 4.0 ! C 30 2005 Jesenice , Yugoslavia 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 United States ! Lewis , Trevor Trevor Lewis 4.3 ! C / RW 31 2006 Salt Lake City , Utah 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 United States ! Martinez , Alec Alec Martinez 2.0 ! D 30 2007 Rochester Hills , Michigan 7001710000000000000 ♠ 71 Canada ! Mitchell , Torrey Torrey Mitchell 4.0 ! C 33 2017 Greenfield Park , Quebec 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Canada ! Muzzin , Jake Jake Muzzin 2.0 ! D 29 Woodstock , Ontario 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 Canada ! Pearson , Tanner Tanner Pearson 6.0 ! LW 25 2012 Kitchener , Ontario 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Canada ! Phaneuf , Dion Dion Phaneuf 2.0 ! D 33 2018 Edmonton , Alberta 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 United States ! Quick , Jonathan Jonathan Quick 1.0 ! G 32 2005 Milford , Connecticut 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 Canada ! Rempal , Sheldon Sheldon Rempal 7.0 ! RW 22 2018 Calgary , Alberta 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Germany ! Rieder , Tobias Tobias Rieder 7.2 ! RW / C 25 2018 Landshut , Germany 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 United States ! Thompson , Nate Nate Thompson 4.0 ! C 33 2018 Anchorage , Alaska 7001730000000000000 ♠ 73 Canada ! Toffoli , Tyler Tyler Toffoli 7.2 ! RW / C 26 Scarborough , Ontario Team captains ( edit ) Further information on team captains in ice hockey : Captain ( ice hockey ) Bob Wall , 1967 -- 1969 Larry Cahan , 1969 -- 1971 Bob Pulford , 1971 -- 1973 Terry Harper , 1973 -- 1975 Mike Murphy , 1975 -- 1981 Dave Lewis , 1981 -- 1983 Terry Ruskowski , 1983 -- 1985 Dave Taylor , 1985 -- 1989 Wayne Gretzky , 1989 -- 1996 Luc Robitaille , 1992 -- 1993 , 2006 Rob Blake , 1996 -- 2001 Mattias Norstrom , 2001 -- 2007 Rob Blake , 2007 -- 08 Dustin Brown , 2008 -- 2016 Anze Kopitar , 2016 -- present Head coaches ( edit ) Darryl Sutter was the head coach of the Kings from 2011 to 2017 . Red Kelly : 1967 -- 1969 Hal Laycoe : 1969 -- 1970 Johnny Wilson : 1969 -- 1970 Larry Regan : 1970 -- 1972 Fred Glover : 1971 -- 1972 Bob Pulford : 1972 -- 1977 Ron Stewart : 1977 -- 1978 Bob Berry : 1978 -- 1981 Parker MacDonald : 1981 -- 1982 Don Perry : 1982 -- 1984 Rogie Vachon ( interim ) * : 1984 Roger Neilson : 1984 Pat Quinn : 1984 -- 1987 Mike Murphy : 1987 -- 1988 Rogie Vachon ( interim ) : 1988 Robbie Ftorek : 1988 -- 1989 Tom Webster : 1989 -- 1992 Barry Melrose : 1992 -- 1995 Rogie Vachon ( interim ) : 1995 Larry Robinson : 1995 -- 1999 Andy Murray : 1999 -- 2006 John Torchetti ( interim ) * : 2006 Marc Crawford : 2006 -- 2008 Terry Murray : 2008 -- 2011 John Stevens ( interim ) * : 2011 Darryl Sutter : 2011 -- 2017 John Stevens : 2017 -- present * Rogie Vachon took over as interim head coach for the Kings on three different occasions , the first for two games in the middle of the 1983 -- 84 season after Don Perry was fired , then replaced by Roger Neilson . The second time was for one game in the middle of 1987 -- 88 season after Mike Murphy was fired , then replaced by Robbie Ftorek . The third occasion was for the final seven games in the 1994 -- 95 lockout - shortened season after Barry Melrose was fired , then replaced by Larry Robinson . In all those times , he returned to his duties in the Kings front office . * John Torchetti took over as interim head coach for the final twelve games of the 2005 -- 06 season after Andy Murray was fired . Torchetti was also fired at the end of the regular season and was replaced by Marc Crawford . * John Stevens took over as interim head coach for four games in the middle of the 2011 -- 12 season after Terry Murray was fired . He would return to his duties as assistant coach after Darryl Sutter was hired . Stevens would return again , this time as the permanent replacement for Sutter in 2017 . General managers ( edit ) Rob Blake is the present general manager for the Kings . He was named to the position in 2017 . Larry Regan : 1967 -- 1973 Jake Milford : 1973 -- 1977 George Maguire : 1977 -- 1984 Rogie Vachon : 1984 -- 1992 Nick Beverley : 1992 -- 1994 Sam McMaster : 1994 -- 1997 Dave Taylor : 1997 -- 2006 Dean Lombardi : 2006 -- 2017 Rob Blake : 2017 -- present Team owners ( edit ) Jack Kent Cooke : 1967 -- 1979 Jerry Buss : 1979 -- 1988 Bruce McNall : 1988 -- 1994 Joseph M. Cohen and Jeffery Sudikoff : 1994 -- 1995 Philip Anschutz and Edward Roski : 1995 -- present Team and League honors ( edit ) See also : List of Los Angeles Kings award winners Retired numbers ( edit ) Luc Robitaille 's number was retired by the Kings on January 20 , 2007 . He was later inducted in the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2009 . Los Angeles Kings retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure No. retirement Rob Blake 1990 -- 2001 2006 -- 2008 January 17 , 2015 16 Marcel Dionne 1975 -- 1987 November 8 , 1990 18 Dave Taylor RW 1977 -- 1994 April 3 , 1995 20 Luc Robitaille LW 1986 -- 1994 1997 -- 2001 2003 -- 2006 January 20 , 2007 30 Rogie Vachon 1972 -- 1978 February 14 , 1985 99 Wayne Gretzky 1988 -- 1996 October 9 , 2002 Notes : The NHL had retired Wayne Gretzky 's No. 99 for all its member teams at the 2000 NHL All - Star Game . Hall of famers ( edit ) The Los Angeles Kings presently acknowledge an affiliation with a number of inductees to the Hockey Hall of Fame . Inductees affiliated with the Kings include 17 former players and three builders of the sport . The three individuals recognized as builders by the Hall of Fame includes former Kings head coaches , and general managers . In addition to players and builders , athletic trainers were inducted into the Hall of Fame through the Professional Hockey Athletic Trainers Society , and the Society of Professional Hockey Equipment Managers . Two athletic trainers from the Kings organization were inducted into the Hall of Fame , Peter Demers in 2007 , and Mark O'Neill in 2016 . Three sports broadcasters for the Kings were also awarded the Foster Hewitt Memorial Award for their contribution to hockey broadcasting including Jiggs McDonald ( 1990 ) , Bob Miller ( 2000 ) , and Nick Nickson ( 2015 ) . In 2005 , Helene Elliott , a sportswriter for the Los Angeles Times was awarded the Elmer Ferguson Memorial Award for her contributions to sports journalism . Los Angeles Kings Hall of Fame inductees Affiliation with inductees based on team acknowledgement Hall of Fame players Rob Blake Harry Howell Luc Robitaille Paul Coffey Brian Kilrea Terry Sawchuk Marcel Dionne Jari Kurri Steve Shutt Dick Duff Larry Murphy Billy Smith Grant Fuhr Bob Pulford Rogie Vachon Wayne Gretzky Larry Robinson Hall of Fame builders Red Kelly Jake Milford Roger Neilson Franchise records ( edit ) Scoring leaders These are the top - ten point - scorers in franchise history . Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season . * -- current Kings player Note : Pos = Position ; GP = Games Played ; G = Goals ; A = Assists ; Pts = Points ; P / G = Points per game Points Player Pos GP Pts P / G Marcel Dionne 921 550 757 1,307 1.42 Luc Robitaille LW 1,079 557 597 1,154 1.07 Dave Taylor RW 1,111 431 638 1,069 . 96 Wayne Gretzky 539 246 672 918 1.70 Anze Kopitar * 922 290 538 828 . 90 Bernie Nicholls 602 327 431 758 1.26 Butch Goring 736 275 384 659 . 90 Dustin Brown * RW 1,045 260 307 567 . 54 Rob Blake 805 161 333 494 . 61 Jim Fox RW 578 186 293 479 . 83 Recording 10 shutouts during the 2011 -- 12 season , Jonathan Quick holds the franchise record for most shutouts in a season . Regular season records Most goals : Bernie Nicholls , 70 ( 1988 -- 89 ) Most assists : Wayne Gretzky , 122 ( 1990 -- 91 ) Most points : Wayne Gretzky , 168 ( 1988 -- 89 ) Most points in a game : Bernie Nicholls , 8 ( 1988 -- 89 ) Most penalty minutes : Marty McSorley , 399 ( 1992 -- 93 ) Most points , defenseman : Larry Murphy , 76 ( 1980 -- 81 ) Most points , rookie : Luc Robitaille , 84 ( 1986 -- 87 ) Most wins : Jonathan Quick , 40 ( 2015 -- 16 ) Most shutouts : Jonathan Quick , 10 ( 2011 -- 12 ) Team records Most points in a season : 105 ( 1974 -- 75 ) Most wins in a season : 48 ( 2015 -- 16 ) Longest winning streak : 9 ( 2009 -- 10 ) Broadcasters ( edit ) Daryl Evans is the Kings ' current radio color commentator . Main article : List of Los Angeles Kings broadcasters In 1973 , the Kings hired Bob Miller as their play - by - play announcer . Considered to be one of the finest hockey play - by - play announcers , Miller has held that post continuously since that time , and is often referred to as the Voice of the Kings . He received the Foster Hewitt Memorial Award from the NHL Hockey Broadcasters Association on November 13 , 2000 , making him a media honoree in the Hockey Hall of Fame , and he also earned a star in the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2006 . Miller has written two books about his experiences with the team , Bob Miller 's Tales of the Los Angeles Kings ( 2006 ) , and Tales From The Los Angeles Kings Locker Room : A Collection Of The Greatest Kings Stories Ever Told ( 2013 ) . On March 2 , 2017 , citing health reasons , Miller announced his retirement after 44 years with the team , and finished his career broadcasting the final two games of the 2016 -- 17 Kings season . NBCSN announcer Alex Faust was named Miller 's replacement broadcasting for the Kings on TV for the 2017 -- 18 season on June 1 , 2017 . Television : Fox Sports West and Prime Ticket Alex Faust -- play - by - play Jim Fox -- color commentator Patrick O'Neal -- Kings Live anchor Radio : KABC 790 Nick Nickson -- play - by - play Daryl Evans -- color commentator Public address : David Courtney 1989 -- 2012 Dave Joseph 2013 -- present Affiliate teams ( edit ) The Kings are currently affiliated with the Ontario Reign in the American Hockey League and the Manchester Monarchs in the ECHL . Previous affiliates included the Lowell Lock Monsters , Springfield Falcons , New Haven Nighthawks , Binghamton Dusters and Springfield Kings of the AHL ; Reading Royals in the ECHL ; Long Beach Ice Dogs , Phoenix Roadrunners and Utah Grizzlies in the International Hockey League ; and the Houston Apollos of the Central Hockey League . See also ( edit ) Ice hockey portal Los Angeles portal 1967 NHL expansion List of NHL players List of NHL seasons Staples Center References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Staff Directory '' ( PDF ) . 2017 -- 18 Los Angeles Kings Media Guide . NHL Enterprises , LP . September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 - 2018 Los Angeles Kings -- Greatest NHL Uniforms '' . GreatestNHLUniforms.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Continuing the retro rotation , the Kings went back to the colors that had the original purple : black and silver . Jump up ^ Ward , Doug ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Timeless Style '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises LP . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The National Hockey League Official Guide & Record Book / 2017 . Toronto , Ontario : Dan Diamond and Associates , Inc. 2016 . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 894801 - 31 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Gretzky 's trade to L.A. 25 years ago still creating ripple effect '' . The Hockey News . The Canadian Press . August 8 , 2013 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Kings Media Relations Department ( 1993 ) . 1993 -- 94 Kings Media Guide . Los Angeles Kings . p. 115 . Jump up ^ Donovan , Michael Leo ( 1997 ) . The Name Game : Football , Baseball , Hockey & Basketball How Your Favorite Sports Teams Were Named . Toronto : Warwick Publishing . ISBN 1 - 895629 - 74 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Los Angeles Kings Uniform History '' . Los Angeles Kings . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Crowe , Jerry ( November 30 , 2007 ) . `` Text Messages From Press Row '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Kings Media Relations Department ( 1997 ) . Los Angeles Kings 1997 -- 98 Media Guide . Los Angeles Kings . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Los Angeles Kings Media Relations Department ( 1997 ) . Los Angeles Kings 1997 -- 98 Media Guide . Los Angeles Kings . p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Los Angeles Kings Communications Department . 2007 -- 08 Los Angeles Kings Media Guide . p. 202 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Kings Communications Department . 2007 -- 08 Los Angeles Kings Media Guide . pp. 178 -- 187 . Jump up ^ Duhatschek , Eric ; et al. ( 2001 ) . Hockey Chronicles . New York City : Checkmark Books . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4697 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Los Angeles Kings Communications Department ( 2007 ) . 2007 -- 08 Los Angeles Kings Media Guide . Los Angeles Kings . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Matsuda , Gann ( November 8 , 2010 ) . `` Former LA Kings And Montreal Canadiens Great Rogie Vachon Still on the Outside Looking In '' . FrozenRoyalty.net/Gann Matsuda . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Kings Communications Department . 2007 -- 08 Los Angeles Kings Media Guide . p. 114 . Jump up ^ Matsuda , Gann ( February 24 , 2010 ) . `` `` Butch Goring Was The LA Kings ' First Star , Fan Favorite '' . FrozenRoyalty.net/Gann Matsuda . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Miller , Bob ; Schultz , Randy ( 2006 ) . Bob Miller 's Tales From The Los Angeles Kings . Champaign , Illinois : Sports Publishing , LLC . pp. 105 -- 109 . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 811 - 9 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Dave , ed. ( 2007 ) . National Hockey League Official Guide & Record Book 2008 . Triumph Books . p. 152 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60078 - 037 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Los Angeles Kings Communications Department . 2007 -- 08 Los Angeles Kings Media Guide . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` SPORTS PEOPLE ; ' Intolerable Position ' '' . New York Times . October 7 , 1987 . Retrieved March 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Kings Communications Department . 2007 -- 08 Los Angeles Kings Media Guide . p. 180 . Jump up ^ Crowe , Jerry ( December 7 , 1987 ) . `` Murphy Is Fired by Kings : Poor Record Cited ; New Haven Coach May Get the Job '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Dodds , Tracy ( May 3 , 1989 ) . `` Kings ' Success Does n't Save Ftorek 's Job : With Lack of Players ' Support , Controversial Coach Is Fired '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Playoff Games 1980s '' . Los Angeles Kings . Retrieved March 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Miller , Bob ; Schultz , Randy ( 2006 ) . Bob Miller 's Tales From The Los Angeles Kings . pp. 123 -- 127 . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 811 - 9 . Jump up ^ Zupke , Curtis ( January 19 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Long Read : Roots take hold in California '' . NHL.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roderick , Kevin ( December 2001 ) . `` The Big Chill '' . Los Angeles Magazine . Retrieved February 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` New Kings Coach Expects Great Things '' . Chicago Tribune . June 1 , 1989 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , Rick . `` Gretzky passes Howe as all - time scoring leader '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Springer , Steve ( March 30 , 1991 ) . `` Kings Clinch First Division Title '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Playoff Games 1990s '' . Los Angeles Kings . Retrieved March 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kings Get New Coach From Detroit System '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . June 26 , 1992 . Retrieved March 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sadowski , Rick ( 1993 ) . Los Angeles Kings : Hockeywood . Sagamore Publishing . p. 29 . ISBN 0 - 915611 - 87 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kalinowski , Mike ; Zager , et . al. , Jeremy . Los Angeles Kings 2013 -- 14 Media Guide . Los Angeles Kings . p. 131 . ^ Jump up to : Los Angeles Kings Communications Department . 2007 -- 08 Los Angeles Kings Media Guide . p. 203 . Jump up ^ Miller , Bob ; Schultz , Randy . Bob Miller 's Tales From The Los Angeles Kings . pp. 155 -- 160 . ^ Jump up to : Matsuda , Gann ( 2012 - 05 - 29 ) . `` Mystery , Intrigue Surrounding Former LA Kings Defenseman Marty McSorley 's Illegal Stick Likely To Live on For Eternity '' . FrozenRoyalty.net . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Miller , Bob ; Schultz , Randy . Bob Miller 's Tales From The Los Angeles Kings . pp. 160 -- 167 . Jump up ^ Fischler , Stan ( 1999 ) . Cracked Ice : An Insider 's Look at the NHL . Lincolnwood , Illinois : Masters Press . ISBN 1 - 57028 - 219 - 6 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Kings Communications Department ( 2002 ) . Los Angeles Kings 2002 -- 03 Media Guide . Los Angeles Kings . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Teaford , Elliott ( February 27 , 2001 ) . `` Trade Gives Kings What They Need '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dillman , Lisa ( October 6 , 1995 ) . `` Kings ' Sale Cleared by Bankruptcy Judge '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back at 1998 And `` The Hit '' `` . LAKings.com. 2012 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` L.A. Kings Fire Coach Robinson '' . CBS News . AP . April 19 , 1999 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` KINGS ALL - TIME ARENAS : 1967 -- PRESENT '' . Los Angeles Kings . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Kings Finish What They Started , 4 -- 3 ^ Jump up to : `` Playoff Games 2000s '' . Los Angeles Kings . Retrieved March 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Kings Communications Department . 2005 -- 06 Los Angeles Kings Media Guide . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Kings Communications Department . 2005 -- 06 Los Angeles Kings Media Guide . p. 205 . Jump up ^ `` One on One with Luc Robitaille '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . 2011 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Kinkopf , Alex ( 2014 - 10 - 29 ) . `` Lined up : Before the 70 's '' . LAKings.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Dan ( 22 November 2009 ) . `` Kings ' rebuilding plan ahead of schedule '' . Los Angeles Kings . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ LeBrun , Pierre ( 2010 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Stars are the difference for Canucks '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Thornton 's OT goal sends Sharks to first - round series win '' . ESPN . Associated Press . April 26 , 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Markazi , Arash ( June 7 , 2014 ) . `` These Kings built for Cup grind '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matsuda , Gann ( June 12 , 2012 ) . `` Los Angeles Kings Win 2012 Stanley Cup , Turning Dreams into Reality , The Unthinkable into Fact '' . Gann Matsuda / FrozenRoyalty.net . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dillman , Lisa ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Kings Win The Stanley Cup With 6 -- 1 Victory Over Devils '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kings , Quick agree in principle on 10 - year deal '' ( Press release ) . Los Angeles Kings . June 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Markazi , Arash ( January 13 , 2013 ) . `` Kings trade for Anthony Stewart '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Muir , Allan ( April 29 , 2013 ) . `` NHL playoffs preview : No. 4 St. Louis Blues vs. No. 5 Los Angeles Kings '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dater , Adrian ( May 11 , 2013 ) . `` NHL playoffs : L.A. Kings eliminate St. Louis Blues with 2 -- 1 victory in Game 6 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ LeBrun , Pierre ( June 8 , 2013 ) . `` Blackhawks Roll Right into A Finals Berth '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LA Kings Season in Review -- How Did We Get Here ? '' . NHL.com. April 21 , 2014 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kalinowski , Mike . Los Angeles Kings 2015 -- 16 Media Guide . Los Angeles Kings . p. 299 . Jump up ^ `` Blackhawks Eliminated in 5 -- 4 Loss to Kings '' . NBC Chicago . June 1 , 2014 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Montreal Canadiens ' playoff run ends with Game 6 loss to New York Rangers '' . National Post . May 29 , 2014 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Masisak , Corey ( June 14 , 2014 ) . `` Kings ' road to second Cup much harder than 2012 '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kings making history with comebacks '' . National Hockey League . June 8 , 2014 . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kings forward Williams wins Conn Smythe Trophy '' . National Hockey League . 2014 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Horgan , Colin ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` NHL Is Back -- And If The Kings Do n't Win , Someone Else in California Probably Will '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Michael ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Why Did The Kings Not Make The Playoffs ? '' . SunTimes Network . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2015 . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Five Reasons The Kings Did n't Make The Playoffs '' . National Hockey League . April 10 , 2015 . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dillman , Lisa ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Kings Eliminated From Playoff Contention With 3 -- 1 Loss To Flames '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gretz , Adam ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` Is This The End of the Line for the Los Angeles Kings ? '' . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Anze Kopitar is L.A. Kings ' new captain '' . Jump up ^ `` Kings get Ben Bishop from Tampa Bay in exchange for Peter Budaj '' . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Kings fire coach Darryl Sutter , general manager Dean Lombardi '' . Jump up ^ `` Kings hire John Stevens as coach '' . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Golden Knights take Brayden McNabb off Kings ' hands '' . Jump up ^ Peters , Chris ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` Manchester Monarchs to honor LA Kings ' infamous ' Burger King ' jerseys '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stein , Jeannine ( June 21 , 1998 ) . `` The Kings ' Purple Reign '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kings To Wear Alternate Jersey Final Time on Tuesday '' . Los Angeles Kings . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Los Angeles Kings Legends Night '' . Los Angeles Kings . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ducks , Kings unveil Stadium Series special jerseys '' . NHL . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kings unveil NHL Stadium Series uniform '' . NHL . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kings unveil 50th anniversary jersey '' . NHL . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NHL , adidas unveil uniforms '' . NHL . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Adidas Unveils A New Look for the NHL '' . SportsLogos.net . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Today in Kings History : September , LAKings.com Jump up ^ Arritt , Dan ( September 11 , 2011 ) . `` Ace Bailey still leaving gifts 10 years later '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Olson , Lisa ( June 7 , 2012 ) . `` Ace Bailey 's spirit lives on in hockey and the Los Angeles Kings '' . Sporting News . Jump up ^ Hammond , Rich ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` 10 Years Later : Memories of Kings Scouts Still Strong '' . Los Angeles Kings / NHL.com Network . ^ Jump up to : California Dreaming : The NHL Takes It Back Outside Jump up ^ `` Ducks - Kings Rivalry : Freeway Face - Off '' . Anaheim Ducks . November 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kings and Ducks take rivalry to higher level Jump up ^ San Jose Sharks and Los Angeles Kings not the friendliest rivalry Jump up ^ Los Angeles Kings Communications Department . 2007 -- 08 Los Angeles Kings Media Guide . pp. 140 -- 144 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Kings Roster '' . NHL.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Kings Hockey Transactions '' . TSN.ca . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robitaille served as captain to start the 1992 -- 93 season , while Gretzky was injured . Gretzky resumed his role as captain when he returned to the lineup . Robitaille again served as captain for the 2 final games of his career . Jump up ^ `` Anze Kopitar Named Kings ' New Team Captain '' . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Kalinowski , Mike ; Zager , Jeremy , et . al. Los Angeles Kings 2011 -- 12 Media Guide . Los Angeles Kings . pp. 230 -- 233 . Jump up ^ `` Perfect setting : Gretzky 's number retired before All - Star Game '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . February 6 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kings Communications Department ( 2017 ) . Kalinowski , Mike ; Fischermann , Eddie ; Moeller , Jeff ; Altieri , Michael ; Nickson , Nick ; Scheer , Erica , eds . `` Kings in the Hockey Hall of Fame '' ( PDF ) . LA Kings 2017 -- 18 Media Guide . Los Angeles Kings . p. 260 . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Professional Hockey Athletic Trainers Society / Society of Professional Hockey Equipment Managers '' . Hockey Hall of Fame and Museum . 2018 . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Foster Hewitt Memorial Award '' . Hockey Hall of Fame and Museum . 2018 . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Elmer Ferguson Memorial Award Winners '' . Hockey Hall of Fame and Museum . 2018 . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Kings Communications Department . 2007 -- 08 Los Angeles Kings Media Guide . p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` BOB MILLER RECEIVES STAR ON WALK OF FAME '' . Los Angeles Kings. 2006 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller , Bob ; Schultz , Randy . Bob Miller 's Tales of the Los Angeles Kings . Jump up ^ Matsuda , Gann ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` Hall of Fame Announcer Bob Miller Publishes New Book About LA Kings 2012 Stanley Cup Run -- Book Signing Events '' . FrozenRoyalty.net/Gann Matsuda . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Jon ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Bob Miller To Retire : Will Broadcast Final Two Regular Season Games '' . Los Angeles Kings . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Faust Named New LA Kings Play - by - Play Announcer '' . Los Angeles Kings . June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Your In - Arena Personalities '' . Los Angeles Kings. 2013 . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` KINGS ALL - TIME MINOR LEAGUE AFFILIATES 1967 -- PRESENT '' . LAKings.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 31 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Los Angeles Kings . Official website Los Angeles Kings Founded in 1967 Based in Los Angeles , California Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks ( Expansion draft ) Seasons Current season History History 1967 expansion Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owners Philip Anschutz Ed Roski Jr . General manager Rob Blake Head coach John Stevens Team captain Anze Kopitar Current roster Arenas Long Beach Arena Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena The Forum Staples Center Rivalries Anaheim Ducks San Jose Sharks Affiliates AHL Ontario Reign ECHL Manchester Monarchs Media Broadcasters TV : FSN West / Prime Ticket Radio : KABC ( 790 AM ) Culture and lore I Love L.A. 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About Wikipedia	when did los angeles kings win the stanley cup	[ "\n\nLos Angeles Kings\n\n\n 2018–19 Los Angeles Kings season\n\n\n\n\n\nConference\nWestern\n\n\nDivision\nPacific\n\n\nFounded\n1967\n\n\nHistory\nLos Angeles Kings\n1967–present\n\n\nHome arena\nStaples Center\n\n\nCity\nLos Angeles, California\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nColors\nSilver, black, white[1][2][3]\n \n\n\nMedia\nFS West\nPrime Ticket\nMy13\nKABC (790 AM)\nUnivision Deportes (1020 AM)\n\n\nOwner(s)\nLos Angeles Kings Hockey Club, L.P., an AEG company\n(Philip Anschutz, chairman)\n\n\nGeneral manager\nRob Blake\n\n\nHead coach\nJohn Stevens\n\n\nCaptain\nAnze Kopitar\n\n\nMinor league affiliates\nOntario Reign (AHL)\nManchester Monarchs (ECHL)\n\n\nStanley Cups\n2 (2011–12, 2013–14)\n\n\nConference championships\n3 (1992–93, 2011–12, 2013–14)\n\n\nPresidents' Trophy\n0\n\n\nDivision championships\n1 (1990–91)\n\n\nOfficial website\nnhl.com/kings\n\n", "\n\nLos Angeles Kings\n\n\n 2018–19 Los Angeles Kings season\n\n\n\n\n\nConference\nWestern\n\n\nDivision\nPacific\n\n\nFounded\n1967\n\n\nHistory\nLos Angeles Kings\n1967–present\n\n\nHome arena\nStaples Center\n\n\nCity\nLos Angeles, California\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nColors\nSilver, black, white[1][2][3]\n \n\n\nMedia\nFS West\nPrime Ticket\nMy13\nKABC (790 AM)\nUnivision Deportes (1020 AM)\n\n\nOwner(s)\nLos Angeles Kings Hockey Club, L.P., an AEG company\n(Philip Anschutz, chairman)\n\n\nGeneral manager\nRob Blake\n\n\nHead coach\nJohn Stevens\n\n\nCaptain\nAnze Kopitar\n\n\nMinor league affiliates\nOntario Reign (AHL)\nManchester Monarchs (ECHL)\n\n\nStanley Cups\n2 (2011–12, 2013–14)\n\n\nConference championships\n3 (1992–93, 2011–12, 2013–14)\n\n\nPresidents' Trophy\n0\n\n\nDivision championships\n1 (1990–91)\n\n\nOfficial website\nnhl.com/kings\n\n" ]	[ "2011–12", "2013–14" ]
2052372749048969503	Eagles (band)	Eagles ( band ) - wikipedia Eagles ( band ) `` The Eagles '' redirects here . For other uses , see Eagles ( disambiguation ) . Eagles The Eagles in 2008 during their Long Road Out of Eden Tour ( left to right ) : Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Joe Walsh , Timothy B. Schmit ( behind them is touring drummer Scott F. Crago ) Background information Origin Los Angeles , California , U.S. Genres Rock country rock soft rock folk rock Years active 1971 -- 1980 1994 -- 2016 2017 -- present Labels Asylum Geffen Polydor Lost Highway Associated acts Linda Ronstadt J.D. Souther Jackson Browne James Gang Barnstorm Poco Longbranch Pennywhistle the Flying Burrito Brothers Website eagles.com Members Don Henley Joe Walsh Timothy B. Schmit Past members Glenn Frey Bernie Leadon Randy Meisner Don Felder The Eagles are an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1971 . The founding members were Glenn Frey ( guitars , vocals ) , Don Henley ( drums , vocals ) , Bernie Leadon ( guitars , vocals ) and Randy Meisner ( bass guitar , vocals ) . With five number - one singles , six Grammy Awards , five American Music Awards , and six number - one albums , the Eagles were one of the most successful musical acts of the 1970s . At the end of the 20th century , two of their albums , Their Greatest Hits ( 1971 -- 1975 ) and Hotel California , were ranked among the 20 best - selling albums in the United States according to the Recording Industry Association of America . Hotel California is ranked 37th in Rolling Stone 's list of `` The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' and the band was ranked number 75 on the magazine 's 2004 list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time . The Eagles are one of the world 's best - selling bands in history , having sold more than 150 million records -- 100 million in the U.S. alone -- including 42 million copies of Their Greatest Hits ( 1971 -- 1975 ) and 32 million copies of Hotel California . Their Greatest Hits ( 1971 -- 1975 ) was the best selling album of the 20th century in the U.S. They are the fifth - highest - selling music act and the highest - selling American band in U.S. history . The band released their debut album , Eagles , in 1972 , which spawned three top 40 singles : `` Take It Easy '' , `` Witchy Woman '' , and `` Peaceful Easy Feeling '' . Their next album , Desperado ( 1973 ) , was less successful than the first , only reaching number 41 on the charts ; neither of its singles reached the top 40 . However , the album does contain what would go on to be two of the band 's most popular tracks : `` Desperado '' and `` Tequila Sunrise '' . The band released On the Border in 1974 , adding guitarist Don Felder as the fifth member midway through the recording of the album . The album generated two top 40 singles : `` Already Gone '' and their first number one , `` Best of My Love '' . Their 1975 album One of These Nights included three top 10 singles : `` One of These Nights '' , `` Lyin ' Eyes '' , and `` Take It to the Limit '' , the first hitting the top of the charts . Guitarist and vocalist Joe Walsh also joined the band in 1975 replacing Leadon . The Eagles continued that success and hit their commercial peak in late 1976 with the release of Hotel California , which would go on to sell more than 16 million copies in the U.S. alone and more than 32 million copies worldwide . The album yielded two number - one singles , `` New Kid in Town '' and `` Hotel California '' . Meisner left the band in 1977 and was replaced by Timothy B. Schmit . They released their last studio album for nearly 28 years in 1979 with The Long Run , which spawned three top 10 singles : `` Heartache Tonight '' , `` The Long Run '' , and `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' , the lead single being another chart - topping hit . The Eagles disbanded in July 1980 but reunited in 1994 for the album Hell Freezes Over , a mix of live and new studio tracks . They toured consistently and were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998 . In 2007 , the Eagles released Long Road Out of Eden , their first full studio album in 28 years and their sixth number - one album . The next year they launched the Long Road Out of Eden Tour in support of the album . In 2013 , they began the extended History of the Eagles Tour in conjunction with the band 's documentary release , History of the Eagles . Following the death of Frey in January 2016 , Henley stated in several interviews that he did not think the band would perform again . However , the Eagles continued performing in 2017 with guest musicians Deacon Frey ( son of Glenn ) and Vince Gill . Contents 1 History 1.1 1971 -- 1973 : Formation and early releases 1.2 1973 -- 1975 : On the Border and One of These Nights 1.3 1975 -- 1977 : Major success with Hotel California 1.4 1977 -- 1980 : The Long Run , breakup 1.5 1980 -- 1994 : Hiatus 1.6 1994 -- 2001 : Reunion , Hell Freezes Over 1.7 2001 -- 2007 : Don Felder sues , hiatus 1.8 2007 -- 2013 : Long Road Out of Eden world tour 1.9 2013 -- present : History of the Eagles documentary and tour , death of Glenn Frey 2 Musical style 3 Band members 4 Discography 5 Awards and honors 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History 1971 -- 1973 : formation and early releases The Eagles began in early 1971 , when Linda Ronstadt and her then - manager John Boylan recruited local musicians Glenn Frey and Don Henley for her band . Henley had moved to Los Angeles from Texas with his band Shiloh to record an album produced by Kenny Rogers , and Frey had come from Michigan and formed Longbranch Pennywhistle ; they had met in 1970 at The Troubadour in Los Angeles and became acquainted through their mutual record label , Amos Records . Randy Meisner , who had been working with Ricky Nelson 's backing band , the Stone Canyon Band , and Bernie Leadon , a veteran of the Flying Burrito Brothers , also later joined Ronstadt 's group of performers for her summer tour promoting the Silk Purse album . While on the tour , Frey and Henley decided to form a band together and informed Ronstadt of their intention . Frey later credited Ronstadt with suggesting Leadon for the band , and arranging for Leadon to play for her so Frey and Henley could approach him about forming a band together . They also pitched the idea to Meisner and brought him on board . These four played live together behind Ronstadt only once for a July concert at Disneyland , but all four appeared on her eponymous album . It was later proposed that J.D. Souther should join the band , but Meisner objected . The four were signed in September 1971 to Asylum Records , the new label started by David Geffen , who was introduced to Frey by Jackson Browne . Geffen bought out Frey 's and Henley 's contracts with Amos Records , and sent the four to Aspen , Colorado to develop as a band . Having not settled on a band name yet , they performed their first show in October 1971 under the name of Teen King and the Emergencies at a club called The Gallery in Aspen . Don Felder credited Leadon with originating the name of Eagles for the band during a peyote and tequila - influenced group outing in the Mojave Desert , when he recalled reading about the Hopis ' reverence for the eagle . Accounts however vary , and J.D. Souther suggested that the idea came when Frey shouted out , `` Eagles ! '' when they saw eagles flying above . Steve Martin , a friend of the band from their early days at The Troubadour , recounts in his autobiography that he suggested that they should be referred to as `` the Eagles , '' but Frey insists that the group 's name is simply `` Eagles . '' Geffen and partner Elliot Roberts initially managed the band ; they were later replaced by Irving Azoff while the Eagles were recording their third album . `` Take It Easy '' The first hit of the Eagles , `` Take It Easy . '' The band became noted as a harmony - singing country rock band in their early years . Here Frey sings lead vocals and Meisner on harmonies , with the rest of the band joining in later . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The group 's eponymous debut album was recorded in England in February 1972 with producer Glyn Johns . Johns was impressed by the harmony singing of the band , and he has been credited with shaping the band into `` the country - rock band with those high - flyin ' harmonies . '' Released on June 1 , 1972 , Eagles was a breakthrough success , yielding three Top 40 singles . The first single and lead track , `` Take It Easy , '' was a song written by Frey with his then - neighbor and fellow country - folk rocker Jackson Browne . Browne had written the first verse of the song , but got stalled on the second verse after the line `` I 'm standing on a corner in Winslow , Arizona . '' Frey completed the verse with `` Such a fine sight to see , It 's a girl , my Lord , in a flatbed Ford , slowin ' down to take a look at me , '' and Browne carried on to finish the song . The song reached number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 and propelled the Eagles to stardom . The single was followed by the bluesy `` Witchy Woman '' and the soft country rock ballad `` Peaceful Easy Feeling , '' charting at number 9 and number 22 respectively . The group supported the album with a US tour as the opening act for Yes . Their second album , Desperado , took Old West outlaws for its theme , drawing comparisons between their lifestyles and modern rock stars . This album was the first to showcase the group 's penchant for conceptual songwriting . It was during these recording sessions Henley and Frey first began writing together . They co-wrote eight of the album 's eleven songs , including `` Tequila Sunrise '' and `` Desperado , '' two of the group 's most popular songs . The bluegrass songs `` Twenty - One , '' `` Doolin -- Dalton , '' and the ballad `` Saturday Night '' showcase guitarist Bernie Leadon 's abilities on the banjo , guitar , and mandolin . The story of the notorious Wild West `` Doolin -- Dalton '' gang is the main thematic focus of the album , as seen in the songs `` Doolin -- Dalton , '' `` Desperado , '' `` Certain Kind of Fool , '' `` Outlaw Man , '' and `` Bitter Creek . '' The album was less successful than the group 's first , reaching only number 41 on the US Billboard 200 and yielding two singles , `` Tequila Sunrise , '' which reached number 61 on the Billboard Hot 100 and `` Outlaw Man , '' which peaked at number 59 . With Henley and Frey co-writing the bulk of the album -- a pattern that would continue for years to come -- the album marked a significant change for the band . The pair also began to dominate in terms of leadership ; the early assumption had been that Leadon and Meisner as veteran musicians would have a greater influence on the band . 1973 -- 1975 : on the Border and one of These Nights For their next album , On the Border , Henley and Frey wanted the band to break away from the country rock style and move more towards hard rock . The Eagles initially started with Glyn Johns as the producer for this album , but he tended to emphasize the lush side of their double - edged music . After completing only two usable songs , the band turned to Bill Szymczyk to produce the rest of the album . Szymczyk wanted a harder - edged guitarist for the song `` Good Day in Hell '' and the band remembered Bernie Leadon 's childhood friend Don Felder , a guitarist who had jammed backstage with the band in 1972 when they opened for Yes in Boston . Felder had been nicknamed `` Fingers '' at the jam by Frey , a name that stuck due to his guitar proficiency . In January 1974 , Frey called Felder to add slide guitar to the song `` Good Day in Hell '' and the band was so impressed that they invited him to join the group as the fifth Eagle the next day . He appeared on one other song on the album , the uptempo breakup song `` Already Gone , '' on which he performed a guitar duet with Frey . `` Already Gone '' was released as the first single from the album and it reached number 32 on the charts . On the Border yielded a number 1 Billboard single ( `` Best of My Love '' ) , which hit the top of the charts on March 1 , 1975 . The song was the Eagles ' first of five chart toppers . The album included a cover version of the Tom Waits song `` Ol ' ' 55 '' and the single `` James Dean , '' which reached number 77 on the charts . The band played at the California Jam festival in Ontario , California on April 6 , 1974 . Attracting more than 300,000 fans and billed as `` the Woodstock of the West Coast , '' the festival featured Black Sabbath , Emerson , Lake & Palmer , Deep Purple , Earth , Wind & Fire , Seals & Crofts , Black Oak Arkansas , and Rare Earth . Portions of the show were telecast on ABC television in the United States , exposing the Eagles to a wider audience . Felder missed the show when he was called away to attend the birth of his son ; Jackson Browne filled in for him on piano and acoustic guitar . The Eagles released their fourth studio album , One of These Nights , on June 10 , 1975 . A breakthrough album for the Eagles , making them international superstars , it was the first in a string of four consecutive number 1 albums . The dominant songwriting partnership of Henley and Frey continued on this album . The first single was the title track , which became their second consecutive chart topper . Frey has said it is his all - time favorite Eagles tune . The second single was `` Lyin ' Eyes , '' which reached number 2 on the charts and won the band their first Grammy for `` Best Pop Performance by a duo or group with vocal . '' The final single , `` Take It to the Limit , '' was written by Meisner , Henley , and Frey , and it is the only Eagles single to feature Meisner on lead vocals . The song reached number 4 on the charts . The band launched a huge worldwide tour in support of the album , and the album was nominated for a Grammy award for Album of the Year . The group was featured on the cover of the September 25 , 1975 issue of Rolling Stone magazine and on September 28 , the band joined Linda Ronstadt , Jackson Browne , and Toots and the Maytals for a show in front of 55,000 people at Anaheim Stadium . One of These Nights was their last album to feature founding member Bernie Leadon . Leadon wrote or co-wrote three songs for the album , including `` I Wish You Peace , '' written with girlfriend Patti Davis ( daughter of California governor Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan ) ; and the instrumental `` Journey of the Sorcerer , '' which would later be used as the theme music for the BBC 's radio and television versions of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy . Leadon was disillusioned with the direction the band 's music was taking and his loss of creative control as their sound was moving from his preferred country to rock and roll . His dissatisfaction , principally with Frey , boiled over one night when Frey was talking animatedly about the direction they should take next , and Leadon poured a beer over Frey 's head , and said : `` You need to chill out , man ! '' On December 20 , 1975 , after months of denials , it was announced that Leadon had left the band . 1975 -- 1977 : major success with Hotel California `` Hotel California '' After Bernie Leadon left , little country influence remained in the Eagles ' next album which became more rock . Here Felder and Walsh play guitars on `` Hotel California '' with Henley on lead vocals . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Leadon 's replacement , officially announced on December 20 , 1975 , was guitarist , singer , and keyboardist Joe Walsh , who had been a friend of the band for some years . He had previously performed with James Gang , Barnstorm , and as a solo artist ; he was also managed by Azoff and used Szymczyk as his record producer . There was some initial concern as to Walsh 's ability to fit in with the band , as he was considered too `` wild '' for the Eagles , especially by Henley . After the departure of Leadon , the Eagles ' early country sound almost completely disappeared , with the band employing a harder sound with the addition of Felder and Walsh ; however , Felder also had to play banjo , pedal steel and mandolin on future tours , something that had previously been Leadon 's domain . In early 1976 , the band released their first compilation album , Their Greatest Hits ( 1971 -- 1975 ) . The album became the highest - selling album of the 20th century in the United States , and has since sold 29 million copies in the U.S. and 42 million copies worldwide . It stayed the biggest seller of all time until it was taken over by Michael Jackson 's Thriller following the artist 's death in 2009 . The album cemented the group 's status as the most successful American band of the decade . The following album , Hotel California , released on December 8 , 1976 , was the band 's fifth studio album and the first to feature Walsh . The album took a year and a half to complete , a process which , along with touring , drained the band . The album 's first single , `` New Kid in Town , '' became the Eagles ' third number - one single . The second single was the title track , which topped the charts in May 1977 and became the Eagles ' signature song . It features Henley on lead vocals , with a guitar duet performed by Felder and Walsh . The song was written by Felder , Henley , and Frey , with Felder writing all the music . The mysterious lyrics have been interpreted in many ways , some of them controversial . Rumors even started in certain quarters that the song was about Satanism . The rumor was dismissed by the band and later by Henley in the documentary film History of the Eagles . Henley told 60 Minutes in 2007 that `` it 's basically a song about the dark underbelly of the American Dream and about excess in America , which was something we knew about . '' With its hard rock sound , `` Life in the Fast Lane '' was also a major success that established Walsh 's position in the band . The third and final single from Hotel California , it reached number 11 on the charts . The ballad `` Wasted Time '' closes the first side of the album , while an instrumental reprise of it opens the second side . The album concludes with `` The Last Resort , '' a song that Frey once referred to as `` Henley 's opus , '' but which Henley described as `` fairly pedestrian '' and `` never fully realized , musically speaking . '' The run - out groove on side two has the words `` V.O.L. Is Five - Piece Live '' etched into the vinyl , which means that the instrumental track for the song `` Victim of Love '' was recorded live in the studio , with no overdubs . Henley confirms this in the liner notes of The Very Best Of . However , the song was a point of contention between Don Felder and the rest of the band . In the 2013 documentary , Felder claimed that he had been promised the lead vocal on `` Victim of Love , '' for which he had written most of the music . After many unproductive attempts to record Felder 's vocal , band manager Irving Azoff was delegated to take Felder out for a meal , removing him from the mix while Don Henley overdubbed his lead vocal . Hotel California appeared at number 37 on Rolling Stone 's list of the best albums of all time , and is the band 's best - selling studio album , with more than 17 million copies sold in the U.S. alone and more than 32 million copies worldwide . The album won Grammys for `` Record of the Year '' ( `` Hotel California '' ) and `` Best Arrangement for Voices '' ( `` New Kid in Town '' ) . Hotel California topped the charts and was nominated for Album of the Year at the 1978 Grammy Awards , but lost to Fleetwood Mac 's Rumours . The huge worldwide tour in support of the album further drained the band members and strained their personal and creative relationships . `` Take It to the Limit '' The climax of `` Take It to the Limit '' at a concert in 1976 ( from Eagles Live ) . Meisner 's reluctance to sing the song , in part due to concerns over not hitting the high notes , led to disputes and eventually his departure from the band . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Hotel California is the last album to feature founding member Randy Meisner , who abruptly left the band after the 1977 tour . The Eagles had been touring continuously for eleven months ; the band was suffering from the strain of the tour , and Meisner 's stomach ulcers had flared up by the time they arrived in Knoxville in June 1977 . Meisner had been struggling to hit the crucial high notes in his signature song , `` Take It To the Limit , '' and was unwilling to perform the song , Frey and Meisner then became engaged in arguments about Meisner 's reluctance to perform . Meisner decided to not sing the song as an encore at the Knoxville concert because he had been up late and caught the flu . Frey and Meisner then got into an angry physical confrontation backstage , and Meisner left the venue . After the incident , Meisner was frozen out from the band , and he decided to leave the group at the end of the tour and return to Nebraska to be with his family . His last performance was in East Troy , Wisconsin on September 3 , 1977 . The band replaced Meisner with the same musician who had succeeded him in Poco , Timothy B. Schmit , after agreeing that Schmit was the only candidate . In 1977 , the group , minus Don Felder , performed instrumental work and backing vocals for Randy Newman 's album Little Criminals , including `` Short People , '' which has backup vocals by Frey and Schmit . 1977 -- 1980 : the Long Run , breakup The Eagles went into the recording studio in 1977 to begin work on their next album , The Long Run . The album took two years to complete . It was originally intended to be a double album , but the band members were unable to write enough songs . The Long Run was released on September 24 , 1979 . Considered a disappointment by some critics for failing to live up to Hotel California , it proved a huge commercial hit nonetheless ; the album topped the charts and sold seven million copies . In addition , it included three Top 10 singles . `` Heartache Tonight '' became their last single to top the Hot 100 , on November 10 , 1979 . The title track and `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' both reached number 8 . The band won their fourth Grammy for `` Heartache Tonight . '' `` In The City '' by Walsh and `` The Sad Cafe '' became live staples . The band also recorded two Christmas songs during these sessions , `` Funky New Year '' and `` Please Come Home for Christmas , '' which was released as a single in 1978 and reached number 18 on the charts . Frey , Henley and Schmit contributed backup vocals for the single release of `` Look What You 've Done to Me '' by Boz Scaggs . A different version with female backing vocals appears on the Urban Cowboy soundtrack , along with the Eagles ' 1975 hit `` Lyin ' Eyes . '' On July 31 , 1980 , in Long Beach , California , tempers boiled over into what has been described as the `` Long Night at Wrong Beach . '' The animosity between Felder and Frey boiled over before the show began , when Felder said , `` You 're welcome -- I guess '' to California Senator Alan Cranston 's wife as the politician was thanking the band backstage for performing a benefit for his reelection . Frey and Felder spent the entire show telling each other about the beating each planned to administer backstage . `` Only three more songs until I kick your ass , pal , '' Frey recalled Felder telling him near the end of the band 's set . Felder recalls Frey telling him during `` Best of My Love , '' `` I 'm gon na kick your ass when we get off the stage . '' It appeared to be the end of the Eagles , but the band still had a commitment with Elektra Records to make a live record from the tour . Eagles Live ( released in November 1980 ) was mixed on opposite coasts . Frey had already left the band and would remain in Los Angeles , while the other band members each worked on their parts in Miami . `` We were fixing three - part harmonies courtesy of Federal Express , '' said producer Bill Szymczyk . Frey refused to speak to the other Eagles , and he fired Irving Azoff as his manager . With credits that listed five attorneys , the album 's liner notes simply said , `` Thank you and goodnight . '' A single released from the album -- `` Seven Bridges Road '' -- had been a live concert staple for the band . It was written by Steve Young in an arrangement created by Iain Matthews for his Valley Hi album in 1973 . The song reached number 21 on the charts in 1980 , becoming the Eagles ' last Top 40 single until 1994 . 1980 -- 1994 : hiatus After the Eagles broke up , the former members pursued solo careers . Elektra , the band 's long - time record label , owned the rights to solo albums created by members of the Eagles ( though several of them moved to different labels in ensuing years ) . Walsh had established himself as a solo artist in the 1970s , before and during his time with the Eagles , but it was uncharted waters for the others . Walsh released a successful album in 1981 , There Goes the Neighborhood , but subsequent albums throughout the 1980s , such as Got Any Gum ? were less well received . During this period Walsh performed as a session musician for Dan Fogelberg , Steve Winwood , John Entwistle , Richard Marx and Emerson , Lake & Palmer , among others , and produced and co-wrote Ringo Starr 's Old Wave album . Henley achieved arguably the greatest commercial solo success of any former Eagle . In 1981 , he sang a duet with Stevie Nicks of Fleetwood Mac fame , `` Leather and Lace . '' In 1982 , he released I Ca n't Stand Still , featuring the hit `` Dirty Laundry . '' This album would pale in comparison to his next release , Building the Perfect Beast ( 1984 ) , which features the classic rock radio staples `` The Boys of Summer '' ( a Billboard number 5 hit ) , `` All She Wants to Do Is Dance '' ( number 9 ) , `` Not Enough Love in the World '' ( number 34 ) and `` Sunset Grill '' ( number 22 ) . Henley 's next album , The End of the Innocence ( 1989 ) , was also a major success . It includes `` The End of the Innocence , '' `` The Last Worthless Evening '' and `` The Heart of the Matter . '' His solo career was cut short due to a contract dispute with his record company , which was finally resolved when the Eagles reunited in 1994 . Frey also achieved solo success in the 1980s . In 1982 , he released his first album , No Fun Aloud , which spawned the number 15 hit , `` The One You Love . '' The Allnighter ( 1984 ) featured the number 20 hit `` Sexy Girl . '' He reached number 2 on the charts with `` The Heat Is On '' from the Beverly Hills Cop soundtrack . He had another number 2 single in 1985 with `` You Belong to the City '' from the Miami Vice soundtrack , which featured another Frey song , `` Smuggler 's Blues . '' He appeared as `` Jimmy '' in the episode titled after the song and contributed riffs to the episode 's soundtrack . He also contributed the songs `` Flip City '' to the Ghostbusters II soundtrack and `` Part of Me , Part of You '' to the soundtrack for Thelma & Louise . Music writer turned filmmaker Cameron Crowe , an Eagles fan , had written articles about Poco and the Eagles during his journalism career . In 1982 his first screenplay was produced as the feature - length movie Fast Times at Ridgemont High . The film was co-produced by Eagles manager Azoff , who also co-produced the soundtrack album , released by Elektra . Henley , Walsh , Schmit and Felder all contributed solo songs to the film 's soundtrack . The band playing at the dance toward the end of the movie covers the Eagles song `` Life in the Fast Lane . '' Felder also released a solo album and contributed two songs to the soundtrack of the movie Heavy Metal : `` Heavy Metal ( Takin ' a Ride ) '' ( with Henley and Schmit providing backing vocals ) and `` All of You . '' He also had a minor hit called `` Bad Girls '' off his solo album Airborne . Schmit had a prolific solo career after the band 's initial breakup . He had a hit song on the Fast Times at Ridgemont High soundtrack with `` So Much in Love . '' He contributed vocals to the Crosby , Stills & Nash album Daylight Again on the songs `` Southern Cross '' and `` Wasted on the Way '' when that band needed an extra vocalist due to David Crosby 's drug overindulgence . Schmit sang backup vocals on Toto 's Toto IV album , including the song `` I Wo n't Hold You Back '' and appeared with the group on their 1982 European tour . He spent three years ( 1983 -- 1985 ) as a member of Jimmy Buffett 's Coral Reefer band and coined the term `` Parrotheads '' for Buffett 's die - hard fans . He had a Top 40 solo hit in 1987 with `` Boys ' Night Out '' and a top - 30 Adult Contemporary hit with `` Do n't Give Up , '' both from his album Timothy B. Schmit appeared with Meisner and Walsh on Richard Marx 's debut single `` Do n't Mean Nothing . '' In 1992 , Schmit and Walsh toured as members of Ringo Starr 's All - Starr Band and appeared on the live video from the Montreux Jazz Festival . Schmit released two solo albums , Playin ' It Cool in 1984 and Tell Me the Truth in 1990 . He was the only Eagle to appear on the 1993 Eagles tribute album Common Thread : The Songs of the Eagles , singing backing vocals on Vince Gill 's cover of `` I Ca n't Tell You Why . '' Meisner hit the top 40 three times , including the number 19 `` Hearts on Fire '' in 1981 . 1994 -- 2001 : reunion , Hell Freezes over An Eagles country tribute album , titled Common Thread : The Songs of the Eagles , was released in 1993 , 13 years after the breakup . Travis Tritt insisted on having the Long Run - era Eagles in his video for `` Take It Easy '' and they agreed . Following years of public speculation , the band formally reunited the following year . The lineup comprised the five Long Run - era members -- Frey , Henley , Walsh , Felder , and Schmit -- supplemented by Scott Crago ( drums ) , John Corey ( keyboards , guitar , backing vocals ) , Timothy Drury ( keyboards , guitar , backing vocals ) , and former Loggins and Messina sideman Al Garth ( sax , violin ) on stage . `` For the record , we never broke up , we just took a 14 - year vacation , '' announced Frey at their first live performance in April 1994 . The ensuing tour spawned a live album titled Hell Freezes Over ( named for Henley 's recurring statement that the group would get back together `` when hell freezes over '' ) , which debuted at number 1 on the Billboard album chart . It included four new studio songs , with `` Get Over It '' and `` Love Will Keep Us Alive '' both becoming Top 40 hits . The album proved as successful as the tour , selling six million copies in the U.S. The tour was interrupted in September 1994 because of Frey 's serious recurrence of diverticulitis , but it resumed in 1995 and continued into 1996 . In 1998 , the Eagles were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . For the induction ceremony , all seven Eagles members ( Frey , Henley , Felder , Walsh , Schmit , Leadon , and Meisner ) played together for two songs , `` Take It Easy '' and `` Hotel California . '' Several subsequent reunion tours followed ( without Leadon or Meisner ) , notable for their record - setting ticket prices . The Eagles performed at the Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas on December 28 and 29 , 1999 , followed by a concert at the Staples Center in Los Angeles on December 31 . These concerts marked the last time Felder played with the band and the shows ( including a planned video release ) would later form a part of a lawsuit filed by Felder against his former band mates . The concert recordings were released on CD as part of the four - disc Selected Works : 1972 -- 1999 box set in November 2000 . Along with the concert , this set included the band 's hit singles , album tracks and outtakes from The Long Run sessions . Selected Works received platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in 2002 . The group resumed touring in 2001 , with a line - up consisting of Frey , Henley , Walsh , and Schmit , along with Steuart Smith ( guitars , mandolin , keyboards , backing vocals ; essentially taking over Felder 's role ) , Michael Thompson ( keyboards , trombone ) , Will Hollis ( keyboards , backing vocals ) , Scott Crago ( drums , percussion ) , Bill Armstrong ( Horns ) , Al Garth ( sax , violin ) , Christian Mostert ( sax ) , and Greg Smith ( sax , percussion ) . 2001 -- 2007 : Don Felder sues , hiatus On February 6 , 2001 , Don Felder was fired from the Eagles . He responded by filing two lawsuits against `` Eagles , Ltd. , '' a California corporation ; Don Henley , an individual ; Glenn Frey , an individual ; and `` Does 1 -- 50 , '' alleging wrongful termination , breach of implied - in - fact contract and breach of fiduciary duty , reportedly seeking $50 million in damages . Felder alleged that from the 1994 Hell Freezes Over tour onward , Henley and Frey had . `` ... insisted that they each receive a higher percentage of the band 's profits ... , '' whereas the money had previously been split in five equal portions . Felder accused them of coercing him into signing an agreement under which Henley and Frey would receive three times as much of the Selected Works : 1972 -- 1999 proceeds . On behalf of Henley and Frey , attorney Daniel M. Petrocelli responded by saying `` ( Henley and Frey ) felt -- creatively , chemistry-wise and performance-wise -- that he should no longer be part of the band ... They removed him , and they had every legal right to do so . This has been happening with rock ' n ' roll bands since day one . Henley and Frey then countersued Felder for breach of contract , alleging that Felder had written a `` tell - all '' book , Heaven and Hell : My Life in the Eagles ( 1974 -- 2001 ) . The initial U.S. release was canceled after publisher Hyperion Books backed out in September 2001 , when an entire print run of the book had to be recalled for cuts and changes . The American edition was published by John Wiley & Sons on April 28 , 2008 , with Felder embarking on a full publicity campaign surrounding its release . The book was published in the United Kingdom on November 1 , 2007 . On January 23 , 2002 , the Los Angeles County Court consolidated the two complaints , set a trial date for September 2006 , and the single case was dismissed on May 8 , 2007 , after being settled out of court for an undisclosed amount . In 2003 , the Eagles released a greatest hits album , The Very Best Of . The two - disc compilation was the first that encompassed their entire career from Eagles to Hell Freezes Over . It debuted at number 3 on the Billboard charts and eventually gained triple platinum status . The album included a new single , the September 11 attacks - themed `` Hole in the World . '' Also in 2003 , Warren Zevon , a longtime Eagles friend , began work on his final album , The Wind , with the assistance of Henley , Walsh , and Schmit . On June 14 , 2005 , the Eagles released a new 2 - DVD set , Farewell 1 Tour - Live from Melbourne , featuring two new songs : Frey 's `` No More Cloudy Days '' and Walsh 's `` One Day at a Time . '' A special edition 2006 release , exclusive to Walmart and affiliated stores , includes a bonus audio CD with three new songs : a studio version of `` No More Cloudy Days , '' `` Fast Company , '' and `` Do Something . '' 2007 -- 2013 : Long Road out of Eden world tour In 2007 , the Eagles consisted of Frey , Henley , Walsh , and Schmit . On August 20 , 2007 , `` How Long , '' written by J.D. Souther , was released as a single to radio with an accompanying online video at Yahoo ! Music . It debuted on television on Country Music Television during the Top 20 Countdown on August 23 , 2007 . The band had performed the song as part of their live sets in the early to mid-1970s , but did not record it at the time because Souther wanted to reserve it for use on his first solo album . Souther had previously worked with the Eagles , co-writing some of their biggest hits , including `` Best of My Love , '' `` Victim of Love , '' `` Heartache Tonight , '' and `` New Kid in Town . '' On October 30 , 2007 , the Eagles released Long Road Out of Eden , their first album of all - new material since 1979 . For the first year after the album 's release , it was available in the U.S. only via the band 's website , at Walmart , and at Sam 's Club stores . It was commercially available through traditional retail outlets in other countries . The album debuted at number 1 in the U.S. , the United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand , Netherlands , and Norway . It became their third studio album and seventh release overall to be certified at least seven times platinum by the RIAA . Henley told CNN that `` This is probably the last Eagles album that we 'll ever make . '' The Eagles made their awards show debut on November 7 , 2007 , when they performed `` How Long '' live at the Country Music Association Awards . Eagles performing in Berlin , 2009 On January 28 , 2008 , the second single of Long Road Out of Eden was released . `` Busy Being Fabulous '' peaked at number 28 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart and at number 12 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart . The Eagles won their fifth Grammy in 2008 , in the category Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal for `` How Long . '' On March 20 , 2008 , the Eagles launched their world tour in support of Long Road Out of Eden at The O2 Arena in London . The Long Road Out of Eden Tour concluded the American portion of the tour at Rio Tinto Stadium in Sandy , Utah on May 9 , 2009 . It was the first concert ever held in the new soccer stadium . The tour travelled to Europe , with its final concert date on July 22 , 2009 , in Lisbon . The band spent the summer of 2010 touring North American stadiums with the Dixie Chicks and Keith Urban . The tour expanded to England as the headline act of the Hop Farm Festival on July 1 , 2011 . Asked in November 2010 whether the Eagles were planning a follow - up to Long Road Out of Eden , Schmit replied , `` My first reaction would be : no way . But I said that before the last one , so you never really know . Bands are a fragile entity and you never know what 's going to happen . It took a long time to do that last album , over a span of years , really , and it took a lot out of us . We took a year off at one point . I 'm not sure if we 're able to do that again . I would n't close the door on it , but I do n't know . '' Walsh said in 2010 that there might be one more album before the band `` wraps it up . '' Frey later stated in a 2012 interview that the band has had discussions about releasing an EP of potentially 4 -- 6 songs that may contain both original and cover material . 2013 -- present : History of the Eagles documentary and tour , death of Glenn Frey History of the Eagles tour , 2014 , from left to right : Schmit , Leadon , Frey , and Walsh ( Henley on drums not pictured ) . In February 2013 , the Eagles released a career - spanning documentary called History of the Eagles and began the supporting tour with 11 US arena concerts in July . Henley said that the tour , which expanded internationally and continued until July 2015 , `` could very well be our last ... we 're gon na include at least one former band member in this tour and kinda go back to the roots , and how we created some of these songs . We 're gon na break it down to the fundamentals and then take it up to where it is now . '' Original Eagles guitarist Bernie Leadon also appeared on the tour . Walsh stated , `` Bernie 's brilliant , I never really got a chance to play with him , but we 've been in contact . We see him from time to time , and I 'm really glad he 's coming because it 's going to take the show up a notch , and I 'm really looking forward to playing with him , finally . '' Former members Randy Meisner and Don Felder did not appear . Meisner had been invited but could not participate for health reasons , while Felder was never asked . Though his lawsuits against the Eagles were settled in 2007 , Henley claimed that Felder continued to `` engage in legal action , of one kind or another '' against the band , but did not state what those actions were . The Eagles ( Frey , Henley , Walsh , and Schmit ) were slated to receive Kennedy Center Honors in 2015 , but this was deferred to 2016 due to Frey 's health problems . On January 18 , 2016 , founding member Glenn Frey died at the Columbia University Medical Center in New York City at the age of 67 . The causes of his death were rheumatoid arthritis , acute ulcerative colitis , and pneumonia while recovering from intestinal surgery . At the 58th Annual Grammy Awards in February , the Eagles , joined by Leadon , touring guitarist Steuart Smith , and co-writer Jackson Browne , performed `` Take It Easy '' in honor of Frey . In subsequent interviews , Henley stated that he did n't think the band would perform again . In March 2017 , it was announced that the band would be headlining the Classic West and Classic East concert events in July 2017 , which were organized by their manager Irving Azoff . Glenn Frey 's son Deacon performed in Glenn 's place , along with country musician Vince Gill . At the Classic West concert on July 15 , the band was joined by Bob Seger who sang `` Heartache Tonight '' , which he co-wrote . Deacon Frey was noted for his composure and precision . A North American tour , again with Frey and Gill , began in March 2018 . Henley 's son Will joined the touring band as a guitarist . Musical style Influenced by 1960s rhythm and blues , soul , bluegrass , and rock bands such as the Byrds and Buffalo Springfield , the Eagles ' overall sound has been described as `` California rock . '' In the words of Sal Manna , author of the CD liner notes of the band 's 1994 album Hell Freezes Over , `` no one knew quite what ' California rock ' meant -- except perhaps that , because in California anything was possible , music that came from that promising land was more free - spirited and free - ranging . '' Rolling Stone described the Eagles ' sound as `` country - tinged vocal harmonies with hard rock guitars and lyrics . '' The group 's sound has also been described as country rock , soft rock and folk rock , and in later years the band became associated with the album rock and arena rock labels . On their early records , the group combined rock and roll , country , and folk music styles . For their third album On the Border , the band widened their style to include a prominent hard rock sound , a genre the band had only touched upon previously . The 1975 follow - up album One of These Nights saw the group explore a softer sound , notably exemplified on the hit singles `` Take It to the Limit , '' and `` Lyin ' Eyes . Leadon , who was the principal country influence , left the band after the album was released , and the band moved away from country rock to a more rock direction in Hotel California . The band 's 2007 comeback album Long Road Out of Eden saw them explore country rock , blues rock , and funk . Band members Current members Don Henley -- lead and backing vocals , drums , percussion , rhythm guitar ( 1971 -- 1980 , 1994 -- 2016 , 2017 -- present ) Joe Walsh -- lead and rhythm guitars , keyboards , backing and lead vocals ( 1975 -- 1980 , 1994 -- 2016 , 2017 -- present ) Timothy B. Schmit -- bass guitar , backing and lead vocals ( 1977 -- 1980 , 1994 -- 2016 , 2017 -- present ) Former members Glenn Frey -- lead and backing vocals , rhythm and lead guitars , keyboards ( 1971 -- 1980 , 1994 -- 2016 ; his death ) Bernie Leadon -- lead and rhythm guitars , banjo , mandolin , pedal steel guitar , backing and lead vocals ( 1971 -- 1975 , 2013 -- 2016 ) Randy Meisner -- bass guitar , backing and lead vocals , rhythm guitar , guitarron ( 1971 -- 1977 ) Don Felder -- lead and rhythm guitars , banjo , mandolin , pedal steel guitar , organ , backing and lead vocals ( 1974 -- 1980 , 1994 -- 2001 ) Touring musicians Joe Vitale -- drums , percussion , keyboards , backing vocals ( 1977 -- 1980 ) Scott F. Crago -- drums , percussion ( 1994 -- 2016 , 2017 -- present ) Timothy Drury -- keyboards , vocals , additional guitars ( 1994 -- 1999 ) Al Garth -- saxophone , violin , percussion ( 1994 -- 2012 ) Will Hollis -- keyboards , synthesizers , backing vocals ( 2001 -- 2015 ) Steuart Smith -- guitars , mandolin , backing vocals ( 2001 -- 2016 , 2017 -- present ) Michael Thompson -- piano , keyboards , backing vocals ( 2001 -- 2015 ) Bill Armstrong -- trumpet ( 2005 -- 2010 ; died 2010 ) Chris Mostert -- tenor saxophone , alto saxophone ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Greg Smith -- baritone saxophone ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Les Lovitt -- trumpet ( 2010 ) Richard H.W. Davis -- keyboards , backing vocals ( 2007 -- 2010 ) John Corey -- piano , backing vocals , percussion , additional guitars ( 1994 , 2017 -- present ) Deacon Frey -- vocals , rhythm and lead guitars ( 2017 -- present ) Vince Gill -- vocals , rhythm guitar ( 2017 -- present ) Will Henley -- rhythm guitar ( 2018 -- present ) Timeline Discography Main article : Eagles discography Studio albums Eagles ( 1972 ) Desperado ( 1973 ) On the Border ( 1974 ) One of These Nights ( 1975 ) Hotel California ( 1976 ) The Long Run ( 1979 ) Long Road Out of Eden ( 2007 ) Awards and Honors The Eagles have won six Grammy Awards : ( 1975 ) Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo , Group or Chorus : `` Lyin ' Eyes '' ( 1977 ) Record of the Year : `` Hotel California '' ( single ) ( 1977 ) Best Arrangement for Voices : `` New Kid in Town '' ( 1979 ) Best Rock Vocal performance by a Duo or Group : `` Heartache Tonight '' ( 2008 ) Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals : `` How Long '' ( 2009 ) Best Pop Instrumental Performance : `` I Dreamed There Was No War '' The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998 . On December 7 , 1999 , the Recording Industry of America honored the group with the Best Selling Album of the Century for Their Greatest Hits ( 1971 -- 1975 ) . The Eagles were inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 2001 . The group ranked number 34 on Country Music Television 's 40 Greatest Men of Country Music in 2003 . They were one of four artists who were either a duo or a group on the list with the others being Alabama at number eleven , Flatt & Scruggs at number 24 and Brooks & Dunn at number 25 . The group was chosen for the 2015 Kennedy Center Honors to be held on December 6 of that year , but postponed the award for a year because of Glenn Frey 's poor health . Frey died a month later . See also Rock and Roll portal Book : Eagles ( band ) List of best - selling music artists List of highest - certified music artists in the United States List of country rock musicians List of highest - grossing concert tours Standin ' on the Corner Park -- a public park in Winslow , Arizona , featuring a large mural commemorating the song `` Take It Easy '' References Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Artists -- 75 > Eagles '' . Rolling Stone . No. 946 . April 15 , 2004 . Retrieved October 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Vorel , Jim ( September 27 , 2012 ) . `` Eagles tribute band landing at Kirkland '' . Herald & Review . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Liscu , Jenny ( January 20 , 2000 ) . `` The Eagles : Twenty - Six Million Served '' . Rolling Stone . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Eagles -- Artist Biography '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Eliot 2004 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ `` History > 1970 '' . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` Eagles -- Hotel California '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` Eagles -- Eagles '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` Eagles -- On the Border '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Browne , David ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` Eagles ' Complete Discography : Don Henley Looks Back '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Eagles -- Long Road Out of Eden '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles hits album named best - selling of century '' . CNN . December 8 , 1999 . Retrieved October 27 , 2007 . Sources Eliot , Marc ( 2004 ) . To the Limit : The Untold Story of the Eagles . Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81398 - 6 . Felder , Don ; Holden , Wendy ( 2008 ) . Heaven and Hell : My Life in the Eagles ( 1974 -- 2001 ) . Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 45042 - 0 . Martin , Steve ( 2007 ) . Born Standing Up : A Comic 's Life . Scribner . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 5364 - 9 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Eagles ( band ) Official website Eagles at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Eagles Don Henley Timothy B. 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1249105158190422517	Dover Beach	Dover Beach - wikipedia Dover Beach Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the poem . For the novel by Richard Bowker , see Dover Beach ( novel ) . `` Dover Beach '' is a lyric poem by the English poet Matthew Arnold . It was first published in 1867 in the collection New Poems , but surviving notes indicate its composition may have begun as early as 1849 . The most likely date is 1851 . The title , locale and subject of the poem 's descriptive opening lines is the shore of the English ferry port of Dover , Kent , facing Calais , France , at the Strait of Dover , the narrowest part ( 21 miles ) of the English Channel , where Arnold honeymooned in 1851 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Analysis 2 Composition 3 Influence 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Analysis ( edit ) In Stefan Collini 's opinion , `` Dover Beach '' is a difficult poem to analyze , and some of its passages and metaphors have become so well known that they are hard to see with `` fresh eyes '' . Arnold begins with a naturalistic and detailed nightscape of the beach at Dover in which auditory imagery plays a significant role ( `` Listen ! you hear the grating roar '' ) . The beach , however , is bare , with only a hint of humanity in a light that `` gleams and is gone '' . Reflecting the traditional notion that the poem was written during Arnold 's honeymoon ( see composition section ) , one critic notes that `` the speaker might be talking to his bride '' . The sea is calm to - night . The tide is full , the moon lies fair Upon the straits ; -- on the French coast the light Gleams and is gone ; the cliffs of England stand , Glimmering and vast , out in the tranquil bay . Come to the window , sweet is the night - air ! Only , from the long line of spray Where the sea meets the moon - blanch 'd land , Listen ! you hear the grating roar Of pebbles which the waves draw back , and fling , At their return , up the high strand , Begin , and cease , and then again begin , With tremulous cadence slow , and bring The eternal note of sadness in . Arnold looks at two aspects of this scene , its soundscape ( in the first and second stanzas ) and the retreating action of the tide ( in the third stanza ) . He hears the sound of the sea as `` the eternal note of sadness '' . Sophocles , a 5th - century BC Greek playwright who wrote tragedies on fate and the will of the gods , also heard this sound as he stood upon the shore of the Aegean Sea . Critics differ widely on how to interpret this image of the Greek classical age . One sees a difference between Sophocles interpreting the `` note of sadness '' humanistically , while Arnold , in the industrial nineteenth century , hears in this sound the retreat of religion and faith . A more recent critic connects the two as artists , Sophocles the tragedian , Arnold the lyric poet , each attempting to transform this note of sadness into `` a higher order of experience '' . Sophocles long ago Heard it on the Ægæan , and it brought Into his mind the turbid ebb and flow Of human misery ; we Find also in the sound a thought , Hearing it by this distant northern sea . Having examined the soundscape , Arnold turns to the action of the tide itself and sees in its retreat a metaphor for the loss of faith in the modern age , once again expressed in an auditory image ( `` But now I only hear / Its melancholy , long , withdrawing roar '' ) . This fourth stanza begins with an image not of sadness , but of `` joyous fulness '' similar in beauty to the image with which the poem opens . The Sea of Faith Was once , too , at the full , and round earth 's shore Lay like the folds of a bright girdle furl 'd . But now I only hear Its melancholy , long , withdrawing roar , Retreating , to the breath Of the night - wind , down the vast edges drear And naked shingles of the world . The final stanza begins with an appeal to love , then moves on to the famous ending metaphor . Critics have varied in their interpretation of the first two lines ; one calls them a `` perfunctory gesture ... swallowed up by the poem 's powerfully dark picture '' , while another sees in them `` a stand against a world of broken faith '' . Midway between these is one of Arnold 's biographers , who describes being `` true / To one another '' as `` a precarious notion '' in a world that has become `` a maze of confusion '' . The metaphor with which the poem ends is most likely an allusion to a passage in Thucydides 's account of the Peloponnesian War ( Book 7 , 44 ) . He describes an ancient battle that occurred on a similar beach during the Athenian invasion of Sicily . The battle took place at night ; the attacking army became disoriented while fighting in the darkness and many of their soldiers inadvertently killed each other . This final image has also been variously interpreted by the critics . Culler calls the `` darkling plain '' Arnold 's `` central statement '' of the human condition . Pratt sees the final line as `` only metaphor '' and thus susceptible to the `` uncertainty '' of poetic language . Ah , love , let us be true To one another ! for the world , which seems To lie before us like a land of dreams , So various , so beautiful , so new , Hath really neither joy , nor love , nor light , Nor certitude , nor peace , nor help for pain ; And we are here as on a darkling plain Swept with confused alarms of struggle and flight , Where ignorant armies clash by night . `` The poem 's discourse '' , Honan tells us , `` shifts literally and symbolically from the present , to Sophocles on the Aegean , from Medieval Europe back to the present -- and the auditory and visual images are dramatic and mimetic and didactic . Exploring the dark terror that lies beneath his happiness in love , the speaker resolves to love -- and exigencies of history and the nexus between lovers are the poem 's real issues . That lovers may be ' true / To one another ' is a precarious notion : love in the modern city momentarily gives peace , but nothing else in a post-medieval society reflects or confirms the faithfulness of lovers . Devoid of love and light the world is a maze of confusion left by ' retreating ' faith . '' Critics have questioned the unity of the poem , noting that the sea of the opening stanza does not appear in the final stanza , while the `` darkling plain '' of the final line is not apparent in the opening . Various solutions to this problem have been proffered . One critic saw the `` darkling plain '' with which the poem ends as comparable to the `` naked shingles of the world '' . `` Shingles '' here means flat beach cobbles , characteristic of some wave - swept coasts . Another found the poem `` emotionally convincing '' even if its logic may be questionable . The same critic notes that `` the poem upends our expectations of metaphor '' and sees in this the central power of the poem . The poem 's historicism creates another complicating dynamic . Beginning in the present it shifts to the classical age of Greece , then ( with its concerns for the sea of faith ) it turns to Medieval Europe , before finally returning to the present . The form of the poem itself has drawn considerable comment . Critics have noted the careful diction in the opening description , the overall , spell - binding rhythm and cadence of the poem and its dramatic character . One commentator sees the strophe - antistrophe of the ode at work in the poem , with an ending that contains something of the `` cata - strophe '' of tragedy . Finally , one critic sees the complexity of the poem 's structure resulting in `` the first major ' free - verse ' poem in the language '' . Composition ( edit ) According to Tinker and Lowry , `` a draft of the first twenty - eight lines of the poem '' was written in pencil `` on the back of a folded sheet of paper containing notes on the career of Empedocles '' . Allott concludes that the notes are probably from around 1849 -- 50 . `` Empedocles on Etna '' , again according to Allott , was probably written 1849 -- 52 ; the notes on Empedocles are likely to be contemporary with the writing of that poem . The final line of this draft is : And naked shingles of the world . Ah love &c Tinker and Lowry conclude that this `` seem ( s ) to indicate that the last nine lines of the poem as we know it were already in existence when the portion regarding the ebb and flow of the sea at Dover was composed . '' This would make the manuscript `` a prelude to the concluding paragraph '' of the poem in which `` there is no reference to the sea or tides '' . Ah , love , let us be true To one another ! for the world , which seems To lie before us like a land of dreams , So various , so beautiful , so new , Hath really neither joy , nor love , nor light , Nor certitude , nor peace , nor help from pain ; And we are here as on a darkling plain Swept with confused alarms of struggle and flight , Where ignorant armies clash by night . Arnold 's visits to Dover may also provide some clue to the date of composition . Allott has Arnold in Dover in June 1851 and again in October of that year `` on his return from his delayed continental honeymoon '' . To critics who conclude that ll. 1 -- 28 were written at Dover and ll. 29 -- 37 `` were rescued from some discarded poem '' Allott suggests the contrary , i.e. , that the final lines `` were written at Dover in late June , '' while `` ll. 29 -- 37 were written in London shortly afterwards '' . Influence ( edit ) William Butler Yeats responds directly to Arnold 's pessimism in his four - line poem , `` The Nineteenth Century and After '' ( 1929 ) : Though the great song return no more There 's keen delight in what we have : The rattle of pebbles on the shore Under the receding wave . Anthony Hecht , US Poet Laureate , replied to `` Dover Beach '' in his poem `` The Dover Bitch '' . So there stood Matthew Arnold and this girl With the cliffs of England crumbling away behind them , And he said to her , `` Try to be true to me , And I 'll do the same for you , for things are bad All over , etc. etc . '' The anonymous figure to whom Arnold addresses his poem becomes the subject of Hecht 's poem . In Hecht 's poem she `` caught the bitter allusion to the sea '' , imagined `` what his whiskers would feel like / On the back of her neck '' , and felt sad as she looked out across the channel . `` And then she got really angry '' at the thought that she had become `` a sort of mournful cosmic last resort '' . After which she says `` one or two unprintable things '' . But you must n't judge her by that . What I mean to say is , She 's really all right . I still see her once in a while And she always treats me right . Kenneth and Miriam Allott , referring to `` Dover Bitch '' as `` an irreverent jeu d'esprit '' , nonetheless see , particularly in the line `` a sort of mournful cosmic last resort '' , an extension of the original poem 's main theme . `` Dover Beach '' has been mentioned in a number of novels , plays , poems , and films : In Dodie Smith 's novel , I Capture the Castle ( 1940 ) , the book 's protagonist remarks that Debussy 's Clair de Lune reminds her of `` Dover Beach '' ( in the film adaptation of the novel , the character quotes ( or , rather , misquotes ) a line from the poem ) . In Fahrenheit 451 ( 1951 ) , author Ray Bradbury has his protagonist Guy Montag read part of `` Dover Beach '' to his wife Mildred and her friends after attempts at intellectual conversation fail and Montag discovers just how shallow and uncaring they are about their families and the world around them . One of Mildred 's friends cries over the poem while the other chastises Montag for exposing them to something she deems obscene and the two break off their friendship with Mildred in disgust as they leave the house . Joseph Heller 's novel Catch - 22 ( 1961 ) alludes to the poem in the chapter `` Havermyer '' : `` the open - air movie theater in which -- for the daily amusement of the dying -- ignorant armies clashed by night on a collapsible screen . '' In Charles M. Fair 's `` The Dying Self '' , he speaks of `` the coming of this unhappy epoch , in which men are a danger to themselves roughly in proportion to their own triviality , announced in the Victorian Age '' and exemplified by `` the only first - rate poem Arnold ever wrote : ' Dover Beach ' . '' Ian McEwan quotes part of the poem in his novel Saturday ( 2005 ) , where the effects of its beauty and language are so strong and impressive that it moves a brutal criminal to tears and remorse . He also seems to have borrowed the main setting of his novella On Chesil Beach ( 2005 ) from Dover Beach , additionally playing with the fact that Arnold 's poem was composed on his honeymoon ( see above ) . Sam Wharton quotes the final stanza in his Jonathan Hare novel ' Ignorant Armies ' set in 1954 , and one of his characters uses it as a commentary on the failure of senior people to maintain appropriate standards of conduct . In the musical Cabaret ( 1966 ) , the American aspiring novelist Cliff Bradshaw recites parts of the poem to the singer Sally Bowles because being English she wants to hear proper English after having been in Berlin for some time . In her novel Devices and Desires ( 1989 ) P.D. James 's character Adam Dalgliesh , thinking about his response to a police officer after having discovered a murder on a beach on the north - east coast of Norfolk about `` walking and thinking '' on the beach notes that `` I was thinking about the clash of ignorant armies by night , since no poet walks by the sea at moonlight without silently reciting Matthew Arnold 's marvellous poem . '' The poem is mentioned in : Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury , Jakarta by Alice Munro , The Last Gentleman by Walker Percy , A Song For Lya by George R.R. Martin , Portnoy 's Complaint by Philip Roth , Rush 's song `` Armour and Sword '' , from the album Snakes and Arrows ( lyrics by Neil Peart ) , The Bangles ' song `` Dover Beach '' , from the album All Over the Place ( lyrics by Susanna Hoffs and Vicki Peterson ) Nora 's Lost , a short drama by Alan Haehnel , Daljit Nagra 's prize - winning poem `` Look We Have Coming to Dover ! '' which quotes the line , `` So various , so beautiful , so new '' as its epigraph , the poem `` Moon '' by Billy Collins , the travel narrative A Summer in Gascony ( 2008 ) by Martin Calder . The Flying Dutchman character quotes the last 12 lines as he looks towards the sea in the movie , Pandora and the Flying Dutchman . Kevin Kline 's character , Cal Gold , in the film The Anniversary Party recites part of `` Dover Beach '' as a toast . Samuel Barber composed a setting of `` Dover Beach '' for string quartet and baritone . Jeffrey Eugenides `` The Marriage Plot '' , p. 201 ( bottom ) , Farrar Straus and Giroux paperback edn 2011 Jo Baker ' A Country Road , A Tree ' ( 2015 ) p 24 , when protagonist Samuel Beckett recalls lines 9 - 10 when walking by the sea at Greystones , Co . Wicklow The Man Without a Shadow , novel by Joyce Carol Oates , ( 2016 ) The poem has also provided a ready source for titles : On a Darkling Plain by Clifford Irving , A Darkling Plain by Philip Reeve , As on a Darkling Plain by Ben Bova ( the title refers to the plain of a Saturnian moon covered with strange unexplained artefacts ) , A Tour of the Darkling Plain ( the Finnegans Wake correspondence of Adaline Glasheen and Thornton Wilder ) , Clash by Night , a play by Clifford Odets ( later made into a film noir by Fritz Lang ) , Clash by Night '' a science fiction novel by Lewis Padgett ( Henry Kuttner & CL Moore ) , Ignorant Armies '' by Sam Wharton , and Norman Mailer 's National Book Award winner The Armies of the Night about the 1967 March on the Pentagon . The Sea of Faith movement is so called as the name is taken from this poem , as the poet expresses regret that belief in a supernatural world is slowly slipping away ; the `` sea of faith '' is withdrawing like the ebbing tide . Even in the U.S. Supreme Court the poem has had its influence : Justice William Rehnquist , in his concurring opinion in Northern Pipeline Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co. , 458 US 50 ( 1982 ) , called judicial decisions regarding Congress 's power to create legislative courts `` landmarks on a judicial ' darkling plain ' where ignorant armies have clashed by night . '' Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rosenblatt , Roger ( 14 January 1985 ) . `` Where Is Our Dover Beach ? '' . Time article . Retrieved 2 August 2007 . a brief poem that eventually would be remembered by many more people than would remember the Great Exhibition , indeed would become the most anthologized poem in English ^ Jump up to : Allott , 1965 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Stefan Collini ( 1988 ) Arnold pp. 39 -- 40 , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 287659 - 7 Jump up ^ Culler , 1966 , p. 39 ; Honan , 1981 , p. 234 ; Pratt , 2000 , pp. 80 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Collini , 1988 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Honan , 1981 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Tinker and Lowry , 1965 , pp. 176 -- 178 . Tinker and Lowery attempt to discover a specific reference to Sophocles , suggesting passages from Antigone , The Women of Trachis , Oedipus at Colonus , and Philoctetes . But they add that `` the Greek author has reference only to the successive blows of Fate which fall upon a particular family which has been devoted to destruction by the gods . The plight described metaphorically by the English poet is conceived to have fallen upon the whole human race . '' Jump up ^ Allott , 1965 , p. 241 . Though Allott concludes that `` no passage in the plays ( of Sophocles ) is strictly applicable '' to the passage in `` Dover Beach , '' she feels that the passage from the Trachiniae ( The Women of Trachis ) comes closest . Jump up ^ Culler , 1966 , p. 40 Jump up ^ Pratt , 2000 , p. 81 . Pratt goes on to equate this passage to Wallace Stevens ' `` The Idea of Order at Key West '' -- `` Blessed rage for order ... / The maker 's rage to order words of the sea . '' Jump up ^ Allott , 1965 , p. 241 . Compare to ll. 80 -- 82 of his `` Stanzas from the Grande Chartreuse '' which appears to have been written at about the same time . For probable date of composition of `` Stanzas from the Grande Chartreuse '' , see Allott , 1965 , p. 285 . Jump up ^ The `` distant northern sea '' is the English Channel which separates England from continental Europe and is the body of water that forms Dover beach . Jump up ^ Collini , 1988 , p. 39 . Collini calls the `` Sea of Faith '' `` a favoured Arnoldian metaphor . '' Jump up ^ Culler , 1966 , p. 40 . Culler describes this as a `` lovely , feminine , protective image of the Sea , '' while Pratt sees not the beauty of the metaphor but its awkwardness and obscurity . ( Pratt , 2000 , p. 82 ) Jump up ^ Honan , 1981 , p. 234 . Honan sees the `` vast edges drear '' as a possible memory of Wastwater in the Lake District , which Honan describes as `` mountainous grey ' scree ' running into translucent depths of water . '' ^ Jump up to : Collini , 1988 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Pratt , 2000 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Honan , 1981 , p. 235 . `` That lovers may be ' true / To one another ' is a precarious notion : love in the modern city momentarily gives peace , but nothing else in a postmedieval society reflects or confirms the faithfulness of lovers . Devoid of love and light the world is a maze of confusion left by ' retreating ' faith . '' Jump up ^ Tinker and Lowry , 1965 , p. 175 . `` Here are to be found the details used by Arnold : a night - attack , fought upon a plain at the top of a cliff , in the moonlight , so that the soldiers could not distinguish clearly between friend and foe , with the resulting flight of certain Athenian troops , and various ' alarms , ' watchwords , and battle - cries shouted aloud to the increasing confusion of all . '' Jump up ^ Culler , 1966 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Pratt , 2000 , p. 82 ( emphasis in the original ) She points to the final line 's `` as on '' : this is the language of simile . Jump up ^ Honan , 1981 , p. 235 . Honan notes that John Henry Newman had used the image once to define controversy as a sort of `` night battle '' . He also notes that the image occurs in Arthur Hugh Clough 's The Bothie of Tober - na - Vuolich . Jump up ^ Tinker and Lowry , 1965 , p. 175 . Tinker and Lowry point out that `` there is evidence that the passage about the ' night - battle ' was familiar coin among Rugbeians '' at the time Arnold attended Rugby and studied there under his father Dr. Thomas Arnold whose keen interest in Thucydides had a distinct impact on his students . ^ Jump up to : Honan , 1981 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ Culler , 1966 , p. 40 ; Pratt , 2000 , pp. 79 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Culler , 1966 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Pratt , 2000 , pp. 79 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Pratt , 2000 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Honan , 1981 , p. 235 . Also see `` Dover Beach '' discussed in the Influence section of this article . Jump up ^ Pratt , 2000 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Collini , 1988 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Tinker and Lowry , 1940 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Allott , 1965 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Allott , 1965 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Tinker and Lowry , 1940 , pp. 174 - 175 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Hecht - `` The Dover Bitch : A Criticism Of Life '' - poetry archive - plagiarist.com `` . plagiarist.com . Jump up ^ `` Dover Bitch , '' by Anthony Hecht , in Matthew Arnold , A Collection of Critical Essays , edited by David J. DeLaura , Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall , Inc. , 1973 . Jump up ^ `` Arnold the Poet : ( ii ) Narrative and Dramatic Poems '' by Kenneth and Miriam Allott , in Matthew Arnold edited by Kenneth Allott from the Writers and Their Background series , 1976 , Ohio University Press : Athens , Ohio , p. 88 . References ( edit ) For a more thorough bibliography see Matthew Arnold . Professors Chauncey Brewster Tinker and Howard Foster Lowry , The Poetry of Matthew Arnold : A Commentary ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1940 ) , Alibris ID 8235403151 Kenneth Allott ( editor ) , The Poems of Matthew Arnold ( London and New York : Longman Norton , 1965 ) , ISBN 0 - 393 - 04377 - 0 Park Honan , Matthew Arnold , a life ( New York : McGraw - Hill , 1981 ) , ISBN 0 - 07 - 029697 - 9 A. Dwight Culler , Imaginative Reason : The Poetry of Matthew Arnold ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 1966 ) . Stefan Collini , Arnold ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1988 ) , ISBN 0 - 19 - 287660 - 0 Linda Ray Pratt , Matthew Arnold Revisited , ( New York : Twayne Publishers , 2000 ) , ISBN 0 - 8057 - 1698 - X The text of the poem is as in Poetry and Criticism of Matthew Arnold , edited by Dwight Culler , Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company , 1961 ; ISBN 0 - 395 - 05152 - 5 and Matthew Arnold 's Poems ed . Kenneth Allott ( pub . J.M. Dent & Sons Ltd , 1965 ) . The editors of this page have opted for the elided spellings on several words ( `` blanch 'd , '' `` furl 'd '' ) consistent with these texts . Melvyn Bragg , In Our Time -- Victorian Pessimism , BBC Radio 4 , Thu 10 May 2007 External links ( edit ) Works related to Dover Beach at Wikisource Dover Beach public domain audiobook at LibriVox ( hide ) Matthew Arnold Prose On Translating Homer ( 1861 ) Culture and Anarchy ( 1869 ) Poetry Tristram and Iseult ( 1852 ) `` To Marguerite : Continued '' ( 1852 ) `` The Scholar Gipsy '' ( 1853 ) Sohrab and Rustum ( 1853 ) Balder Dead ( 1855 ) `` Thyrsis '' ( 1865 ) `` Dover Beach '' ( 1867 ) Family Tom Arnold ( brother ) Thomas Arnold ( father ) William Delafield Arnold ( brother ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dover_Beach&oldid=797731759 '' Categories : British poems Poetry by Matthew Arnold Victorian poetry Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 21 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	in dover beach arnold hears the melancholy from the withdrawing roar of the sea of	[ "\n\n\n\n\nThe Sea of Faith\nWas once, too, at the full, and round earth's shore\nLay like the folds of a bright girdle furl'd.\nBut now I only hear\nIts melancholy, long, withdrawing roar,\nRetreating, to the breath\nOf the night-wind, down the vast edges drear[15]\nAnd naked shingles of the world.\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "The Sea of Faith" ]
9177595630726189745	War of 1812	War of 1812 - Wikipedia War of 1812 Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Anglo - American War from 1812 to 1815 . For the Franco - Russian conflict , see French invasion of Russia . For other uses of this term , see War of 1812 ( disambiguation ) . War of 1812 Clockwise from top : damage to the U.S. Capitol after the Burning of Washington ; the mortally wounded Isaac Brock spurs on the York Volunteers at the battle of Queenston Heights ; USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere ; The death of Tecumseh in 1813 ; Andrew Jackson defeats the British assault on New Orleans . Date June 18 , 1812 -- February 18 , 1815 ( 2 years and 8 months ) Location Eastern and Central North America , Atlantic and Pacific Oceans Result Treaty of Ghent Military stalemate ; both sides ' invasion attempts repulsed Status quo ante bellum Defeat of Tecumseh 's Confederacy Belligerents United States Choctaw Cherokee Creeks British Empire United Kingdom The Canadas Tecumseh 's Confederacy Shawnee Creek Red Sticks Ojibwe Fox Iroquois Miami Mingo Ottawa Kickapoo Delaware ( Lenape ) Mascouten Potawatomi Sauk Wyandot Bourbon Spain Florida ( 1814 ) Commanders and leaders James Madison Henry Dearborn Jacob Brown Winfield Scott Andrew Jackson William Henry Harrison William H. Winder ( POW ) William Hull ( POW ) Zebulon Pike † James Lawrence † George , Prince Regent Lord Liverpool Sir George Prévost Sir Isaac Brock † Gordon Drummond Charles de Salaberry Roger Hale Sheaffe Robert Ross † Edward Pakenham † James FitzGibbon Alexander Cochrane James Lucas Yeo Tecumseh † Strength U.S. Army : 7,000 ( at war 's start ) 35,800 ( at war 's end ) Rangers : 3,049 Militia : 458,463 * U.S. Marines U.S. Navy and Revenue Cutter Service ( at war 's start ) : Frigates : 12 Other vessels : 14 Privateers : 515 ships Native allies : 125 Choctaw unknown others British Army : 5,200 ( at war 's start ) 48,160 ( at war 's end ) Provincial regulars : 10,000 Militia : 4,000 Royal Marines Royal Navy Ships of the line : 11 Frigates : 34 Other vessels : 52 Provincial Marine ( at war 's start ) : ‡ Ships : 9 Native allies : 10,000 - 15,000 Casualties and losses 2,200 - 3,721 killed in action 4,505 wounded 15,000 ( est . ) died from all causes 4,000 slaves freed 20,000 captured 8 frigates captured or burnt 278 privateers captured 1,400 merchant ships captured British Empire : 1,160 - 1,960 killed in action 3,679 + wounded 10,000 died from all causes 4 frigates captured ~ 1,344 merchant ships captured ( 373 recaptured ) 15,500 captured Native allies : 10,000 dead from all causes ( warriors and civilians ) Unknown captured * Some militias operated in only their own regions . † Killed in action ‡ A locally raised coastal protection and seminaval force on the Great Lakes . St. Lawrence / Lake Champlain frontier 1st Sacket 's Harbor Gananoque 1st Lacolle Mills Lake Ontario Elizabethtown Ogdensburg York 2nd Sacket 's Harbor Chateauguay Crysler 's Farm 2nd Lacolle Mills Fort Oswego Big Sandy Creek Plattsburgh Niagara campaign s Queenston Heights Frenchman 's Creek Fort George Stoney Creek Beaver Dams Black Rock Fort Niagara Buffalo Port Dover 1st Fort Erie Chippawa Lundy 's Lane 2nd Fort Erie Cook 's Mills Old Northwest Tippecanoe River Canard Fort Mackinac ( 1812 ) Brownstown Maguaga Fort Dearborn Detroit Fort Harrison Fort Wayne Wild Cat Creek Mississinewa Frenchtown Africa Point Fort Meigs Fort Stephenson Lake Erie Thames Longwoods Prairie du Chien Campbell Island Mackinac Island ( 1814 ) Lake Huron Malcolm 's Mills Chesapeake campaign Havre de Grace Craney Island St. Michaels Chesapeake Bay Flotilla Bladensburg Washington Alexandria Caulk 's Field North Point Baltimore Farnham Church American South Creek War 1st Fort Bowyer Fayal Pensacola 13 December 1814 Lake Borgne New Orleans Fort St. Philip Fort Peter 2nd Fort Bowyer Naval battles of the War of 1812 Atlantic Ocean USS Essex vs HMS Alert USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere Capture of HMS Frolic USS United States vs HMS Macedonian USS Constitution vs HMS Java Sinking of HMS Peacock Rappahannock River Capture of USS Chesapeake Capture of HMS Dominica Capture of USS Argus Capture of HMS Boxer Capture of USS Frolic Capture of HMS Epervier Sinking of HMS Reindeer Sinking of HMS Avon Fayal Capture of USS President Capture of HMS Cyane and HMS Levant Capture of HMS Penguin Capture of East India Company ship Nautilus East Coast Chesapeake Bay Alexandria Baltimore Hampden Fort Peter Great Lakes / Saint Lawrence River Lake Ontario 1st Sacket 's Harbor York Fort George 2nd Sacket 's Harbor Lake Erie Fort Oswego Lake Huron Lake Champlain West Indies / Gulf Coast La Guaira 1st Fort Bowyer Action of 13 December 1814 Lake Borgne New Orleans Fort St. Philip 2nd Fort Bowyer Pacific Ocean James Island Charles Island Nuku Hiva Downes Expedition Porter Expedition Typee Valley Valparaíso ( capture of USS Essex ) Seringapatam Mutiny Action of 9 May 1814 The War of 1812 ( 1812 -- 1815 ) was a conflict fought between the United States , the United Kingdom , and their respective allies . Historians in Britain often see it as a minor theatre of the Napoleonic Wars ; in the United States and Canada , it is seen as a war in its own right . Since the outbreak of war with Napoleonic France , Britain had enforced a naval blockade to choke off neutral trade to France , which the United States contested as illegal under international law . To man the blockade , Britain impressed American merchant sailors into the Royal Navy . Incidents such as the Chesapeake -- Leopard affair inflamed anti-British sentiment . In 1811 , the British were in turn outraged by the Little Belt affair , in which 11 British sailors died . The British supplied Indians who conducted raids on American settlers on the frontier , which hindered American expansion and also provoked resentment . Historians remain divided on whether the desire to annex some or all of British North America contributed to the American decision to go to war . On June 18 , 1812 , United States President James Madison , after receiving heavy pressure from the War Hawks in Congress , signed the American declaration of war into law . With the majority of their army in Europe fighting Napoleon , the British adopted a defensive strategy . American prosecution of the war effort suffered from its unpopularity , especially in New England , where it was derogatorily referred to as `` Mr. Madison 's War '' . American defeats at the Siege of Detroit and the Battle of Queenston Heights thwarted attempts to seize Upper Canada , improving British morale . American attempts to invade Lower Canada and capture Montreal also failed . In 1813 , at the Battle of Lake Erie the Americans won control of Lake Erie , and at the Battle of the Thames defeated Tecumseh 's Confederacy , securing a primary war goal . At sea , the powerful Royal Navy blockaded American ports , cutting off trade and allowing the British to raid the coast at will . In 1814 , one of these raids burned the capital , Washington , although the Americans subsequently repulsed British attempts to invade New England and capture Baltimore . At home , the British faced mounting opposition to wartime taxation and demands to reopen trade with America . With the abdication of Napoleon , the blockade of France ended and the British ceased impressment , rendering the issue of the impressment of American sailors moot . The British were then able to increase the strength of the blockade on the United States coast , annihilating American maritime trade and bringing the United States government near to bankruptcy . Peace negotiations began in August 1814 and the Treaty of Ghent was signed on December 24 as neither side wanted to continue fighting . News of the peace did not reach America for some time . Unaware that the treaty had been signed , British forces invaded Louisiana and were defeated at the Battle of New Orleans in January 1815 . These late victories were viewed by Americans as having restored national honour , leading to the collapse of anti-war sentiment and the beginning of the Era of Good Feelings , a period of national unity . News of the treaty arrived shortly thereafter , halting military operations . The treaty was unanimously ratified by the United States on February 17 , 1815 , ending the war with Status quo ante bellum ( no boundary changes ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Honour and the second war of independence 1.2 Impressment and Naval actions 1.3 British support for Native American raids 1.4 American expansionism 1.5 U.S. political conflict 2 Forces 2.1 American 2.2 British 2.3 Indian 3 Declaration of war 4 Course of war 4.1 Unpreparedness 4.1. 1 Administrative and economic problems 4.2 Great Lakes and Western Territories 4.2. 1 Invasions of Upper and Lower Canada , 1812 4.2. 2 American Northwest , 1813 4.2. 3 Niagara frontier , 1813 4.2. 4 St. Lawrence and Lower Canada , 1813 4.2. 5 Niagara and Plattsburgh Campaigns , 1814 4.2. 6 American West , 1813 -- 15 4.3 Atlantic theatre 4.3. 1 Opening strategies 4.3. 2 Single - ship actions 4.3. 3 Privateering 4.3. 4 Blockade 4.3. 5 Freeing and recruiting slaves 4.3. 6 Occupation of Maine 4.3. 7 Chesapeake campaign and `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' 4.4 Southern theatre 4.4. 1 Creek War 4.4. 2 Gulf Coast 5 Treaty of Ghent 5.1 Factors leading to the peace negotiations 5.2 Negotiations and peace 6 Losses and compensation 7 Memory and historiography 7.1 Popular views 7.2 Canadian 7.3 American 7.4 Historians ' views 7.4. 1 National bias of historians 7.4. 2 Indians as losers 8 Long - term consequences 8.1 United States 8.2 British North America ( Canada ) 8.3 Indigenous nations 8.4 Bermuda 8.5 Britain 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Sources 13 Further reading 13.1 Primary sources 14 External links Origins Main article : Origins of the War of 1812 Re-enactors in UK uniforms fire muskets toward the `` Americans '' in this annual commemoration of the June 6 , 1813 Battle of Stoney Creek . Historians have long debated the relative weight of the multiple reasons underlying the origins of the War of 1812 . This section summarizes several contributing factors which resulted in the declaration of war by the United States . Honour and the second war of independence As Risjord ( 1961 ) notes , a powerful motivation for the Americans was the desire to uphold national honour in the face of what they considered to be British insults such as the Chesapeake -- Leopard affair . H.W. Brands says , `` The other war hawks spoke of the struggle with Britain as a second war of independence ; ( Andrew ) Jackson , who still bore scars from the first war of independence , held that view with special conviction . The approaching conflict was about violations of American rights , but it was also about vindication of American identity . '' Americans at the time and historians since often called it the United States ' `` Second War of Independence '' . The British too were offended by what they considered insults such as the Little Belt affair . This led to the British having a particular interest in capturing the United States flagship President , which they succeeded in doing during 1815 . Impressment and naval actions In 1807 , Britain introduced a series of trade restrictions via the Orders in Council to impede neutral trade with France , which Britain was then fighting in the Napoleonic Wars . The United States contested these restrictions as illegal under international law . Historian Reginald Horsman states , `` a large section of influential British opinion , both in the government and in the country , thought that America presented a threat to British maritime supremacy . '' The American merchant marine had come close to doubling between 1802 and 1810 , making it by far the largest neutral fleet . Britain was the largest trading partner , receiving 80 % of U.S. cotton and 50 % of other U.S. exports . The British public and press were resentful of the growing mercantile and commercial competition . The United States ' view was that Britain 's restrictions violated its right to trade with others . Press gang : oil painting by Luke Clennell During the Napoleonic Wars , the Royal Navy expanded to 176 ships of the line and 600 ships overall , requiring 140,000 sailors to man . While the Royal Navy could man its ships with volunteers in peacetime , it competed in wartime with merchant shipping and privateers for a small pool of experienced sailors and turned to impressment from ashore and foreign or domestic shipping when it could not operate its ships with volunteers alone . The United States believed that British deserters had a right to become U.S. citizens . Britain did not recognize a right whereby a British subject could relinquish his status as a British subject , emigrate and transfer his national allegiance as a naturalized citizen to any other country . This meant that in addition to recovering naval deserters , it considered any United States citizens who were born British liable for impressment . Aggravating the situation was the reluctance of the United States to issue formal naturalization papers and the widespread use of unofficial or forged identity or protection papers by sailors . This made it difficult for the Royal Navy to distinguish Americans from non-Americans and led it to impress some Americans who had never been British . Some gained freedom on appeal . Thus while the United States recognized British - born sailors on American ships as Americans , Britain did not . It was estimated by the Admiralty that there were 11,000 naturalized sailors on United States ships in 1805 . U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin stated that 9,000 U.S. sailors were born in Britain . Moreover , a great number of these British born sailors were Irish . An investigation by Captain Isaac Chauncey in 1808 found that 58 % of sailors based in New York City were either naturalized citizens or recent immigrants , the majority of these foreign born sailors ( 134 of 150 ) being from Britain . Moreover , 80 of the 134 British sailors were Irish . American anger at impressment grew when British frigates were stationed just outside U.S. harbours in view of U.S. shores and searched ships for contraband and impressed men while within U.S. territorial waters . Well publicized impressment actions such as the Leander affair and the Chesapeake -- Leopard affair outraged the American public . The British public in turn were outraged by the Little Belt affair , in which a larger American ship clashed with a small British sloop , resulting in the deaths of 11 British sailors . Both sides claimed the other fired first , but the British public in particular blamed the U.S. for attacking a smaller vessel , with calls for revenge by some newspapers , while the U.S. was encouraged by the fact they had won a victory over the Royal Navy . The U.S. Navy also forcibly recruited British sailors but the British government saw impressment as commonly accepted practice and preferred to rescue British sailors from American impressment on a case - by - case basis . British support for Native American raids Origins of the War of 1812 Chesapeake -- Leopard affair Orders in Council ( 1807 ) Embargo Act of 1807 Non-Intercourse Act ( 1809 ) Macon 's Bill Number 2 Tecumseh 's War Henry letters War hawks Rule of 1756 Monroe -- Pinkney Treaty Little Belt affair The Northwest Territory , which consisted of the modern states of Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , and Wisconsin , was the battleground for conflict between the Native American Nations and the United States . The British Empire had ceded the area to the United States in the Treaty of Paris in 1783 , both sides ignoring the fact that the land was already inhabited by various Native American nations . These included the Miami , Winnebago , Shawnee , Fox , Sauk , Kickapoo , Delaware and Wyandot . Some warriors , who had left their nations of origin , followed Tenskwatawa , the Shawnee Prophet and the brother of Tecumseh . Tenskwatawa had a vision of purifying his society by expelling the `` children of the Evil Spirit '' : the American settlers . The Indians wanted to create their own state in the Northwest to end the American threat forever as it became clear that the Americans wanted all of the land in the Old Northwest for themselves . Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh formed a confederation of numerous tribes to block American expansion . The British saw the Native American nations as valuable allies and a buffer to its Canadian colonies and provided arms . Attacks on American settlers in the Northwest further aggravated tensions between Britain and the United States . Raiding grew more common in 1810 and 1811 ; Westerners in Congress found the raids intolerable and wanted them permanently ended . British policy towards the Indians of the Northwest was torn between the desire to keep the Americans fighting in the Northwest , and to preserve a region that provided rich profits for Canadian fur traders , versus the fear that too much support for the Indians would cause a war with the United States . Through Tecumseh 's plans for an Indian state in the Northwest would benefit British North America by making it more defensible , at the same time , the defeats suffered by Tecumseh 's confederation had the British leery of going too far to support what was probably a losing cause . In the months running up to the war , British diplomats attempted to defuse tensions on the frontier . The confederation 's raids , and its very existence , hindered American expansion into rich farmlands in the Northwest Territory . Pratt writes : There is ample proof that the British authorities did all in their power to hold or win the allegiance of the Indians of the Northwest with the expectation of using them as allies in the event of war . Indian allegiance could be held only by gifts , and to an Indian no gift was as acceptable as a lethal weapon . Guns and ammunition , tomahawks and scalping knives were dealt out with some liberality by British agents . However , according to the U.S. Army Center of Military History , the `` land - hungry frontiersmen '' , with `` no doubt that their troubles with the Native Americans were the result of British intrigue '' , exacerbated the problem by `` ( circulating stories ) after every Native American raid of British Army muskets and equipment being found on the field '' . Thus , `` the westerners were convinced that their problems could best be solved by forcing the British out of Canada '' . The British had the long - standing goal of creating a large , `` neutral '' Native American state to cover much of Ohio , Indiana , and Michigan . They made the demand as late as the fall of 1814 at the peace conference , but lost control of western Ontario in 1813 at key battles on and around Lake Erie . These battles destroyed the Indian confederacy which had been the main ally of the British in that region , weakening its negotiating position . Although much of the area remained under British or British - allied Native Americans ' control until the end of the war , the British , at American insistence and with higher priorities , dropped the demands . American expansionism American expansion into the Northwest Territory was being obstructed by various Indian tribes since the end of the Revolution , who were supplied and encouraged by the British . Americans on the western frontier demanded that interference be stopped . There is dispute , however , over whether or not the American desire to annex Canada brought on the war . Several historians believe that the capture of Canada was intended only as a means to secure a bargaining chip , which would then be used to force Britain to back down on the maritime issues . It would also cut off food supplies for Britain 's West Indian colonies , and temporarily prevent the British from continuing to arm the Indians . However , many historians believe that a desire to annex Canada was a cause of the war . This view was more prevalent before 1940 , but remains widely held today . Congressman Richard Mentor Johnson told Congress that the constant Indian atrocities along the Wabash River in Indiana were enabled by supplies from Canada and were proof that `` the war has already commenced ... I shall never die contented until I see England 's expulsion from North America and her territories incorporated into the United States . '' James Madison , U.S. President , ( 1809 -- 1817 ) Lord Liverpool , British Prime Minister , ( 1812 -- 1827 ) Madison believed that British economic policies designed to foster imperial preference were harming the American economy and that as British North America existed , here was a conduit for American strugglers who were undercutting his trade policies , which thus required that the United States annex British North America . Furthermore , Madison believed that the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence trade route might become the main trade route for the export of North American goods to Europe at the expense of the U.S. economy , and if the United States controlled the resources of British North America like timber which the British needed for their navy , then Britain would be forced to change its maritime policies which had so offended American public opinion . Many Americans believed it was only natural that their country should swallow up North America with one Congressman , John Harper saying in a speech that `` the Author of Nature Himself had marked our limits in the south , by the Gulf of Mexico and on the north , by the regions of eternal frost '' . Upper Canada ( modern southern Ontario ) had been settled mostly by Revolution - era exiles from the United States ( United Empire Loyalists ) or postwar American immigrants . The Loyalists were hostile to union with the United States , while the immigrant settlers were generally uninterested in politics and remained neutral or supported the British during the war . The Canadian colonies were thinly populated and only lightly defended by the British Army . Americans then believed that many men in Upper Canada would rise up and greet an American invading army as liberators . That did not happen . One reason American forces retreated after one successful battle inside Canada was that they could not obtain supplies from the locals . But the Americans thought that the possibility of local support suggested an easy conquest , as former President Thomas Jefferson believed : `` The acquisition of Canada this year , as far as the neighborhood of Quebec , will be a mere matter of marching , and will give us the experience for the attack on Halifax , the next and final expulsion of England from the American continent . '' Annexation was supported by American border businessmen who wanted to gain control of Great Lakes trade . Carl Benn noted that the War Hawks ' desire to annex the Canadas was similar to the enthusiasm for the annexation of Spanish Florida by inhabitants of the American South ; both expected war to facilitate expansion into long - desired lands and end support for hostile Indian tribes ( Tecumseh 's Confederacy in the North and the Creek in the South ) . Tennessee Congressman Felix Grundy considered it essential to acquire Canada to preserve domestic political balance , arguing that annexing Canada would maintain the free state - slave state balance , which might otherwise be thrown off by the acquisition of Florida and the settlement of the southern areas of the new Louisiana Purchase . Historian Richard Maass argued in 2015 that the expansionist theme is a myth that goes against the `` relative consensus among experts that the primary U.S. objective was the repeal of British maritime restrictions '' . He argues that consensus among scholars is that the United States went to war `` because six years of economic sanctions had failed to bring Britain to the negotiating table , and threatening the Royal Navy 's Canadian supply base was their last hope . '' Maass agrees that theoretically expansionism might have tempted Americans , but finds that `` leaders feared the domestic political consequences of doing so . Notably , what limited expansionism there was focused on sparsely populated western lands rather than the more populous eastern settlements ( of Canada ) . '' Nevertheless , Maas notes that many historians continue to believe that expansionism was a cause . Horsman argued expansionism played a role as a secondary cause after maritime issues , noting that many historians have mistakenly rejected expansionism as a cause for the war . He notes that it was considered key to maintaining sectional balance between free and slave states thrown off by American settlement of the Louisiana Territory , and widely supported by dozens of War Hawk congressmen such as John A. Harper , Felix Grundy , Henry Clay , and Richard M. Johnson , who voted for war with expansion as a key aim . In disagreeing with those interpretations that have simply stressed expansionism and minimized maritime causation , historians have ignored deep - seated American fears for national security , dreams of a continent completely controlled by the republican United States , and the evidence that many Americans believed that the War of 1812 would be the occasion for the United States to achieve the long - desired annexation of Canada ... Thomas Jefferson well - summarized American majority opinion about the war ... to say `` that the cession of Canada ... must be a sine qua non at a treaty of peace '' . However , Horsman states that in his view `` the desire for Canada did not cause the War of 1812 '' and that `` The United States did not declare war because it wanted to obtain Canada , but the acquisition of Canada was viewed as a major collateral benefit of the conflict . '' Historian Alan Taylor says that many Democratic - Republican congressmen , such as Richard M. Johnson , John A. Harper and Peter B. Porter , `` longed to oust the British from the continent and to annex Canada . '' A few Southerners opposed this , fearing an imbalance of free and slave states if Canada was annexed , while anti-Catholicism also caused many to oppose annexing mainly Catholic Lower Canada , believing its French - speaking inhabitants `` unfit ... for republican citizenship '' . Even major figures such as Henry Clay and James Monroe expected to keep at least Upper Canada in the event of an easy conquest . Notable American generals , like William Hull were led by this sentiment to issue proclamations to Canadians during the war promising republican liberation through incorporation into the United States ; a proclamation the government never officially disavowed . General Alexander Smyth similarly declared to his troops that when they invaded Canada `` You will enter a country that is to become one of the United States . You will arrive among a people who are to become your fellow - citizens . '' A lack of clarity about American intentions undercut these appeals , however . David and Jeanne Heidler argue that `` Most historians agree that the War of 1812 was not caused by expansionism but instead reflected a real concern of American patriots to defend United States ' neutral rights from the overbearing tyranny of the British Navy . That is not to say that expansionist aims would not potentially result from the war . '' However , they also argue otherwise , saying that `` acquiring Canada would satisfy America 's expansionist desires '' , also describing it as a key goal of western expansionists , who , they argue , believed that `` eliminating the British presence in Canada would best accomplish '' their goal of halting British support for Indian raids . They argue that the `` enduring debate '' is over the relative importance of expansionism as a factor , and whether `` expansionism played a greater role in causing the War of 1812 than American concern about protecting neutral maritime rights . '' U.S. political conflict Main articles : Federalist Party and Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States While the British government was largely oblivious to the deteriorating North American situation because of its involvement in a continent - wide European war , the U.S. was in a period of significant political conflict between the Federalist Party ( based mainly in the Northeast ) , which favoured a strong central government and closer ties to Britain , and the Democratic - Republican Party ( with its greatest power base in the South and West ) , which favoured a weak central government , preservation of states ' rights ( including slavery ) , expansion into Indian land , and a stronger break with Britain . By 1812 , the Federalist Party had weakened considerably , and the Republicans , with James Madison completing his first term of office and control of Congress , were in a strong position to pursue their more aggressive agenda against Britain . Throughout the war , support for the U.S. cause was weak ( or sometimes non-existent ) in Federalist areas of the Northeast . Few men volunteered to serve ; the banks avoided financing the war . The negativism of the Federalists , especially as exemplified by the Hartford Convention of 1814 -- 15 , ruined its reputation and the Party survived only in scattered areas . By 1815 there was broad support for the war from all parts of the country . This allowed the triumphant Democratic - Republicans to adopt some Federalist policies , such as a national bank , which Madison reestablished in 1816 . Forces American The United States Navy ( USN ) had 7,250 sailors and Marines in 1812 . The American Navy was well trained and a professional force that fought well against the Barbary pirates and France in the Quasi-War . The USN had 13 ocean - going warships , three of them `` super-frigates '' and its principal problem was a lack of funding as many in Congress did not see the need for a strong navy . The American warships were all well - built ships that were equal , if not superior to British ships of a similar class ( British shipbuilding emphasized quantity over quality ) . However , the biggest ships in the USN were frigates , and the Americans had no ships - of - the - line capable of engaging in a fleet action with the Royal Navy at sea . On the high seas , the Americans could only pursue a strategy of commerce raiding , taking British merchantmen with their frigates and privateers . Before the war , the USN was largely concentrated on the Atlantic coast and at the war 's outbreak had only two gunboats on Lake Champlain , one brig on Lake Ontario and another brig in Lake Erie . The United States Army was much larger than the British Army in North America , and the soldiers well trained and brave . However , leadership in the American officer corps was inconsistent ; some officers proved themselves to be outstanding but many others inept , owing their positions to political favors . Congress was hostile to a standing army , and during the war , the U.S. government called out 450,000 men from the state militas , a number that was slightly smaller than the entire population of British North America . However , the state militias were poorly trained , armed , and led . After the Battle of Bladensburg in 1814 , in which the Maryland and Virginia militias were soundly defeated by the British Army , President Madison commented : `` I could never have believed so great a difference existed between regular troops and a militia force , if I not witnessed the scenes of this day . '' British See also : Canadian units of the War of 1812 The British Royal Navy was a well - led , professional force , considered the world 's most powerful navy . However , as long as the war with France continued , North America was a secondary concern . In 1813 , France had 80 ships - of - the - line while building another 35 . Therefore , containing the French fleet had to be the main British naval concern . In Upper Canada , the British had the Provincial Marine was essential for keeping the army supplied since the roads in Upper Canada were abysmal . On Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence , the Royal Navy had two schooners while the Provincial Marine maintained four small warships on Lake Erie . The British Army in North America was a very professional and well trained force , but suffered from being outnumbered . The militias of Upper Canada and Lower Canada had a much more lower level of military effectiveness . Nevertheless , Canadian militia ( and locally recruited regular units known as `` Fencibles '' ) were often more reliable than American militia , particularly when defending their own territory . As such they played pivotal roles in various engagements , including at the Battle of the Chateauguay where Canadian and Indian forces alone stopped a much larger American force despite not having assistance from regular British units . Indian Because of their lower population compared to whites , and lacking artillery , Indian allies of the British avoided pitched battles and instead relied on irregular warfare , including raids and ambushes . Given their low population , it was crucial to avoid heavy losses and , in general , Indian chiefs sought to fight only under favorable conditions ; any battle that promised heavy losses was avoided if possible . The main Indian weapons were a mixture of tomahawks , knives , swords , rifles , clubs , arrows and muskets . Indian warriors were brave , but the need to avoid heavy losses meant that they fought only under the most favorable conditions and their tactics favored a defensive as opposed to offensive style . In the words of Benn , those Indians fighting with the Americans provided the U.S. with their `` most effective light troops '' while the British desperately needed the Indian tribes to compensate for their numerical inferiority . The Indians , regardless of which side they fought for , saw themselves as allies , not subordinates and Indian chiefs did what they viewed as best for their tribes , much to the annoyance of both American and British generals , who often complained about their unreliability . Declaration of war U.S. Declaration of War Proclamation by Isaac Brock in response to the U.S. declaration of war Wikisource has original text related to this article : US Declaration of War against the United Kingdom On June 1 , 1812 , President James Madison sent a message to Congress recounting American grievances against Great Britain , though not specifically calling for a declaration of war . After Madison 's message , the House of Representatives deliberated for four days behind closed doors before voting 79 to 49 ( 61 % ) in favor of the first declaration of war . The Senate concurred in the declaration by a 19 to 13 ( 59 % ) vote in favour . The conflict began formally on June 18 , 1812 , when Madison signed the measure into law and proclaimed it the next day . This was the first time that the United States had declared war on another nation , and the Congressional vote was the closest vote to formally declare war in American history . The Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 1991 , while not a formal declaration of war , was a closer vote . None of the 39 Federalists in Congress voted in favour of the war ; critics of war subsequently referred to it as `` Mr. Madison 's War . '' Earlier in London on May 11 , an assassin had killed Prime Minister Spencer Perceval , which resulted in Lord Liverpool coming to power . Liverpool wanted a more practical relationship with the United States . On June 23 , he issued a repeal of the Orders in Council , but the United States was unaware of this , as it took three weeks for the news to cross the Atlantic . On June 28 , 1812 , HMS Colibri was despatched from Halifax under a flag of truce to New York . On July 9 , she anchored off Sandy Hook , and three days later sailed on her return with a copy of the declaration of war , in addition to transporting the British ambassador to the United States , Mr. Foster and consul , Colonel Barclay . She arrived in Halifax , Nova Scotia eight days later . The news of the declaration took even longer to reach London . However , the British commander in Upper Canada received news of the American declaration of war much faster . In response to the U.S. declaration of war , Isaac Brock issued a proclamation alerting the citizenry in Upper Canada of the state of war and urging all military personnel `` to be vigilant in the discharge of their duty '' to prevent communication with the enemy and to arrest anyone suspected of helping the Americans . He also issued orders to the commander of the British post at Fort St. Joseph to initiate offensive operations against U.S. forces in northern Michigan , who it turned out , were not yet aware of their own government 's declaration of war . The resulting Siege of Fort Mackinac on July 17 was the first major land engagement of the war , and ended in an easy British victory . Course of war See also : Timeline of the War of 1812 The war was conducted in three theatres : The Great Lakes and the Canadian frontier At sea , principally the Atlantic Ocean and the east coast of North America The Southern states and southwestern territories Unpreparedness Although the outbreak of the war had been preceded by years of angry diplomatic dispute , neither side was ready for war when it came . Britain was heavily engaged in the Napoleonic Wars , most of the British Army was deployed in the Peninsular War ( in Portugal and Spain ) , and the Royal Navy was compelled to blockade most of the coast of Europe . The number of British regular troops present in Canada in July 1812 was officially stated to be 6,034 , supported by Canadian militia . Throughout the war , the British Secretary of State for War and the Colonies was Earl Bathurst . For the first two years of the war , he could spare few troops to reinforce North America and urged the commander - in - chief in North America ( Lieutenant General Sir George Prévost ) to maintain a defensive strategy . The naturally cautious Prévost followed these instructions , concentrating on defending Lower Canada at the expense of Upper Canada ( which was more vulnerable to American attacks ) and allowing few offensive actions . This painting of the Battle of Queenston Heights depicts the unsuccessful American landing on October 13 , 1812 . The United States was not prepared to prosecute a war , for Madison had assumed that the state militias would easily seize Canada and that negotiations would follow . In 1812 , the regular army consisted of fewer than 12,000 men . Congress authorized the expansion of the army to 35,000 men , but the service was voluntary and unpopular ; it offered poor pay , and there were few trained and experienced officers , at least initially . The militia objected to serving outside their home states , were not open to discipline , and performed poorly against British forces when outside their home states . American prosecution of the war suffered from its unpopularity , especially in New England , where anti-war speakers were vocal . `` Two of the Massachusetts members ( of Congress ) , Seaver and Widgery , were publicly insulted and hissed on Change in Boston ; while another , Charles Turner , member for the Plymouth district , and Chief - Justice of the Court of Sessions for that county , was seized by a crowd on the evening of August 3 , ( 1812 ) and kicked through the town '' . The United States had great difficulty financing its war . It had disbanded its national bank , and private bankers in the Northeast were opposed to the war . The United States was able to obtain financing from London - based Barings Bank to cover overseas bond obligations . The failure of New England to provide militia units or financial support was a serious blow . Threats of secession by New England states were loud , as evidenced by the Hartford Convention . Britain exploited these divisions , blockading only southern ports for much of the war and encouraging smuggling . Administrative and economic problems While the London government was well administered , in terms of its army , navy , and financial offices , the government in Washington was badly organized , with inexperience , incompetence and confusion the main hallmarks . The federal government 's management system was Designed to minimize the federal role before 1812 . The Republicans in power deliberately wanted to downsize the power and roles of the federal government ; when the war began , the Federalist opposition worked hard to sabotage operations . Problems multiplied rapidly in 1812 , and all the weaknesses were magnified , especially regarding the Army and the Treasury . There were no serious reforms before the war ended . In financial matters , the decentralizing ideology of the Republicans meant they wanted the First Bank of the United States to expire in 1811 , when its 20 - year charter ran out . Its absence made it much more difficult to handle the financing of the war , and cause special problems in terms of moving money from state to state , since state banks were not allowed to operate across state lines . The bureaucracy was terrible , often missing deadlines . On the positive side , over 120 new state banks were created all over the country , and they issued notes that financed much of the war effort , along with loans raised by Washington . Some key Republicans , especially Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin realized the need for new taxes , but the Republican Congress was very reluctant and only raised small amounts . The whole time , the Federalists in Congress and especially the Federalist - controlled state governments in the Northeast , and the Federalist - aligned financial system in the Northeast , was strongly opposed to the war and refused to help in the financing . Indeed , they facilitated smuggling across the Canadian border , and sent large amounts of gold and silver to Canada , which created serious shortages in the US . Across the two and half years of the war , 1812 -- 1815 , the federal government took in more money than it spent . Cash out was $119.5 million , cash in was $154.0 million . Two - thirds of the income was borrowing that had to be paid back in later years ; the national debt went from $56.0 million in 1812 to $127.3 million in 1815 . Out of the GDP ( gross domestic product ) of about $925 million ( in 1815 ) , this was not a large burden for a national population of 8 million people . A new Second Bank of the United States was set up in 1816 , and after that the financial system performed very well , even though there was still a shortage of gold and silver . Great Lakes and western territories Invasions of Upper and Lower Canada , 1812 Map showing the northern theatre of the War of 1812 U.S. leaders assumed that Canada could be easily overrun . Former President Jefferson optimistically referred to the conquest of Canada as `` a matter of marching '' . Many Loyalist Americans had migrated to Upper Canada after the Revolutionary War . There was also significant non-Loyalist American immigration to the area due to the offer of land grants to immigrants , and the U.S. assumed the latter would favour the American cause , but they did not . In prewar Upper Canada , General Prévost was in the unusual position of having to purchase many provisions for his troops from the American side . This peculiar trade persisted throughout the war in spite of an abortive attempt by the U.S. government to curtail it . In Lower Canada , which was much more populous , support for Britain came from the English elite with strong loyalty to the Empire , and from the French - speaking Canadien elite , who feared American conquest would destroy the old order by introducing Protestantism , Anglicization , republican democracy , and commercial capitalism ; and weakening the Catholic Church . The Canadien inhabitants feared the loss of a shrinking area of good lands to potential American immigrants . In 1812 -- 13 , British military experience prevailed over inexperienced American commanders . Geography dictated that operations take place in the west : principally around Lake Erie , near the Niagara River between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario , and near the Saint Lawrence River area and Lake Champlain . This was the focus of the three - pronged attacks by the Americans in 1812 . Although cutting the St. Lawrence River through the capture of Montreal and Quebec would have made Britain 's hold in North America unsustainable , the United States began operations first in the western frontier because of the general popularity there of a war with the British , who had sold arms to the Native Americans opposing the settlers . The British scored an important early success when their detachment at St. Joseph Island , on Lake Huron , learned of the declaration of war before the nearby American garrison at the important trading post at Mackinac Island in Michigan . A scratch force landed on the island on July 17 , 1812 , and mounted a gun overlooking Fort Mackinac . After the British fired one shot from their gun , the Americans , taken by surprise , surrendered . This early victory encouraged the natives , and large numbers moved to help the British at Amherstburg . The island totally controlled access to the Old Northwest , giving the British nominal control of this area , and , more vitally , a monopoly on the fur trade . Kensett 's engraving of Upper & Lower Canada 1812 An American army under the command of William Hull invaded Canada on July 12 , with his forces chiefly composed of untrained and ill - disciplined militiamen . Once on Canadian soil , Hull issued a proclamation ordering all British subjects to surrender , or `` the horrors , and calamities of war will stalk before you '' . This led many of the British forces to defect . John Bennett , printer and publisher of the York Gazette & Oracle , was a prominent defector . Andrew Mercer , who had the publication 's production moved to his house , lost the press and type destroyed during American occupation , an example of what happened to resisters . He also threatened to kill any British prisoner caught fighting alongside a native . The proclamation helped stiffen resistance to the American attacks . Hull 's army was too weak in artillery and badly supplied to achieve its objectives , and had to fight just to maintain its own lines of communication . The senior British officer in Upper Canada , Major General Isaac Brock , felt that he should take bold measures to calm the settler population in Canada , and to convince the aboriginals who were needed to defend the region that Britain was strong . He moved rapidly to Amherstburg near the western end of Lake Erie with reinforcements and immediately decided to attack Detroit . Hull , fearing that the British possessed superior numbers and that the Indians attached to Brock 's force would commit massacres if fighting began , surrendered Detroit without a fight on August 16 . Knowing of British - instigated indigenous attacks on other locations , Hull ordered the evacuation of the inhabitants of Fort Dearborn ( Chicago ) to Fort Wayne . After initially being granted safe passage , the inhabitants ( soldiers and civilians ) were attacked by Potowatomis on August 15 after travelling only 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) in what is known as the Battle of Fort Dearborn . The fort was subsequently burned . Brock promptly transferred himself to the eastern end of Lake Erie , where American General Stephen Van Rensselaer was attempting a second invasion . An armistice ( arranged by Prévost in the hope the British renunciation of the Orders in Council to which the United States objected might lead to peace ) prevented Brock from invading American territory . When the armistice ended , the Americans attempted an attack across the Niagara River on October 13 , but suffered a crushing defeat at Queenston Heights . Brock was killed during the battle . While the professionalism of the American forces improved by the war 's end , British leadership suffered after Brock 's death . A final attempt in 1812 by American General Henry Dearborn to advance north from Lake Champlain failed when his militia refused to advance beyond American territory . In contrast to the American militia , the Canadian militia performed well . French Canadians , who found the anti-Catholic stance of most of the United States troublesome , and United Empire Loyalists , who had fought for the Crown during the American Revolutionary War , strongly opposed the American invasion . Many in Upper Canada were recent settlers from the United States who had no obvious loyalties to the Crown ; nevertheless , while there were some who sympathized with the invaders , the American forces found strong opposition from men loyal to the Empire . American Northwest , 1813 Oliver Hazard Perry 's message to William Henry Harrison after the Battle of Lake Erie began with one of the most famous sentences in American military history : `` We have met the enemy and they are ours '' . This 1865 painting by William H. Powell shows Perry transferring to a different ship during the battle . Main article : Ohio in the War of 1812 After Hull 's surrender of Detroit , General William Henry Harrison was given command of the U.S. Army of the Northwest . He set out to retake the city , which was now defended by Colonel Henry Procter in conjunction with Tecumseh . A detachment of Harrison 's army was defeated at Frenchtown along the River Raisin on January 22 , 1813 . Procter left the prisoners with an inadequate guard , who could not prevent some of his North American aboriginal allies from attacking and killing perhaps as many as sixty Americans , many of whom were Kentucky militiamen . The incident became known as the River Raisin Massacre . The defeat ended Harrison 's campaign against Detroit , and the phrase `` Remember the River Raisin ! '' became a rallying cry for the Americans . In May 1813 , Procter and Tecumseh set siege to Fort Meigs in northwestern Ohio . American reinforcements arriving during the siege were defeated by the natives , but the fort held out . The Indians eventually began to disperse , forcing Procter and Tecumseh to return north to Canada . A second offensive against Fort Meigs also failed in July . In an attempt to improve Indian morale , Procter and Tecumseh attempted to storm Fort Stephenson , a small American post on the Sandusky River , only to be repulsed with serious losses , marking the end of the Ohio campaign . On Lake Erie , American commander Captain Oliver Hazard Perry fought the Battle of Lake Erie on September 10 , 1813 . His decisive victory at `` Put - in - Bay '' ensured American military control of the lake , improved American morale after a series of defeats , and compelled the British to fall back from Detroit . This paved the way for General Harrison to launch another invasion of Upper Canada , which culminated in the U.S. victory at the Battle of the Thames on October 5 , 1813 , in which Tecumseh was killed . Niagara frontier , 1813 Historical map of the Niagara River area during the War of 1812 Because of the difficulties of land communications , control of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River corridor was crucial . When the war began , the British already had a small squadron of warships on Lake Ontario and had the initial advantage . To redress the situation , the Americans established a Navy yard at Sackett 's Harbor in northwestern New York . Commodore Isaac Chauncey took charge of the large number of sailors and shipwrights sent there from New York ; they completed the second warship built there in a mere 45 days . Ultimately , almost 3,000 men worked at the naval shipyard , building eleven warships and many smaller boats and transports . Having regained the advantage by their rapid building program , Chauncey and Dearborn attacked York , on the northern shore of the lake , the capital of Upper Canada , on April 27 , 1813 . The Battle of York was a `` pyrrhic '' American victory , marred by looting and the burning of the small Provincial Parliament buildings and a library ( resulting in a spirit of revenge by the British / Canadians led by Gov. George Prévost , who later demanded satisfaction encouraging the British Admiralty to issue orders to their officers later operating in the Chesapeake Bay region to exact similar devastation on the American Federal capital village of Washington the following year ) . However , Kingston was strategically much more valuable to British supply and communications routes along the St. Lawrence corridor . Without control of Kingston , the U.S. Navy could not effectively control Lake Ontario or sever the British supply line from Lower Canada . On May 25 , 1813 the guns of the American Lake Ontario squadron joined by Fort Niagara began bombarding Fort George . On May 27 , 1813 , an American amphibious force from Lake Ontario assaulted Fort George on the northern end of the Niagara River and captured it without serious losses . The British also abandoned Fort Erie and headed towards the Burlington Heights . With the British position in Upper Canada on the verge of collapse , the Iroquois Indians living along the banks of the Grand River considered changing side and ignored a British appeal to come to their aid . The retreating British forces were not pursued , however , until they had largely escaped and organized a counteroffensive against the advancing Americans at the Battle of Stoney Creek on June 5 . With Upper Canada on the line , the British a surprise attack at Stoney Creek at 2 : 00 am , leading to much confused fighting . Through tactically a draw , the battle was a strategic British victory as the Americans pulled back to Forty Mile Creek rather than continuing their advance into Upper Canada . At this point , the Six Nations living on the Grand River began to come out to fight for the British as an American victory no longer seemed inevitable . The Iroquis ambushed an American patrol at Forty Mile Creek while the Royal Navy squadron based in Kingston came to bombard the American camp , leading to General Dearborn to retreat back to Fort George as he now mistakenly believed he was outnumbered and outgunned . The British commander , General John Vincent was heartened by the fact that more and more First Nations warriors were now arriving to assist him , providing about 800 additional men . On June 24 , with the help of advance warning by Laura Secord , another American force was forced to surrender by a much smaller British and native force at the Battle of Beaver Dams , marking the end of the American offensive into Upper Canada . The British commander General Francis de Rottenberg did not have the strength to retake Fort George , so he built a blockade , hoping to starve the Americans into surrender . Meanwhile , Commodore James Lucas Yeo had taken charge of the British ships on the lake and mounted a counterattack , which was nevertheless repulsed at the Battle of Sackett 's Harbor . Thereafter , Chauncey and Yeo 's squadrons fought two indecisive actions , neither commander seeking a fight to the finish . Late in 1813 , the Americans abandoned the Canadian territory they occupied around Fort George . They set fire to the village of Newark ( now Niagara - on - the - Lake ) on December 10 , 1813 , incensing the Canadians and politicians in control . Many of the inhabitants were left without shelter , freezing to death in the snow . This led to British retaliation following the Capture of Fort Niagara on December 18 , 1813 . Early the next morning on December 19 , the British and their native allies stormed the neighbouring town of Lewiston , New York , torching homes and buildings and killing about a dozen civilians . As the British were chasing the surviving residents out of town , a small force of Tuscarora natives intervened and stopped the pursuit , buying enough time for the locals to escape to safer ground . It is notable in that the Tuscaroras defended the Americans against their own Iroquois brothers , the Mohawks , who sided with the British . Later , the British attacked and burned Buffalo on December 30 , 1813 . In 1814 , the contest for Lake Ontario turned into a building race . Naval superiority shifted between the opposing fleets as each built new , bigger ships . However , neither was able to bring the other to battle when in a position of superiority , leaving the Engagements on Lake Ontario a draw . At war 's end , the British held the advantage with the 112 - gun HMS St Lawrence , but the Americans had laid down two even larger ships . The majority of these ships never saw action and were decommissioned after the war . St. Lawrence and Lower Canada , 1813 Attack on Fort Oswego ( May 1814 ) Sakawarton ( John Smoke Johnson ) , John Tutela , and Young Warner , three Six Nations veterans of the War of 1812 . Photographed in 1882 . The British were potentially most vulnerable over the stretch of the St. Lawrence where it formed the frontier between Upper Canada and the United States . During the early days of the war , there was illicit commerce across the river . Over the winter of 1812 and 1813 , the Americans launched a series of raids from Ogdensburg on the American side of the river , which hampered British supply traffic up the river . On February 21 , Sir George Prévost passed through Prescott on the opposite bank of the river with reinforcements for Upper Canada . When he left the next day , the reinforcements and local militia attacked . At the Battle of Ogdensburg , the Americans were forced to retire . For the rest of the year , Ogdensburg had no American garrison , and many residents of Ogdensburg resumed visits and trade with Prescott . This British victory removed the last American regular troops from the Upper St. Lawrence frontier and helped secure British communications with Montreal . Late in 1813 , after much argument , the Americans made two thrusts against Montreal . Taking Montreal would have cut off the British forces in Upper Canada and thus potentially changed the war . The plan eventually agreed upon was for Major General Wade Hampton to march north from Lake Champlain and join a force under General James Wilkinson that would embark in boats and sail from Sackett 's Harbor on Lake Ontario and descend the St. Lawrence . Hampton was delayed by bad roads and supply problems and also had an intense dislike of Wilkinson , which limited his desire to support his plan . On October 25 , his 4,000 - strong force was defeated at the Chateauguay River by Charles de Salaberry 's smaller force of Canadian Voltigeurs and Mohawks . Salaberry 's force of Lower Canada militia and Indians numbered only 339 , but had a strong defensive position . Wilkinson 's force of 8,000 set out on October 17 , but was also delayed by bad weather . After learning that Hampton had been checked , Wilkinson heard that a British force under Captain William Mulcaster and Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Wanton Morrison was pursuing him , and by November 10 , he was forced to land near Morrisburg , about 150 kilometres ( 90 mi ) from Montreal . On November 11 , Wilkinson 's rear guard , numbering 2,500 , attacked Morrison 's force of 800 at Crysler 's Farm and was repulsed with heavy losses . After learning that Hampton could not renew his advance , Wilkinson retreated to the U.S. and settled into winter quarters . He resigned his command after a failed attack on a British outpost at Lacolle Mills . Had the Americans taken Montreal as planned , Upper Canada would have certainly been lost and the failure of the campaign ended in the greatest British defeat in the Canadas during the war . Niagara and Plattsburgh campaigns , 1814 American Infantry attacks at Lundy 's Lane Rather trying to take Montreal or Kingston , the Americans chose again to invade the Niagara frontier to take Upper Canada , largely because the Americans had occupied southwestern Upper Canada after their victory in Moraviantown , and it was believed in Washington that if the Americans could take the rest of Upper Canada , then they would force the British to cede that province to them when it came time to negotiate the peace . The end of the war in Europe in April 1814 meant that the British could now redeploy their Army to North America , so the Americans were anxious to have Upper Canada to negotiate from a position of strength . The plan for 1814 to invade Upper Canada via the Niagara frontier while sending another force to recapture Mackinac . The British were sending supplies to the Indians in the Old Northwest from Montreal via Mackinac , so is why the island was considered important . By the middle of 1814 , American generals , including Major Generals Jacob Brown and Winfield Scott , had drastically improved the fighting abilities and discipline of the army . The Americans ' renewed attack on the Niagara peninsula quickly captured Fort Erie on July 3 , 1814 with the 170 garrison quickly surrendering to the 5 , 000 Americans . General Phineas Riall rushed towards the frontier and unaware of Fort Erie 's fall or the size of the American force chose to engage in battle . Winfield Scott then gained a victory over an inferior British force at the Battle of Chippawa on July 5 . The Americans brought out overwhelming firepower against the attacking British who lost about 600 dead to the 350 dead on the American side . An attempt to advance further ended with a hard - fought but inconclusive Battle of Lundy 's Lane on July 25 . Both sides stood their ground , but after the battle , the American commander , General Jacob Brown , pulled back to Fort George while the British did not pursue them . The outnumbered Americans withdrew but withstood a prolonged Siege of Fort Erie . The British tried to storm Fort Erie on August 14 , 1814 , but suffered heavy losses losing 950 killed , wounded and captured compared to only 84 dead and wounded on the American side . The British suffered heavy casualties in a failed assault and were weakened by exposure and shortage of supplies in their siege lines . Eventually the British raised the siege , but American Major General George Izard took over command on the Niagara front and followed up only halfheartedly . An American raid along the Grand River destroyed many farms that weakened British logistics . In October 1814 the American advanced into Upper Canada , engaged in skirmishes at Cook 's Mill , but pulled back when they heard that the new British warship , HMS St. Lawrence armed with 104 guns , which had been launched in Kingston that September was on its way . The Americans lacked provisions , and eventually destroyed the Fort Erie and retreated across the Niagara . War of 1812 Re-enactment , Old Fort Erie , Ontario Meanwhile , following the abdication of Napoleon , 15,000 British troops were sent to North America under four of Wellington 's ablest brigade commanders . Fewer than half were veterans of the Peninsula and the rest came from garrisons . Prévost was ordered to neutralize American power on the lakes by burning Sackets Harbor , gain naval control of Lake Erie , Lake Ontario and the Upper Lakes , and defend Lower Canada from attack . He did defend Lower Canada but otherwise failed to achieve his objectives . Given the late season he decided to invade New York State . His army outnumbered the American defenders of Plattsburgh , but he was worried about his flanks so he decided he needed naval control of Lake Champlain . On the lake , the British squadron under Captain George Downie and the Americans under Master Commandant Thomas Macdonough were more evenly matched . On reaching Plattsburgh , Prévost delayed the assault until the arrival of Downie in the hastily completed 36 - gun frigate HMS Confiance . Prévost forced Downie into a premature attack , but then unaccountably failed to provide the promised military backing . Downie was killed and his naval force defeated at the naval Battle of Plattsburgh in Plattsburgh Bay on September 11 , 1814 . The Americans now had control of Lake Champlain ; Theodore Roosevelt later termed it `` the greatest naval battle of the war '' . The successful land defence was led by Alexander Macomb . To the astonishment of his senior officers , Prévost then turned back , saying it was too hazardous to remain on enemy territory after the loss of naval supremacy . Prévost was recalled and in London , a naval court - martial decided that defeat had been caused principally by Prévost 's urging the squadron into premature action and then failing to afford the promised support from the land forces . Prévost died suddenly , just before his own court - martial was to convene . Prévost 's reputation sank to a new low , as Canadians claimed that their militia under Brock did the job and he failed . Recently , however , historians have been more kindly , measuring him not against Wellington but against his American foes . They judge Prévost 's preparations for defending the Canadas with limited means to be energetic , well - conceived , and comprehensive ; and against the odds , he had achieved the primary objective of preventing an American conquest . To the east , the northern part of Massachusetts , soon to be Maine , was invaded . Fort Sullivan at Eastport was taken by Sir Thomas Hardy on July 11 . Castine , Hampden , Bangor , and Machias were taken , and Castine became the main British base till April 15 , 1815 , when the British left , taking £ 10,750 in tariff duties , the `` Castine Fund '' which was used to found Dalhousie University . Eastport was not returned to the United States till 1818 . American West , 1813 -- 15 The Upper Mississippi River during the War of 1812 . 1 : Fort Bellefontaine U.S. headquarters ; 2 : Fort Osage , abandoned 1813 ; 3 : Fort Madison , defeated 1813 ; 4 : Fort Shelby , defeated 1814 ; 5 : Battle of Rock Island Rapids , July 1814 and the Battle of Credit Island , Sept. 1814 ; 6 : Fort Johnson , abandoned 1814 ; 7 : Fort Cap au Gris and the Battle of the Sink Hole , May 1815 Plans of the original Fort Madison in 1810 , captured by British - supported Indians in 1813 The Mississippi River valley was the western frontier of the United States in 1812 . The territory acquired in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 contained almost no U.S. settlements west of the Mississippi except around Saint Louis and a few forts and trading posts . Fort Belle Fontaine , an old trading post converted to a U.S. Army post in 1804 , served as regional headquarters . Fort Osage , built in 1808 along the Missouri was the western-most U.S. outpost , it was abandoned at the start of the war . Fort Madison , built along the Mississippi in what is now Iowa , was also built in 1808 , and had been repeatedly attacked by British - allied Sauk since its construction . In September 1813 Fort Madison was abandoned after it was attacked and besieged by natives , who had support from the British . This was one of the few battles fought west of the Mississippi . Black Hawk played a leadership role . Little of note took place on Lake Huron in 1813 , but the American victory on Lake Erie and the recapture of Detroit isolated the British there . During the ensuing winter , a Canadian party under Lieutenant Colonel Robert McDouall established a new supply line from York to Nottawasaga Bay on Georgian Bay . When he arrived at Fort Mackinac with supplies and reinforcements , he sent an expedition to recapture the trading post of Prairie du Chien in the far west . The Siege of Prairie du Chien ended in a British victory on July 20 , 1814 . Earlier in July , the Americans sent a force of five vessels from Detroit to recapture Mackinac . A mixed force of regulars and volunteers from the militia landed on the island on August 4 . They did not attempt to achieve surprise , and at the brief Battle of Mackinac Island , they were ambushed by natives and forced to re-embark . The Americans discovered the new base at Nottawasaga Bay , and on August 13 , they destroyed its fortifications and the schooner Nancy that they found there . They then returned to Detroit , leaving two gunboats to blockade Mackinac . On September 4 , these gunboats were taken unawares and captured by British boarding parties from canoes and small boats . These Engagements on Lake Huron left Mackinac under British control . The British garrison at Prairie du Chien also fought off another attack by Major Zachary Taylor . In this distant theatre , the British retained the upper hand until the end of the war , through the allegiance of several indigenous tribes that received British gifts and arms , enabling them to take control of parts of what is now Michigan and Illinois , as well as the whole of modern Wisconsin . In 1814 U.S. troops retreating from the Battle of Credit Island on the upper Mississippi attempted to make a stand at Fort Johnson , but the fort was soon abandoned , along with most of the upper Mississippi valley . After the U.S. was pushed out of the Upper Mississippi region , they held on to eastern Missouri and the St. Louis area . Two notable battles fought against the Sauk were the Battle of Cote Sans Dessein , in April 1815 , at the mouth of the Osage River in the Missouri Territory , and the Battle of the Sink Hole , in May 1815 , near Fort Cap au Gris . At the conclusion of peace , Mackinac and other captured territory was returned to the United States . At the end of the war , some British officers and Canadians objected to handing back Prairie du Chien and especially Mackinac under the terms of the Treaty of Ghent . However , the Americans retained the captured post at Fort Malden , near Amherstburg , until the British complied with the treaty . Fighting between Americans , the Sauk , and other indigenous tribes continued through 1817 , well after the war ended in the east . Atlantic theatre Opening strategies Map of Chesapeake 's first cruise during the War of 1812 . Modern boundaries are shown . In 1812 , Britain 's Royal Navy was the world 's largest , with over 600 cruisers in commission and some smaller vessels . Although most of these were involved in blockading the French navy and protecting British trade against ( usually French ) privateers , the Royal Navy still had 85 vessels in American waters , counting all British Navy vessels in North American and the Caribbean waters . However , the Royal Navy 's North American squadron based in Halifax , Nova Scotia ( which bore the brunt of the war ) , numbered one small ship of the line , seven frigates , nine smaller sloops and brigs along with five schooners . By contrast , the United States Navy comprised 8 frigates , 14 smaller sloops and brigs , and no ships of the line . The U.S. had embarked on a major shipbuilding program before the war at Sackets Harbor , New York and continued to produce new ships . Three of the existing American frigates were exceptionally large and powerful for their class , larger than any British frigate in North America . Whereas the standard British frigate of the time was rated as a 38 gun ship , usually carrying up to 50 guns , with its main battery consisting of 18 - pounder guns ; USS Constitution , President , and United States , in comparison , were rated as 44 - gun ships , carrying 56 -- 60 guns with a main battery of 24 - pounders . USS Constitution defeats HMS Guerriere , a significant event during the war . The British strategy was to protect their own merchant shipping to and from Halifax , Nova Scotia , and the West Indies , and to enforce a blockade of major American ports to restrict American trade . Because of their numerical inferiority , the American strategy was to cause disruption through hit - and - run tactics , such as the capture of prizes and engaging Royal Navy vessels only under favourable circumstances . Days after the formal declaration of war , however , it put out two small squadrons , including the frigate President and the sloop Hornet under Commodore John Rodgers , and the frigates United States and Congress , with the brig Argus under Captain Stephen Decatur . These were initially concentrated as one unit under Rodgers , who intended to force the Royal Navy to concentrate its own ships to prevent isolated units being captured by his powerful force . Large numbers of American merchant ships were returning to the United States with the outbreak of war , and if the Royal Navy was concentrated , it could not watch all the ports on the American seaboard . Rodgers ' strategy worked , in that the Royal Navy concentrated most of its frigates off New York Harbor under Captain Philip Broke , allowing many American ships to reach home . But , Rodgers ' own cruise captured only five small merchant ships , and the Americans never subsequently concentrated more than two or three ships together as a unit . Single - ship actions HMS Shannon leading the captured American frigate Chesapeake into Halifax , Nova Scotia ( 1813 ) Both American and British naval honor had been challenged in the leadup to the war . The Chesapeake -- Leopard affair had left the United States insulted by the Royal Navy 's impressment of sailors . Given that honor was at stake , the appropriate method for the United States Navy to redeem itself was by dueling . Similarly , British honor was challenged in the Little Belt Affair where the British sloop HMS Little Belt was fired upon by the United States frigate President after the President had mistaken Little Belt for the British frigate HMS Guerriere . Captain James Dacres of the Guerriere began a cycle of frigate duels by challenging the USS President to a single ship duel to avenge the losses aboard the Little Belt . Commodore John Rodgers of the USS President declined the challenge because he feared the intervention of the rest of British squadron under Commodore Philip Broke that Guerriere was part of . Meanwhile , the USS Constitution , commanded by Captain Isaac Hull , sailed from the Chesapeake Bay on July 12 . On July 17 , Commodore Broke 's British squadron which included Guerriere gave chase off New York , but Constitution evaded her pursuers after two days . Constitution briefly called at Boston to replenish water . Commodore Borke detached Guerriere from his squadron to seek out repairs as Guerriere being a French - built ship had weak scantlings ( beams fastened with a thickened clamp rather than vertical and horizontal knees ) and had , therefore , become leaky and rotten . Furthermore , she had been struck by lightning severely damaging her masts . Constitution encountered and engaged engaged the HMS Guerriere in a duel to redeem American honor . Captain Dacres was eager to engage the American frigate as Constitution was the sister ship of President and would serve equally well as ship to duel against to redeem British honor . USS Constitution had nearly 50 percent more men , more firepower , heavier tonnage and heavier scantlings ( which determine how much damage enemy shot does to a ship ) than Guerriere . Unsurprisingly , Constitution emerged the victor . After a 35 - minute battle , Guerriere had been dis - masted and captured , and was later burned . Constitution earned the nickname `` Old Ironsides '' following this battle as many of the British cannonballs were seen to bounce off her hull due to Constitution 's heavy scantlings . Hull returned to Boston with news of this significant victory . Similarly , On October 25 , USS United States , commanded by Captain Decatur , captured the British frigate HMS Macedonian , which he then carried back to port . At the close of the month , Constitution sailed south , now under the command of Captain William Bainbridge . On December 29 , off Bahia , Brazil , she met the British frigate HMS Java . After a battle lasting three hours , Java struck her colors and was burned after being judged unsalvageable . Constitution , at first seemed relatively undamaged in the battle , but it was later determined that Java had successfully hit Constitution 's masts with 18 - pounder shot , but the mast had n't fallen due to its immense diameter . Constitution 's fell while she was docked . United States , Constitution and President were all almost 50 percent larger by tonnage , crew , firepower , and scantling size than the Macedonian , Guerriere and Java ( Guerriere was rotten and had lightning damage as well as being weakly built as a French ship , Java had extra marines onboard making the disparity in crew more similar although she too was a French - built ship , Macedonian fitted the 50 percent statistic near perfectly ) The United States Navy 's sloops had also won several victories over Royal Navy sloops of approximately equal armament . The American sloops Hornet , Wasp ( 1807 ) , Peacock , Wasp ( 1813 ) , and Frolic were all ship - rigged while the British Cruizer - class sloops they encountered were brig rigged , which gave the Americans a significant advantage . Ship rigged vessels are more maneuverable in battle because they have a wider variety of sails the can back allowing ship - rigged vessels to wear as well as heave to . More significantly , if some spars are shot away on a brig because it is more difficult to wear , the brig loses the ability to steer , while a ship could adjust its more diverse canvas as if to wear to compensate for the imbalance caused by damage in battle . Furthermore , ship - rigged vessels which three masts simply have more masts to shoot away than brigs with two masts before the vessel is unmanagable . In addition While the American ships had experienced and well - drilled volunteer crews , the enormous size of the overstretched Royal Navy meant that many ships were shorthanded and the average quality of crews suffered and the constant sea duties of those serving in North America interfered with their training and exercises . The only engagement between two brig - sloops was between the British Cruizer class brig Pelican ( 1812 ) and the United States ' Argus where the Pelican emerged the victor as she had greater firepower and tonnage , despite having fewer crew . Although not a sloop , the gun - brig Boxer was taken by the brig - sloop Enterprise in a bloody battle where the Enterprise emerged the victor again due to superior force . It was clear that in single ship battle 's superior force was the most significant factor . In response to the majority of the American ship 's being of greater force than the British ships of the same class . Britain to constructed five 40 - gun , 24 - pounder heavy frigates and two `` spar - decked '' frigates ( the 60 - gun HMS Leander and HMS Newcastle ) and to razee three old 74 - gun ships of the line to convert them to heavy frigates . To counter the American sloops of war , the British constructed the Cyrus - class ship - sloops of 22 guns . The British Admiralty also instituted a new policy that the three American heavy frigates should not be engaged except by a ship of the line or frigates in squadron strength . Commodore Philip Broke had lost Guerriere to Constitution from his very own squadron . He knew that Dacres of the Guerriere intended to duel American frigate to avenge the losses on the Little Belt caused by the USS President in 1811 . Since , Constitution had taken Guerriere , Broke intended to redeem Dacres ' honor by taking the Constitution which was undergoing repairs in Boston in early 1813 . Broke found that Constitution was not ready for sea . Instead , he decided to challenge Chesapeake as Broke was short on water and provisions and could not wait for Constitution . Captain James Lawrence of the Chesapeake was misguided by propaganda intended to boost American morale ( and successfully did ) that claimed that the three frigate duels of 1812 were of equal force leading Lawrence to believe taking Broke 's Shannon ( 1806 ) would be easy . Lawrence even went to the extent of preemptively arranging for a banquet to be held for his victorious crew . Broke , on the other hand had spend years training his crew and developing artillery innovations on his ship , making Shannon particularly well prepared for battle . On June 1 , 1813 , Shannon took Chesapeake in a duel that lasted less than fifteen minutes in Boston Harbor . Lawrence was mortally wounded and famously cried out , `` Tell the men to fire faster ! Do n't give up the ship ! '' The two frigates were of near - identical armament and length . Chesapeake 's crew was larger , had greater tonnage and was of greater scantling strength ( which led to the British claiming she was overbuilt ) , but many of her crew had not served or trained together . Shannon had been at sea for a long time , and her hull had begun to rot , further exaggerating the disparity in scantling strength . Nevertheless , this engagement proved to the only single - ship action where both ships were of essentially equal force during the War of 1812 . British citizens reacted with celebration and relief that the run of American victories had ended . Notably , this action was by ratio one of the bloodiest contests recorded during this age of sail due to the close - range engagement , the boarding ( hand - to - hand combat ) and Broke 's philosophy of artillery being `` Kill the men and the ship is yours '' , with more dead and wounded than HMS Victory suffered in four hours of combat at Trafalgar . Captain Lawrence was killed , and Captain Broke was so badly wounded that he never again held a sea command . The Americans then did as the British had done in 1812 and banned single - ship duels after this engagement . Marines aboard USS Wasp engage HMS Reindeer June 1814 In January 1813 , the American frigate Essex , under the command of Captain David Porter , sailed into the Pacific to harass British shipping . Many British whaling ships carried letters of marque allowing them to prey on American whalers , and they nearly destroyed the industry . Essex challenged this practice . She inflicted considerable damage on British interests . Essex consort USS Essex Junior ( armed with twenty guns ) were captured off Valparaíso , Chile , by the British frigate HMS Phoebe and the sloop HMS Cherub on March 28 , 1814 it what statistically appeared to be a battle of equal force as Essex and Phoebe were of similar tonnage , scantling , and broadside weight as well as Cherub and Essex Junior ( with the exception of scantling , which Essex Junior was much more lightly built than Cherub ) . Once again the Americans had more men . Nevertheless , Phoebe was armed with long guns which none of the other ships engaged had . Furthermore , Captain Hillyar had used Phillip Broke 's methods of artillery on Phoebe and Cherub with tangent and dispart sights . This gave the British ships a significant advantage at the range at which the battle was fought . Once again proving that superior force was the deciding factor . To conclude the cycle of duels cause by the Little Belt affair , the USS President was finally captured in January 1815 . Unlike the previous engagements , President was not taken in a duel . Following the both Royal Navy 's requirements , President was pursued by a squadron consisting of four frigates , one being a 56 - gun razee . President was an extremely fast ship and successfully outsailed the fast British squadron with the exception of the HMS Endymion which has been regarded as the fastest ship in the age of fighting sail . Captain Henry Hope of the Endymion had fitted his ship with Phillip Broke 's technology as Captain Hillyar had done on the Phoebe . This gave him the slight advantage at range and slowed President . Commodore Decatur on the President had the advantage in scantling strength , firepower , crew , and tonnage , but not in maneuverability . Despite having fewer guns , Endymion was armed with 24 - pounders just like the President . This meant that Endymion shot could pierce the hull of President unlike the Guerriere 's which bounced of the Constitution 's hull or the Java 's that failed to cut through Constitution 's mast . Following Broke 's philosophy of `` Kill the man and the ship is your 's '' , Endymion fired into President 's hull severely damaging her ( shot holes below the waterline , 10 / 15 starboard guns on the gundeck disabled , water in the hold , and shot from Endymion found inside President 's Magazine . ) . Decatur knew his only hope was to dismantle Endymion and sail away from the rest of the squadron . When he failed , he surrendered his ship to `` the captain of the black frigate ( Endymion ) '' . Decatur took advantage of the fact the Endymion had no boats that were intact and attempted to sneak away under the cover of night , only to be caught up by the HMS Pomone . Decatur surrendered without a fight . Decatur had surrendered the United States finest frigate and flagship President to a smaller ship , but part of a squadron of greater force . Decatur gave unreliable accounts of the battle stating that President was already `` severely damaged '' by a grounding before the engagement , but undamaged after the engagement with Endymion . He stated Pomone caused `` significant '' losses aboard President , although President 's crew claim they were below deck gathering their belongings as they had already surrendered . Despite saying `` I surrender my ship to the captain of the black frigate '' , Decatur also writes that he said , `` I surrender to the squadron '' . Nevertheless , many historians such as Ian Toll , Theodore Roosevelt , and William James quote Decatur 's remarks to either enforce that Endymion alone took President or that President surrendered to the whole squadron , when actually it was something in - between . These arguments show the significance to honor of last frigate engagement 's of the War of 1812 as the question as to how President was taken is only significant to honor as the outcome is maintained that President was taken . British honor was finally redeemed as President was taken and the Little Belt was avenged . Furthermore , President was used as an example to prove to the British that the American 44 - gun frigates were nowhere near evenly matched to the standard British 38 - gun frigates which had been taken in 1812 . Nevertheless , this was not a duel ( which was stressed by Decatur ) and the United States still maintained greater success in frigate duels , and American honor was maintained . Both countries therefore emerged with the sense that they had redeemed their honor . Success in single ship battles raised American morale after the repeated failed invasion attempts in Upper and Lower Canada . However , these single ship victories had no military effect on the war at sea as they did not alter the balance of naval power , impede British supplies and reinforcements , or even raise insurance rates for British trade . During the war , the United States Navy captured 165 British merchantmen ( although privateers captured many more ) while the Royal Navy captured 1,400 American merchantmen . More significantly , the British blockade of the Atlantic coast caused the majority warships to be unable to put to sea and devastated the United States economy . Privateering The operations of American privateers proved a more significant threat to British trade than the U.S. Navy . They operated throughout the Atlantic and continued until the close of the war , most notably from ports such as Baltimore . American privateers reported taking 1300 British merchant vessels , compared to 254 taken by the U.S. Navy . although the insurer Lloyd 's of London reported that only 1,175 British ships were taken , 373 of which were recaptured , for a total loss of 802 . The Canadian historian Carl Benn wrote that American privateers took 1 , 344 British ships , of which 750 were retaken by the British . However the British were able to limit privateering losses by the strict enforcement of convoy by the Royal Navy and by capturing 278 American privateers . Due to the massive size of the British merchant fleet , American captures only affected 7.5 % of the fleet , resulting in no supply shortages or lack of reinforcements for British forces in North America . Of 526 American privateers , 148 were captured by the Royal Navy and only 207 ever took a prize . Due to the large size of their navy , the British did not rely as much on privateering . The majority of the 1,407 captured American merchant ships were taken by the Royal Navy . The war was the last time the British allowed privateering , since the practice was coming to be seen as politically inexpedient and of diminishing value in maintaining its naval supremacy . However privateering remained popular in British colonies . It was the last hurrah for privateers in Bermuda who vigorously returned to the practice after experience in previous wars . The nimble Bermuda sloops captured 298 American ships . Privateer schooners based in British North America , especially from Nova Scotia took 250 American ships and proved especially effective in crippling American coastal trade and capturing American ships closer to shore than the Royal Navy cruisers . Blockade Captain Broke leads the boarding party to USS Chesapeake The naval blockade of the United States began informally in 1812 and expanded to cut off more ports as the war progressed . Twenty ships were on station in 1812 and 135 were in place by the end of the conflict . In March 1813 , the Royal Navy punished the Southern states , who most vocal about annexing British North America by blockading Charleston , Port Royal , Savannah and New York city was well . However , as additional ships were sent to North America in 1813 , the Royal Navy was able to tighten the blockade and extend it , first to the coast south of Narragansett by November 1813 and to the entire American coast on May 31 , 1814 . In May 1814 , following the abdication of Napoleon , and the end of the supply problems with Wellington 's army , New England was blockaded . The British government , having need of American foodstuffs for its army in Spain , benefited from the willingness of the New Englanders to trade with them , so no blockade of New England was at first attempted . The Delaware River and Chesapeake Bay were declared in a state of blockade on December 26 , 1812 . Illicit trade was carried on by collusive captures arranged between American traders and British officers . American ships were fraudulently transferred to neutral flags . Eventually , the U.S. government was driven to issue orders to stop illicit trading ; this put only a further strain on the commerce of the country . The overpowering strength of the British fleet enabled it to occupy the Chesapeake and to attack and destroy numerous docks and harbours . The blockade of American ports later tightened to the extent that most American merchant ships and naval vessels were confined to port . The American frigates USS United States and USS Macedonian ended the war blockaded and hulked in New London , Connecticut . The USS United States and USS Macedonian attempted to set sail to raid British shipping in the Caribbean , but were forced to turn back when confronted with a British squadron , and by the end of the war , the United States had six frigates and four ships - of - the - line sitting in port . Some merchant ships were based in Europe or Asia and continued operations . Others , mainly from New England , were issued licences to trade by Admiral Sir John Borlase Warren , commander in chief on the American station in 1813 . This allowed Wellington 's army in Spain to receive American goods and to maintain the New Englanders ' opposition to the war . The blockade nevertheless resulted in American exports decreasing from $130 million in 1807 to $7 million in 1814 . Most of these were food exports that ironically went to supply their enemies in Britain or British colonies . The blockade had a devastating effect on the American economy with the value of American exports and imports falling from $114 million in 1811 down to $20 million by 1814 while the US Customs took in $13 million in 1811 and $6 million in 1814 , despite the fact that Congress had voted to double the rates . The British blockade further damaged the American economy by forcing merchants to abandon the cheap and fast coastal trade to the slow and more expensive inland roads . In 1814 , only 1 out of 14 American merchantmen risked leaving port as a high probability that any ship leaving port would be seized . As the Royal Navy base that supervised the blockade , Halifax profited greatly during the war . From that base British privateers seized many French and American ships and sold their prizes in Halifax . Freeing and recruiting slaves The British Royal Navy 's blockades and raids allowed about 4,000 African Americans to escape slavery by fleeing American plantations to find freedom aboard British ships , migrants known , as regards those who settled in Canada , as the Black Refugees . The blockading British fleet in Chesapeake Bay received increasing numbers of enslaved black Americans during 1813 . By British government order they were treated as free persons when reaching British hands . Alexander Cochrane 's proclamation of April 2 , 1814 , invited Americans who wished to emigrate to join the British , and though not explicitly mentioning slaves was taken by all as addressed to them . About 2,400 of the escaped slaves and their families who were carried on ships of the Royal Navy following their escape settled in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick during and after the war . From May 1814 , younger men among the volunteers were recruited into a new Corps of Colonial Marines . They fought for Britain throughout the Atlantic campaign , including the Battle of Bladensburg and the attacks on Washington , D.C. and Battle of Baltimore , later settling in Trinidad after rejecting British government orders for transfer to the West India Regiments , forming the community of the Merikins . The slaves who escaped to the British represented the largest emancipation of African Americans before the American Civil War . Occupation of Maine Maine , then part of Massachusetts , was a base for smuggling and illegal trade between the U.S. and the British . Until 1813 the region was generally quiet except for privateer actions near the coast . In September 1813 , there was a notable naval action when the U.S. Navy 's brig Enterprise fought and captured the Royal Navy brig Boxer off Pemaquid Point . The first British assault came in July 1814 , when Sir Thomas Masterman Hardy took Moose Island ( Eastport , Maine ) without a shot , with the entire American garrison of Fort Sullivan -- which became the British Fort Sherbrooke -- surrendering . Next , from his base in Halifax , Nova Scotia , in September 1814 , Sir John Coape Sherbrooke led 3,000 British troops in the `` Penobscot Expedition '' . In 26 days , he raided and looted Hampden , Bangor , and Machias , destroying or capturing 17 American ships . He won the Battle of Hampden ( losing two killed while the Americans lost one killed ) . Retreating American forces were forced to destroy the frigate Adams . The British occupied the town of Castine and most of eastern Maine for the rest of the war , re-establishing the colony of New Ireland . The Treaty of Ghent returned this territory to the United States , though Machias Seal Island has remained in dispute . The British left in April 1815 , at which time they took ₤ 10,750 obtained from tariff duties at Castine . This money , called the `` Castine Fund '' , was used to establish Dalhousie University , in Halifax , Nova Scotia . Chesapeake campaign and `` the Star - Spangled Banner '' Following their victory at the Battle of Bladensburg , the British entered Washington , D.C. The strategic location of the Chesapeake Bay near America 's new national capital , Washington , D.C. on the major tributary of the Potomac River , made it a prime target for the British . Starting in March 1813 , a squadron under Rear Admiral George Cockburn started a blockade of the mouth of the Bay at Hampton Roads harbour and raided towns along the Bay from Norfolk , Virginia , to Havre de Grace , Maryland . On July 4 , 1813 , Commodore Joshua Barney , a Revolutionary War naval hero , convinced the Navy Department to build the Chesapeake Bay Flotilla , a squadron of twenty barges powered by small sails or oars ( sweeps ) to defend the Chesapeake Bay . Launched in April 1814 , the squadron was quickly cornered in the Patuxent River , and while successful in harassing the Royal Navy , they were powerless to stop the British campaign that ultimately led to the `` Burning of Washington '' . This expedition , led by Cockburn and General Robert Ross , was carried out between August 19 and 29 , 1814 , as the result of the hardened British policy of 1814 . As part of this , Admiral Warren had been replaced as commander in chief by Admiral Alexander Cochrane , with reinforcements and orders to coerce the Americans into a favourable peace . Burning of Washington , August 1814 A force of 2,500 soldiers under General Ross had just arrived in Bermuda aboard HMS Royal Oak , three frigates , three sloops and ten other vessels . Released from the Peninsular War by victory , the British intended to use them for diversionary raids along the coasts of Maryland and Virginia . In response to Prévost 's request , they decided to employ this force , together with the naval and military units already on the station , to strike at the national capital . On August 24 , U.S. Secretary of War John Armstrong Jr. insisted that the British were going to attack Baltimore rather than Washington , even when British army and naval units were obviously on their way to Washington . The inexperienced state militia was easily routed in the Battle of Bladensburg , opening the route to Washington . While First Lady Dolley Madison saved valuables from what is now the `` White House '' ) , senior officials fled to Virginia . Secretary of the Navy William Jones ordered setting fire to the Washington Navy Yard to prevent the capture of supplies . The nation 's public buildings were destroyed by the British ( and by a furious thunderstorm that ruined a great deal of property , although it did quench the flames ) . American morale was challenged . Many Federalists swung around , and rallied to a patriotic defense of their homeland . Perhaps the most dramatic change in mood of the Federalist was by Francis Scott Key , who compose the national anthem while watching American forces in Baltimore repulse the British attacks . The British moved on to their major target , the heavily fortified major city of Baltimore . They delayed their movement allowing Baltimore an opportunity to strengthen the fortifications and bring in new federal troops and state militia units . The `` Battle for Baltimore '' began with the British landing on September 12 , 1814 , at North Point , where they were met by American militia further up the `` Patapsco Neck '' peninsula . An exchange of fire began , with casualties on both sides . The British Army commander Major Gen. Robert Ross was killed by snipers . The British paused , then continued to march northwestward to face the stationed Maryland and Baltimore City militia units at `` Godly Wood . '' The Battle of North Point was fought for several afternoon hours in a musketry and artillery duel . The British also planned to simultaneously attack Baltimore by water on the following day , September 13 , to support their military facing the massed , heavily dug - in and fortified American units of approximately 15,000 with about a hundred cannon gathered along the eastern heights of the city named `` Loudenschlager 's Hill '' ( later `` Hampstead Hill '' -- now part of Patterson Park ) . The Baltimore defences had been planned in advance and overseen by the state militia commander , Maj. Gen. Samuel Smith . The Royal Navy was unable to reduce Fort McHenry at the entrance to Baltimore Harbor in support of an attack from the northeast by the British Army . An artist 's rendering of the bombardment at Fort McHenry , where Francis Scott Key placed off - shore in a U.S. truce ship was inspired to write the four - stanza poem he originally titled `` The Defence of Fort McHenry '' , which later when set to music became named `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , adopted as the national anthem in 1931 . The British naval guns , mortars and new `` Congreve rockets '' had a longer range than the American cannon onshore . The ships mostly stood off out of the Americans ' range which returned very little fire . The fort was not heavily damaged except for a burst over a rear brickwall knocking out some fieldpieces but with few casualties . The British eventually realized that they could not force the passage to attack Baltimore in coordination with the land force . A last ditch night feint and barge attack during a heavy rain storm was led by Capt . Charles Napier around the fort up the Middle Branch of the river to the west . Split and misdirected partly in the storm it turned back after suffering heavy casualties from the guns of alert gunners of Fort Covington and Battery Babcock . The British called off the attack and sailed downriver to pick up their army which had retreated from the east side of Baltimore . All the lights were extinguished in Baltimore the night of the attack , and the fort was bombarded for 25 hours . The only light was given off by the exploding shells over Fort McHenry , illuminating the flag that was still flying over the fort . The defence of the fort inspired the American lawyer Francis Scott Key to write `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' , a poem that was set to music as `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . Southern theatre Creek war Main article : Creek War Before 1813 , the war between the Creeks ( or Muscogee ) had been largely an internal affair sparked by the ideas of Tecumseh farther north in the Mississippi Valley . A faction known as the Red Sticks , so named for the color of their war paint , had broken away from the rest of the Creek Confederacy , which wanted peace with the United States . The Red Sticks were allied with Tecumseh , who about a year before 1813 had visited the Creeks and encouraged greater resistance to the Americans . The Creek Nation was a trading partner of the United States actively involved with Spanish and British trade as well . The Red Sticks , as well as many southern Muscogeean people like the Seminole , had a long history of alliance with the Spanish and British Empires . This alliance helped the North American and European powers protect each other 's claims to territory in the south . The Battle of Burnt Corn between Red Sticks and U.S. troops , occurred in the southern parts of Alabama on July 27 , 1813 . It prompted the state of Georgia as well as the Mississippi territory militia to immediately take major action against Creek offensives . The Red Sticks chiefs gained power in the east along the Alabama , Coosa , and Tallapoosa Rivers -- Upper Creek territory . The Lower Creek lived along the Chattahoochee River . Many Creeks tried to remain friendly to the United States , and some were organized by federal Indian Agent Benjamin Hawkins to aid the 6th Military District under General Thomas Pinckney and the state militias . The United States combined forces were large . At its peak the Red Stick faction had 4,000 warriors , only a quarter of whom had muskets . On August 30 , 1813 , Red Sticks , led by chiefs Red Eagle and Peter McQueen , attacked Fort Mimms , north of Mobile , the only American - held port in the territory of West Florida . The attack on Fort Mimms resulted in the death of 400 settlers and became an ideological rallying point for the Americans . The Fort Mims massacre in 1813 . The Creek warriors attacked the fort , and killed a total of 400 to 500 people . The Indian frontier of western Georgia was the most vulnerable but was partially fortified already . From November 1813 to January 1814 , Georgia 's militia and auxiliary Federal troops -- from the Creek and Cherokee Indian nations and the states of North Carolina and South Carolina -- organized the fortification of defences along the Chattahoochee River and expeditions into Upper Creek territory in present - day Alabama . The army , led by General John Floyd , went to the heart of the `` Creek Holy Grounds '' and won a major offensive against one of the largest Creek towns at Battle of Autosee , killing an estimated two hundred people . In November , the militia of Mississippi with a combined 1200 troops attacked the `` Econachca '' encampment ( `` Battle of Holy Ground '' ) on the Alabama River . Tennessee raised a militia of 5,000 under Major Generals Andrew Jackson and Brigadier General John Coffee and won the battles of Tallushatchee and Talladega in November 1813 . Jackson suffered enlistment problems in the winter . He decided to combine his force with that of the Georgia militia . However , from January 22 -- 24 , 1814 , while on their way , the Tennessee militia and allied Muscogee were attacked by the Red Sticks at the Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek . Jackson 's troops repelled the attackers , but outnumbered , were forced to withdraw to his base at Fort Strother . In January Floyd 's force of 1,300 state militia and 400 Creek Indians moved to join the U.S. forces in Tennessee , but were attacked in camp on the Calibee Creek by Tukabatchee Indians on the 27th . Jackson 's force increased in numbers with the arrival of U.S. Army soldiers and a second draft of Tennessee state militia and Cherokee and Creek allies swelled his army to around 5,000 . In March 1814 they moved south to attack the Creek . On March 27 , Jackson decisively defeated the Creek Indian force at Horseshoe Bend , killing 800 of 1,000 Creeks at a cost of 49 killed and 154 wounded out of approximately 2,000 American and Cherokee forces . The American army moved to Fort Jackson on the Alabama River . On August 9 , 1814 , the Upper Creek chiefs and Jackson 's army signed the `` Treaty of Fort Jackson '' . The most of western Georgia and part of Alabama was taken from the Creeks to pay for expenses borne by the United States . The Treaty also `` demanded '' that the `` Red Stick '' insurgents cease communicating with the Spanish or British , and only trade with U.S. - approved agents . British aid to the Red Sticks arrived after the end of the Napoleonic Wars in April 1814 and after Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane assumed command from Admiral Warren in March . The Creek promised to join any body of ' troops that should aid them in regaining their lands , and suggesting an attack on the tower off Mobile . ' In April 1814 the British established an outpost on the Apalachicola River ( see Fort Gadsden Historic Site ) . Cochrane sent a company of Royal Marines , the vessels HMS Hermes and HMS Carron , commanded by Edward Nicolls , and further supplies to meet the Indians . In addition to training the Indians , Nicolls was tasked to raise a force from escaped slaves , as part of the Corps of Colonial Marines . In July 1814 , General Jackson complained to the Governor of Pensacola , Mateo González Manrique , that combatants from the Creek War were being harboured in Spanish territory , and made reference to the British presence on Spanish soil . Although he gave an angry reply to Jackson , Manrique was alarmed at the weak position he found himself in . He appealed to the British for help , with Woodbine arriving on July 28 , and Nicolls arriving at Pensacola on August 24 . The first engagement of the British and their Creek allies against the Americans on the Gulf Coast was the attack on Fort Bowyer September 14 , 1814 . Captain William Percy tried to take the U.S. fort , hoping to then move on Mobile and block U.S. trade and encroachment on the Mississippi . After the Americans repulsed Percy 's forces , the British established a military presence of up to 200 Marines at Pensacola . In November , Jackson 's force of 4,000 men took the town in November . This underlined the superiority of numbers of Jackson 's force in the region . The U.S. force moved to New Orleans in late 1814 . Jackson 's army of 1,000 regulars and 3,000 to 4,000 militia , pirates and other fighters , as well as civilians and slaves built fortifications south of the city . Gulf coast Main article : Battle of New Orleans American forces under General James Wilkinson , who was himself earning $4,000 per year as a Spanish secret agent , took the Mobile area -- formerly part of West Florida -- from the Spanish in March 1813 ; this was the only territory permanently gained by the U.S. during the war . The Americans built Fort Bowyer , a log and earthenwork fort with 14 guns , on Mobile Point . At the end of 1814 , the British launched a double offensive in the South weeks before the Treaty of Ghent was signed . On the Atlantic coast , Admiral George Cockburn was to close the Intracoastal Waterway trade and land Royal Marine battalions to advance through Georgia to the western territories . On the Gulf coast , Admiral Alexander Cochrane moved on the new state of Louisiana and the Mississippi Territory . Admiral Cochrane 's ships reached the Louisiana coast December 9 , and Cockburn arrived in Georgia December 14 . The Battle of New Orleans , January 1815 On January 8 , 1815 , a British force of 8,000 under General Edward Pakenham attacked Jackson 's defences in New Orleans . The Battle of New Orleans was an American victory , as the British failed to take the fortifications on the East Bank . The British suffered high casualties : 291 dead , 1262 wounded , and 484 captured or missing whereas American casualties were 13 dead , 39 wounded , and 19 missing . It was hailed as a great victory across the U.S. , making Jackson a national hero and eventually propelling him to the presidency . The American garrison at Fort St. Philip endured ten days of bombardment from Royal Navy guns , which was a final attempt to invade Louisiana ; British ships sailed away from the Mississippi River on January 18 . However , it was not until January 27 , 1815 , that the army had completely rejoined the fleet , allowing for their departure . After New Orleans , the British tried to take Mobile a second time ; General John Lambert laid siege for five days and took the fort , winning the Second Battle of Fort Bowyer on February 12 , 1815 . HMS Brazen brought news of the Treaty of Ghent the next day , and the British abandoned the Gulf coast . In January 1815 , Admiral Cockburn succeeded in blockading the southeastern coast by occupying Camden County , Georgia . The British quickly took Cumberland Island , Fort Point Peter , and Fort St. Tammany in a decisive victory . Under the orders of his commanding officers , Cockburn 's forces relocated many refugee slaves , capturing St. Simons Island as well , to do so . During the invasion of the Georgia coast , an estimated 1,485 people chose to relocate in British territories or join the military . In mid-March , several days after being informed of the Treaty of Ghent , British ships finally left the area . Treaty of Ghent Main article : Treaty of Ghent Factors leading to the peace negotiations By 1814 , both sides had either achieved their main war goals or were weary of a costly war that offered little but stalemate . They both sent delegations to a neutral site in Ghent , Flanders ( now part of Belgium ) . The negotiations began in early August and concluded on December 24 , when a final agreement was signed ; both sides had to ratify it before it could take effect . Meanwhile , both sides planned new invasions . In 1814 the British began blockading the United States , and brought the American economy to near bankruptcy , forcing it to rely on loans for the rest of the war . American foreign trade was reduced to a trickle . The parlous American economy was thrown into chaos with prices soaring and unexpected shortages causing hardship in New England which was considering secession . The Hartford Convention led to widespread fears that the New England states might attempt to leave the Union , which was exaggerated as most New Englanders did not wish to leave the Union and merely wanted an end to a war which was bringing much economic hardship , suggested that the continuation of the war might threaten the union . But also to a lesser extent British interests were hurt in the West Indies and Canada that had depended on that trade . Although American privateers found chances of success much reduced , with most British merchantmen now sailing in convoy , privateering continued to prove troublesome to the British , as shown by high insurance rates . British landowners grew weary of high taxes , and colonial interests and merchants called on the government to reopen trade with the U.S. by ending the war . Negotiations and peace At last in August 1814 , peace discussions began in the neutral city of Ghent . Both sides began negotiations warily The British diplomats stated their case first , demanding the creation of an Indian barrier state in the American Northwest Territory ( the area from Ohio to Wisconsin ) . It was understood the British would sponsor this Indian state . The British strategy for decades had been to create a buffer state to block American expansion . Britain demanded naval control of the Great Lakes and access to the Mississippi River . The Americans refused to consider a buffer state and the proposal was dropped . Although article IX of the treaty included provisions to restore to Natives `` all possessions , rights and privileges which they may have enjoyed , or been entitled to in 1811 '' , the provisions were unenforceable ; the British did not try and the Americans simply broke the treaty . The Americans ( at a later stage ) demanded damages for the burning of Washington and for the seizure of ships before the war began . American public opinion was outraged when Madison published the demands ; even the Federalists were now willing to fight on . The British had planned three invasions . One force burned Washington but failed to capture Baltimore , and sailed away when its commander was killed . In northern New York State , 10,000 British veterans were marching south until a decisive defeat at the Battle of Plattsburgh forced them back to Canada . Nothing was known of the fate of the third large invasion force aimed at capturing New Orleans and southwest . The Prime Minister wanted the Duke of Wellington to command in Canada and take control of the Great Lakes . Wellington said that he would go to America but he believed he was needed in Europe . Wellington emphasized that the war was a draw and the peace negotiations should not make territorial demands : I think you have no right , from the state of war , to demand any concession of territory from America ... You have not been able to carry it into the enemy 's territory , notwithstanding your military success and now undoubted military superiority , and have not even cleared your own territory on the point of attack . You can not on any principle of equality in negotiation claim a cessation of territory except in exchange for other advantages which you have in your power ... Then if this reasoning be true , why stipulate for the uti possidetis ? You can get no territory : indeed , the state of your military operations , however creditable , does not entitle you to demand any . The Prime Minister , Lord Liverpool , aware of growing opposition to wartime taxation and the demands of Liverpool and Bristol merchants to reopen trade with America , realized Britain also had little to gain and much to lose from prolonged warfare especially after the growing concern about the situation in Europe . After months of negotiations , against the background of changing military victories , defeats and losses , the parties finally realized that their nations wanted peace and there was no real reason to continue the war . The main focus on British foreign policy was the Congress of Vienna , during which British diplomats had clashed with Russian and Prussian diplomats over the terms of the peace with France , and there were fears at the Britain might have go to war with Russia and Prussia . Now each side was tired of the war . Export trade was all but paralyzed and after Napoleon fell in 1814 France was no longer an enemy of Britain , so the Royal Navy no longer needed to stop American shipments to France , and it no longer needed to impress more seamen . It had ended the practices that so angered the Americans in 1812 . The British were preoccupied in rebuilding Europe after the apparent final defeat of Napoleon . British negotiators were urged by Lord Liverpool to offer a status quo and dropped their demands for the creation of an Indian barrier state , which was in any case hopeless after the collapse of Tecumseh 's alliance . This allowed negotiations to resume at the end of October . British diplomats soon offered the status quo to the U.S. negotiators , who accepted them . Prisoners were to be exchanged and captured slaves returned to the United States or paid for by Britain . At this point , the number of slaves was approximately 6,000 . Britain eventually refused the demand , allowing many to either emigrate to Canada or Trinidad . On December 24 , 1814 the diplomats had finished and signed the Treaty of Ghent . The treaty was ratified by the British three days later on December 27 and arrived in Washington on February 17 where it was quickly ratified and went into effect , thus finally ending the war . The terms called for all occupied territory to be returned , the prewar boundary between Canada and the United States to be restored , and the Americans were to gain fishing rights in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence . The Treaty of Ghent failed to secure official British acknowledgement of American maritime rights or ending impressment . However , in the century of peace until World War I these rights were not seriously violated . The defeat of Napoleon made irrelevant all of the naval issues over which the United States had fought . The Americans had achieved their goal of ending the Indian threat ; furthermore the American armies had scored enough victories ( especially at New Orleans ) to satisfy honour and the sense of becoming fully independent from Britain . Losses and compensation British losses in the war were about 1,160 killed in action and 3,679 wounded ; 3,321 British died from disease . American losses were 2,260 killed in action and 4,505 wounded . While the number of Americans who died from disease is not known , it is estimated that about 15,000 died from all causes directly related to the war . These figures do not include deaths among Canadian militia forces or losses among native tribes . There have been no estimates of the cost of the American war to Britain , but it did add some £ 25 million to the national debt . In the U.S. , the cost was $105 million , about the same as the cost to Britain . The national debt rose from $45 million in 1812 to $127 million by the end of 1815 , although by selling bonds and treasury notes at deep discounts -- and often for irredeemable paper money due to the suspension of specie payment in 1814 -- the government received only $34 million worth of specie . Stephen Girard , the richest man in America at the time , was one of those who personally funded the United States government involvement in the war . In addition , at least 3,000 American slaves escaped to the British lines . Many other slaves simply escaped in the chaos of war and achieved their freedom on their own . The British settled some of the newly freed slaves in Nova Scotia . Four hundred freedmen were settled in New Brunswick . The Americans protested that Britain 's failure to return the slaves violated the Treaty of Ghent . After arbitration by the Tsar of Russia the British paid $1,204,960 in damages to Washington , which reimbursed the slaveowners . In the United States , the economy grew every year 1812 -- 1815 , despite a large loss of business by East Coast shipping interests . Prices were 15 % higher -- inflated -- in 1815 compared to 1812 , an annual rate of 4.8 % . There was inflation of about % . The national economy grew 1812 -- 1815 at the rate of 3.7 % a year , after accounting for inflation . Per capita GDP grew at 2.2 % a year , after accounting for inflation . Hundreds of new banks were opened ; they largely handled the loans that financed the war since tax revenues were down . Money that would have been spent on foreign trade was diverted to opening new factories , which were profitable since British factory - made products were not for sale . This gave a major boost to the Industrial Revolution in the U.S. , as typified by the Boston Associates . The Boston Manufacturing Company , built the first integrated spinning and weaving factory in the world at Waltham , Massachusetts , in 1813 . Memory and historiography Popular views During the 19th century the popular image of the war in the United States was of an American victory , and in Canada , of a Canadian victory . Each young country saw its self - perceived victory as an important foundation of its growing nationhood . The British , on the other hand , who had been preoccupied by Napoleon 's challenge in Europe , paid little attention to what was to them a peripheral and secondary dispute , a distraction from the principal task at hand . Canadian Canadian Voltigeurs in action at the Battle of the Chateauguay In British North America , the War of 1812 was seen by Loyalists as a victory , as they had claimed they had successfully defended their country from an American takeover . A long - term consequence of the Canadian militia 's success was the view widely held in Canada at least until the First World War that Canada did not need a regular professional army . While Canadian militia units had played instrumental roles in several engagements , such as at the Battle of the Chateauguay , it was the regular units of the British Army , including its `` Fencible '' regiments which were recruited within North America , which ensured that Canada was successfully defended . The U.S. Army had done poorly , on the whole , in several attempts to invade Canada , and the Canadians had fought bravely to defend their territory . But the British did not doubt that the thinly populated territory would remain vulnerable in a third war . `` We can not keep Canada if the Americans declare war against us again '' , Admiral Sir David Milne wrote to a correspondent in 1817 , although the Rideau Canal was built for just such a scenario . By the 21st century it was a forgotten war in Britain , although still remembered in Canada , especially Ontario . In a 2009 poll , 37 % of Canadians said the war was a Canadian victory , 9 % said the U.S. won , 15 % called it a draw , and 39 % said they knew too little to comment . A 2012 poll found that in a list of items that could be used to define Canadians ' identity , the belief that Canada successfully repelled an American invasion in the War of 1812 places second ( 25 % ) . American Today , American popular memory includes the British capture and the burning of Washington in August 1814 , which necessitated its extensive renovation . The fact that before the war , many Americans wanted to annex British North America , was swiftly forgotten , and instead American popular memory focused on the victories at Baltimore , Plattsburg and New Orleans to present the war as a successful effort to assert American national honour , the `` second war of independence '' that saw the mighty British empire humbled and humiliated . In a speech before Congress on February 18 , 1815 , President Madison proclaimed the war a complete American victory . This interpretation of the war was and remains the dominant American view of the war The American newspaper the Niles Register in an editorial on September 14 , 1816 , announced that the Americans had crushed the British , declaring `` ... we did virtually dictate the treaty of Ghent to the British '' . A minority of Americans , mostly associated with the Federalists , saw the war as a defeat and an act of folly on Madison 's part , caustically asking if the Americans were `` dictating '' the terms of the treaty of Ghent , why the British Crown did not cede British North America to the United States ? However , the Federalist view of the war is not the mainstream American memory of the war . The view of Congressman George Troup , who stated in a speech in 1815 that the Treaty of Ghent was `` the glorious termination of the most glorious war ever waged by any people '' , is the way that most Americans remembered the war . Another memory is the successful American defence of Fort McHenry in September 1814 , which inspired the lyrics of the U.S. national anthem , `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . The successful captains of the U.S. Navy became popular heroes with plates with the likeness of Decatur , Steward , Hull , and others becoming popular items . Ironically , many were made in England . The navy became a cherished institution , lauded for the victories that it won against all odds . After engagements during the final actions of the war , U.S. Marines had acquired a well - deserved reputation as excellent marksmen , especially in ship - to - ship actions . Historians ' views Historians have differing and complex interpretations of the war . In recent decades the view of the majority of historians has been that the war ended in stalemate , with the Treaty of Ghent closing a war that had become militarily inconclusive . Neither side wanted to continue fighting since the main causes had disappeared and since there were no large lost territories for one side or the other to reclaim by force . Insofar as they see the war 's resolution as allowing two centuries of peaceful and mutually beneficial intercourse between the U.S. , Britain and Canada , these historians often conclude that all three nations were the `` real winners '' of the War of 1812 . These writers often add that the war could have been avoided in the first place by better diplomacy . It is seen as a mistake for everyone concerned because it was badly planned and marked by multiple fiascoes and failures on both sides , as shown especially by the repeated American failures to seize parts of Canada , and the failed British attack on New Orleans and upstate New York . However , other scholars hold that the war constituted a British victory and an American defeat . They argue that the British achieved their military objectives in 1812 ( by stopping the repeated American invasions of Canada ) and retaining their Canadian colonies . By contrast , they say , the Americans suffered a defeat when their armies failed to achieve their war goal of seizing part or all of Canada . Additionally , they argue the U.S. lost as it failed to stop impressment , which the British refused to repeal until the end of the Napoleonic Wars , arguing that the U.S. actions had no effect on the Orders in Council , which were rescinded before the war started . Historian Troy Bickham , author of The Weight of Vengeance : The United States , the British Empire , and the War of 1812 , sees the British as having fought to a much stronger position than the United States . Even tied down by ongoing wars with Napoleonic France , the British had enough capable officers , well - trained men , and equipment to easily defeat a series of American invasions of Canada . In fact , in the opening salvos of the war , the American forces invading Upper Canada were pushed so far back that they ended up surrendering Michigan Territory . The difference between the two navies was even greater . While the Americans famously ( shockingly for contemporaries on both sides of the Atlantic ) bested British ships in some one - on - one actions at the war 's start , the Royal Navy held supremacy throughout the war , blockading the U.S. coastline and ravaging coastal towns , including Washington , D.C. Yet in late 1814 , the British offered surprisingly generous peace terms despite having amassed a large invasion force of veteran troops in Canada , naval supremacy in the Atlantic , an opponent that was effectively bankrupt , and an open secessionist movement in New England . He considers that the British offered the United States generous terms , in place of their initially harsh terms ( which included massive forfeiture of land to Canada and the American Indians ) , because the `` reigning Liverpool ministry in Britain held a loose grip on power and feared the war - weary , tax - exhausted public '' . The war was also technically a British victory `` because the United States failed to achieve the aims listed in its declaration of war '' . A second minority view is that both the U.S. and Britain won the war -- that is , both achieved their main objectives , as the U.S. restored its independence and honor , and opened the way to westward expansion , while Britain defeated Napoleon and ruled the seas . American historian Norman K. Risjord argues that the main motivation was restoring the nation 's honor in the face of relentless British Aggression toward American neutral rights on the high seas , and in the Western lands . The Results in terms of honor satisfied the War Hawks . American historian Donald Hickey asks , `` Did the cost in blood and treasure justify the U.S. decision to go to war ? Most Republicans thought it did . In the beginning they called the contest a `` second war of independence '' , and while Britain 's maritime practices never truly threatened the Republic 's independence , the war did in a broad sense vindicate U.S. sovereignty . But it ended in a draw on the battlefield . '' Historians argue that it was an American success to end the threat of Indian raids , kill the British plan for a semi-independent Indian sanctuary , and hereby to open an unimpeded path for westward expansion . Winston Churchill concluded : The lessons of the war were taken to heart . Anti-American feeling in Great Britain ran high for several years , but the United States were never again refused proper treatment as an independent power . American naval historian George C. Daughan argues that the US achieved enough of its war goals to claim a victorious result of the conflict , and subsequent impact it had on the negotiations in Ghent . Daughan uses official correspondences from President Madison to the delegates at Ghent strictly prohibiting negotiations with regards to maritime law , stating : Madison 's latest dispatches ( arrived July 25 -- 27 , 1814 ) permitted them ( the delegates ) to simply ignore the entire question of maritime rights . Free trade with liberated Europe had already been restored , and the Admiralty no longer needed impressment to man its warships . The president felt that with Europe at peace the issues of neutral trading rights and impressment could safely be set aside in the interests of obtaining peace ... Thus , from the start of the negotiations , the disagreements that started the war and sustained it were acknowledged by both parties to be no longer important . The British permanently stopped impressing Americans , although they never publicly rescinding the possibility of resuming that practice . The US delegates at the meeting understood it to be a dead issue after the 1814 surrender of Napoleon . In addition , the successful defence of Baltimore , Plattsburgh , and Fort Erie ( a strategic fortress located in Upper Canada on the Niagara River , and occupied during the 3rd and most successful offensive into Canada ) had very favorable influence on the negotiations for the Americans and prompted several famous responses from both sides . Henry Clay wrote to the delegates in October 1814 , `` for in our own country , my dear sir , at last must we conquer the peace . '' With growing pressure in Britain , The Duke of Wellington when asked to command the forces in America wrote to Liverpool on November 9 , 1814 `` I confess that I think you have no right , from the state of the war , to demand any concession of territory from America ... You have not been able to carry ... ( the war ) into the enemy 's territory , notwithstanding your military success and now undoubted military superiority , and have not even cleared your own territory on the point of attack ( Fort Erie ) ... Why Stipulate for uti possidetis ? '' The argument that the US failed to capture any Canadian territory that influenced the negotiations is an outdated and highly criticized position , argues Daughan . He cites the Edinburgh Review , a British newspaper who had remained silent about the war with America for two years wrote `` the British government had embarked on a war of conquest , after the American government had dropped its maritime demands , and the British had lost . It was folly to attempt to invade and conquer the United States . To do so would result in the same tragedy as the first war against them , and with the same result . '' National bias of historians Historians have different views on who won the War of 1812 , and there is an element of national bias to this . Mainly British and Canadian historians follow the view that the war was a British victory , though some US historians , also support this view . In contrast to this , US Historians tend to favour a stalemate outcome , though some Canadians and British do as well . Only US historians follow the minority view that the US was the victorious party in the war . -- . Similarly , surveys of school text books have found historians from Canada , Britain and the United States will emphasize different aspects of the war according to their national narrative , and some British texts will scarcely mention the war . Indians as losers Historians generally agree that the real losers of the War of 1812 were the Indians ( called First Nations in Canada ) . Hickey says : The big losers in the war were the Indians . As a proportion of their population , they had suffered the heaviest casualties . Worse , they were left without any reliable European allies in North America ... The crushing defeats at the Thames and Horseshoe Bend left them at the mercy of the Americans , hastening their confinement to reservations and the decline of their traditional way of life . The Indians of the Old Northwest ( the modern Midwest ) had hoped to create an Indian state to be a British protectorate . American settlers into the Middle West had been repeatedly blocked and threatened by Indian raids before 1812 , and that now came to an end . Throughout the war the British had played on terror of the tomahawks and scalping knives of their Indian allies ; it worked especially at Hull 's surrender at Detroit . By 1813 Americans had killed Tecumseh and broken his coalition of tribes . Jackson then defeated the Creek in the Southwest . Historian John Sugden notes that in both theatres , the Indians ' strength had been broken prior to the arrival of the major British forces in 1814 . The one campaign that the Americans had decisively won was the campaign in the Old Northwest , which put the British in a weak hand to insist upon an Indian state in the Old Northwest . Notwithstanding the sympathy and support from commanders ( such as Brock , Cochrane and Nicolls ) , the policymakers in London reneged in assisting the Indians , as making peace was a higher priority for the politicians . At the peace conference the British demanded an independent Indian state in the Midwest , but , although the British and their Indian allies maintained control over the territories in question ( i.e. most of the Upper Midwest ) , British diplomats did not press the demand after an American refusal , effectively abandoning their Indian allies . The withdrawal of British protection gave the Americans a free hand , which resulted in the removal of most of the tribes to Indian Territory ( present - day Oklahoma ) . In that sense according to historian Alan Taylor , the final victory at New Orleans had `` enduring and massive consequences '' . It gave the Americans `` continental predominance '' while it left the Indians dispossessed , powerless , and vulnerable . The Treaty of Ghent technically required the United States to cease hostilities and `` forthwith to restore to such Tribes or Nations respectively all possessions , rights and privileges which they may have enjoyed , or been entitled to in 1811 '' ; the United States ignored this article of the treaty and proceeded to expand into this territory regardless ; Britain was unwilling to provoke further war to enforce it . A shocked Henry Goulburn , one of the British negotiators at Ghent , remarked : Till I came here , I had no idea of the fixed determination which there is in the heart of every American to extirpate the Indians and appropriate their territory . The Creek War came to an end , with the Treaty of Fort Jackson being imposed upon the Indians . About half of the Creek territory was ceded to the United States , with no payment made to the Creeks . This was , in theory , invalidated by Article 9 of the Treaty of Ghent . The British failed to press the issue , and did not take up the Indian cause as an infringement of an international treaty . Without this support , the Indians ' lack of power was apparent and the stage was set for further incursions of territory by the United States in subsequent decades . Long - term consequences Main article : Results of the War of 1812 Neither side lost territory in the war , nor did the treaty that ended it address the original points of contention -- and yet it changed much between the United States of America and Britain . The Treaty of Ghent established the status quo ante bellum ; that is , there were no territorial losses by either side . The issue of impressment was made moot when the Royal Navy , no longer needing sailors , stopped impressment after the defeat of Napoleon in spring 1814 ended the war . ( Napoleon unexpectedly returned in 1815 , after the final end of the war of 1812 . ) Except for occasional border disputes and some tensions during the American Civil War , relations between the U.S. and Britain remained peaceful for the rest of the 19th century , and the two countries became close allies in the 20th century . The Rush -- Bagot Treaty between the United States and Britain was enacted in 1817 . It demilitarized the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain , where many British naval arrangements and forts still remained . The treaty laid the basis for a demilitarized boundary . It remains in effect to this day . Although Britain had defeated the American invasions she was in no mood to have more conflicts with the United States since her attention was to her growing Indian possessions . Indicative of forbearance , or at least improved relations , Britain never seriously challenged the US over land claims after 1846 : she had hoped to keep Texas out of the US and had designs of taking California . From the 1880s , because of the burgeoning industrial power of the US , Britain had designs on getting the US on her side in a hypothetical European war . Border adjustments between the U.S. and British North America were made in the Treaty of 1818 . Eastport , Massachusetts , was returned to the U.S. in 1818 ; it became part of the new State of Maine in 1820 . A border dispute along the Maine -- New Brunswick border was settled by the 1842 Webster -- Ashburton Treaty after the bloodless Aroostook War , and the border in the Oregon Country was settled by splitting the disputed area in half by the 1846 Oregon Treaty . A further dispute about the line of the border through the island in the Strait of Juan de Fuca resulted in another almost bloodless standoff in the Pig War of 1859 . The line of the border was finally settled by an international arbitration commission in 1872 . United States The 1812 N Moore office tower , completed in 2013 near Washington , D.C. , was named after the war . The U.S. suppressed the Native American resistance on its western and southern borders . The nation also gained a psychological sense of complete independence as people celebrated their `` second war of independence '' . Nationalism soared after the victory at the Battle of New Orleans . The opposition Federalist Party collapsed , and the Era of Good Feelings ensued . No longer questioning the need for a strong Navy , the U.S. built three new 74 - gun ships of the line and two new 44 - gun frigates shortly after the end of the war . ( Another frigate had been destroyed to prevent it being captured on the stocks . ) In 1816 , the U.S. Congress passed into law an `` Act for the gradual increase of the Navy '' at a cost of $1,000,000 a year for eight years , authorizing 9 ships of the line and 12 heavy frigates . The Captains and Commodores of the U.S. Navy became the heroes of their generation in the U.S. Decorated plates and pitchers of Decatur , Hull , Bainbridge , Lawrence , Perry , and Macdonough were made in Staffordshire , England , and found a ready market in the United States . Several war heroes used their fame to win election to national office . Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison both took advantage of their military successes to win the presidency , while Richard Mentor Johnson used his wartime exploits to help attain the vice presidency . During the war , New England states became increasingly frustrated over how the war was being conducted and how the conflict was affecting them . They complained that the U.S. government was not investing enough in the states ' defences militarily and financially , and that the states should have more control over their militias . The increased taxes , the British blockade , and the occupation of some of New England by enemy forces also agitated public opinion in the states . As a result , at the Hartford Convention ( December 1814 -- January 1815 ) Federalist delegates deprecated the war effort and sought more autonomy for the New England states . They did not call for secession but word of the angry anti-war resolutions appeared at the same time that peace was announced and the victory at New Orleans was known . The upshot was that the Federalists were permanently discredited and quickly disappeared as a major political force . This war enabled thousands of slaves to escape to British lines or ships for freedom , despite the difficulties . The planters ' complacency about slave contentment was shocked by their seeing slaves , who risked so much to be free . After the decisive defeat of the Creek Indians at the battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814 , some Indian warriors escaped to join the Seminoles in Florida . The remaining Creek chiefs signed away about half their lands , comprising 23,000,000 acres , covering much of southern Georgia and two thirds of modern Alabama . The Creeks were now separated from any future help from the Spanish in Florida , or from the Choctaw and Chickasaw to the west . During the war the United States seized Mobile , Alabama , which was a strategic location providing oceanic outlet to the cotton lands to the north . Jackson invaded Florida in 1818 , demonstrating to Spain that it could no longer control that territory with a small force . Spain sold Florida to the United States in 1819 in the Adams -- Onís Treaty following the First Seminole War . Pratt concludes : Thus indirectly the War of 1812 brought about the acquisition of Florida ... To both the Northwest and the South , therefore , the War of 1812 brought substantial benefits . It broke the power of the Creek Confederacy and opened to settlement a great province of the future Cotton Kingdom . British North America ( Canada ) Douglas Coupland 's ' Monument to the War of 1812 ' ( 2008 ) in Toronto ; depicts a larger - than - life Canadian soldier triumphing over an American ; both are depicted as metallic toy soldiers of the sort small children play with . Pro-British leaders demonstrated a strong hostility to American influences in western Canada ( Ontario ) after the war and shaped its policies , including a hostility to American - style republicanism . Immigration from the U.S. was discouraged , and favour was shown to the Anglican Church as opposed to the more Americanized Methodist Church . The Battle of York showed the vulnerability of Upper and Lower Canada . In the 1820s , work began on La Citadelle at Quebec City as a defence against the United States . Additionally , work began on the Halifax citadel to defend the port against foreign navies . From 1826 to 1832 , the Rideau Canal was built to provide a secure waterway not at risk from American cannon fire . To defend the western end of the canal , the British Army also built Fort Henry at Kingston . Indigenous nations The Native Americans allied to the British lost their cause . The British proposal to create a `` neutral '' Indian zone in the American West was rejected at the Ghent peace conference and never resurfaced . After 1814 the natives , who lost most of their fur - gathering territory , became an undesirable burden to British policymakers who now looked to the United States for markets and raw materials . British agents in the field continued to meet regularly with their former American Indian partners , but they did not supply arms or encouragement and there were no American Indian campaigns to stop U.S. expansionism in the Midwest . Abandoned by their powerful sponsor , American Great Lakes - area Indians ultimately migrated or reached accommodations with the American authorities and settlers . Bermuda Bermuda had been largely left to the defences of its own militia and privateers before U.S. independence , but the Royal Navy had begun buying up land and operating from there in 1795 , as its location was a useful substitute for the lost U.S. ports . It originally was intended to be the winter headquarters of the North American Squadron , but the war saw it rise to a new prominence . As construction work progressed through the first half of the 19th century , Bermuda became the permanent naval headquarters in Western waters , housing the Admiralty and serving as a base and dockyard . The military garrison was built up to protect the naval establishment , heavily fortifying the archipelago that came to be described as the `` Gibraltar of the West '' . Defence infrastructure remained the central leg of Bermuda 's economy until after World War II . Britain The war is seldom remembered in Great Britain . The massive ongoing conflict in Europe against the French Empire under Napoleon ensured that the War of 1812 against America was never seen as more than a sideshow to the main event by the British . Britain 's blockade of French trade had been entirely successful and the Royal Navy was the world 's dominant nautical power ( and remained so for another century ) . While the land campaigns had contributed to saving Canada , the Royal Navy had shut down American commerce , bottled up the U.S. Navy in port and heavily suppressed privateering . British businesses , some affected by rising insurance costs , were demanding peace so that trade could resume with the U.S. The peace was generally welcomed by the British , though there was disquiet at the rapid growth of the U.S. However , the two nations quickly resumed trade after the end of the war and , over time , a growing friendship . Hickey argues that for Britain : the most important lesson of all ( was ) that the best way to defend Canada was to accommodate the United States . This was the principal rationale for Britain 's long - term policy of rapprochement with the United States in the nineteenth century and explains why they were so often willing to sacrifice other imperial interests to keep the republic happy . See also War of 1812 portal History of Canada portal Bibliography of early U.S. naval history Elgin Military Museum Indiana in the War of 1812 Kentucky in the War of 1812 Bibliography of the War of 1812 List of War of 1812 Battles Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States Timeline of the War of 1812 War of 1812 Campaigns Notes Jump up ^ All U.S. figures are from Donald Hickey ( Hickey 2006 , p. 297 ) Jump up ^ The British were unsure whether the attack on Baltimore was a failure , but Plattsburg was a humiliation that called for court martial ( Latimer 2007 , pp. 331 , 359 , 365 ) . Jump up ^ Spain , a British ally , lost control of the Mobile , Alabama , area to the Americans . References Jump up ^ Battle of the Thames , Encyclopædia Britannica , `` Many British troops were captured and Tecumseh was killed , destroying his Indian alliance and breaking the Indian power in the Ohio and Indiana territories . After this battle , most of the tribes abandoned their association with the British . '' ^ Jump up to : Clodfelter , page 245 . Jump up ^ Upton 2003 . Jump up ^ Allen 1996 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Clodfelter , page 244 . Jump up ^ Weiss , John McNish ( 2013 ) . `` The Corps of Colonial Marines : Black freedom fighters of the War of 1812 '' . mcnishandweiss.co.uk . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hVSrJBQYAk8C&pg=PA311&dq=1812+Casualties&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiA2ZzM_ILYAhUF7RQKHaJsCzE4ChDoAQg0MAI#v=onepage&q=Casualties&f=false Jump up ^ https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wU8LNjjfLmQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=War+Of+1812+A+Short+History&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiEgbrs_oLYAhUBLhQKHQZwC20Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=Prisons&f=false ^ Jump up to : `` War of 1812 -- Statistics '' . historyguy.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clodfelter , page 245 . Of these , upwards of 800 were killed at sea , 1,160 were British Army regulars , and the rest were militia . Jump up ^ Clodfelter , page 245 . Includes 2,250 men of the Royal Navy . Jump up ^ Clodfelter , page 244 Jump up ^ Clodfelter , p. 245 ; includes 1,000 combat casualties on the northern front . ^ Jump up to : Hooks , J. `` Redeemed honor : the President - Little Belt Affair and the coming of the war of 1812 '' The Historian , ( 1 ) , 1 ( 2012 ) ^ Jump up to : Hickey 1989 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Stagg 1983 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Woodsworth 1812 . Jump up ^ Trautsch 2013 , pp. 273 -- 293 ; Egan 1974 ; Goodman 1941 , pp. 171 -- 186 . Jump up ^ Scott A. Silverstone ( 2004 ) . Divided Union : The Politics of War in the Early American Republic . Cornell University Press . p. 95 . ISBN 0801442303 . Jump up ^ Risjord 1961 , pp. 196 -- 210 . Jump up ^ Brands 2005 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Swanson ( 1945 ) Jump up ^ Hickey , Donald R. ed. The War of 1812 : Writings from America 's Second War of Independence ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Lambert 2012 . Jump up ^ Fanis 2011 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Horsman 1962 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , p. 281 . Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , p. 382 . Jump up ^ Rodger , N.A.M. ( 2005 ) . Command of the Ocean . London : Penguin Books . pp. 565 -- 566 . ISBN 0 - 140 - 28896 - 1 . Jump up ^ Latimer 2007 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Caffrey 1977 , p. 60 Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , pp. 278 -- 279 . Jump up ^ Black 2002 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Taylor 2010 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Hooks , J.W. ( 2009 ) . `` A friendly salute the President - Little Belt Affair and the coming of the war of 1812 '' Ebscohost P ii Jump up ^ `` John P. Deeben , `` The War of 1812 Stoking the Fires : The Impressment of Seaman Charles Davis by the U.S. Navy '' , Prologue Magazine , U.S. National Archives and Records Administration , Summer 2012 , Vol. 44 , No. 2 `` . October 26 , 2012 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ White 2010 , p. 416 . Jump up ^ Willig 2008 , p. 207 . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Hitsman 1965 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Heidler & Heidler 1997 , pp. 253 , 504 ; Zuehlke 2007 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Heidler & Heidler 1997 , pp. 253 , 392 . Jump up ^ Pratt 1955 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ `` American Military History , Army Historical Series , Chapter 6 '' . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith 1989 , pp. 46 -- 63 , esp . pp. 61 -- 63 ; Carroll 2001 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Cohen & Bailey 2010 , p. 244 . ^ Jump up to : Bowler 1988 , pp. 11 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Stagg 1981 , pp. 3 -- 34 ; Stagg 1983 , ; Horsman 1962 , p. 267 ; Hickey 1989 , p. 72 ; Brown 1971 , p. 128 ; Burt 1940 , pp. 305 -- 310 ; Stuart 1988 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ George F.G. Stanley , 1983 , pg. 32 Jump up ^ Heidler & Heidler 2002 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Pratt 1925 , pp. 9 -- 15 ; Hacker 1924 , pp. 365 -- 395 ; Hickey 1989 , p. 47 ; Carlisle & Golson 2007 , p. 44 ; Stagg 2012 , pp. 5 -- 6 ; Tucker 2011 , p. 236 . Jump up ^ `` War of 1812 -- 1815 ( Milestones 1801 -- 1829 ) . US Department of State , Office of the Historian , Web . 26 Apr. 2016 Jump up ^ Nugent 2008 , pp. 73 - 75 . Jump up ^ Langguth 2006 , p. 262 . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Berton 2001 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Hickey 2012 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Nugent 2008 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Benn , C. , & Marston , D. ( 2006 ) . Liberty or death : Wars that forged a nation . Oxford : Osprey Pub . Jump up ^ John Roderick Heller ( 2010 ) . Democracy 's Lawyer : Felix Grundy of the Old Southwest . p. 98 . Jump up ^ Richard W. Maass , `` Difficult to Relinquish Territory Which Had Been Conquered '' : Expansionism and the War of 1812 `` , Diplomatic History ( Jan 2015 ) 39 # 1 pp 70 -- 97 doi : 10.1093 / dh / dht132 Abstract Online ^ Jump up to : Horsman , R ... ( 1987 ) . On to Canada : Manifest Destiny and United States Strategy in the War of 1812 . Michigan Historical Review , 13 ( 2 ) , 1 -- 24 . Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/20173101 Jump up ^ Taylor 2010 , pp. 137 - 139 . Jump up ^ David Stephen Heidler ; Jeanne T. Heidler ( 2003 ) . Manifest Destiny . Greenwood Press . p. 9 . Jump up ^ David Heidler , Jeanne T. Heidler , The War of 1812 ( 2002 ) pg. 4 , Jump up ^ Taylor 2010 . Jump up ^ Donald R. Hickey , `` Federalist Party Unity and the War of 1812 . '' Journal of American Studies ( 1978 ) 12 # 1 pp. 23 -- 39 . Jump up ^ James M. Banner , To the Hartford Convention : The Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts , 1789 -- 1815 ( 1970 ) . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , pp. 20 - 21 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , pp. 20 & 54 - 55 . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Summer 1812 : Congress stages fiery debates over whether to declare war on Britain '' . U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clymer , Adam ( January 13 , 1991 ) . `` Confrontation in the Gulf ; Congress acts to authorize war in Gulf ; Margins are 5 votes in Senate , 67 in House '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , p. 329 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation : Province of Upper Canada '' . Library and Archives Canada . December 17 , 2008 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Turner 2011 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Mackinac Island , 17 July 1812 '' . HistoryofWar.org . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hannay 1911 , p. 847 . Jump up ^ Hickey 1989 , pp. 72 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Quimby 1997 , pp. 2 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Adams 1918 , p. 400 . Jump up ^ Hickey , Donald R. ( November 2012 ) . `` Small War , Big Consequences : Why 1812 Still Matters '' . Foreign Affairs . Council on Foreign Relations . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hickey 1989 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Heidler & Heidler 1997 , pp. 233 -- 34 , 349 -- 50 , 478 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Leonard D. White , The Jeffersonians : A Study in Administrative History 1801 1829 ( 1951 ) pp 118 - 19 , 146 , 216 - 37 , 285 , 419 , 554 Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker et al. eds. ( 2012 ) . The Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 : A Political , Social , and Military History . ABC - CLIO . pp. 16 -- 17 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) . Jump up ^ Tucker , Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 p. 210 Jump up ^ See tables 5 and 6 , in Paul Studenski and Herman Edward Krooss ( 1963 ) . Financial History of the United States . p. 77 . and p 79 . Jump up ^ For GDP and population by year see `` What Was the U.S. GDP Then ? '' Jump up ^ Jane Ellen Knodell ( 2016 ) . The Second Bank of the United States : `` Central '' Banker in an Era of Nation - building , 1816 -- 1836 . Taylor & Francis . p. 99 . Jump up ^ Ronald J. Dale ( 2001 ) . The Invasion of Canada : Battles of the War of 1812 . 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Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Prohaska , Thomas J. ( August 21 , 2010 ) . `` Lewiston monument to mark Tuscarora heroism in War of 1812 '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Benn 2013 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , pp. 49 - 50 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Grodzinski 2010 , pp. 560 -- 561 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1987 ) ( 1882 ) . The Naval War of 1812 . Annapolis : Naval Institute Press . p. 337 . ISBN 0870214454 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D.C. Harvey , `` The Halifax - Castine Expedition '' , Dalhousie Review 18 ( 1938 -- 39 ) : 207 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez 2002 , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Cyrenus Cole , A history of the people of Iowa ( 1921 ) pp. 69 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Concise Historical Atlas of Canada , plate 38 , Geoffrey J. Matthews , University , of Toronto Press . Jump up ^ Nolan 2009 , pp. 85 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Stevens 1921 , pp. 480 -- 482 Jump up ^ Elting 1995 , p. 323 . Jump up ^ `` First United States Infantry '' . Iaw.on.ca . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Admiralty reply to British press criticism ( Toll 2006 , p. 180 ) . Jump up ^ Gwyn 2003 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ `` A British View of the Naval War of 1812 U.S. Naval Institute '' . www.usni.org . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Toll 2006 ^ Jump up to : Lambert 2012 ^ Jump up to : James 1817 ^ Jump up to : Gardiner 2000 Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , pp. 360 -- 365 . ^ Jump up to : James1817 ^ Jump up to : Roosevelt Jump up ^ Labert 2012 Jump up ^ Gardiner 1996 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Gardiner 1996 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Gardiner 1996 , p. 163 . ^ Jump up to : Roosevelt 1882 ^ Jump up to : Voelcker 2013 Jump up ^ Forester 1970 , pp. 131 -- 132 . Jump up ^ Gardiner 1996 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt1882 Jump up ^ DANFS 1991 , Essex . Jump up ^ Lambert 2012 , p. 102 . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ `` American Merchant Marine and Privateers in War of 1812 '' . Usmm.org . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` www.princedeneufchatel.com '' . princedeneufchatel.com . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2004 . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sealift -- Merchant Mariners -- America 's unsung heroes '' . Msc.navy.mil . Retrieved October 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hansard , vol 29 , pp. 649 -- 650 . Jump up ^ Lambert 2012 , pp. 394 -- 395 . Jump up ^ Strannack 1909 , p. . Jump up ^ Faye 1997 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ `` War of 1812 '' . www.eighteentwelve.ca . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hannay 1911 , p. 849 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , p. 55 - 56 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Leckie 1998 , p. 255 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , p. 56 - 57 . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Weiss , John McNish ( 2013 ) . `` The Corps of Colonial Marines : Black freedom fighters of the War of 1812 '' . mcnishandweiss.co.uk . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas Malcomson , `` Freedom by reaching the Wooden World : American Slaves and the British Navy during the War of 1812 '' , The Northern Mariner , Vol . XXII , No. 4 ( October 2012 ) , p. 366 . Jump up ^ `` '' Black Sailors and Soldiers in the War of 1812 `` , The War of 1812 , PBS ( 2012 ) '' . Black Soldier and Sailors in the War -- War of 1812 -- PBS . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith 2011 , pp. 75 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Smith 2007 , pp. 81 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Harvey 1938 , pp. 207 -- 213 . Jump up ^ `` The Defense and Burning of Washington in 1814 : Naval Documents of the War of 1812 '' . History.navy.mil . Retrieved October 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Herrick , Carole L. ( 2005 ) . August 24 , 1814 : Washington in Flames . Falls Church , Virginia : Higher Education Publications , Inc. p. 90 . 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Jump up ^ Hickey 1989 , pp. 146 - 151 . Jump up ^ Bunn , Mike and Clay Williams . Battle for the Southern Frontier : The Creek War and the War of 1812 . Charleston : History Press , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` HMS Carron '' . Pbenyon.plus.com . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sugden , p. 285 . Jump up ^ Sugden , pp. 286 -- 7 . Jump up ^ `` The War Of 1812 - ( 7.1 ) Jackson on the Gulf Coast '' . Greg Goebel . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heidler & Heidler 1997 , pp. 409 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Sugden , p. 297 . Jump up ^ Tucker ( 2012 ) , p. 229 . Jump up ^ `` The War of 1812 '' . galafilm.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chartrand , René ( 2012 ) , Forts of the War of 1812 , Oxford , Oxfordshire : Osprey , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Owsley , Frank L. , Struggle for the Gulf Borderlands : The Creek War and the Battle of New Orleans , 1812 -- 1815 , University of Alabama Press , 2000 . Jump up ^ Reilly 1974 , pp. 303 , 306 . Jump up ^ Remini 1999 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Remini 1999 , pp. 136 -- 83 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 6 : The War of 1812 '' . Army.mil . Retrieved January 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Remini 1999 , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Edward Frazer and L.G. Carr - Laughton ( 1930 ) , The Royal Marine Artillery 1803 -- 1923 , Volume 1 , 1804 -- 1859 , London : Royal United Services Institution , OCLC 4986867 , p. 294 . Jump up ^ Bullard , Mary R. Black Liberation on Cumberland Island in 1815 . ( University of Georgia Press , 1983 ) . Jump up ^ Hickey 1989 . Jump up ^ 3 . George Daughan , 1812 : The Navy 's War ( New York , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Lambert `` the challenge '' pg. 399 . Jump up ^ Brian Arthur , How Britain won the war of 1812 -- The Royal Navy 's Blockade of the United States , Boydell Press , Suffolk , 2011 , ISBN 9781843836650 . Jump up ^ Hickey 1989 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Morison 1941 , pp. 205 -- 206 Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , p. 75 - 76 . Jump up ^ Hickey 1989 , pp. 217 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Latimer 2007 , pp. 362 -- 365 . Jump up ^ For details of the negotiations , see Samuel Flagg Bemis , John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy ( 1956 ) pp 196 - 220 ; Robert V. Remini , Henry Clay : Statesman for the Union ( 1991 ) pp 94 - 122 ; Ward , A.W. ; Gooch , G.P. ( 1922 ) . The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy , 1783 - 1919 : 1783 - 1815 . Macmillan Company . pp. 537 -- 42 . and A.T. Mahan , `` The Negotiations at Ghent in 1814 '' , American Historical Review ( 1905 ) 11 # 1 pp. 68 -- 87 , esp . pp. 73 -- 78 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Robert Remini , Henry Clay ( 1991 ) , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Mahan , `` The Negotiations at Ghent in 1814 '' , pp. 73 -- 78 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Ward and Gooch , Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy , p 540 Jump up ^ Perkins 1964 , pp. 108 -- 109 ; Hickey 2006 , pp. 150 -- 151 ; Hibbert 1997 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Mills 1921 , pp. 19 -- 32 ; Toll 2006 , p. 441 . Jump up ^ Latimer 2007 , pp. 389 -- 391 ; Gash 1984 , pp. 111 -- 119 . Jump up ^ Mahan , A.T. ( October 1905 ) . `` The negotiations at Ghent in 1814 '' . The American Historical Review Jump up ^ http://www.snopes.com/2016/08/29/star-spangled-banner-and-slavery/ Jump up ^ Hickey 2006 , p. 295 ; Updyke 1915 , p. 360 ; Perkins 1964 , pp. 129 -- 130 . Jump up ^ David Stephen Heidler ; Jeanne T. Heidler ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the War Of 1812 . Naval Institute Press . pp. 208 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Hickey 2006 , p. 297 . Jump up ^ Latimer , p. 389 . Jump up ^ Adams 1918 , p. 385 . Jump up ^ Hickey 1989 , p. 303 . Jump up ^ Donald Adams , Finance and Enterprise in Early America : A Study of Stephen Girard 's Bank , 1812 -- 1831 ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ Mrs. Lillian Ione Rhoades MacDowell ( 1900 ) . The Story of Philadelphia . American Book Company . pp. 315 -- 16 . ^ Jump up to : Schama 2006 , p. 406 . Jump up ^ `` Black Loyalists in New Brunswick , 1789 -- 1853 '' , Atlantic Canada Portal , University of New Brunswick . Retrieved February 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lindsay 1920 , p. . Jump up ^ Jay 's treaty and the treaty of ghent -- Arbitration , Mediation , and Conciliation , Americanforeignrelations.com , retrieved July 1 , 2013 Jump up ^ See `` Inflation Calculator '' Jump up ^ Louis Johnston and Samuel H. Williamson , `` What Was the U.S. GDP Then ? '' MeasuringWorth , 2018 '' online Jump up ^ Curtis Nettels , The emergence of a national economy : 1775 -- 1815 ( 1962 ) pp 335 - 40 . Jump up ^ H.E. Bergquist Jr , `` The Boston Manufacturing Company and Anglo - American Relations 1807 -- 1820 . '' Business History 15.1 ( 1973 ) : 45 - 55 . Jump up ^ Kaufman 1997 , pp. 110 -- 135 . Jump up ^ CMH , `` Origins of the Militia Myth '' ( February 2006 ) online Archived March 10 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , pp. 458 , 459 . Jump up ^ Lambert 2012 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Boswell 2009 . Jump up ^ Ipsos Reid . `` Americans ( 64 % ) less likely than Canadians ( 77 % ) to Believe War of 1812 had Significant Outcomes , Important to formation National Identity , but still more likely to Commemorate War '' ( PDF ) . Ipsos Reid . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Defense and Burning of Washington in 1814 : Naval Documents of the War of 1812 '' . U.S. Naval History & Heritage Command . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , p. 82 - 83 . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ `` The Star - Spangled Banner and the War of 1812 '' . Encyclopedia Smithsonian . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , p. 456 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Edwin H. ( 2003 ) . The United States Marines : A History , Fourth Edition . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 790 - 5 . Jump up ^ Jasper Trautsch , `` Whose War of 1812 ? 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'' Michael Kazin et al eds. ( 2009 ) . The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History . Princeton UP . p. 343 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Sir Winston Churchill ( 1958 ) . A History of the English - speaking Peoples volume 3 . p. 366 . Jump up ^ George C. Daughan , 1812 : The Navy 's War ( 2011 ) , p. 328 Jump up ^ Robert A. Rutland , James Madison Encyclopedia ( 1994 ) p 200 . Jump up ^ Daughan , 1812 p. 353 Jump up ^ Dudley Mills , `` The Duke of Wellington and the Peace Negotiations at Ghent . '' Canadian Historical Review 2 # 1 , ( 1921 ) pp 19 - 32 . Jump up ^ Daughan , 1812 p. 359 Jump up ^ Trautsch , Dr Jasper `` Whose War of 1812 ? Competing Memories of the Anglo - American Conflict '' Reviews in History http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/1387 ^ Jump up to : Randy , Boswell `` Canada Won the war of 1812 , US Historian admits '' November 27 , 2011 National Post http://nationalpost.com/news/canada/canada-won-the-war-of-1812-u-s-historian-admits Jump up ^ Hattendorf , J.B. ( 2012 , Jan 28 ) . The war without a loser . Wall Street Journal ( Online ) Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au/docview/918117327?accountid=12372 Jump up ^ Simon , Richard `` Who Really won the war of 1812 '' LA Times http://articles.latimes.com/2012/feb/26/nation/la-na-war-of-1812-20120226 Jump up ^ Foreman , Amanda `` The British View the War of 1812 quite differently than Americans Do '' Smithsonian Mag July 2014 https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/british-view-war-1812-quite-differently-americans-do-180951852/ Jump up ^ C.L. , Mowat. 1965 . `` A Study of Bias in British and American History Textbooks . '' Bulletin . British Association For American Studies no . 10 : 31 . p 35 Jump up ^ Donald R. Hickey , Introduction '' ( 2013 ) . The War of 1812 : Writings from America 's Second War of Independence . Library of America . p. 22 . Jump up ^ Thompson , John Herd ; Randall , Stephen J. ( 2008 ) . Canada and the United States : Ambivalent Allies . University of Georgia Press . p. 23 . ISBN 9780820331133 . ; Bowman , John Stewart ; Greenblatt , Miriam ( 2003 ) . War of 1812 . Infobase Publishing . pp. 142 -- . ISBN 9781438100166 . ; Kessel , William B. ; Wooster , Robert ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia Of Native American Wars And Warfare . Infobase Publishing . p. 145 . ISBN 9780816033379 . ; Boyer , Paul S. ; et al. ( 2010 ) . The Enduring Vision 1877 . Cengage Learning . p. 244 . ISBN 9780495800941 . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Sugden 1982 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Sugden , pp. 301 -- 302 , mentions that ' Brock ' had urged the British government to protect his Indian allies in peace negotiations , and by the end of 1812 he had obtained from Earl Bathurst , colonial secretary , a promise to that effect . ' Jump up ^ Taylor 2010 , pp. 435 -- 439 . Jump up ^ Taylor 2010 , p. 421 . Jump up ^ Taylor 2010 , p. 437 . Jump up ^ PBS , The War of 1812 , Essays . https://www.pbs.org/wned/war-of-1812/essays/treaty-ghent/ Jump up ^ Sugden 1982 , p. 304 . Jump up ^ Sugden 1982 , pp. 273 -- 274 . Jump up ^ Langguth 2006 ; Cogliano 2008 , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Dangerfield 1952 , pp. xi -- xiii , 95 . Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , pp. 456 , 467 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt 1902 , pp. 47 , 80 . Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , p. 457 . Jump up ^ Hickey 1989 , pp. 255ff . Jump up ^ Cogliano 2008 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Julius W Pratt , A History of United States Foreign Policy ( 1955 ) , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Akenson 1999 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Landon 1941 , p. 123 . 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( October 1920 ) . `` Diplomatic Relations Between the United States and Great Britain Bearing on the Return of Negro Slaves , 1783 - 1828 '' . Journal of Negro History . 55 ( 4 ) . Mills , Dudley ( 1921 ) . `` The Duke of Wellington and the Peace Negotiations at Ghent in 1814 '' . Canadian Historical Review . 2 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 32 . doi : 10.3138 / CHR - 02 - 01 - 02 . Morison , E. ( 1941 ) . The Maritime History of Massachusetts , 1783 -- 1860 . Houghton Mifflin Co. pp. 205 -- 6 . ISBN 0 - 9728155 - 6 - 2 . Nolan , David J. ( 2009 ) . `` Fort Johnson , Cantonment Davis , and Fort Edwards '' . In William E. Whittaker . Frontier Forts of Iowa : Indians , Traders , and Soldiers , 1682 -- 1862 . Iowa City : University of Iowa Press . pp. 85 -- 94 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58729 - 831 - 8 . Nugent , Walter ( 2008 ) . Habits of Empire : A History of American Expansionism . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 7818 - 9 . Perkins , Bradford ( 1964 ) . 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Johns Hopkins U.P. , full text online Upton , David ( November 22 , 2003 ) . `` Soldiers of the Mississippi Territory in the War of 1812 '' . Internet Archive . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2007 . Retrieved September 23 , 2010 . Watts , Steven ( 1987 ) . The Republic Reborn : War and the Making of Liberal America , 1790 -- 1820 . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 316 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 3420 - 1 . White , Richard ( 2010 ) . The Middle Ground : Indians , Empires , and Republics in the Great Lakes Region , 1650 - 1815 . Cambridge U.P. p. 416 . ISBN 9781107005624 . Wilentz , Sean ( 2005 ) . Andrew Jackson . New York : Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6925 - 9 . Williams , William Appleman ( 1961 ) . The Contours of American History . W.W. Norton . p. 196 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 30561 - 9 . Willig , Timothy D ( 2008 ) . Restoring the Chain of Friendship : British Policy and the Indians of the Great Lakes , 1783 -- 1815 . Lincoln & London : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 4817 - 5 . Wilson , Major L. ( 1974 ) . Space , Time , and Freedom : The Quest for Nationality and the Irrepressible Conflict , 1815 -- 1861 . p. 4 . Woodsworth , Samuel ( July 4 , 1812 ) . `` By the President of the United States of America : A Proclamation '' . The War . Zuehlke , Mark ( 2007 ) . For Honour 's Sake : The War of 1812 and the Brokering of an Uneasy Peace . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 676 - 97706 - 6 . Further reading Main article : Bibliography of the War of 1812 Center for Military History . U.S. Army Campaigns of the War of 1812 : Online free Barbuto , Richard V . The Canadian Theater 1813 . ( 2013 ) ISBN 9780160920844 Barbuto , Richard V . The Canadian Theater 1814 . ( 2014 ) ISBN 9780160923845 Blackmon , Richard D . The Creek War 1813 -- 1814 ; 43pp ISBN 9780160925429 Maass , John R. Defending A New Nation 1783 -- 1811 ( 2013 ) 59pp Neimeyer , Charles P . The Chesapeake Campaign , 1813 -- 1814 ( 2014 ) ISBN 9780160925351 Rauch , Steven J. The Campaign of 1812 ( 2013 ) ; 58pp ISBN 9780160920929 Stoltz III , Joseph F. The Gulf Theater , 1813 -- 1815 Cleves , Rachel Hope ; Eustace , Nicole ; Gilje , Paul ( September 2012 ) . `` Interchange : The War of 1812 '' . Journal of American History . 99 ( 2 ) : 520 -- 555 . doi : 10.1093 / jahist / jas236 . historiography Collins , Gilbert ( 2006 ) . Guidebook to the historic sites of the War of 1812 . Dundurn . ISBN 1 - 55002 - 626 - 7 . Daughan , George C. ( 2011 ) . 1812 : The Navy 's War , Basic Books , New York , pp. 491 , ISBN 9780465020461 Url Hickey , Donald R . The War of 1812 : A Forgotten Conflict ( 1989 ) ; abridged as The War of 1812 : A Short History ( 1995 ) Hickey , Donald R. Do n't Give Up the Ship ! : Myths of the War of 1812 ( 2006 ) Hickey , Donald R. and Connie D. Clark , eds . The Routledge Handbook of the War of 1812 ( 2015 ) 336 pages Jensen , Richard . `` Military history on the electronic frontier : Wikipedia fights the War of 1812 . '' Journal of Military History 76.4 ( 2012 ) : 523 - 556 ; Examines this Wikipedia article Online Malcomson , Robert . Historical Dictionary of the War of 1812 . Landham , Maryland : Scarecrow . Perkins , Bradford ( 1961 ) . Prologue to war : England and the United States , 1805 -- 1812 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 03 . Rutland , Robert A. ed . James Madison and the American Nation 1751 -- 1836 : An Encyclopedia ( 1994 ) pp 144 -- 45 . Sapio , Victor . Pennsylvania and the War of 1812 ( University Press of Kentucky , 2015 ) . Smith , Gene Allen . The Slaves ' Gamble : Choosing Sides in the War of 1812 . New York : Palgrave Macmillan , 2013 . Stagg , J.C.A. ( 2012 ) . The War of 1812 : Conflict for a Continent . Cambridge Essential Histories . ISBN 0 - 521 - 72686 - 7 . Suthren , Victor ( 1999 ) . The War of 1812 . ISBN 0 - 7710 - 8317 - 3 . Stacey , CP ( 1964 ) . `` The War of 1812 in Canadian History '' . In Zaslow ; Morris ; Turner , Wesley B . The Defended Border : Upper Canada and the War of 1812 . Toronto . Smith , Joshua M. ( June 2011 ) . `` The Yankee Soldier 's Might : The District of Maine and the Reputation of the Massachusetts Militia , 1800 -- 1812 '' . New England Quarterly . LXXXIV ( 2 ) : 234 -- 264 . doi : 10.1162 / tneq_a_00088 . Primary sources Hickey , Donald R. , ed . The War of 1812 : Writings from America 's Second War of Independence ( New York : Library of America , 2013 ) . xxx , 892 pp . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to War of 1812 . Library resources about War of 1812 Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries `` War of 1812 '' bibliographical guide by David Curtis Skaggs ( 2015 ) ; Oxford Bibliographies Online The War of 1812 , Government of Canada website The War of 1812 , Department of National Defence ( Canada ) website Library of Congress Guide to the War of 1812 , Kenneth Drexler The War of 1812 in the South , The William C. Cook Collection , The Williams Research Center , The Historic New Orleans Collection American Military History , Chapter 6 -- The War of 1812 , Office of the Chief of Military History , United States Army , 1989 War of 1812 collection William L. Clements Library . The War of 1812 Website , MilitaryHeritage.com `` Treaty of Ghent '' . Primary Documents in American History . The Library of Congress . 2010 . `` War of 1812 '' . Galafilm. 2008 . Archived from the original on 2000 - 01 - 19 . Key Events of the War of 1812 , chart by Greg D. Feldmeth , Polytechnic School ( Pasadena , California ) , 1998 . `` War of 1812 '' . historycentral.com. 2000 . Archived from the original on 2001 - 02 - 21 . `` The War of 1812 '' . Archives of Ontario . 2009 -- 2010 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 04 . Black Americans in the U.S. Military from the American Revolution to the Korean War : The War of 1812 , David Omahen , New York State Military Museum and Veteran Research Center , 2006 President Madison 's War Message , lesson plan with extensive list of documents , EDSitement.com ( National Endowment for the Humanities ) PBS Documentary The War of 1812 The short film `` The War of 1812 '' U.S. Navy is available for free download at the Internet Archive Indexed eLibrary of War of 1812 Resources at Fire Along the Frontier Resource Site Illustrated War of 1812 Timelines at Fire Along the Frontier Resource Site War of 1812 Reenactment Groups BBC Radio 4 : In Our Time . 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lâm - gú Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Кыргызча Latina Latviešu La . lojban . Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 11 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	he asked congress to declare war against great britain in 1812	[ "On June 1, 1812, President James Madison sent a message to Congress recounting American grievances against Great Britain, though not specifically calling for a declaration of war. After Madison's message, the House of Representatives deliberated for four days behind closed doors before voting 79 to 49 (61%) in favor of the first declaration of war. The Senate concurred in the declaration by a 19 to 13 (59%) vote in favour. The conflict began formally on June 18, 1812, when Madison signed the measure into law and proclaimed it the next day.[17] This was the first time that the United States had declared war on another nation, and the Congressional vote was the closest vote to formally declare war in American history.[74] The Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 1991, while not a formal declaration of war, was a closer vote.[75] None of the 39 Federalists in Congress voted in favour of the war; critics of war subsequently referred to it as \"Mr. Madison's War.\"[74]" ]	[ "President James Madison" ]
-123539903226055104	Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star	Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star - wikipedia Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star . For the same nursery rhyme , see Baa , Baa , Black Sheep . For the 2010 Indian film , see Twinkle Twinkle Little Star ( film ) . `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' Sheet music Nursery rhyme Published 1806 Lyricist ( s ) Ann Taylor `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' is a popular English lullaby . The lyrics are from an early 19th - century English poem by Jane Taylor , `` The Star '' . The poem , which is in couplet form , was first published in 1806 in Rhymes for the Nursery , a collection of poems by Taylor and her sister Ann . It is sung to the tune of the French melody Ah ! vous dirai - je , maman , which was published in 1761 and later arranged by several composers including Mozart with Twelve Variations on `` Ah vous dirai - je , Maman '' . The English lyrics have five stanzas , although only the first is widely known . It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 7666 . This song is usually performed in the key of C major . The song is in the public domain , and has many adaptations around the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 2 Other text versions 3 See also 4 Notes 5 External links Lyrics ( edit ) The English lyrics were first written as a poem by Jane Taylor ( 1783 -- 1824 ) and published with the title `` The Star '' in Rhymes for the Nursery by Jane and her sister Ann Taylor ( 1782 -- 1866 ) in London in 1806 : Twinkle Twinkle Little Star ( tune ) Tune for Twinkle Twinkle Little Star Problems playing this file ? See media help . Twinkle , twinkle , little star , How I wonder what you are ! Up above the world so high , Like a diamond in the sky . When the blazing sun is gone , When he nothing shines upon , Then you show your little light , Twinkle , twinkle , through the night . Then the traveller in the dark Thanks you for your tiny spark ; He could not see where to go , If you did not twinkle so . In the dark blue sky you keep , And often through my curtains peep , For you never shut your eye Till the sun is in the sky . As your bright and tiny spark Lights the traveller in the dark , Though I know not what you are , Twinkle , twinkle , little star . The lyrics from `` The Star '' were first published with the tune in The Singing Master : First Class Tune Book in 1838 . Other text versions ( edit ) sheet music from Song Stories for the Kindergarten Play ( help info ) Additional variations exist such as from 1896 in Song Stories for the Kindergarten by Mildred J. Hill . Twinkle , twinkle , little star , How we wonder what you are . Up above the world so high , Like a diamond in the sky . When the glorious sun has set , And the grass with dew is wet , Then you show your little light , Twinkle , twinkle , all the night . When the golden sun doth rise , Fills with shining light the skies , Then you fade away from sight , Shine no more ' till comes the night . A parody of `` Twinkle Twinkle Little Star '' titled `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Bat '' was recited by the Mad Hatter in chapter seven of Lewis Carroll 's Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland . An adaptation of the song , named `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Earth '' , was written by Charles Randolph Grean , Fred Hertz and Leonard Nimoy . It is included on Nimoy 's first 1967 album Leonard Nimoy Presents Mr. Spock 's Music From Outer Space , with him reciting the text as Spock explaining how the star - people wish upon an earth and so forth . A version using synonyms from Roget 's Thesaurus exists . The song can also be played as a singing game . Play media Woman performs `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' singing game . See also ( edit ) `` Ah ! vous dirai - je , maman '' `` Alphabet song '' `` Baa , Baa , Black Sheep '' Twinkling Are you sleeping Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` LISTSERV 15.5 - OPERA - L Archives '' . listserv.bccls.org . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Public Domain Song List - PD Info '' . www.pdinfo.com . Jump up ^ `` Twinkle twinkle little rip - off : the dark secrets of the world 's most recognisable tune '' . ^ Jump up to : M. Cryer , Love Me Tender : The Stories Behind the World 's Best - loved Songs ( Frances Lincoln , 2009 ) , pp. 83 -- 5 . Jump up ^ I. Opie and P. Opie , The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes ( Oxford University Press , 1951 , 2nd edn. , 1997 ) , pp. 397 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : Mildred J. Hill ( 26 July 1896 ) . `` Song Stories for the Kindergarten '' -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Gardner , Martin ( 1998 ) . The Annotated Alice . Random House . p. 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 18920 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Twinkle twinkle little star '' . Jump up ^ G. Hughes , A history of English words ( Wiley - Blackwell , 2000 ) , p. 40 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star Wikiversity has learning resources about Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star Wikimedia Commons has media related to Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star . Lullabies of Europe / Languages from the Cradle Dead Link ! A European Union , government - funded education project to collect lullabies ( in their native language ) from across Europe - includes samples in seven languages . SoundBeep Twinkle Twinkle Little Star with two Instrument versions , piano and kalimba . Audio segment from BBC Radio 4 Woman 's Hour , ( hide ) Nursery rhymes ( list ) `` A-Tisket , A-Tasket '' `` Baa , Baa , Black Sheep '' `` Did You Ever See a Lassie ? '' `` Hey Diddle Diddle '' `` Hickory Dickory Dock '' `` Hot Cross Buns '' `` Humpty Dumpty '' `` I 'm a Little Teapot '' `` It 's Raining , It 's Pouring '' `` Jack and Jill '' `` Little Bo Peep '' `` Little Boy Blue '' `` Little Jack Horner '' `` Little Miss Muffet '' `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' `` Mary , Mary , Quite Contrary '' `` Old King Cole '' `` Old MacDonald Had a Farm '' `` Old Mother Hubbard '' `` Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe '' `` Peter Piper '' `` Polly Put the Kettle On '' `` Poor Mary '' `` Pop Goes the Weasel '' `` Pussy Cat Pussy Cat '' `` Rain Rain Go Away '' `` Roses Are Red '' `` Rub - a-dub - dub '' `` Simple Simon '' `` Sticks and Stones '' `` The Grand Old Duke of York '' `` The Queen of Hearts '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' `` Two Little Dickie Birds '' Clapping `` A Sailor Went to Sea '' `` Down Down Baby '' `` Mary Mack '' `` Miss Susie '' `` Miss Lucy '' `` Pat - a-cake '' `` Pretty Little Dutch Girl '' `` Pease Porridge Hot '' Counting `` Duck , duck , goose '' `` Eeny , meeny , miny , moe '' `` One , Two , Buckle My Shoe '' `` One , Two , Three , Four , Five '' `` This Old Man '' `` Tinker , Tailor '' Finger - plays `` Five Little Monkeys '' `` Five Little Ducks '' `` Five Little Speckled Frogs '' `` Itsy Bitsy Spider '' `` Little Robin Redbreast '' `` Round and Round the Garden '' `` This Little Piggy '' Games `` London Bridge '' `` The Muffin Man '' `` Mulberry Bush '' `` Oranges and Lemons '' `` Ring a Ring o ' Roses '' `` The Farmer in the Dell '' Riddle `` As I was going to St Ives '' Lullabies `` Hush , Little Baby '' `` Rock - a-bye Baby '' Rounds `` Ding Dong Bell '' `` Frère Jacques '' `` Kookaburra '' `` Row , Row , Row Your Boat '' `` Scotland 's Burning '' `` Three Blind Mice '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twinkle,_Twinkle,_Little_Star&oldid=818701579 '' Categories : Children 's songs Lullabies Traditional children 's songs United States National Recording Registry recordings English nursery rhymes Stars in fiction Roud Folk Song Index songs 1806 poems 1838 songs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource বাংলা Brezhoneg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia עברית Magyar മലയാളം 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 02 : 39 . About Wikipedia	who wrote the nursery rhyme twinkle twinkle little star	[ "\"Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star\" is a popular English lullaby. The lyrics are from an early 19th-century English poem by Jane Taylor, \"The Star\". The poem, which is in couplet form, was first published in 1806 in Rhymes for the Nursery, a collection of poems by Taylor and her sister Ann. It is sung to the tune of the French melody Ah! vous dirai-je, maman, which was published in 1761 and later arranged by several composers including Mozart with Twelve Variations on \"Ah vous dirai-je, Maman\".[1] The English lyrics have five stanzas, although only the first is widely known. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 7666. This song is usually performed in the key of C major." ]	[ "Jane Taylor" ]
-2491349842870304457	United States presidential election, 1788–89	United States presidential election , 1788 -- 89 - wikipedia United States presidential election , 1788 -- 89 This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) United States presidential election , 1788 -- 89 December 15 , 1788 -- January 10 , 1789 ( 1788 - 12 - 15 -- 1789 - 01 - 10 ) 1792 → 69 electoral votes of the Electoral College 35 electoral votes needed to win Turnout 11.6 % Nominee George Washington Party Nonpartisan Home state Virginia Electoral vote 69 States carried 10 Popular vote 43,782 Percentage 100.0 % Presidential election results map . Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state . ( Note : North Carolina and Rhode Island had not yet ratified the Constitution , the New York legislature was deadlocked , and Vermont was operating as a de facto unrecognized state . ) President before election None ( Office created by the U.S. Constitution ) Elected President George Washington Nonpartisan The United States presidential election of 1788 -- 89 was the first quadrennial presidential election . It was held from Monday , December 15 , 1788 , to Saturday , January 10 , 1789 . It was conducted under the new United States Constitution , which had been ratified earlier in 1788 . In the election , George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president , and John Adams became the first vice president . Under the first federal Constitution ratified in 1781 , known as the Articles of Confederation , the United States had no ceremonial head of state and the executive branch of government was part of the Congress , as it is in countries that use parliamentary systems of government . All federal power was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation , whose `` President of the United States in Congress Assembled '' was also chair of the de facto cabinet , called the Committee of the States . The United States Constitution created the offices of President of the United States and Vice President of the United States , and established that these offices would be elected separately from Congress . The Constitution established an Electoral College in which each elector would cast two votes , with no distinction made between electoral votes for president and electoral votes for vice president ; this procedure would be modified in 1804 through the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment . The different states had varying methods for choosing presidential electors . Many states held a popular vote , but in other states , the state legislature appointed the electors . Washington had distinguished himself in his role as Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War , and he was enormously popular . After Washington agreed to come out of retirement , it was widely assumed that he would be elected president . Washington did not select a running mate , and no formal political parties had arisen , so it was unclear who would become the first vice president . Prior to the election , Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader like Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or Adams , a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress , would be elected vice president . Anti-Federalist leaders like Patrick Henry ( who ultimately did not run ) and George Clinton , who had opposed ratification of the Constitution , also loomed as potential choices . All 69 electors cast one vote for Washington , thus making his election unanimous . Adams won 34 electoral votes , making him the vice president - elect . The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 different candidates , including John Jay , who finished in third place with 9 electoral votes . Washington was inaugurated in April 1789 , thus beginning the first presidency . Contents 1 Candidates 1.1 Federalist candidates 1.2 Anti-Federalist candidates 2 General election 2.1 Results 2.1. 1 Popular vote 2.1. 2 Electoral vote 3 Results by state 3.1 Popular vote 3.2 Electoral vote 4 Electoral college selection 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Candidates ( edit ) No official federal political parties existed at the time of the 1788 -- 89 presidential election . Candidates might be Federalists , meaning they supported the ratification of the Constitution , or Anti-Federalists , meaning they opposed ratification . These designations were not established or organized political parties , but each forming faction supported Washington for President . During this time , the Federalists were called by name of Cosmopolitans , and the Anti-Federalists as Localists . The terms `` Federalist '' and `` Anti-Federalists '' were not commonplace names until later elections . Although the first election was not known for its extensive campaigning , the beginnings of lobbying can be seen in the first 1788 -- 1789 election for president . Maryland is a telltale example of the early formation of the two - party system , as the unofficial parties campaigned locally , advertising their platforms in order to appeal to the German - speaking population , and as a result , received substantially higher voter turnout rates . Party advocates in some states lobbied through public forums , parades in the streets , and dinners , forming what George Washington warned against in his farewell address -- polarizing factions . The effects in the formation of these divisions almost became a determining factor on whether George Washington would actually run for a second term , which would have eliminated the current two - term tradition . More often than not were divisions during elections prior to the 1788 election created not on political stance , but more so on the reputations and family names of the different candidates . Some states had virtually no factional competition , especially in the south , as states like Georgia , North Carolina , and South Carolina had little political organization . These states would at times go years without hosting elections , unless an election was deemed necessary by the state 's legislative body . Federalist candidates ( edit ) John Adams , former Minister to Great Britain from Massachusetts John Jay , United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs from New York John Rutledge , former Governor of South Carolina John Hancock , Governor of Massachusetts Samuel Huntington , Governor of Connecticut Benjamin Lincoln , former U.S. Secretary of War from Massachusetts George Washington , former Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army from Virginia General George Washington from Virginia John Adams from Massachusetts Secretary John Jay of New York Governor John Rutledge of South Carolina Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts Governor Samuel Huntington of Connecticut Maj . General Benjamin Lincoln from Massachusetts Anti-Federalist candidates ( edit ) George Clinton , Governor of New York Governor George Clinton of New York General election ( edit ) Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage of the winning candidate in each county . Shades of yellow are for the Federalists . In the absence of political parties , there was no formal nomination process . The framers of the Constitution had presumed that Washington would be the first president , and there was no opposition to him since George Washington was widely seen as `` essential to the successful operation of the new government . '' The nation was undivided , regardless of national beliefs or affiliations , in its decision of Washington as president , so it was of little curiosity to the nation that he won unanimously during the 1788 -- 89 election . Alexander Hamilton , a devoted advocate of George Washington , stated to Washington that `` ... the point of light in which you stand home and abroad will make an infinite difference in the respectability in which the government will begin its operations in the alternative of your being or not being the head of state . '' Alexander Hamilton 's letter to Washington is an attempt to persuade him to leave retirement on his farm in Mount Vernon , Virginia to run for the presidency , exemplifying the unanimous nature of George Washington 's position as a candidate in the first election . Less certain was the choice for the vice presidency , which contained no definite job description in the constitution . Although , the job title that came with being vice-president was as the head of the senate , unrelated to the executive branch . However , the Constitution did stipulate the position would be awarded to the runner - up in the presidential election . Because Washington was from Virginia , many assumed that a vice president would be chosen from one of the northern states to ease sectional tensions . In an August 1788 letter , U.S. Minister to France Thomas Jefferson wrote that he considered John Adams and John Hancock , both prominent citizens from Massachusetts , to be the top contenders . Jefferson suggested John Jay , James Madison , and John Rutledge as other possible candidates . Voter turnout was particularly low in the first election . Experts estimate that only 1.8 - 6 % of the population participated . This was not due to a general lack of interest in the election , but rather a general lack of voting status . There were many restrictions put on potential voters , reducing the pool of would - be voters to a mere fraction of the population . The eligible voting population was primarily made up of white , male landowners , most of whom were educated . Of the people who could potentially vote , few knew anything of running candidates due to the inability to communicate to masses of people during the 18th century , generally making informed voting nearly impossible . Those who were of a different religion or without property were considered unfit to vote due to the idea that they could be easily swayed for one candidate or another , or had the possibility of creating detrimental factions in opposition to the government . The average person was considered uneducated , which included women , slaves , non citizens , indentured servants , and individuals younger than the age of 21 . The qualities of a voter that were considered essential for a voter fit the characteristics of a `` gentleman , '' as property owners were considered to have a `` stake in society , '' deeming them independent and morally adept enough to be considered responsible voters . Voting eligibility varied from colony to colony , such as in Virginia and Connecticut which required a man to acquire a larger amount of property in order to hold different positions in office . The most common form of determining eligibility was the `` forty pound rule '' , a common English practice that requires of voters to own forty pounds worth of land or receive a 5 percent return on the owned land . These eligible voter restrictions were made more inclusive with the later passage of the 15th amendment that removed racial affiliation as an eligible voter characteristic , and with the 19th amendment in 1920 , which allowed for the suffrage of women . No official laws were established barring immigrants who did not speak English from voting , but they were greatly discouraged from doing so by means of anti-immigrant rhetoric . The expectation was that any non-English speaking residents in the colonies were assumed to be ineligible due to property requirements . Regarding the 1788 -- 1789 elections , eligible voting was determined by the type of Christianity that an individual affiliated with . Only Protestants , and in some instances certain denominations , could vote in certain colonies . For example , only congregationalists retained the right to vote in Massachusetts . Jews , Quakers , and especially Catholics could not vote legally in states such as Rhode Island and Virginia . However , this was not the case in every colony , as Pennsylvania allowed every citizen regardless of property to have the right to vote . Due to the sentiments of freedom and independence following the revolution , nominations became more localized and frequent , access to voting booths increased dramatically , and the first instances the Australian ballot began to pop up within the United States . Although many people were more apt to participate in local elections , nearly 90 percent of white males were able to vote in states like New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Georgia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and New Hampshire . An often unconsidered adversity in the Election of 1788 -- 89 was great difficulty in communicating and convening for assembly due to `` impassable , perilous roads , poorly - maintained bridges , and slow postal delivery . '' Voter turnout was inhibited significantly , as traveling to the nearest polling place could take days , and for many , leaving the farm unattended for prolonged periods of time could not be afforded in small middle - class agrarian households which relied on daily manual labor and upkeep of farmsteads . Congress also moved at a glacial rate due to these obstacles , and it even took two months for George Washington to learn that he had won the Presidency , and spent an entire week traveling from Virginia to New York to be sworn in as president . A total of four electoral votes were lost , two in Virginia as well as in Maryland , due to complications involving travel and private matters . These complications played a large role in the outcome of different aspects of the first election , ultimately causing necessary compromises that hindered the organizational efficiency of the new government . Electors were chosen by the individual states , and each cast one vote for Washington . The electors used their second vote to cast a scattering of votes : while Adams won a plurality of these votes , a majority of the 69 electors voted for a candidate other than Adams . This was due largely to a scheme perpetrated by Alexander Hamilton , who feared that Adams would tie with Washington , throwing the election to the House of Representatives and embarrassing Washington and the new Constitution . Thus , Adams received only 34 of 69 votes , with the remaining 35 ballots split between ten other candidates . As the electors were being selected , rumors spread that there was an Anti-Federalist plot afoot to elect Richard Henry Lee or Patrick Henry president over Washington , with George Clinton as their choice for vice president . These rumors may have been encouraged by those sympathetic to the Federalists , who wished to discourage electors from voting for Clinton . If so , this strategy was effective : Clinton received only three electoral votes , possibly due to the fear that a vote for Clinton was effectively a vote against Washington . Only ten states out of the original thirteen cast electoral votes in this election . North Carolina and Rhode Island were ineligible to participate as they had not yet ratified the United States Constitution . New York failed to appoint its allotment of eight electors because of a deadlock in the state legislature . Squabbles over the choice of the capital city lead to further party divisions , and cutthroat campaigning strategies were underway from slandering rumors to redistricting . The Massachusetts General Court had tampered with district borders to favor certain ideological inclinations , known today as `` gerrymandering . '' Patrick Henry redrew districts for the House of Representatives election in favor of the Localists , aiding James Monroe to win the popular vote . Other slander in local elections that set the precedent for the Election of 1788 were the widespread conspiracy theories that often plagued candidates in running for office . Candidates published articles attacking the opposer . In South Carolina , a representative 's character in terms of representing local interests was tarnished . Dave Ramsey , from New Jersey , contended in a three - way election to represent the Charleston district in 1788 . Rumors circulated about his interests in `` an emancipation of negroes , '' to which Ramsey rebutted with attempting to prove that his opponent , William Smith , was not considered a citizen under the constitution . Tensions on divisive issues increased regardless of the fact that there were no official party systems in place leading up to the 1788 election . Although these contentions played no part in Washington 's unanimous vote , they revealed the strategies in which two groups attempted to secure positions in the Vice Presidential and legislative positions . The founders attempted to create a society that supports more nationalistic world views that work to benefit the nation as a whole , as opposed to candidates self - interest and by simply representing the popular vote 's local will . Considering the parochial nature of American society in the 18th century , it was assumed that most presidential elections would end up in the House of Representatives since electors would vote for locally known leaders and there would be no clear majority , hence the safeguarded structure of the electoral college , with one vote being mandatory out of state . The founders presumed that most elections would obtain no majority vote by the electors , as it was nearly depicted in the competitive election of John Adams as vice president . Yet , the House of Representatives has only chosen the President in 1801 and 1825 as opposed to most elections . Although the American political system did not pan out as the founders had hoped , the Election of 1788 -- 1789 shaped the federal body experienced in the United States today . James Bryce described this in The American Commonwealth , `` So hard it is to keep even a rigid constitution from warping and bending under the actual forces of politics . '' Results ( edit ) Popular vote ( edit ) Popular Vote Count Percentage Federalist electors 39,624 90.5 % Anti-Federalist electors 4,158 9.5 % Total 43,782 100.0 % Source : U.S. President National Vote . Our Campaigns . ( February 11 , 2006 ) . Only 6 of the 10 states casting electoral votes chose electors by any form of popular vote . Less than 1.8 % of the population voted : the 1790 Census would count a total population of 3.0 million with a free population of 2.4 million and 600,000 slaves in those states casting electoral votes in this election . Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements . Electoral vote ( edit ) Presidential candidate Party Home state Popular vote Electoral vote Count Percentage George Washington Non Partisan Virginia 43,782 100.0 % 69 John Adams Federalist Massachusetts -- -- 34 John Jay Federalist New York -- -- 9 Robert H. Harrison Federalist Maryland -- -- 6 John Rutledge Federalist South Carolina -- -- 6 John Hancock Federalist Massachusetts -- -- George Clinton Anti Federalist New York -- -- Samuel Huntington Federalist Connecticut -- -- John Milton Federalist Georgia -- -- James Armstrong Federalist Georgia -- -- Benjamin Lincoln Federalist Massachusetts -- -- Edward Telfair Anti Federalist Georgia -- -- Total 43,782 100.0 % 138 Needed to win 35 Source : `` Electoral College Box Scores 1789 -- 1996 '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 30 , 2005 . Source ( Popular Vote ) : A New Nation Votes : American Election Returns 1787 -- 1825 Only 6 of the 10 states casting electoral votes chose electors by any form of popular vote . Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements . The New York legislature failed to appoint its allotted 8 electors in time , so there were no voting electors from New York . Two electors from Maryland did not vote . One elector from Virginia did not vote and another elector from Virginia was not chosen because an election district failed to submit returns . The identity of this candidate comes from The Documentary History of the First Federal Elections ( Gordon DenBoer ( ed . ) , University of Wisconsin Press , 1984 , p. 441 ) . Several respected sources , including the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress and the Political Graveyard , instead show this individual to be James Armstrong of Pennsylvania . However , primary sources , such as the Senate Journal , list only Armstrong 's name , not his state . Skeptics observe that Armstrong received his single vote from a Georgia elector . They find this improbable because Armstrong of Pennsylvania was not nationally famous -- his public service to that date consisted of being a medical officer during the American Revolution and , at most , a single year as a Pennsylvania judge . Results by state ( edit ) Popular vote ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) George Washington Federalist George Clinton Anti-Federalist State Total State electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # Connecticut 7 no popular vote 7 no popular vote - CT Delaware 685 100 no ballots 685 DE Georgia 5 no popular vote 5 no popular vote - GA Maryland 8 5,539 71.63 6 2,193 28.37 - 7,732 MD Massachusetts 10 17,740 100 10 no ballots 17,740 MA New Hampshire 5 5,909 100 5 no ballots 5,909 NH New Jersey 6 no popular vote 6 no popular vote - NJ New York 8 did not participate ( legislature deadlocked ) - NY North Carolina 7 did not participate ( did not ratify Constitution ) - NC Pennsylvania 10 6,711 90.90 10 672 9.10 - 7,383 PA Rhode Island did not participate ( did not ratify Constitution ) - RI South Carolina 7 no popular vote 7 no popular vote - SC Virginia 12 3,040 70.16 10 1,293 29.84 - 4,333 VA TOTALS : 91 39,624 90.50 69 4,158 9.50 0 43,782 US TO WIN : 35 Electoral vote ( edit ) State Washington Adams Jay Harrison Rutledge Hancock Clinton Huntington Milton Armstrong Telfair Lincoln Connecticut 7 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Delaware 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Georgia 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Maryland 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Massachusetts 10 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 New Hampshire 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 New Jersey 6 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pennsylvania 10 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 South Carolina 7 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 Virginia 10 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 69 34 9 6 6 Source : Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections Electoral College selection ( edit ) The Constitution , in Article II , Section 1 , provided that the state legislatures should decide the manner in which their Electors were chosen . Different state legislatures chose different methods : Method of choosing electors State ( s ) each elector appointed by the state legislature Connecticut Georgia New Jersey New York South Carolina two electors appointed by state legislature each remaining elector chosen by state legislature from list of top two vote - getters in each congressional district Massachusetts each elector chosen by voters statewide ; however , if no candidate wins majority , state legislature appoints elector from top two candidates New Hampshire state is divided into electoral districts , with one elector chosen per district by the voters of that district Virginia Delaware electors chosen at large by voters Maryland Pennsylvania state had not yet ratified the Constitution , so was not eligible to choose electors North Carolina Rhode Island New York 's legislature deadlocked , so no electors were chosen . One electoral district failed to choose an elector . See also ( edit ) First inauguration of George Washington History of the United States ( 1789 -- 1849 ) First United States Congress United States House of Representatives elections , 1789 United States Senate elections , 1788 and 1789 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` National General Election VEP Turnout Rates , 1789 - Present '' . United States Election Project . CQ Press . Jump up ^ Meacham 2012 Jump up ^ Chernow , 272 - 273 Jump up ^ `` VP George Clinton '' . www.senate.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : United States presidential election of 1789 at Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ `` A New Nation Votes '' . Jump up ^ `` 1789 Presidential Electoral Vote Count '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Dave Leip . Retrieved 14 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Electoral Count for the Presidential Election of 1789 '' . The Papers of George Washington . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2013 . Retrieved May 4 , 2005 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bowling , Kenneth R. , and Donald R. Kennon . `` A New Matrix for National Politics . '' Inventing Congress : Origins and Establishment of the First Federal Congress . Athens , O. : United States Capitol Historical Society by Ohio U , 1999 . 110 - 37 . Print . Chernow , Ron ( 2004 ) . `` Alexander Hamilton '' . London , UK : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 1101200858 . Collier , Christopher . `` Voting and American Democracy . '' The American People as Christian White Men of Property : Suffrage and Elections in Colonial and Early National America . N.p. : U of Connecticut , n.d , 1999 . DenBoer , Gordon , ed. ( 1990 ) . The Documentary History of the First Federal Elections , 1788 -- 1790 . University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 06690 - 1 . Dinkin , Robert J. Voting in Revolutionary America : A Study of Elections in the Original Thirteen States , 1776 -- 1789 . Westport , CT : Greenwood , 1982 . Ellis , Richard J. ( 1999 ) . Founding the American Presidency . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8476 - 9499 - 0 . McCullough , David ( 1990 ) . John Adams . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 7588 - 7 . Meacham , Jon ( 2012 ) . Thomas Jefferson : The Art of Power . Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6766 - 4 . Novotny , Patrick . The Parties in American Politics , 1789 -- 2016 . Paullin , Charles O . `` The First Elections Under The Constitution . '' The Iowa Journal of History and Politics 2 ( 1904 ) : 3 - 33 . Web . February 20 , 2017 . Shade , William G. , and Ballard C. Campbell . `` The Election of 1788 - 89 . '' American Presidential Campaigns and Elections . Ed . Craig R. Coenen . Vol. 1 . Armonk , NY : Sharpe Reference , 2003 . 65 - 77 . Print . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States presidential election , 1788 -- 89 . United States presidential election of 1789 at Encyclopædia Britannica Presidential Election of 1789 : A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress A New Nation Votes : American Election Returns , 1787 -- 1825 `` A Historical Analysis of the Electoral College '' . The Green Papers . Retrieved February 17 , 2005 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who came in 2nd in the first presidential election	[ "\n\nPresidential candidate\n\nParty\n\nHome state\n\nPopular vote(a), (b), (c)\n\nElectoral vote(d), (e), (f)\n\n\nCount\n\nPercentage\n\n\nGeorge Washington\n\nNon Partisan\n\nVirginia\n\n43,782\n\n100.0%\n\n69\n\n\nJohn Adams\n\nFederalist\n\nMassachusetts\n\n—\n\n—\n\n34\n\n\nJohn Jay\n\nFederalist\n\nNew York\n\n—\n\n—\n\n9\n\n\nRobert H. Harrison\n\nFederalist\n\nMaryland\n\n—\n\n—\n\n6\n\n\nJohn Rutledge\n\nFederalist\n\nSouth Carolina\n\n—\n\n—\n\n6\n\n\nJohn Hancock\n\nFederalist\n\nMassachusetts\n\n—\n\n—\n\n4\n\n\nGeorge Clinton\n\nAnti Federalist\n\nNew York\n\n—\n\n—\n\n3\n\n\nSamuel Huntington\n\nFederalist\n\nConnecticut\n\n—\n\n—\n\n2\n\n\nJohn Milton\n\nFederalist\n\nGeorgia\n\n—\n\n—\n\n2\n\n\nJames Armstrong(g)\n\nFederalist\n\nGeorgia(g)\n\n—\n\n—\n\n1\n\n\nBenjamin Lincoln\n\nFederalist\n\nMassachusetts\n\n—\n\n—\n\n1\n\n\nEdward Telfair\n\nAnti Federalist\n\nGeorgia\n\n—\n\n—\n\n1\n\n\nTotal\n\n43,782\n\n100.0%\n\n138\n\n\nNeeded to win\n\n35\n" ]	[ "John Adams" ]
-4286739205735620645	Mountain Monsters	Mountain Monsters - wikipedia Mountain Monsters Jump to : navigation , search Mountain Monsters Season 3 intertitle Genre Documentary , Reality Starring John Tice Jacob Lowe Joseph Lott Jeff Headlee Willy McQuillian William Neff Narrated by William Berger Theme music composer `` Last American Cowboys '' Opening theme `` Mountain Man Town '' Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 50 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Colt Straub Duke Straub Russell Geyser Jay Blumke Ken Charles Royal Malley Producer ( s ) American Chainsaws Running time 42 - 60 minutes Release Original network Destination America Original release June 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 22 ) -- present External links Website www.destinationamerica.com/tv-shows/mountain-monsters/ Production website www.americanchainsaws.com Mountain Monsters is a documentary television series on Destination America . It premiered on June 22 , 2013 , and began its fifth season on April 8 , 2017 . The series follows the Appalachian Investigators of Mysterious Sightings ( AIMS ) team , a band of six native West Virginian hunters and trappers , as they research and find of evidence of unidentified creatures in the Appalachian Mountains . The series was renewed for a 5th season on September 14 , 2016 . It premiered on April 8 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Series overview 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2013 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2014 ) 3.3 Season 3 : Bigfoot Edition ( 2015 ) 3.4 Season 4 : Bigfoot Edition ( 2016 ) 3.5 Season 5 : Secrets of the Dark Forest ( 2017 ) 4 Finding Bigfoot `` feud '' 5 References 6 External links Premise ( edit ) The AIMS team are a self - styled cryptozoology research team founded by West Virginians John `` Trapper '' Tice , Jeff Headlee , and Willy McQuillian . Their goal is to prove the existence of mysterious creatures such as Bigfoot , Werewolf , Hellhound , Lizard Man , and Mothman . The episodes normally begin with Trapper , Jeff , Huckleberry , and Buck discussing the specific creature they are hunting on the way to the location where the creature was spotted . They then meet with eyewitnesses who have encountered the creature , giving the team an idea of where to conduct an initial night investigation to find evidence of the creature being in the area . After concluding their initial night hunt , Willy and Wild Bill begin work on a trap to contain the creature while the rest of the team searches for more evidence , meeting with additional eyewitnesses who normally possess photographic , video or audio evidence of the creature . After testing the completed trap the team begins the final night hunt . The creatures are , supposedly , occasionally caught on camera , such as the Cave Creature . They are also shown as a digital rendering that appears before and after commercial breaks . The team attempts to capture these creature ( with Hogzilla and three Devil Dogs being their most recent trapped creatures ) . In some instances the team places trail cameras and / or infrared camcorders near the trap to capture photographic evidence of the creature in question . They have caught fleeting , blurry images of what they claim to be the Grassman , Shadow Creature , Cherokee Death Cat and the Black Wolf on camera , to name but a few . More recently the recurring Rogue Team has spied on and sabotaged the AIMS team and their investigations . Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 6 June 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 22 ) July 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 27 ) 14 April 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 04 ) July 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 25 ) 8 March 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 07 ) April 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 25 ) 13 January 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 23 ) April 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 16 ) 5 9 April 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 08 ) June 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 03 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date `` Wolfman of Wolfe County '' June 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 22 ) Wolfe County , Kentucky has a fresh trail of evidence that a 500 pound Wolfman is terrorizing the region . Now a group of expert hunters and trappers are using their backwoods knowledge to catch the Wolfman and make Appalachia safe once again . `` Grassman of Perry County '' June 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 29 ) Residents of Perry County , Ohio have reported a 1,000 pound Grassman seen in the woods . Now a group of expert hunters and trappers are using their backwoods knowledge to catch the Grassman and make Appalachia safe once again . `` Devil Dog of Logan County '' July 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 06 ) A blood - sucking Devil Dog is terrorizing a region in West Virginia . Expert hunters set out to catch the monster and make Appalachia safe once again . `` Wampus Beast of Pleasents County '' July 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 13 ) A 500 pound Wampus Beast is killing the cattle in Pleasants County , West Virginia . Now a group of expert hunters and trappers are using their backwoods knowledge to protect their livestock and catch the Wampus Beast . 5 5 `` Mothman of Mason County '' July 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 20 ) For decades Mason County , West Virginia has been terrorized by a flying Mothman and it appears he is back again . Now a group of expert hunters and trappers are using their backwoods knowledge to catch the Mothman once and for all . 6 6 `` Lizard Demon of Wood County '' July 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 27 ) Season 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 7 `` Kentucky Hellhound of Pike County '' April 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 04 ) The AIMS team travel to Pike County , Kentucky , to investigate a huge canine predator who is menacing the local farming community . The team meets with eyewitnesses and races to construct a giant bamboo box trap before the creature migrates for the winter . 8 `` Grafton Monster of Taylor County '' April 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 11 ) The AIMS team travel to Taylor County , West Virginia , to investigate a huge bipedal predator nicknamed the `` Headless Horror . '' The team meets with eyewitnesses , tracks the creature , and attempts to capture it inside of a massive wooden trap . 9 `` Yahoo of Nicholas County '' April 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 18 ) The AIMS team travel to Nicholas County , West Virginia , to investigate a large Bigfoot - like creature called `` The Yahoo . '' The team meets with eyewitnesses , tracks the beast , and attempts to capture it inside of a giant log - fall trap . 10 `` Werewolf of Webster County '' April 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 25 ) The AIMS team travel to Webster County , West Virginia , to investigate the legendary Webster Werewolf , a massive wolf - like creature with ancient mythical ties . The team meets with eyewitnesses and works to complete a pit - trap before the full moon passes . 11 5 `` Fire Dragon of Pocahontas County '' May 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 02 ) The AIMS team travel to Pocahontas County , West Virginia , to investigate a gigantic , aquatic reptile called the `` Fire Dragon . '' The team meets with eyewitnesses and constructs an elaborate water trap before pursuing the creature on land and boat . 12 6 `` Sheepsquatch of Boone County '' May 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 09 ) The AIMS team travel to Boone County , West Virginia , to investigate a bizarre and aggressive creature called `` The Sheepsquatch . '' The team meets with eyewitnesses and builds a custom razor wire trap before embarking upon a perilous night hunt . 13 7 `` Shadow Creature of Braxton County '' May 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 30 ) The AIMS team travel to Braxton County , West Virginia , to investigate a clandestine killer known as `` The Shadow Creature . '' The team rappels cliffs and navigates the big timber as they chase the monster toward a super-sized snare trap . 14 8 `` Wild Bill 's Bear Beast '' June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) The AIMS team travel to Raleigh County , West Virginia , to investigate a killer bear - canine hybrid called the `` Red - Eyed Bear Beast . '' The team tracks the creature across treacherous terrain and rivers and attempts to capture it inside of a caldron trap . 15 9 `` Death Cat of Cherokee County '' June 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 13 ) The AIMS team travel to Cherokee County , North Carolina , to investigate a ferocious feline called `` The Cherokee Death Cat . '' The team works to unravel the myth surrounding the creature and attempts to capture it inside of a complex wooden trap . 16 10 `` Snallygaster of Preston County '' June 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 27 ) The AIMS team travel to Preston County , West Virginia , to investigate a huge flying predator called `` The Snallygaster . '' The team encounters great danger when they invade the creature 's territory and attempt to capture it inside of a large wooden box trap . 17 11 `` Cave Creatures of Greenbrier County '' July 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 11 ) The AIMS team travel to Greenbrier County , West Virginia , to investigate a humanoid bipedal called `` The Cave Creature . '' The team tracks the elusive creature through a twenty - mile cave system toward a series of snare traps . 18 12 `` Hogzilla of Hocking Hills '' July 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 18 ) The AIMS team travel to the treacherous terrain of Hocking Hills , Ohio , to investigate a huge hog - like creature called `` Hogzilla . '' After meeting with eyewitnesses , the team races to capture the beast inside of a massive steel cage trap . 19 13 `` Bloodless Howler of Harrison County '' July 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 25 ) The AIMS team travel to Harrison County , West Virginia , to investigate a vicious canine - feline hybrid known as `` The Bloodless Howler . '' The team tracks the predator toward their Asian tiger - box trap in frigid temperatures . 20 14 `` Grassman 's Revengeance '' July 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 31 ) In the two - hour season finale , the AIMS team travel back to Perry County , Ohio , to settle an unfinished score with a massive Bigfoot - like creature . The team works to unravel the mystery of the Ohio Grassman 's identity and faces their greatest danger yet . Season 3 : Bigfoot edition ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 21 `` Bigfoot of Central Kentucky '' March 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 07 ) The Appalachian Investigators of Mysterious Sightings begin their epic quest to prove the existence of Bigfoot in the Appalachia as they head out to Central Kentucky after what they believe is the first Bigfoot to emerge from the Mammoth Cave System . 22 `` Bigfoot of Putnam County '' March 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 14 ) Appalachian Investigators of Mysterious Sightings travel to Putnam County , WV to investigate the Chupacabra , known as the West Virginia Vampire . The team must meet with eyewitnesses and build an elaborate maze trap in an attempt to capture the creature . 23 `` Bigfoot of Eastern kentucky '' March 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 21 ) Appalachian Investigators of Mysterious Sightings travel to Eastern Kentucky to investigate the Wildman , known as the most dangerous and aggressive Bigfoot in the region . The team searches for a missing eyewitness and builds the largest and strongest trap . 24 `` Bigfoot of Lincoln County '' March 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 28 ) Appalachian Investigators of Mysterious Sightings travel to Lincoln County , WV to investigate the Hellhound who left a bad taste in their mouth after evading them last autumn . 25 5 `` Bigfoot of Clay County '' April 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 04 ) Appalachian Investigators of Mysterious Sightings travel to Clay County , WV to investigate the `` Yahoo '' , who threw trees at them and destroyed their trap in Nicholas County WV , last autumn . The team must build an electrified trap to contain this Bigfoot . 26 6 `` Bigfoot of Washington County '' April 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 11 ) The AIMS team travels to Washington County , PA to investigate the `` Dustman '' , thought to be the fastest and most agile Bigfoot in the region . They must build a quicksand pit trap , and repel down a cliff at night to its cave lair . 27 7 `` Bigfoot of Ashe County : AIMS Under Attack '' April 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 18 ) The AIMS team head to Ashe County , NC in search of `` The Cherokee Devil '' . This Bigfoot is thought to possess mind control abilities . When Buck has an encounter with the creature the team fights back , only to have another team member fall under its spell . 28 8 `` Bigfoot of Ashe County : AIMS Erupts '' April 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 25 ) The AIMS team go back to Ashe County , NC to hunt the `` Cherokee Devil '' a savage Bigfoot that has already scarred members of the team . As the mission continues the biggest rift in AIMS history erupts and some members debate hanging up their gear for good . Season 4 : Bigfoot Edition ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 29 `` Bigfoot of Harrison County : Stonish Giant '' January 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 23 ) 0.511 30 `` Bigfoot of Central Kentucky : Squalling Savage '' January 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 30 ) 0.525 31 `` Bigfoot of Blair County : Lightning Man '' February 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 06 ) 0.535 32 `` Bigfoot of Blair County : Thunder Brothers '' February 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 13 ) 0.463 33 Special `` Scariest Moments '' February 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 20 ) 0.344 34 5 `` Bigfoot of Pendleton County : Great Fire Ape '' February 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 27 ) 0.460 35 6 `` Bigfoot of Wirt County : The Ash Man '' March 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 05 ) 0.464 36 7 `` Bigfoot of Lee County : Raven Mocker '' March 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 12 ) 0.411 37 Special `` Best of Bigfoot '' March 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 19 ) 0.410 38 8 `` Raven Mocker : Back to Trapper '' March 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 26 ) 0.468 39 9 `` Bigfoot of Wood County : The Phantom of the Forest '' April 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 02 ) 0.442 40 10 `` Return of the Rogue Team '' April 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 09 ) 0.536 41 11 `` AIMS vs The Rogue Team '' April 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 16 ) 0.659 Season 5 : secrets of the Dark Forest ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 42 `` The Rogue Team Rises : Part 1 '' April 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 08 ) After nine months of silence , the Rogue Team emerges from the shadows after team member Buck tries to take matters into his own hands ; the AIMS team meets face to face with this other mysterious team to find out who they are and what they are after . 43 `` The Rogue Team Rises : Part 2 '' April 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 15 ) After being abducted , the AIMS team faces a mysterious man who offers them a deal with an incredible payoff . The team suddenly realizes Trapper is missing and they set off to locate him in a race against time after finding a trail of his blood . 44 `` Enter The Dark Forest '' April 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 22 ) The AIMS team enters the Dark Forest to capture the Woman of the Woods but realize that the forest is the home to another mysterious creature : the Black Wolf . 45 `` The Black Wolf '' April 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 29 ) The AIMS team learns that a mysterious creature known as the Black Wolf roams the Dark Forest ; a shaman reveals that the Black Wolf 's presence may spell disaster for Jeff whose behavior continues to trouble the team . 46 Special `` Superfan Edition '' May 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 06 ) The AIMS team shares their thoughts , answers fans ' biggest questions and tell some of their favorite stories from the road . 47 5 `` Huckleberry 's Predator '' May 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 13 ) After the AIMS team is split in half , Jeff must come up with answers about the Dark Forest ; while the team gets proof of the Black Wolf , Huckleberry reveals that a mysterious creature is stalking the team and finds himself in a fight for his life . 48 6 `` The Three Rings of the North '' May 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 20 ) After a shocking discovery , Buck heads into the Dark Forest and encounters someone from his past ; Huckleberry realizes that the predator he faced off with wants revenge ; The team follows a trail left by Jeff and discovers the mysterious Three Rings . 49 7 The Secret of the Little Girl May 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 27 ) The team discovers what Jeff was doing at the Three Rings ; the team learns what Buck found on his phone ; Buck heads to the Three Rings to contact the Little Girl , who seems to be the key to the Dark Forest . 50 8 The Blood Skull and Woman of the Woods June 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 03 ) Buck searches for the Little Girl after he makes contact with her and she vanishes ; the rest of the AIMS team sneaks into a cabin looking for answers about the other team 's intentions ; Buck winds up face to face with the Woman of the Woods . This episode was made available on May 27 , 2017 via the Destination America app - the first time a Mountain Monsters episode was available prior to its regularly scheduled airing . Finding Bigfoot `` feud '' ( edit ) On April 5 , 2015 , Matt Moneymaker of Finding Bigfoot tweeted that Mountain Monsters was scripted and the AIMS team were merely actors . This led to `` Trapper '' John Tice directly responding and referring to Moneymaker 's show as `` Losing Bigfoot '' . The online feud has continued with Finding Bigfoot castmember Cliff Barakckman chiming in that the show is `` fiction '' and the official Finding Bigfoot Twitter account calling Mountain Monsters a `` fake - hoax '' show in regards to the series ' April 2017 return . On May 30 , 2017 , the official AIMS Brasil Twitter account responded by saying that Finding Bigfoot `` do not find anything ''. . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mountain Monsters 2013 '' . Jump up ^ `` Destination America Orders Fifth Season Bigfoot Series Mountain Monsters '' . www.broadcastingcable.com . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : http://animal.discovery.com/tv/finding-bigfoot/season-1.html Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.23. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.30. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.6. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.13. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.20. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.27. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.5. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.12. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.19. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.26. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.2. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.9. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.16. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/TheAIMSDA/status/868745729782693889 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/trapperwv/status/592899613910237184?lang=en Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/CliffBarackman/status/818289621427572736 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/FBIGFOOTFANS/status/846289878618923010 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/aimsbroficial/status/869214966074748928 External links ( edit ) Mountain Monsters on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mountain_Monsters&oldid=800107338 '' Categories : American reality television series American documentary television series 2010s American television series 2013 American television series debuts English - language television programs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 15 : 11 . About Wikipedia	mountain monsters how many episodes in season 5	[ "\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nOriginal air date\n\n\n42\n1\n\"The Rogue Team Rises: Part 1\"\nApril 8, 2017 (2017-04-08)\n\n\nAfter nine months of silence, the Rogue Team emerges from the shadows after team member Buck tries to take matters into his own hands; the AIMS team meets face to face with this other mysterious team to find out who they are and what they are after.\n\n\n43\n2\n\"The Rogue Team Rises: Part 2\"\nApril 15, 2017 (2017-04-15)\n\n\nAfter being abducted, the AIMS team faces a mysterious man who offers them a deal with an incredible payoff. The team suddenly realizes Trapper is missing and they set off to locate him in a race against time after finding a trail of his blood.\n\n\n44\n3\n\"Enter The Dark Forest\"\nApril 22, 2017 (2017-04-22)\n\n\nThe AIMS team enters the Dark Forest to capture the Woman of the Woods but realize that the forest is the home to another mysterious creature: the Black Wolf.\n\n\n45\n4\n\"The Black Wolf\"\nApril 29, 2017 (2017-04-29)\n\n\nThe AIMS team learns that a mysterious creature known as the Black Wolf roams the Dark Forest; a shaman reveals that the Black Wolf's presence may spell disaster for Jeff whose behavior continues to trouble the team.\n\n\n46\nSpecial\n\"Superfan Edition\"\nMay 6, 2017 (2017-05-06)\n\n\nThe AIMS team shares their thoughts, answers fans' biggest questions and tell some of their favorite stories from the road.\n\n\n47\n5\n\"Huckleberry's Predator\"\nMay 13, 2017 (2017-05-13)\n\n\nAfter the AIMS team is split in half, Jeff must come up with answers about the Dark Forest; while the team gets proof of the Black Wolf, Huckleberry reveals that a mysterious creature is stalking the team and finds himself in a fight for his life.\n\n\n48\n6\n\"The Three Rings of the North\"\nMay 20, 2017 (2017-05-20)\n\n\nAfter a shocking discovery, Buck heads into the Dark Forest and encounters someone from his past; Huckleberry realizes that the predator he faced off with wants revenge; The team follows a trail left by Jeff and discovers the mysterious Three Rings.\n\n\n49\n7\nThe Secret of the Little Girl\nMay 27, 2017 (2017-05-27)\n\n\nThe team discovers what Jeff was doing at the Three Rings; the team learns what Buck found on his phone; Buck heads to the Three Rings to contact the Little Girl, who seems to be the key to the Dark Forest.\n\n\n50\n8\nThe Blood Skull and Woman of the Woods\nJune 3, 2017 (2017-06-03)\n\n\nBuck searches for the Little Girl after he makes contact with her and she vanishes; the rest of the AIMS team sneaks into a cabin looking for answers about the other team's intentions; Buck winds up face to face with the Woman of the Woods. This episode was made available on May 27, 2017 via the Destination America app - the first time a Mountain Monsters episode was available prior to its regularly scheduled airing.[17]\n\n" ]	[ "8" ]
-3592477215081333862	Thomas Jones (American football)	Thomas Jones ( American football ) - wikipedia Thomas Jones ( American football ) Jump to : navigation , search Thomas Jones Jones with the Chiefs in November 2010 No. 26 , 22 , 20 Position : Running back Born : ( 1978 - 08 - 19 ) August 19 , 1978 ( age 39 ) Big Stone Gap , Virginia Height : 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) Weight : 215 lb ( 98 kg ) Career information High school : Big Stone Gap ( VA ) Powell Valley College : Virginia NFL Draft : 2000 / Round : 1 / Pick : 7 Career history Arizona Cardinals ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 2003 ) Chicago Bears ( 2004 -- 2006 ) New York Jets ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Career highlights and awards Pro Bowl ( 2008 ) Consensus All - American ( 1999 ) Career NFL statistics Rushing yards : 10,591 Rushing average : 4.0 Rushing touchdowns : 68 Receptions : 308 Receiving yards : 2,023 Receiving touchdowns : 3 Player stats at NFL.com Thomas Quinn Jones ( born August 19 , 1978 ) is an American actor and former American football running back who played twelve seasons in the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football for the University of Virginia . He was drafted by the Arizona Cardinals seventh overall in the 2000 NFL Draft , and played for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in addition to the New York Jets , Chicago Bears and Kansas City Chiefs . He is among the top 25 leading rushers in NFL history , and a member of the 10,000 yards club . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 College career 3 Professional career 3.1 Arizona Cardinals 3.2 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 3.3 Chicago Bears 3.4 New York Jets 3.5 Kansas City Chiefs 3.6 New York Jets franchise records 3.7 Career awards and highlights 3.8 NFL statistics 4 Post-football career 5 Filmography 6 References 7 External links Early years ( edit ) Thomas was born in Big Stone Gap , Virginia . His mother , Betty , worked the graveyard shift in a Virginia coal mine for nearly 20 years while raising seven children , including his younger brother , Julius Jones . While in Appalachia , Virginia , his father encouraged the children to learn five new words per day , and made them read the front page of the newspaper , before they could read the sports section . Jones credits his parents with instilling the ambition and strong work ethic that he is known for in professional football . While playing for Powell Valley High School in Big Stone Gap , he led the team to back - to - back state championships in 1994 and 1995 . He still holds the VHSL record for the most rushing yards in a season with 3,319 . He broke his late uncle 's ( Edd Clark ) single - game rushing record in 1994 ( 462 yards against John I. Burton High School ) . He also tied for most career touchdowns ( 104 ) with Terry Kirby . Thomas was featured in the January 22nd ( 1996 ) issue of Sports Illustrated section , Faces in the Crowd . College career ( edit ) Jones attended the University of Virginia , and played for coach George Welsh 's Virginia Cavaliers football team from 1996 to 1999 . Through four years , he left his mark on the record books of both the team and the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . He ended his career at Virginia with eight conference and fifteen team records , including finishing as the Cavaliers ' all - time rushing leader with 3,998 yards , eclipsing the previous mark of 3,389 yards set by Tiki Barber . His rushing total was the fourth highest in conference history . Jones also set the conference and school record for single season rushing ( 1,798 yards ) and single season all - purpose offense ( 2,054 yards ) . While becoming the first player in ACC history to attain 200 yards rushing and 100 yards receiving in a single game , Jones set a single game school record with 331 all - purpose yards against the University at Buffalo . Setting an ACC record for 200 - yard games , Jones finished with six 200 - yard rushing performances . He finished his college career with 4,698 all - purpose yards , fourth all - time at Virginia . As a senior in 1999 , Jones was voted as a consensus first - team All - American by The Associated Press , Football News , the Football Writers Association of America , Walter Camp Foundation , and The Sporting News . Finishing 8th in balloting for the 1999 Heisman Trophy , he was the first ACC consensus All - American running back since 1978 ( Ted Brown , NC State ) and third in league history . Jones led the conference running backs and receiving yards , amassed four 200 - yard games , and finished third in the nation in rushing ( 163.5 yards / game ) and all - purpose yards ( 186.7 yards / game ) . While successful on the field , Jones also focused in the classroom , earning his bachelor 's degree in psychology in three years . Professional career ( edit ) Arizona Cardinals ( edit ) Thomas Jones was chosen by the Arizona Cardinals in the first round of the 2000 NFL Draft with the seventh overall selection . In his three years with Arizona he rushed for 1,264 yards and 9 touchdowns . He was injury - prone , however , and finished only one full season ( 2001 ) for the Cardinals . Up until the 2002 season he also was splitting time with running back , Michael Pittman . Jones was traded in 2003 to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers . Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( edit ) Though not the featured back in Tampa Bay , Jones played an injury - free season , gained 627 yards , and scored three rushing touchdowns while averaging 4.6 yards per carry . Chicago Bears ( edit ) As a free agent in 2004 , Jones received his opportunity to be a featured back , signing a multi-year contract with Chicago . In his first season with Chicago , he rushed for 948 yards and 7 touchdowns . After the season , Ron Turner took over as offensive coordinator and installed zone blocking schemes that utilized Jones 's speed and ability to make quick decisions . Heading into the 2005 NFL season , Jones figured to return to sharing duty as the Bears used their top draft pick on running back Cedric Benson . However , a lengthy hold - out prevented Benson from pushing Jones for playing time . After starting the season with a poor performance against the Washington Redskins defense , Jones proceeded to recover with season statistics of 1,335 yards and 9 touchdowns . Jones amassed 61 first downs while averaging 4.3 yards per carry . A veteran with , at that time , six years league experience , Jones continued to see extended playing time to assist the offensive line with pass blocking for Rex Grossman . After the 2005 season , Jones fired his agent and hired Drew Rosenhaus in April , 2006 . Jones did not participate in the Bears ' voluntary off season program in 2006 , opting instead to work out on his own , leading to Benson lining up with the first team during workouts . On , July 27 , 2006 , Jones injured his hamstring during a physical at the Bears ' summer camp ; Lovie Smith announced Jones would fall behind Cedric Benson on the depth chart . However , on August 4 , Benson injured his shoulder after colliding with Brian Urlacher during a routine practice drill , and Jones returned to his featured back position . The Bears ' two - headed rushing attack showcased both players during the 2006 season . Benson , at 5 - foot - 11 and 230 pounds , acted as a straight - ahead runner , whereas Jones used his quicker 5 - foot - 10 and 215 - pound frame to find holes in Chicago 's zone - blocking scheme to get through the defense . During the regular season , Jones gained 1,210 yards and Benson amassed 647 yards ; both averaged over four yards per carry . Jones had four 100 - yard performances during the regular season and continued to see an increased role in the passing game as Benson had not yet mastered pass protection . In 2006 , Thomas and his brother Julius became the first brother tandem in NFL history to rush for 1,000 yards in the same season . During the 2006 playoffs , Jones rushed for 66 yards and two touchdowns on 21 carries en route to a 27 - 24 Bears ' victory over the Seattle Seahawks . The next week he rushed for 123 yards and two touchdowns on 19 carries in the NFC championship game against the New Orleans Saints , helping the Bears advance to the Super Bowl with a 39 - 14 win . Jones 's 123 rushing yards against the Saints set a Bears postseason record . On a crucial drive late in the first half , after three stalled Bears drives ended in field goals , Jones ran the ball on every play of an eight - play , 69 - yard drive and scored the Bears ' first touchdown of the game . Jones was one of three college teammates who reunited in Super Bowl XLI . Jones , his teammate John St. Clair , and Terrence Wilkins of the Indianapolis Colts were roommates at the University of Virginia . In Super Bowl XLI , Jones finished with 112 yards rushing and 18 yards receiving , including a 52 - yard run that marked Chicago 's longest run of the season . Though averaging 7.5 yards per carry in the game , the Bears ' only called 15 running plays in the 29 - 17 loss to Indianapolis . New York Jets ( edit ) Thomas Jones and Brett Farve in 2008 . On March 5 , 2007 the Bears traded Jones and their second - round pick ( 63rd overall ) in the 2007 NFL Draft to the New York Jets in exchange for their second - round pick ( from the Washington Redskins ) ( 37th overall ) . Following the completion of the trade , the Jets signed Jones to a four - year , $25 million extension . In the 2007 season , Jones carried the ball 310 times for 1,119 yards , his third straight one - thousand yard season . Of note , Jones scored the first receiving touchdown of his career as well . However , he averaged a subpar 3.6 yards a carry , and scored only one rushing TD , as the Jets stumbled to a 4 - 12 finish . Jones had his best season in 2008 . Named the AFC 's starting running back in the Pro Bowl , Jones scored 15 total touchdowns , including two via receptions , and rushed for 1,312 yards to lead the AFC . On October 18 , 2009 , in a game against the Buffalo Bills , Jones rushed for a Jets franchise record 210 yards and a touchdown , breaking the old mark set by Curtis Martin . However , the Jets lost 16 - 13 in overtime . On December 3 , 2009 , Jones reached 1,068 rushing yards for the 2009 season against the Buffalo Bills . This would mark the fifth consecutive season in which Jones has rushed for 1,000 + yards . On January 17 , 2010 , Jones converted a final minute 4th and 1 to lead the Jets to victory over the San Diego Chargers in a 2009 playoff game . The win ensured that the Jets would play the Indianapolis Colts in the 2009 AFC championship game . On March 1 , 2010 , the New York Jets announced that they would release Jones as of March 5 , 2010 due to an upcoming contract bonus ( all despite having a career - high season with 1,402 rushing yards ) and talks with LaDanian Tomlinson . He was officially released on March 5 . Kansas City Chiefs ( edit ) Jones signed a two - year contract with the Kansas City Chiefs on March 9 , 2010 . In week 15 against the St. Louis Rams , Jones ran for 62 yards on 22 carries with one touchdown . In this game he achieved the 10,000 - yard rushing mark . He is only the 25th player in NFL history to do so . New York Jets franchise records ( edit ) Most rushing touchdowns in a single season ( 14 in 2009 ) Career awards and highlights ( edit ) Pro Bowl selection ( 2008 ) PFWA All - AFC selection ( 2008 ) AFC Rushing Yards leader ( 2008 ) AFC scrimmage touchdowns co-leader ( 2008 ) NFC champion ( 2006 ) FedEx Ground Player of the Week ( Week 6 , 2009 ) AFC Offensive Player of the Month ( November 2008 ) Curtis Martin MVP Award ( 2008 ) 10,000 Rushing Yards Club NFL statistics ( edit ) Rushing statistics Year Team Games Att Yds Avg Long TD 1st Fmb Fmb lost 2000 ARI 14 112 373 3.3 29 23 2001 ARI 16 112 380 3.4 21 5 22 2002 ARI 9 138 511 3.7 58 21 2003 TB 16 137 627 4.6 61 25 CHI 14 240 948 4.0 54 7 49 2005 CHI 15 314 1,335 4.3 42 9 61 2006 CHI 16 296 1,210 4.1 30 6 61 2007 NYJ 16 310 1,119 3.6 36 55 0 2008 NYJ 16 290 1,312 4.5 59 13 63 2009 NYJ 16 331 1,402 4.2 71 14 64 0 KC 16 245 896 3.7 70 6 39 2011 KC 16 153 478 3.1 26 0 19 0 0 Career 180 2,678 10,591 4.0 71 68 502 25 12 Receiving statistics Year Team Games Rec Tgt Yds Avg Long TD 1st Fmb Fmb lost 2000 ARI 14 32 - 208 6.5 20 0 9 2001 ARI 16 21 - 151 7.2 18 0 6 0 0 2002 ARI 9 20 - 113 5.7 17 0 0 0 2003 TB 16 24 - 180 7.5 29 0 9 CHI 14 56 - 427 7.6 45 0 16 0 0 2005 CHI 15 26 - 143 5.5 41 0 6 0 0 2006 CHI 16 36 47 154 4.3 21 0 5 0 0 2007 NYJ 16 28 34 217 7.8 25 8 0 0 2008 NYJ 16 36 42 207 5.8 19 12 0 0 2009 NYJ 16 10 18 58 5.8 28 0 0 0 KC 16 14 20 122 8.7 20 0 8 0 0 2011 KC 16 5 7 43 8.6 27 0 0 0 Career 180 308 168 2,023 6.6 45 88 Post-football career ( edit ) Jones has said that he has decided to donate his brain to the Sports Legacy Institute , which studies the link between sports and brain trauma , for research upon his death . In January 2017 , Jones stated that if he had to do it over , he would not play football due to the physical consequences . Jones has become an actor , and appeared in Being Mary Jane on BET , Straight Outta Compton , and Luke Cage . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 2015 Runaway Island Raphael Burrows TV film 2015 Straight Outta Compton Large Man 2015 Supermodel TBA Post-Production 2015 9 Rides Abusive Man Post-Production Television Year Title Role Notes 2013 Shameless Prada Man 2015 Born Again Virgin Vince One Episode 2015 Being Mary Jane Brandon Recurring role ; 5 episodes 2016 Luke Cage Comanche 1 episode References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.commercialappeal.com/mca/sports_columnists/article/0,1426,MCA_468_5320002,00.html Jump up ^ `` Galleries '' . CNN . January 22 , 1996 . Jump up ^ https://sports.yahoo.com/nfl/news;_ylt=AvKvOi0rE4eRI5ZYG4TH6ZhDubYF?slug=ap-bears-camp&prov=ap&type=lgns Jump up ^ `` Jones still the one in two - back system '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ Zillgitt , Jeff ( January 31 , 2007 ) . `` Virginia teammates reunite '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Colts vs. Bears - Game Recap '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Jones is quietly putting together a great Career '' . PFT . December 4 , 2009 . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jets Will Release RB Thomas Jones '' . newyorkjets.com . March 1 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2010 . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Battista , Judy ( March 1 , 2010 ) . `` Jets to Cut Jones , the Latest Unemployed Running Back '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Chiefs sign ex-New York Jets RB Thomas Jones to deal '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` 2000s All - AFC Teams '' . profootballwriters.org . Jump up ^ `` AFC Player Rushing Statistics - 2008 '' . ESPN.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Thomas Jones Stats '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Former NFL player wants brain studied - CNN.com '' . CNN . February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Uribarri , Jaime ( January 16 , 2013 ) . `` Thomas Jones to donate brain to science as former NY Jets RB fears effects of repeated concussions during NFL career '' . Daily News . New York . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Jones : pain , power , pride - WindyCityGridiron.com '' . Windy City Gridiron . January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ brainline ( 2013 - 08 - 23 ) , What a Concussion Really Feels Like for an NFL Player , retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 Jump up ^ `` Former Bears RB Thomas Jones stars in ' Straight Outta Compton ' '' . CSN Chicago . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thomas Jones ( American football ) . Career statistics and player information from NFL.com ESPN CBS Sports Yahoo ! Sports SI.com Pro-Football - Reference Rotoworld Thomas Jones on IMDb 1999 College Football All - America Team consensus selections Offense QB Joe Hamilton RB Ron Dayne RB Thomas Jones WR Troy Walters WR Peter Warrick TE James Whalen OL Chris McIntosh OL Chris Samuels OL Cosey Coleman OL Jason Whitaker C Ben Hamilton & Rob Riti Defense DL Courtney Brown DL Corey Moore DL Corey Simon LB LaVar Arrington LB Mark Simoneau LB Brandon Short DB Tyrone Carter DB Brian Urlacher DB Ralph Brown DB Deon Grant DB Deltha O'Neal Special teams P Andrew Bayes PK Sebastian Janikowski AP Dennis Northcutt 2000 NFL draft first - round selections Courtney Brown LaVar Arrington Chris Samuels Peter Warrick Jamal Lewis Corey Simon Thomas Jones Plaxico Burress Brian Urlacher Travis Taylor Ron Dayne Shaun Ellis John Abraham Bubba Franks Deltha O'Neal Julian Peterson Sebastian Janikowski Chad Pennington Shaun Alexander Stockar McDougle Sylvester Morris Chris McIntosh Rashard Anderson Ahmed Plummer Chris Hovan Erik Flowers Anthony Becht Rob Morris R. Jay Soward Keith Bulluck Trung Canidate Arizona Cardinals 2000 NFL draft selections Thomas Jones Raynoch Thompson Darwin Walker David Barrett Mao Tosi Jay Tant Jabari Issa Sekou Sanyika Chicago / St. Louis / Phoenix / Arizona Cardinals first - round draft picks Lawrence Buivid Robbins Aldrich Cafego Kimbrough Lach Dobbs Harder Trippi Jones Coulter Spavital Fischer Groom Matson Olszewski McHan Boydston Childress Tubbs Hill Crow Stacy Izo Rice Echols Goode Stovall Brumm Kortas Namath McAdams Williams Lane Wehrli Stegent Thompson Moore Butz Cain Gray Dawson Pisarkiewicz Little Greene Anderson Greer Junior Sharpe Smith Duncan Nunn Bell Stouffer Harvey Hill Wolf Swann Hearst Dye Miller Rice Knight Wadsworth Boston Shelton Jones Davis Bryant Johnson Pace Fitzgerald Rolle Leinart Brown Rodgers - Cromartie Wells Williams Peterson Floyd Cooper Bucannon Humphries Nkemdiche Reddick NFL players with 10,000 rushing yards Emmitt Smith Walter Payton Barry Sanders Curtis Martin Frank Gore LaDainian Tomlinson Jerome Bettis Eric Dickerson Tony Dorsett Jim Brown Marshall Faulk Adrian Peterson Edgerrin James Marcus Allen Franco Harris Thurman Thomas Fred Taylor Steven Jackson John Riggins Corey Dillon O.J. Simpson Warrick Dunn Ricky Watters Jamal Lewis Thomas Jones Tiki Barber Eddie George Ottis Anderson LeSean McCoy Ricky Williams Marshawn Lynch Italics denotes active player Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Jones_(American_football)&oldid=817826031 '' Categories : 1978 births Living people African - American players of American football All - American college football players American Conference Pro Bowl players American football running backs Arizona Cardinals players Chicago Bears players Kansas City Chiefs players New York Jets players People from Big Stone Gap , Virginia Players of American football from Virginia Tampa Bay Buccaneers players Virginia Cavaliers football players Hidden categories : NFL player missing current team parameter Infobox NFL biography articles missing alt text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 20 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the football player on being mary jane	[ "Jones has become an actor, and appeared in Being Mary Jane on BET, Straight Outta Compton, and Luke Cage.[18]" ]	[ "Jones" ]
8089346823673053195	2018 Rose Bowl	2018 Rose Bowl - wikipedia 2018 Rose Bowl Jump to : navigation , search 2018 Rose Bowl College Football Playoff Semifinal at the 104th Rose Bowl Game Georgia Bulldogs Oklahoma Sooners ( 12 -- 1 ) ( 12 -- 1 ) SEC Big 12 54 48 Head coach : Kirby Smart Head coach : Lincoln Riley AP Coaches CFP AP Coaches CFP OT 2OT Total Georgia 7 10 14 14 6 54 Oklahoma 14 17 0 14 0 48 Date January 1 , 2018 Season 2017 Stadium Rose Bowl Location Pasadena , California MVP Offensive : Sony Michel , RB Defense : Roquan Smith , LB Favorite Georgia by 2.5 National anthem United States Army Chorus Referee Jeff Heaser ( ACC ) Attendance 92,844 United States TV coverage Network ESPN , ESPN Deportes Announcers Chris Fowler , Kirk Herbstreit , Maria Taylor , and Tom Rinaldi ( ESPN ) Steve Levy , Brian Griese and Todd McShay ( ESPN Radio ) Rose Bowl < 2017 2019 > 2 vs. 3 Seed CFP Semifinal Game < 2016 Fiesta The 2018 Rose Bowl was a college football bowl game between the Oklahoma Sooners and the Georgia Bulldogs , played on January 1 , 2018 at the Rose Bowl stadium in Pasadena , California . The 104th Rose Bowl Game was a semifinal for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , matching two of the top four teams selected by the system 's selection committee . Georgia and Oklahoma competed for a spot at the 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship game , to be played on January 8 , 2018 at Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia . The Georgia Bulldogs won the game with a 27 - yard run by Sony Michel , shortly after Lorenzo Carter blocked Oklahoma Sooners ' field goal attempt in the second overtime . The game lasted four hours and five minutes . With 26.8 million viewers on ESPN , the game ranked as the fifth most - viewed cable program of all time . The game was one of the 2017 -- 18 bowl games that concluded the 2017 FBS football season . It was televised on ESPN and ESPN Deportes , and broadcast on ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio , with the kickoff at 5 p.m. ET ( 2 p.m. local time ) . The Pasadena Tournament of Roses Association organized the game . Sponsored by the Northwestern Mutual financial services organization , the game was officially known as the College Football Playoff Semifinal at the Rose Bowl Game presented by Northwestern Mutual . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre-game buildup 1.1 Team selection 1.2 Experience in the Rose Bowl 1.3 Georgia 1.4 Oklahoma 2 Game summary 2.1 First quarter 2.2 Second quarter 2.3 Third quarter 2.4 Fourth quarter 2.5 First overtime 2.6 Second overtime 2.7 Scoring summary 2.8 Statistics 3 Rose Bowl records 4 Pre-game activities 4.1 Pre-game Rose Parade 5 References Pre-game buildup ( edit ) Georgia 's defense faces Oklahoma 's offense . Team selection ( edit ) In the 2018 Rose Bowl , the # 2 - ranked Oklahoma Sooners , champions of the Big 12 Conference , faced the # 3 - ranked Georgia Bulldogs , champions of the Southeastern Conference . This was the first meeting between the University of Georgia and the University of Oklahoma football teams . Traditionally , the Rose Bowl pits the winners of the Big Ten Conference and Pac - 12 Conference . However , any teams may be selected every three years , when the Rose Bowl is a CFP semifinal . The Big 12 and SEC champions traditionally meet in the Sugar Bowl . The 2018 Sugar Bowl was used as the other semifinal this year , allowing any team to be selected . The matchups for the semifinals are geographically selected to ensure the top two teams do not play in road environments . More than one team from the same conference may participate in the game , and avoiding rematches is not a selection factor . Experience in the Rose Bowl ( edit ) Georgia won their only previous Rose Bowl appearance when their 1942 team , which claims a national championship , beat the Pacific Coast Conference ( predecessor to the Pac - 12 ) champion UCLA 9 -- 0 in 1943 , a matchup which occurred prior to the Big Nine - PCC agreement . Oklahoma won their only previous Rose Bowl appearance when their 2002 team beat the then Pac - 10 champion Washington State 34 -- 14 in 2003 , a matchup which occurred since Big Ten champion Ohio State was selected for the Fiesta Bowl , which was being used as that year 's BCS National Championship Game , and Oklahoma was selected to replace them . Georgia ( edit ) Further information : 2017 Georgia Bulldogs football team Georgia opened the 2017 season as the No. 15 team in both the AP and Coaches Polls . In the season opener , the Georgia Bulldogs faced the Appalachian State Mountaineers . During the first quarter , starting quarterback Jacob Eason was injured in an out - of - bounds hit that strained his knee . Freshman quarterback Jake Fromm replaced Eason . Fromm started as quarterback the rest of the season . Georgia traveled to its first away and out - of - conference game against the No. 24 Notre Dame Fighting Irish on September 9 , 2017 . The score was back - and - forth the whole game , until Rodrigo Blankenship scored a field goal with 3 : 34 to go in the fourth quarter , giving Georgia a 20 -- 19 lead . On 1st - and - 10 , Georgia linebacker Davin Bellamy sacked quarterback Brandon Wimbush , and forced a fumble , which Georgia 's Lorenzo Carter recovered . The Bulldogs held the field , winning the game . The Bulldogs returned home for the next two weeks , beating the Samford Bulldogs 42 -- 14 and the No. 17 Mississippi State Bulldogs 31 -- 3 . On September 30 , 2017 , No. 7 Georgia traveled to Knoxville to play longtime SEC East rival the Tennessee Volunteers after losing to them at home in 2016 . The Bulldogs defeated the Volunteers in a 41 -- 0 shutout , which was Tennessee 's worst home loss since 1905 . The following week , Georgia returned to Tennessee to play the Vanderbilt Commodores , winning 45 -- 14 . Undefeated No. 4 Georgia faced the Missouri Tigers back home in Athens , winning 53 -- 28 . During that game , Georgia gained 696 total yards , the second - highest in school history . When Georgia faced their biggest rival , the Florida Gators , in the annual neutral - location game , Georgia remained undefeated and beat Florida 42 -- 7 , the biggest win in the rivalry since 1982 . After Florida 's loss to Georgia , they fired head coach Jim McElwain . The following week , Georgia beat the South Carolina Gamecocks 24 -- 10 , clinching the SEC East and their spot in the SEC Championship . On November 11 , 2017 , Georgia lost to the Auburn Tigers 17 -- 40 in what would be their only loss of the regular season . Georgia wrapped up the regular season by beating the Kentucky Wildcats 42 -- 13 and the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets 38 -- 7 . On December 2 , 2017 , No. 6 Georgia joined No. 4 Auburn in the SEC Championship , the only team who beat them during the regular season . In the rematch , Georgia took the lead in the second quarter when Georgia linebacker Davin Bellamy stripped the ball from Auburn quarterback Jarrett Stidham , recovered by Roquan Smith and leading to Georgia 's drive that tied the score . Georgia took the SEC title for the first time since 2005 , almost certainly securing their spot in the playoffs . Oklahoma ( edit ) Further information : 2017 Oklahoma Sooners football team In the 2017 preseason polls , Oklahoma was ranked No. 7 in the AP Poll and No. 8 in the Coaches Poll . Oklahoma opened the season against the University of Texas at El Paso Miners , winning 56 -- 7 and showcasing a strong offense . Next , No. 6 Oklahoma traveled to the No. 2 Ohio State Buckeyes and won 31 -- 16 . In Oklahoma 's first meeting with the Tulane Green Wave , No. 2 Oklahoma won 56 -- 14 . They went on to play the Baylor Bears , eking out an expected blowout but still winning 44 -- 34 . In Oklahoma 's big upset of the season , they lost to the Iowa State Cyclones 31 -- 38 . They went on to beat the Texas Longhorns 29 -- 24 after Texas recovered from a 20 - point deficit . The Sooners also began the next game against the Kansas State Wildcats with a 14 - point deficit in the first half , but in a second - half comeback , Rodney Anderson scored a 22 - yard touchdown with seven seconds left in the game , winning 42 -- 35 . Against the Texas Tech Red Raiders , Mayfield led the team to a 49 -- 27 victory . Oklahoma met the Oklahoma State Cowboys for their annual rivalry game , and quarterback Baker Mayfield completed 598 yards , winning 62 -- 52 . The No. 5 Sooners beat the No. 8 Texas Christian University Horned Frogs 38 -- 20 , taking 1st place in the Big 12 . In the next away game against the Kansas Jayhawks , Mayfield accounted for his 127th touchdown , breaking Landry Jones 's record as completing the most touchdowns in school history , and they won the game 41 -- 3 . During the game , Mayfield lost his captaincy for the following game against the West Virginia Mountaineers when he screamed profanity and grabbed his crotch , which he directed at the Kansas sideline . Mayfield 's replacement , Kyler Murray , started the game , but Mayfield returned and won 59 -- 31 . On December 2 , 2017 , No. 2 Oklahoma joined No. 10 TCU in a rematch in the Big 12 Championship , winning 41 -- 17 . The game secured Oklahoma 's spot in the College Football Playoff semifinals . Game Summary ( edit ) Oklahoma scored on five of six possessions in the first half , and they entered halftime leading Georgia by 14 points . The 54 -- 48 score made this the highest - scoring Rose Bowl , edging out 2017 's University of Southern California 52 -- 49 win over Penn State . First quarter ( edit ) Sony Michel scores Georgia 's first touchdown After winning the coin toss , Oklahoma elected to defer and kick off . Georgia was forced to punt the ball on the first drive of the game , giving Oklahoma its first possession . Oklahoma 's quarterback Baker Mayfield completed three passes , the third to Marquise Brown in the end zone , scoring the first touchdown of the day . Second quarter ( edit ) Sony Michel rushed for a 75 - yard touchdown . At the end of the second quarter , the Sooners employed a double reverse , and Baker Mayfield caught his first pass in college to score a 2 - yard touchdown . Georgia received its possession with only 6 seconds on the clock , and Rodrigo Blankenship scored a 55 - yard field goal . Blankenship set a Rose Bowl record for longest field goal kick . Third quarter ( edit ) The Sooners led 31 - 17 at halftime but the Bulldogs scored fourteen unanswered points in the third quarter . Fourth quarter ( edit ) The game went back and forth in the last quarter . Baker Mayfield threw the first interception of the game , as Dominick Sanders intercepted his pass . Jake Fromm completed a 4 - yard pass to Javon Wims , taking the lead for the first time in the game , at 38 -- 31 . Oklahoma tied the game back up , with Dimitri Flowers scoring a touchdown with 8 : 47 left in the game . Sony Michel fumbled in the next possession , and Oklahoma 's Steven Parker recovered the fumble and returned it 46 yards to score a touchdown , putting the Sooners in the lead again . With fifty - five seconds left in the game , Nick Chubb took a direct snap and rushed for two yards for a game - tying touchdown . Oklahoma did not score on its last drive of regulation game , forcing overtime . First overtime ( edit ) Overtime coin toss between Oklahoma and Georgia The game went into overtime and was the first Rose Bowl in history to do so . The Sooners won the overtime coin toss and elected to play defense first . The teams traded field goals in the first overtime , sending the game into a second overtime . Second overtime ( edit ) Georgia 's Lorenzo Carter blocks Oklahoma kicker Austin Siebert 's field goal in 2nd overtime . Georgia 's Lorenzo Carter blocked Oklahoma kicker Austin Seibert 's 27 - yard field goal attempt , meaning Georgia would win the game with any points during its possession . When Georgia had the ball , Sony Michel took a direct snap on a second down and rushed for a 27 - yard touchdown , winning the game for the Bulldogs . Scoring Summary ( edit ) ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP UGA OKLA 11 : 31 6 80 2 : 06 OKLA Marquise Brown 13 - yard touchdown reception from Baker Mayfield , Austin Seibert kick good 0 7 8 : 27 6 75 3 : 04 UGA Sony Michel 13 - yard touchdown reception from Jake Fromm , Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 7 7 6 : 56 6 75 1 : 31 OKLA Rodney Anderson 9 - yard touchdown run , Austin Seibert kick good 7 14 14 : 12 5 69 2 : 36 OKLA Rodney Anderson 41 - yard touchdown run , Austin Seibert kick good 7 21 14 : 00 75 0 : 12 UGA Sony Michel 75 - yard touchdown run , Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 14 21 9 : 12 11 54 4 : 48 OKLA 38 - yard field goal by Austin Seibert 14 24 0 : 06 10 90 3 : 22 OKLA Baker Mayfield 2 - yard touchdown reception from CeeDee Lamb , Austin Seibert kick good 14 31 0 : 00 9 0 : 06 UGA 55 - yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 17 31 12 : 25 50 0 : 11 UGA Nick Chubb 50 - yard touchdown run , Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 24 31 0 : 41 6 71 2 : 35 UGA Sony Michel 38 - yard touchdown run , Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 31 31 13 : 57 0 : 51 UGA Javon Wims 4 - yard touchdown reception from Jake Fromm , Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 38 31 8 : 47 6 88 1 : 56 OKLA Dimitri Flowers 11 - yard touchdown reception from Baker Mayfield , Austin Seibert kick good 38 38 6 : 52 OKLA Fumble recovery returned 46 yards for touchdown by Steven Parker , Austin Seibert kick good 38 45 0 : 55 7 59 2 : 27 UGA Nick Chubb 2 - yard touchdown run , Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 45 45 OT UGA 38 - yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 48 45 OT 9 OKLA 33 - yard field goal by Austin Seibert 48 48 2OT 25 UGA Sony Michel 27 - yard touchdown run 54 48 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 54 48 Statistics ( edit ) OT 2OT Total No. 3 Bulldogs 7 10 14 14 6 54 No. 2 Sooners 14 17 0 14 0 48 Statistics UGA OKLA First downs 21 24 Plays -- yards 63 -- 527 81 -- 531 Rushes -- yards 34 -- 317 45 -- 242 Passing yards 210 289 Passing : Comp -- Att -- Int 20 -- 29 -- 0 24 -- 36 -- 1 Time of possession 27 : 02 32 : 58 Team Player Statistics UGA Passing Jake Fromm 20 / 29 , 210 yds , 2 TD Rushing Sony Michel 11 car , 181 yds , 3 TD Receiving Javon Wims 6 rec , 73 yds , 1 TD OKLA Passing Baker Mayfield 23 / 35 , 287 yds , 2 TD , 1 INT Rushing Rodney Anderson 26 car , 201 yds , 2 TD Receiving Marquise Brown 8 rec , 114 yds , 1 TD Rose Bowl records ( edit ) In this game , a number of Rose Bowl records were set : 102 combined points scored by both teams is a new record set for the Rose Bowl . The previous record was 101 points set by Penn State and USC in the 2017 Rose Bowl . This matchup was the first ever Rose Bowl matchup that featured a team from the Southeastern Conference and a team from the Big 12 Conference . This game was the first ever Rose Bowl game in history to go into overtime . Georgia overcame a 17 - point deficit to win the game , the largest deficit to overcome in Rose Bowl history after breaking last year 's deficit comeback record by USC . Rodrigo Blankenship set a Rose Bowl record for longest field goal made with a 55 - yard field goal kicked in the second quarter . Pre-game activities ( edit ) Pre-game activities were held at the Rose Bowl parking lots and at Brookside Golf Course . The 2017 Rose Bowl Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony was held at the Rose Bowl Stadium Lot K on December 30 , 2017 from 12 : 00 to 1 : 30 PM . The 2017 Class members were Mack Brown ( Texas ) , Cade McNown ( UCLA ) , Charles Woodson ( Michigan ) and Dr. Charles West ( Washington & Jefferson ) , represented by his daughter . Pre-game Rose Parade ( edit ) The 2018 Rose Parade started at 8 : 00 a.m. Pacific Time and featured floral floats , marching bands , and equestrian units marching down the 5.5 mile route of the parade down Colorado Boulevard . The 2018 Rose Parade 's theme was `` Making A Difference , '' and actor Gary Sinise was its Grand Marshal . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Perez , A.J. ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Rose Bowl , Sugar Bowl deliver major viewership gains to ESPN '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma , Georgia meet for 1st time at Rose Bowl '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wolken , Dan ( April 25 , 2013 ) . `` Questions and answers for the College Football Playoff '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ College Football Playoff Selection Committee Fact Sheet , College Football Playoff , October 15 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` Preseason rankings : Bama 's officially No. 1 across the board '' . SBNation.com. 2017 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` No. 15 Georgia wary of Appalachian State '' . FOX Sports . 2017 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Staff , AJC ( 2017 - 09 - 02 ) . `` 3 things to know about Georgia 's victory vs. Appalachian State '' . ajc . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Sallee , Barrett ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) . `` Alabama vs. Georgia : Why QB Jake Fromm will be the X-factor to a Bulldogs ' win '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Kercheval , Ben ( 2017 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Georgia at Notre Dame score , highlights : Bulldogs fight back to edge Irish '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Bulldogs Get Defensive In 20 - 19 Win Over Irish - University of Georgia '' . University of Georgia . 2017 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Butt , Jason ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Georgia holds on to win at Notre Dame '' . macon . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Beats Samford 42 - 14 , Moves to 3 - 0 - University of Georgia '' . University of Georgia . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Runs Past Miss . State , 31 - 3 - University of Georgia '' . University of Georgia . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` No. 7 Georgia Blanks Tennessee 41 - 0 - University of Georgia '' . University of Georgia . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Kercheval , Ben ( 2016 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Tennessee at Georgia score : Vols fight back again , beat Bulldogs on Hail Mary '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Winter , Evan ( 2017 - 09 - 30 ) . `` Tennessee vs Georgia Recap : Bulldogs Blowout the Vols , 41 - 0 '' . Rocky Top Talk . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` No 5 Bulldogs Overwhelm Commodores , 45 - 14 - University of Georgia '' . University of Georgia . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Missouri Tigers vs. Georgia Bulldogs Live Score and Stats - October 14 , 2017 Gametracker '' . CBSSports.com. 2017 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Sallee , Barrett ( 2018 - 10 - 27 ) . `` Georgia vs. Florida score , highlights : Dawgs earn biggest win vs. Gators since 1982 '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Moriarty , Morgan ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) . `` Florida ' negotiating ' terms of McElwain exit , it says '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` South Carolina vs. Georgia - Game Summary - November 4 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com. 2017 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Falls in the Plains , 40 - 17 - University of Georgia '' . University of Georgia . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Seniors Lead Georgia Past Kentucky , 42 - 13 - University of Georgia '' . University of Georgia . 2017 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Bulldogs Roll Over Yellow Jackets , 38 - 7 - University of Georgia '' . University of Georgia . 2017 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Press , The Associated ( 2017 - 12 - 02 ) . `` Georgia Beats Auburn in S.E.C. Championship Game '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Eric ( 2017 - 09 - 03 ) . `` OU football : Three things discovered from Oklahoma 's 56 - 7 win over UTEP '' . Tulsa World . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Schroeder , George ( 2017 - 09 - 09 ) . `` What we learned from No. 6 Oklahoma 's 31 - 16 victory at No. 2 Ohio State '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Sooners Ride the Wave '' . OU Athletics . 2017 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` No. 3 Oklahoma rolls into expected mismatch at Baylor '' . FOX Sports . 2017 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Birch , Tommy ( 2017 - 11 - 11 ) . `` David Montgomery on controversial Iowa State - Oklahoma State ending : ' I think we scored ' '' . Des Moines Register . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma vs. Texas - Game Summary - October 14 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Robinett , Kellis ( 2017 - 10 - 21 ) . `` Oklahoma rallies from early deficit , beats K - State 42 - 35 '' . kansas . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Tech vs. Oklahoma - Game Summary - October 28 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Stubbs , Roman ( 2017 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Yes , it 's Bedlam : Baker Mayfield passes for 598 yards as Oklahoma nips Oklahoma State '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` TCU vs. Oklahoma - Game Summary - November 11 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Chiari , Mike ( 2017 - 11 - 18 ) . `` Baker Mayfield Continues Heisman Run in Oklahoma Win vs. Kansas '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Backup QBs at forefront of Oklahoma - West Virginia matchup '' . FOX Sports . 2017 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` West Virginia vs. Oklahoma - Game Summary - November 25 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Press , The Associated ( 2017 - 12 - 02 ) . `` Oklahoma Crushes Texas Christian to Win the Big 12 Title '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Tierney , Mike ( 2018 - 01 - 01 ) . `` College Football Playoff : Georgia Outlasts Oklahoma in Rose Bowl '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Palmateer , Tyler ( 2018 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Oklahoma left stunned after 54 - 48 2OT Rose Bowl loss to Georgia '' . Norman Transcript . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Ralph ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Georgia tops Oklahoma to win Rose Bowl in double overtime - The Boston Globe '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Emerson , Seth ( 2018 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Georgia 54 , Oklahoma 48 : Recap of the 2018 College Football Playoff '' . DawgNation . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Spander , Art ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Georgia outlasts Oklahoma to reach title game '' . Newsday . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Saliba , Layne ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Rodrigo Blankenship sets Rose Bowl record with long field goal kick '' . The Red and Black . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Emerson , Seth ( 2018 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Georgia - Oklahoma score : Recap for the 2018 College Football Playoff '' . Atlanta Journal Constitution . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Conway , Tyler . `` Georgia Beats Baker Mayfield , Oklahoma in 2OT Win in 2018 Rose Bowl '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Rose Parade 2018 -- 129th Rose Parade presented by HONDA 2017 -- 18 NCAA football bowl game season New Mexico ( Dec. 16 ) Las Vegas ( Dec. 16 ) Camellia ( Dec. 16 ) Cure ( Dec. 16 ) New Orleans ( Dec. 16 ) Boca Raton ( Dec. 19 ) Frisco ( Dec. 20 ) Gasparilla ( Dec. 21 ) Famous Idaho Potato ( Dec. 22 ) Bahamas ( Dec. 22 ) Armed Forces ( Dec. 23 ) Birmingham ( Dec. 23 ) Dollar General ( Dec. 23 ) Hawaii ( Dec. 24 ) Quick Lane ( Dec. 26 ) Heart of Dallas ( Dec. 26 ) Cactus ( Dec. 26 ) Independence ( Dec. 27 ) Pinstripe ( Dec. 27 ) Texas ( Dec. 27 ) Foster Farms ( Dec. 27 ) Military ( Dec. 28 ) Camping World ( Dec. 28 ) Alamo ( Dec. 28 ) Holiday ( Dec. 28 ) Belk ( Dec. 29 ) Cotton ( Dec. 29 ) Sun ( Dec. 29 ) Music City ( Dec. 29 ) Arizona ( Dec. 29 ) Fiesta ( Dec. 30 ) Liberty ( Dec. 30 ) Orange ( Dec. 30 ) TaxSlayer ( Dec. 30 ) Citrus ( Jan. 1 ) Outback ( Jan. 1 ) Peach ( Jan. 1 ) College Football Playoff games : Rose ( semifinal ) ( Jan. 1 ) Sugar ( semifinal ) ( Jan. 1 ) National Championship Game ( Jan. 8 ) All - Star Games East -- West Shrine Game ( Jan. 20 ) NFLPA Collegiate Bowl ( Jan. 20 ) Senior Bowl ( Jan. 27 ) Rose Bowl Game History & conference tie - ins History Rose Bowl Stadium College Football Playoff Broadcasters Big Ten Conference Pac - 12 Conference Games 1902 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 Notes No games were held from 1903 to 1915 . The 1942 game was played at Duke Stadium in Durham , NC , due to the attack on Pearl Harbor . The game was also the national title game for the Bowl Championship Series in 2002 and 2006 . The game was a College Football Playoff semifinal in its 2015 and 2018 editions . College Football Playoff Championships Overview College Football Playoff National Championship Games 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 2019 -- 20 2020 -- 21 Semifinal Bowls Rose 2014 ( Jan 2015 ) 2017 ( Jan 2018 ) 2020 ( Jan 2021 ) Sugar 2014 ( Jan 2015 ) 2017 ( Jan 2018 ) 2020 ( Jan 2021 ) Orange 2015 ( Dec 2015 ) 2018 ( Dec 2018 ) Cotton 2015 ( Dec 2015 ) 2018 ( Dec 2018 ) Peach 2016 ( Dec 2016 ) 2019 ( Dec 2019 ) Fiesta 2016 ( Dec 2016 ) 2019 ( Dec 2019 ) Other List of College Football Playoff games New Year 's Six College Football Playoff National Championship Trophy NCAA Division I FBS champions Mythical national championship Plus - One system Power Five conferences Championship games for each season are played in January , while semifinal games are identified by season year , alternating between December and January Georgia Bulldogs bowl games 1942 Orange Bowl 1943 Rose Bowl 1946 Oil Bowl 1947 Sugar Bowl 1948 Gator Bowl 1949 Orange Bowl 1950 Presidential Cup 1960 Orange Bowl 1964 Sun Bowl 1966 Cotton Bowl Classic 1967 Liberty Bowl 1969 Sugar Bowl 1969 Sun Bowl 1971 Gator Bowl 1973 Peach Bowl 1974 Tangerine Bowl 1976 Cotton Bowl Classic 1977 Sugar Bowl 1978 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl 1981 Sugar Bowl 1982 Sugar Bowl 1983 Sugar Bowl 1984 Cotton Bowl Classic 1984 Florida Citrus Bowl 1985 Sun Bowl 1986 Hall of Fame Bowl 1987 Liberty Bowl 1989 Gator Bowl 1989 Peach Bowl 1991 Independence Bowl 1993 Florida Citrus Bowl 1995 Peach Bowl 1998 Outback Bowl 1998 Peach Bowl 2000 Outback Bowl 2000 Oahu Bowl 2001 Music City Bowl 2003 Sugar Bowl 2004 Capital One Bowl 2005 Outback Bowl 2006 Sugar Bowl 2006 Chick - fil - A Bowl 2008 Sugar Bowl 2009 Capital One Bowl 2009 Independence Bowl 2010 Liberty Bowl 2012 Outback Bowl 2013 Capital One Bowl 2014 Gator Bowl 2014 Belk Bowl 2016 TaxSlayer Bowl 2016 Liberty Bowl 2018 Rose Bowl / 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship # # denotes national championship game / denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game Oklahoma Sooners bowl games 1939 Orange Bowl 1947 Gator Bowl 1949 Sugar Bowl 1950 Sugar Bowl 1951 Sugar Bowl 1954 Orange Bowl 1956 Orange Bowl 1958 Orange Bowl 1959 Orange Bowl 1963 Orange Bowl 1965 Gator Bowl 1968 Orange Bowl 1968 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl 1970 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl 1972 Sugar Bowl ( January ) 1972 Sugar Bowl ( December ) 1976 Orange Bowl 1976 Fiesta Bowl 1978 Orange Bowl 1979 Orange Bowl 1980 Orange Bowl 1981 Orange Bowl 1981 Sun Bowl 1983 Fiesta Bowl 1985 Orange Bowl 1986 Orange Bowl 1987 Orange Bowl 1988 Orange Bowl 1989 Florida Citrus Bowl 1991 Gator Bowl 1993 John Hancock Bowl 1994 Copper Bowl 1999 Independence Bowl 2001 Orange Bowl # 2002 Cotton Bowl Classic 2003 Rose Bowl 2004 Sugar Bowl # 2005 Orange Bowl # 2005 Holiday Bowl 2007 Fiesta Bowl 2008 Fiesta Bowl 2009 BCS National Championship Game # 2009 Sun Bowl 2011 Fiesta Bowl 2011 Insight Bowl 2013 Cotton Bowl Classic 2014 Sugar Bowl 2014 Russell Athletic Bowl 2015 Orange Bowl / 2017 Sugar Bowl 2018 Rose Bowl / Pound sign ( # ) denotes national championship game . Forward slash ( / ) denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Rose_Bowl&oldid=828143496 '' Categories : 2017 -- 18 NCAA football bowl games 2017 -- 18 College Football Playoff Rose Bowl Georgia Bulldogs football bowl games Oklahoma Sooners football bowl games 2018 in sports in California January 2018 sports events in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 20 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who's playing in the rose bowl 2017	[ "\n\n2018 Rose Bowl\n\n\nCollege Football Playoff Semifinal at the 104th Rose Bowl Game\n\n\n\n\n\nGeorgia Bulldogs\nOklahoma Sooners\n\n\n(12–1)\n(12–1)\n\n\nSEC\nBig 12\n\n\n54\n48\n\n\nHead coach: \nKirby Smart\nHead coach: \nLincoln Riley\n\n\n\n\n\nAP\nCoaches\nCFP\n\n\n3\n3\n3\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAP\nCoaches\nCFP\n\n\n2\n2\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n2\n3\n4\nOT\n2OT\nTotal\n\n\nGeorgia\n7\n10\n14\n14\n3\n6\n54\n\n\nOklahoma\n14\n17\n0\n14\n3\n0\n48\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\nJanuary 1, 2018\n\n\nSeason\n2017\n\n\nStadium\nRose Bowl\n\n\nLocation\nPasadena, California\n\n\nMVP\n\nOffensive: Sony Michel, RB\nDefense: Roquan Smith, LB\n\n\nFavorite\nGeorgia by 2.5\n\n\nNational anthem\nUnited States Army Chorus\n\n\nReferee\nJeff Heaser (ACC)\n\n\nAttendance\n92,844\n\n\nUnited States TV coverage\n\n\nNetwork\nESPN, ESPN Deportes\n\n\nAnnouncers\nChris Fowler, Kirk Herbstreit, Maria Taylor, and Tom Rinaldi (ESPN)\nSteve Levy, Brian Griese and Todd McShay (ESPN Radio)\n\n\n\n\n\nRose Bowl\n\n\n 2017 \n2019 > \n\n\n\n\n2 vs. 3 Seed CFP Semifinal Game\n\n\n 2016 Fiesta\n \n\n\n\n\n", "\n\n2018 Rose Bowl\n\n\nCollege Football Playoff Semifinal at the 104th Rose Bowl Game\n\n\n\n\n\nGeorgia Bulldogs\nOklahoma Sooners\n\n\n(12–1)\n(12–1)\n\n\nSEC\nBig 12\n\n\n54\n48\n\n\nHead coach: \nKirby Smart\nHead coach: \nLincoln Riley\n\n\n\n\n\nAP\nCoaches\nCFP\n\n\n3\n3\n3\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAP\nCoaches\nCFP\n\n\n2\n2\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n2\n3\n4\nOT\n2OT\nTotal\n\n\nGeorgia\n7\n10\n14\n14\n3\n6\n54\n\n\nOklahoma\n14\n17\n0\n14\n3\n0\n48\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\nJanuary 1, 2018\n\n\nSeason\n2017\n\n\nStadium\nRose Bowl\n\n\nLocation\nPasadena, California\n\n\nMVP\n\nOffensive: Sony Michel, RB\nDefense: Roquan Smith, LB\n\n\nFavorite\nGeorgia by 2.5\n\n\nNational anthem\nUnited States Army Chorus\n\n\nReferee\nJeff Heaser (ACC)\n\n\nAttendance\n92,844\n\n\nUnited States TV coverage\n\n\nNetwork\nESPN, ESPN Deportes\n\n\nAnnouncers\nChris Fowler, Kirk Herbstreit, Maria Taylor, and Tom Rinaldi (ESPN)\nSteve Levy, Brian Griese and Todd McShay (ESPN Radio)\n\n\n\n\n\nRose Bowl\n\n\n 2017 \n2019 > \n\n\n\n\n2 vs. 3 Seed CFP Semifinal Game\n\n\n 2016 Fiesta\n \n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Georgia Bulldogs", "Oklahoma Sooners" ]
-5847068536541498412	Mowgli	Mowgli - wikipedia Mowgli Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Mowgli ( disambiguation ) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mowgli The Jungle Book character Mowgli by John Lockwood Kipling ( father of Rudyard Kipling ) . An illustration from The Second Jungle Book ( 1895 ) First appearance `` In the Rukh '' ( 1893 ) Last appearance `` The Spring Running '' ( 1895 ) Created by Rudyard Kipling Information Nickname ( s ) Man - cub , Frog Species Human Gender Male Family Raksha and Father Wolf ( foster parents ) ; Messua ( foster mother ) ; Wife ( the daughter of Abdul Gafur ) ; and unnamed son . Mowgli / ˈmaʊɡli / is a fictional character and the protagonist of Rudyard Kipling 's The Jungle Book stories . He is a naked feral child from the Pench area in Seoni , India , who originally appeared in Kipling 's short story `` In the Rukh '' ( collected in Many Inventions , 1893 ) and then went on to become the most prominent and memorable character in his collections The Jungle Book and The Second Jungle Book ( 1894 -- 1895 ) , which also featured stories about other characters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Kipling 's Mowgli stories 3 Play adaptations 4 Influences upon other works 5 Mowgli stories by other writers 6 Movies , television and radio 7 Actors who played the character 8 References 9 External links Name ( edit ) In the stories , the name Mowgli is said to mean `` frog '' , describing his lack of fur . Kipling made up the name , and it `` does not mean ' frog ' in any language other than the language of the forest . '' Kipling stated that the first syllable of `` Mowgli '' should rhyme with `` cow '' and it is pronounced this way in Britain and some European countries , while in the United States it is almost always pronounced to rhyme with `` go '' . Kipling 's Mowgli stories ( edit ) The Mowgli stories , including `` In the Rukh '' , were first collected in chronological order in one volume as The Works of Rudyard Kipling Volume VII : The Jungle Book ( 1907 ) ( Volume VIII of this series contained the non-Mowgli stories from the Jungle Books ) , and subsequently in All the Mowgli Stories ( 1933 ) . `` In the Rukh '' describes how Gisborne , an English forest ranger in the Pench area in Seoni at the time of the British Raj , discovers a young man named Mowgli , who has extraordinary skills in hunting , tracking , and driving wild animals ( with the help of his wolf brothers ) . He asks him to join the forestry service . Mueller , the head of the Department of Woods and Forests of India as well as Gisborn 's boss , meets Mowgli , checks his elbows and knees , noting the callouses and scars , and figures Mowgli is not using magic or demons , having seen a similar case in 30 years of service . Muller also offers Mowgli to join the service , to which Mowgli agrees . Later , Gisborne learns the reason for Mowgli 's almost superhuman talents : he was raised by a pack of wolves in the jungle ( explaining the scars on his elbows and knees from going on all fours ) . Mowgli marries the daughter of Gisborne 's butler , Abdul Gafur . By the end of the story , Mowgli has a son and is back to living with his wolf brothers . Kipling then proceeded to write the stories of Mowgli 's childhood in detail . Lost by his parents as a baby in the Indian jungle during a tiger attack , he is adopted by the Wolf Mother ( Raksha ) and Father Wolf , who call him Mowgli ( the frog ) because of his lack of fur and his refusal to sit still . Shere Khan the tiger demands that they give him the baby but the wolves refuse . Mowgli grows up with the pack , hunting with his brother wolves . In the pack , Mowgli learns he is able to stare down any wolf , and his unique ability to remove the painful thorns from the paws of his brothers is deeply appreciated as well . Bagheera , the black panther , befriends Mowgli because both he and Mowgli have parallel childhood experiences ; as Bagheera often mentions , he was `` raised in the King 's cages at Oodeypore '' from a cub , and thus knows the ways of man . Baloo the bear , teacher of wolves , has the thankless task of educating Mowgli in `` The Law of the Jungle '' . Shere Khan continues to regard Mowgli as fair game , but eventually Mowgli finds a weapon he can use against the tiger -- fire . After driving off Shere Khan , Mowgli goes to a human village where he is adopted by Messua and her husband , whose own son Nathoo was also taken by a tiger . It is uncertain if Mowgli is actually the returned Nathoo , although it is stated in `` Tiger ! Tiger ! '' that the tiger who carried off Messua 's son was lame , just as Shere Khan is lame . Messua would like to believe that her son has returned , however she herself realises that this is unlikely . While herding buffalo for the village , Mowgli learns that the tiger is still planning to kill him , so with the aid of two wolves , he traps Shere Khan in a ravine where the buffalo trample him . The tiger dies , and Mowgli sets to skin him . Seeing this , Buldeo , a jealous hunter , goads the villagers into persecuting Mowgli and his adopted parents as sorcerers . Mowgli runs back to the jungle with Shere Khan 's hide but soon learns that Buldeo and the villagers are planning to kill Messua and her husband . He rescues them and sends elephants , water buffaloes , and other animals to trample the village and its fields to the ground . In later stories in The Second Jungle Book , Mowgli finds and then discards an ancient treasure ( `` The King 's Ankus '' ) , not realising it is so valuable that men would kill to own it . With the aid of Kaa the python , he leads the wolves in a war against the Dhole ( `` Red Dog '' ) . Finally , Mowgli stumbles across the village where his adopted human mother ( Messua ) , is now living , which forces him to come to terms with his humanity and decide whether to rejoin his fellow humans in `` The Spring Running '' . Play adaptations ( edit ) Rudyard Kipling adapted the Mowgli stories for The Jungle Play in 1899 , but the play was never produced on stage . The manuscript was lost for almost a century . It was finally published in book form in 2000 . Influences upon other Works ( edit ) Only six years after the first publication of The Jungle Book , E. Nesbit 's The Wouldbegoods ( 1899 ) included a passage in which some children act out a scene from the book . Mowgli has been cited as a major influence on Edgar Rice Burroughs who created and developed the character Tarzan . Mowgli was also an influence for a number of other `` wild boy '' characters . Poul Anderson and Gordon R. Dickson used the Mowgli stories as the basis for their humorous 1957 science fiction short story `` Full Pack ( Hokas Wild ) '' . This is one of a series featuring a teddy bear - like race called Hokas who enjoy human literature but can not quite grasp the distinction between fact and fiction . In this story , a group of Hokas get hold of a copy of The Jungle Book and begin to act it out , enlisting the help of a human boy to play Mowgli . The boy 's mother , who is a little bemused to see teddy bears trying to act like wolves , tags along to try to keep him ( and the Hokas ) out of trouble . The situation is complicated by the arrival of three alien diplomats who just happen to resemble a monkey , a tiger and a snake . This story appears in the collection Hokas Pokas ! ( 1998 ) ( ISBN 0 - 671 - 57858 - 8 ) , and is also available online . Mowgli stories by other writers ( edit ) The Third Jungle Book ( 1992 ) by Pamela Jekel ( ISBN 1 - 879373 - 22 - X ) is a collection of new Mowgli stories in a fairly accurate pastiche of Kipling 's style . Hunting Mowgli ( 2001 ) by Maxim Antinori ( ISBN 1 - 931319 - 49 - 9 ) is a very short novel which describes a fateful meeting between Mowgli and a human hunter . Movies , television and Radio ( edit ) Jungle Book ( 1942 ) starred Sabu as Mowgli . The best known of all portrayals of Mowgli is the musical version in Disney 's The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) , where he is voiced by Bruce Reitherman , son of the film 's director Wolfgang Reitherman , and its sequel , The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) , in which Mowgli is voiced by Haley Joel Osment . Heroes of the Soviet animation film on a postal stamp of Russia Around the same time -- from 1967 to 1971 -- five Russian short animated films were made by Soyuzmultfilm , collectively known as Adventures of Mowgli . Of all the various adaptations , Chuck Jones 's 1977 animated TV short Mowgli 's Brothers , adapting the first story in The Jungle Book , may be the one that adheres most closely to the original plot and dialogue . There has also been a Japanese animated TV series Jungle Book Shonen Mowgli based on the Mowgli series and a US live - action series , Mowgli : The New Adventures of the Jungle Book . There was also a BBC radio adaptation in 1994 , starring actress Nisha K. Nayar as Mowgli , Freddie Jones as Baloo and Eartha Kitt as Kaa . It originally aired on BBC Radio 5 ( before it became BBC Radio 5 Live and dropped its children 's programming ) . Subsequently , it has been released on audio cassette and has been re-run a number of times on digital radio channel BBC 7 ( now BBC Radio 4 Extra ) . Classics Illustrated # 83 ( 1951 ) contains an adaptation of three Mowgli stories . Between 1953 and 1955 Dell Comics featured adaptations of six Mowgli stories in three issues ( # 487 , # 582 and # 620 ) . Some issues of Marvel Fanfare feature adaptations of the Mowgli stories by Gil Kane . These were later collected as an omnibus volume . P. Craig Russell 's Jungle Book Stories ( 1997 ) collects three stories , actually adapted from The Second Jungle Book , which originally appeared between 1985 and 1996 . A 2016 live action remake of Disney 's animated version of The Jungle Book starred newcomer Neel Sethi as Mowgli . Actors who played the character ( edit ) Mowgli has been played by many male actors . In the 1942 film adaptation , Mowgli was played by Sabu Dastagir . In the 1994 film adaptation , he was played by Sean Naegeli as a child , and later throughout the film he was played by Jason Scott Lee . In The Second Jungle Book : Mowgli and Baloo , he was played by Jamie Williams . In The Jungle Book : Mowgli 's Story , he was played by Brandon Baker . Mowgli was played by Neel Sethi in the Disney live - action reimagination , which was released in 3D in April 2016 . Mowgli will be played by Rohan Chand in the Warner Bros. film Jungle Book , which will be released in 2018 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sale , Roger ( 1978 ) . `` Kipling 's Boy 's '' . Fairy Tales and After : from Snow White to E.B. White . Harvard Univ . Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 29157 - 3 . Jump up ^ The Jungle Play : UK paperback edition : ISBN 0 - 14 - 118292 - X Jump up ^ `` Image : jbcomic1 - big. jpg , ( 722 × 1014 px ) '' . p-synd.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Image : jbcomic2 - big. jpg , ( 785 × 1110 px ) '' . p-synd.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Image : jbcomic3 - big. jpg , ( 783 × 1100 px ) '' . p-synd.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 04 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mowgli . In the Rukh : Mowgli 's first appearance from Kipling 's Many Inventions The Jungle Book Collection and Wiki : a website demonstrating the variety of merchandise related to the book and film versions of The Jungle Books , now accompanied by a Wiki on the Jungle Books and related subjects ( hide ) Rudyard Kipling 's The Jungle Book Books The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) The Second Jungle Book ( 1895 ) All the Mowgli Stories ( 1933 ) Mowgli stories `` Mowgli 's Brothers '' `` Kaa 's Hunting '' `` Tiger ! Tiger ! '' `` Letting in the Jungle '' `` Red Dog '' Other stories `` Rikki - Tikki - Tavi '' `` Toomai of the Elephants '' `` The White Seal '' Characters Mowgli Baloo Bagheera Akela Raksha Kaa Hathi Shere Khan Bandar - log King Louie Disney franchise Film The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Jungle Book ( 1994 ) The Jungle Book : Mowgli 's Story ( 1998 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Television TaleSpin ( 1990 -- 91 ) Jungle Cubs ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Soundtrack `` Colonel Hathi 's March '' `` The Bare Necessities '' `` I Wan'na Be like You '' `` Trust in Me '' `` That 's What Friends Are For '' `` My Own Home '' `` Jungle Jungle Baat Chali Hai '' Video games The Jungle Book ( 1993 ) The Jungle Book Groove Party ( 2000 ) Other The Jungle Book : Alive with Magic Colonel Hathi 's Pizza Outpost Other adaptations Film Elephant Boy ( 1937 ) Jungle Book ( 1942 ) Elephant Boy ( 1973 ) Adventures of Mowgli ( 1973 ) The Second Jungle Book : Mowgli & Baloo ( 1997 ) Jungle Book ( 2018 ) Television Mowgli 's Brothers ( 1976 ) Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli ( 1989 -- 90 ) episodes Mowgli : The New Adventures of the Jungle Book ( 1998 ) The Jungle Book ( 2010 -- ) Other The Third Jungle Book ( 1992 ) A dzsungel könyve Djungelboken Related Law of the jungle Mowgli syndrome The Graveyard Book ( 2008 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mowgli&oldid=803920639 '' Categories : The Jungle Book characters Fictional orphans Fictional adoptees Fictional feral children Fictional Indian people Child characters in literature Child characters in animated films Fictional characters introduced in 1893 Characters in British novels of the 19th century Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from October 2008 All articles that may contain original research Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Ido Italiano עברית Қазақша മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Українська اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 14 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	in the final story of the jungle books mowgli meets his	[ "Finally, Mowgli stumbles across the village where his adopted human mother (Messua), is now living, which forces him to come to terms with his humanity and decide whether to rejoin his fellow humans in \"The Spring Running\"." ]	[ "human mother (Messua)" ]
-6964471500183169485	Cutting board	Cutting board - wikipedia Cutting board Jump to : navigation , search A cutting board is a durable board on which to place material for cutting . The kitchen cutting board is commonly used in preparing food ; other types exist for cutting raw materials such as leather or plastic . Kitchen cutting boards are often made of wood or plastic and come in various widths and sizes . There are also cutting boards made of glass , steel , or marble , which are easier to clean than wooden or plastic ones such as nylon or corian , but tend to damage knives due to their hardness . Rough cutting edges -- such as serrated knives -- abrade and damage a cutting surface more rapidly than do smooth cutting implements . Contents ( hide ) 1 Materials 1.1 Wood 1.1. 1 Bamboo 1.2 Plastic 1.3 Rubber 1.4 Silicone 1.5 Glass 1.6 Steel 2 Hygiene 2.1 Preventing cross contamination of food 2.2 Care of boards 2.2. 1 Wooden boards 2.2. 2 Plastic boards 2.3 Bacterial contamination 3 See also 4 References Materials ( edit ) A knife edge is a delicate structure and can easily be blunted by too abrasive a surface . Alternatively , it can be chipped if used on a surface that is too hard . A good cutting board material must be soft , easy to clean , and non-abrasive , but not fragile to the point of being destroyed . Hard cutting boards can , however , be used for food preparation tasks that do not require a sharp knife , like cutting cheese or making sandwiches . Wood ( edit ) This wooden cutting board shows signs of scoring after repeated use Wood has some advantages over plastic in that it is somewhat self - healing ; shallow cuts in the wood will close up on their own . Wood also has natural anti-septic properties . Hardwoods with tightly grained wood and small pores are best for wooden cutting boards . Good hardness and tight grain help reduce scoring of the cutting surface and absorption of liquid and dirt into the surface . Red oak , even though a hardwood , has large pores which retain dirt even after washing . This makes it a poor choice for cutting - board material . Teak 's tight grains and natural coloration make it a highly attractive cutting - board material , both for aesthetic and durability purposes . Teak , a tropical wood , contains tectoquinones , components of natural oily resins that repel moisture , fungi , warping , rot and microbes . Wooden boards can also be refinished with sanding and a reapplication of oil and wax . Wood boards need to be cared for with an edible mineral oil to avoid warping , and should not be left in puddles of liquid . Ideally , they should be suspended freely while drying . Care must be taken when selecting wood , especially tropical hardwood , for use as a cutting board , as some species contain toxins or allergens . Bamboo ( edit ) Bamboo cutting boards are an alternative to plastic or glass cutting boards , partially because Bamboo is commonly thought to be naturally antimicrobial ( although studies show otherwise ) . During the harvesting process , bamboo is carefully chosen for maturation , markings , and size . The stalk is then cut into specific sizes and sent through a pressing process that strips the stalks into smaller plank - like pieces . Once the bamboo is pliable , a cutting board can be produced from multiple pieces by lamination . Plastic ( edit ) A plastic cutting board Plastic boards are usually called PE ( polyethylene ) cutting boards , or HDPE ( high - density polyethylene plastic ) , the material of which these boards are made . There are basically two types of HDPE boards being made . One version is made from injection - molded plastic , while the other is HDPE from an extrusion line . There are several certifications of plastic cutting boards , one being NSF , that certifies the plastic has passed requirements to come in contact with food . Unlike wood , plastic has no inherent antiseptic properties . However , unlike wood , plastic boards do allow rinsing with harsher cleaning chemicals such as bleach and other disinfectants without damage to the board or retention of the chemicals to later contaminate food . Most high - density polyethylene plastic ( HDPE ) boards are specifically designed not to dull the edge of a knife . If a score line is present , the knife is safe . A serrated knife should not be used on a plastic cutting board . The sharper the knife , the longer the cutting board will last . Semi-disposable thin flexible cutting boards also ease transferring their contents to a cooking or storage vessel . Rubber ( edit ) A recent trend has seen thick solid rubber pads used as cutting boards in the Sani - Tuff line popular in restaurant kitchens . They are about as expensive as well - made wood boards , they can take chemical disinfectants , and they are very heavy for their size , so they tend not to slip . Proponents claim remarkable self - healing properties , the same knife protection as good plastic or wood boards , and an inability to harbor significant amounts of moisture or bacteria . Silicone ( edit ) Like rubber , silicone is soft on the blade , while being just as self - healing and anti-bacterial as wood . Silicone is also heat - resistant , and lacks the rubbery smell of rubber boards . Glass ( edit ) While glass looks like an easy surface to keep clean , glass cutting boards can damage knives because of the high hardness of the material . Cutting on glass tends to dent , roll or even chip knife edges in a rapid manner . Additionally , if used for chopping instead of slicing , glass can shatter or chip itself , contaminating food . They last for around 6 years . Steel ( edit ) Steel shares with glass the advantages of the durability and ease of cleaning , as well as the tendency to damage knives . Depending on the exact steel and heat treatment used , at best a steel cutting board will wear the edge on knives quickly ; at worst chip , dent , or roll it like glass . Hygiene ( edit ) Sanitation with cutting boards is a delicate process because bacteria can reside in grooves produced by cutting , or in liquids left on the board . Preventing cross contamination of food ( edit ) Bacteria or allergens can easily be transmitted from one part of the kitchen to another or from one food to another via knives , hands , or surfaces such as chopping boards . To reduce the chance of this it is advised to use separate boards for different types of food such as raw meat , cooked meat , dairy and vegetables . Many professional kitchens follow this standard colour - coding system . Blue cutting boards : raw seafood . Red cutting boards : raw red meat . Green cutting boards : vegetables and fruits . Yellow cutting boards : poultry Brown cutting boards : cooked meat White cutting boards : dairy and breads ( also for universal if no other board is available . ) Care of boards ( edit ) Regardless of the material , regular maintenance of a cutting board is important . A very diluted bleach solution is best for disinfecting cutting boards . To remove odors , the board can be rinsed and then rubbed with coarse salt and left to stand for several minutes before being wiped and rinsed clean . In a wooden board , this procedure will also smooth out minor imperfections on the surface . Wooden boards ( edit ) Wooden boards should never be placed in the dishwasher , or left immersed for long periods , as the wood or glue may be affected . To prevent cracking , cutting boards can be treated when they start looking dry . A standard recommendation is 5 -- 7 times a year , or as needed . A light food - grade mineral oil is a good preservative for wooden cutting boards , as it helps keep water from seeping into the grain . Alternatively , one may also use a food - grade drying oil such as poppyseed oil , tung oil or linseed oil . The first two dry much faster than linseed . Most commercially available linseed and tung oils are not `` food grade '' , as they contain metallic driers . In general , edible savory vegetable or olive oils are not recommended because they tend to go rancid , causing the board to smell and food to pick up the rancid taste . When heavily or deeply scored , wooden boards need to be resurfaced as scoring can harbour bacteria . Boards can be easily resurfaced with various woodworking tools , such as scrapers or planes , even sandpaper . Plastic boards ( edit ) Unlike wood , most plastic boards are non-porous , which means that bacteria ca n't enter below the surface . It is still equally as important to clean the boards thoroughly after each use as bacteria can lie and grow in any imperfections on the surface . Although many boards are dishwasher safe , both domestic and professional boards which are HDPE will be warped by the hot water , making them unsafe . When heavily or deeply scored , boards need to be resurfaced as scoring can harbour mildew and bacteria . However , resurfacing a plastic cutting board is quite difficult and replacing it is recommended instead . Bacterial contamination ( edit ) One 1994 study found that wood was more likely to retain bacterial contamination , while another 1994 study found the opposite . In 2002 , another study found that pine wood in particular had antibacterial properties , while two other types of wood did not reduce bacteria relative to plastic . While pine has been found to have antibacterial properties , it is not typically used as a cutting board because it is a `` softwood '' . In 2005 , a study found that oak was followed by pine in antibacterial properties . Oak is also not a common cutting board material due to its relatively large pore size . Another study in 2012 found that bamboo had high antimicrobial activity compared to other woods . In 2016 , a literature review summarizing wood and microbial safety was published . See also ( edit ) Butcher block References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to cutting boards . ^ Jump up to : Ak N , Cliver D , Kaspari C ( 1994 ) . `` Cutting Boards of Plastic and Wood Contaminated Experimentally with Bacteria '' . Journal of Food Protection . 57 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 22 . PDF fulltext Jump up ^ `` Equipment : Cutting Boards '' . Cook 's Illustrated magazine . 1 September 2011 . Retrieved 10 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How To Refinish a Cutting Board - Sawed Off Woodworks '' . Sawed Off Woodworks . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Xi , Lixia ; Qin , Daochun ; An , Xin & Wang , Ge ( 2013 - 10 - 31 ) . `` Resistance of Natural Bamboo Fiber to Microorganisms and Factors that May Affect Such Resistance '' ( PDF ) . BioResources. 8 ( 4 ) : 6501 -- 6509 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Food Hygiene Regulations 2006 '' . Jump up ^ Abrishami , Simin H. ; Tall , Ben D. ; Bruursema , Thomas J. ; Epstein , Paul S. ; Shah , Dhiren B. ( 1994 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Bacterial Adherence and Viability on Cutting Board Surfaces '' . Journal of Food Safety . 14 ( 2 ) : 153 -- 172 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1745 - 4565.1994. tb00591. x . ISSN 1745 - 4565 . Jump up ^ Ak , Nese O. ; Cliver , Dean O. ; Kaspari , Charles W. ( 1994 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Cutting Boards of Plastic and Wood Contaminated Experimentally with Bacteria '' . Journal of Food Protection . 57 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Schönwälder , A. ; Kehr , R. ; Wulf , A. ; Smalla , K. `` Wooden boards affecting the survival of bacteria ? '' . Holz als Roh - und Werkstoff. 60 ( 4 ) : 249 -- 257 . doi : 10.1007 / s00107 - 002 - 0300 - 6 . ISSN 0018 - 3768 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why Some Woods are Better than Others in the Kitchen '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Annett , Milling , ; Rolf , Kehr , ; Alfred , Wulf , ; Kornelia , Smalla , ( 2005 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Survival of bacteria on wood and plastic particles : Dependence on wood species and environmental conditions '' . Holzforschung. 59 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.1515 / HF. 2005.012 . ISSN 1437 - 434X . Jump up ^ Kim , Ji - Young ; Lee , Hyoung - Jae ; Cho , Jeong - Yong ; Lim , Hyun - Cheol ; Choi , Gyeong - Cheol ; Kim , Du - Woon ; Park , Keun - Hyung ; Moon , Jae - Hak . `` 도마 의 재질 별 식중독 원인균 에 대한 항균 효과 '' . Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology . 44 ( 1 ) : 114 -- 120 . doi : 10.9721 / kjfst. 2012.44. 1.114 . Jump up ^ Aviat , Florence ; Gerhards , Christian ; Rodriguez ‐ Jerez , José ‐ juan ; Michel , Valérie ; Bayon , Isabelle Le ; Ismail , Rached ; Federighi , Michel ( 2016 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Microbial Safety of Wood in Contact with Food : A Review '' . Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety . 15 ( 3 ) : 491 -- 505 . doi : 10.1111 / 1541 - 4337.12199 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cutting_board&oldid=817476244 '' Categories : Cooking utensils Hidden categories : All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from April 2013 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Català Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Svenska Українська 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017 , at 17 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what type of plastic are cutting boards made from	[ "Plastic boards are usually called PE (polyethylene) cutting boards, or HDPE (high-density polyethylene plastic), the material of which these boards are made. There are basically two types of HDPE boards being made. One version is made from injection-molded plastic, while the other is HDPE from an extrusion line.", "Plastic boards are usually called PE (polyethylene) cutting boards, or HDPE (high-density polyethylene plastic), the material of which these boards are made. There are basically two types of HDPE boards being made. One version is made from injection-molded plastic, while the other is HDPE from an extrusion line." ]	[ "PE (polyethylene)", "or HDPE (high-density polyethylene plastic)" ]
1084816477988330147	College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS	College Football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS - wikipedia College Football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS Jump to : navigation , search National championships in NCAA Division I FBS National championship trophies AP ( since 1936 ) Grantland Rice ( 1954 -- 2013 ) MacArthur ( since 1959 ) AFCA ( since 1986 ) College Football Playoff ( since 2014 ) Longest continuous selector Associated Press ( 1936 -- present ) First season awarded 1869 Last completed season 2017 A national championship in the highest level of college football in the United States , currently the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , is a designation awarded annually by various organizations to their selection of the best college football team . Division I FBS football is the only National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) sport for which the NCAA does not sanction a yearly championship event . As such , it is sometimes unofficially referred to as a `` mythical national championship '' . Due to the lack of an official NCAA title , determining the nation 's top college football team has often engendered controversy . A championship team is independently declared by multiple individuals and organizations , often referred to as `` selectors '' . These choices are not always unanimous . In 1969 , even the President of the United States , Richard Nixon , declared a national champion , by announcing , ahead of the season - ending game between # 1 Texas and # 2 Arkansas , that the winner of that game would receive a plaque , from the President himself , commemorating that team as the year 's national champion . Texas went on to win that game , 15 -- 14 . While the NCAA has never officially endorsed a championship team , it has documented the choices of some selectors in its official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records publication . In addition , various analysts have independently published their own choices for each season . These opinions can often diverge with others as well as individual schools ' claims to national titles , which may or may not correlate to the selections published elsewhere . Currently , two of the most widely recognized national champion selectors are the Associated Press , which conducts a poll of sportswriters , and the Coaches ' Poll , a survey of active members of the American Football Coaches Association . Since 1992 , various consortia of major bowl games have aimed to invite the top two teams at the end of the regular season ( as determined by internal rankings , or aggregates of the major polls and other statistics ) to compete in what is intended to be the de facto national championship game . The current iteration of this practice , the College Football Playoff , selects four teams to participate in national semi-finals hosted by two of six partner bowl games , with their winners advancing to the College Football Playoff National Championship . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 National championships in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision records 2.1 Major selectors 2.1. 1 Math 2.1. 2 Poll 2.1. 3 Research 2.1. 4 Hybrid 2.1. 5 Playoff 2.2 Yearly national championship selections from major selectors 2.3 Total championship selections from major selectors by school 3 National championship claims by school 4 Poll era ( 1936 -- present ) 4.1 AP Poll 4.2 Coaches ' Poll 4.3 Poll era national championships by school ( 1936 -- present ) 5 BCS championships 5.1 BCS National Championships by school ( 1998 -- 2013 ) 6 College Football Playoff championships 6.1 CFP National Championships by school ( 2014 -- present ) 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References History ( edit ) The Sun was among the first to publish a year - end college football ranking , in 1901 . The concept of a national championship in college football dates to the early years of the sport in the late 19th century , and the earliest contemporaneous polls can be traced to Caspar Whitney , Charles Patterson , and The Sun in 1901 . Therefore , the concept of polls and national champions predated mathematical ranking systems , but it was Frank Dickinson 's math system that was one of the first to be widely popularized . His system named 10 -- 0 Stanford the national champion of 1926 , prior to their tie with Alabama in the Rose Bowl . A curious Knute Rockne , then coach of Notre Dame , had Dickinson backdate two seasons , which produced Notre Dame as the 1924 national champion and Dartmouth in 1925 . A number of other mathematical systems were born in the 1920s and 1930s and were the only organized methods selecting national champions until the Associated Press began polling sportswriters in 1936 to obtain rankings . Alan J. Gould , the creator of the AP Poll , named Minnesota , Princeton , and SMU co-champions in 1935 , and polled writers the following year , which resulted in a national championship for Minnesota . The AP 's main competition , United Press , created the first poll of coaches in 1950 . For that year and the next three , the AP and UP agreed on the national champion . The first `` split '' championship occurred in 1954 , when the writers selected Ohio State and the coaches chose UCLA . The two polls also disagreed in 1957 , 1965 , 1970 , 1973 , 1974 , 1978 , 1990 , 1991 , 1997 , and 2003 . The Coaches ' Poll would stay with United Press ( UP ) when they merged with International News Service ( INS ) to form United Press International ( UPI ) but was acquired by USA Today and CNN in 1991 . The poll was in the hands of USA Today and ESPN from 1997 to 2005 before moving to sole ownership by USA Today . Beginning in 2014 , Amway became a joint sponsor with USA Today . Though some of the math systems selected champions after the bowl games , both of the major polls released their rankings after the end of the regular season until the AP polled writers after the bowls in 1965 , resulting in what was perceived at the time as a better championship selection ( Alabama ) than UPI 's ( Michigan State ) . After 1965 , the AP again voted before the bowls for two years , before permanently returning to a post-bowl vote in 1968 . The coaches did not conduct a vote after the bowls until 1974 , in the wake of awarding their 1973 championship to Alabama , who lost to the AP champion , undefeated Notre Dame , in the Sugar Bowl . The AP and Coaches ' polls remain the major rankings to this day . The Bowl Championship Series , famous for its use of math , was the successor of the Bowl Alliance ( 1995 -- 1997 ) , which was itself the successor of the Bowl Coalition ( 1992 -- 1994 ) . Besides the many adjustments it underwent during its tenure , including a large overhaul following the 2004 season that included the replacement of the AP Poll with the Harris poll , the BCS remained a mixture of math and human polls since its inception in 1998 , with the goal of matching the best two teams in the nation in a national championship bowl game which rotated yearly between the Sugar , Fiesta , Rose , and Orange Bowls from 1998 to 2005 , and later a standalone game titled the BCS National Championship Game ( 2006 to 2013 ) . The winner of the BCS Championship Game was awarded the national championship of the Coaches ' Poll thus winning the AFCA National Championship Trophy . The BCS winner also received the MacArthur Bowl from the National Football Foundation . Neither the AP Poll , nor other current selectors , had contractual obligations to select the BCS champion as their national champion . The BCS resulted in a number of controversies , most notably after the 2003 season , when the BCS championship game did not include eventual AP champion USC , the only time the two championships have diverged since the advent of the BCS . After many seasons of controversy , the BCS was replaced with the College Football Playoff , a Plus - One system aimed at reducing the controversy involved in which teams get to play in a championship game through use of a tournament . National championships in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records ( edit ) The NCAA maintains an official records book of historical statistics and records for football . In the records book , with consultation from various college football historians , it has created and maintains a list of `` major selectors '' of national championships throughout the history of college football along with their championship picks for each season . Major selectors ( edit ) A variety of selectors have named national champions throughout the years . They generally can be divided into four categories : those determined by mathematical formula , human polls , historical research , and recently , playoffs . The selectors below are listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records as having been deemed to be `` major selectors '' for which the criteria is that the poll or selector be `` national in scope either through distribution in newspaper , television , radio and / or computer online '' . The former selectors , deemed instrumental in the sport of college football , and selectors that were included for the calculation of the BCS standing , are listed together . Math ( edit ) The mathematical system is the oldest systematic selector of college football national champions . Many of the math selectors were created during the `` championship rush '' of the 1920s and 1930s , beginning with Frank Dickinson 's system , or during the dawn of the computer age in the 1990s . Selectors are listed below with years selected retroactively in italics . Selector Name Seasons A&H Anderson & Hester 1997 -- present AS Alderson System 1994 -- 1998 B ( QPRS ) Berryman ( QPRS ) 1920 -- 1989 , 1990 -- 2011 BR Billingsley Report 1869 -- 1870 , 1872 -- 1969 , 1970 -- present BS Boand System 1919 -- 1929 , 1930 -- 1960 CCR Congrove Computer Rankings 1993 -- present CM Colley Matrix 2001 -- present CW Caspar Whitney 1905 -- 1907 DeS DeVold System 1939 -- 1944 , 1945 -- 2006 DiS Dickinson System 1924 -- 1925 , 1926 -- 1940 DuS Dunkel System 1929 -- present ERS Eck Ratings System 1987 -- 2005 HS Houlgate System 1885 , 1887 -- 1905 , 1907 -- 1926 , 1927 -- 1949 Litkenhous 1934 -- 1972 , 1974 , 1978 , 1981 -- 1984 MCFR Massey College Football Ratings 1995 -- present MGR Matthews Grid Ratings 1966 -- 1972 , 1974 -- 2006 NYT New York Times 1979 -- 2004 PS Poling System 1924 -- 1934 , 1935 -- 1955 , 1957 -- 1984 R ( FACT ) Rothman ( FACT ) 1968 -- 2006 SR Sagarin Ratings 1919 -- 1977 , 1978 -- present Wolfe 2001 -- present WS Williamson System 1931 , 1932 -- 1963 The Billingsley Report also provides an alternate selection that uses margin - of - victory in its calculation . The NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book notes both selections in years where they disagree . Poll ( edit ) The poll has been the dominant national champion selector since the inception of the AP Poll in 1936 . It is notable that the NFF merged its poll with UPI from 1991 to 1992 , with USA Today from 1993 to 1996 , and with the FWAA from 2014 forward . Selectors are listed below with years selected retroactively in italics . For many years , the national champion of various polls were selected prior to the bowl games . The national champion was selected before bowl games as follows : AP ( 1936 -- 1964 and 1966 -- 1967 ) , Coaches ' Poll ( 1950 -- 1973 ) , FWAA ( 1954 ) , and NFF ( 1959 -- 1970 ) . In all other latter - day polls , champions were selected after bowl games . During the BCS era , the winner of the BCS Championship Game was automatically awarded the national championship of the Coaches ' Poll and the National Football Foundation . Selector Name Seasons AP Associated Press 1936 -- present Coaches ' BRC UP UPI USAT / CNN USAT / ESPN USAT USAT / AMWAY American Football Coaches Association AFCA Blue Ribbon Commission United Press United Press International USA Today / CNN USA Today / ESPN USA Today USA Today / Amway 1922 -- present 1922 -- 1949 1950 -- 1957 1958 -- 1990 1991 -- 1996 1997 -- 2004 2005 -- 2013 2014 -- present CFRA College Football Researchers Association 1919 -- 1935 , 1936 -- 1981 , 1982 -- 1992 , 2010 -- present FN Football News 1958 -- 2002 FWAA Football Writers Association of America 1954 -- 2013 FWAA / NFF FWAA - NFF Grantland Rice Super 16 2014 -- present HAF Helms Athletic Foundation 1883 -- 1935 , 1936 -- 1940 , 1941 -- 1982 INS International News Service 1952 -- 1957 NCF National Championship Foundation 1869 -- 1870 , 1872 -- 1935 , 1936 -- 1979 , 1980 -- 2000 NFF National Football Foundation 1959 -- 1990 , 1997 -- 2013 SN Sporting News 1975 -- 2006 UPI United Press International 1993 -- 1995 UPI / NFF United Press International / National Football Foundation 1991 -- 1992 USAT USA Today 1982 USAT / CNN USA Today / CNN 1983 -- 1990 USAT / NFF USA Today / National Football Foundation 1993 -- 1996 At the request of several schools , the AFCA established a `` Blue Ribbon Commission '' in 2016 to begin retroactively selecting Coaches ' Trophy winners from 1922 through 1949 . Served as the Coaches ' Poll during the designated years , but also conducted their own poll at different times . The Football Writers Association of America merged its poll with that of the National Football Foundation members beginning in 2014 ; as a result , the Grantland Trophy was retired and the FWAA / NFF national champion now receives the MacArthur Bowl . USA Today took over , from the UPI , the poll of the National Football Foundation 's members in 1993 , and its winner was designated by the NFF as its national champion and received the MacArthur Bowl . The poll was conducted by USA Today through the 1996 season , although national championship selections in the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records do not distinguish the NFF from the USAT / NFF poll in 1995 and 1996 . Not to be confused with the USA Today / CNN Coaches ' Poll , which USA Today conducted separately . UPI conducted the Coaches ' Poll through the 1990 season , which was subsequently taken over by CNN / USA Today . UPI then conducted a poll of National Football Foundation members in 1991 and 1992 , the winner of which was designated by the NFF as its national champion and received the MacArthur Bowl . UPI conducted its own poll from 1993 to 1995 , after the National Football Foundation Poll was taken over by USA Today . USA Today conducted its own poll of college football sportswriters in 1982 , then joined with CNN to do their own joint poll until they took over the Coaches ' Poll starting with the 1991 season . Research ( edit ) College football historian Parke H. Davis is the only selector considered by the NCAA to have primarily used research in his selections . Davis did all of his work in 1933 , naming retroactive national champions for most of the years from 1869 to 1932 while naming Michigan and Princeton ( his alma mater ) co-champions at the end of the 1933 season . Selector Name Seasons PD Parke H. Davis 1869 -- 1870 , 1872 -- 1909 , 1911 -- 1916 , 1919 -- 1932 , 1933 Hybrid ( edit ) Main article : Bowl Championship Series The Bowl Championship Series used a mathematical system that combined polls ( Coaches ' and AP / Harris ) and multiple computer rankings ( including some individual selectors listed above ) to determine a season ending matchup between its top two ranked teams in the BCS Championship Game . The champion of that game was contractually awarded the Coaches ' Poll and National Football Foundation championships . Selector Name Seasons BCS Bowl Championship Series 1998 -- 2013 Playoff ( edit ) Main article : College Football Playoff Unlike all selectors prior to 2014 , the College Football Playoff does not use math , polls or research to select the participants . Rather , a 13 - member committee selects and seeds the teams . The playoff system marked the first time any championship selector arranged a bracket competition to determine whom it would declare to be its champion . Selector Name Seasons CFP College Football Playoff 2014 -- present Yearly national championship selections from major selectors ( edit ) Below is a list of the national champions of college football from 1869 to present ( with the exception of 1871 , in which no games were played ) deemed to be chosen by `` major selectors '' as listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records . Many teams did not have coaches as late as 1899 . `` Consensus '' selectors in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records correspond to the period from 1950 to present which began with the introduction of the two poll system upon the appearance of the Coaches Poll in 1950 . Selectors used to determine teams listed as `` Consensus National Champions '' in the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records include the AP Poll , Coaches ' Poll , Football Writers Association of America , and the National Football Foundation / College Football Hall of Fame . The first contemporaneous poll to include teams across the country and selection of a national champions can be traced to Caspar Whitney in 1901 . The last retroactive selection was made by Clyde Berryman in 1989 ( Notre Dame ) . The tie was removed from college football in 1995 and the last consensus champion with a tie in its record was Georgia Tech in 1990 . The 1947 Michigan Wolverines are often credited with a national championship on the basis of a `` free poll '' conducted by an AP sportswriter after the 1948 Rose Bowl , though that poll was unofficial and it is not recognized in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records . Note that the Harris Interactive Poll ( 2005 -- 2013 ) was contracted by the BCS to help formulate its standings , and although its final ranking which occurs prior to the bowl games is listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records , it does not conduct a final poll or award or name a national champion on its own . As designated by the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records , the table below shows : Teams listed in italics indicate retroactively - applied championships . Teams listed in bold reflect the NCAA 's designation as `` Consensus National Champions '' by virtue of their selection from 1950 onward by one or more selectors from Associated Press , United Press / UPI , Football Writers Association of America , NFF / College Football Hall of Fame , and USA Today . A letter next to any season , team , record , coach or selector indicates a footnote that appears at the bottom of the table . Season Champion ( s ) Record Coach Selector ( s ) Source 1869 Princeton 1 -- 1 BR , NCF , PD Rutgers 1 -- 1 PD 1870 Princeton 1 -- 0 BR , NCF , PD 1871 None No games played 1872 Princeton 1 -- 0 BR , NCF , PD Yale 1 -- 0 PD 1873 Princeton 2 -- 0 BR , NCF , PD 1874 Harvard 1 -- 1 PD Princeton 2 -- 0 BR , PD Yale 3 -- 0 NCF , PD 1875 Columbia 3 -- 1 -- 1 PD Harvard 4 -- 0 NCF , PD Princeton 2 -- 0 BR , PD 1876 Yale 3 -- 0 BR , NCF , PD 1877 Princeton 2 -- 0 -- 1 BR , PD Yale 3 -- 0 -- 1 NCF , PD 1878 Princeton 6 -- 0 BR , NCF , PD 1879 Princeton 4 -- 0 -- 1 BR , NCF , PD Yale 3 -- 0 -- 2 PD 1880 Princeton 4 -- 0 -- 1 NCF , PD Yale 4 -- 0 -- 1 BR , NCF , PD 1881 Princeton 7 -- 0 -- 2 BR , PD Yale 5 -- 0 -- 1 NCF , PD 1882 Yale 8 -- 0 BR , NCF , PD 1883 Yale 9 -- 0 BR , HAF , NCF , PD 1884 Princeton 9 -- 0 -- 1 BR , PD Yale 8 -- 0 -- 1 HAF , NCF , PD 1885 Princeton 9 -- 0 BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1886 Princeton 7 -- 0 -- 1 BR , PD Yale 9 -- 0 -- 1 HAF , NCF , PD 1887 Yale 9 -- 0 BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1888 Yale 13 -- 0 Walter Camp BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1889 Princeton 10 -- 0 BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1890 Harvard 11 -- 0 George C. Adams , George A. Stewart BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1891 Yale 13 -- 0 Walter Camp BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1892 Yale 13 -- 0 Walter Camp BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1893 Princeton 11 -- 0 BR , HAF , HS , NCF Yale 10 -- 1 William Rhodes PD 1894 Penn 12 -- 0 George Washington Woodruff PD Princeton 8 -- 2 HS Yale 16 -- 0 William Rhodes BR , HAF , NCF , PD 1895 Penn 14 -- 0 George Washington Woodruff BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD Yale 13 -- 0 -- 2 John A. Hartwell PD 1896 Lafayette 11 -- 0 -- 1 Parke H. Davis NCF , PD Princeton 10 -- 0 -- 1 Franklin Morse BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1897 Penn 15 -- 0 George Washington Woodruff BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD Yale 9 -- 0 -- 2 Frank Butterworth PD 1898 Harvard 11 -- 0 William Forbes BR , HAF , HS , NCF Princeton 11 -- 0 -- 1 PD 1899 Harvard 10 -- 0 -- 1 Benjamin Dibblee HAF , HS , NCF Princeton 12 -- 1 BR , PD 1900 Yale 12 -- 0 Malcolm McBride BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1901 Harvard 12 -- 0 Bill Reid BR Michigan 11 -- 0 Fielding H. Yost HAF , HS , NCF Yale 11 -- 1 -- 1 George S. Stillman PD 1902 Michigan 11 -- 0 Fielding H. Yost BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD Yale 11 -- 0 -- 1 Joseph R. Swan PD 1903 Michigan 11 -- 0 -- 1 Fielding H. Yost NCF Princeton 11 -- 0 Art Hillebrand BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1904 Michigan 10 -- 0 Fielding H. Yost NCF Minnesota 13 -- 0 Henry Williams BR Penn 12 -- 0 Carl S. Williams HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1905 Chicago 10 -- 0 Amos Alonzo Stagg BR , HAF , HS , NCF Yale 10 -- 0 Jack Owsley CW , PD 1906 Princeton 9 -- 0 -- 1 William Roper HAF , NCF Yale 9 -- 0 -- 1 Foster Rockwell BR , CW , PD 1907 Yale 9 -- 0 -- 1 William F. Knox BR , CW , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1908 Harvard 9 -- 0 -- 1 Percy Haughton BR LSU 10 -- 0 Edgar Wingard NCF Penn 11 -- 0 -- 1 Sol Metzger HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1909 Yale 10 -- 0 Howard Jones BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1910 Harvard 8 -- 0 -- 1 Percy Haughton BR , HAF , HS , NCF Pittsburgh 9 -- 0 Joseph Thompson NCF 1911 Minnesota 6 -- 0 -- 1 Henry L. Williams BR Penn State 8 -- 0 -- 1 Bill Hollenback NCF Princeton 8 -- 0 -- 2 William Roper BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1912 Harvard 9 -- 0 Percy Haughton BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD Penn State 8 -- 0 Bill Hollenback NCF 1913 Auburn 8 -- 0 Mike Donahue BR Chicago 7 -- 0 Amos Alonzo Stagg BR , PD Harvard 9 -- 0 Percy Haughton HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1914 Army 9 -- 0 Charles Daly HAF , HS , NCF , PD Illinois 7 -- 0 Robert Zuppke BR , PD Texas 8 -- 0 Dave Allerdice BR 1915 Cornell 9 -- 0 Albert Sharpe HAF , HS , NCF , PD Minnesota 6 -- 0 -- 1 Henry L. Williams BR Oklahoma 10 -- 0 Bennie Owen BR Pittsburgh 8 -- 0 Glenn `` Pop '' Warner PD 1916 Army 9 -- 0 Charles Daly PD Georgia Tech 8 -- 0 - 1 John Heisman BR Pittsburgh 8 -- 0 Glenn `` Pop '' Warner BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1917 Georgia Tech 9 -- 0 John Heisman BR , HAF , HS , NCF 1918 Michigan 5 -- 0 Fielding H. Yost BR , NCF Pittsburgh 4 -- 1 Glenn `` Pop '' Warner HAF , HS , NCF 1919 Centre 9 -- 0 Charley Moran SR Harvard 9 -- 0 -- 1 Bob Fisher CFRA , HAF , HS , NCF , PD Illinois 6 -- 1 Robert Zuppke BR , BS , CFRA , PD , SR Notre Dame 9 -- 0 Knute Rockne NCF , PD Texas A&M 10 -- 0 Dana X . Bible BR , NCF 1920 California 9 -- 0 Andy Smith CFRA , HAF , HS , NCF , SR Georgia 8 -- 0 -- 1 Herman Stegeman B ( QPRS ) Harvard 8 -- 0 -- 1 Bob Fisher BS Notre Dame 9 -- 0 Knute Rockne BR , PD Princeton 6 -- 0 -- 1 William Roper BS , PD 1921 California 9 -- 0 -- 1 Andy Smith BR , BS , CFRA , SR Cornell 8 -- 0 Gil Dobie HAF , HS , NCF , PD Iowa 7 -- 0 Howard Jones BR , PD Lafayette 9 -- 0 Jock Sutherland BS , PD Vanderbilt 7 -- 0 -- 1 Dan McGugin B ( QPRS ) Washington & Jefferson 10 -- 0 -- 1 Greasy Neale BS 1922 California 9 -- 0 Andy Smith BR , HS , NCF , SR Cornell 8 -- 0 Gil Dobie HAF , PD Iowa 7 -- 0 Howard Jones BR Princeton 8 -- 0 William Roper BS , CFRA , NCF , PD , SR Vanderbilt 8 -- 0 -- 1 Dan McGugin B ( QPRS ) 1923 California 9 -- 0 -- 1 Andy Smith HS Cornell 8 -- 0 Gil Dobie SR Illinois 8 -- 0 Robert Zuppke BS , CFRA , HAF , NCF , PD , SR , B ( QPRS ) Michigan 8 -- 0 Fielding H. Yost BR , NCF Yale 8 -- 0 Tad Jones B ( QPRS ) 1924 Notre Dame 10 -- 0 Knute Rockne BR , BS , CFRA , DiS , HAF , HS , NCF , PS , SR , B ( QPRS ) Penn 9 -- 1 -- 1 Lou Young PD 1925 Alabama 10 -- 0 Wallace Wade BR , BS , CFRA , HAF , HS , NCF , PS , SR , B ( QPRS ) Dartmouth 8 -- 0 Jesse Hawley DiS , PD Michigan 7 -- 1 Fielding H. Yost SR 1926 Alabama 9 -- 0 -- 1 Wallace Wade BR , CFRA , HAF , NCF , PS , B ( QPRS ) Lafayette 9 -- 0 Herb McCracken PD Michigan 7 -- 1 Fielding H. Yost SR Navy 9 -- 0 -- 1 Bill Ingram BS , HS Stanford 10 -- 0 -- 1 Glenn `` Pop '' Warner DiS , HAF , NCF , SR 1927 Georgia 9 -- 1 George Cecil Woodruff BS , PS , B ( QPRS ) Illinois 7 -- 0 -- 1 Robert Zuppke BR , DiS , HAF , NCF , PD Notre Dame 7 -- 1 -- 1 Knute Rockne HS Texas A&M 8 -- 0 -- 1 Dana X . Bible SR Yale 7 -- 1 Thomas Jones CFRA 1928 Detroit 9 -- 0 Gus Dorais PD Georgia Tech 10 -- 0 William Alexander BR , BS , CFRA , HAF , HS , NCF , PD , PS , SR , B ( QPRS ) USC 9 -- 0 -- 1 Howard Jones DiS , SR 1929 Notre Dame 9 -- 0 Knute Rockne BR , BS , CFRA , DiS , DuS , HAF , NCF , PS , SR Pittsburgh 9 -- 1 Jock Sutherland PD USC 10 -- 2 Howard Jones HS , SR , B ( QPRS ) 1930 Alabama 10 -- 0 Wallace Wade CFRA , PD , SR , B ( QPRS ) Notre Dame 10 -- 0 Knute Rockne BR , BS , DiS , DuS , HAF , HS , NCF , PD , PS 1931 Pittsburgh 8 -- 1 Jock Sutherland PD Purdue 9 -- 1 Noble Kizer PD USC 10 -- 1 Howard Jones BR , BS , CFRA , DiS , DuS , HAF , HS , NCF , PS , SR , WS , B ( QPRS ) 1932 Colgate 9 -- 0 Andrew Kerr PD Michigan 8 -- 0 Harry Kipke DiS , PD , SR USC 10 -- 0 Howard Jones BR , BS , CFRA , DuS , HAF , HS , NCF , PD , PS , SR , WS , B ( QPRS ) 1933 Michigan 7 -- 0 -- 1 Harry Kipke BR , BS , CFRA , DiS , HAF , HS , NCF , PD , PS , SR , B ( QPRS ) Ohio State 7 -- 1 Sam Willaman DuS Princeton 9 -- 0 Fritz Crisler PD USC 10 -- 1 -- 1 Howard Jones WS 1934 Alabama 10 -- 0 Frank Thomas DuS , HS , PS , WS , B ( QPRS ) Minnesota 8 -- 0 Bernie Bierman BR , BS , CFRA , DiS , HAF , L , NCF , SR 1935 LSU 9 -- 2 Bernie Moore WS Minnesota 8 -- 0 Bernie Bierman BR , BS , CFRA , HAF , L , NCF , PS Princeton 9 -- 0 Fritz Crisler DuS SMU 12 -- 1 Matty Bell DiS , HS , SR , B ( QPRS ) TCU 12 -- 1 Dutch Meyer WS 1936 Duke 9 -- 1 Wallace Wade B ( QPRS ) LSU 9 -- 1 -- 1 Bernie Moore SR , WS Minnesota 7 -- 1 Bernie Bierman AP , BR , DiS , DuS , HAF , L , NCF , PS Pittsburgh 8 -- 1 -- 1 Jock Sutherland BS , CFRA , HS 1937 California 10 -- 0 -- 1 Stub Allison DuS , HAF Pittsburgh 9 -- 0 -- 1 Jock Sutherland AP , BR , BS , CFRA , DiS , HS , L , NCF , PS , SR , WS , B ( QPRS ) 1938 Notre Dame 8 -- 1 Elmer Layden DiS TCU 11 -- 0 Dutch Meyer AP , HAF , NCF , WS Tennessee 11 -- 0 Robert Neyland BR , BS , CFRA , DuS , HS , L , PS , SR , B ( QPRS ) 1939 Cornell 8 -- 0 Carl Snavely L , SR Texas A&M 11 -- 0 Homer Norton AP , BR , BS , CFRA , DeS , DuS , HAF , HS , NCF , PS , SR , WS , B ( QPRS ) USC 8 -- 0 -- 2 Howard Jones DiS 1940 Minnesota 8 -- 0 Bernie Bierman AP , B ( QPRS ) , BS , CFRA , DeS , DiS , HS , L , NCF , SR Stanford 10 -- 0 Clark Shaughnessy BR , HAF , PS Tennessee 10 -- 1 Robert Neyland DuS , WS 1941 Alabama 9 -- 2 Frank Thomas HS Minnesota 8 -- 0 Bernie Bierman AP , BR , BS , CFRA , DeS , DuS , HAF , L , NCF , PS , SR Texas 8 -- 1 -- 1 Dana X . Bible B ( QPRS ) , WS 1942 Georgia 11 -- 1 Wally Butts B ( QPRS ) , BR , DeS , HS , L , PS , SR , WS Ohio State 9 -- 1 Paul Brown AP , BS , DuS , CFRA , NCF Wisconsin 8 -- 1 -- 1 Harry Stuhldreher HAF 1943 Notre Dame 9 -- 1 Frank Leahy AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , BS , CFRA , DeS , DuS , HAF , HS , L , NCF , PS , SR , WS 1944 Army 9 -- 0 Earl Blaik AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , BS , CFRA , DeS , DuS , HAF , HS , L , NCF , PS , SR , WS Ohio State 9 -- 0 Carroll Widdoes NCF , SR 1945 Alabama 10 -- 0 Frank Thomas NCF Army 9 -- 0 Earl Blaik AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , BS , CFRA , DeS , DuS , HAF , HS , L , NCF , PS , SR , WS Oklahoma A&M 9 -- 0 Jim Lookabaugh BRC 1946 Army 9 -- 0 -- 1 Earl Blaik BR , BS , CFRA , HAF , HS , PS Georgia 11 -- 0 Wally Butts WS Notre Dame 8 -- 0 -- 1 Frank Leahy AP , B ( QPRS ) , BS , DeS , DuS , HAF , L , NCF , PS , SR 1947 Michigan 10 -- 0 Fritz Crisler B ( QPRS ) , BR , BS , CFRA , DeS , DuS , HAF , HS , L , NCF , PS , SR Notre Dame 9 -- 0 Frank Leahy AP , HAF , WS 1948 Michigan 9 -- 0 Bennie Oosterbaan AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , BS , CFRA , DeS , DuS , HAF , HS , L , NCF , PS , SR , WS 1949 Notre Dame 10 -- 0 Frank Leahy AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , BS , DeS , DuS , HAF , HS , L , NCF , PS , SR , WS Oklahoma 11 -- 0 Bud Wilkinson CFRA 1950 Kentucky 11 -- 1 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant SR Oklahoma 10 -- 1 Bud Wilkinson AP , B ( QPRS ) , HAF , L , UP , WS Princeton 9 -- 0 Charley Caldwell BS , PS Tennessee 11 -- 1 Robert Neyland BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , NCF , SR 1951 Georgia Tech 11 -- 0 -- 1 Bobby Dodd B ( QPRS ) , BS Illinois 9 -- 0 -- 1 Ray Eliot BS Maryland 10 -- 0 Jim Tatum CFRA , DeS , DuS , NCF , SR Michigan State 9 -- 0 Biggie Munn BR , HAF , PS Tennessee 10 -- 1 Robert Neyland AP , L , UP , WS 1952 Georgia Tech 12 -- 0 Bobby Dodd B ( QPRS ) , BR , INS , PS , SR Michigan State 9 -- 0 Biggie Munn AP , BS , CFRA , DeS , DuS , HAF , L , NCF , SR , UP , WS 1953 Maryland 10 -- 1 Jim Tatum AP , INS , UP Notre Dame 9 -- 0 -- 1 Frank Leahy BR , BS , DeS , DuS , HAF , L , NCF , PS , SR , WS Oklahoma 9 -- 1 -- 1 Bud Wilkinson B ( QPRS ) , CFRA 1954 Ohio State 10 -- 0 Woody Hayes AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , BS , CFRA , DeS , HAF , INS , NCF , PS , SR , WS UCLA 9 -- 0 Henry Sanders CFRA , DuS , FWAA , HAF , L , NCF , UP 1955 Michigan State 9 -- 1 Duffy Daugherty BS Oklahoma 11 -- 0 Bud Wilkinson AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FWAA , HAF , INS , L , NCF , PS , SR , UP , WS 1956 Georgia Tech 10 -- 1 Bobby Dodd B ( QPRS ) , SR Iowa 9 -- 1 Forest Evashevski CFRA Oklahoma 10 -- 0 Bud Wilkinson AP , BR , BS , DeS , DuS , FWAA , HAF , INS , L , NCF , SR , UP , WS Tennessee 10 -- 1 Bowden Wyatt SR 1957 Auburn 10 -- 0 Ralph Jordan AP , BR , CFRA , HAF , NCF , PS , SR , WS Michigan State 8 -- 1 Duffy Daugherty DuS Ohio State 9 -- 1 Woody Hayes BS , DeS , FWAA , INS , L , UP Oklahoma 10 -- 1 Bud Wilkinson B ( QPRS ) 1958 Iowa 8 -- 1 -- 1 Forest Evashevski FWAA LSU 11 -- 0 Paul Dietzel AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , BS , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , HAF , L , NCF , PS , SR , UPI , WS 1959 Ole Miss 10 -- 1 Johnny Vaught B ( QPRS ) , DuS , SR Syracuse 11 -- 0 Ben Schwartzwalder AP , BR , BS , CFRA , DeS , FN , FWAA , HAF , L , NCF , NFF , PS , SR , UPI , WS 1960 Iowa 8 -- 1 Forest Evashevski B ( QPRS ) , BS , L , SR Minnesota 8 -- 2 Murray Warmath AP , FN , NFF , UPI Ole Miss 10 -- 0 -- 1 Johnny Vaught BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FWAA , NCF , WS Missouri 11 -- 0 * Dan Devine PS Washington 10 -- 1 Jim Owens HAF 1961 Alabama 11 -- 0 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , HAF , L , NCF , NFF , SR , UPI , WS Ohio State 8 -- 0 -- 1 Woody Hayes FWAA , PS 1962 LSU 9 -- 1 -- 1 Charles McClendon B ( QPRS ) Ole Miss 10 -- 0 Johnny Vaught BR , L , SR USC 11 -- 0 John McKay AP , B ( QPRS ) , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , NCF , NFF , PS , UPI , WS 1963 Texas 11 -- 0 Darrell Royal AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , L , NCF , NFF , PS , SR , UPI , WS 1964 Alabama 10 -- 1 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant AP , B ( QPRS ) , L , UPI Arkansas 11 -- 0 Frank Broyles BR , CFRA , FWAA , HAF , NCF , PS , SR Michigan 9 -- 1 Bump Elliott DuS Notre Dame 9 -- 1 Ara Parseghian DeS , FN , NFF 1965 Alabama 9 -- 1 -- 1 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant AP , CFRA , FWAA , NCF Michigan State 10 -- 1 Duffy Daugherty B ( QPRS ) , BR , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , L , NFF , PS , SR , UPI 1966 Alabama 11 -- 0 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant B ( QPRS ) , SR Michigan State 9 -- 0 -- 1 Duffy Daugherty CFRA , HAF , NFF , PS Notre Dame 9 -- 0 -- 1 Ara Parseghian AP , BR , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , L , MGR , NCF , NFF , PS , SR , UPI 1967 Notre Dame 8 -- 2 Ara Parseghian DuS Oklahoma 10 -- 1 Chuck Fairbanks PS USC 10 -- 1 John McKay AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , FN , FWAA , HAF , MGR , NCF , NFF , SR , UPI Tennessee 9 -- 2 Doug Dickey 1968 Georgia 8 -- 1 -- 2 Vince Dooley Ohio State 10 -- 0 Woody Hayes AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , NCF , NFF , PS , R ( FACT ) , SR , UPI Texas 9 -- 1 -- 1 Darrell Royal DeS , MGR , SR 1969 Ohio State 8 -- 1 Woody Hayes MGR Penn State 11 -- 0 Joe Paterno R ( FACT ) , SR Texas 11 -- 0 Darrell Royal AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , L , NCF , NFF , PS , R ( FACT ) , SR , UPI 1970 Arizona State 11 -- 0 Frank Kush PS Nebraska 11 -- 0 -- 1 Bob Devaney AP , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , NCF , R ( FACT ) , SR Notre Dame 10 -- 1 Ara Parseghian MGR , R ( FACT ) , SR Ohio State 9 -- 1 Woody Hayes NFF Texas 10 -- 1 Darrell Royal B ( QPRS ) , L , NFF , R ( FACT ) , UPI 1971 Nebraska 13 -- 0 Bob Devaney AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , L , MGR , NCF , NFF , PS , R ( FACT ) , SR , UPI 1972 USC 12 -- 0 John McKay AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , L , MGR , NCF , NFF , PS , R ( FACT ) , SR , UPI 1973 Alabama 11 -- 1 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant B ( QPRS ) , UPI Michigan 10 -- 0 -- 1 Bo Schembechler NCF , PS Notre Dame 11 -- 0 Ara Parseghian AP , BR , FN , FWAA , HAF , NCF , NFF Ohio State 10 -- 0 -- 1 Woody Hayes NCF , PS , R ( FACT ) , SR Oklahoma 10 -- 0 -- 1 Barry Switzer CFRA , DeS , DuS , SR Ohio State 10 -- 2 Woody Hayes MGR Oklahoma 11 -- 0 Barry Switzer AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , HAF , L , NCF , PS , R ( FACT ) , SR USC 10 -- 1 -- 1 John McKay FWAA , HAF , NCF , NFF , UPI Alabama 11 -- 1 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant MGR Arizona State 12 -- 0 Frank Kush NCF , SN Ohio State 11 -- 1 Woody Hayes B ( QPRS ) , HAF , MGR , PS , R ( FACT ) Oklahoma 11 -- 1 Barry Switzer AP , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , NCF , NFF , R ( FACT ) , SR , UPI 1976 Pittsburgh 12 -- 0 Johnny Majors AP , BR , FN , FWAA , HAF , NCF , NFF , PS , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI USC 11 -- 1 John Robinson B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , MGR 1977 Alabama 11 -- 1 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant CFRA Arkansas 11 -- 1 Lou Holtz R ( FACT ) Notre Dame 11 -- 1 Dan Devine AP , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , MGR , NCF , NFF , PS , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI Texas 11 -- 1 Fred Akers B ( QPRS ) , R ( FACT ) , SR 1978 Alabama 11 -- 1 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant AP , CFRA , FWAA , HAF , NCF , NFF , R ( FACT ) Oklahoma 11 -- 1 Barry Switzer DeS , DuS , HAF , L , MGR , PS , R ( FACT ) , SR USC 12 -- 1 John Robinson B ( QPRS ) , BR , FN , HAF , NCF , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI 1979 Alabama 12 -- 0 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , MGR , NCF , NFF , NYT , PS , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI USC 11 -- 0 -- 1 John Robinson CFRA 1980 Florida State 10 -- 2 Bobby Bowden R ( FACT ) Georgia 12 -- 0 Vince Dooley AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , FN , FWAA , HAF , NCF , NFF , PS , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI Nebraska 10 -- 2 Tom Osborne R ( FACT ) Oklahoma 10 -- 2 Barry Switzer DuS , MGR Pittsburgh 11 -- 1 Jackie Sherrill CFRA , DeS , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SR 1981 Clemson 12 -- 0 Danny Ford AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , FN , FWAA , HAF , L , MGR , NCF , NFF , NYT , PS , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI Nebraska 9 -- 3 Tom Osborne NCF Penn State 10 -- 2 Joe Paterno DuS Pittsburgh 11 -- 1 Jackie Sherrill NCF SMU 10 -- 1 Ron Meyer NCF Texas 10 -- 1 -- 1 Fred Akers NCF 1982 Nebraska 12 -- 1 Tom Osborne B ( QPRS ) Penn State 11 -- 1 Joe Paterno AP , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , L , MGR , NCF , NFF , NYT , PS , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI , USAT SMU 11 -- 0 -- 1 Bobby Collins HAF Auburn 11 -- 1 Pat Dye BR , CFRA , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SR Miami ( FL ) 11 -- 1 Howard Schnellenberger AP , DuS , FN , FWAA , NCF , NFF , SN , UPI , USAT / CNN Nebraska 12 -- 1 Tom Osborne B ( QPRS ) , DeS , L , MGR , PS , R ( FACT ) , SR 1984 BYU 13 -- 0 LaVell Edwards AP , BR , CFRA , FWAA , NCF , NFF , PS , SR , UPI , USAT / CNN Florida 9 -- 1 -- 1 Galen Hall DeS , DuS , MGR , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR Nebraska 10 -- 2 Tom Osborne Washington 11 -- 1 Don James B ( QPRS ) , FN , NCF 1985 Florida 9 -- 1 -- 1 Galen Hall SR Michigan 10 -- 1 -- 1 Bo Schembechler MGR Oklahoma 11 -- 1 Barry Switzer AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , NCF , NFF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , UPI , USAT / CNN 1986 Miami ( FL ) 11 -- 1 Jimmy Johnson R ( FACT ) Oklahoma 11 -- 1 Barry Switzer B ( QPRS ) , CFRA , DeS , DuS , NYT , SR Penn State 12 -- 0 Joe Paterno AP , BR , FN , FWAA , MGR , NCF , NFF , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI , USAT / CNN Florida State 11 -- 1 Bobby Bowden B ( QPRS ) Miami ( FL ) 12 -- 0 Jimmy Johnson AP , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , ERS , FN , FWAA , MGR , NCF , NFF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI , USAT / CNN 1988 Miami ( FL ) 11 -- 1 Jimmy Johnson B ( QPRS ) Notre Dame 12 -- 0 Lou Holtz AP , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , ERS , FN , FWAA , MGR , NCF , NFF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI , USAT / CNN 1989 Miami ( FL ) 11 -- 1 Dennis Erickson AP , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , MGR , NCF , NFF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , UPI , USAT / CNN Notre Dame 12 -- 1 Lou Holtz B ( QPRS ) , ERS , R ( FACT ) , SR 1990 Colorado 11 -- 1 -- 1 Bill McCartney AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , FN , FWAA , MGR , NCF , NFF , R ( FACT ) , SN , USAT / CNN Georgia Tech 11 -- 0 -- 1 Bobby Ross DuS , NCF , R ( FACT ) , SR , UPI Miami ( FL ) 10 -- 2 Dennis Erickson ERS , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SR Washington 10 -- 2 Don James R ( FACT ) 1991 Miami ( FL ) 12 -- 0 Dennis Erickson AP , BR , CFRA , ERS , NCF , NYT , SN , SR Washington 12 -- 0 Don James B ( QPRS ) , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , MGR , NCF , R ( FACT ) , SR , UPI / NFF , USAT / CNN 1992 Alabama 13 -- 0 Gene Stallings AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , ERS , FN , FWAA , MGR , NCF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI / NFF , USAT / CNN Florida State 11 -- 1 Bobby Bowden SR 1993 Auburn 11 -- 0 Terry Bowden NCF Florida State 12 -- 1 Bobby Bowden AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CCR , DeS , DuS , ERS , FN , FWAA , NCF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI , USAT / CNN , USAT / NFF Nebraska 11 -- 1 Tom Osborne NCF Notre Dame 11 -- 1 Lou Holtz MGR , NCF 1994 Florida State 10 -- 1 -- 1 Bobby Bowden DuS Nebraska 13 -- 0 Tom Osborne AP , AS , B ( QPRS ) , BR , FN , FWAA , NCF , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI , USAT / CNN , USAT / NFF Penn State 12 -- 0 Joe Paterno CCR , DeS , ERS , MGR , NCF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SR 1995 Nebraska 12 -- 0 Tom Osborne AP , AS , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CCR , DeS , DuS , ERS , FN , FWAA , MGR , NCF , NFF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI , USAT / CNN Florida 12 -- 1 Steve Spurrier AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CCR , DeS , DuS , ERS , FN , FWAA , MGR , NCF , NFF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , USAT / CNN Florida State 11 -- 1 Bobby Bowden AS 1997 Michigan 12 -- 0 Lloyd Carr AP , BR , FN , FWAA , NCF , NFF , SN Nebraska 13 -- 0 Tom Osborne A&H , AS , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CCR , DeS , DuS , ERS , MGR , NCF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SR , USAT / ESPN 1998 Ohio State 11 -- 1 John Cooper SR Tennessee 13 -- 0 Phillip Fulmer A&H , AP , AS , B ( QPRS ) , BCS , BR , CCR , DeS , DuS , ERS , FN , FWAA , MGR , NCF , NFF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , USAT / ESPN 1999 Florida State 12 -- 0 Bobby Bowden A&H , AP , B ( QPRS ) , BCS , BR , CCR , DeS , DuS , ERS , FN , FWAA , MCFR , MGR , NCF , NFF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , USAT / ESPN 2000 Miami ( FL ) 11 -- 1 Butch Davis NYT Oklahoma 13 -- 0 Bob Stoops A&H , AP , B ( QPRS ) , BCS , BR , CCR , DeS , DuS , ERS , FN , FWAA , MCFR , MGR , NCF , NFF , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , USAT / ESPN 2001 Miami ( FL ) 12 -- 0 Larry Coker A&H , AP , B ( QPRS ) , BCS , BR , CCR , CM , DeS , DuS , ERS , FN , FWAA , MCFR , MGR , NFF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , USAT / ESPN , W 2002 Ohio State 14 -- 0 Jim Tressel A&H , AP , B ( QPRS ) , BCS , BR , CCR , CM , DeS , ERS , FN , FWAA , MCFR , NFF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , USAT / ESPN , W USC 11 -- 2 Pete Carroll DuS , MGR , SR 2003 LSU 13 -- 1 Nick Saban A&H , BCS , BR , CM , DeS , DuS , MCFR , NFF , R ( FACT ) , SR , USAT / ESPN , W Oklahoma 12 -- 2 Bob Stoops B ( QPRS ) USC 12 -- 1 Pete Carroll AP , CCR , ERS , FWAA , MGR , NYT , SN USC 11 -- 0 Pete Carroll A&H , AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CCR , CM , DeS , DuS , ERS , MCFR , MGR , NFF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , W Vacated : BCS , FWAA , USAT / ESPN 2005 Texas 13 -- 0 Mack Brown A&H , AP , B ( QPRS ) , BCS , BR , CCR , CM , DeS , DuS , ERS , FWAA , MCFR , MGR , NFF , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , USAT , W 2006 Florida 13 -- 1 Urban Meyer A&H , AP , B ( QPRS ) , BCS , BR , CCR , CM , DuS , FWAA , MCFR , MGR , NFF , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , USAT , W Ohio State 12 -- 1 Jim Tressel DeS , R ( FACT ) 2007 LSU 12 -- 2 Les Miles AP , B ( QPRS ) , BCS , BR , CCR , CM , FWAA , MCFR , NFF , SR , USAT , W Missouri 12 -- 2 Gary Pinkel A&H USC 11 -- 2 Pete Carroll DuS 2008 Florida 13 -- 1 Urban Meyer AP , B ( QPRS ) , BCS , BR , CCR , CM , DuS , FWAA , NFF , SR , USAT Utah 13 -- 0 Kyle Whittingham A&H , MCFR , W 2009 Alabama 14 -- 0 Nick Saban A&H , AP , B ( QPRS ) , BCS , BR , CCR , CFRA , CM , DuS , FWAA , MCFR , NFF , SR , USAT , W Auburn 14 -- 0 Gene Chizik A&H , AP , B ( QPRS ) , BCS , BR , CFRA , CM , DuS , FWAA , MCFR , NFF , SR , USAT , W TCU 13 -- 0 Gary Patterson CCR 2011 Alabama 12 -- 1 Nick Saban AP , B ( QPRS ) , BCS , BR , CFRA , DuS , FWAA , MCFR , NFF , SR , USAT , W LSU 13 -- 1 Les Miles A&H , CCR Oklahoma State 12 -- 1 Mike Gundy CM 2012 Alabama 13 -- 1 Nick Saban A&H , AP , BCS , BR , CCR , CFRA , DuS , FWAA , MCFR , NFF , SR , USAT , W Notre Dame 12 -- 1 Brian Kelly CM 2013 Florida State 14 -- 0 Jimbo Fisher A&H , AP , BCS , BR , CCR , CFRA , CM , DuS , FWAA , MCFR , NFF , SR , USAT , W 2014 Ohio State 14 -- 1 Urban Meyer A&H , AP , BR , CCR , CFP , CFRA , CM , DuS , FWAA / NFF , MCFR , SR , USAT / AMWAY , W 2015 Alabama 14 -- 1 Nick Saban A&H , AP , BR , CCR , CFP , CFRA , CM , DuS , FWAA / NFF , MCFR , SR , USAT / AMWAY , W 2016 Alabama 14 -- 1 Nick Saban CCR , CM , DuS Clemson 14 -- 1 Dabo Swinney A&H , AP , BR , CFP , CFRA , FWAA / NFF , MCFR , SR , USAT / AMWAY , W 2017 Alabama 13 -- 1 Nick Saban A&H , AP , BR , CCR , CFP , CFRA , DuS , FWAA / NFF , MCFR , SR , USAT / AMWAY , W UCF 13 -- 0 Scott Frost CM Parke Davis ' selection for 1901 , as published in the 1935 Spalding 's Foot Ball Guide ( which he himself edited until his death ) , was Harvard . The NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book lists Sagarin as having selected Tennessee , while Sagarin 's official website gives Ohio State as its 1998 selection . The FWAA stripped USC of its 2004 Grantland Rice Trophy and vacated the selection of its national champion for 2004 . The BCS also vacated USC 's participation in the 2005 Orange Bowl and USC 's 2004 BCS National Championship , and the AFCA Coaches ' Poll Trophy was returned . Record does not count wins against UCLA , or against Oklahoma in the BCS Championship game on January 4 , 2005 , as they were vacated by the NCAA . The NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book lists Dunkel as having selected LSU , while Dunkel 's official website gives USC as its 2007 selection . Total championship selections from major selectors by school ( edit ) The national title count listed below is a culmination of all championship awarded since 1869 , regardless of consensus or non-consensus status , as listed in the table above according to the selectors deemed to be major as listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records ( minus the Harris Interactive poll , 2005 -- 2013 , that is listed but does not conduct a final poll or award a championship ) . The totals can be said to be disputed . Individual schools may claim national championships not accounted for by the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records or may not claim national championship selections that do appear in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records ( see National championship claims by school below ) . For an alternative independent view of national championship totals for each team , please see the Poll era ( 1936 -- present ) selections in the tables below . School Championships Princeton 28 Yale 27 Alabama 22 Notre Dame 22 Oklahoma 17 USC 17 Michigan 16 Ohio State 16 Harvard 12 Nebraska 11 Pittsburgh 11 Miami ( FL ) 9 Minnesota 9 Texas 9 Florida State 8 LSU 8 Georgia Tech 7 Penn State 7 Tennessee 7 Georgia 6 Michigan State 6 Penn 6 Iowa 5 Army 5 Auburn 5 California 5 Cornell 5 Florida 5 Illinois 5 Washington Lafayette Ole Miss SMU TCU Texas A&M Arizona State Arkansas Chicago Clemson Maryland Missouri Oklahoma State Stanford BYU Centre Colgate Colorado Columbia Dartmouth Detroit Kentucky Navy Purdue Rutgers Syracuse UCF UCLA Utah Washington & Jefferson Wisconsin National championship claims by school ( edit ) Tennessee 's national championship claims , as posted in their Neyland Stadium The following is a table of known schools ' claims on national championships at the highest level of play in college football . Several of these schools no longer compete at the highest level , which is currently NCAA Division I FBS , but nonetheless maintain claims to titles from when they did compete at the highest level . Because there is no one governing or official body that regulates , recognizes , or awards national championships in college football , and because many independent selectors of championships exist , many of the claims by the schools listed below are shared , contradict each other , or are controversial . In addition , because there is no one body overseeing national championships , no standardized requirements exist in order for a school to make a claim on a national championship , as any particular institution is free to make any declaration it deems to be fit . However , all known national championship claims are for seasons in which a national championship , or share of a championship , was believed to be awarded to that particular school by at least one independent third - party selector . The majority of these claims , but not all , are based on championships awarded from selectors listed as `` major '' in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records . Not all championships awarded by third party selectors , nor those listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records , are necessarily claimed by each school . Therefore , these claims represent how each individual school sees their own history on the subject of national championships . This table below includes only national championship claims originating from each particular school and therefore represents the point - of - view of each individual institution . Each total number of championships , and the years for which they are claimed , are documented by the particular school on its official website , in its football media guide , or in other official publications or literature ( see Source ) . If a championship is not mentioned by a school for any particular season , regardless of whether it was awarded by a selector or listed in a third - party publication such as the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records , it is not considered to be claimed by that institution . School Claimed national championships Seasons Source Princeton 28 1869 , 1870 , 1872 , 1873 , 1874 , 1875 , 1877 , 1878 , 1879 , 1880 , 1881 , 1884 , 1885 , 1886 , 1889 , 1893 , 1894 , 1896 , 1898 , 1899 , 1903 , 1906 , 1911 , 1920 , 1922 , 1933 , 1935 , 1950 Yale 27 1872 , 1874 , 1876 , 1877 , 1879 , 1880 , 1881 , 1882 , 1883 , 1884 , 1886 , 1887 , 1888 , 1891 , 1892 , 1893 , 1894 , 1895 , 1897 , 1900 , 1901 , 1902 , 1905 , 1906 , 1907 , 1909 , 1927 Alabama 17 1925 , 1926 , 1930 , 1934 , 1941 , 1961 , 1964 , 1965 , 1973 , 1978 , 1979 , 1992 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 , 2017 Michigan 11 1901 , 1902 , 1903 , 1904 , 1918 , 1923 , 1932 , 1933 , 1947 , 1948 , 1997 Notre Dame 11 1924 , 1929 , 1930 , 1943 , 1946 , 1947 , 1949 , 1966 , 1973 , 1977 , 1988 USC 11 1928 , 1931 , 1932 , 1939 , 1962 , 1967 , 1972 , 1974 , 1978 , 2003 , 2004 Pittsburgh 9 1915 , 1916 , 1918 , 1929 , 1931 , 1934 , 1936 , 1937 , 1976 Ohio State 8 1942 , 1954 , 1957 , 1961 , 1968 , 1970 , 2002 , 2014 Harvard 7 1890 , 1898 , 1899 , 1910 , 1912 , 1913 , 1919 Minnesota 7 1904 , 1934 , 1935 , 1936 , 1940 , 1941 , 1960 Oklahoma 7 1950 , 1955 , 1956 , 1974 , 1975 , 1985 , 2000 Penn 7 1894 , 1895 , 1897 , 1904 , 1907 , 1908 , 1924 Michigan State 6 1951 , 1952 , 1955 , 1957 , 1965 , 1966 Tennessee 6 1938 , 1940 , 1950 , 1951 , 1967 , 1998 California 5 1920 , 1921 , 1922 , 1923 , 1937 Cornell 5 1915 , 1921 , 1922 , 1923 , 1939 Illinois 5 1914 , 1919 , 1923 , 1927 , 1951 Miami ( FL ) 5 1983 , 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 2001 Nebraska 5 1970 , 1971 , 1994 , 1995 , 1997 Georgia Tech 1917 , 1928 , 1952 , 1990 Iowa 1921 , 1956 , 1958 , 1960 Texas 1963 , 1969 , 1970 , 2005 Washington 1960 , 1984 , 1990 , 1991 Army 1944 , 1945 , 1946 Florida 1996 , 2006 , 2008 Florida State 1993 , 1999 , 2013 Lafayette 1896 , 1921 , 1926 LSU 1958 , 2003 , 2007 Ole Miss 1959 , 1960 , 1962 SMU 1935 , 1981 , 1982 Texas A&M 1919 , 1927 , 1939 Auburn 1957 , 2010 Chicago 1905 , 1913 Clemson 1981 , 2016 Georgia 1942 , 1980 Penn State 1982 , 1986 TCU 1935 , 1938 Stanford 1926 , 1940 Arkansas 1964 Boston College 1940 BYU 1984 Centre 1921 Colorado 1990 Dartmouth 1925 Kentucky 1950 Maryland 1953 Navy 1926 Oklahoma State 1945 Rutgers 1869 Syracuse 1959 UCF 2017 UCLA 1954 USC 's January 4 , 2005 win over Oklahoma in the BCS Championship Game was vacated as mandated by the NCAA , its 2004 BCS National Championship vacated by the BCS , and its AFCA Coaches ' Trophy returned . NCAA sanctions mandate that `` any reference to the vacated results , including championships , shall be removed . '' USC still retains the 2004 Associated Press National Championship and has not abandoned its claim to a 2004 national championship . Iowa lists the awarding of the 1958 Grantland Rice National Championship in various publications , but describes championship selections from 3 other years as well in its annual media guide . Auburn 's 1913 , 1983 , and 1993 ( Auburn was disqualified from post-season play in 1993 and did not play in a bowl game ) championships are not recognized by the school . Georgia 's website has multiple pages which list national championships by sport and only callout two seasons for football ( 1942 and 1980 ) . The Georgia football media guide contains a year - by - year results section in which five seasons ( 1927 , 1942 , 1946 , 1968 , 1980 ) have `` National Champions # '' headers paired with selector callouts , , but also a `` Championship History '' page which pairs 1942 and 1980 into a `` The Consensus National Champions '' section and groups 1927 , 1946 , and 1968 together without description as national champions beyond identification of those specific selectors . Poll era ( 1936 -- present ) ( edit ) The polling system first gained widespread consistency with the introduction of the AP poll in 1936 , followed by the Coaches ' Poll in 1950 . National championships are often popularly considered to be `` consensus '' when both of these polls are in agreement with their national championship selections , although other selectors exist and do make alternative selections . A more modern incarnation , the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) , was a consortium of college football conferences that uses a combination of various computer rankings and human polls to mathematically determine a post-season matchup between the two top teams as determined by its formula . The USA Today Coaches ' Poll was contractually obligated to name the BCS champion as its national champion . AP poll ( edit ) Main article : AP Poll The AP college football poll has a long history . The news media began running their own polls of sports writers to determine who was , by popular opinion , the best football team in the country at the end of the season . One of the earliest such polls was the AP College Football Poll , first run in 1934 ( compiled and organized by Charles Woodroof , former SEC Assistant Director of Media Relations , but not recognized in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records ) and then continuously from 1936 . Due to the long - standing historical ties between individual college football conferences and high - paying bowl games like the Rose Bowl and Orange Bowl , the NCAA has never held a tournament or championship game to determine the champion of what is now the highest division , NCAA Division I , Football Bowl Subdivision ( the Division I , Football Championship Subdivision and lower divisions do hold championship tournaments ) . As a result , the public and the media began to take the leading vote - getter in the final AP Poll as the national champion for that season . While the AP Poll currently lists the Top 25 teams in the nation , from 1936 to 1961 the wire service only ranked 20 teams . And from 1962 to 1967 only 10 teams were recognized . From 1968 to 1988 , the AP again resumed its Top 20 before expanding to 25 teams in 1989 . Until the 1968 college football season , the final AP Poll of the season was released following the end of the regular season , with the exception of the 1965 season . In 1964 , Alabama was named the national champion in the final AP Poll following the completion of the regular season , but lost in the Orange Bowl to Texas , leaving Arkansas as the only undefeated , untied team after the Razorbacks defeated Nebraska in the Cotton Bowl Classic . In 1965 , the AP 's decision to wait to crown its champion paid off , as top - ranked Michigan State lost to UCLA in the Rose Bowl , number two Arkansas lost to LSU in the Cotton Bowl Classic , and fourth - ranked Alabama defeated third - ranked Nebraska in the Orange Bowl , vaulting the Crimson Tide to the top of the AP 's final poll . Michigan State was named national champion in the final United Press International poll of coaches , which did not conduct a post-bowl poll . At the end of the 1947 season , the AP released an unofficial post-bowl poll which differed from the regular season final poll . The AP national championship had been awarded before bowl games were played . Beginning in the 1968 season , a post bowl game poll was released and the AP championship reflected the bowl game results . The UPI did not follow suit with the coaches ' poll until the 1974 season . Coaches ' poll ( edit ) Main article : Coaches ' Poll The AFCA National Championship Trophy The Coaches ' poll began selecting the top 20 teams on a weekly basis during the 1950 -- 1951 college football season . It is conducted among selected members of the American Football Coaches Association . In 1990 the poll expanded to a top 25 , and it has retained this format since . The Coaches ' Poll took their final poll prior to the bowl games from 1950 -- 1973 , and since 1974 , has taken their final poll after bowl games . The Coaches ' Poll does not include teams on either NCAA or conference - sanction probation , which also differentiates it from the AP poll . The poll has been released through various media outlets and with differing sponsors over its history , and thus has taken a succession of different names , including United Press ( UP ) from 1950 thru 1957 , the United Press International ( UPI ) from 1958 thru 1990 , USA Today / CNN from 1991 thru 1996 , USA Today / ESPN from 1997 to 2004 , and USA Today from 2005 to present . During the era of the BCS , the Coaches ' Poll was under contractual obligation to award its national championship selection to the winner of the BCS Championship Game or its predecessors -- who was presented with the AFCA National Championship Trophy during a post-game presentation . The College Football Playoff is not tied to the Coaches ' Poll in this manner . Poll era national championships by school ( 1936 -- present ) ( edit ) The following table contains the national championships that have been recognized by the final AP or Coaches ' Poll . Originally both the AP and Coaches ' poll champions were crowned after the regular season , but since 1968 and 1974 , respectively , both polls crown their champions after the bowl games are completed . The BCS champion was automatically awarded the Coaches ' Poll championship . Of the current 120 + Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS , formerly Division I-A ) schools , only 30 have won at least a share of a national title by the AP or Coaches ' poll . Of these 30 teams , only 19 teams have won multiple titles . Of the 19 teams , only 7 have won five or more national titles : Alabama , Notre Dame , Oklahoma , USC , Miami ( FL ) , Nebraska , and Ohio State . The years listed in the table below indicate a national championship selection by the AP or Coaches ' Poll . The selections are noted with ( AP ) or ( Coaches ) when a national champion selection differed between the two polls for that particular season , which has occurred in twelve different seasons ( including 2004 , for which the coaches selection was rescinded ) since the polls first came to coexist in 1950 . School Championships Seasons Alabama 12 1961 , 1964 , 1965 ( AP ) , 1973 ( Coaches ) , 1978 ( AP ) , 1979 , 1992 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 , 2017 Notre Dame 8 1943 , 1946 , 1947 , 1949 , 1966 , 1973 ( AP ) , 1977 , 1988 Oklahoma 7 1950 , 1955 , 1956 , 1974 ( AP ) , 1975 , 1985 , 2000 USC 7 1962 , 1967 , 1972 , 1974 ( Coaches ) , 1978 ( Coaches ) , 2003 ( AP ) , 2004 ( AP ) † Ohio State 6 1942 , 1954 ( AP ) , 1957 ( Coaches ) , 1968 , 2002 , 2014 Miami ( FL ) 5 1983 , 1987 , 1989 , 1991 ( AP ) , 2001 Nebraska 5 1970 ( AP ) , 1971 , 1994 , 1995 , 1997 ( Coaches ) Minnesota 1936 , 1940 , 1941 , 1960 Texas 1963 , 1969 , 1970 ( Coaches ) , 2005 Florida 1996 , 2006 , 2008 Florida State 1993 , 1999 , 2013 LSU 1958 , 2003 ( Coaches ) , 2007 Army 1944 , 1945 ( AP ) Auburn 1957 ( AP ) , 2010 Clemson 1981 , 2016 Michigan 1948 , 1997 ( AP ) Michigan State 1952 , 1965 ( Coaches ) Penn State 1982 , 1986 Pittsburgh 1937 , 1976 Tennessee 1951 , 1998 BYU 1984 Colorado 1990 ( AP ) Georgia 1980 Georgia Tech 1990 ( Coaches ) Maryland 1953 Oklahoma State 1945 ( Coaches ) ‡ Syracuse 1959 TCU 1938 Texas A&M 1939 UCLA 1954 ( Coaches ) Washington 1991 ( Coaches ) † USC 's 2004 -- 2005 BCS National Championship was vacated by the BCS and the AFCA Coaches ' Trophy returned . ‡ Retroactively awarded in 2016 by AFCA Blue Ribbon Panel BCS championships ( edit ) The Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) was a selection system designed to give the top two teams in NCAA Division I-A ( now known as the FBS ) an opportunity to compete in a `` national championship game '' . This championship was intended as a surrogate for a playoff system since the NCAA does not formally determine a champion in this category . It began during the 1998 season , but a number of controversial selections spurred changes to the format over the years . Prior to the 2006 season , eight teams competed in four BCS Bowls ( the Orange , Sugar , Rose , and Fiesta ) . The BCS replaced the Bowl Alliance ( in place from 1995 -- 1997 ) , which itself followed the Bowl Coalition ( in place from 1992 -- 1994 ) . One of the main differences was that the Rose Bowl participated in the BCS ; previously , the Big Ten and Pac - 12 champions automatically played in the Rose Bowl regardless of their poll rankings . However , after the change , those teams played in the BCS National Championship Game if they finished # 1 or # 2 in the BCS standings . The BCS formula varied over the years , with the final version relying on a combination of the Coaches ' and Harris polls and an average of various computer rankings to determine relative team rankings , and to narrow the field to two teams to play in the BCS National Championship Game held after the other college bowl games . The winner of this game was crowned Coaches ' Poll national champion winning the AFCA National Championship Trophy and was also awarded the MacArthur Bowl by the National Football Foundation . BCS national championships by school ( 1998 -- 2013 ) ( edit ) School Championships Seasons Alabama 2009 , 2011 , 2012 Florida 2006 , 2008 Florida State 1999 , 2013 LSU 2003 , 2007 Auburn Miami ( FL ) 2001 Ohio State 2002 Oklahoma 2000 Tennessee 1998 Texas 2005 USC 0 * 2004 * * USC 's victory in the 2005 Orange Bowl and subsequent 2004 -- 05 BCS National Championship was vacated by the BCS . College Football Playoff championships ( edit ) The College Football Playoff ( CFP ) was designed as a replacement for the BCS . While the NCAA still does not officially sanction the event , organizers sought to bring a playoff system similar to all other levels of NCAA football to the Football Bowl Subdivision . The College Football Playoff relies on a 13 - member selection committee to choose the top four teams to play in a two - round single - elimination playoff bracket . The winner of the final game is awarded the College Football Playoff National Championship Trophy . CFP National Championships by school ( 2014 -- present ) ( edit ) School Championships Seasons Alabama 2015 , 2017 Clemson 2016 Ohio State 2014 See also ( edit ) College football portal Coaches Poll List of NCAA college football rankings List of NCAA Division I FBS football programs Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The following schools either make no apparent statement or claim regarding national championships , or clearly state no claims on a national championship , despite the listing of a national championship for that school in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records : Arizona State , Colgate , Columbia , Detroit , Missouri , Purdue , Rutgers , Washington & Jefferson , and Wisconsin . Jump up ^ All National Championships listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records were checked for claims by the applicable schools . Although every care was taken to be thorough and accurate , it can not be assumed that there are no missing or misrepresented claims due to potential limitations of the available source material for any one institution . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Syracuse and Cornell Still Top Gridders '' . The Reading Eagle . Reading , Pennsylvania . November 12 , 1923 . p. 12 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Viehman , Harold H. , ed. ( 1939 ) . The 1939 Owl . Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh . p. 276 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dodd , Dennis ( December 22 , 2004 ) . `` Subtracting AP poll leaves BCS again scrambling for legitimacy '' . CBSsports.com . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2013 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Bill ( November 5 , 2008 ) . `` UC Football in the Hunt for a Big East Crown and BCS Bid '' . Citybeat.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hooper , Matt ( October 10 , 2009 ) . 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Jump up ^ Bertsch , Michael ; Masters , Chris ; Torbin , Leigh ( 2014 ) . Notre Dame Football 2014 Media Guide . University of Notre Dame . pp. 2,157 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ USC Sports Information Office ( 2014 ) . 2014 USC Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . University of Southern California . p. 114 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Borghetti , E.J. ; Feeley , Ted ; Welsh , Celeste ; et al. , eds. ( 2014 ) . 2014 Pitt Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh . p. 130 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 2014 Ohio State Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . The Ohio State University Department of Athletics . 2014 . pp. 1 , 4 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio State Buckeyes - 2014 NCAA Football Champions '' . Ohio State Buckeyes . CBSi Advanced Media . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Media Center : Harvard Crimson Football -- National Championships '' . Official Website of Harvard Athletics . Harvard University . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GopherSports.com : University of Minnesota Athletics -- National Champions '' . University of Minnesota Athletics Department . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` OU History & Tradition -- 7 National Championships '' . SoonerSports.com . University of Oklahoma Department of Intercollegiate Athletics . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dolan , Eric ( August 1 , 2014 ) . 2014 Penn Football Fact Book ( PDF ) . University of Pennsylvania Office of Athletic Communications . pp. 6 , 78 -- 79 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lewandowski , John ; Phlegar , Ben ( 2014 ) . Michigan State 2014 Football Media Guide . Michigan State University Sports Information Department . p. 5 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stanton , Jimmy ; Yellin , Jason ; Kniffen , Mary - Carter , eds. ( 2014 ) . 2014 Tennessee Football Media Guide . University of Tennessee Department of Athletics . pp. 1 , 160 -- 174 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tennessee Official Athletic Site -- Football : National Champions '' . University of Tennessee Department of Athletics . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Benenson , Herb , ed. ( 2014 ) . 2014 California Golden Bears Football Information Guide ( PDF ) . Cal Media Relations Office . p. 146 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Over a Century of Tradition ( PDF ) . Cornell Athletics Communications Office . 2015 . p. 3 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Kent , ed. ( 2014 ) . 2014 Illinois Football Record Book ( PDF ) . University of Illinois Division of Intercollegiate Athletics . p. 114 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricanes Football History & Records '' . University of Miami Athletics . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Huskers. com - Nebraska Athletics Official Web Site : Nebraska 's Five National Titles '' . University of Nebraska Athletic Department . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Tech Official Athletic Site -- Football : Titles Won '' . Georgia Tech Athletic Department . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Roe , Steve ; Wagner , Traci ; Walenta , Theresa , eds. ( 2014 ) . 2014 Iowa Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . University of Iowa Athletic Department . p. 104 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bianco , John ( 2014 ) . 2014 Texas Football AdvoCare V100 Texas Bowl Guide ( PDF ) . University of Texas at Austin . p. 120 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 2017 Husky Football Guide ( PDF ) . University of Washington Athletic Communications Office . 2017 . p. 86 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Faulkner , Matt , ed. ( 2014 ) . 2014 Army Football Media Guide . U.S. Military Academy Office of Athletic Communications . p. 126 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GatorZone.com : Gator Football History '' . University Athletic Association . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stipe , Zach ; Lonzo , Kerwin , eds. ( 2014 ) . 2014 FSU Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . Florida State University Department of Athletics . pp. 126 -- 128 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ LaBella , Phil ( 2014 ) . 2014 Lafayette Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . Lafayette Athletics Communications . p. 6 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bonnette , Michael , ed. ( 2014 ) . 2014 LSU Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . LSU Sports Information Office . pp. 16 -- 18 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Kyle ; Jones , Joey , eds. ( 2014 ) . `` 2014 Ole Miss Football Guide '' . University , Mississippi : University of Mississippi Athletics Media Relations Office . p. 104 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sutton , Brad ; Hudson , Herman ; Balside , Zach ; et al. , eds. ( 2014 ) . 2014 SMU Football Media Guide . Southern Methodist University Department of Athletics . pp. 1 , 80 -- 82 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cannon , Alan , ed. ( 2014 ) . 2014 Texas A&M Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . Texas A&M Athletic Media Relations Office . p. 150 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Championships '' . Auburn Tigers : The Official Website of Auburn Athletics . 2016 . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Feature Story : Chicago Football Eras '' . University of Chicago Campus and Student Life . October 8 , 2012 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 25th Anniversary of the 1981 National Championship Team ( PDF ) . Clemson University . 2006 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Champions ! '' . ClemsonTigers.com . Clemson University . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://georgiadogs.com/sports/2017/6/16/championships.aspx ^ Jump up to : 2017 Georgia Football Media Guide . University of Georgia Athletics Department . 2017 . pp. 161 -- 163 , 192 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Penn State official Athletic Site -- Traditions : National Champions '' . Pennsylvania State University Department of Athletics . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Mark ( 2014 ) . 2014 TCU Football Fact Book . TCU Athletics Media Relations Office . pp. 2 , 129 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stanford Football History '' . Stanford University Department of Athletics . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Young , Jim , ed. ( 2014 ) . 2014 Stanford Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . Stanford University Athletic Communications and Media Relations Department . pp. 172 , 180 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Higbee , Zack ; Satterfield , Derek , eds. ( 2014 ) . University of Arkansas Razorbacks 2014 Football Media Guide . UA Media Relations Department . pp. 18 , 140 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Boston College Official Athletic Site : 1940 Football ' Team of Destiny ' -- National Champions '' . Boston College Athletics Department . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 National Championship '' . BYUCougars.com : The Official Site of Brigham Young Athletics . 2011 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Centre Colonels '' . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 12 . ( Archived by WebCite ® at https://www.webcitation.org/6wQrb97P6 ) Jump up ^ `` Colorado Football 1990 National Champions '' . CUBuffs.com -- Official Athletics Web site of the University of Colorado . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Championship Tradition '' . DartmouthSports.com -- Official Web Site of Dartmouth Varsity Athletics . August 30 , 2006 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Football Media Guide '' . University of Kentucky Athletics . p. 100 . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Terrapin Team Titles : University of Maryland National Championships '' . Maryland Athletics , University of Maryland . 2015 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 2014 Navy Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . Naval Academy Athletic Association . 2014 . pp. 8 -- 9 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brunt , Cliff ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` AFCA picks Oklahoma St as 1945 coaches ' national champion '' . USA Today . AP . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFCA Recognizes Oklahoma State as 1945 National Champion '' . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Baum , Jason , ed. ( 2014 ) . 2014 Rutgers Football Factbook . Rutgers University Office of Athletic Communications . p. 2 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Edson , Sue Cornelius , ed. ( 2014 ) . 2014 Syracuse University Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . Syracuse University Athletic Communications Department . pp. 6 , 107 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ UCF declares itself national champions , and is doing everything real champions do after winning . SBNation. 2018 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ 2014 UCLA Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . UCLA Sports Information Office . 2014 . pp. 90 , 108 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` BCS strips Southern California of 2004 national championship '' . USA Today . June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ `` BCS Group vacates USC 2004 -- 05 national championship following NCAA denial of appeal '' ( Press release ) . Bowl Championship Series . June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Links to related articles NCAA Football Championship Games Division I FBS 2007 * 2008 * 2009 * 2010 * 2011 * 2012 * 2013 * 2014 * 2015 * 2016 * 2017 * 2018 * 2019 * I-A 1993 * 1994 * 1995 * 1996 * 1997 * 1998 * 1999 * 2000 * 2001 * 2002 * 2003 * 2004 * 2005 * 2006 * FCS 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 * 2012 * 2013 * 2014 * 2015 * 2016 * 2017 * 2018 * 2019 * I - AA 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 Division II 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Division III 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Games played in January are denoted by an asterisk College football national champions ( poll era ) 1936 -- 1949 1936 : Minnesota ( AP , DS ) / Pittsburgh ( BS , HS ) 1937 : Pittsburgh ( AP , BS , DS , HS ) / California 1938 : TCU ( AP ) / Tennessee ( BS , HS ) / Notre Dame ( DS ) 1939 : Texas A&M ( AP , BS , HS ) / USC ( DS ) 1940 : Minnesota ( AP , BS , DS , HS ) / Stanford 1941 : Minnesota ( AP , BS ) / Alabama ( HS ) 1942 : Ohio State ( AP , BS ) / Georgia ( HS ) 1943 : Notre Dame 1944 : Army ( AP , BS , HS ) / Ohio State 1945 : Army ( AP , BS , HS ) / Oklahoma A&M ( AFCA ) 1946 : Notre Dame ( AP ) / Army ( BS , HS ) 1947 : Notre Dame ( AP ) / Michigan ( AP ( post-bowl ) , BS , HS ) 1948 : Michigan 1949 : Notre Dame 1950s 1950 : Oklahoma 1951 : Tennessee ( AP , Coaches ) / Michigan State / Maryland / Georgia Tech ( BS ) / Illinois ( BS ) 1952 : Michigan State ( AP , Coaches , BS ) / Georgia Tech ( INS ) 1953 : Maryland ( AP , Coaches , INS ) / Notre Dame ( BS ) 1954 : Ohio State ( AP , BS , INS ) / UCLA ( FWAA , Coaches ) 1955 : Oklahoma 1956 : Oklahoma 1957 : Auburn ( AP ) / Ohio State ( Coaches , BS , FWAA , INS ) 1958 : LSU ( AP , Coaches , BS , FN ) / Iowa ( FWAA ) 1959 : Syracuse 1960s 1960 : Minnesota ( AP , Coaches , FN , NFF ) / Ole Miss ( FWAA ) / Iowa BS ) 1961 : Alabama ( AP , Coaches , FN , NFF ) / Ohio State ( FWAA ) 1962 : USC 1963 : Texas 1964 : Alabama ( AP , Coaches ) / Arkansas ( FWAA ) / Notre Dame ( FN , NFF ) 1965 : Alabama ( AP , FWAA ) / Michigan State ( Coaches , FN , FWAA , NFF ) 1966 : Notre Dame ( AP , Coaches , FN , FWAA , NFF ) / Michigan State ( NFF ) 1967 : USC 1968 : Ohio State 1969 : Texas 1970s 1970 : Nebraska ( AP , FN , FWAA ) / Texas ( NFF , Coaches ) / Ohio State ( NFF ) 1971 : Nebraska 1972 : USC 1973 : Notre Dame ( AP , FN , FWAA , NFF ) / Alabama ( Coaches ) 1974 : Oklahoma ( AP , FN ) / USC ( FWAA , NFF , Coaches ) 1975 : Oklahoma 1976 : Pittsburgh 1977 : Notre Dame 1978 : Alabama ( AP , FWAA , NFF ) / USC ( Coaches , FN ) 1979 : Alabama 1980 -- 1991 1980 : Georgia 1981 : Clemson 1982 : Penn State 1983 : Miami ( FL ) 1984 : BYU 1985 : Oklahoma 1986 : Penn State 1987 : Miami ( FL ) 1988 : Notre Dame 1989 : Miami ( FL ) 1990 : Colorado ( AP , FN , FWAA , NFF , USAT / CNN ) / Georgia Tech ( Coaches ) 1991 : Miami ( FL ) ( AP ) / Washington ( Coaches , FN , FWAA , UPI / NFF ) College football national champions ( pre-AP Poll ) 1869 -- 1879 1869 : Princeton / Rutgers 1870 : Princeton 1872 : Princeton / Yale 1873 : Princeton 1874 : Harvard / Princeton / Yale 1875 : Columbia / Harvard / Princeton 1876 : Yale 1877 : Princeton / Yale 1878 : Princeton 1879 : Princeton 1880s 1880 : Princeton / Yale 1881 : Princeton / Yale 1882 : Yale 1883 : Yale 1884 : Princeton / Yale 1885 : Princeton 1886 : Princeton / Yale 1887 : Yale 1888 : Yale 1889 : Princeton 1890s 1890 : Harvard 1891 : Yale 1892 : Yale 1893 : Princeton / Yale 1894 : Penn / Princeton / Yale 1895 : Penn / Yale 1896 : Lafayette / Princeton 1897 : Penn / Yale 1898 : Harvard / Princeton 1899 : Harvard / Princeton 1900s 1900 : Yale 1901 : Harvard / Michigan / Yale 1902 : Michigan / Yale 1903 : Michigan / Princeton 1904 : Michigan / Minnesota / Penn 1905 : Chicago / Yale 1906 : Princeton / Yale 1907 : Yale 1908 : Harvard / LSU / Penn 1909 : Yale 1910s 1910 : Harvard / Pittsburgh 1911 : Penn State / Princeton 1912 : Harvard / Penn State 1913 : Auburn / Chicago / Harvard 1914 : Army / Illinois / Texas 1915 : Cornell / Minnesota / Oklahoma / Pittsburgh 1916 : Army / Georgia Tech / Pittsburgh 1917 : Georgia Tech 1918 : Michigan / Pittsburgh 1919 : Centre / Harvard / Illinois / Notre Dame / Texas A&M 1920s 1920 : California / Georgia / Harvard / Notre Dame / Princeton 1921 : California / Cornell / Iowa / Lafayette / Washington & Jefferson / Vanderbilt 1922 : California / Cornell / Princeton / Vanderbilt 1923 : Cal / Cornell / Illinois / Michigan / Yale 1924 : Notre Dame / Penn 1925 : Alabama / Dartmouth / Michigan 1926 : Alabama / Lafayette / Michigan / Navy / Stanford 1927 : Georgia / Illinois / Notre Dame / Texas A&M / Yale 1928 : Detroit / Georgia Tech / USC 1929 : Notre Dame / Pittsburgh / USC 1930s 1930 : Alabama / Notre Dame 1931 : Pittsburgh / Purdue / USC 1932 : Colgate / Michigan / USC 1933 : Michigan / Ohio State / Princeton / USC 1934 : Alabama / Minnesota 1935 : LSU / Minnesota / Princeton / SMU / TCU Systems used to determine college football national championships NCAA Division I-A / FBS Various polling systems ( 1869 -- present ) Bowl Coalition ( 1992 -- 1994 ) Bowl Alliance ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Bowl Championship Series ( 1998 -- 2013 ) College Football Playoff ( 2014 -- present ) NCAA Division I - AA / FCS NCAA Division I Football Championship ( 1978 -- present ) NCAA Division II NCAA Division II Football Championship ( 1973 -- present ) NCAA Division III NCAA Division III Football Championship ( 1973 -- present ) NAIA Divisions NAIA Football National Championship ( 1956 -- present ) NAIA Division II Football National Championship ( 1970 -- 1996 ) Additional systems Black college football national championship NCCAA Victory Bowl ( 1997 -- present ) National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA Awards Hall of Champions Conferences Division I Institutions Athletic directors Baseball Championship CWS Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football FBS FCS Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Division II Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Gymnastics Men Women Ice hockey Men Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Women Wrestling Championship Division III Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Single - division sports and championships Beach volleyball Women Bowling Women Boxing Championship Fencing Championships Gymnastics Men Women Rifle Championship Skiing Championships Trampoline Championship Water polo Men Women Events listed in italics have been discontinued . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=College_football_national_championships_in_NCAA_Division_I_FBS&oldid=831645979 '' Categories : College football - related lists Lists of sports championships NCAA Division I championships NCAA Division I FBS football NCAA football championships Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 errors : external links Use mdy dates from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Polski Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 15 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the last 3 ncaa football championships	[ "\n\nSeason\nChampion(s)\nRecord\nCoach\nSelector(s)\nSource\n\n\n1869\nPrinceton\n1–1\n\nBR, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nRutgers\n1–1\n\nPD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1870\nPrinceton\n1–0\n\nBR, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1871\nNone\nNo games played\n\n\n\n1872\nPrinceton\n1–0\n\nBR, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nYale\n1–0\n\nPD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1873\nPrinceton\n2–0\n\nBR, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1874\nHarvard\n1–1\n\nPD\n[6]:110\n\n\nPrinceton\n2–0\n\nBR, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nYale\n3–0\n\nNCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1875\nColumbia\n3–1–1\n\nPD\n[6]:110\n\n\nHarvard\n4–0\n\nNCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nPrinceton\n2–0\n\nBR, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1876\nYale\n3–0\n\nBR, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1877\nPrinceton\n2–0–1\n\nBR, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nYale\n3–0–1\n\nNCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1878\nPrinceton\n6–0\n\nBR, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1879\nPrinceton\n4–0–1\n\nBR, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nYale\n3–0–2\n\nPD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1880\nPrinceton\n4–0–1\n\nNCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nYale\n4–0–1\n\nBR, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1881\nPrinceton\n7–0–2\n\nBR, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nYale\n5–0–1\n\nNCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1882\nYale\n8–0\n\nBR, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1883\nYale\n9–0\n\nBR, HAF, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1884\nPrinceton\n9–0–1\n\nBR, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nYale\n8–0–1\n\nHAF, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1885\nPrinceton\n9–0\n\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1886\nPrinceton\n7–0–1\n\nBR, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nYale\n9–0–1\n\nHAF, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1887\nYale\n9–0\n\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1888\nYale\n13–0\nWalter Camp\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1889\nPrinceton\n10–0\n\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1890\nHarvard\n11–0\nGeorge C. Adams, George A. Stewart\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1891\nYale\n13–0\nWalter Camp\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1892\nYale\n13–0\nWalter Camp\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1893\nPrinceton\n11–0\n\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF\n[6]:110\n\n\nYale\n10–1\nWilliam Rhodes\nPD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1894\nPenn\n12–0\nGeorge Washington Woodruff\nPD\n[6]:110\n\n\nPrinceton\n8–2\n\nHS\n[6]:110\n\n\nYale\n16–0\nWilliam Rhodes\nBR, HAF, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1895\nPenn\n14–0\nGeorge Washington Woodruff\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nYale\n13–0–2\nJohn A. Hartwell\nPD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1896\nLafayette\n11–0–1\nParke H. Davis\nNCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nPrinceton\n10–0–1\nFranklin Morse\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1897\nPenn\n15–0\nGeorge Washington Woodruff\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nYale\n9–0–2\nFrank Butterworth\nPD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1898\nHarvard\n11–0\nWilliam Forbes\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF\n[6]:110\n\n\nPrinceton\n11–0–1\n\nPD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1899\nHarvard\n10–0–1\nBenjamin Dibblee\nHAF, HS, NCF\n[6]:111\n\n\nPrinceton\n12–1\n\nBR, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1900\nYale\n12–0\nMalcolm McBride\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1901\nHarvard\n12–0\nBill Reid\nBR\n[6]:111\n\n\nMichigan\n11–0\nFielding H. Yost\nHAF, HS, NCF\n[6]:111\n\n\nYale\n11–1–1\nGeorge S. Stillman\nPDa\n[6]:111\n\n\n1902\nMichigan\n11–0\nFielding H. Yost\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nYale\n11–0–1\nJoseph R. Swan\nPD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1903\nMichigan\n11–0–1\nFielding H. Yost\nNCF\n[6]:111\n\n\nPrinceton\n11–0\nArt Hillebrand\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1904\nMichigan\n10–0\nFielding H. Yost\nNCF\n[6]:111\n\n\nMinnesota\n13–0\nHenry Williams\nBR\n[6]:111\n\n\nPenn\n12–0\nCarl S. Williams\nHAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1905\nChicago\n10–0\nAmos Alonzo Stagg\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF\n[6]:111\n\n\nYale\n10–0\nJack Owsley\nCW, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1906\nPrinceton\n9–0–1\nWilliam Roper\nHAF, NCF\n[6]:111\n\n\nYale\n9–0–1\nFoster Rockwell\nBR, CW, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1907\nYale\n9–0–1\nWilliam F. Knox\nBR, CW, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1908\nHarvard\n9–0–1\nPercy Haughton\nBR\n[6]:111\n\n\nLSU\n10–0\nEdgar Wingard\nNCF\n[6]:111\n\n\nPenn\n11–0–1\nSol Metzger\nHAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1909\nYale\n10–0\nHoward Jones\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1910\nHarvard\n8–0–1\nPercy Haughton\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF\n[6]:111\n\n\nPittsburgh\n9–0\nJoseph Thompson\nNCF\n[6]:111\n\n\n1911\nMinnesota\n6–0–1\nHenry L. Williams\nBR\n[6]:111\n\n\nPenn State\n8–0–1\nBill Hollenback\nNCF\n[6]:111\n\n\nPrinceton\n8–0–2\nWilliam Roper\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1912\nHarvard\n9–0\nPercy Haughton\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nPenn State\n8–0\nBill Hollenback\nNCF\n[6]:111\n\n\n1913\nAuburn\n8–0\nMike Donahue\nBR\n[6]:111\n\n\nChicago\n7–0\nAmos Alonzo Stagg\nBR, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nHarvard\n9–0\nPercy Haughton\nHAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1914\nArmy\n9–0\nCharles Daly\nHAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nIllinois\n7–0\nRobert Zuppke\nBR, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nTexas\n8–0\nDave Allerdice\nBR\n[6]:111\n\n\n1915\nCornell\n9–0\nAlbert Sharpe\nHAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nMinnesota\n6–0–1\nHenry L. Williams\nBR\n[6]:111\n\n\nOklahoma\n10–0\nBennie Owen\nBR\n[6]:111\n\n\nPittsburgh\n8–0\nGlenn \"Pop\" Warner\nPD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1916\nArmy\n9–0\nCharles Daly\nPD\n[6]:111\n\n\nGeorgia Tech\n8–0-1\nJohn Heisman\nBR\n[6]:111\n\n\nPittsburgh\n8–0\nGlenn \"Pop\" Warner\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1917\nGeorgia Tech\n9–0\nJohn Heisman\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF\n[6]:111\n\n\n1918\nMichigan\n5–0\nFielding H. Yost\nBR, NCF\n[6]:111\n\n\nPittsburgh\n4–1\nGlenn \"Pop\" Warner\nHAF, HS, NCF\n[6]:111\n\n\n1919\nCentre\n9–0\nCharley Moran\nSR\n[6]:111\n\n\nHarvard\n9–0–1\nBob Fisher\nCFRA, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nIllinois\n6–1\nRobert Zuppke\nBR, BS, CFRA, PD, SR\n[6]:111\n\n\nNotre Dame\n9–0\nKnute Rockne\nNCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nTexas A&M\n10–0\nDana X. Bible\nBR, NCF\n[6]:111\n\n\n1920\nCalifornia\n9–0\nAndy Smith\nCFRA, HAF, HS, NCF, SR\n[6]:111\n\n\nGeorgia\n8–0–1\nHerman Stegeman\nB(QPRS)\n[6]:111\n\n\nHarvard\n8–0–1\nBob Fisher\nBS\n[6]:111\n\n\nNotre Dame\n9–0\nKnute Rockne\nBR, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nPrinceton\n6–0–1\nWilliam Roper\nBS, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1921\nCalifornia\n9–0–1\nAndy Smith\nBR, BS, CFRA, SR\n[6]:111\n\n\nCornell\n8–0\nGil Dobie\nHAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nIowa\n7–0\nHoward Jones\nBR, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nLafayette\n9–0\nJock Sutherland\nBS, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nVanderbilt\n7–0–1\nDan McGugin\nB(QPRS)\n[6]:111\n\n\nWashington & Jefferson\n10–0–1\nGreasy Neale\nBS\n[6]:111\n\n\n1922\nCalifornia\n9–0\nAndy Smith\nBR, HS, NCF, SR\n[6]:111\n\n\nCornell\n8–0\nGil Dobie\nHAF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nIowa\n7–0\nHoward Jones\nBR\n[6]:111\n\n\nPrinceton\n8–0\nWilliam Roper\nBS, CFRA, NCF, PD, SR\n[6]:111\n\n\nVanderbilt\n8–0–1\nDan McGugin\nB(QPRS)\n[6]:111\n\n\n1923\nCalifornia\n9–0–1\nAndy Smith\nHS\n[6]:111\n\n\nCornell\n8–0\nGil Dobie\nSR\n[6]:111\n\n\nIllinois\n8–0\nRobert Zuppke\nBS, CFRA, HAF, NCF, PD, SR, B(QPRS)\n[6]:111\n\n\nMichigan\n8–0\nFielding H. Yost\nBR, NCF\n[6]:111\n\n\nYale\n8–0\nTad Jones\nB(QPRS)\n[6]:111\n\n\n1924\nNotre Dame\n10–0\nKnute Rockne\nBR, BS, CFRA, DiS, HAF, HS, NCF, PS, SR, B(QPRS)\n[6]:111\n\n\nPenn\n9–1–1\nLou Young\nPD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1925\nAlabama\n10–0\nWallace Wade\nBR, BS, CFRA, HAF, HS, NCF, PS, SR, B(QPRS)\n[6]:111\n\n\nDartmouth\n8–0\nJesse Hawley\nDiS, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nMichigan\n7–1\nFielding H. Yost\nSR\n[6]:111\n\n\n1926\nAlabama\n9–0–1\nWallace Wade\nBR, CFRA, HAF, NCF, PS, B(QPRS)\n[6]:111\n\n\nLafayette\n9–0\nHerb McCracken\nPD\n[6]:111\n\n\nMichigan\n7–1\nFielding H. Yost\nSR\n[6]:111\n\n\nNavy\n9–0–1\nBill Ingram\nBS, HS\n[6]:111\n\n\nStanford\n10–0–1\nGlenn \"Pop\" Warner\nDiS, HAF, NCF, SR\n[6]:111\n\n\n1927\nGeorgia\n9–1\nGeorge Cecil Woodruff\nBS, PS, B(QPRS)\n[6]:111–112\n\n\nIllinois\n7–0–1\nRobert Zuppke\nBR, DiS, HAF, NCF, PD\n[6]:112\n\n\nNotre Dame\n7–1–1\nKnute Rockne\nHS\n[6]:112\n\n\nTexas A&M\n8–0–1\nDana X. Bible\nSR\n[6]:112\n\n\nYale\n7–1\nThomas Jones\nCFRA\n[6]:112\n\n\n1928\nDetroit\n9–0\nGus Dorais\nPD\n[6]:112\n\n\nGeorgia Tech\n10–0\nWilliam Alexander\nBR, BS, CFRA, HAF, HS, NCF, PD, PS, SR, B(QPRS)\n[6]:112\n\n\nUSC\n9–0–1\nHoward Jones\nDiS, SR\n[6]:112\n\n\n1929\nNotre Dame\n9–0\nKnute Rockne\nBR, BS, CFRA, DiS, DuS, HAF, NCF, PS, SR\n[6]:112\n\n\nPittsburgh\n9–1\nJock Sutherland\nPD\n[6]:112\n\n\nUSC\n10–2\nHoward Jones\nHS, SR, B(QPRS)\n[6]:112\n\n\n1930\nAlabama\n10–0\nWallace Wade\nCFRA, PD, SR, B(QPRS)\n[6]:112\n\n\nNotre Dame\n10–0\nKnute Rockne\nBR, BS, DiS, DuS, HAF, HS, NCF, PD, PS\n[6]:112\n\n\n1931\nPittsburgh\n8–1\nJock Sutherland\nPD\n[6]:112\n\n\nPurdue\n9–1\nNoble Kizer\nPD\n[6]:112\n\n\nUSC\n10–1\nHoward Jones\nBR, BS, CFRA, DiS, DuS, HAF, HS, NCF, PS, SR, WS, B(QPRS)\n[6]:112\n\n\n1932\nColgate\n9–0\nAndrew Kerr\nPD\n[6]:112\n\n\nMichigan\n8–0\nHarry Kipke\nDiS, PD, SR\n[6]:112\n\n\nUSC\n10–0\nHoward Jones\nBR, BS, CFRA, DuS, HAF, HS, NCF, PD, PS, SR, WS, B(QPRS)\n[6]:112\n\n\n1933\nMichigan\n7–0–1\nHarry Kipke\nBR, BS, CFRA, DiS, HAF, HS, NCF, PD, PS, SR, B(QPRS)\n[6]:112\n\n\nOhio State\n7–1\nSam Willaman\nDuS\n[6]:112\n\n\nPrinceton\n9–0\nFritz Crisler\nPD\n[6]:112\n\n\nUSC\n10–1–1\nHoward Jones\nWS\n[6]:112\n\n\n1934\nAlabama\n10–0\nFrank Thomas\nDuS, HS, PS, WS, B(QPRS)\n[6]:112\n\n\nMinnesota\n8–0\nBernie Bierman\nBR, BS, CFRA, DiS, HAF, L, NCF, SR\n[6]:112\n\n\n1935\nLSU\n9–2\nBernie Moore\nWS\n[6]:112\n\n\nMinnesota\n8–0\nBernie Bierman\nBR, BS, CFRA, HAF, L, NCF, PS\n[6]:112\n\n\nPrinceton\n9–0\nFritz Crisler\nDuS\n[6]:112\n\n\nSMU\n12–1\nMatty Bell\nDiS, HS, SR, B(QPRS)\n[6]:112\n\n\nTCU\n12–1\nDutch Meyer\nWS\n[6]:112\n\n\n1936\nDuke\n9–1\nWallace Wade\nB(QPRS)\n[6]:112\n\n\nLSU\n9–1–1\nBernie Moore\nSR, WS\n[6]:112\n\n\nMinnesota\n7–1\nBernie Bierman\nAP, BR, DiS, DuS, HAF, L, NCF, PS\n[6]:112\n\n\nPittsburgh\n8–1–1\nJock Sutherland\nBS, CFRA, HS\n[6]:112\n\n\n1937\nCalifornia\n10–0–1\nStub Allison\nDuS, HAF\n[6]:112\n\n\nPittsburgh\n9–0–1\nJock Sutherland\nAP, BR, BS, CFRA, DiS, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS, B(QPRS)\n[6]:112\n\n\n1938\nNotre Dame\n8–1\nElmer Layden\nDiS\n[6]:112\n\n\nTCU\n11–0\nDutch Meyer\nAP, HAF, NCF, WS\n[6]:112\n\n\nTennessee\n11–0\nRobert Neyland\nBR, BS, CFRA, DuS, HS, L, PS, SR, B(QPRS)\n[6]:112\n\n\n1939\nCornell\n8–0\nCarl Snavely\nL, SR\n[6]:112\n\n\nTexas A&M\n11–0\nHomer Norton\nAP, BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, NCF, PS, SR, WS, B(QPRS)\n[6]:112\n\n\nUSC\n8–0–2\nHoward Jones\nDiS\n[6]:112\n\n\n1940\nMinnesota\n8–0\nBernie Bierman\nAP, B(QPRS), BS, CFRA, DeS, DiS, HS, L, NCF, SR\n[6]:112\n\n\nStanford\n10–0\nClark Shaughnessy\nBR, HAF, PS\n[6]:112\n\n\nTennessee\n10–1\nRobert Neyland\nDuS, WS\n[6]:112\n\n\n1941\nAlabama\n9–2\nFrank Thomas\nHS\n[6]:112\n\n\nMinnesota\n8–0\nBernie Bierman\nAP, BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, L, NCF, PS, SR\n[6]:112\n\n\nTexas\n8–1–1\nDana X. Bible\nB(QPRS), WS\n[6]:112\n\n\n1942\nGeorgia\n11–1\nWally Butts\nB(QPRS), BR, DeS, HS, L, PS, SR, WS\n[6]:112\n\n\nOhio State\n9–1\nPaul Brown\nAP, BS, DuS, CFRA, NCF\n[6]:112\n\n\nWisconsin\n8–1–1\nHarry Stuhldreher\nHAF\n[6]:112\n\n\n1943\nNotre Dame\n9–1\nFrank Leahy\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS\n[6]:112\n\n\n1944\nArmy\n9–0\nEarl Blaik\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS\n[6]:112\n\n\nOhio State\n9–0\nCarroll Widdoes\nNCF, SR\n[6]:112\n\n\n1945\nAlabama\n10–0\nFrank Thomas\nNCF\n[6]:112\n\n\nArmy\n9–0\nEarl Blaik\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS\n[6]:112\n\n\nOklahoma A&M\n9–0\nJim Lookabaugh\nBRC\n[6]:112\n\n\n1946\nArmy\n9–0–1\nEarl Blaik\nBR, BS, CFRA, HAF, HS, PS\n[6]:112\n\n\nGeorgia\n11–0\nWally Butts\nWS\n[6]:112\n\n\nNotre Dame\n8–0–1\nFrank Leahy\nAP, B(QPRS), BS, DeS, DuS, HAF, L, NCF, PS, SR\n[6]:112\n\n\n1947\nMichigan\n10–0\nFritz Crisler\nB(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR\n[6]:112\n\n\nNotre Dame\n9–0\nFrank Leahy\nAP, HAF, WS\n[6]:112\n\n\n1948\nMichigan\n9–0\nBennie Oosterbaan\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS\n[6]:112\n\n\n1949\nNotre Dame\n10–0\nFrank Leahy\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS\n[6]:112\n\n\nOklahoma\n11–0\nBud Wilkinson\nCFRA\n[6]:112\n\n\n1950\nKentucky\n11–1\nPaul \"Bear\" Bryant\nSR\n[6]:112\n\n\nOklahoma\n10–1\nBud Wilkinson\nAP, B(QPRS), HAF, L, UP, WS\n[6]:112\n\n\nPrinceton\n9–0\nCharley Caldwell\nBS, PS\n[6]:112\n\n\nTennessee\n11–1\nRobert Neyland\nBR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, NCF, SR\n[6]:113\n\n\n1951\nGeorgia Tech\n11–0–1\nBobby Dodd\nB(QPRS), BS\n[6]:113\n\n\nIllinois\n9–0–1\nRay Eliot\nBS\n[6]:113\n\n\nMaryland\n10–0\nJim Tatum\nCFRA, DeS, DuS, NCF, SR\n[6]:113\n\n\nMichigan State\n9–0\nBiggie Munn\nBR, HAF, PS\n[6]:113\n\n\nTennessee\n10–1\nRobert Neyland\nAP, L, UP, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\n1952\nGeorgia Tech\n12–0\nBobby Dodd\nB(QPRS), BR, INS, PS, SR\n[6]:113\n\n\nMichigan State\n9–0\nBiggie Munn\nAP, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, L, NCF, SR, UP, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\n1953\nMaryland\n10–1\nJim Tatum\nAP, INS, UP\n[6]:113\n\n\nNotre Dame\n9–0–1\nFrank Leahy\nBR, BS, DeS, DuS, HAF, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\nOklahoma\n9–1–1\nBud Wilkinson\nB(QPRS), CFRA\n[6]:113\n\n\n1954\nOhio State\n10–0\nWoody Hayes\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, HAF, INS, NCF, PS, SR, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\nUCLA\n9–0\nHenry Sanders\nCFRA, DuS, FWAA, HAF, L, NCF, UP\n[6]:113\n\n\n1955\nMichigan State\n9–1\nDuffy Daugherty\nBS\n[6]:113\n\n\nOklahoma\n11–0\nBud Wilkinson\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FWAA, HAF, INS, L, NCF, PS, SR, UP, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\n1956\nGeorgia Tech\n10–1\nBobby Dodd\nB(QPRS), SR\n[6]:113\n\n\nIowa\n9–1\nForest Evashevski\nCFRA\n[6]:113\n\n\nOklahoma\n10–0\nBud Wilkinson\nAP, BR, BS, DeS, DuS, FWAA, HAF, INS, L, NCF, SR, UP, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\nTennessee\n10–1\nBowden Wyatt\nSR\n[6]:113\n\n\n1957\nAuburn\n10–0\nRalph Jordan\nAP, BR, CFRA, HAF, NCF, PS, SR, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\nMichigan State\n8–1\nDuffy Daugherty\nDuS\n[6]:113\n\n\nOhio State\n9–1\nWoody Hayes\nBS, DeS, FWAA, INS, L, UP\n[6]:113\n\n\nOklahoma\n10–1\nBud Wilkinson\nB(QPRS)\n[6]:113\n\n\n1958\nIowa\n8–1–1\nForest Evashevski\nFWAA\n[6]:113\n\n\nLSU\n11–0\nPaul Dietzel\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, HAF, L, NCF, PS, SR, UPI, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\n1959\nOle Miss\n10–1\nJohnny Vaught\nB(QPRS), DuS, SR\n[6]:113\n\n\nSyracuse\n11–0\nBen Schwartzwalder\nAP, BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, NCF, NFF, PS, SR, UPI, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\n1960\nIowa\n8–1\nForest Evashevski\nB(QPRS), BS, L, SR\n[6]:113\n\n\nMinnesota\n8–2\nMurray Warmath\nAP, FN, NFF, UPI\n[6]:113\n\n\nOle Miss\n10–0–1\nJohnny Vaught\nBR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FWAA, NCF, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\nMissouri\n11–0\nDan Devine\nPS\n[6]:113\n\n\nWashington\n10–1\nJim Owens\nHAF\n[6]:113\n\n\n1961\nAlabama\n11–0\nPaul \"Bear\" Bryant\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, HAF, L, NCF, NFF, SR, UPI, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\nOhio State\n8–0–1\nWoody Hayes\nFWAA, PS\n[6]:113\n\n\n1962\nLSU\n9–1–1\nCharles McClendon\nB(QPRS)\n[6]:113\n\n\nOle Miss\n10–0\nJohnny Vaught\nBR, L, SR\n[6]:113\n\n\nUSC\n11–0\nJohn McKay\nAP, B(QPRS), CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, PS, UPI, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\n1963\nTexas\n11–0\nDarrell Royal\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, NCF, NFF, PS, SR, UPI, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\n1964\nAlabama\n10–1\nPaul \"Bear\" Bryant\nAP, B(QPRS), L, UPI\n[6]:113\n\n\nArkansas\n11–0\nFrank Broyles\nBR, CFRA, FWAA, HAF, NCF, PS, SR\n[6]:113\n\n\nMichigan\n9–1\nBump Elliott\nDuS\n[6]:113\n\n\nNotre Dame\n9–1\nAra Parseghian\nDeS, FN, NFF\n[6]:113\n\n\n1965\nAlabama\n9–1–1\nPaul \"Bear\" Bryant\nAP, CFRA, FWAA, NCF\n[6]:113\n\n\nMichigan State\n10–1\nDuffy Daugherty\nB(QPRS), BR, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, NFF, PS, SR, UPI\n[6]:113\n\n\n1966\nAlabama\n11–0\nPaul \"Bear\" Bryant\nB(QPRS), SR\n[6]:113\n\n\nMichigan State\n9–0–1\nDuffy Daugherty\nCFRA, HAF, NFF, PS\n[6]:113\n\n\nNotre Dame\n9–0–1\nAra Parseghian\nAP, BR, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, PS, SR, UPI\n[6]:113\n\n\n1967\nNotre Dame\n8–2\nAra Parseghian\nDuS\n[6]:113\n\n\nOklahoma\n10–1\nChuck Fairbanks\nPS\n[6]:113\n\n\nUSC\n10–1\nJohn McKay\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, FN, FWAA, HAF, MGR, NCF, NFF, SR, UPI\n[6]:113\n\n\nTennessee\n9–2\nDoug Dickey\nL\n[6]:113\n\n\n1968\nGeorgia\n8–1–2\nVince Dooley\nL\n[6]:113\n\n\nOhio State\n10–0\nWoody Hayes\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SR, UPI\n[6]:113\n\n\nTexas\n9–1–1\nDarrell Royal\nDeS, MGR, SR\n[6]:113\n\n\n1969\nOhio State\n8–1\nWoody Hayes\nMGR\n[6]:113\n\n\nPenn State\n11–0\nJoe Paterno\nR(FACT), SR\n[6]:113\n\n\nTexas\n11–0\nDarrell Royal\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SR, UPI\n[6]:113\n\n\n1970\nArizona State\n11–0\nFrank Kush\nPS\n[6]:113\n\n\nNebraska\n11–0–1\nBob Devaney\nAP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, R(FACT), SR\n[6]:113\n\n\nNotre Dame\n10–1\nAra Parseghian\nMGR, R(FACT), SR\n[6]:113\n\n\nOhio State\n9–1\nWoody Hayes\nNFF\n[6]:113\n\n\nTexas\n10–1\nDarrell Royal\nB(QPRS), L, NFF, R(FACT), UPI\n[6]:113\n\n\n1971\nNebraska\n13–0\nBob Devaney\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SR, UPI\n[6]:113\n\n\n1972\nUSC\n12–0\nJohn McKay\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SR, UPI\n[6]:113\n\n\n1973\nAlabama\n11–1\nPaul \"Bear\" Bryant\nB(QPRS), UPI\n[6]:113\n\n\nMichigan\n10–0–1\nBo Schembechler\nNCF, PS\n[6]:113\n\n\nNotre Dame\n11–0\nAra Parseghian\nAP, BR, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF\n[6]:113\n\n\nOhio State\n10–0–1\nWoody Hayes\nNCF, PS, R(FACT), SR\n[6]:114\n\n\nOklahoma\n10–0–1\nBarry Switzer\nCFRA, DeS, DuS, SR\n[6]:114\n\n\n1974\nOhio State\n10–2\nWoody Hayes\nMGR\n[6]:114\n\n\nOklahoma\n11–0\nBarry Switzer\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, HAF, L, NCF, PS, R(FACT), SR\n[6]:114\n\n\nUSC\n10–1–1\nJohn McKay\nFWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, UPI\n[6]:114\n\n\n1975\nAlabama\n11–1\nPaul \"Bear\" Bryant\nMGR\n[6]:114\n\n\nArizona State\n12–0\nFrank Kush\nNCF, SN\n[6]:114\n\n\nOhio State\n11–1\nWoody Hayes\nB(QPRS), HAF, MGR, PS, R(FACT)\n[6]:114\n\n\nOklahoma\n11–1\nBarry Switzer\nAP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, R(FACT), SR, UPI\n[6]:114\n\n\n1976\nPittsburgh\n12–0\nJohnny Majors\nAP, BR, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI\n[6]:114\n\n\nUSC\n11–1\nJohn Robinson\nB(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, MGR\n[6]:114\n\n\n1977\nAlabama\n11–1\nPaul \"Bear\" Bryant\nCFRA\n[6]:114\n\n\nArkansas\n11–1\nLou Holtz\nR(FACT)\n[6]:114\n\n\nNotre Dame\n11–1\nDan Devine\nAP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, MGR, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI\n[6]:114\n\n\nTexas\n11–1\nFred Akers\nB(QPRS), R(FACT), SR\n[6]:114\n\n\n1978\nAlabama\n11–1\nPaul \"Bear\" Bryant\nAP, CFRA, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, R(FACT)\n[6]:114\n\n\nOklahoma\n11–1\nBarry Switzer\nDeS, DuS, HAF, L, MGR, PS, R(FACT), SR\n[6]:114\n\n\nUSC\n12–1\nJohn Robinson\nB(QPRS), BR, FN, HAF, NCF, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI\n[6]:114\n\n\n1979\nAlabama\n12–0\nPaul \"Bear\" Bryant\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI\n[6]:114\n\n\nUSC\n11–0–1\nJohn Robinson\nCFRA\n[6]:114\n\n\n1980\nFlorida State\n10–2\nBobby Bowden\nR(FACT)\n[6]:114\n\n\nGeorgia\n12–0\nVince Dooley\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI\n[6]:114\n\n\nNebraska\n10–2\nTom Osborne\nR(FACT)\n[6]:114\n\n\nOklahoma\n10–2\nBarry Switzer\nDuS, MGR\n[6]:114\n\n\nPittsburgh\n11–1\nJackie Sherrill\nCFRA, DeS, NYT, R(FACT), SR\n[6]:114\n\n\n1981\nClemson\n12–0\nDanny Ford\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI\n[6]:114\n\n\nNebraska\n9–3\nTom Osborne\nNCF\n[6]:114\n\n\nPenn State\n10–2\nJoe Paterno\nDuS\n[6]:114\n\n\nPittsburgh\n11–1\nJackie Sherrill\nNCF\n[6]:114\n\n\nSMU\n10–1\nRon Meyer\nNCF\n[6]:114\n\n\nTexas\n10–1–1\nFred Akers\nNCF\n[6]:114\n\n\n1982\nNebraska\n12–1\nTom Osborne\nB(QPRS)\n[6]:114\n\n\nPenn State\n11–1\nJoe Paterno\nAP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT\n[6]:114\n\n\nSMU\n11–0–1\nBobby Collins\nHAF\n[6]:114\n\n\n1983\nAuburn\n11–1\nPat Dye\nBR, CFRA, NYT, R(FACT), SR\n[6]:114\n\n\nMiami (FL)\n11–1\nHoward Schnellenberger\nAP, DuS, FN, FWAA, NCF, NFF, SN, UPI, USAT/CNN\n[6]:114\n\n\nNebraska\n12–1\nTom Osborne\nB(QPRS), DeS, L, MGR, PS, R(FACT), SR\n[6]:114\n\n\n1984\nBYU\n13–0\nLaVell Edwards\nAP, BR, CFRA, FWAA, NCF, NFF, PS, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN\n[6]:114\n\n\nFlorida\n9–1–1\nGalen Hall\nDeS, DuS, MGR, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR\n[6]:114\n\n\nNebraska\n10–2\nTom Osborne\nL\n[6]:114\n\n\nWashington\n11–1\nDon James\nB(QPRS), FN, NCF\n[6]:114\n\n\n1985\nFlorida\n9–1–1\nGalen Hall\nSR\n[6]:114\n\n\nMichigan\n10–1–1\nBo Schembechler\nMGR\n[6]:114\n\n\nOklahoma\n11–1\nBarry Switzer\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, UPI, USAT/CNN\n[6]:114\n\n\n1986\nMiami (FL)\n11–1\nJimmy Johnson\nR(FACT)\n[6]:114\n\n\nOklahoma\n11–1\nBarry Switzer\nB(QPRS), CFRA, DeS, DuS, NYT, SR\n[6]:114\n\n\nPenn State\n12–0\nJoe Paterno\nAP, BR, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN\n[6]:114\n\n\n1987\nFlorida State\n11–1\nBobby Bowden\nB(QPRS)\n[6]:114\n\n\nMiami (FL)\n12–0\nJimmy Johnson\nAP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN\n[6]:114\n\n\n1988\nMiami (FL)\n11–1\nJimmy Johnson\nB(QPRS)\n[6]:114\n\n\nNotre Dame\n12–0\nLou Holtz\nAP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN\n[6]:114\n\n\n1989\nMiami (FL)\n11–1\nDennis Erickson\nAP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, UPI, USAT/CNN\n[6]:114\n\n\nNotre Dame\n12–1\nLou Holtz\nB(QPRS), ERS, R(FACT), SR\n[6]:114\n\n\n1990\nColorado\n11–1–1\nBill McCartney\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, R(FACT), SN, USAT/CNN\n[6]:114\n\n\nGeorgia Tech\n11–0–1\nBobby Ross\nDuS, NCF, R(FACT), SR, UPI\n[6]:114\n\n\nMiami (FL)\n10–2\nDennis Erickson\nERS, NYT, R(FACT), SR\n[6]:114\n\n\nWashington\n10–2\nDon James\nR(FACT)\n[6]:114\n\n\n1991\nMiami (FL)\n12–0\nDennis Erickson\nAP, BR, CFRA, ERS, NCF, NYT, SN, SR\n[6]:114\n\n\nWashington\n12–0\nDon James\nB(QPRS), DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, R(FACT), SR, UPI/NFF, USAT/CNN\n[6]:114\n\n\n1992\nAlabama\n13–0\nGene Stallings\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI/NFF, USAT/CNN\n[6]:114\n\n\nFlorida State\n11–1\nBobby Bowden\nSR\n[6]:114\n\n\n1993\nAuburn\n11–0\nTerry Bowden\nNCF\n[6]:114\n\n\nFlorida State\n12–1\nBobby Bowden\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, NCF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN, USAT/NFF\n[6]:114\n\n\nNebraska\n11–1\nTom Osborne\nNCF\n[6]:114\n\n\nNotre Dame\n11–1\nLou Holtz\nMGR, NCF\n[6]:114\n\n\n1994\nFlorida State\n10–1–1\nBobby Bowden\nDuS\n[6]:114\n\n\nNebraska\n13–0\nTom Osborne\nAP, AS, B(QPRS), BR, FN, FWAA, NCF, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN, USAT/NFF\n[6]:114–115\n\n\nPenn State\n12–0\nJoe Paterno\nCCR, DeS, ERS, MGR, NCF, NYT, R(FACT), SR\n[6]:115\n\n\n1995\nNebraska\n12–0\nTom Osborne\nAP, AS, B(QPRS), BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN\n[6]:115\n\n\n1996\nFlorida\n12–1\nSteve Spurrier\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/CNN\n[6]:115\n\n\nFlorida State\n11–1\nBobby Bowden\nAS\n[6]:115\n\n\n1997\nMichigan\n12–0\nLloyd Carr\nAP, BR, FN, FWAA, NCF, NFF, SN\n[6]:115\n\n\nNebraska\n13–0\nTom Osborne\nA&H, AS, B(QPRS), BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, MGR, NCF, NYT, R(FACT), SR, USAT/ESPN\n[6]:115\n\n\n1998\nOhio State\n11–1\nJohn Cooper\nSRb\n[6]:115\n\n\nTennessee\n13–0\nPhillip Fulmer\nA&H, AP, AS, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, USAT/ESPN\n[6]:115\n\n\n1999\nFlorida State\n12–0\nBobby Bowden\nA&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/ESPN\n[6]:115\n\n\n2000\nMiami (FL)\n11–1\nButch Davis\nNYT\n[6]:115\n\n\nOklahoma\n13–0\nBob Stoops\nA&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NCF, NFF, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/ESPN\n[6]:115\n\n\n2001\nMiami (FL)\n12–0\nLarry Coker\nA&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/ESPN, W\n[6]:115\n\n\n2002\nOhio State\n14–0\nJim Tressel\nA&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DeS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/ESPN, W\n[6]:115\n\n\nUSC\n11–2\nPete Carroll\nDuS, MGR, SR\n[6]:115\n\n\n2003\nLSU\n13–1\nNick Saban\nA&H, BCS, BR, CM, DeS, DuS, MCFR, NFF, R(FACT), SR, USAT/ESPN, W\n[6]:115\n\n\nOklahoma\n12–2\nBob Stoops\nB(QPRS)\n[6]:115\n\n\nUSC\n12–1\nPete Carroll\nAP, CCR, ERS, FWAA, MGR, NYT, SN\n[6]:115\n\n\n2004\nUSCc\n11–0d\nPete Carroll\nA&H, AP, B(QPRS), BR, CCR, CM, DeS, DuS, ERS, MCFR, MGR, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, W\nVacated:c BCS, FWAA, USAT/ESPN\n[6]:115\n\n\n2005\nTexas\n13–0\nMack Brown\nA&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DeS, DuS, ERS, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NFF, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT, W\n[6]:115\n\n\n2006\nFlorida\n13–1\nUrban Meyer\nA&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NFF, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT, W\n[6]:115\n\n\nOhio State\n12–1\nJim Tressel\nDeS, R(FACT)\n[6]:115\n\n\n2007\nLSU\n12–2\nLes Miles\nAP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W\n[6]:115\n\n\nMissouri\n12–2\nGary Pinkel\nA&H\n[6]:115\n\n\nUSC\n11–2\nPete Carroll\nDuSe\n[6]:115\n\n\n2008\nFlorida\n13–1\nUrban Meyer\nAP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DuS, FWAA, NFF, SR, USAT\n[6]:115\n\n\nUtah\n13–0\nKyle Whittingham\nA&H, MCFR, W\n[6]:115\n\n\n2009\nAlabama\n14–0\nNick Saban\nA&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CFRA, CM, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W\n[6]:115\n\n\n2010\nAuburn\n14–0\nGene Chizik\nA&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CFRA, CM, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W\n[6]:115\n\n\nTCU\n13–0\nGary Patterson\nCCR\n[6]:115\n\n\n2011\nAlabama\n12–1\nNick Saban\nAP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CFRA, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W\n[6]:115\n\n\nLSU\n13–1\nLes Miles\nA&H, CCR\n[6]:115\n\n\nOklahoma State\n12–1\nMike Gundy\nCM\n[6]:115\n\n\n2012\nAlabama\n13–1\nNick Saban\nA&H, AP, BCS, BR, CCR, CFRA, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W\n[6]:115\n\n\nNotre Dame\n12–1\nBrian Kelly\nCM\n[6]:115\n\n\n2013\nFlorida State\n14–0\nJimbo Fisher\nA&H, AP, BCS, BR, CCR, CFRA, CM, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W\n[6]:115\n\n\n2014\nOhio State\n14–1\nUrban Meyer\nA&H, AP, BR, CCR, CFP, CFRA, CM, DuS, FWAA/NFF, MCFR, SR, USAT/AMWAY, W\n[6]:115\n\n\n2015\nAlabama\n14–1\nNick Saban\nA&H, AP, BR, CCR, CFP, CFRA, CM, DuS, FWAA/NFF, MCFR, SR, USAT/AMWAY, W\n[6]:115\n\n\n2016\nAlabama\n14–1\nNick Saban\nCCR, CM, DuS\n[6]:115\n\n\nClemson\n14–1\nDabo Swinney\nA&H, AP, BR, CFP, CFRA, FWAA/NFF, MCFR, SR, USAT/AMWAY, W\n[6]:115\n\n\n2017\nAlabama\n13–1\nNick Saban\nA&H[18], AP[19], BR[20], CCR[21], CFP[22], CFRA[23], DuS[24], FWAA/NFF[25], MCFR[26], SR[27], USAT/AMWAY[28], W[29]\n\n\n\nUCF\n13–0\nScott Frost\nCM\n[30]\n\n", "\n\nSeason\nChampion(s)\nRecord\nCoach\nSelector(s)\nSource\n\n\n1869\nPrinceton\n1–1\n\nBR, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nRutgers\n1–1\n\nPD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1870\nPrinceton\n1–0\n\nBR, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1871\nNone\nNo games played\n\n\n\n1872\nPrinceton\n1–0\n\nBR, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nYale\n1–0\n\nPD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1873\nPrinceton\n2–0\n\nBR, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1874\nHarvard\n1–1\n\nPD\n[6]:110\n\n\nPrinceton\n2–0\n\nBR, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nYale\n3–0\n\nNCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1875\nColumbia\n3–1–1\n\nPD\n[6]:110\n\n\nHarvard\n4–0\n\nNCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nPrinceton\n2–0\n\nBR, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1876\nYale\n3–0\n\nBR, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1877\nPrinceton\n2–0–1\n\nBR, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nYale\n3–0–1\n\nNCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1878\nPrinceton\n6–0\n\nBR, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1879\nPrinceton\n4–0–1\n\nBR, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nYale\n3–0–2\n\nPD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1880\nPrinceton\n4–0–1\n\nNCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nYale\n4–0–1\n\nBR, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1881\nPrinceton\n7–0–2\n\nBR, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nYale\n5–0–1\n\nNCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1882\nYale\n8–0\n\nBR, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1883\nYale\n9–0\n\nBR, HAF, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1884\nPrinceton\n9–0–1\n\nBR, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nYale\n8–0–1\n\nHAF, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1885\nPrinceton\n9–0\n\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1886\nPrinceton\n7–0–1\n\nBR, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nYale\n9–0–1\n\nHAF, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1887\nYale\n9–0\n\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1888\nYale\n13–0\nWalter Camp\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1889\nPrinceton\n10–0\n\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1890\nHarvard\n11–0\nGeorge C. Adams, George A. Stewart\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1891\nYale\n13–0\nWalter Camp\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1892\nYale\n13–0\nWalter Camp\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1893\nPrinceton\n11–0\n\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF\n[6]:110\n\n\nYale\n10–1\nWilliam Rhodes\nPD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1894\nPenn\n12–0\nGeorge Washington Woodruff\nPD\n[6]:110\n\n\nPrinceton\n8–2\n\nHS\n[6]:110\n\n\nYale\n16–0\nWilliam Rhodes\nBR, HAF, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1895\nPenn\n14–0\nGeorge Washington Woodruff\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nYale\n13–0–2\nJohn A. Hartwell\nPD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1896\nLafayette\n11–0–1\nParke H. Davis\nNCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nPrinceton\n10–0–1\nFranklin Morse\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1897\nPenn\n15–0\nGeorge Washington Woodruff\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nYale\n9–0–2\nFrank Butterworth\nPD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1898\nHarvard\n11–0\nWilliam Forbes\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF\n[6]:110\n\n\nPrinceton\n11–0–1\n\nPD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1899\nHarvard\n10–0–1\nBenjamin Dibblee\nHAF, HS, NCF\n[6]:111\n\n\nPrinceton\n12–1\n\nBR, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1900\nYale\n12–0\nMalcolm McBride\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1901\nHarvard\n12–0\nBill Reid\nBR\n[6]:111\n\n\nMichigan\n11–0\nFielding H. Yost\nHAF, HS, NCF\n[6]:111\n\n\nYale\n11–1–1\nGeorge S. Stillman\nPDa\n[6]:111\n\n\n1902\nMichigan\n11–0\nFielding H. Yost\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nYale\n11–0–1\nJoseph R. Swan\nPD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1903\nMichigan\n11–0–1\nFielding H. Yost\nNCF\n[6]:111\n\n\nPrinceton\n11–0\nArt Hillebrand\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1904\nMichigan\n10–0\nFielding H. Yost\nNCF\n[6]:111\n\n\nMinnesota\n13–0\nHenry Williams\nBR\n[6]:111\n\n\nPenn\n12–0\nCarl S. Williams\nHAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1905\nChicago\n10–0\nAmos Alonzo Stagg\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF\n[6]:111\n\n\nYale\n10–0\nJack Owsley\nCW, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1906\nPrinceton\n9–0–1\nWilliam Roper\nHAF, NCF\n[6]:111\n\n\nYale\n9–0–1\nFoster Rockwell\nBR, CW, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1907\nYale\n9–0–1\nWilliam F. Knox\nBR, CW, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1908\nHarvard\n9–0–1\nPercy Haughton\nBR\n[6]:111\n\n\nLSU\n10–0\nEdgar Wingard\nNCF\n[6]:111\n\n\nPenn\n11–0–1\nSol Metzger\nHAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1909\nYale\n10–0\nHoward Jones\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1910\nHarvard\n8–0–1\nPercy Haughton\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF\n[6]:111\n\n\nPittsburgh\n9–0\nJoseph Thompson\nNCF\n[6]:111\n\n\n1911\nMinnesota\n6–0–1\nHenry L. Williams\nBR\n[6]:111\n\n\nPenn State\n8–0–1\nBill Hollenback\nNCF\n[6]:111\n\n\nPrinceton\n8–0–2\nWilliam Roper\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1912\nHarvard\n9–0\nPercy Haughton\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nPenn State\n8–0\nBill Hollenback\nNCF\n[6]:111\n\n\n1913\nAuburn\n8–0\nMike Donahue\nBR\n[6]:111\n\n\nChicago\n7–0\nAmos Alonzo Stagg\nBR, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nHarvard\n9–0\nPercy Haughton\nHAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1914\nArmy\n9–0\nCharles Daly\nHAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nIllinois\n7–0\nRobert Zuppke\nBR, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nTexas\n8–0\nDave Allerdice\nBR\n[6]:111\n\n\n1915\nCornell\n9–0\nAlbert Sharpe\nHAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nMinnesota\n6–0–1\nHenry L. Williams\nBR\n[6]:111\n\n\nOklahoma\n10–0\nBennie Owen\nBR\n[6]:111\n\n\nPittsburgh\n8–0\nGlenn \"Pop\" Warner\nPD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1916\nArmy\n9–0\nCharles Daly\nPD\n[6]:111\n\n\nGeorgia Tech\n8–0-1\nJohn Heisman\nBR\n[6]:111\n\n\nPittsburgh\n8–0\nGlenn \"Pop\" Warner\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1917\nGeorgia Tech\n9–0\nJohn Heisman\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF\n[6]:111\n\n\n1918\nMichigan\n5–0\nFielding H. Yost\nBR, NCF\n[6]:111\n\n\nPittsburgh\n4–1\nGlenn \"Pop\" Warner\nHAF, HS, NCF\n[6]:111\n\n\n1919\nCentre\n9–0\nCharley Moran\nSR\n[6]:111\n\n\nHarvard\n9–0–1\nBob Fisher\nCFRA, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nIllinois\n6–1\nRobert Zuppke\nBR, BS, CFRA, PD, SR\n[6]:111\n\n\nNotre Dame\n9–0\nKnute Rockne\nNCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nTexas A&M\n10–0\nDana X. Bible\nBR, NCF\n[6]:111\n\n\n1920\nCalifornia\n9–0\nAndy Smith\nCFRA, HAF, HS, NCF, SR\n[6]:111\n\n\nGeorgia\n8–0–1\nHerman Stegeman\nB(QPRS)\n[6]:111\n\n\nHarvard\n8–0–1\nBob Fisher\nBS\n[6]:111\n\n\nNotre Dame\n9–0\nKnute Rockne\nBR, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nPrinceton\n6–0–1\nWilliam Roper\nBS, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1921\nCalifornia\n9–0–1\nAndy Smith\nBR, BS, CFRA, SR\n[6]:111\n\n\nCornell\n8–0\nGil Dobie\nHAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nIowa\n7–0\nHoward Jones\nBR, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nLafayette\n9–0\nJock Sutherland\nBS, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nVanderbilt\n7–0–1\nDan McGugin\nB(QPRS)\n[6]:111\n\n\nWashington & Jefferson\n10–0–1\nGreasy Neale\nBS\n[6]:111\n\n\n1922\nCalifornia\n9–0\nAndy Smith\nBR, HS, NCF, SR\n[6]:111\n\n\nCornell\n8–0\nGil Dobie\nHAF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nIowa\n7–0\nHoward Jones\nBR\n[6]:111\n\n\nPrinceton\n8–0\nWilliam Roper\nBS, CFRA, NCF, PD, SR\n[6]:111\n\n\nVanderbilt\n8–0–1\nDan McGugin\nB(QPRS)\n[6]:111\n\n\n1923\nCalifornia\n9–0–1\nAndy Smith\nHS\n[6]:111\n\n\nCornell\n8–0\nGil Dobie\nSR\n[6]:111\n\n\nIllinois\n8–0\nRobert Zuppke\nBS, CFRA, HAF, NCF, PD, SR, B(QPRS)\n[6]:111\n\n\nMichigan\n8–0\nFielding H. Yost\nBR, NCF\n[6]:111\n\n\nYale\n8–0\nTad Jones\nB(QPRS)\n[6]:111\n\n\n1924\nNotre Dame\n10–0\nKnute Rockne\nBR, BS, CFRA, DiS, HAF, HS, NCF, PS, SR, B(QPRS)\n[6]:111\n\n\nPenn\n9–1–1\nLou Young\nPD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1925\nAlabama\n10–0\nWallace Wade\nBR, BS, CFRA, HAF, HS, NCF, PS, SR, B(QPRS)\n[6]:111\n\n\nDartmouth\n8–0\nJesse Hawley\nDiS, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nMichigan\n7–1\nFielding H. Yost\nSR\n[6]:111\n\n\n1926\nAlabama\n9–0–1\nWallace Wade\nBR, CFRA, HAF, NCF, PS, B(QPRS)\n[6]:111\n\n\nLafayette\n9–0\nHerb McCracken\nPD\n[6]:111\n\n\nMichigan\n7–1\nFielding H. Yost\nSR\n[6]:111\n\n\nNavy\n9–0–1\nBill Ingram\nBS, HS\n[6]:111\n\n\nStanford\n10–0–1\nGlenn \"Pop\" Warner\nDiS, HAF, NCF, SR\n[6]:111\n\n\n1927\nGeorgia\n9–1\nGeorge Cecil Woodruff\nBS, PS, B(QPRS)\n[6]:111–112\n\n\nIllinois\n7–0–1\nRobert Zuppke\nBR, DiS, HAF, NCF, PD\n[6]:112\n\n\nNotre Dame\n7–1–1\nKnute Rockne\nHS\n[6]:112\n\n\nTexas A&M\n8–0–1\nDana X. Bible\nSR\n[6]:112\n\n\nYale\n7–1\nThomas Jones\nCFRA\n[6]:112\n\n\n1928\nDetroit\n9–0\nGus Dorais\nPD\n[6]:112\n\n\nGeorgia Tech\n10–0\nWilliam Alexander\nBR, BS, CFRA, HAF, HS, NCF, PD, PS, SR, B(QPRS)\n[6]:112\n\n\nUSC\n9–0–1\nHoward Jones\nDiS, SR\n[6]:112\n\n\n1929\nNotre Dame\n9–0\nKnute Rockne\nBR, BS, CFRA, DiS, DuS, HAF, NCF, PS, SR\n[6]:112\n\n\nPittsburgh\n9–1\nJock Sutherland\nPD\n[6]:112\n\n\nUSC\n10–2\nHoward Jones\nHS, SR, B(QPRS)\n[6]:112\n\n\n1930\nAlabama\n10–0\nWallace Wade\nCFRA, PD, SR, B(QPRS)\n[6]:112\n\n\nNotre Dame\n10–0\nKnute Rockne\nBR, BS, DiS, DuS, HAF, HS, NCF, PD, PS\n[6]:112\n\n\n1931\nPittsburgh\n8–1\nJock Sutherland\nPD\n[6]:112\n\n\nPurdue\n9–1\nNoble Kizer\nPD\n[6]:112\n\n\nUSC\n10–1\nHoward Jones\nBR, BS, CFRA, DiS, DuS, HAF, HS, NCF, PS, SR, WS, B(QPRS)\n[6]:112\n\n\n1932\nColgate\n9–0\nAndrew Kerr\nPD\n[6]:112\n\n\nMichigan\n8–0\nHarry Kipke\nDiS, PD, SR\n[6]:112\n\n\nUSC\n10–0\nHoward Jones\nBR, BS, CFRA, DuS, HAF, HS, NCF, PD, PS, SR, WS, B(QPRS)\n[6]:112\n\n\n1933\nMichigan\n7–0–1\nHarry Kipke\nBR, BS, CFRA, DiS, HAF, HS, NCF, PD, PS, SR, B(QPRS)\n[6]:112\n\n\nOhio State\n7–1\nSam Willaman\nDuS\n[6]:112\n\n\nPrinceton\n9–0\nFritz Crisler\nPD\n[6]:112\n\n\nUSC\n10–1–1\nHoward Jones\nWS\n[6]:112\n\n\n1934\nAlabama\n10–0\nFrank Thomas\nDuS, HS, PS, WS, B(QPRS)\n[6]:112\n\n\nMinnesota\n8–0\nBernie Bierman\nBR, BS, CFRA, DiS, HAF, L, NCF, SR\n[6]:112\n\n\n1935\nLSU\n9–2\nBernie Moore\nWS\n[6]:112\n\n\nMinnesota\n8–0\nBernie Bierman\nBR, BS, CFRA, HAF, L, NCF, PS\n[6]:112\n\n\nPrinceton\n9–0\nFritz Crisler\nDuS\n[6]:112\n\n\nSMU\n12–1\nMatty Bell\nDiS, HS, SR, B(QPRS)\n[6]:112\n\n\nTCU\n12–1\nDutch Meyer\nWS\n[6]:112\n\n\n1936\nDuke\n9–1\nWallace Wade\nB(QPRS)\n[6]:112\n\n\nLSU\n9–1–1\nBernie Moore\nSR, WS\n[6]:112\n\n\nMinnesota\n7–1\nBernie Bierman\nAP, BR, DiS, DuS, HAF, L, NCF, PS\n[6]:112\n\n\nPittsburgh\n8–1–1\nJock Sutherland\nBS, CFRA, HS\n[6]:112\n\n\n1937\nCalifornia\n10–0–1\nStub Allison\nDuS, HAF\n[6]:112\n\n\nPittsburgh\n9–0–1\nJock Sutherland\nAP, BR, BS, CFRA, DiS, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS, B(QPRS)\n[6]:112\n\n\n1938\nNotre Dame\n8–1\nElmer Layden\nDiS\n[6]:112\n\n\nTCU\n11–0\nDutch Meyer\nAP, HAF, NCF, WS\n[6]:112\n\n\nTennessee\n11–0\nRobert Neyland\nBR, BS, CFRA, DuS, HS, L, PS, SR, B(QPRS)\n[6]:112\n\n\n1939\nCornell\n8–0\nCarl Snavely\nL, SR\n[6]:112\n\n\nTexas A&M\n11–0\nHomer Norton\nAP, BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, NCF, PS, SR, WS, B(QPRS)\n[6]:112\n\n\nUSC\n8–0–2\nHoward Jones\nDiS\n[6]:112\n\n\n1940\nMinnesota\n8–0\nBernie Bierman\nAP, B(QPRS), BS, CFRA, DeS, DiS, HS, L, NCF, SR\n[6]:112\n\n\nStanford\n10–0\nClark Shaughnessy\nBR, HAF, PS\n[6]:112\n\n\nTennessee\n10–1\nRobert Neyland\nDuS, WS\n[6]:112\n\n\n1941\nAlabama\n9–2\nFrank Thomas\nHS\n[6]:112\n\n\nMinnesota\n8–0\nBernie Bierman\nAP, BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, L, NCF, PS, SR\n[6]:112\n\n\nTexas\n8–1–1\nDana X. Bible\nB(QPRS), WS\n[6]:112\n\n\n1942\nGeorgia\n11–1\nWally Butts\nB(QPRS), BR, DeS, HS, L, PS, SR, WS\n[6]:112\n\n\nOhio State\n9–1\nPaul Brown\nAP, BS, DuS, CFRA, NCF\n[6]:112\n\n\nWisconsin\n8–1–1\nHarry Stuhldreher\nHAF\n[6]:112\n\n\n1943\nNotre Dame\n9–1\nFrank Leahy\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS\n[6]:112\n\n\n1944\nArmy\n9–0\nEarl Blaik\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS\n[6]:112\n\n\nOhio State\n9–0\nCarroll Widdoes\nNCF, SR\n[6]:112\n\n\n1945\nAlabama\n10–0\nFrank Thomas\nNCF\n[6]:112\n\n\nArmy\n9–0\nEarl Blaik\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS\n[6]:112\n\n\nOklahoma A&M\n9–0\nJim Lookabaugh\nBRC\n[6]:112\n\n\n1946\nArmy\n9–0–1\nEarl Blaik\nBR, BS, CFRA, HAF, HS, PS\n[6]:112\n\n\nGeorgia\n11–0\nWally Butts\nWS\n[6]:112\n\n\nNotre Dame\n8–0–1\nFrank Leahy\nAP, B(QPRS), BS, DeS, DuS, HAF, L, NCF, PS, SR\n[6]:112\n\n\n1947\nMichigan\n10–0\nFritz Crisler\nB(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR\n[6]:112\n\n\nNotre Dame\n9–0\nFrank Leahy\nAP, HAF, WS\n[6]:112\n\n\n1948\nMichigan\n9–0\nBennie Oosterbaan\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS\n[6]:112\n\n\n1949\nNotre Dame\n10–0\nFrank Leahy\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS\n[6]:112\n\n\nOklahoma\n11–0\nBud Wilkinson\nCFRA\n[6]:112\n\n\n1950\nKentucky\n11–1\nPaul \"Bear\" Bryant\nSR\n[6]:112\n\n\nOklahoma\n10–1\nBud Wilkinson\nAP, B(QPRS), HAF, L, UP, WS\n[6]:112\n\n\nPrinceton\n9–0\nCharley Caldwell\nBS, PS\n[6]:112\n\n\nTennessee\n11–1\nRobert Neyland\nBR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, NCF, SR\n[6]:113\n\n\n1951\nGeorgia Tech\n11–0–1\nBobby Dodd\nB(QPRS), BS\n[6]:113\n\n\nIllinois\n9–0–1\nRay Eliot\nBS\n[6]:113\n\n\nMaryland\n10–0\nJim Tatum\nCFRA, DeS, DuS, NCF, SR\n[6]:113\n\n\nMichigan State\n9–0\nBiggie Munn\nBR, HAF, PS\n[6]:113\n\n\nTennessee\n10–1\nRobert Neyland\nAP, L, UP, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\n1952\nGeorgia Tech\n12–0\nBobby Dodd\nB(QPRS), BR, INS, PS, SR\n[6]:113\n\n\nMichigan State\n9–0\nBiggie Munn\nAP, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, L, NCF, SR, UP, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\n1953\nMaryland\n10–1\nJim Tatum\nAP, INS, UP\n[6]:113\n\n\nNotre Dame\n9–0–1\nFrank Leahy\nBR, BS, DeS, DuS, HAF, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\nOklahoma\n9–1–1\nBud Wilkinson\nB(QPRS), CFRA\n[6]:113\n\n\n1954\nOhio State\n10–0\nWoody Hayes\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, HAF, INS, NCF, PS, SR, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\nUCLA\n9–0\nHenry Sanders\nCFRA, DuS, FWAA, HAF, L, NCF, UP\n[6]:113\n\n\n1955\nMichigan State\n9–1\nDuffy Daugherty\nBS\n[6]:113\n\n\nOklahoma\n11–0\nBud Wilkinson\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FWAA, HAF, INS, L, NCF, PS, SR, UP, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\n1956\nGeorgia Tech\n10–1\nBobby Dodd\nB(QPRS), SR\n[6]:113\n\n\nIowa\n9–1\nForest Evashevski\nCFRA\n[6]:113\n\n\nOklahoma\n10–0\nBud Wilkinson\nAP, BR, BS, DeS, DuS, FWAA, HAF, INS, L, NCF, SR, UP, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\nTennessee\n10–1\nBowden Wyatt\nSR\n[6]:113\n\n\n1957\nAuburn\n10–0\nRalph Jordan\nAP, BR, CFRA, HAF, NCF, PS, SR, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\nMichigan State\n8–1\nDuffy Daugherty\nDuS\n[6]:113\n\n\nOhio State\n9–1\nWoody Hayes\nBS, DeS, FWAA, INS, L, UP\n[6]:113\n\n\nOklahoma\n10–1\nBud Wilkinson\nB(QPRS)\n[6]:113\n\n\n1958\nIowa\n8–1–1\nForest Evashevski\nFWAA\n[6]:113\n\n\nLSU\n11–0\nPaul Dietzel\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, HAF, L, NCF, PS, SR, UPI, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\n1959\nOle Miss\n10–1\nJohnny Vaught\nB(QPRS), DuS, SR\n[6]:113\n\n\nSyracuse\n11–0\nBen Schwartzwalder\nAP, BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, NCF, NFF, PS, SR, UPI, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\n1960\nIowa\n8–1\nForest Evashevski\nB(QPRS), BS, L, SR\n[6]:113\n\n\nMinnesota\n8–2\nMurray Warmath\nAP, FN, NFF, UPI\n[6]:113\n\n\nOle Miss\n10–0–1\nJohnny Vaught\nBR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FWAA, NCF, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\nMissouri\n11–0\nDan Devine\nPS\n[6]:113\n\n\nWashington\n10–1\nJim Owens\nHAF\n[6]:113\n\n\n1961\nAlabama\n11–0\nPaul \"Bear\" Bryant\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, HAF, L, NCF, NFF, SR, UPI, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\nOhio State\n8–0–1\nWoody Hayes\nFWAA, PS\n[6]:113\n\n\n1962\nLSU\n9–1–1\nCharles McClendon\nB(QPRS)\n[6]:113\n\n\nOle Miss\n10–0\nJohnny Vaught\nBR, L, SR\n[6]:113\n\n\nUSC\n11–0\nJohn McKay\nAP, B(QPRS), CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, PS, UPI, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\n1963\nTexas\n11–0\nDarrell Royal\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, NCF, NFF, PS, SR, UPI, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\n1964\nAlabama\n10–1\nPaul \"Bear\" Bryant\nAP, B(QPRS), L, UPI\n[6]:113\n\n\nArkansas\n11–0\nFrank Broyles\nBR, CFRA, FWAA, HAF, NCF, PS, SR\n[6]:113\n\n\nMichigan\n9–1\nBump Elliott\nDuS\n[6]:113\n\n\nNotre Dame\n9–1\nAra Parseghian\nDeS, FN, NFF\n[6]:113\n\n\n1965\nAlabama\n9–1–1\nPaul \"Bear\" Bryant\nAP, CFRA, FWAA, NCF\n[6]:113\n\n\nMichigan State\n10–1\nDuffy Daugherty\nB(QPRS), BR, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, NFF, PS, SR, UPI\n[6]:113\n\n\n1966\nAlabama\n11–0\nPaul \"Bear\" Bryant\nB(QPRS), SR\n[6]:113\n\n\nMichigan State\n9–0–1\nDuffy Daugherty\nCFRA, HAF, NFF, PS\n[6]:113\n\n\nNotre Dame\n9–0–1\nAra Parseghian\nAP, BR, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, PS, SR, UPI\n[6]:113\n\n\n1967\nNotre Dame\n8–2\nAra Parseghian\nDuS\n[6]:113\n\n\nOklahoma\n10–1\nChuck Fairbanks\nPS\n[6]:113\n\n\nUSC\n10–1\nJohn McKay\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, FN, FWAA, HAF, MGR, NCF, NFF, SR, UPI\n[6]:113\n\n\nTennessee\n9–2\nDoug Dickey\nL\n[6]:113\n\n\n1968\nGeorgia\n8–1–2\nVince Dooley\nL\n[6]:113\n\n\nOhio State\n10–0\nWoody Hayes\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SR, UPI\n[6]:113\n\n\nTexas\n9–1–1\nDarrell Royal\nDeS, MGR, SR\n[6]:113\n\n\n1969\nOhio State\n8–1\nWoody Hayes\nMGR\n[6]:113\n\n\nPenn State\n11–0\nJoe Paterno\nR(FACT), SR\n[6]:113\n\n\nTexas\n11–0\nDarrell Royal\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SR, UPI\n[6]:113\n\n\n1970\nArizona State\n11–0\nFrank Kush\nPS\n[6]:113\n\n\nNebraska\n11–0–1\nBob Devaney\nAP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, R(FACT), SR\n[6]:113\n\n\nNotre Dame\n10–1\nAra Parseghian\nMGR, R(FACT), SR\n[6]:113\n\n\nOhio State\n9–1\nWoody Hayes\nNFF\n[6]:113\n\n\nTexas\n10–1\nDarrell Royal\nB(QPRS), L, NFF, R(FACT), UPI\n[6]:113\n\n\n1971\nNebraska\n13–0\nBob Devaney\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SR, UPI\n[6]:113\n\n\n1972\nUSC\n12–0\nJohn McKay\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SR, UPI\n[6]:113\n\n\n1973\nAlabama\n11–1\nPaul \"Bear\" Bryant\nB(QPRS), UPI\n[6]:113\n\n\nMichigan\n10–0–1\nBo Schembechler\nNCF, PS\n[6]:113\n\n\nNotre Dame\n11–0\nAra Parseghian\nAP, BR, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF\n[6]:113\n\n\nOhio State\n10–0–1\nWoody Hayes\nNCF, PS, R(FACT), SR\n[6]:114\n\n\nOklahoma\n10–0–1\nBarry Switzer\nCFRA, DeS, DuS, SR\n[6]:114\n\n\n1974\nOhio State\n10–2\nWoody Hayes\nMGR\n[6]:114\n\n\nOklahoma\n11–0\nBarry Switzer\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, HAF, L, NCF, PS, R(FACT), SR\n[6]:114\n\n\nUSC\n10–1–1\nJohn McKay\nFWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, UPI\n[6]:114\n\n\n1975\nAlabama\n11–1\nPaul \"Bear\" Bryant\nMGR\n[6]:114\n\n\nArizona State\n12–0\nFrank Kush\nNCF, SN\n[6]:114\n\n\nOhio State\n11–1\nWoody Hayes\nB(QPRS), HAF, MGR, PS, R(FACT)\n[6]:114\n\n\nOklahoma\n11–1\nBarry Switzer\nAP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, R(FACT), SR, UPI\n[6]:114\n\n\n1976\nPittsburgh\n12–0\nJohnny Majors\nAP, BR, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI\n[6]:114\n\n\nUSC\n11–1\nJohn Robinson\nB(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, MGR\n[6]:114\n\n\n1977\nAlabama\n11–1\nPaul \"Bear\" Bryant\nCFRA\n[6]:114\n\n\nArkansas\n11–1\nLou Holtz\nR(FACT)\n[6]:114\n\n\nNotre Dame\n11–1\nDan Devine\nAP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, MGR, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI\n[6]:114\n\n\nTexas\n11–1\nFred Akers\nB(QPRS), R(FACT), SR\n[6]:114\n\n\n1978\nAlabama\n11–1\nPaul \"Bear\" Bryant\nAP, CFRA, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, R(FACT)\n[6]:114\n\n\nOklahoma\n11–1\nBarry Switzer\nDeS, DuS, HAF, L, MGR, PS, R(FACT), SR\n[6]:114\n\n\nUSC\n12–1\nJohn Robinson\nB(QPRS), BR, FN, HAF, NCF, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI\n[6]:114\n\n\n1979\nAlabama\n12–0\nPaul \"Bear\" Bryant\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI\n[6]:114\n\n\nUSC\n11–0–1\nJohn Robinson\nCFRA\n[6]:114\n\n\n1980\nFlorida State\n10–2\nBobby Bowden\nR(FACT)\n[6]:114\n\n\nGeorgia\n12–0\nVince Dooley\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI\n[6]:114\n\n\nNebraska\n10–2\nTom Osborne\nR(FACT)\n[6]:114\n\n\nOklahoma\n10–2\nBarry Switzer\nDuS, MGR\n[6]:114\n\n\nPittsburgh\n11–1\nJackie Sherrill\nCFRA, DeS, NYT, R(FACT), SR\n[6]:114\n\n\n1981\nClemson\n12–0\nDanny Ford\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI\n[6]:114\n\n\nNebraska\n9–3\nTom Osborne\nNCF\n[6]:114\n\n\nPenn State\n10–2\nJoe Paterno\nDuS\n[6]:114\n\n\nPittsburgh\n11–1\nJackie Sherrill\nNCF\n[6]:114\n\n\nSMU\n10–1\nRon Meyer\nNCF\n[6]:114\n\n\nTexas\n10–1–1\nFred Akers\nNCF\n[6]:114\n\n\n1982\nNebraska\n12–1\nTom Osborne\nB(QPRS)\n[6]:114\n\n\nPenn State\n11–1\nJoe Paterno\nAP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT\n[6]:114\n\n\nSMU\n11–0–1\nBobby Collins\nHAF\n[6]:114\n\n\n1983\nAuburn\n11–1\nPat Dye\nBR, CFRA, NYT, R(FACT), SR\n[6]:114\n\n\nMiami (FL)\n11–1\nHoward Schnellenberger\nAP, DuS, FN, FWAA, NCF, NFF, SN, UPI, USAT/CNN\n[6]:114\n\n\nNebraska\n12–1\nTom Osborne\nB(QPRS), DeS, L, MGR, PS, R(FACT), SR\n[6]:114\n\n\n1984\nBYU\n13–0\nLaVell Edwards\nAP, BR, CFRA, FWAA, NCF, NFF, PS, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN\n[6]:114\n\n\nFlorida\n9–1–1\nGalen Hall\nDeS, DuS, MGR, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR\n[6]:114\n\n\nNebraska\n10–2\nTom Osborne\nL\n[6]:114\n\n\nWashington\n11–1\nDon James\nB(QPRS), FN, NCF\n[6]:114\n\n\n1985\nFlorida\n9–1–1\nGalen Hall\nSR\n[6]:114\n\n\nMichigan\n10–1–1\nBo Schembechler\nMGR\n[6]:114\n\n\nOklahoma\n11–1\nBarry Switzer\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, UPI, USAT/CNN\n[6]:114\n\n\n1986\nMiami (FL)\n11–1\nJimmy Johnson\nR(FACT)\n[6]:114\n\n\nOklahoma\n11–1\nBarry Switzer\nB(QPRS), CFRA, DeS, DuS, NYT, SR\n[6]:114\n\n\nPenn State\n12–0\nJoe Paterno\nAP, BR, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN\n[6]:114\n\n\n1987\nFlorida State\n11–1\nBobby Bowden\nB(QPRS)\n[6]:114\n\n\nMiami (FL)\n12–0\nJimmy Johnson\nAP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN\n[6]:114\n\n\n1988\nMiami (FL)\n11–1\nJimmy Johnson\nB(QPRS)\n[6]:114\n\n\nNotre Dame\n12–0\nLou Holtz\nAP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN\n[6]:114\n\n\n1989\nMiami (FL)\n11–1\nDennis Erickson\nAP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, UPI, USAT/CNN\n[6]:114\n\n\nNotre Dame\n12–1\nLou Holtz\nB(QPRS), ERS, R(FACT), SR\n[6]:114\n\n\n1990\nColorado\n11–1–1\nBill McCartney\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, R(FACT), SN, USAT/CNN\n[6]:114\n\n\nGeorgia Tech\n11–0–1\nBobby Ross\nDuS, NCF, R(FACT), SR, UPI\n[6]:114\n\n\nMiami (FL)\n10–2\nDennis Erickson\nERS, NYT, R(FACT), SR\n[6]:114\n\n\nWashington\n10–2\nDon James\nR(FACT)\n[6]:114\n\n\n1991\nMiami (FL)\n12–0\nDennis Erickson\nAP, BR, CFRA, ERS, NCF, NYT, SN, SR\n[6]:114\n\n\nWashington\n12–0\nDon James\nB(QPRS), DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, R(FACT), SR, UPI/NFF, USAT/CNN\n[6]:114\n\n\n1992\nAlabama\n13–0\nGene Stallings\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI/NFF, USAT/CNN\n[6]:114\n\n\nFlorida State\n11–1\nBobby Bowden\nSR\n[6]:114\n\n\n1993\nAuburn\n11–0\nTerry Bowden\nNCF\n[6]:114\n\n\nFlorida State\n12–1\nBobby Bowden\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, NCF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN, USAT/NFF\n[6]:114\n\n\nNebraska\n11–1\nTom Osborne\nNCF\n[6]:114\n\n\nNotre Dame\n11–1\nLou Holtz\nMGR, NCF\n[6]:114\n\n\n1994\nFlorida State\n10–1–1\nBobby Bowden\nDuS\n[6]:114\n\n\nNebraska\n13–0\nTom Osborne\nAP, AS, B(QPRS), BR, FN, FWAA, NCF, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN, USAT/NFF\n[6]:114–115\n\n\nPenn State\n12–0\nJoe Paterno\nCCR, DeS, ERS, MGR, NCF, NYT, R(FACT), SR\n[6]:115\n\n\n1995\nNebraska\n12–0\nTom Osborne\nAP, AS, B(QPRS), BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN\n[6]:115\n\n\n1996\nFlorida\n12–1\nSteve Spurrier\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/CNN\n[6]:115\n\n\nFlorida State\n11–1\nBobby Bowden\nAS\n[6]:115\n\n\n1997\nMichigan\n12–0\nLloyd Carr\nAP, BR, FN, FWAA, NCF, NFF, SN\n[6]:115\n\n\nNebraska\n13–0\nTom Osborne\nA&H, AS, B(QPRS), BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, MGR, NCF, NYT, R(FACT), SR, USAT/ESPN\n[6]:115\n\n\n1998\nOhio State\n11–1\nJohn Cooper\nSRb\n[6]:115\n\n\nTennessee\n13–0\nPhillip Fulmer\nA&H, AP, AS, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, USAT/ESPN\n[6]:115\n\n\n1999\nFlorida State\n12–0\nBobby Bowden\nA&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/ESPN\n[6]:115\n\n\n2000\nMiami (FL)\n11–1\nButch Davis\nNYT\n[6]:115\n\n\nOklahoma\n13–0\nBob Stoops\nA&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NCF, NFF, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/ESPN\n[6]:115\n\n\n2001\nMiami (FL)\n12–0\nLarry Coker\nA&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/ESPN, W\n[6]:115\n\n\n2002\nOhio State\n14–0\nJim Tressel\nA&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DeS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/ESPN, W\n[6]:115\n\n\nUSC\n11–2\nPete Carroll\nDuS, MGR, SR\n[6]:115\n\n\n2003\nLSU\n13–1\nNick Saban\nA&H, BCS, BR, CM, DeS, DuS, MCFR, NFF, R(FACT), SR, USAT/ESPN, W\n[6]:115\n\n\nOklahoma\n12–2\nBob Stoops\nB(QPRS)\n[6]:115\n\n\nUSC\n12–1\nPete Carroll\nAP, CCR, ERS, FWAA, MGR, NYT, SN\n[6]:115\n\n\n2004\nUSCc\n11–0d\nPete Carroll\nA&H, AP, B(QPRS), BR, CCR, CM, DeS, DuS, ERS, MCFR, MGR, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, W\nVacated:c BCS, FWAA, USAT/ESPN\n[6]:115\n\n\n2005\nTexas\n13–0\nMack Brown\nA&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DeS, DuS, ERS, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NFF, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT, W\n[6]:115\n\n\n2006\nFlorida\n13–1\nUrban Meyer\nA&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NFF, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT, W\n[6]:115\n\n\nOhio State\n12–1\nJim Tressel\nDeS, R(FACT)\n[6]:115\n\n\n2007\nLSU\n12–2\nLes Miles\nAP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W\n[6]:115\n\n\nMissouri\n12–2\nGary Pinkel\nA&H\n[6]:115\n\n\nUSC\n11–2\nPete Carroll\nDuSe\n[6]:115\n\n\n2008\nFlorida\n13–1\nUrban Meyer\nAP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DuS, FWAA, NFF, SR, USAT\n[6]:115\n\n\nUtah\n13–0\nKyle Whittingham\nA&H, MCFR, W\n[6]:115\n\n\n2009\nAlabama\n14–0\nNick Saban\nA&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CFRA, CM, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W\n[6]:115\n\n\n2010\nAuburn\n14–0\nGene Chizik\nA&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CFRA, CM, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W\n[6]:115\n\n\nTCU\n13–0\nGary Patterson\nCCR\n[6]:115\n\n\n2011\nAlabama\n12–1\nNick Saban\nAP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CFRA, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W\n[6]:115\n\n\nLSU\n13–1\nLes Miles\nA&H, CCR\n[6]:115\n\n\nOklahoma State\n12–1\nMike Gundy\nCM\n[6]:115\n\n\n2012\nAlabama\n13–1\nNick Saban\nA&H, AP, BCS, BR, CCR, CFRA, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W\n[6]:115\n\n\nNotre Dame\n12–1\nBrian Kelly\nCM\n[6]:115\n\n\n2013\nFlorida State\n14–0\nJimbo Fisher\nA&H, AP, BCS, BR, CCR, CFRA, CM, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W\n[6]:115\n\n\n2014\nOhio State\n14–1\nUrban Meyer\nA&H, AP, BR, CCR, CFP, CFRA, CM, DuS, FWAA/NFF, MCFR, SR, USAT/AMWAY, W\n[6]:115\n\n\n2015\nAlabama\n14–1\nNick Saban\nA&H, AP, BR, CCR, CFP, CFRA, CM, DuS, FWAA/NFF, MCFR, SR, USAT/AMWAY, W\n[6]:115\n\n\n2016\nAlabama\n14–1\nNick Saban\nCCR, CM, DuS\n[6]:115\n\n\nClemson\n14–1\nDabo Swinney\nA&H, AP, BR, CFP, CFRA, FWAA/NFF, MCFR, SR, USAT/AMWAY, W\n[6]:115\n\n\n2017\nAlabama\n13–1\nNick Saban\nA&H[18], AP[19], BR[20], CCR[21], CFP[22], CFRA[23], DuS[24], FWAA/NFF[25], MCFR[26], SR[27], USAT/AMWAY[28], W[29]\n\n\n\nUCF\n13–0\nScott Frost\nCM\n[30]\n\n", "\n\nSeason\nChampion(s)\nRecord\nCoach\nSelector(s)\nSource\n\n\n1869\nPrinceton\n1–1\n\nBR, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nRutgers\n1–1\n\nPD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1870\nPrinceton\n1–0\n\nBR, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1871\nNone\nNo games played\n\n\n\n1872\nPrinceton\n1–0\n\nBR, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nYale\n1–0\n\nPD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1873\nPrinceton\n2–0\n\nBR, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1874\nHarvard\n1–1\n\nPD\n[6]:110\n\n\nPrinceton\n2–0\n\nBR, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nYale\n3–0\n\nNCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1875\nColumbia\n3–1–1\n\nPD\n[6]:110\n\n\nHarvard\n4–0\n\nNCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nPrinceton\n2–0\n\nBR, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1876\nYale\n3–0\n\nBR, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1877\nPrinceton\n2–0–1\n\nBR, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nYale\n3–0–1\n\nNCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1878\nPrinceton\n6–0\n\nBR, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1879\nPrinceton\n4–0–1\n\nBR, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nYale\n3–0–2\n\nPD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1880\nPrinceton\n4–0–1\n\nNCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nYale\n4–0–1\n\nBR, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1881\nPrinceton\n7–0–2\n\nBR, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nYale\n5–0–1\n\nNCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1882\nYale\n8–0\n\nBR, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1883\nYale\n9–0\n\nBR, HAF, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1884\nPrinceton\n9–0–1\n\nBR, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nYale\n8–0–1\n\nHAF, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1885\nPrinceton\n9–0\n\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1886\nPrinceton\n7–0–1\n\nBR, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nYale\n9–0–1\n\nHAF, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1887\nYale\n9–0\n\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1888\nYale\n13–0\nWalter Camp\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1889\nPrinceton\n10–0\n\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1890\nHarvard\n11–0\nGeorge C. Adams, George A. Stewart\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1891\nYale\n13–0\nWalter Camp\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1892\nYale\n13–0\nWalter Camp\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1893\nPrinceton\n11–0\n\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF\n[6]:110\n\n\nYale\n10–1\nWilliam Rhodes\nPD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1894\nPenn\n12–0\nGeorge Washington Woodruff\nPD\n[6]:110\n\n\nPrinceton\n8–2\n\nHS\n[6]:110\n\n\nYale\n16–0\nWilliam Rhodes\nBR, HAF, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1895\nPenn\n14–0\nGeorge Washington Woodruff\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nYale\n13–0–2\nJohn A. Hartwell\nPD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1896\nLafayette\n11–0–1\nParke H. Davis\nNCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nPrinceton\n10–0–1\nFranklin Morse\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1897\nPenn\n15–0\nGeorge Washington Woodruff\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:110\n\n\nYale\n9–0–2\nFrank Butterworth\nPD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1898\nHarvard\n11–0\nWilliam Forbes\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF\n[6]:110\n\n\nPrinceton\n11–0–1\n\nPD\n[6]:110\n\n\n1899\nHarvard\n10–0–1\nBenjamin Dibblee\nHAF, HS, NCF\n[6]:111\n\n\nPrinceton\n12–1\n\nBR, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1900\nYale\n12–0\nMalcolm McBride\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1901\nHarvard\n12–0\nBill Reid\nBR\n[6]:111\n\n\nMichigan\n11–0\nFielding H. Yost\nHAF, HS, NCF\n[6]:111\n\n\nYale\n11–1–1\nGeorge S. Stillman\nPDa\n[6]:111\n\n\n1902\nMichigan\n11–0\nFielding H. Yost\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nYale\n11–0–1\nJoseph R. Swan\nPD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1903\nMichigan\n11–0–1\nFielding H. Yost\nNCF\n[6]:111\n\n\nPrinceton\n11–0\nArt Hillebrand\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1904\nMichigan\n10–0\nFielding H. Yost\nNCF\n[6]:111\n\n\nMinnesota\n13–0\nHenry Williams\nBR\n[6]:111\n\n\nPenn\n12–0\nCarl S. Williams\nHAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1905\nChicago\n10–0\nAmos Alonzo Stagg\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF\n[6]:111\n\n\nYale\n10–0\nJack Owsley\nCW, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1906\nPrinceton\n9–0–1\nWilliam Roper\nHAF, NCF\n[6]:111\n\n\nYale\n9–0–1\nFoster Rockwell\nBR, CW, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1907\nYale\n9–0–1\nWilliam F. Knox\nBR, CW, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1908\nHarvard\n9–0–1\nPercy Haughton\nBR\n[6]:111\n\n\nLSU\n10–0\nEdgar Wingard\nNCF\n[6]:111\n\n\nPenn\n11–0–1\nSol Metzger\nHAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1909\nYale\n10–0\nHoward Jones\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1910\nHarvard\n8–0–1\nPercy Haughton\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF\n[6]:111\n\n\nPittsburgh\n9–0\nJoseph Thompson\nNCF\n[6]:111\n\n\n1911\nMinnesota\n6–0–1\nHenry L. Williams\nBR\n[6]:111\n\n\nPenn State\n8–0–1\nBill Hollenback\nNCF\n[6]:111\n\n\nPrinceton\n8–0–2\nWilliam Roper\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1912\nHarvard\n9–0\nPercy Haughton\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nPenn State\n8–0\nBill Hollenback\nNCF\n[6]:111\n\n\n1913\nAuburn\n8–0\nMike Donahue\nBR\n[6]:111\n\n\nChicago\n7–0\nAmos Alonzo Stagg\nBR, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nHarvard\n9–0\nPercy Haughton\nHAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1914\nArmy\n9–0\nCharles Daly\nHAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nIllinois\n7–0\nRobert Zuppke\nBR, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nTexas\n8–0\nDave Allerdice\nBR\n[6]:111\n\n\n1915\nCornell\n9–0\nAlbert Sharpe\nHAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nMinnesota\n6–0–1\nHenry L. Williams\nBR\n[6]:111\n\n\nOklahoma\n10–0\nBennie Owen\nBR\n[6]:111\n\n\nPittsburgh\n8–0\nGlenn \"Pop\" Warner\nPD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1916\nArmy\n9–0\nCharles Daly\nPD\n[6]:111\n\n\nGeorgia Tech\n8–0-1\nJohn Heisman\nBR\n[6]:111\n\n\nPittsburgh\n8–0\nGlenn \"Pop\" Warner\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1917\nGeorgia Tech\n9–0\nJohn Heisman\nBR, HAF, HS, NCF\n[6]:111\n\n\n1918\nMichigan\n5–0\nFielding H. Yost\nBR, NCF\n[6]:111\n\n\nPittsburgh\n4–1\nGlenn \"Pop\" Warner\nHAF, HS, NCF\n[6]:111\n\n\n1919\nCentre\n9–0\nCharley Moran\nSR\n[6]:111\n\n\nHarvard\n9–0–1\nBob Fisher\nCFRA, HAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nIllinois\n6–1\nRobert Zuppke\nBR, BS, CFRA, PD, SR\n[6]:111\n\n\nNotre Dame\n9–0\nKnute Rockne\nNCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nTexas A&M\n10–0\nDana X. Bible\nBR, NCF\n[6]:111\n\n\n1920\nCalifornia\n9–0\nAndy Smith\nCFRA, HAF, HS, NCF, SR\n[6]:111\n\n\nGeorgia\n8–0–1\nHerman Stegeman\nB(QPRS)\n[6]:111\n\n\nHarvard\n8–0–1\nBob Fisher\nBS\n[6]:111\n\n\nNotre Dame\n9–0\nKnute Rockne\nBR, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nPrinceton\n6–0–1\nWilliam Roper\nBS, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1921\nCalifornia\n9–0–1\nAndy Smith\nBR, BS, CFRA, SR\n[6]:111\n\n\nCornell\n8–0\nGil Dobie\nHAF, HS, NCF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nIowa\n7–0\nHoward Jones\nBR, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nLafayette\n9–0\nJock Sutherland\nBS, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nVanderbilt\n7–0–1\nDan McGugin\nB(QPRS)\n[6]:111\n\n\nWashington & Jefferson\n10–0–1\nGreasy Neale\nBS\n[6]:111\n\n\n1922\nCalifornia\n9–0\nAndy Smith\nBR, HS, NCF, SR\n[6]:111\n\n\nCornell\n8–0\nGil Dobie\nHAF, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nIowa\n7–0\nHoward Jones\nBR\n[6]:111\n\n\nPrinceton\n8–0\nWilliam Roper\nBS, CFRA, NCF, PD, SR\n[6]:111\n\n\nVanderbilt\n8–0–1\nDan McGugin\nB(QPRS)\n[6]:111\n\n\n1923\nCalifornia\n9–0–1\nAndy Smith\nHS\n[6]:111\n\n\nCornell\n8–0\nGil Dobie\nSR\n[6]:111\n\n\nIllinois\n8–0\nRobert Zuppke\nBS, CFRA, HAF, NCF, PD, SR, B(QPRS)\n[6]:111\n\n\nMichigan\n8–0\nFielding H. Yost\nBR, NCF\n[6]:111\n\n\nYale\n8–0\nTad Jones\nB(QPRS)\n[6]:111\n\n\n1924\nNotre Dame\n10–0\nKnute Rockne\nBR, BS, CFRA, DiS, HAF, HS, NCF, PS, SR, B(QPRS)\n[6]:111\n\n\nPenn\n9–1–1\nLou Young\nPD\n[6]:111\n\n\n1925\nAlabama\n10–0\nWallace Wade\nBR, BS, CFRA, HAF, HS, NCF, PS, SR, B(QPRS)\n[6]:111\n\n\nDartmouth\n8–0\nJesse Hawley\nDiS, PD\n[6]:111\n\n\nMichigan\n7–1\nFielding H. Yost\nSR\n[6]:111\n\n\n1926\nAlabama\n9–0–1\nWallace Wade\nBR, CFRA, HAF, NCF, PS, B(QPRS)\n[6]:111\n\n\nLafayette\n9–0\nHerb McCracken\nPD\n[6]:111\n\n\nMichigan\n7–1\nFielding H. Yost\nSR\n[6]:111\n\n\nNavy\n9–0–1\nBill Ingram\nBS, HS\n[6]:111\n\n\nStanford\n10–0–1\nGlenn \"Pop\" Warner\nDiS, HAF, NCF, SR\n[6]:111\n\n\n1927\nGeorgia\n9–1\nGeorge Cecil Woodruff\nBS, PS, B(QPRS)\n[6]:111–112\n\n\nIllinois\n7–0–1\nRobert Zuppke\nBR, DiS, HAF, NCF, PD\n[6]:112\n\n\nNotre Dame\n7–1–1\nKnute Rockne\nHS\n[6]:112\n\n\nTexas A&M\n8–0–1\nDana X. Bible\nSR\n[6]:112\n\n\nYale\n7–1\nThomas Jones\nCFRA\n[6]:112\n\n\n1928\nDetroit\n9–0\nGus Dorais\nPD\n[6]:112\n\n\nGeorgia Tech\n10–0\nWilliam Alexander\nBR, BS, CFRA, HAF, HS, NCF, PD, PS, SR, B(QPRS)\n[6]:112\n\n\nUSC\n9–0–1\nHoward Jones\nDiS, SR\n[6]:112\n\n\n1929\nNotre Dame\n9–0\nKnute Rockne\nBR, BS, CFRA, DiS, DuS, HAF, NCF, PS, SR\n[6]:112\n\n\nPittsburgh\n9–1\nJock Sutherland\nPD\n[6]:112\n\n\nUSC\n10–2\nHoward Jones\nHS, SR, B(QPRS)\n[6]:112\n\n\n1930\nAlabama\n10–0\nWallace Wade\nCFRA, PD, SR, B(QPRS)\n[6]:112\n\n\nNotre Dame\n10–0\nKnute Rockne\nBR, BS, DiS, DuS, HAF, HS, NCF, PD, PS\n[6]:112\n\n\n1931\nPittsburgh\n8–1\nJock Sutherland\nPD\n[6]:112\n\n\nPurdue\n9–1\nNoble Kizer\nPD\n[6]:112\n\n\nUSC\n10–1\nHoward Jones\nBR, BS, CFRA, DiS, DuS, HAF, HS, NCF, PS, SR, WS, B(QPRS)\n[6]:112\n\n\n1932\nColgate\n9–0\nAndrew Kerr\nPD\n[6]:112\n\n\nMichigan\n8–0\nHarry Kipke\nDiS, PD, SR\n[6]:112\n\n\nUSC\n10–0\nHoward Jones\nBR, BS, CFRA, DuS, HAF, HS, NCF, PD, PS, SR, WS, B(QPRS)\n[6]:112\n\n\n1933\nMichigan\n7–0–1\nHarry Kipke\nBR, BS, CFRA, DiS, HAF, HS, NCF, PD, PS, SR, B(QPRS)\n[6]:112\n\n\nOhio State\n7–1\nSam Willaman\nDuS\n[6]:112\n\n\nPrinceton\n9–0\nFritz Crisler\nPD\n[6]:112\n\n\nUSC\n10–1–1\nHoward Jones\nWS\n[6]:112\n\n\n1934\nAlabama\n10–0\nFrank Thomas\nDuS, HS, PS, WS, B(QPRS)\n[6]:112\n\n\nMinnesota\n8–0\nBernie Bierman\nBR, BS, CFRA, DiS, HAF, L, NCF, SR\n[6]:112\n\n\n1935\nLSU\n9–2\nBernie Moore\nWS\n[6]:112\n\n\nMinnesota\n8–0\nBernie Bierman\nBR, BS, CFRA, HAF, L, NCF, PS\n[6]:112\n\n\nPrinceton\n9–0\nFritz Crisler\nDuS\n[6]:112\n\n\nSMU\n12–1\nMatty Bell\nDiS, HS, SR, B(QPRS)\n[6]:112\n\n\nTCU\n12–1\nDutch Meyer\nWS\n[6]:112\n\n\n1936\nDuke\n9–1\nWallace Wade\nB(QPRS)\n[6]:112\n\n\nLSU\n9–1–1\nBernie Moore\nSR, WS\n[6]:112\n\n\nMinnesota\n7–1\nBernie Bierman\nAP, BR, DiS, DuS, HAF, L, NCF, PS\n[6]:112\n\n\nPittsburgh\n8–1–1\nJock Sutherland\nBS, CFRA, HS\n[6]:112\n\n\n1937\nCalifornia\n10–0–1\nStub Allison\nDuS, HAF\n[6]:112\n\n\nPittsburgh\n9–0–1\nJock Sutherland\nAP, BR, BS, CFRA, DiS, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS, B(QPRS)\n[6]:112\n\n\n1938\nNotre Dame\n8–1\nElmer Layden\nDiS\n[6]:112\n\n\nTCU\n11–0\nDutch Meyer\nAP, HAF, NCF, WS\n[6]:112\n\n\nTennessee\n11–0\nRobert Neyland\nBR, BS, CFRA, DuS, HS, L, PS, SR, B(QPRS)\n[6]:112\n\n\n1939\nCornell\n8–0\nCarl Snavely\nL, SR\n[6]:112\n\n\nTexas A&M\n11–0\nHomer Norton\nAP, BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, NCF, PS, SR, WS, B(QPRS)\n[6]:112\n\n\nUSC\n8–0–2\nHoward Jones\nDiS\n[6]:112\n\n\n1940\nMinnesota\n8–0\nBernie Bierman\nAP, B(QPRS), BS, CFRA, DeS, DiS, HS, L, NCF, SR\n[6]:112\n\n\nStanford\n10–0\nClark Shaughnessy\nBR, HAF, PS\n[6]:112\n\n\nTennessee\n10–1\nRobert Neyland\nDuS, WS\n[6]:112\n\n\n1941\nAlabama\n9–2\nFrank Thomas\nHS\n[6]:112\n\n\nMinnesota\n8–0\nBernie Bierman\nAP, BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, L, NCF, PS, SR\n[6]:112\n\n\nTexas\n8–1–1\nDana X. Bible\nB(QPRS), WS\n[6]:112\n\n\n1942\nGeorgia\n11–1\nWally Butts\nB(QPRS), BR, DeS, HS, L, PS, SR, WS\n[6]:112\n\n\nOhio State\n9–1\nPaul Brown\nAP, BS, DuS, CFRA, NCF\n[6]:112\n\n\nWisconsin\n8–1–1\nHarry Stuhldreher\nHAF\n[6]:112\n\n\n1943\nNotre Dame\n9–1\nFrank Leahy\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS\n[6]:112\n\n\n1944\nArmy\n9–0\nEarl Blaik\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS\n[6]:112\n\n\nOhio State\n9–0\nCarroll Widdoes\nNCF, SR\n[6]:112\n\n\n1945\nAlabama\n10–0\nFrank Thomas\nNCF\n[6]:112\n\n\nArmy\n9–0\nEarl Blaik\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS\n[6]:112\n\n\nOklahoma A&M\n9–0\nJim Lookabaugh\nBRC\n[6]:112\n\n\n1946\nArmy\n9–0–1\nEarl Blaik\nBR, BS, CFRA, HAF, HS, PS\n[6]:112\n\n\nGeorgia\n11–0\nWally Butts\nWS\n[6]:112\n\n\nNotre Dame\n8–0–1\nFrank Leahy\nAP, B(QPRS), BS, DeS, DuS, HAF, L, NCF, PS, SR\n[6]:112\n\n\n1947\nMichigan\n10–0\nFritz Crisler\nB(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR\n[6]:112\n\n\nNotre Dame\n9–0\nFrank Leahy\nAP, HAF, WS\n[6]:112\n\n\n1948\nMichigan\n9–0\nBennie Oosterbaan\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS\n[6]:112\n\n\n1949\nNotre Dame\n10–0\nFrank Leahy\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS\n[6]:112\n\n\nOklahoma\n11–0\nBud Wilkinson\nCFRA\n[6]:112\n\n\n1950\nKentucky\n11–1\nPaul \"Bear\" Bryant\nSR\n[6]:112\n\n\nOklahoma\n10–1\nBud Wilkinson\nAP, B(QPRS), HAF, L, UP, WS\n[6]:112\n\n\nPrinceton\n9–0\nCharley Caldwell\nBS, PS\n[6]:112\n\n\nTennessee\n11–1\nRobert Neyland\nBR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, NCF, SR\n[6]:113\n\n\n1951\nGeorgia Tech\n11–0–1\nBobby Dodd\nB(QPRS), BS\n[6]:113\n\n\nIllinois\n9–0–1\nRay Eliot\nBS\n[6]:113\n\n\nMaryland\n10–0\nJim Tatum\nCFRA, DeS, DuS, NCF, SR\n[6]:113\n\n\nMichigan State\n9–0\nBiggie Munn\nBR, HAF, PS\n[6]:113\n\n\nTennessee\n10–1\nRobert Neyland\nAP, L, UP, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\n1952\nGeorgia Tech\n12–0\nBobby Dodd\nB(QPRS), BR, INS, PS, SR\n[6]:113\n\n\nMichigan State\n9–0\nBiggie Munn\nAP, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, L, NCF, SR, UP, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\n1953\nMaryland\n10–1\nJim Tatum\nAP, INS, UP\n[6]:113\n\n\nNotre Dame\n9–0–1\nFrank Leahy\nBR, BS, DeS, DuS, HAF, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\nOklahoma\n9–1–1\nBud Wilkinson\nB(QPRS), CFRA\n[6]:113\n\n\n1954\nOhio State\n10–0\nWoody Hayes\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, HAF, INS, NCF, PS, SR, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\nUCLA\n9–0\nHenry Sanders\nCFRA, DuS, FWAA, HAF, L, NCF, UP\n[6]:113\n\n\n1955\nMichigan State\n9–1\nDuffy Daugherty\nBS\n[6]:113\n\n\nOklahoma\n11–0\nBud Wilkinson\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FWAA, HAF, INS, L, NCF, PS, SR, UP, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\n1956\nGeorgia Tech\n10–1\nBobby Dodd\nB(QPRS), SR\n[6]:113\n\n\nIowa\n9–1\nForest Evashevski\nCFRA\n[6]:113\n\n\nOklahoma\n10–0\nBud Wilkinson\nAP, BR, BS, DeS, DuS, FWAA, HAF, INS, L, NCF, SR, UP, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\nTennessee\n10–1\nBowden Wyatt\nSR\n[6]:113\n\n\n1957\nAuburn\n10–0\nRalph Jordan\nAP, BR, CFRA, HAF, NCF, PS, SR, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\nMichigan State\n8–1\nDuffy Daugherty\nDuS\n[6]:113\n\n\nOhio State\n9–1\nWoody Hayes\nBS, DeS, FWAA, INS, L, UP\n[6]:113\n\n\nOklahoma\n10–1\nBud Wilkinson\nB(QPRS)\n[6]:113\n\n\n1958\nIowa\n8–1–1\nForest Evashevski\nFWAA\n[6]:113\n\n\nLSU\n11–0\nPaul Dietzel\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, HAF, L, NCF, PS, SR, UPI, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\n1959\nOle Miss\n10–1\nJohnny Vaught\nB(QPRS), DuS, SR\n[6]:113\n\n\nSyracuse\n11–0\nBen Schwartzwalder\nAP, BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, NCF, NFF, PS, SR, UPI, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\n1960\nIowa\n8–1\nForest Evashevski\nB(QPRS), BS, L, SR\n[6]:113\n\n\nMinnesota\n8–2\nMurray Warmath\nAP, FN, NFF, UPI\n[6]:113\n\n\nOle Miss\n10–0–1\nJohnny Vaught\nBR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FWAA, NCF, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\nMissouri\n11–0*\nDan Devine\nPS\n[6]:113\n\n\nWashington\n10–1\nJim Owens\nHAF\n[6]:113\n\n\n1961\nAlabama\n11–0\nPaul \"Bear\" Bryant\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, HAF, L, NCF, NFF, SR, UPI, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\nOhio State\n8–0–1\nWoody Hayes\nFWAA, PS\n[6]:113\n\n\n1962\nLSU\n9–1–1\nCharles McClendon\nB(QPRS)\n[6]:113\n\n\nOle Miss\n10–0\nJohnny Vaught\nBR, L, SR\n[6]:113\n\n\nUSC\n11–0\nJohn McKay\nAP, B(QPRS), CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, PS, UPI, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\n1963\nTexas\n11–0\nDarrell Royal\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, NCF, NFF, PS, SR, UPI, WS\n[6]:113\n\n\n1964\nAlabama\n10–1\nPaul \"Bear\" Bryant\nAP, B(QPRS), L, UPI\n[6]:113\n\n\nArkansas\n11–0\nFrank Broyles\nBR, CFRA, FWAA, HAF, NCF, PS, SR\n[6]:113\n\n\nMichigan\n9–1\nBump Elliott\nDuS\n[6]:113\n\n\nNotre Dame\n9–1\nAra Parseghian\nDeS, FN, NFF\n[6]:113\n\n\n1965\nAlabama\n9–1–1\nPaul \"Bear\" Bryant\nAP, CFRA, FWAA, NCF\n[6]:113\n\n\nMichigan State\n10–1\nDuffy Daugherty\nB(QPRS), BR, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, NFF, PS, SR, UPI\n[6]:113\n\n\n1966\nAlabama\n11–0\nPaul \"Bear\" Bryant\nB(QPRS), SR\n[6]:113\n\n\nMichigan State\n9–0–1\nDuffy Daugherty\nCFRA, HAF, NFF, PS\n[6]:113\n\n\nNotre Dame\n9–0–1\nAra Parseghian\nAP, BR, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, PS, SR, UPI\n[6]:113\n\n\n1967\nNotre Dame\n8–2\nAra Parseghian\nDuS\n[6]:113\n\n\nOklahoma\n10–1\nChuck Fairbanks\nPS\n[6]:113\n\n\nUSC\n10–1\nJohn McKay\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, FN, FWAA, HAF, MGR, NCF, NFF, SR, UPI\n[6]:113\n\n\nTennessee\n9–2\nDoug Dickey\nL\n[6]:113\n\n\n1968\nGeorgia\n8–1–2\nVince Dooley\nL\n[6]:113\n\n\nOhio State\n10–0\nWoody Hayes\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SR, UPI\n[6]:113\n\n\nTexas\n9–1–1\nDarrell Royal\nDeS, MGR, SR\n[6]:113\n\n\n1969\nOhio State\n8–1\nWoody Hayes\nMGR\n[6]:113\n\n\nPenn State\n11–0\nJoe Paterno\nR(FACT), SR\n[6]:113\n\n\nTexas\n11–0\nDarrell Royal\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SR, UPI\n[6]:113\n\n\n1970\nArizona State\n11–0\nFrank Kush\nPS\n[6]:113\n\n\nNebraska\n11–0–1\nBob Devaney\nAP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, R(FACT), SR\n[6]:113\n\n\nNotre Dame\n10–1\nAra Parseghian\nMGR, R(FACT), SR\n[6]:113\n\n\nOhio State\n9–1\nWoody Hayes\nNFF\n[6]:113\n\n\nTexas\n10–1\nDarrell Royal\nB(QPRS), L, NFF, R(FACT), UPI\n[6]:113\n\n\n1971\nNebraska\n13–0\nBob Devaney\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SR, UPI\n[6]:113\n\n\n1972\nUSC\n12–0\nJohn McKay\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SR, UPI\n[6]:113\n\n\n1973\nAlabama\n11–1\nPaul \"Bear\" Bryant\nB(QPRS), UPI\n[6]:113\n\n\nMichigan\n10–0–1\nBo Schembechler\nNCF, PS\n[6]:113\n\n\nNotre Dame\n11–0\nAra Parseghian\nAP, BR, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF\n[6]:113\n\n\nOhio State\n10–0–1\nWoody Hayes\nNCF, PS, R(FACT), SR\n[6]:114\n\n\nOklahoma\n10–0–1\nBarry Switzer\nCFRA, DeS, DuS, SR\n[6]:114\n\n\n1974\nOhio State\n10–2\nWoody Hayes\nMGR\n[6]:114\n\n\nOklahoma\n11–0\nBarry Switzer\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, HAF, L, NCF, PS, R(FACT), SR\n[6]:114\n\n\nUSC\n10–1–1\nJohn McKay\nFWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, UPI\n[6]:114\n\n\n1975\nAlabama\n11–1\nPaul \"Bear\" Bryant\nMGR\n[6]:114\n\n\nArizona State\n12–0\nFrank Kush\nNCF, SN\n[6]:114\n\n\nOhio State\n11–1\nWoody Hayes\nB(QPRS), HAF, MGR, PS, R(FACT)\n[6]:114\n\n\nOklahoma\n11–1\nBarry Switzer\nAP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, R(FACT), SR, UPI\n[6]:114\n\n\n1976\nPittsburgh\n12–0\nJohnny Majors\nAP, BR, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI\n[6]:114\n\n\nUSC\n11–1\nJohn Robinson\nB(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, MGR\n[6]:114\n\n\n1977\nAlabama\n11–1\nPaul \"Bear\" Bryant\nCFRA\n[6]:114\n\n\nArkansas\n11–1\nLou Holtz\nR(FACT)\n[6]:114\n\n\nNotre Dame\n11–1\nDan Devine\nAP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, MGR, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI\n[6]:114\n\n\nTexas\n11–1\nFred Akers\nB(QPRS), R(FACT), SR\n[6]:114\n\n\n1978\nAlabama\n11–1\nPaul \"Bear\" Bryant\nAP, CFRA, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, R(FACT)\n[6]:114\n\n\nOklahoma\n11–1\nBarry Switzer\nDeS, DuS, HAF, L, MGR, PS, R(FACT), SR\n[6]:114\n\n\nUSC\n12–1\nJohn Robinson\nB(QPRS), BR, FN, HAF, NCF, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI\n[6]:114\n\n\n1979\nAlabama\n12–0\nPaul \"Bear\" Bryant\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI\n[6]:114\n\n\nUSC\n11–0–1\nJohn Robinson\nCFRA\n[6]:114\n\n\n1980\nFlorida State\n10–2\nBobby Bowden\nR(FACT)\n[6]:114\n\n\nGeorgia\n12–0\nVince Dooley\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI\n[6]:114\n\n\nNebraska\n10–2\nTom Osborne\nR(FACT)\n[6]:114\n\n\nOklahoma\n10–2\nBarry Switzer\nDuS, MGR\n[6]:114\n\n\nPittsburgh\n11–1\nJackie Sherrill\nCFRA, DeS, NYT, R(FACT), SR\n[6]:114\n\n\n1981\nClemson\n12–0\nDanny Ford\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI\n[6]:114\n\n\nNebraska\n9–3\nTom Osborne\nNCF\n[6]:114\n\n\nPenn State\n10–2\nJoe Paterno\nDuS\n[6]:114\n\n\nPittsburgh\n11–1\nJackie Sherrill\nNCF\n[6]:114\n\n\nSMU\n10–1\nRon Meyer\nNCF\n[6]:114\n\n\nTexas\n10–1–1\nFred Akers\nNCF\n[6]:114\n\n\n1982\nNebraska\n12–1\nTom Osborne\nB(QPRS)\n[6]:114\n\n\nPenn State\n11–1\nJoe Paterno\nAP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT\n[6]:114\n\n\nSMU\n11–0–1\nBobby Collins\nHAF\n[6]:114\n\n\n1983\nAuburn\n11–1\nPat Dye\nBR, CFRA, NYT, R(FACT), SR\n[6]:114\n\n\nMiami (FL)\n11–1\nHoward Schnellenberger\nAP, DuS, FN, FWAA, NCF, NFF, SN, UPI, USAT/CNN\n[6]:114\n\n\nNebraska\n12–1\nTom Osborne\nB(QPRS), DeS, L, MGR, PS, R(FACT), SR\n[6]:114\n\n\n1984\nBYU\n13–0\nLaVell Edwards\nAP, BR, CFRA, FWAA, NCF, NFF, PS, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN\n[6]:114\n\n\nFlorida\n9–1–1\nGalen Hall\nDeS, DuS, MGR, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR\n[6]:114\n\n\nNebraska\n10–2\nTom Osborne\nL\n[6]:114\n\n\nWashington\n11–1\nDon James\nB(QPRS), FN, NCF\n[6]:114\n\n\n1985\nFlorida\n9–1–1\nGalen Hall\nSR\n[6]:114\n\n\nMichigan\n10–1–1\nBo Schembechler\nMGR\n[6]:114\n\n\nOklahoma\n11–1\nBarry Switzer\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, UPI, USAT/CNN\n[6]:114\n\n\n1986\nMiami (FL)\n11–1\nJimmy Johnson\nR(FACT)\n[6]:114\n\n\nOklahoma\n11–1\nBarry Switzer\nB(QPRS), CFRA, DeS, DuS, NYT, SR\n[6]:114\n\n\nPenn State\n12–0\nJoe Paterno\nAP, BR, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN\n[6]:114\n\n\n1987\nFlorida State\n11–1\nBobby Bowden\nB(QPRS)\n[6]:114\n\n\nMiami (FL)\n12–0\nJimmy Johnson\nAP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN\n[6]:114\n\n\n1988\nMiami (FL)\n11–1\nJimmy Johnson\nB(QPRS)\n[6]:114\n\n\nNotre Dame\n12–0\nLou Holtz\nAP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN\n[6]:114\n\n\n1989\nMiami (FL)\n11–1\nDennis Erickson\nAP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, UPI, USAT/CNN\n[6]:114\n\n\nNotre Dame\n12–1\nLou Holtz\nB(QPRS), ERS, R(FACT), SR\n[6]:114\n\n\n1990\nColorado\n11–1–1\nBill McCartney\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, R(FACT), SN, USAT/CNN\n[6]:114\n\n\nGeorgia Tech\n11–0–1\nBobby Ross\nDuS, NCF, R(FACT), SR, UPI\n[6]:114\n\n\nMiami (FL)\n10–2\nDennis Erickson\nERS, NYT, R(FACT), SR\n[6]:114\n\n\nWashington\n10–2\nDon James\nR(FACT)\n[6]:114\n\n\n1991\nMiami (FL)\n12–0\nDennis Erickson\nAP, BR, CFRA, ERS, NCF, NYT, SN, SR\n[6]:114\n\n\nWashington\n12–0\nDon James\nB(QPRS), DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, R(FACT), SR, UPI/NFF, USAT/CNN\n[6]:114\n\n\n1992\nAlabama\n13–0\nGene Stallings\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI/NFF, USAT/CNN\n[6]:114\n\n\nFlorida State\n11–1\nBobby Bowden\nSR\n[6]:114\n\n\n1993\nAuburn\n11–0\nTerry Bowden\nNCF\n[6]:114\n\n\nFlorida State\n12–1\nBobby Bowden\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, NCF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN, USAT/NFF\n[6]:114\n\n\nNebraska\n11–1\nTom Osborne\nNCF\n[6]:114\n\n\nNotre Dame\n11–1\nLou Holtz\nMGR, NCF\n[6]:114\n\n\n1994\nFlorida State\n10–1–1\nBobby Bowden\nDuS\n[6]:114\n\n\nNebraska\n13–0\nTom Osborne\nAP, AS, B(QPRS), BR, FN, FWAA, NCF, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN, USAT/NFF\n[6]:114–115\n\n\nPenn State\n12–0\nJoe Paterno\nCCR, DeS, ERS, MGR, NCF, NYT, R(FACT), SR\n[6]:115\n\n\n1995\nNebraska\n12–0\nTom Osborne\nAP, AS, B(QPRS), BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN\n[6]:115\n\n\n1996\nFlorida\n12–1\nSteve Spurrier\nAP, B(QPRS), BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/CNN\n[6]:115\n\n\nFlorida State\n11–1\nBobby Bowden\nAS\n[6]:115\n\n\n1997\nMichigan\n12–0\nLloyd Carr\nAP, BR, FN, FWAA, NCF, NFF, SN\n[6]:115\n\n\nNebraska\n13–0\nTom Osborne\nA&H, AS, B(QPRS), BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, MGR, NCF, NYT, R(FACT), SR, USAT/ESPN\n[6]:115\n\n\n1998\nOhio State\n11–1\nJohn Cooper\nSRb\n[6]:115\n\n\nTennessee\n13–0\nPhillip Fulmer\nA&H, AP, AS, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, USAT/ESPN\n[6]:115\n\n\n1999\nFlorida State\n12–0\nBobby Bowden\nA&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/ESPN\n[6]:115\n\n\n2000\nMiami (FL)\n11–1\nButch Davis\nNYT\n[6]:115\n\n\nOklahoma\n13–0\nBob Stoops\nA&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NCF, NFF, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/ESPN\n[6]:115\n\n\n2001\nMiami (FL)\n12–0\nLarry Coker\nA&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/ESPN, W\n[6]:115\n\n\n2002\nOhio State\n14–0\nJim Tressel\nA&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DeS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/ESPN, W\n[6]:115\n\n\nUSC\n11–2\nPete Carroll\nDuS, MGR, SR\n[6]:115\n\n\n2003\nLSU\n13–1\nNick Saban\nA&H, BCS, BR, CM, DeS, DuS, MCFR, NFF, R(FACT), SR, USAT/ESPN, W\n[6]:115\n\n\nOklahoma\n12–2\nBob Stoops\nB(QPRS)\n[6]:115\n\n\nUSC\n12–1\nPete Carroll\nAP, CCR, ERS, FWAA, MGR, NYT, SN\n[6]:115\n\n\n2004\nUSCc\n11–0d\nPete Carroll\nA&H, AP, B(QPRS), BR, CCR, CM, DeS, DuS, ERS, MCFR, MGR, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, W\nVacated:c BCS, FWAA, USAT/ESPN\n[6]:115\n\n\n2005\nTexas\n13–0\nMack Brown\nA&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DeS, DuS, ERS, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NFF, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT, W\n[6]:115\n\n\n2006\nFlorida\n13–1\nUrban Meyer\nA&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NFF, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT, W\n[6]:115\n\n\nOhio State\n12–1\nJim Tressel\nDeS, R(FACT)\n[6]:115\n\n\n2007\nLSU\n12–2\nLes Miles\nAP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W\n[6]:115\n\n\nMissouri\n12–2\nGary Pinkel\nA&H\n[6]:115\n\n\nUSC\n11–2\nPete Carroll\nDuSe\n[6]:115\n\n\n2008\nFlorida\n13–1\nUrban Meyer\nAP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DuS, FWAA, NFF, SR, USAT\n[6]:115\n\n\nUtah\n13–0\nKyle Whittingham\nA&H, MCFR, W\n[6]:115\n\n\n2009\nAlabama\n14–0\nNick Saban\nA&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CFRA, CM, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W\n[6]:115\n\n\n2010\nAuburn\n14–0\nGene Chizik\nA&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CFRA, CM, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W\n[6]:115\n\n\nTCU\n13–0\nGary Patterson\nCCR\n[6]:115\n\n\n2011\nAlabama\n12–1\nNick Saban\nAP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CFRA, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W\n[6]:115\n\n\nLSU\n13–1\nLes Miles\nA&H, CCR\n[6]:115\n\n\nOklahoma State\n12–1\nMike Gundy\nCM\n[6]:115\n\n\n2012\nAlabama\n13–1\nNick Saban\nA&H, AP, BCS, BR, CCR, CFRA, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W\n[6]:115\n\n\nNotre Dame\n12–1\nBrian Kelly\nCM\n[6]:115\n\n\n2013\nFlorida State\n14–0\nJimbo Fisher\nA&H, AP, BCS, BR, CCR, CFRA, CM, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W\n[6]:115\n\n\n2014\nOhio State\n14–1\nUrban Meyer\nA&H, AP, BR, CCR, CFP, CFRA, CM, DuS, FWAA/NFF, MCFR, SR, USAT/AMWAY, W\n[6]:115\n\n\n2015\nAlabama\n14–1\nNick Saban\nA&H, AP, BR, CCR, CFP, CFRA, CM, DuS, FWAA/NFF, MCFR, SR, USAT/AMWAY, W\n[6]:115\n\n\n2016\nAlabama\n14–1\nNick Saban\nCCR, CM, DuS\n[6]:115\n\n\nClemson\n14–1\nDabo Swinney\nA&H, AP, BR, CFP, CFRA, FWAA/NFF, MCFR, SR, USAT/AMWAY, W\n[6]:115\n\n\n2017\nAlabama\n13–1\nNick Saban\nA&H[18], AP[19], BR[20], CCR[21], CFP[22], CFRA[23], DuS[24], FWAA/NFF[25], MCFR[26], SR[27], USAT/AMWAY[28], W[29]\n\n\n\nUCF\n13–0\nScott Frost\nCM\n[30]\n\n" ]	[ "Alabama", "Clemson", "Alabama" ]
3661069093468731797	There's Nothing Holdin' Me Back	There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back - wikipedia There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back Jump to : navigation , search `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' Single by Shawn Mendes from the album Illuminate Released April 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 20 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2016 Genre Pop rock Length 3 : 19 Label Island Universal Songwriter ( s ) Shawn Mendes Teddy Geiger Geoff Warburton Scott Harris Producer ( s ) Teddy Geiger Andrew Maury Shawn Mendes singles chronology `` Mercy '' ( 2016 ) `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( 2017 ) `` Mercy '' ( 2016 ) `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' on YouTube `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' is a song recorded by Canadian singer and songwriter Shawn Mendes . Written by Mendes , Teddy Geiger , Geoff Warburton and Scott Harris , and produced by Geiger and Andrew Maury , it was released as a single on April 20 , 2017 . The song was included in the reissue of his second studio album Illuminate ( 2016 ) . The song 's accompanying music video was released on June 20 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Critical reception 3 Live performances 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 6 Usage in media 7 Track listing 8 Charts 9 Certifications 10 Release history 11 References 12 External links Composition ( edit ) `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ' '' is a `` dance - y '' pop rock track . A Billboard editor noted it features some electric guitar and `` strained '' vocals on the chorus . As the upbeat track progresses , it incorporates handclaps , funky guitar riffs , and foot - tapping bass . The pre-chorus was inspired by early works of Timbaland and Justin Timberlake . Critical reception ( edit ) Writing for Billboard , Taylor Weatherby noted `` the song 's sound falls right in line with the guitar - laced goodness he brought on his sophomore effort , but this time bringing in a little more edge . '' Allison Bowsher for Much opined the sound `` is a return to the earworms that launched Mendes ' career back in 2015 . Reminiscent of the high energy pop sensibilities of Mendes ' `` Something Big , '' today 's new track plays with lifts and falls throughout , allowing Mendes to show off the strength of his voice . '' In MTV News , Madeline Roth thought the track is `` more danceable than anything in his catalog . His voice is gritty and hoarse , especially on the passionate , aggressive hook . '' Live performances ( edit ) `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' is featured on the Illuminate World Tour setlist . The singer performed the single on The Graham Norton Show on June 9 , 2017 , at Capital FM 's Summertime Ball 2017 on June 10 , The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon on June 19 and at the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards on August 27 . Chart performance ( edit ) In the United States , the song has peaked at number six . It has also reached higher positions on the charts of other countries , such as Australia and the UK , reaching number four in both , and in Mendes ' home country of Canada , where it has achieved number six . Music video ( edit ) The music video for the song was released on June 20 , 2017 . The clip , filmed in Paris , Amsterdam and the United Kingdom , sees Mendes and his love interest ( played by actress Ellie Bamber ) exploring Europe while the singer is out on tour . The couple races through transportation hubs , ride trains and trek along the coastline . The video also shows footage from Mendes ' concerts . Usage in Media ( edit ) The song is heard in the television series The Good Doctor . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download ( NOTD Remix ) `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( NOTD remix ) -- 3 : 14 Digital download ( Acoustic ) `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( Acoustic ) -- 3 : 21 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Argentina Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) 17 Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 12 Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Pop Airplay ) 20 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 6 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Colombia ( National - Report ) 51 Costa Rica ( Monitor Latino ) 9 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 8 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 18 France ( SNEP ) 17 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Guatemala ( Monitor Latino ) 11 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 9 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 13 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) 6 Italy ( FIMI ) 14 Latvia ( Latvijas Top 40 ) Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) 16 Malaysia ( RIM ) 10 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 8 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 Norway ( VG - lista ) 15 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 15 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 9 Portugal ( AFP ) 7 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 7 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 6 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 11 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 11 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Uruguay ( Monitor Latino ) 16 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 30,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 3 × Platinum 240,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 90,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 400,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 30,000 Portugal ( AFP ) Gold 10,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 2 × Platinum 80,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Version Label Ref . United States April 25 , 2017 Contemporary hit radio Original Island Republic Worldwide May 12 , 2017 Digital download NOTD Remix Island France July 6 , 2017 Acoustic References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Deezer . Jump up ^ Spanos , Brittany ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Shawn Mendes Launch World Arena Tour , Debut New Song '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherby , Taylor ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Shawn Mendes Drops Feisty New Single ' There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes - ' There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ' : The Dancey Differenc '' . KYLD . May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Feeney , Nolan ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` How early - 2000s Timbaland inspired Shawn Mendes ' dancey new single '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bowsher , Allison ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Listen To Shawn Mendes ' New Track ' There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ' '' . Much . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roth , Madeline ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` Shawn Mendes Releases ' There 's Nothing Holding Me Back ' & It 's Fire '' . MTV News . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Graham Norton Show Episode 10 '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Scheduled To Perform On June 19 `` Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon '' `` . Headline Planet . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Shawn Mendes ' Adventurous ' There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ' Video '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Music from The Good Doctor S1E04 '' . Tunefind . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ( NOTD Remix ) - Single on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ( Acoustic ) - Single '' . iTunes Store ( FR ) . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Argentina -- Del 29 de Mayo al 4 de Junio , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . May 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay Chart '' ( in Portuguese ) . Billboard Brasil . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Shawn Mendes . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada CHR / Top 40 for Shawn Mendes . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada Hot AC for Shawn Mendes . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Colombia -- Semana 29 del 2017 - Del 14 / 07 / 2017 al 20 / 07 / 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . National - Report . July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Chile -- Del 11 al 16 de Septiembre , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201737 into search . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201726 into search . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes : There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés -- SNEP ( Week 30 , 2017 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Monitor Latino -- Top 20 General -- Guatemala -- Del 19 al 25 de Junio , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . monitorlatino.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latvijas Top 40 '' . Latvijas Radio . June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Lebanese Chart Top 20 History '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 25 , 2017 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . VG - lista . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201731 into search . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201717 into search . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' ( in Slovenian ) . SloTop50 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Uruguay -- Del 11 al 17 de Septiembre , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Shawn Mendes . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Shawn Mendes . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Shawn Mendes . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Shawn Mendes . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2017 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Music Canada . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Shawn Mendes ; ' There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguese single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( To access search `` Shawn Mendes '' and click on `` Sök '' . ) ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Enter There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / Mainstream '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Shawn Mendes Awards and nominations Discography Studio albums Handwritten Illuminate Live albums Live at Madison Square Garden EPs The Shawn Mendes EP Singles `` Life of the Party '' `` Something Big '' `` Stitches '' `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` Treat You Better '' `` Mercy '' `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' Featured singles `` Oh Cecilia ( Breaking My Heart ) '' Promotional singles `` Believe '' Concert tours # ShawnsFirstHeadlines Shawn Mendes World Tour Illuminate World Tour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=There%27s_Nothing_Holdin%27_Me_Back&oldid=807163812 '' Categories : 2017 songs 2017 singles Shawn Mendes songs Songs written by Teddy Geiger Songs written by Scott Harris ( songwriter ) Songs written by Shawn Mendes Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Torch songs Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use mdy dates from October 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Portugal Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Հայերեն Italiano Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 09 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was theres nothing holding me back released	[ "\"There's Nothing Holdin' Me Back\" is a song recorded by Canadian singer and songwriter Shawn Mendes. Written by Mendes, Teddy Geiger, Geoff Warburton and Scott Harris,[1] and produced by Geiger and Andrew Maury, it was released as a single on April 20, 2017. The song was included in the reissue of his second studio album Illuminate (2016). The song's accompanying music video was released on June 20, 2017." ]	[ "June 20, 2017" ]
6993292967071252788	Ubuntu version history	Ubuntu version history - wikipedia Ubuntu version history Jump to : navigation , search Ubuntu 17.10 Artful Aardvark Ubuntu releases are made semiannually by Canonical Ltd , the developers of the Ubuntu operating system , using the year and month of the release as a version number . The first Ubuntu release , for example , was Ubuntu 4.10 and was released on 20 October 2004 . Consequently , version numbers for future versions are provisional ; if the release is delayed until a different month ( or even year ) to that planned , the version number will change accordingly . Ubuntu releases are timed to be approximately one month after GNOME releases , which are in turn about one month after releases of X.Org , resulting in each Ubuntu release including a newer version of GNOME and X . Every fourth release , in the second quarter of even - numbered years , has been designated as a Long Term Support ( LTS ) release , indicating that they are supported and receive updates for five years , with paid technical support also available from Canonical Ltd . However the desktop version of LTS releases before 12.04 were supported for only three years . Releases 14.04 , and 16.04 are the current LTS releases . The support period for non-LTS is 9 months . Prior to 13.04 it was 18 months . Contents ( hide ) 1 Naming convention 2 Release history 2.1 Ubuntu 4.10 ( Warty Warthog ) 2.2 Ubuntu 5.04 ( Hoary Hedgehog ) 2.3 Ubuntu 5.10 ( Breezy Badger ) 2.4 Ubuntu 6.06 LTS ( Dapper Drake ) 2.5 Ubuntu 6.10 ( Edgy Eft ) 2.6 Ubuntu 7.04 ( Feisty Fawn ) 2.7 Ubuntu 7.10 ( Gutsy Gibbon ) 2.8 Ubuntu 8.04 LTS ( Hardy Heron ) 2.9 Ubuntu 8.10 ( Intrepid Ibex ) 2.10 Ubuntu 9.04 ( Jaunty Jackalope ) 2.11 Ubuntu 9.10 ( Karmic Koala ) 2.12 Ubuntu 10.04 LTS ( Lucid Lynx ) 2.13 Ubuntu 10.10 ( Maverick Meerkat ) 2.14 Ubuntu 11.04 ( Natty Narwhal ) 2.15 Ubuntu 11.10 ( Oneiric Ocelot ) 2.16 Ubuntu 12.04 LTS ( Precise Pangolin ) 2.17 Ubuntu 12.10 ( Quantal Quetzal ) 2.18 Ubuntu 13.04 ( Raring Ringtail ) 2.19 Ubuntu 13.10 ( Saucy Salamander ) 2.20 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS ( Trusty Tahr ) 2.21 Ubuntu 14.10 ( Utopic Unicorn ) 2.22 Ubuntu 15.04 ( Vivid Vervet ) 2.23 Ubuntu 15.10 ( Wily Werewolf ) 2.24 Ubuntu 16.04 LTS ( Xenial Xerus ) 2.25 Ubuntu 16.10 ( Yakkety Yak ) 2.26 Ubuntu 17.04 ( Zesty Zapus ) 2.27 Ubuntu 17.10 ( Artful Aardvark ) 2.28 Ubuntu 18.04 LTS ( Bionic Beaver ) 3 Table of versions 4 Version timeline 5 Version end of life 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Naming convention ( edit ) Ubuntu releases are also given code names , using an adjective and an animal with the same first letter ( e.g. Dapper Drake ) . With the exception of the first two releases , code names are in alphabetical order , allowing a quick determination of which release is newer . As of Ubuntu 17.10 , however , the initial letter ' rolled over ' and returned to ' A ' . Names are occasionally chosen so that animal appearance or habits reflects some new feature ( e.g. , `` Koala 's favourite leaf is Eucalyptus '' ; see below ) . Ubuntu releases are often referred to using only the adjective portion of the code name ( e.g. Feisty ) . Release history ( edit ) Ubuntu 4.10 ( Warty Warthog ) ( edit ) Ubuntu 4.10 ( Warty Warthog ) Ubuntu 4.10 ( Warty Warthog ) , released on 20 October 2004 , was Canonical 's first release of Ubuntu , building upon Debian , with plans for a new release every six months and eighteen months of support thereafter . Ubuntu 4.10 's support ended on 30 April 2006 . Ubuntu 4.10 was offered as a free download and , through Canonical 's ShipIt service , was also mailed to users free of charge in CD format . Ubuntu 5.04 ( Hoary Hedgehog ) ( edit ) Ubuntu 5.04 ( Hoary Hedgehog ) Ubuntu 5.04 ( Hoary Hedgehog ) , released on 8 April 2005 , was Canonical 's second release of Ubuntu . Ubuntu 5.04 's support ended on 31 October 2006 . Ubuntu 5.04 added many new features including an Update Manager , upgrade notifier , readahead and grepmap , suspend , hibernate and standby support , dynamic frequency scaling for processors , ubuntu hardware database , Kickstart installation , and APT authentication . Ubuntu 5.04 allowed installation from USB devices . Beginning with Ubuntu 5.04 , UTF - 8 became the default character encoding . Ubuntu 5.10 ( Breezy Badger ) ( edit ) Ubuntu 5.10 ( Breezy Badger ) Ubuntu 5.10 ( Breezy Badger ) , released on 12 October 2005 , was Canonical 's third release of Ubuntu . Ubuntu 5.10 's support ended on 13 April 2007 . Ubuntu 5.10 added several new features including a graphical bootloader ( Usplash ) , an Add / Remove Applications tool , a menu editor ( Alacarte ) , an easy language selector , logical volume management support , full Hewlett - Packard printer support , OEM installer support , a new Ubuntu logo in the top - left , and Launchpad integration for bug reporting and software development . Ubuntu 6.06 LTS ( Dapper Drake ) ( edit ) Ubuntu 6.06 ( Dapper Drake ) Ubuntu 6.06 ( Dapper Drake ) , released on 1 June 2006 , was Canonical 's fourth release , and the first long - term support ( LTS ) release . Ubuntu 6.06 was released behind schedule , having been intended as 6.04 . It is sometimes jokingly described as their first ' Late To Ship ' ( LTS ) release . Development was not complete in April 2006 and Mark Shuttleworth approved slipping the release date to June , making it 6.06 instead . Ubuntu 6.06 's support ended on 14 July 2009 for desktops and ended in June 2011 for servers . Ubuntu 6.06 included several new features , including having the Live CD and Install CD merged onto one disc , a graphical installer on Live CD ( Ubiquity ) , Usplash on shutdown as well as startup , a network manager for easy switching of multiple wired and wireless connections , Humanlooks theme implemented using Tango guidelines , based on Clearlooks and featuring orange colors instead of brown , and GDebi graphical installer for package files . Ubuntu 6.06 did not include a means to install from a USB device , but did for the first time allow installation directly onto removable USB devices . Ubuntu 6.10 ( Edgy Eft ) ( edit ) Ubuntu 6.10 ( Edgy Eft ) Ubuntu 6.10 ( Edgy Eft ) , released on 26 October 2006 , was Canonical 's fifth release of Ubuntu . Ubuntu 6.10 's support ended on 25 April 2008 . Ubuntu 6.10 added several new features including a heavily modified Human theme , Upstart init daemon , automated crash reports ( Apport ) , Tomboy note taking application , and F - Spot photo manager . EasyUbuntu , a third party program designed to make Ubuntu easier to use , was included in Ubuntu 6.10 as a meta - package . Ubuntu 7.04 ( Feisty Fawn ) ( edit ) Ubuntu 7.04 ( Feisty Fawn ) Ubuntu 7.04 ( Feisty Fawn ) , released on 19 April 2007 , was Canonical 's sixth release of Ubuntu . Ubuntu 7.04 's support ended on 19 October 2008 . Ubuntu 7.04 included several new features , among them a migration assistant to help former Microsoft Windows users transition to Ubuntu , support for Kernel - based Virtual Machine , assisted codec and restricted drivers installation including Adobe Flash , Java , MP3 support , easier installation of Nvidia and ATI drivers , Compiz desktop effects , support for Wi - Fi Protected Access , the addition of Sudoku and chess , a disk usage analyzer ( baobab ) , GNOME Control Center , and Zeroconf support for many devices . Ubuntu 7.04 dropped support for PowerPC architecture . Ubuntu 7.10 ( Gutsy Gibbon ) ( edit ) Ubuntu 7.10 ( Gutsy Gibbon ) Ubuntu 7.10 ( Gutsy Gibbon ) , released on 18 October 2007 , was Canonical 's seventh release of Ubuntu . Ubuntu 7.10 's support ended on 18 April 2009 . Ubuntu 7.10 included several new features , among them AppArmor security framework , fast desktop search , a Firefox plug - in manager ( Ubufox ) , a graphical configuration tool for X.Org , full NTFS support ( read / write ) via NTFS - 3G , and a revamped printing system with PDF printing by default . Compiz Fusion was enabled as default in Ubuntu 7.10 and Fast user switching was added . Ubuntu 8.04 LTS ( Hardy Heron ) ( edit ) Ubuntu 8.04 ( Hardy Heron ) Ubuntu 8.04 ( Hardy Heron ) , released on 24 April 2008 , was Canonical 's eighth release of Ubuntu and the second Long Term Support ( LTS ) release . Ubuntu 8.04 's support ended on 12 May 2011 for desktops and ended in April 2013 for servers . Ubuntu 8.04 included several new features , among them Tracker desktop search integration , Brasero disk burner , Transmission BitTorrent client , Vinagre VNC client , system sound through PulseAudio , and Active Directory authentication and login using Likewise Open . In addition Ubuntu 8.04 included updates for better Tango compliance , various Compiz usability improvements , automatic grabbing and releasing of the mouse cursor when running on a VMware virtual machine , and an easier method to remove Ubuntu . Ubuntu 8.04 was the first version of Ubuntu to include the Wubi installer on the Live CD that allows Ubuntu to be installed as a single file on a Windows hard drive without the need to repartition the disk . The first version of the Ubuntu Netbook Remix was also introduced . Support for Ubuntu Hardy Heron was officially ended on 9 May 2013 . Ubuntu 8.10 ( Intrepid Ibex ) ( edit ) Ubuntu 8.10 ( Intrepid Ibex ) . The default wallpaper depicts an Ibex , with its large curved horns . Ubuntu 8.10 ( Intrepid Ibex ) , released on 30 October 2008 , was Canonical 's ninth release of Ubuntu . Support ended on 30 April 2010 . Ubuntu 8.10 introduced several new features including improvements to mobile computing and desktop scalability , increased flexibility for Internet connectivity , an Ubuntu Live USB creator and a guest account , which allowed others to use a computer allowing very limited user rights ( e.g. accessing the Internet , using software and checking e-mail ) . The guest account had its own home folder and nothing done on it was stored permanently on the computer 's hard disk . Intrepid Ibex also included an encrypted private directory for users , the inclusion of Dynamic Kernel Module Support , a tool that allows kernel drivers to be automatically rebuilt when new kernels are released and support for creating USB flash drive images . Ubuntu 9.04 ( Jaunty Jackalope ) ( edit ) Ubuntu 9.04 ( Jaunty Jackalope ) Ubuntu 9.04 ( Jaunty Jackalope ) , released on 23 April 2009 , was Canonical 's tenth release of Ubuntu . Support ended on 23 October 2010 . New features included faster boot time , integration of web services and applications into the desktop interface . Because of that , they named it after the mythical jackalope . It was the first release named after a mythical animal , the second being Utopic Unicorn . It had a new usplash screen , a new login screen and also support for both Wacom ( hotplugging ) and netbooks . It also included a new notification system , Notify OSD , and themes . It marked the first time that all of Ubuntu 's core development moved to the Bazaar distributed revision control system . Ubuntu 9.04 was the first version to support the ARM architecture with native support for ARMv5EL and ARMv6EL - VFP . Ubuntu 9.10 ( Karmic Koala ) ( edit ) Ubuntu 9.10 ( Karmic Koala ) Ubuntu 9.10 ( Karmic Koala ) , released on 29 October 2009 , was Canonical 's 11th release of Ubuntu . It was supported until April 2011 . In an announcement to the community on 20 February 2009 , Mark Shuttleworth explained that 9.10 would focus on improvements in cloud computing on the server using Eucalyptus , saying `` ... a Koala 's favourite leaf is Eucalyptus '' , as well as further improvements in boot speed and development of the Netbook Remix . The initial announcement of version 9.10 indicated that this release might include a new theme , however the project was moved forward to 10.04 , and only minor revisions were made to the default theme . Other graphical improvements included a new set of boot up and shutdown splash screens , a new login screen that transitions seamlessly into the desktop and greatly improved performance on Intel graphics chipsets . In June 2009 , Canonical created the One Hundred Paper Cuts project , focusing developers to fix minor usability issues . A `` paper cut '' was defined as , `` a trivially fixable usability bug that the average user would encounter on his / her first day of using a brand new installation of the latest version of Ubuntu Desktop Edition . '' The desktop installation of Ubuntu 9.10 replaced Pidgin with Empathy Instant Messenger as its default instant messaging client . The default filesystem is ext4 , and the Ubuntu One client , which interfaces with Canonical 's new online storage system , is installed by default . It introduced Grub 2 beta as default bootloader . It also debuted a new application called the Ubuntu Software Center that unifies package management . Canonical stated their intention for this application to replace Add / Remove Programs ( gnome - app - install ) in 9.10 and possibly Synaptic , Software Sources , Gdebi and Update Manager in Ubuntu 10.04 . Karmic Koala also includes a slideshow during the installation process ( through ubiquity - slideshow ) that highlights applications and features in Ubuntu . Ubuntu 10.04 LTS ( Lucid Lynx ) ( edit ) Ubuntu 10.04 ( Lucid Lynx ) Shuttleworth first announced Ubuntu 10.04 ( Lucid Lynx ) on 19 September 2009 at the Atlanta Linux Fest ; Canonical released it on 29 April 2010 . It is Canonical 's 12th release of Ubuntu and the third Long Term Support ( LTS ) release . Canonical provided support for the desktop version of Ubuntu 10.04 until 9 May 2013 and the server version until 30 April 2015 . The new release includes , among other things , improved support for Nvidia proprietary graphics drivers , while switching to the open source Nvidia graphics driver , Nouveau , by default . Plymouth was also introduced allowing boot animations . GIMP was removed from the Lucid installation CD due to its professional - grade complexity and its file size . F - Spot provides normal user - level graphics - editing capabilities and GIMP remains available for download in the repositories . The distribution emphasizes the new importance of web services and social networking with integrated interfaces for posting to sites like Facebook and Twitter , complementing the IM and email integration already in Ubuntu . On 4 March 2010 , it was announced that Lucid Lynx would feature a new theme , including new logos , taking Ubuntu 's new visual style into account : The new style in Ubuntu is inspired by the idea of `` Light '' . We 're drawn to Light because it denotes both warmth and clarity , and intrigued by the idea that `` light '' is a good value in software . Good software is `` light '' in the sense that it uses your resources efficiently , runs quickly , and can easily be reshaped as needed . Ubuntu represents a break with the bloatware of proprietary operating systems and an opportunity to delight to those who use computers for work and play . More and more of our communications are powered by light , and in future , our processing power will depend on our ability to work with light , too . Visually , light is beautiful , light is ethereal , light brings clarity and comfort . Historical perspective : From 2004 -- 2010 , the theme in Ubuntu was `` Human '' . Our tagline was `` Linux for Human Beings '' and we used a palette reflective of the full range of humanity . Our focus as a project was bringing Linux from the data center into the lives of our friends and global family . Critical responses to the new theme have been mixed . Ars Technica 's Ryan Paul said `` The new themes and updated color palette are nice improvement for Ubuntu ... After testing the new theme for several hours , I feel like it 's a step forward , but it still falls a bit short of my expectations . '' Paul also noted that the most controversial aspect of the new design amongst users has been the placement of the window control buttons on the left instead of the right side of the windows . TechSource 's Jun Auza expressed concern that the new theme is too close to that used by Apple 's Mac OS X : `` I think Ubuntu is having an identity crisis right now and should seriously consider changing several things in terms of look and feel to avoid being branded as a Mac OS X rip - off , or worse , get sued by Apple . '' Auza also summarized Ubuntu user feedback : `` I believe the fans are divided right now . Some have learned to love the brown color scheme since it uniquely represents Ubuntu , while others wanted change . '' The first point release , 10.04. 1 , was made available on 17 August 2010 , and the second update , 10.04. 2 , was released on 17 February 2011 . The third update , 10.04. 3 , was released on 21 July 2011 , and the fourth and final update , 10.04. 4 , was released on 16 February 2012 . Ubuntu 10.10 ( Maverick Meerkat ) ( edit ) Ubuntu 10.10 ( Maverick Meerkat ) The naming of Ubuntu 10.10 ( Maverick Meerkat ) was announced by Mark Shuttleworth on 2 April 2010 , along with the release 's goals of improving the netbook experience and a server focus on hybrid cloud computing . Ubuntu 10.10 was released on 10 October 2010 ( 10.10. 10 ) at around 10 : 10 UTC . This is a departure from the traditional schedule of releasing at the end of October to get `` the perfect 10 '' , and a playful reference to The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy , since , in binary , 101010 is equal to the number 42 , the `` Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life , the Universe and Everything '' within the series . It was Canonical 's 13th release of Ubuntu . New features included the new Unity interface for the Netbook Edition , a new default photo manager , Shotwell , replacing F - Spot , the ability to purchase applications in the Software Center , and an official Ubuntu font used by default . Support for Ubuntu Maverick Meerkat 10.10 was officially ended on 10 April 2012 . Ubuntu 11.04 ( Natty Narwhal ) ( edit ) Ubuntu 11.04 Desktop ( Natty Narwhal ) using Unity . The naming of Ubuntu 11.04 ( Natty Narwhal ) was announced on 17 August 2010 by Mark Shuttleworth . Ubuntu 11.04 Natty Narwhal was released on 28 April 2011 . It is Canonical 's 14th release of Ubuntu . Ubuntu 11.04 used the Unity user interface instead of GNOME Shell as default . The move to Unity was controversial as some GNOME developers feared it would fracture the community and marginalize GNOME Shell . The GNOME desktop environment is still available in Ubuntu 11.04 under the title Ubuntu Classic as a fallback to Unity . Ubuntu 11.04 employed Banshee as the default music player , replacing Rhythmbox . Other new applications included Mozilla Firefox 4 and LibreOffice , which replaced OpenOffice.org . The OpenStack cloud computing platform was added in this release . Starting with Ubuntu 11.04 , the Ubuntu Netbook Edition was merged into the desktop edition . In reviewing Ubuntu 11.04 upon its stable release , Ryan Paul of Ars Technica said `` There is a lot to like in Ubuntu 11.04 , but also a lot of room for improvement . '' Jesse Smith of Distrowatch said `` I 'm of the opinion there are good features in this release , but 11.04 definitely suffered from being rushed out the door while it was still beta quality . Ubuntu aims to be novice - friendly , but this release is buggy and I think they missed the mark this time around . I 'm limiting my recommendation of 11.04 to people who want to play with an early release of Unity . '' Support for Ubuntu 11.04 officially ended on 28 October 2012 . Ubuntu 11.10 ( Oneiric Ocelot ) ( edit ) Ubuntu 11.10 final release ( 13 October 2011 ) running Unity 4.22. 0 The naming of Ubuntu 11.10 ( Oneiric Ocelot ) was announced on 7 March 2011 by Mark Shuttleworth . He explained that Oneiric means `` dreamy '' . Ubuntu 11.10 was released on schedule on 13 October 2011 and is Canonical 's 15th release of Ubuntu . In April 2011 Shuttleworth announced that Ubuntu 11.10 would not include the classic GNOME desktop as a fall back to Unity , unlike Ubuntu 11.04 Natty Narwhal . Instead , 11.10 included a 2D version of Unity as a fallback for computers that lacked the hardware resources for the Compiz - based 3D version . However , the classic GNOME desktop remained available in Ubuntu 11.10 through a package in the Ubuntu repositories . Shuttleworth also confirmed that Unity in Ubuntu 11.10 would run as a shell for GNOME 3 on top of GNOME 3 libraries , unlike in Ubuntu 11.04 where it ran as a shell for GNOME 2 . Moreover , users were able to install the entire GNOME 3 stack along with GNOME Shell directly from the Ubuntu repositories ; to be presented with a `` GNOME 3 desktop '' choice at login . During the development cycle there were many changes to Unity , including the placement of the Ubuntu button on the Launcher instead of on the Panel , the autohiding of the window controls ( and the global menu ) of maximized windows , the introduction of more transparency into the Dash ( and the Panel when the Dash was opened ) and the introduction of window controls for the Dash . In May 2011 , it was announced that PiTiVi would be no longer part of the Ubuntu ISO , starting with Ubuntu 11.10 Oneiric Ocelot . The reasons given for removing it included poor user reception , lack of fit with the default user - case for Ubuntu , lack of polish and the application 's lack of development maturity . PiTiVi will not be replaced on the ISO with another video editor . Other changes include removing Computer Janitor , as it caused broken systems for users , and the removal of the Synaptic package manager , which can optionally be installed via the Ubuntu Software Center . Déjà Dup has been added as Ubuntu 's backup program . Mozilla Thunderbird has replaced the Evolution email client . All removed applications will remain available to users for installation from the Ubuntu Software Center and repositories . Support for Ubuntu Oneiric Ocelot was officially ended on 9 May 2013 . Ubuntu 12.04 LTS ( Precise Pangolin ) ( edit ) Ubuntu 12.04 LTS desktop Ubuntu 12.04 LTS ( Precise Pangolin ) is Canonical 's sixteenth release of Ubuntu and its fourth Long Term Support ( LTS ) release , made available on schedule on 26 April 2012 . It is named after the pangolin anteater . Previous LTS releases have been supported for three years for the desktop version and five years for the server version ; this release was supported for five years for both versions , with support ending on April 28 , 2017 . Changes in this release include a much faster startup time for the Ubuntu Software Center and refinements to Unity . This release also switched the default media player from Banshee back to Rhythmbox and dropped the Tomboy note - taking application and the supporting Mono framework as well . Also , the window dodge feature has been removed from the Unity launcher starting with Ubuntu 12.04 . Ubuntu 12.04 incorporated a new head - up display ( HUD ) feature that allows hotkey searching for application menu items from the keyboard , without needing the mouse . Shuttleworth said that the HUD `` will ultimately replace menus in Unity applications '' but for Ubuntu 12.04 at least the menus will remain . Ubuntu 12.04 is the first Ubuntu release shipped with IPv6 privacy extensions turned on by default . Ubuntu 11.10 already supported IPv6 on the desktop and in the installer ( stateless address autoconfiguration SLAAC , stateless DHCPv6 and stateful DHCPv6 ) . Like other LTS releases , 12.04 included point releases that bundled updates to shorten downloads for users installing the release later in its lifecycle . The point releases and dates were : 12.04. 1 ( 23 August 2012 ) , 12.04. 2 ( 14 February 2013 ) , 12.04. 3 ( scheduled for release on 22 August 2013 , but actually released on 23 August 2013 ) and 12.04. 4 ( 6 February 2014 ) . The last point release was 12.04. 5 , released on 7 August 2014 . Jesse Smith of DistroWatch said that many people , like he , had questioned Ubuntu 's direction , including Unity . But with Ubuntu 12.04 he felt that the puzzle pieces , which individually may have been underwhelming , had come together to form a whole , clear picture . He said `` Unity , though a step away from the traditional desktop , has several features which make it attractive , such as reducing mouse travel . The HUD means that newcomers can find application functionality with a quick search and more advanced users can use the HUD to quickly run menu commands from the keyboard . '' He wrote that Unity had grown to maturity , while indicating that he was bothered by its lack of flexibility . He did notice issues , however , especially that the HUD did not work in LibreOffice and performance in a virtual machine was unsatisfactory . He concluded that Ubuntu 's overall experience was `` head and shoulders above anything else in the Linux ecosystem . '' Jim Lynch wrote `` Ubuntu 12.04 is definitely worth an upgrade if you 're running an earlier version . Unity is finally coming into its own in this release , plus there are other enhancements that make upgrading worthwhile . Ubuntu is getting better and better with each release . I was one of the Unity skeptics initially , but I 've come to accept it as part of Ubuntu . '' Jack Wallen of TechRepublic -- who had strongly criticized early versions of Unity -- said `` Since Ubuntu 12.04 was released , and I migrated over from Linux Mint , I 'm working much more efficiently . This is n't really so much a surprise to me , but to many of the detractors who assume Unity a very unproductive desktop ... well , I can officially say they are wrong . ( ... ) I realize that many people out there have spurned Unity ( I was one of them for a long time ) , but the more I use it , the more I realize that Canonical really did their homework on how to help end users more efficiently interact with their computers . Change is hard -- period . For many , the idea of change is such a painful notion they wind up missing out on some incredible advancements . Unity is one such advancement . '' Ubuntu 12.10 ( Quantal Quetzal ) ( edit ) Ubuntu 12.10 's default desktop On 23 April 2012 Shuttleworth announced that Ubuntu 12.10 would be named Quantal Quetzal . As this will be the first of a series of three releases before the next LTS release , Shuttleworth indicated that it will include a refreshed look , with work to be done on typography and iconography . The release takes its name from the quetzal , a species of Central American birds . Ubuntu 12.10 was released on schedule on 18 October 2012 and is Canonical 's seventeenth release of the operating system . Ryan Paul , writing for Ars Technica , said in April 2012 when the name was announced `` A Quetzal is a colorful bird that is common to Central America . The most well - known variety , the resplendent quetzal , is known for its beauty . The name is a good fit for Ubuntu , which aims to soar in the cloud , offer visual appeal without compromising function , and avoid smacking into closed windows . '' The Ubuntu Developer Summit held in May 2012 set the priorities for this release . They are forecast to include an improved boot up sequence and log - in screen , dropping Unity 2D in favor of lower hardware requirements for Unity 3D , wrap around dialogs and toolbars for the HUD and a `` vanilla '' version of Gnome - Shell as an option . The release would likely include GNOME 3.6 , Python 3 and the 3.5 Linux kernel . It would ship with Python 3 in the image , but with Python 2 available in the repositories , via the `` python '' package . The kernel will have the PAE switched on by default . In July 2012 , development versions of Ubuntu 12.10 received a new combined user , session and system menu . This release also included Ubuntu Web Apps , a means of running web applications directly from the desktop , without having to open a browser . It would use Nautilus 3.4 as its file manager , in place of the 3.5 and newer versions , to retain features deleted from later versions . In September 2012 , Canonical 's Kate Stewart announced that the Ubuntu 12.10 image would not fit on a compact disc , saying `` There is no longer a traditional CD sized image , DVD or alternate image , but rather a single 800MB Ubuntu image that can be used from USB or DVD . '' However , a third - party project has created a version of Ubuntu 12.10 that fits on a CD . It uses LZMA2 compression instead of the DEFLATE compression used on the official Ubuntu DVD image . Also in late September 2012 , it was announced that the version of Unity to be shipped with Ubuntu 12.10 would by default include searches of Amazon.com for searched terms . This move caused immediate controversy among Ubuntu users , particularly with regard to privacy issues , and caused Mark Shuttleworth to issue a statement indicating that this feature is not adware and labelled many of the objections `` FUD '' ( Fear , uncertainty and doubt ) . Shuttleworth stated `` What we have in 12.10 is n't the full experience , so those who leap to judgement are at maximum risk of having to eat their words later . Chill out . If the first cut does n't work for you , remove it , or just search the specific scope you want ( there are hotkeys for all the local scopes ) . '' Regardless , users filed a Launchpad bug report on the feature requesting that it be made a separate lens and not included with general desktop searches for files , directories and applications . The degree of community push - back on the issue resulted in plans by the developers to make the dash and where it searches user - configurable via a GUI - setting dialogue . Despite concerns that the setting dialogue would not make the final version of Ubuntu 12.10 , it was completed and is present in the final version of 12.10 . In the week prior to the stable release of Ubuntu 12.10 data - privacy advocate Luís de Sousa indicated that the inclusion of the shopping lens , installed without explicit permission of the user , violates European Directive 95 / 46 / EC on data privacy . That directive requires that the `` data subject has unambiguously given his consent '' in situations where personal identifying information is sent . In reviewing Ubuntu 12.10 at the end of October 2012 for DistroWatch , Jesse Smith raised concerns about the Amazon shopping lens , saying , `` it has raised a number of privacy concerns in the community and , looking over Ubuntu 's legal notice about privacy does not provide any reassurance . The notice informs us Canonical reserves the right to share our keystrokes , search terms and IP address with a number of third parties , including Facebook , Twitter , Amazon and the BBC . This feature is enabled by default , but can be turned off through the distribution 's settings panel . '' He also found that the dash provided very slow performance and that the release was `` practically unusable in the VirtualBox environment '' . He summed up his experiences , `` After a day and a half of using Ubuntu 12.10 it was an internal struggle not to wipe my hard drive and just find another distribution to review . During the first twenty - four hours Ubuntu spied on me , provided performance which was distinctly sub par , the interface regularly popped up errors ( sometimes so frequently the first pop - up would n't have faded out of view before the next one appeared ) , the update notification did n't work and it was n't possible to turn off accessibility features through the graphical interface . Adding insult to injury , the Unity dash kept locking up or losing focus while I was trying to use it and the operating system crashed more times than not while trying to shutdown or logout . Switching away from Unity to GNOME Fallback helped the performance issues I had experienced with the Dash , but it did n't remove the annoying pop - up errors and performance ( while usable ) still was n't as good as I would expect . And what really makes me scratch my head is Ubuntu 12.04 worked really well on this same hardware . '' In early November , the Electronic Frontier Foundation made a statement on the shopping lens issue , `` Technically , when you search for something in Dash , your computer makes a secure HTTPS connection to productsearch.ubuntu.com , sending along your search query and your IP address . If it returns Amazon products to display , your computer then insecurely loads the product images from Amazon 's server over HTTP . This means that a passive eavesdropper , such as someone sharing a wireless network with you , will be able to get a good idea of what you 're searching for on your own computer based on Amazon product images . It 's a major privacy problem if you ca n't find things on your own computer without broadcasting what you 're looking for to the world . '' Writing about Ubuntu 12.10 in a December 2012 review , Jim Lynch addressed the Amazon controversy : `` One of the desktop changes that some folks might not like is the web app link to Amazon.com ... This might come across as a bridge too far in terms of the outright commercialization of Ubuntu . And it is an eery ( sic ) reminder of all the garbage that gets installed on Windows PCs by default , by the hardware companies . Is this where Ubuntu is going ? Will you someday boot into your Ubuntu desktop only to find tons of commercial crapware clogging up your desktop by default ? I sure hope not , as it will be another reason for people to avoid Ubuntu . '' He concluded by saying , `` Overall , Ubuntu 12.10 is a decent upgrade for current Ubuntu users . However , the inclusion of the Amazon icon on the launcher , and the discontinuation of Unity 2D might irritate some people . '' Support for Ubuntu 12.10 Quantal Quetzal officially ended on 16 May 2014 . Ubuntu 13.04 ( Raring Ringtail ) ( edit ) Ubuntu 13.04 ( Raring Ringtail ) On 17 October 2012 , Shuttleworth announced that Ubuntu 13.04 would be named Raring Ringtail and said about this release `` ( In the next six months ) we want to have the phone , tablet and TV all lined up . So I think it 's time to look at the core of Ubuntu and review it through a mobile lens : let 's measure our core platform by mobile metrics , things like battery life , number of running processes , memory footprint , and polish the rough edges that we find when we do that . '' The Wubi installer was dropped as of 13.04 , due to its incompatibility with Windows 8 , and general lack of support and development . Previously , on 29 October 2012 , at Ubuntu Developer Summit Registration there had been a discussion of redesigning Wubi for Ubuntu 13.04 . Ubuntu 13.04 was released on schedule on 25 April 2013 . In reviewing Ubuntu 13.04 Jim Lynch from Desktop Linux Reviews said , `` I found Ubuntu 13.04 to be a slightly disappointing upgrade . While there are definitely some enhancements in this release , there 's also nothing very special about it ... Alas , there 's nothing in Ubuntu 13.04 that makes me want to consider it for use as my daily distro . Do n't misunderstand me , there 's nothing overtly wrong with Ubuntu 13.04 either . It installed and performed very well for me . Unity 7 also has some helpful and attractive updates that Ubuntu users will enjoy , and there are other things in this release that help improve the overall Ubuntu experience ... I suspect it is simply because Ubuntu has settled into a comfortable middle age , it works and it works very well for what it does . '' Support for Ubuntu 13.04 officially ended on 27 January 2014 . Ubuntu 13.10 ( Saucy Salamander ) ( edit ) Ubuntu 13.10 ( Saucy Salamander ) Ubuntu 13.10 is named Saucy Salamander . It was released on schedule on 17 October 2013 . Consideration was given to changing the default browser from Mozilla Firefox to Chromium , but problems with timely updates to Ubuntu 's Chromium package caused developers to retain Firefox for this release . Ubuntu 13.10 was intended to be the first Ubuntu release to replace the aging X11 with the Mir display server , with X11 programs to have operated through the XMir compatibility layer . However , after the development of XMir ran into `` outstanding technical difficulties '' for multiple monitors , Canonical decided to postpone the default use of Mir in Ubuntu . Mir will still be released as the default display server for Ubuntu Touch 13.10 . Ryan Paul of Ars Technica wrote that although 13.10 brings useful enhancements , it is `` a relatively thin update '' . He also said `` the new Dash concept is intriguing , but its usefulness is a bit limited '' ; and even though he thinks that universal Web search is potentially useful , he 's somewhat uncomfortable with how Canonical joins it with local system searches . In a review of Ubuntu 13.10 Joey Sneddon of OMG Ubuntu criticized the new Smart Scopes feature , saying , `` ... it 's less of a help and more of a hindrance . With so many web services offering results for a search term -- however innocuous it might be -- the Dash ends up resembling a wall painted in unintelligible , irrelevant mess . '' Sneddon noted that internet search engines turn in more useful and better organized results and recommended selectively disabling individual scopes to reduce the noise factor . Jim Lynch of Linux Desktop Reviews described the release as `` boring '' and noted , `` alas , Ubuntu 13.10 follows in the footsteps of Ubuntu 13.04 . The big new desktop feature is Smart Scopes ... Beyond that there 's not a whole lot that is interesting or exciting to talk about . It turns out that Saucy Salamander is one truly dull amphibian . Canonical really should rename this release to ' Snoozing Salamander ' instead . '' Lynch described the Smart Scopes , `` this is a very useful function , and it can save you a lot of time when looking for information . I understand that some people will regard this as a privacy violation , no problem . There 's an easy way to disable Smart Scopes . '' Maria Korolov writing for Network World in December 2013 said of the release , `` there is a benefit to be had in being able to search for files you own on both local drives and in cloud services such as Google Drive and Flickr . That 's the idea behind Unity Smart Scopes ... The result is a cluttered mess . The first thing many users will probably do after installing Ubuntu 13.10 is to get rid of most of these results ... mixing generic Web results in with your own files is just confusing . '' In its year - end Readers Choice Awards Linux Journal readers voted Ubuntu as Best Linux Distribution and Best Desktop Distribution for 2013 . Support for Ubuntu 13.10 ended on 17 July 2014 . Ubuntu 14.04 LTS ( Trusty Tahr ) ( edit ) Ubuntu 14.04 Trusty Tahr Mark Shuttleworth announced on 31 October 2011 that by Ubuntu 14.04 , Ubuntu would support smartphones , tablets , TVs and smart screens . On 18 October 2013 , it was announced that Ubuntu 14.04 would be dubbed `` Trusty Tahr '' . This version was released on 17 April 2014 , and is the 20th release of Ubuntu . Shuttleworth indicated that the focus in this development cycle would be a release characterized by `` performance , refinement , maintainability , technical debt '' and encouraged the developers to make `` conservative choices '' . Technical debt refers to catching up and refining supporting work for earlier changes . The development cycle for this release focused on the tablet interface , specifically for the Nexus 7 and Nexus 10 tablets . There were few changes to the desktop as 14.04 used the existing mature Unity 7 interface . Ubuntu 14.04 included the ability to turn off the global menu system and used locally integrated menus instead for individual applications . Other features were the retention of Xorg and not Mir or XMir , a Unity 8 developers ' preview , new mobile applications , a redesigned USB Start - Up Disk Creator tool , a new forked version of the GNOME Control Center , called the Unity Control Center and default SSD TRIM support . GNOME 3.10 is installed by default . Point releases included 14.04. 1 on 24 July 2014 , 14.04. 2 on 19 February 2015 , 14.04. 3 on 6 August 2015 , 14.04. 4 on 18 February 2016 and 14.04. 5 on 4 August 2016 . The release initially included Linux kernel 3.13 , but this was updated to 4.2 with the point release of 14.04. 4 on 18 February 2016 . The final point release , 14.04. 5 , provided the latest Linux kernel and graphics stacks from Ubuntu 16.04 LTS . Point release 14.04. 5 was the final one for 14.04 LTS . Joey Sneddon of OMG Ubuntu noted that recent Ubuntu releases have received lower and lower amounts of mainstream press coverage and termed it an `` established product that has , by and large , remained a niche interest '' . In reviewing Ubuntu 14.04 LTS in April 2014 , Jim Lynch concluded : `` Ubuntu 14.04 seems to be all about refining the Ubuntu desktop . While there are not a lot of amazing new features in this release , there are quite a few very useful and needed tweaks that add up to a much better desktop experience . Canonical 's designers seem to be listening to Ubuntu users again , and they seem willing to make the changes necessary to give the users what they want . That may be the single most important thing about Ubuntu 14.04 . It could be an indication of a sea change in Canonical 's attitude toward Ubuntu users . '' Jack Wallin writing for Tech Republic termed Ubuntu 14.04 LTS , `` as polished a distribution as you 'll find . It 's cleaner , performs better , and is all around improved . Some users may say that this is the most boring release Canonical has unleashed in years , but I believe it to be one of the finest . '' Terry Relph - Knight of ZDNet said , `` although there are no amazing ' must - have ' new features in Ubuntu 14.04 , it is worth upgrading just to get the latest LTS release with a more recent kernel and default applications . '' Scott Gilbertson of Ars Technica stated , `` Ubuntu is one of the most polished desktops around , certainly the most polished in the Linux world , but in many ways that polish is increasingly skin deep at the expense of some larger usability issues which continue to go unaddressed release after release . '' Ubuntu 14.10 ( Utopic Unicorn ) ( edit ) A screenshot of the Ubuntu 14.10 `` Utopic Unicorn '' desktop with the mascot wallpaper On 23 April 2014 Shuttleworth announced that Ubuntu 14.10 would carry the name Utopic Unicorn . Version 14.10 was released on 23 October , having only minor updates to the kernel , Unity Desktop , and included packages such as LibreOffice and Mozilla Firefox and Thunderbird . The kernel was updated to 3.16 for hardware support ( e.g. graphics ) and has for security , full kernel address space layout randomization applied to the kernel and its modules , plus the closure of a number of information leaks in / proc . This version is the 21st release . Ubuntu 14.10 was officially characterized as a release that addressed `` bug fixes and incremental quality improvements '' and so it incorporated very few new features . Joey Sneddon of OMG Ubuntu wrote in reviewing this release , `` Ubuntu 14.10 , codenamed `` Utopic Unicorn '' , is saddled with a modest changelog , composed largely of bug fixes , stability improvements and key software updates . All worthy , but falls a little way short of the `` fresh ideas and new art '' that should `` raise the roof '' -- quotes from Mark Shuttleworth 's `` U '' name announcement ... For the release taking place in the week of Ubuntu 's 10th anniversary , this may all read like a bit of an anticlimax . No headline user features , no visual changes ( bar a few new icons for the sidebar of Nautilus ) -- there 's not even a new default wallpaper to look at ... But on the flip side it 's perhaps the most fitting release ; the one that shows just how far Ubuntu has come in the past few years . Mature , dependable and sure in its own ( Ambiance - themed ) skin , buggy feature churn has given way to a sustained era of assured stability ... Ubuntu 14.10 is a rock - solid , hearty and dependable release . Perhaps more here than ever before . There 's no getting away from the fact that it 's an uninspiring update on paper , and is far from being anything approaching essential . '' Michael Larabel of Phoronix wrote , `` At the end of the day simple end - users wo n't see much of a difference over Ubuntu 14.04 LTS , which is a bit sad given that this is the tenth anniversary release of Ubuntu Linux . For everyday Linux desktop users the many upgraded packages are great but there is n't too much more to celebrate about today on the desktop front . '' Scott Gilbertson , writing for The Register , explained , `` I 've been covering Ubuntu for seven of the release 's 10 years and 14.10 is the first time I 've had to dig deep into the release notes just to find something new to test ... If you needed further proof that Canonical is currently solely focused on bringing its Unity 8 interface to mobile devices , 14.10 is the best evidence yet ... Almost nothing Canonical develops has changed in this release -- there is n't even a new desktop wallpaper . There are some updates to be sure , but they do n't hail from Canonical ... The lack of updates is n't unexpected , in fact that 's been the plan all along ... Desktop Ubuntu is currently in a kind of suspended animation , waiting on Unity 8 and Mir to be ready for its coming metamorphosis . The short story is that it makes no sense for Canonical to keep refining Unity 7 when it will soon be retired . '' Ubuntu 15.04 ( Vivid Vervet ) ( edit ) Ubuntu 15.04 Vivid Vervet On 20 October 2014 Shuttleworth announced that Ubuntu 15.04 would be named Vivid Vervet . It was released on 23 April 2015 . This was the 22nd Ubuntu release . Ubuntu 15.04 used systemd instead of Upstart by default . This release also featured locally integrated menus by default , replacing the previous default global menus . Silviu Stahie , writing for Softpedia , said about this release while it was in beta , `` Ubuntu 15.04 is not an exciting release , but that it 's only a surface impression . The truth is that it 's an important upgrade because some very important changes have been made , including the adoption of systemd . Users will notice that not too many visual changes have been implemented in Ubuntu 15.04 , but that was to be expected . The team is transitioning to a new Unity version that is still not ready for general use , so it 's easy to understand why Ubuntu 15.04 is not all that different from Ubuntu 14.10 . '' This release included modest improvements in Intel Haswell graphics performance and bigger improvements for AMD Radeon graphics cards using the open - source Radeon R600 and RadeonSI Gallium3D drivers . In reviewing this release , Joey Sneddon , of OMG Ubuntu , said `` Ubuntu 15.04 is yet another solid entry in the distribution 's long release history . A dependable desktop operating system suited for end users but with plenty of convenient extras to woo developers with . Though the Unity 7 desktop is largely mothballed as work progresses on the new converged experience with Unity 8 , the modest refinements received here buff the experience . Unity in Ubuntu 15.04 shines brighter , a glowing example of a desktop that ' just works ' for users . '' . Jesse Smith of DistroWatch wrote , `` One of the changes I was interested in exploring was Ubuntu 's switch from the Upstart init software to systemd . In this regard I was pleasantly surprised . I find most distributions , when they initially make the switch to systemd , introduce bugs or , at the very least , break backward compatibility . Sometimes service managers stop working properly and network device names usually change . Even if everything works as it should , the administrator needs to adjust to systemd 's approach to logging and adopt a different method of managing services . Ubuntu has taken an approach I like with regards to adopting systemd . '' He concluded , `` on the surface , Ubuntu 15.04 does not bring many changes . There are a few cosmetic adjustments , but nothing major that desktop users are likely to notice . Most of the interesting work appears to be going on behind the scenes ... Ubuntu 15.04 feels very stable and easy to configure . This is an operating system that is virtually effortless to set up and run and I feel the Unity 7 desktop does a nice job of providing lots of features while staying out of the way ... All in all , I like what Canonical has done with Ubuntu 15.04 . This feels like a small , incremental evolution for Ubuntu and Unity . The init switch , which has disrupted the users of several other distributions , goes largely unnoticed in Ubuntu and I think that is worthy of praise . '' Ubuntu 15.10 ( Wily Werewolf ) ( edit ) Ubuntu 15.10 Wily Werewolf Shuttleworth announced on 4 May 2015 that Ubuntu 15.10 would be called Wily Werewolf . He initially expressed hope that the release would include the Mir display server , but it was released on 22 October 2015 without Mir . It was the 23rd release of Ubuntu . Ubuntu 15.10 eliminated the disappearing window edge scrollbars in favour of the upstream GNOME scrollbars , a move designed to save developer time in creating patches and updates . In reviewing the release , Chris Jones wrote , `` Ubuntu 15.10 as an operating system for Review is pretty lackluster . There 's nothing new as such and there 's nothing we can really say that is going to change your opinion from its predecessor , 15.04 . Therefore , we recommend you to upgrade either out of habit and according to your regular upgrade schedule rather than out of a specific necessity for a specific feature of this release . Because there is really nothing that could possibly differentiate it from the older , yet still very stable 15.04 release . But if you 're going to stick with 15.04 for a little longer , we do recommend that you look at upgrading the kernel to the latest 4.2 branch . It is worth it . If you really want a reason to upgrade ? Linux kernel 4.2 would be our sole reason for taking Ubuntu 15.10 into consideration . '' Joey Sneddon of OMG Ubuntu noted , `` For a release named after a terrifying mythological creature Ubuntu 15.10 is surprisingly tame . There are no dramatic transformations , no bone popping or shirt ripping and certainly no hair sprouting under the milky eye of full moon . In fact , a new wallpaper and change in scrollbar appearance is about as shapeshift - y as this werewolf gets . '' Steven J. Vaughan - Nichols of ZDNet praised the release for its integration of cloud services , such as the new Ubuntu OpenStack cloud deployment and management tool , OpenStack Autopilot as well as its server tools . Ubuntu 's machine container hypervisor , LXD , included by default in 15.10 , was singled out . Vaughan - Nichols concluded , `` with these advances , chances are you 're more likely to use Ubuntu , hidden behind the scenes , on clouds and servers . '' A Hectic Geek review noted problems with X.Org Server crashes and concluded `` If you use Ubuntu 14.04 LTS and if it 's working out for you , then there really is no need to switch to a non-LTS release , especially to the 15.10 . '' A review on Dedoimedo identified problems with Samba , Bluetooth , desktop searching , battery life and the smartphone interface and found the release inconsistent , saying , `` unpredictability is horrible . Give me a good experience , or give me a bad experience , but please try not to seesaw between them erratically . Continuous , steady change in behavior , any which way . '' The review concluded , `` it underperforms compared to some of its siblings and ancestors . Not the best , definitely not worth a perma upgrade , but you might find it more palatable to your hardware and use cases . Overall , though Wily is n't the best of distros . It sure gave me the willies. 7 / 10 . '' Ubuntu 16.04 LTS ( Xenial Xerus ) ( edit ) Ubuntu 16.04 LTS Xenial Xerus Shuttleworth announced on 21 October 2015 that Ubuntu 16.04 LTS would be called Xenial Xerus . It was released on 21 April 2016 . The default desktop environment continues to be Unity 7 , with an option for Unity 8 . In May 2015 , Shuttleworth indicated that Ubuntu 16.04 LTS would include Unity 8 and Mir , but that users have a choice of that or Unity 7 and X.org . He said , `` Unity 8 will be an option for 16.04 and we 'll let the community decide the default for 16.04 . '' The release adds support for Ceph and ZFS filesystems , the LXD hypervisor ( using seccomp ) for OpenStack , and Snappy packages will be supported . It will use systemd instead of Upstart as its init system . This release will replace the Ubuntu Software Centre with GNOME Software and eliminate Empathy and Brasero from the ISO file . Reviewer Jack Wallen said , `` The truth of the matter is , the Ubuntu Software Center has been a horrible tool for a very long time . Making this move will greatly improve the Ubuntu experience for every user . '' This release has online dash search results disabled by default in Unity 7 . `` None of your search terms will leave your computer '' , stated Ubuntu desktop manager Will Cooke . Reviewer Jack Wallen said about this , `` I 've never considered the inclusion of online search results to be spyware . In fact , I have always considered the online results to be an efficient means of searching for products through Amazon ( etc . ) . That being said , with the release of 16.04 , this feature is disabled . '' Ubuntu 16.04 LTS does not support the AMD Catalyst ( fglrx ) driver for AMD / ATI graphics cards and instead recommends the free software radeon and amdgpu alternatives . These may not provide optimal graphics performance , however . AMDGPU - PRO is available for Ubuntu 16.04 The first point release , 16.04. 1 , was released on 21 July 2016 . Release of Ubuntu 16.04. 2 was delayed a number of times , but it was eventually released on 17 February 2017 . Ubuntu 16.04. 3 was released on 3 August 2017 . Ubuntu 16.10 ( Yakkety Yak ) ( edit ) `` Yakkety Yak '' redirects here . For the pop song , see Yakety Yak . For other uses , see Yakety Yak ( disambiguation ) . Ubuntu 16.10 Yakkety Yak Mark Shuttleworth announced on 21 April 2016 that Ubuntu 16.10 would be called Yakkety Yak . It was released on 13 October 2016 . This release features a maintenance version of Unity 7 , but offers Unity 8 packages included in the ISO , so that users can test them . Other improvements include a new version of Ubuntu Software that supports faster loading , better support for installing command - line - only non-GUI applications , support for installing fonts and multimedia codecs and introduction of paid applications . It is based on Linux kernel version 4.8 . This version of Ubuntu introduced only minor incremental changes . These included LibreOffice 5.2 , GTK3 version by default , the Update Manager shows changelog entries for Personal Package Archives ( PPAs ) as well as repository software , GNOME applications updated to version 3.20 , with some using version 3.22 . Also systemd now handles user sessions as well as the previously implemented system sessions . Joey Sneddon of OMG Ubuntu said , `` Ubuntu 16.10 is not a big update over Ubuntu 16.04 LTS , released back in April . If you were hoping it 'd be a compelling or must - have upgrade you 'll be sadly disappointed . '' He did find some improvements , `` The Ubuntu Software app is also significantly faster in use . This solves a real pet peeve of mine on the incumbent LTS desktop . Thankfully , Yakkety makes it quicker to find , browser , search and install applications , '' but concluded , `` Ubuntu 16.10 is not a must - have upgrade -- not for most people . '' Marius Nestor of Softpedia noted , `` Ubuntu 16.10 is not an exciting release for fans of the open source operating system . Probably the most important feature of Yakkety Yak is Linux kernel 4.8 , which brings support for the latest hardware , but other than that , you 'll get some updated components that are mostly based on the old GNOME 3.20 Stack . '' Writing in Makeuseof , Bertel King , Jr. said , `` If you 're feeling underwhelmed , you probably remember the Ubuntu of yesteryear . Back in the days of 8.10 , 9.04 , and 10.04 each release brought forth a new theme or ambitious feature . Unity first appeared in 10.10 as a netbook interface before replacing the regular desktop in 11.04 . By comparison , modern Ubuntu updates feel relatively stagnant . You would be forgiven for not being able to distinguish between 12.04 and 16.10 . '' Ubuntu 17.04 ( Zesty Zapus ) ( edit ) Ubuntu 17.04 Zesty Zapus On 17 October 2016 , Mark Shuttleworth announced that the codename of Ubuntu 17.04 , released on 13 April 2017 , would be Zesty Zapus . This release dropped support for the 32 - bit PowerPC architecture , following the same move by the upstream Debian project . Other changes include the default DNS resolver now being systemd - resolved , Linux kernel 4.10 , and support for printers which allow printing without printer - specific drivers . Joey Sneddon of OMG Ubuntu said of this release , `` this is no normal release of Ubuntu . It 's potentially the last version of the distribution that will come with the Unity 7 desktop by default . That 's not a certainty , of course , but we know that Ubuntu will switch to GNOME for Ubuntu 18.04 LTS next year . It 's reasonable to expect developers to want to kick a few tyres on that switch ahead of time , in the next interim release . A bittersweet release then , Ubuntu 17.04 sees the distro reach the end of the alphabet in codenames , and the end of an era in everything else . Sadly there 's not an awful lot to say . Unity is , by and large , the same as it is in the 16.04 LTS ... Ubuntu 17.04 is an iterative update with modest appeal . While there is little compelling reason for anyone running Ubuntu 16.04 LTS to upgrade ( especially for those who opt receive the newer hardware enablement stack ) it 's not an irrelevant release . Ubuntu 16.10 users will want to upgrade to Ubuntu 17.04 for the general around improvements , access to newer apps , and because the truncated support period of these short term releases necessitates it . '' Maruis Nestor of Softpedia called it , `` a powerful release , both inside and outside '' and noted , `` the default desktop environment remains Unity 7 , so your beloved Ubuntu desktop environment is not going anyway at the moment . It will also be available in the upcoming Ubuntu 17.10 release , whose development will start next month . After that , starting with Ubuntu 18.04 LTS , the GNOME desktop will be used by default . '' Ubuntu 17.10 ( Artful Aardvark ) ( edit ) Ubuntu 17.10 Artful Aardvark The name of this release , Artful Aardvark , was announced via Launchpad on 21 April 2017 , instead of on Shuttleworth 's blog as has been the case in the past . It was released on 19 October 2017 . This was the first release of Ubuntu to use the GNOME Shell interface , and replaced X11 with the Wayland display server . In May 2017 , Ken VanDine , a Canonical Software Engineer on the Ubuntu desktop team tasked with the switch to GNOME , confirmed that the intention is to ship the most current version of GNOME , with very few changes from a stock installation . This release also dropped support for 32 - bit desktop images . Writer J.A. Watson of ZDNet said , `` I have not been much of an Ubuntu fan for a long time now , but this release includes a lot of significant changes , many of which might address some of my most serious objections about Ubuntu . So I think I should take a closer look at it than I normally do . '' He noted on printer configuration , `` I got a notice that our wireless printer had been successfully configured . I had n't even thought about trying to set up a printer yet , so that was a very nice surprise - and a good thing to point out to those who are still going around spouting 5 + years out of date information about how difficult it is to use printers with Linux . '' Ubuntu 18.04 LTS ( Bionic Beaver ) ( edit ) Ubuntu 18.04 Bionic Beaver is a long term support version and will be released on 26 April 2018 . On 5 April 2017 Shuttleworth announced that this release , a year away at that time , will abandon the Unity desktop and employ the GNOME 3 desktop instead , as Canonical moves away from its ambitions to produce a unified mobile and desktop operating system and concentrates on desktop , cloud computing and IoT platforms instead . Table of versions ( edit ) Version Code name Release date Supported until Initial kernel version Desktops Servers 4.10 Warty Warthog 2004 - 10 - 20 Old version , no longer supported : 2006 - 04 - 30 2.6. 8 5.04 Hoary Hedgehog 2005 - 04 - 08 Old version , no longer supported : 2006 - 10 - 31 2.6. 10 5.10 Breezy Badger 2005 - 10 - 13 Old version , no longer supported : 2007 - 04 - 13 2.6. 12 6.06 LTS Dapper Drake 2006 - 06 - 01 Old version , no longer supported : 2009 - 07 - 14 Old version , no longer supported : 2011 - 06 - 01 2.6. 15 6.10 Edgy Eft 2006 - 10 - 26 Old version , no longer supported : 2008 - 04 - 25 2.6. 17 7.04 Feisty Fawn 2007 - 04 - 19 Old version , no longer supported : 2008 - 10 - 19 2.6. 20 7.10 Gutsy Gibbon 2007 - 10 - 18 Old version , no longer supported : 2009 - 04 - 18 2.6. 22 8.04 LTS Hardy Heron 2008 - 04 - 24 Old version , no longer supported : 2011 - 05 - 12 Old version , no longer supported : 2013 - 05 - 09 2.6. 24 8.10 Intrepid Ibex 2008 - 10 - 30 Old version , no longer supported : 2010 - 04 - 30 2.6. 27 9.04 Jaunty Jackalope 2009 - 04 - 23 Old version , no longer supported : 2010 - 10 - 23 2.6. 28 9.10 Karmic Koala 2009 - 10 - 29 Old version , no longer supported : 2011 - 04 - 30 2.6. 31 10.04 LTS Lucid Lynx 2010 - 04 - 29 Old version , no longer supported : 2013 - 05 - 09 Old version , no longer supported : 2015 - 04 - 30 2.6. 32 10.10 Maverick Meerkat 2010 - 10 - 10 Old version , no longer supported : 2012 - 04 - 10 2.6. 35 11.04 Natty Narwhal 2011 - 04 - 28 Old version , no longer supported : 2012 - 10 - 28 2.6. 38 11.10 Oneiric Ocelot 2011 - 10 - 13 Old version , no longer supported : 2013 - 05 - 09 3.0 12.04 LTS Precise Pangolin 2012 - 04 - 26 Old version , no longer supported : 2017 - 04 - 28 3.2 , EDM includes it or 3.13 12.10 Quantal Quetzal 2012 - 10 - 18 Old version , no longer supported : 2014 - 05 - 16 3.5 3.13 13.04 Raring Ringtail 2013 - 04 - 25 Old version , no longer supported : 2014 - 01 - 27 3.8 13.10 Saucy Salamander 2013 - 10 - 17 Old version , no longer supported : 2014 - 07 - 17 3.11 14.04 LTS Trusty Tahr 2014 - 04 - 17 Older version , yet still supported : 2019 - 04 3.13 14.10 Utopic Unicorn 2014 - 10 - 23 Old version , no longer supported : 2015 - 07 - 23 3.16 15.04 Vivid Vervet 2015 - 04 - 23 Old version , no longer supported : 2016 - 02 - 04 3.19 15.10 Wily Werewolf 2015 - 10 - 22 Old version , no longer supported : 2016 - 07 - 28 4.2 16.04 LTS Xenial Xerus 2016 - 04 - 21 Older version , yet still supported : 2021 - 04 4.4 16.10 Yakkety Yak 2016 - 10 - 13 Old version , no longer supported : 2017 - 07 - 20 4.8 17.04 Zesty Zapus 2017 - 04 - 13 Older version , yet still supported : 2018 - 01 4.10 17.10 Artful Aardvark 2017 - 10 - 19 Current stable version : 2018 - 07 4.13 18.04 LTS Bionic Beaver 2018 - 04 - 26 Future release : 2023 - 04 TBA Legend : Old version Older version , still supported Latest version Latest preview version Future release Version timeline ( edit ) Version end of life ( edit ) After each version of Ubuntu has reached its end - of - life time , its repositories are removed from the main Ubuntu servers and consequently the mirrors . Older versions of Ubuntu repositories and releases can be found on the old Ubuntu releases website . See also ( edit ) List of Linux distributions Free software portal Linux portal Information technology portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About Ubuntu The Ubuntu story '' . Canonical Ltd . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Shuttleworth , Mark ( 20 October 2004 ) . `` Ubuntu 4.10 announcement '' . ubuntu - announce ( Mailing list ) . Retrieved 19 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` TimeBasedReleases '' . Ubuntu Team Wiki . Canonical Ltd . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Releases '' . Canonical Ltd . Retrieved 28 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` GNOME 's Time - Based Release Schedule '' . Gnome Live Wiki . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Stone , Daniel ( 30 August 2009 ) . `` New release process '' . xorg - devel ( Mailing list ) . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` LTS '' . Ubuntu Team Wiki . Canonical Ltd . 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Jump up ^ Shuttleworth , Mark ( 23 September 2012 ) , Amazon search results in the Dash . Retrieved 25 September 2012 Jump up ^ `` Bug # 1054776 `` Do n't include remote searches in the home lens '' : Bugs : `` unity - lens - shopping '' package : Ubuntu `` . Bugs.launchpad.net. 20 September 2012 . Retrieved 25 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Sneddon , Joey . `` Mark Shuttleworth Explains Ubuntu 's New ' Amazon Suggestions ' Feature '' . OMG ! Ubuntu ! . Retrieved 25 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Sneddon , Joey . `` Ubuntu 12.10 Amazon Shopping Results to be Made Optional '' . OMG ! Ubuntu ! . Retrieved 26 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Sneddon , Joey ( 10 October 2012 ) . `` Blogger Claims Ubuntu 's New Shopping Lens Breaks EU Law '' . OMG Ubuntu . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jesse ( 29 October 2012 ) . `` Ubuntu 12.10 Desktop '' . DistroWatch . Retrieved 3 November 2012 . Jump up ^ DistroWatch staff ( 5 November 2012 ) . `` DistroWatch Weekly , Issue 481 , 5 November 2012 '' . DistroWatch . Retrieved 6 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Jim ( 5 December 2012 ) . `` Ubuntu 12.10 '' . Linux Desktop Reviews . Retrieved 6 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Shuttleworth , Mark ( 17 October 2012 ) . `` Not the Runty Raccoon , the Rufflered Rhino or ( even ) the Randall Ross '' . Retrieved 18 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Intention to drop Wubi from 13.04 release '' . Lists.ubuntu.com . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WUBI To Be Dropped from Ubuntu 13.04 , Windows Users Lose Out '' . OMG ! Ubuntu . Retrieved 9 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ( Phoronix ) Ubuntu Looks To Improve Its Windows Installer '' . Phoronix.com . Retrieved 1 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` RaringRingtail / ReleaseSchedule - Ubuntu Wiki '' . Wiki.ubuntu.com. 14 March 2013 . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Jim ( 25 April 2013 ) . `` Ubuntu 13.04 '' . Desktop Linux Reviews . 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Jump up ^ Lynch , Jim ( 15 October 2013 ) . `` Ubuntu 13.10 Saucy Salamander '' . Linux Desktop Reviews . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Korolov , Maria ( 9 December 2013 ) . `` Ubuntu 13.10 : The good , the bad and the ugly '' . Network World . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Powers , Shawn ( 2 December 2013 ) . `` Readers ' Choice Awards 2013 '' . Linux Journal . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ubuntu 13.10 ( Saucy Salamander ) reaches End of Life on July 17 2014 '' . Lists.ubuntu.com. 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Shuttleworth , Mark ( 31 October 2011 ) . `` Ubuntu on phones , tablets , TV 's and smart screens everywhere '' . Jump up ^ Joey - Elijah Sneddon ( 18 October 2013 ) . `` Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Named ' Trusty Tahr ' '' . OMG ! Ubuntu ! . Retrieved 19 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Shuttleworth , Mark ( 18 October 2013 ) . `` Quantal , raring , saucy ... '' . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Release Schedule '' . Jump up ^ Sneddon , Joey ( 15 November 2013 ) . `` Ubuntu Tablet Will be ' Key Focus ' During Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Cycle '' . OMG ! Ubuntu ! . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Joey - Elijah Sneddon . `` Ubuntu 14.04 Adds Global Menu `` Off '' Switch `` . OMG ! Ubuntu ! . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Joey - Elijah Sneddon ( 19 November 2013 ) . `` What to Expect in Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Next April '' . Omgubuntu.co.uk . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Joey - Elijah Sneddon ( 14 December 2013 ) . `` Ubuntu Confirm GNOME Control Centre Fork for 14.04 '' . OMG ! Ubuntu ! . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Sneddon , Joey - Elijah , ( 19 December 2013 ) , Ubuntu 14.04 to Feature SSD TRIM Support By Default , OMG Ubuntu . Retrieved 19 December 2013 Jump up ^ Sneddon , Joey - Elijah , ( 18 January 2013 ) , GNOME 3.10 Will Be Available To Install In Ubuntu 14.04 LTS , OMG Ubuntu , retrieved 18 January 2013 Jump up ^ Sneddon , Joey ( 20 February 2014 ) . `` Better Late Than Never : Ubuntu To Offer Locally Integrated Menus in 14.04 '' . OMG Ubuntu . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Release notes '' . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . For details of the changes applied since 14.04. 4 , please see the 14.04. 5 change summary Jump up ^ Nestor , Marius . `` Ubuntu 14.04. 5 LTS to Deliver the Kernel & Graphics Stack from Ubuntu 16.04 LTS '' . softpedia.com . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Sneddon , Joey ( 23 April 2014 ) . `` How has the Press Reacted to Ubuntu 14.04 ? We Round Up the Reviews '' . OMG Ubuntu . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Jim ( 17 April 2014 ) . `` Ubuntu 14.04 LTS '' . Linux Desktop Reviews . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Wallin , Jack ( 18 April 2014 ) . `` Ubuntu 14.04 wows through subtlety '' . Tech Republic . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Relph - Knight , Terry ( 17 April 2014 ) . `` Ubuntu 14.04 LTS ( Trusty Tahr ) review : Solid and stable , but no big changes '' . ZDNet . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Gilbertson , Scott ( 23 April 2014 ) . `` Ubuntu 14.04 review : Missing the boat on big changes '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Shuttleworth , Mark ( 23 April 2014 ) . `` U talking to me ? '' . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Utopic Unicorn Schedule '' . wiki.ubuntu.com . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UtopicUnicorn / ReleaseNotes '' . wiki.ubuntu.com . Retrieved 20 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Wong , Anthony ( 23 October 2014 ) . `` Ubuntu 14.10 Release Notes '' . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Sneddon , Joey ( 23 October 2014 ) . `` Ubuntu 14.10 Released , Ready to Download Now '' . OMG Ubuntu . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Larabel , Michael ( 23 October 2014 ) . `` Ubuntu 14.10 Officially Released '' . Phoronix . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Gilbertson , Scott ( 24 October 2014 ) . `` Ubuntu 's shiny 10th birthday Unicorn : An upgrade fantasy '' . The Register . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Shuttleworth , Mark ( 20 October 2014 ) . `` V is for Vivid '' . Retrieved 20 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Sneddon , Joey . `` This is the name of Ubuntu 15.04 -- And It 's Not Velociraptor '' . OMG Ubuntu . Retrieved 20 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sneddon , Joey . `` Ubuntu 15.04 Gets Tentative Release Date of April 23 , 2015 '' . OMG Ubuntu . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Canonical Ltd ( 5 December 2014 ) . `` Vivid Vervet Release Schedule '' . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ubuntu Cloud Switches Over To Using Systemd By Default '' . phoronix.com . Retrieved 27 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Andrei , Alin ( 27 March 2015 ) . `` Ubuntu 15.04 Vivid Vervet Final Beta Available For Download '' . webupd8 . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Stahie , Silviu ( 2 April 2015 ) . `` See What 's New in Ubuntu 15.04 Vivid Vervet '' . Softpedia . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ubuntu 15.04 Offers Faster OpenGL For AMD Radeon GPUs on Open - Source '' . phoronix.com . Retrieved 27 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneddon , Joey ( 23 April 2015 ) . `` Ubuntu 15.04 Released , This Is What 's New '' . OMG Ubuntu . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jesse ( 27 April 2015 ) . `` First impressions of Ubuntu 15.04 '' . DistroWatch . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Shuttleworth , Mark ( 4 May 2015 ) . `` Announcing the `` wily werewolf '' `` . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ubuntu 15.04 Makes a ' Snappy ' Entrance '' . eweek.com . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Heath , Nick ( 11 October 2013 ) . `` Mark Shuttleworth on how the Ubuntu Edge dream lives on in the iPhone '' . ZDNet . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` WilyWerewolf / ReleaseSchedule - Ubuntu Wiki '' . ubuntu.com . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Joey - Elijah Sneddon . `` Ubuntu 15.10 Ditches Unity Overlay Scrollbars '' . OMG ! Ubuntu ! . Retrieved 23 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Jones , Chris ( 22 October 2015 ) . `` Ubuntu 15.10 , Codenamed Wily Werewolf , Review '' . Unix Men . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneddon , Joey ( 22 October 2015 ) . `` Ubuntu 15.10 Available to Download , This Is What 's New '' . OMG Ubuntu . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Steven J. Vaughan - Nichols . `` The Wily Werewolf , Ubuntu 15.10 , is unleashed '' . ZDNet . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ubuntu 15.10 Review : Less Exciting & Largely Unchanged '' . Hectic Geek . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ubuntu 15.10 Wily Werewolf review - Fast and spurious '' . dedoimedo.com . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Shuttleworth , Mark ( 21 October 2015 ) . `` Mark Shuttleworth Blog Archive X marks the spot '' . markshuttleworth.com . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canonical unveils 6th LTS release of Ubuntu with 16.04 '' . Ubuntu Insights. 20 April 2016 . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Silviu Stahie ( 4 May 2015 ) . `` Ubuntu 16.04 LTS Wo n't Have Unity 8 by Default , the Community Will Decide '' . Softpedia . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Canonical . `` LXD '' . ubuntu.com . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LXD an `` hypervisor '' for containers ( based on liblxc ) `` . Retrieved 8 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Silviu Stahie ( 5 November 2015 ) . `` Ubuntu 16.04 LTS with Unity 7 to Support Snappy Packages '' . Softpedia . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Shuttleworth Blog Archive Losing graciously '' . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ( Phoronix ) Ubuntu Systemd Plans : Will Be Default By Ubuntu 16.04 LTS '' . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` XenialXerus / ReleaseSchedule - Ubuntu Wiki '' . ubuntu.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Sam Tran . `` Ubuntu Software Centre To Be Replaced in 16.04 LTS '' . OMG ! Ubuntu ! . Retrieved 4 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Silviu Stahie ( 5 November 2015 ) . `` Ubuntu 16.04 LTS to Drop Ubuntu Software Center for GNOME Software '' . Softpedia . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jack Wallen . `` Ubuntu 16.04 : Something to Get Excited About '' . Linux.com - The source for Linux information . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bug # 1054776 `` Do n't include remote searches in the home lens '' : Bugs : unity - lens - shopping package : Ubuntu `` . launchpad.net . Retrieved 17 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Joey - Elijah Sneddon . `` Ubuntu ' Spyware ' Will Be Disabled in Ubuntu 16.04 LTS '' . OMG ! Ubuntu ! . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Joey - Elijah Sneddon . `` Why AMD GPU Users May Want to Avoid Ubuntu 16.04 LTS '' . OMG ! Ubuntu ! . Retrieved 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AMDGPU - PRO Driver for Linux Release Notes '' . support.amd.com . Retrieved 29 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Larabel , Michael ( 21 July 2016 ) . `` Ubuntu 16.04. 1 LTS Released '' . Phoronix . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Conrad , Adam ( 17 February 2017 ) . `` Ubuntu 16.04. 2 LTS released '' . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Nestor , Marius ( 9 February 2017 ) . `` Ubuntu 16.04. 2 LTS Has Been Delayed Once Again , Should Land on Monday Now '' . Softpedia . Retrieved 10 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Shuttleworth , Mark ( 21 April 2016 ) . `` Mark Shuttleworth Blog Archive Y is for ... '' . markshuttleworth.com . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` YakketyYak Release Notes '' . 22 April 2016 . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Bouvier , Scott ( 9 May 2016 ) . `` What To Expect from Unity 7 in Ubuntu 16.10 '' . OMG Ubuntu . Retrieved 9 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` YakketyYak / ReleaseNotes - Ubuntu Wiki '' . Retrieved 6 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ubuntu 16.10 Released , Ready to Download Now '' . omgubuntu.co.uk. 13 October 2016 . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Nestor , Marius . `` Ubuntu 16.10 Yakkety Yak Launches Officially with Linux Kernel 4.8 , Download Now '' . softpedia.com . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Reasons Why Ubuntu 16.10 Yakkety Yak Is Worth a Look '' . makeuseof.com . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Shuttleworth , Mark ( 17 October 2016 ) . `` The mouse that jumped '' . markshuttleworth.com . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ZestyZapus / ReleaseNotes - Ubuntu Wiki '' . ubuntu.com . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sneddon , Joey ( 13 April 2017 ) . `` Ubuntu 17.04 Available to Download Now , This is What 's New '' . OMG Ubuntu . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nestor , Marius ( 13 April 2017 ) . `` Ubuntu 17.04 ( Zesty Zapus ) Officially Released , Available to Download Now '' . Softpedia . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Sneddon , Joey ( 21 April 2017 ) . `` Ubuntu 17.10 Is Named ' Artful Aardvark '' . OMG Ubuntu . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Sneddon , Joey ( 22 April 2017 ) . `` This is the Ubuntu 17.10 Release Date '' . OMG Ubuntu . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Canonical Limited ( 20 April 2017 ) . `` Artful Aardvark Release Schedule '' . wiki.ubuntu.com . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Nestor , Marius ( 19 April 2017 ) . `` Canonical to Make GNOME Default Session in Ubuntu 17.10 '' . Softpedia . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sneddon , Joey ( 5 April 2017 ) . `` Ubuntu 18.04 To Ship with GNOME Desktop , Not Unity '' . OMG Ubuntu . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shuttleworth , Mark . `` Growing Ubuntu for Cloud and IoT , rather than Phone and convergence '' . Canonical . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Sneddon , Joey ( 16 May 2017 ) . `` Ubuntu Desktop Team Discuss Their Plans for GNOME in Ubuntu 17.10 '' . OMG Ubuntu . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pay Attention ! Ubuntu is Officially Dropping 32 - bit Desktop Images '' . itsfoss.com . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Watson , J.A. `` Ubuntu 17.10 : Hands - on with Artful Aardvark - ZDNet '' . zdnet.com . Retrieved 29 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ubuntu 18.04 LTS is Called ' Bionic Beaver ' '' . omgubuntu.co.uk. 24 October 2017 . Retrieved 29 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ubuntu 18.04 LTS Release Schedule - OMG ! Ubuntu ! '' . omgubuntu.co.uk. 29 October 2017 . Retrieved 29 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` BionicBeaver / ReleaseSchedule - Ubuntu Wiki '' . wiki.ubuntu.com . Retrieved 29 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Precise Release Schedule '' . wiki.ubuntu.com . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ubuntu 12.04 ( Precise Pangolin ) End of Life reached on April 28 , 2017 '' . Retrieved 29 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LTS Enablement Stacks '' . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SecurityTeam / ESM / 12.04 - Ubuntu Wiki '' . wiki.ubuntu.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Date of EOL changed to overlap Ubuntu 14.04 release '' . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ubuntu Kernel Team - Quantal Release Status '' . Retrieved 3 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ubuntu Kernel Team - Raring Release Status '' . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Saucy Release Schedule '' . wiki.ubuntu.com . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ubuntu 14.10 ( Utopic Unicorn ) reaches End of Life on July 23 , 2015 '' . lists.ubuntu.com . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ubuntu 14.10 ( Utopic Unicorn ) Now Based on Linux Kernel 3.16 '' , 22 July 2014 , Silviu Stahie Jump up ^ `` Ubuntu 15.04 ( Vivid Vervet ) reaches End of Life on February 4 2016 '' . lists.ubuntu.com . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Stahie , Silviu ( 8 April 2015 ) . `` Ubuntu 15.04 Launches in Two Weeks , Will Be Based on Linux Kernel 3.19. 3 After All '' . Softpedia . Retrieved 8 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ubuntu 15.10 ( Wily Werewolf ) reaches End of Life on July 28 2016 '' . lists.ubuntu.com . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Marius Nestor ( 14 July 2015 ) . `` Ubuntu 15.10 Is Rebased on Linux Kernel 4.2 , Tracking of Linux Kernel 4.2 Continues '' . Softpedia . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Nestor , Marius . `` Ubuntu 16.04 LTS ( Xenial Xerus ) Updates to Linux Kernel 4.3. 3 , Tracks Linux 4.4 RC5 '' . Softpedia . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ubuntu 16.10 ( Yakkety Yak ) reaches End of Life on July 20 2017 '' . lists.ubuntu.com . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zesty Release Schedule '' . wiki.ubuntu.com . Retrieved 16 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ubuntu Wiki Zesty Zapus Release Notes '' . Ubuntu Wiki . 23 March 2017 . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Artful Release Schedule '' . wiki.ubuntu.com . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ubuntu Wiki Artful Aardvark Release Notes '' . Ubuntu Wiki . 19 October 2017 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Moffitt , Nick ( 31 May 2007 ) . `` Old packages from unsupported Ubuntu releases will be removed from archive.ubuntu.com '' . ubuntu - mirrors - announce ( Mailing list ) . Retrieved 1 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ubuntu Releases '' . Ubuntu . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Old Ubuntu Releases '' . Old-releases.ubuntu.com . Retrieved 17 July 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ubuntu . Ubuntu Releases website ( hide ) Ubuntu General Canonical Ltd . Releases Ubuntu ( philosophy ) People Jono Bacon Benjamin Mako Hill Ian Jackson Scott James Remnant Mark Shuttleworth Jeff Waugh Jane Silber Derivatives Official editions Ubuntu Ubuntu Server Ubuntu Touch Ubuntu TV Ubuntu Kylin Community supported Edubuntu Kubuntu Lubuntu Ubuntu Budgie Ubuntu GNOME Ubuntu MATE Ubuntu Studio Xubuntu Third party EasyPeasy elementary OS Emmabuntüs Linux Mint Trisquel Terminated Gobuntu Mythbuntu Ubuntu Mobile Ubuntu Netbook Edition Ubuntu JeOS Software Bazaar Juju Startup Disk Creator Software Updater Ubiquity Discontinued Mir display server OpenCD StartUp - Manager Ubuntu for Android Ubuntu One Ubuntu Software Center Unity interface Upstart Usplash Wubi XSplash Third party Brasero GNOME Files Technology and user interface LightDM Side Stage Snappy Uncomplicated Firewall Third party AppArmor APT deb format dpkg Hardware System76 Ubuntu Edge Support Ask Ubuntu Launchpad Medibuntu Paper cut bug Personal Package Archive Restricted extras Ubuntu Professional Certification Ubuntu Forums Ubuntu One Account ( Ubuntu SSO ) Third party GetDeb Fonts Ubuntu ( typeface ) Ubuntu - Title Media Full Circle Ubuntu User Related topics Debian aptitude dash debconf package Commons Book Wikiversity Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ubuntu_version_history&oldid=808375055 '' Categories : Lists of software Software version histories Ubuntu ( operating system ) Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2012 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Norsk Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 14 : 09 . 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About Wikipedia	when will the next version of ubuntu be released	[ "\n\nVersion\nCode name\nRelease date\nSupported until\nInitial kernel version\n\nDesktops\nServers\n\n\n\n4.10\nWarty Warthog\n2004-10-20\nOld version, no longer supported: 2006-04-30\n2.6.8\n\n\n5.04\nHoary Hedgehog\n2005-04-08\nOld version, no longer supported: 2006-10-31\n2.6.10\n\n\n5.10\nBreezy Badger\n2005-10-13\nOld version, no longer supported: 2007-04-13\n2.6.12\n\n\n6.06 LTS\nDapper Drake\n2006-06-01\nOld version, no longer supported: 2009-07-14\nOld version, no longer supported: 2011-06-01\n2.6.15\n\n\n6.10\nEdgy Eft\n2006-10-26\nOld version, no longer supported: 2008-04-25\n2.6.17\n\n\n7.04\nFeisty Fawn\n2007-04-19\nOld version, no longer supported: 2008-10-19\n2.6.20\n\n\n7.10\nGutsy Gibbon\n2007-10-18\nOld version, no longer supported: 2009-04-18\n2.6.22\n\n\n8.04 LTS\nHardy Heron\n2008-04-24\nOld version, no longer supported: 2011-05-12\nOld version, no longer supported: 2013-05-09\n2.6.24\n\n\n8.10\nIntrepid Ibex\n2008-10-30\nOld version, no longer supported: 2010-04-30\n2.6.27\n\n\n9.04\nJaunty Jackalope\n2009-04-23\nOld version, no longer supported: 2010-10-23\n2.6.28\n\n\n9.10\nKarmic Koala\n2009-10-29\nOld version, no longer supported: 2011-04-30\n2.6.31\n\n\n10.04 LTS\nLucid Lynx\n2010-04-29\nOld version, no longer supported: 2013-05-09\nOld version, no longer supported: 2015-04-30\n2.6.32\n\n\n10.10\nMaverick Meerkat\n2010-10-10\nOld version, no longer supported: 2012-04-10\n2.6.35\n\n\n11.04\nNatty Narwhal\n2011-04-28\nOld version, no longer supported: 2012-10-28\n2.6.38\n\n\n11.10\nOneiric Ocelot\n2011-10-13\nOld version, no longer supported: 2013-05-09\n3.0\n\n\n12.04 LTS\nPrecise Pangolin\n2012-04-26[278]\nOld version, no longer supported: 2017-04-28[279]\n3.2,[280] EDM includes it or 3.13[281]\n\n\n12.10\nQuantal Quetzal\n2012-10-18\nOld version, no longer supported: 2014-05-16[282]\n3.5[283] 3.13\n\n\n13.04\nRaring Ringtail\n2013-04-25\nOld version, no longer supported: 2014-01-27[8]\n3.8[284]\n\n\n13.10\nSaucy Salamander\n2013-10-17[285]\nOld version, no longer supported: 2014-07-17[190]\n3.11\n\n\n14.04 LTS\nTrusty Tahr\n2014-04-17[194]\nOlder version, yet still supported: 2019-04\n3.13\n\n\n14.10\nUtopic Unicorn\n2014-10-23[210]\nOld version, no longer supported: 2015-07-23[286]\n3.16[287]\n\n\n15.04\nVivid Vervet\n2015-04-23[218]\nOld version, no longer supported: 2016-02-04[288]\n3.19[289]\n\n\n15.10\nWily Werewolf\n2015-10-22[229]\nOld version, no longer supported: 2016-07-28[290]\n4.2[291]\n\n\n16.04 LTS\nXenial Xerus\n2016-04-21[237]\nOlder version, yet still supported: 2021-04\n4.4[292]\n\n\n16.10\nYakkety Yak\n2016-10-13[256]\nOld version, no longer supported: 2017-07-20[293]\n4.8\n\n\n17.04\nZesty Zapus\n2017-04-13[294]\nOlder version, yet still supported: 2018-01\n4.10[295]\n\n\n17.10\nArtful Aardvark\n2017-10-19[296]\nCurrent stable version: 2018-07\n4.13[297]\n\n\n18.04 LTS\nBionic Beaver\n2018-04-26[277]\nFuture release: 2023-04\nTBA\n\n\n\n\nLegend:\nOld version\nOlder version, still supported\nLatest version\nLatest preview version\nFuture release\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "2018-04-26" ]
-7696342465801924075	My Sweet Lord	My Sweet Lord - wikipedia My Sweet Lord Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For other uses , see My Sweet Lord ( disambiguation ) . `` My Sweet Lord '' Single by George Harrison from the album All Things Must Pass A-side `` Is n't It a Pity '' ( US ) ( double A-side ) B - side `` What Is Life '' ( UK ) Released 23 November 1970 ( US ) 15 January 1971 ( UK ) Format 7 - inch single Genre Folk rock , gospel Length 4 : 39 Label Apple Songwriter ( s ) George Harrison Producer ( s ) George Harrison , Phil Spector George Harrison singles chronology `` My Sweet Lord '' ( 1970 ) `` What Is Life '' ( 1971 ) George Harrison singles chronology `` Cheer Down '' ( 1989 ) `` My Sweet Lord '' ( 2002 ) `` Stuck Inside a Cloud '' ( 2002 ) All Things Must Pass track listing 23 tracks Side one `` I 'd Have You Anytime '' `` My Sweet Lord '' `` Wah - Wah '' `` Is n't It a Pity '' Side two `` What Is Life '' `` If Not for You '' `` Behind That Locked Door '' `` Let It Down '' `` Run of the Mill '' Side three `` Beware of Darkness '' `` Apple Scruffs '' `` Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp ( Let It Roll ) '' `` Awaiting on You All '' `` All Things Must Pass '' Side four `` I Dig Love '' `` Art of Dying '' `` Is n't It a Pity ( Version Two ) '' `` Hear Me Lord '' Side five `` Out of the Blue '' `` It 's Johnny 's Birthday '' `` Plug Me In '' Side six `` I Remember Jeep '' `` Thanks for the Pepperoni '' Alternative cover 2002 reissue cover `` My Sweet Lord '' is a song by English musician George Harrison . It was released in November 1970 on his triple album All Things Must Pass . Also issued as a single , Harrison 's first as a solo artist , `` My Sweet Lord '' topped charts worldwide and was the biggest - selling single of 1971 in the UK . In America and Britain , the song was the first number - one single by an ex-Beatle . Harrison originally gave the song to his fellow Apple Records artist Billy Preston to record ; this version , which Harrison co-produced , appeared on Preston 's Encouraging Words album in September 1970 . Harrison wrote `` My Sweet Lord '' in praise of the Hindu god Krishna , while at the same time intending the lyrics to serve as a call to abandon religious sectarianism through his deliberate blending of the Hebrew word hallelujah with chants of `` Hare Krishna '' and Vedic prayer . The recording features producer Phil Spector 's Wall of Sound treatment and heralded the arrival of Harrison 's much - admired slide guitar technique , which one biographer described as being `` musically as distinctive a signature as the mark of Zorro '' . Preston , Ringo Starr , Eric Clapton , and the group Badfinger are among the other musicians appearing on the recording . Later in the 1970s , `` My Sweet Lord '' was at the centre of a heavily publicised copyright infringement suit , due to its similarity to the Ronnie Mack song `` He 's So Fine '' , a 1963 hit for the New York girl group the Chiffons . In 1976 , Harrison was found to have subconsciously plagiarised the earlier tune , a verdict that had repercussions throughout the music industry . He claimed to have used the out - of - copyright `` Oh Happy Day '' , a Christian hymn , as his inspiration for the song 's melody . Harrison performed `` My Sweet Lord '' at the Concert for Bangladesh in August 1971 , and it remains the most popular composition from his post-Beatles career . He reworked the song as `` My Sweet Lord ( 2000 ) '' for inclusion as a bonus track on the 30th anniversary reissue of All Things Must Pass . Many artists have covered the song including Andy Williams , Peggy Lee , Edwin Starr , Johnny Mathis , Nina Simone , Julio Iglesias , Richie Havens , Megadeth , Boy George , Elton John , Jim James , Bonnie Bramlett and Elliott Smith . `` My Sweet Lord '' is ranked 460th on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of `` the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . The song reached number 1 in Britain for a second time when re-released in January 2002 , two months after Harrison 's death . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Billy Preston 's version 4 Recording 5 Release 6 Reception 7 Copyright infringement suit 7.1 Initial action 7.2 Court hearing and ruling 7.3 Damages and subsequent litigation 8 Re-releases and alternative versions 8.1 1975 -- `` The Pirate Song '' 8.2 2001 -- `` My Sweet Lord ( 2000 ) '' 8.3 2011 -- Demo version 9 Live versions 10 Personnel 11 Cover versions 12 Accolades 12.1 Grammy Awards 13 Chart performance 13.1 Weekly charts 13.2 Year - end charts 13.3 Certifications and sales 14 References 15 Sources 16 External links Background ( edit ) George Harrison began writing `` My Sweet Lord '' in December 1969 , when he , Billy Preston and Eric Clapton were in Copenhagen , Denmark , as guest artists on Delaney & Bonnie 's European tour . By this time , Harrison had already written the gospel - influenced `` Hear Me Lord '' and `` Gopala Krishna '' , and ( with Preston ) the African - American spiritual `` Sing One for the Lord '' . He had also produced two religious - themed hit singles on the Beatles ' Apple record label : Preston 's `` That 's the Way God Planned It '' and Radha Krishna Temple ( London ) 's `` Hare Krishna Mantra '' . The latter was a musical adaptation of the 5000 - year - old Vaishnava Hindu mantra , performed by members of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness ( ISKCON ) , colloquially known as `` the Hare Krishna movement '' . Harrison now wanted to fuse the messages of the Christian and Gaudiya Vaishnava faiths into what musical biographer Simon Leng terms `` gospel incantation with a Vedic chant '' . The Copenhagen stopover marked the end of the Delaney & Bonnie tour , with a three - night residency at the Falkoner Theatre on 10 -- 12 December . According to Harrison 's 1976 court testimony , `` My Sweet Lord '' was conceived while the band members were attending a backstage press conference and he had ducked out to an upstairs room at the theatre . Harrison recalled vamping chords on guitar and alternating between sung phrases of `` hallelujah '' and `` Hare Krishna '' . He later took the idea to the others , and the chorus vocals were developed further . Band leader Delaney Bramlett 's more recent version of events is that the idea originated from Harrison asking him how to go about writing a genuine gospel song , and that Bramlett demonstrated by scat singing the words `` Oh my Lord '' while wife Bonnie and singer Rita Coolidge added gospel `` hallelujah '' s in reply . British music journalist John Harris has questioned the accuracy of Bramlett 's account , however , comparing it to a fisherman 's `` It was this big '' - type bragging story . Using as his inspiration the Edwin Hawkins Singers ' rendition of an eighteenth - century Christian hymn , `` Oh Happy Day '' , Harrison continued working on the theme . He completed the song , with some help from Preston , once they had returned to London . Composition ( edit ) The song 's lyrics reflect Harrison 's often - stated desire for a direct relationship with God , expressed in simple words that all believers could affirm , regardless of their religion . Author Ian Inglis observes a degree of `` understandable '' impatience in the first verse 's line , `` Really want to see you , Lord , but it takes so long , my Lord '' . By the end of the song 's second verse , Harrison declares a wish to `` know '' God also and attempts to reconcile the impatience : I really want to know you Really want to go with you Really want to show you , Lord , that it wo n't take long , my Lord Following this verse , in response to the main vocal 's repetition of the song title , Harrison devised a choral line singing the Hebrew word of praise , `` hallelujah '' , common in the Christian and Jewish religions . Later in the song , after an instrumental break , these voices return , now chanting the first twelve words of the Hare Krishna mantra , known more reverentially as the Maha mantra : Hare Krishna , Hare Krishna Krishna Krishna , Hare Hare Hare Rama , Hare Rama These Sanskrit words are the main mantra of the Hare Krishna faith , with which Harrison identified , although he did not belong to any spiritual organisation . In his 1980 autobiography , I , Me , Mine , Harrison explained that he intended repeating and alternating `` hallelujah '' and `` Hare Krishna '' to show that the two terms meant `` quite the same thing '' , as well as to have listeners chanting the mantra `` before they knew what was going on ! '' Following the Sanskrit lines , `` hallelujah '' is sung twice more before the mantra repeats , along with an ancient Vedic prayer . According to Hindu tradition , this prayer is dedicated to a devotee 's spiritual teacher , or guru , and equates the teacher to the divine Trimurti -- Brahma , Vishnu and Shiva ( or Maheshvara ) -- and to the Godhead , Brahman . Gurur Brahmā , gurur Viṣṇur gurur devo Maheśvaraḥ gurus sākṣāt , paraṃ Brahma tasmai śrī gurave namaḥ . Former Krishna devotee Joshua Greene translates the lines as follows : `` I offer homage to my guru , who is as great as the creator Brahma , the maintainer Vishnu , the destroyer Shiva , and who is the very energy of God . '' The prayer is the third verse of the Guru Stotram , a fourteen - verse hymn in praise of Hindu spiritual teachers . Some Christian fundamentalist anti-rock activists objected that chanting `` Hare Krishna '' in `` My Sweet Lord '' was anti-Christian or satanic , while some born - again Christians adopted the song as an anthem . Several commentators cite the mantra and the simplicity of Harrison 's lyrics as central to the song 's universality . The `` lyrics are not directed at a specific manifestation of a single faith 's deity , '' Inglis writes , `` but rather to the concept of one god whose essential nature is unaffected by particular interpretations and who pervades everything , is present everywhere , is all - knowing and all - powerful , and transcends time and space ... All of us -- Christian , Hindu , Muslim , Jew , Buddhist -- can address our gods in the same way , using the same phrase ( ' my sweet Lord ' ) . '' Billy Preston 's version ( edit ) `` My Sweet Lord '' Single by Billy Preston from the album Encouraging Words B - side `` Little Girl '' Released 3 December 1970 Format 7 - inch vinyl Genre Soul , gospel Length 3 : 21 Label Apple Songwriter ( s ) George Harrison Producer ( s ) George Harrison , Billy Preston Billy Preston singles chronology `` All That I 've Got '' ( 1970 ) `` My Sweet Lord '' ( 1970 ) `` I Wrote a Simple Song '' ( 1971 ) `` All That I 've Got '' ( 1970 ) `` My Sweet Lord '' ( 1970 ) `` I Wrote a Simple Song '' ( 1971 ) With the Beatles still together officially in December 1969 , Harrison had no plans to make a solo album of his own and reportedly intended to offer `` My Sweet Lord '' to Edwin Hawkins . Instead , following the Delaney & Bonnie tour , he decided to record it with Billy Preston , for whom Harrison was co-producing a second Apple album , Encouraging Words . Recording took place at Olympic Studios in London , in January 1970 , with Preston as principal musician , supported by the guitarist , bass player and drummer from the Temptations ' backing band . The Edwin Hawkins Singers happened to be on tour in the UK as well , so Harrison invited them to participate ; Hawkins ' gospel group also overdubbed vocals onto the Harrison -- Preston collaboration `` Sing One for the Lord '' at this time . Preston 's version of `` My Sweet Lord '' differs from Harrison 's later reading in that the `` hallelujah '' refrain appears from the start of the song and , rather than the full mantra section , the words `` Hare Krishna '' are sung only twice throughout the whole track . With the Vedic prayer likewise absent , Simon Leng views this original recording as a possible `` definitive ' roots ' take ' '' of the song , thanks to its `` pure gospel groove '' and Hawkins ' participation . In his review of Encouraging Words , Bruce Eder of AllMusic describes `` My Sweet Lord '' and `` All Things Must Pass '' ( another Harrison composition originally given to Preston to record ) as `` stunning gospel numbers ... that make the Harrison versions seem pallid '' . Preston 's `` My Sweet Lord '' was a minor hit in Europe when issued as a single there in September 1970 , but otherwise , Encouraging Words made little impression commercially . The album and single releases were delayed for at least two months in the United States , where `` My Sweet Lord '' would climb to number 90 on the Billboard Hot 100 by the end of February 1971 , helped by the enormous success of Harrison 's version . Recording ( edit ) Five months after the Olympic session , with the Beatles having now broken up , `` My Sweet Lord '' was one of 30 or more tracks that Harrison recorded for his All Things Must Pass triple album . It was a song he had been reluctant to record , for fear of committing himself publicly to such an overt religious message . `` I was sticking my neck out on the chopping block because now I would have to live up to something , '' Harrison explained in I Me Mine , `` but at the same time I thought ' Nobody 's saying it ; I wish somebody else was doing it . ' '' Abbey Road Studios , where Harrison recorded `` My Sweet Lord '' With Phil Spector co-producing the sessions at Abbey Road Studios , Preston again played on the track , along with Clapton , Ringo Starr , Jim Gordon and all four members of Badfinger . The identity of the remaining musicians has traditionally been open to question , with drummer Alan White once claiming he played on the song , with Carl Radle on bass , Starr on tambourine and John Lennon among the rhythm guitarists . The common view , following research by Simon Leng , is that Harrison and Spector chose from a number of rhythm tracks before selecting the master take , which featured , among others , Klaus Voormann on bass and Gary Wright on a second keyboard ; Bruce Spizer suggests that Peter Frampton may have added acoustic guitar after the main session . Harrison 's original vocal appears to have been acceptable , according to notes written by Spector in August , but the chorus vocals ( all sung by Harrison and credited to `` the George O'Hara - Smith Singers '' ) , his harmonised slide guitar parts , and John Barham 's orchestral arrangement were overdubbed during the next two months , partly at Trident Studios in central London . Leng describes the recording as a `` painstakingly crafted tableau '' of sound , beginning with a bank of `` chiming '' acoustic guitars and the `` flourish '' of zither strings that introduces Harrison 's slide - guitar motif . At close to the two - minute mark , after the tension - building bridge , a subtle two - semitone shift in key ( from E major to the rarely used key of F - sharp major , via a C# dominant seventh chord ) signals the song 's release from its extended introduction . This higher register is then complemented by Harrison 's `` increasingly impassioned '' vocal and the subsequent `` timely reappearance '' of his twin slide guitars , before the backing vocals `` deftly '' switch to the Sanskrit mantra and prayer . Leng also notes the Indian music aspects of the production , in the `` swarmandal - like '' zithers , representing the sympathetic strings of a sitar , and the slide guitars ' evocation of sarangi , dilruba and other string instruments . In an interview for Martin Scorsese 's 2011 documentary on George Harrison , Spector recalls that he liked the results so much , he insisted that `` My Sweet Lord '' be the lead single from the album . This later , rock version of the song was markedly different from the `` Oh Happy Day '' - inspired gospel arrangement in musical and structural terms , aligning Harrison 's composition with pop music conventions , but also drawing out the similarities of its melody line with that of the Chiffons ' 1963 hit `` He 's So Fine '' . Spizer suggests that this was due to Harrison being `` so focused on the feel of his record '' , while Record Collector editor Peter Doggett wrote in 2001 that , despite Harrison 's inspiration for `` My Sweet Lord '' having come from `` Oh Happy Day '' , `` in the hands of producer and arranger Phil Spector , it came out as a carbon copy of the Chiffons ' ( song ) '' . Chip Madinger and Mark Easter remark on the `` sad '' fact that Spector , as `` master of all that was ' girl - group ' during the early ' 60s '' , failed to recognise the similarities . Release ( edit ) Before arriving in New York on 28 October to carry out mastering on All Things Must Pass , Harrison had announced that no single would be issued -- so as not to `` detract from the impact '' of the triple album . Apple 's US executive , Allan Steckler , together with business manager Allen Klein and Spector all pushed for `` My Sweet Lord '' to be released immediately , however , even though Billy Preston 's version was already scheduled for release as a single in America the following month . Film director Howard Worth recalls a preliminary finance meeting for the Raga documentary ( for which Harrison would provide emergency funding through Apple Films ) that began with the ex-Beatle asking him to listen to a selection of songs and pick his favourite , which was `` My Sweet Lord '' . Harrison relented , and `` My Sweet Lord '' was issued as the album 's lead single around the world , but not in Britain ; the release date was 23 November 1970 in the United States . The mix of the song differed from that found on All Things Must Pass by featuring less echo and a slightly altered backing - vocal track . Both sides of the North American picture sleeve consisted of a Barry Feinstein photo of Harrison taken through a window at his recently purchased Friar Park home , with some of the estate 's trees reflected in the glass . Released as a double A-side with `` Is n't It a Pity '' , with Apple catalogue number 2995 in America , both sides of the disc featured a full Apple label . Public demand via constant airplay in Britain led to a belated UK release , on 15 January 1971 . There , as Apple R 5884 , the single was backed by `` What Is Life '' , a song that Apple soon released elsewhere internationally as the follow - up to `` My Sweet Lord '' . Harrison 's version of `` My Sweet Lord '' was an international number 1 hit by the end of 1970 and through the early months of 1971 -- the first solo single by a Beatle to reach the top , and the biggest seller by any of the four throughout the 1970s . Without the support of any concert appearances or promotional interviews by Harrison , the single 's commercial success was due to its impact on radio , where , Harrison biographer Gary Tillery writes , the song `` rolled across the airwaves like a juggernaut , with commanding presence , much the way Dylan 's ' Like a Rolling Stone ' had arrived in the mid-sixties '' . Elton John recalls first hearing `` My Sweet Lord '' in a taxi and names it as the last of the era 's great singles : `` I thought , ' Oh my God , ' and I got chills . You know when a record starts on the radio , and it 's great , and you think , ' Oh , what is this , what is this , what is this ? ' The only other record I ever felt that way about ( afterwards ) was ' Brown Sugar ' ... '' In his 40 - page Harrison tribute article for Rolling Stone in 2002 , Mikal Gilmore credited `` My Sweet Lord '' as being `` as pervasive on radio and in youth consciousness as anything the Beatles had produced '' . The single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America on 14 December 1970 for sales of over 1 million copies . It reached number 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 on 26 December , remaining on top for four weeks , three of which coincided with All Things Must Pass 's seven - week reign atop the Billboard albums chart . In Britain , `` My Sweet Lord '' entered the charts at number 7 , before hitting number 1 on 30 January and staying there for five weeks . It was the biggest - selling single of 1971 in the UK and performed similarly well around the world , particularly in France and Germany , where it held the top spot for nine and ten weeks , respectively . In his 2001 appraisal of Harrison 's Apple recordings , for Record Collector , Doggett described Harrison as `` arguably the most successful rock star on the planet '' over this period , adding : `` ' My Sweet Lord ' and All Things Must Pass topped charts all over the world , easily outstripping other solo Beatles projects later in the year , such as Ram and Imagine . '' The single 's worldwide sales amounted to 5 million copies by 1978 , making it one of the best - selling singles of all time . By 2010 , according to Inglis , `` My Sweet Lord '' had sold over 10 million copies . The song returned to the number 1 position again in the UK when reissued in January 2002 , two months after Harrison 's death from cancer at the age of 58 . Reception ( edit ) Peter Lavezzoli , author of The Dawn of Indian Music in the West , has written of Harrison 's first solo single : `` ' My Sweet Lord ' was everything that people wanted to hear in November 1970 : shimmering harmonies , lustrous acoustic guitars , a solid Ringo Starr backbeat , and an exquisite ( Harrison ) guitar solo . '' Reviewing the single for Rolling Stone , Jon Landau called the track `` sensational '' . In an era when songs by Radha Krishna Temple and adaptations of the Christian hymns `` Oh Happy Day '' and `` Amazing Grace '' were all worldwide hits , Ben Gerson of Rolling Stone observed that the substituting of Harrison 's `` Hare Krishna '' refrain for the trivial `` Doo - lang , doo - lang , doo - lang '' s of `` He 's So Fine '' was `` a sign of the times '' . John Lennon told a reporter , `` Every time I put the radio on , it 's ' Oh my Lord ' -- I 'm beginning to think there must be a God . '' In his December 1970 album review for NME , Alan Smith bemoaned the apparent lack of a UK single release for `` My Sweet Lord '' and noted that the song `` seems to owe something '' to `` He 's So Fine '' . To Gerson , it was an `` obvious re-write '' of the Chiffons hit , and within two months US music publisher Bright Tunes had served a writ on Harrison citing unauthorised copyright infringement . In a January 1971 review for NME , Derek Johnson expressed surprise at Apple 's delay in releasing the single in the UK , before declaring : `` In my opinion , this record -- finally and irrevocably -- establishes George as a talent equivalent to either Lennon or McCartney . '' More recently , AllMusic 's Richie Unterberger explains the international popularity of Harrison 's single : `` ' My Sweet Lord ' has a quasi-religious feel , but nevertheless has enough conventional pop appeal to reach mainstream listeners who may or may not care to dig into the spiritual lyrical message . '' Added to this was a slide guitar riff that Simon Leng describes as `` among the best - known guitar passages in popular music '' . Ian Inglis highlights the combination of Harrison 's `` evident lack of artifice '' and Spector 's `` excellent production '' , such that `` My Sweet Lord '' can be heard `` as a prayer , a love song , an anthem , a contemporary gospel track , or a piece of perfect pop '' . Due to the ensuing plagiarism suit , `` My Sweet Lord '' became somewhat stigmatised by association , to the point where no mention of the song was complete without a reference to `` He 's So Fine '' . `` My Sweet Lord '' was ranked 460th on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of `` the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' in 2004 , yet the accompanying text only briefly mentioned the success of the single and Harrison 's `` teardrop slide licks '' before concentrating on the controversial lawsuit . While acknowledging the common ground between the two songs , music critic David Fricke describes Harrison 's composition as `` the honest child of black American sacred song '' . Writing around the time of All Things Must Pass 's 2001 reissue , again for Rolling Stone , Anthony DeCurtis described `` My Sweet Lord '' as `` capturing the sweet satisfactions of faith '' , while to Mikal Gilmore , it is an `` irresistible devotional '' . At the end of 1971 , `` My Sweet Lord '' topped the Melody Maker reader 's polls for both `` Single of the Year '' and `` World 's Single of the Year '' ; in the US publication Record World , the song was also voted best single and Harrison was honoured as `` Top Male Vocalist of 1971 '' . In June 1972 , Harrison won two Ivor Novello songwriter 's awards for `` My Sweet Lord '' . In 2010 , AOL Radio listeners voted `` My Sweet Lord '' the best song from George Harrison 's solo years . Mick Jagger and Keith Richards have both named it among their personal favourites of all Harrison 's songs , along with `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' . According to the website Acclaimed Music , `` My Sweet Lord '' has also appeared in the following critics ' best - song lists and books , among others : The 7,500 Most Important Songs of 1944 -- 2000 by author Bruce Pollock ( 2005 ) , Dave Thompson 's 1000 Songs That Rock Your World ( 2011 ; ranked at number 247 ) , Ultimate Classic Rock 's `` Top 100 Classic Rock Songs '' ( 2013 ; number 56 ) , the NME 's `` 100 Best Songs of the 1970s '' ( 2012 ; number 65 ) , and the same magazine 's `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' ( 2014 ; number 270 ) . Copyright infringement suit ( edit ) Initial action ( edit ) On 10 February 1971 , Bright Tunes filed suit against Harrison and associated organisations ( including Harrisongs , Apple Records and BMI ) , alleging copyright infringement of the late Ronnie Mack 's song `` He 's So Fine '' . In I Me Mine , Harrison admits to having thought `` Why did n't I realise ? '' when others started pointing out the similarity between the two songs ; by June that year , country singer Jody Miller had released a cover of `` He 's So Fine '' incorporating Harrison 's `` My Sweet Lord '' slide - guitar riffs , thus `` really putting the screws in '' from his point of view . On Harrison 's behalf , manager Allen Klein entered into negotiations with Bright Tunes to resolve the issue , by offering to buy the financially ailing publisher 's entire catalogue , but no settlement could be reached before the company was forced into receivership . While comparing the two compositions , author and musicologist Dominic Pedler writes that both songs have a three - syllable title refrain ( `` My sweet Lord '' , `` He 's so fine '' ) followed by a 5 - 3 - 2 descent of the major scale in the tonic key ( E major for `` My Sweet Lord '' and G major for `` He 's So Fine '' ) ; respective tempos are similar : 121 and 145 beats per minute . In the respective B sections ( `` I really want to see you '' and `` I dunno how I 'm gon na do it '' ) , there is a similar ascent through 5 - 6 - 8 , but the Chiffons distinctively retain the G tonic for four bars and , on the repeat of the motif , uniquely go to an A-note 9th embellishment over the first syllable of `` gon na '' . Harrison , on the other hand , introduces the more complex harmony of a relative minor ( C # m ) , as well as the fundamental and distinctly original slide - guitar motif . While the case was on hold , Harrison and his former bandmates Lennon and Starr chose to sever ties with Klein at the end of March 1973 -- an acrimonious split that led to further lawsuits for the three ex-Beatles . Bright Tunes and Harrison later resumed their negotiations ; his final offer of 40 per cent of `` My Sweet Lord '' 's US composer 's and publisher 's royalties , along with a stipulation that he retain copyright for his song , was viewed as a `` good one '' by Bright 's legal representation , yet the offer was rejected . It later transpired that Klein had renewed his efforts to purchase the ailing company , now solely for himself , and to that end was supplying Bright Tunes with insider details regarding `` My Sweet Lord '' 's sales figures and copyright value . In the build - up to the case going to court , the Chiffons recorded a version of `` My Sweet Lord '' , with the aim of drawing attention to the lawsuit . Beatles author Alan Clayson has described the plagiarism suit as `` the most notorious civil action of the decade '' , the `` extremity '' of the proceedings provoked by a combination of the commercial success of Harrison 's single and the intervention of `` litigation - loving Mr Klein '' . Court hearing and ruling ( edit ) Bright Tunes Music v. Harrisongs Music finally went to the United States district court on 23 February 1976 , to hear evidence on the allegation of plagiarism . Harrison attended the proceedings in New York , with a guitar , and each side called musical experts to support its argument . After reconvening in September 1976 , the court found that Harrison had `` subconsciously '' copied the earlier tune , since he admitted to having been aware of the Chiffons ' recording . Judge Richard Owen said in his conclusion to the proceedings : Did Harrison deliberately use the music of `` He 's So Fine '' ? I do not believe he did so deliberately . Nevertheless , it is clear that `` My Sweet Lord '' is the very same song as `` He 's So Fine '' with different words , and Harrison had access to `` He 's So Fine '' . This is , under the law , infringement of copyright , and is no less so even though subconsciously accomplished . Damages and subsequent litigation ( edit ) With liability established , the court then recommended an amount for the damages to be paid by Harrison and Apple to Bright Tunes , which Owen totalled at $1,599,987 -- amounting to three - quarters of the royalty revenue raised in North America from `` My Sweet Lord '' , as well as a significant proportion of that from the All Things Must Pass album . This figure has been considered over-harsh and unrealistic by some observers , since it both underplayed the unique elements of Harrison 's recording -- the universal spiritual message of its lyrics , the signature guitar hook , and its production -- and ignored the critical acclaim his album received in its own right . Elliot Huntley observes : `` People do n't usually hear a single and then automatically go and buy an expensive boxed - set triple album on the off - chance . '' The award factored in the royalty revenue raised from `` My Sweet Lord '' 's inclusion on the recent Best of George Harrison compilation , though at a more moderate percentage than for the 1970 album . The ruling set new legal precedents and was a personal blow for Harrison , who admitted he was too `` paranoid '' to write anything new for some time afterwards . Early reaction in the music industry saw Little Richard claim for breach of copyright in a track recorded by the Beatles in 1964 for the Beatles for Sale album , as well as Ringo Starr credit songwriter Clifford T. Ward as the inspiration for his Ringo 's Rotogravure song `` Lady Gaye '' . In the UK , the corresponding damages suit , brought by Peter Maurice Music , was swiftly settled out of court in July 1977 . During the drawn - out damages portion of the US suit , events played into Harrison 's hands when Klein 's ABKCO Industries finally purchased the copyright to `` He 's So Fine '' , and with it all litigation claims , after which Klein proceeded to negotiate sale of the song to Harrison . On 19 February 1981 , the court decided that due to Klein 's duplicity in the case , Harrison would only have to pay ABKCO $587,000 instead of the $1.6 million award and he would also receive the rights to `` He 's So Fine '' -- $587,000 being the amount Klein had paid Bright Tunes for the song in 1978 . The court ruled that the former manager 's actions had been in breach of the fiduciary duty owed to Harrison , a duty that continued `` even after the principal -- agent relationship ended '' . The litigation continued through to the early 1990s , however , as the finer points of the settlement were ironed out ; in his 1993 essay on Bright Tunes v. Harrisongs , Joseph Self describes it as `` without question , one of the longest running legal battles ever to be litigated in ( the United States ) '' . Matters would not ultimately be concluded until March 1998 . Subsequent charges of plagiarism in the music industry have resulted in a policy of swift settlement and therefore limited damage to an artist 's credibility : the Rolling Stones ' `` Anybody Seen My Baby ? '' , Oasis ' `` Shakermaker '' , `` Whatever '' and `` Step Out '' , and the Verve 's `` Bitter Sweet Symphony '' are all examples of songs whose writing credits were hastily altered to acknowledge composers of a potentially plagiarised work , with the minimum of litigation . Shortly before the ruling was handed down in September 1976 , Harrison wrote and recorded a song inspired by the court case -- the upbeat `` This Song '' -- which includes the line `` This tune has nothing ' Bright ' about it '' . The 1960s soul hits `` I Ca n't Help Myself ( Sugar Pie Honey Bunch ) '' and `` Rescue Me '' , as well as his own composition `` You '' , are all name - checked in the lyrics , as if to demonstrate the point that , as he later put it , `` 99 % of the popular music that can be heard is reminiscent of something or other . '' In a 1980 interview with Playboy magazine , John Lennon expressed his doubts about the notion of `` subconscious '' plagiarism , saying : `` He must have known , you know . He 's smarter than that ... He could have changed a couple of bars in that song and nobody could ever have touched him , but he just let it go and paid the price . Maybe he thought God would just sort of let him off . '' Ringo Starr 's reaction was more charitable : `` There 's no doubt that the tune is similar but how many songs have been written with other melodies in mind ? George 's version is much heavier than The Chiffons -- he might have done it with the original in the back of his mind , but he 's just very unlucky that someone wanted to make it a test case in court . '' Speaking to his friend and I , Me , Mine editor Derek Taylor in 1979 , Harrison said of the episode : `` I do n't feel guilty or bad about it , in fact it saved many a heroin addict 's life . I know the motive behind writing the song in the first place and its effect far exceeded the legal hassle . '' Re-releases and alternative versions ( edit ) Since its initial release on All Things Must Pass , `` My Sweet Lord '' has appeared on the 1976 compilation The Best of George Harrison and 2009 's career - spanning Let It Roll : Songs by George Harrison . The original UK single ( with `` What Is Life '' as the B - side ) was reissued on Christmas Eve 1976 in Britain -- a `` provocative '' move by EMI , given the publicity the lawsuit had attracted that year for the song . The song appears in the 2017 Marvel Studios film , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , and it is included on the film 's soundtrack . 1975 -- `` the Pirate song '' ( edit ) On 26 December 1975 , Harrison made a guest appearance on his friend Eric Idle 's BBC2 comedy show Rutland Weekend Television , sending up his serious public image , and seemingly about to perform `` My Sweet Lord '' . As a running gag throughout the half - hour show , Harrison interrupts the sketches , trying to land an acting role as a pirate ( and dressed accordingly ) , but gets turned down each time by RWT regulars Idle and Neil Innes , who simply want him to play the part of `` George Harrison '' . He then reappears at the end in more normal attire , strumming the well - known introduction to `` My Sweet Lord '' on an acoustic guitar , and backed by the house band ; instead of continuing with the song , Harrison finally takes his chance to play `` Pirate Bob '' by abruptly segueing into a sea shanty -- to the horror of the `` greasy '' compère , played by Idle . The other musicians follow Harrison 's lead , after which a group of dancers appear on stage and the show 's closing credits roll . This performance is known as `` The Pirate Song '' , co-written by Harrison and Idle , and the recording is only available unofficially on bootleg compilations such as Pirate Songs . Observing the parallels with Harrison 's real - life reluctance to play the pop star , Simon Leng writes , `` there was great resonance within these gags . '' 2001 -- `` My Sweet Lord ( 2000 ) '' ( edit ) In January 2001 , Harrison included a new version of the song as a bonus track on the remastered All Things Must Pass album . `` My Sweet Lord ( 2000 ) '' featured Harrison sharing vocals with Sam Brown , daughter of his friend Joe Brown , backed by mostly new instrumentation , including acoustic guitar by his son Dhani and tambourine by Ray Cooper . The track opens with a `` snippet '' of sitar , to `` emphasize its spiritual roots '' , Leng suggests . On release , Harrison explained that his motivation for remaking the song was partly to `` play a better slide guitar solo '' ; he also cited the `` spiritual response '' that the song had traditionally received , together with his interest in reworking the tune to avoid the contentious musical notes , as further reasons . Of the extended slide - guitar break on `` My Sweet Lord ( 2000 ) '' , Leng writes : `` ( Harrison ) had never made so clear a musical statement that his signature bottleneck sound was as much his tool for self - expression as his vocal cords . '' Elliot Huntley opines that Harrison 's vocal was more `` gospel inflected '' and perhaps even more sincere than on the original recording , `` given his deteriorating health '' during the final year of his life . This version also appeared on the January 2002 posthumous release of the `` My Sweet Lord '' single -- a three - song charity CD comprising the original 1970 -- 71 hit , the acoustic run - through of `` Let It Down '' ( with recent overdubs , another 2001 bonus track ) , and Harrison 's reworking of the title song . Proceeds from the single went to Harrison 's Material World Charitable Foundation for dispersal to selected charities , apart from in the United States , where proceeds went to the Self Realization Fellowship . For some months after the single 's release , a portion of `` My Sweet Lord ( 2000 ) '' played on Harrison 's official website , on a constant loop , over screen images of lotus petals scattering and then re-forming . The song also appears on the 2014 Apple Years 1968 -- 75 reissue of All Things Must Pass . 2011 -- demo version ( edit ) In November 2011 , a demo of `` My Sweet Lord '' , with Harrison backed by just Voormann and Starr , was included on the deluxe edition CD accompanying the British DVD release of Martin Scorsese 's George Harrison : Living in the Material World documentary . Described as an early `` live take '' by compilation producer Giles Martin , and an `` acoustic hosanna '' by David Fricke of Rolling Stone , it was recorded at the start of the All Things Must Pass sessions and was later released internationally on Early Takes : Volume 1 in May 2012 . Live versions ( edit ) Harrison performed `` My Sweet Lord '' at every one of his relatively few solo concerts , starting with the two Concert for Bangladesh shows at New York 's Madison Square Garden on 1 August 1971 . The recording released on the subsequent live album was taken from the evening show and begins with Harrison 's spoken `` Hare Krishna '' over his opening acoustic - guitar chords . Among the 24 backing musicians was a `` Soul Choir '' featuring singers Claudia Linnear , Dolores Hall and Jo Green , but it was Harrison who sung the end - of - song Guru Stotram prayer in his role as lead vocalist , unlike on the studio recording ( where it was sung by the backing chorus ) ; the slide guitar parts were played by Eric Clapton and Jesse Ed Davis . During his 1974 North American tour , Harrison 's only one there as a solo artist , `` My Sweet Lord '' was performed as the encore at each show . In contrast with the subtle shift from `` hallelujah '' s to Sanskrit chants on his 1970 original , Harrison used the song to engage his audience in the practice of `` chanting the holy names of the Lord '' , or kirtan -- from `` Om Christ ! '' and Krishna , to Buddha and Allah -- with varying degrees of success . Backed by a band that again included Billy Preston , Harrison turned `` My Sweet Lord '' into an `` R&B - styled '' extended gospel - funk piece , closer in its arrangement to Preston 's Encouraging Words version and lasting up to ten minutes . The performance of the song at Tulsa 's Assembly Center on 21 November marked the only guest appearance of the tour when Leon Russell joined the band on stage . Harrison 's second and final solo tour took place in Japan in December 1991 , with Clapton 's band . A live version of `` My Sweet Lord '' recorded at the Tokyo Dome , on 14 December , was released the following year on the Live in Japan album . Personnel ( edit ) The following musicians are believed to have played on Harrison 's original version of `` My Sweet Lord '' : George Harrison -- vocals , acoustic guitar , slide guitars , backing vocals Eric Clapton -- acoustic guitar Pete Ham -- acoustic guitar Tom Evans -- acoustic guitar Joey Molland -- acoustic guitar Billy Preston -- piano Gary Wright -- electric piano Klaus Voormann -- bass Ringo Starr -- drums , percussion Jim Gordon -- drums , percussion Mike Gibbins -- tambourine John Barham -- string and woodwind arrangements Bobby Whitlock -- harmonium uncredited -- zithers Cover versions ( edit ) Andy Williams covered `` My Sweet Lord '' on his 1971 Love Story album , backed by members of the choir of the Wee Kirk o ' the Valley of Reseda , California . Ronnie Aldrich , British easy listening pianist , covered the song , as well as Harrison 's `` What Is Life '' , on his 1971 album , also entitled Love Story ( after the equally popular theme song to the 1970 movie Love Story , by Francis Lai ) . Tony Orlando and Dawn performed the song on their television series in the 1970s . Homer Louis Randolph III recorded a version of `` My Sweet Lord '' for his eponymous 1971 album . Peggy Lee recorded `` My Sweet Lord '' in April 1971 for her album Where Did They Go , arranged by Don Sebesky ; it was issued on CD in 2008 . Ray Coniff 's version was released on another 1971 album titled Love Story . Bola Sete 's version was released on his 1971 album Shebaba . Johnny Mathis covered `` My Sweet Lord '' on his Love Story album . Edwin Starr recorded a version in 1971 , produced by Norman Whitfield , which was released as a single and appeared on his Involved album . A version by Eddy Arnold appeared on his 1971 album Welcome to My World . Also in 1971 , John Holt recorded a reggae version of `` My Sweet Lord '' , without the background chorus of `` hallelujahs '' and Krishna references . Another 1971 easy listening version of `` My Sweet Lord '' was recorded by Stu Phillips & The Hollyridge Strings , for their Beatles tribute album The George , John , Paul & Ringo Songbook . Marion Williams covered `` My Sweet Lord '' on her 1971 album Standing Here Wondering Which Way to Go ; the song was later released on Daytrippers : Songs of the Beatles . French orchestral leader Franck Pourcel recorded the song for his Friends album in 1971 . Swedish jazz singer Monica Zetterlund recorded the Swedish - language cover `` Du mitt liv '' in 1971 . Another French orchestrator , Paul Mauriat , recorded `` My Sweet Lord '' for his 1972 album Le Grand Orchestre de Paul Mauriat Joue Les Beatles . Italian singer Iva Zanicchi covered the song on her album Fantasia n . 2 : The Beatles in 1972 . Nina Simone performed an 18 - minute gospel reworking of `` My Sweet Lord '' at Fort Dix before a group of African - American soldiers , a version released on her 1972 album Emergency Ward ! ( along with her cover of Harrison 's `` Is n't It a Pity '' ) . She interspersed the song with the David Nelson poem `` Today Is a Killer '' , at the end of which , God is accused of being a killer , giving the otherwise exuberant atmosphere of the performance an apocalyptic ending . No references to Krishna appear in Simone 's version . Richie Havens covered the song on his 1972 live album Richie Havens on Stage , a version later released on the 1987 album Sings Beatles and Dylan . In 1975 , Julio Iglesias covered the song on his album El Amor , singing it in English even though the song was retitled in Spanish as `` Mi Dulce Señor ( My Sweet Lord ) '' . The Chiffons ' version of the song was released as a non-album single in 1975 . Larry Norman covered `` My Sweet Lord '' on his 1977 album Streams of White Light into Darkened Corners , and like John Holt , omitted the `` hallelujah '' refrains and references to Krishna . On her 1978 Christmas TV special , Dolly Parton performed the song as part of a spiritual medley , with guest Cher and a choir , with only `` hallelujah '' being chanted . The song was briefly included in Stars on 45 's medley of songs , released as a single in May 1981 . For his 1981 Do n't Give In album , Leon Patillo recorded a heavily revised version of `` My Sweet Lord '' . ( Among other things , because this was a Christian release , the entire background `` hallelujah '' section is replaced with the refrain `` Jesus '' . ) Five Thirty covered the song for the anti-poll tax album Alvin Lives ( In Leeds ) , released in 1990 . Boy George recorded a version of the song in 1992 for the Ruby Trax : The NME 's Roaring Forty compilation album . Spanish house music band PCA released their version of `` My Sweet Lord '' as a single in 1995 . Stacey Q covered `` My Sweet Lord '' on her 1997 album Boomerang . Swedish band Brainpool recorded the song as a medley with `` He 's So Fine '' and released it as a single in 1997 , titled `` My Sweet Lord ( She 's So Fine ) '' . In December 1997 , Megadeth played the song live ( with modified lyrics ) at their concert at the Centro Cultural Recoleta in Buenos Aires . The Wailing Souls covered `` My Sweet Lord '' for their 1998 album Psychedelic Souls . In 1999 , an instrumental version of `` My Sweet Lord '' was included on Aretha Franklin 's Amazing Grace : The Complete Recordings collection , a repackaging of her bestselling album Amazing Grace , recorded live in a Los Angeles Baptist church in January 1972 . David Young recorded the song for his 2000 covers album Songbook . At the American Music Awards in January 2002 , soul singer Luther Vandross performed a medley of `` Something '' and `` My Sweet Lord '' in tribute to Harrison , among others who died in 2001 . In April 2002 , Elton John , Sting , James Taylor , Ravi Shankar , Anoushka Shankar and others performed `` My Sweet Lord '' to close the Harrison - tribute opening portion of the Rock for the Rainforest benefit concert , held at Carnegie Hall in New York City . Richard Clayderman recorded a cover of `` My Sweet Lord '' for his 2002 album Everybody Loves Somebody Sometime . At the Concert for George on 29 November 2002 , the song was performed by Billy Preston , with Sam Brown joining on backing vocals . In 2003 , Brazilian artist Emmerson Nogueira included a cover of `` My Sweet Lord '' on his album Versão Acústica 3 . BeBe Winans recorded a version with specifically Christian , additional verses ( and without Krishna references ) on his album My Christmas Prayer . Girlyman also covered this song , released on their 2003 album Remember Who I Am . Reggae artist Little Roy ( Earl Lowe ) , a Rastafarian , recorded the song for his 2005 album Children of the Most High , replacing the background chorus with sung references to Rastafari . Les Fradkin 's cover was released in 2005 on his Something for George tribute album , featuring guest appearances from Richie Furay and former Apple recording artist Lon Van Eaton . Joel Harrison covered `` My Sweet Lord '' on his album Harrison on Harrison : Jazz Explorations of George Harrison , released in October 2005 . Nina Hagen recorded a version of `` My Sweet Lord '' ( with Loka Nunda ) in 2008 . John Mayer performed the song live throughout 2008 , notably during his performance at that year 's Glastonbury Festival . Osibisa covered this track on their 2009 album Osee Yee . Jim James ( under the name Yim Yames ) covered six of Harrison 's songs , including `` My Sweet Lord '' , on his 2009 EP Tribute To . Klaus Voormann , who had played bass on Harrison 's studio version and on the Concert for Bangladesh performance of the song , included a cover of `` My Sweet Lord '' on his 2009 solo album A Sideman 's Journey ; Bonnie Bramlett supplied lead vocals on the track . Kevin Max has covered this song , with no references to Krishna , for Christian audiences . Elliott Smith performed `` My Sweet Lord '' live with Grandaddy . Jose Feliciano has also played this song live . Hurray for the Riff Raff contributed `` My Sweet Lord '' to Harrison Covered , a tribute CD accompanying the November 2011 issue of Mojo magazine . In 2014 , Brian Wilson performed the song with his band ( including Al Jardine ) at the George Fest concert tribute to Harrison . Accolades ( edit ) Grammy Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 1972 `` My Sweet Lord '' Record of the Year Nominated Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Original release Chart ( 1970 -- 71 ) Peak position Australian Kent Music Report Austrian Singles Chart Belgian Ultratop Singles Chart Canadian RPM Singles Chart Dutch Singles Chart German Media Control Singles Chart Irish Singles Chart Japanese Oricon Singles Chart New Zealand Singles Chart Norwegian Singles Chart South African Springbok Singles Chart Spanish Singles Chart Swedish Kvällstoppen Chart Swiss Singles Chart UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 Posthumous reissue Chart ( 2002 ) Peak position Brazil ( ABPD ) 98 Canadian Singles Chart Dutch Singles Chart 46 Irish Singles Chart 5 Italian Singles Chart 12 Japanese Oricon Weekly Singles Chart 96 Norwegian Singles Chart 18 Swedish Singles Chart 56 Swiss Singles Chart 61 UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 94 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Rank Australian Singles Chart Austrian Singles Chart Canadian RPM Singles Chart 7 Dutch Singles Chart 21 Japanese Oricon Singles Chart 38 UK Singles Chart US Billboard Year - End Singles 31 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Japan ( RIAJ ) 2 × Platinum 269,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 960,561 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Newport , p. 70 . 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Allison Jr. , The Love There That 's Sleeping : The Art and Spirituality of George Harrison , Continuum ( New York , NY , 2006 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 1917 - 0 ) . Keith Badman , The Beatles Diary Volume 2 : After the Break - Up 1970 -- 2001 , Omnibus Press ( London , 2001 ; ISBN 0 - 7119 - 8307 - 0 ) . Roy Carr & Tony Tyler , The Beatles : An Illustrated Record , Trewin Copplestone Publishing ( London , 1978 ; ISBN 0 - 450 - 04170 - 0 ) . Harry Castleman & Walter J. Podrazik , All Together Now : The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961 -- 1975 , Ballantine Books ( New York , NY , 1976 ; ISBN 0 - 345 - 25680 - 8 ) . Alan Clayson , George Harrison , Sanctuary ( London , 2003 ; ISBN 1 - 86074 - 489 - 3 ) . Alan Clayson , Ringo Starr , Sanctuary ( London , 2003 ; ISBN 1 - 86074 - 488 - 5 ) . Stephen Davis , Old Gods Almost Dead : The 40 - Year Odyssey of the Rolling Stones , Broadway Books ( New York , NY , 2001 ; ISBN 0 - 7679 - 0312 - 9 ) . Peter Doggett , `` The Apple Years '' , Record Collector , April 2001 . The Editors of Rolling Stone , Harrison , Rolling Stone Press / Simon & Schuster ( New York , NY , 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 7432 - 3581 - 9 ) . Michael Frontani , `` The Solo Years '' , in Kenneth Womack ( ed . ) , The Cambridge Companion to the Beatles , Cambridge University Press ( Cambridge , UK , 2009 ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 82806 - 2 ) , pp. 153 -- 82 . Joshua M. Greene , Here Comes the Sun : The Spiritual and Musical Journey of George Harrison , John Wiley & Sons ( Hoboken , NJ , 2006 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 12780 - 3 ) . George Harrison , I Me Mine , Chronicle Books ( San Francisco , CA , 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 8118 - 3793 - 9 ) . Olivia Harrison , George Harrison : Living in the Material World , Abrams ( New York , NY , 2011 ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 4197 - 0220 - 4 ) . Bill Harry , The George Harrison Encyclopedia , Virgin Books ( London , 2003 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 0822 - 0 ) . Chris Hunt ( ed . ) , NME Originals : Beatles -- The Solo Years 1970 -- 1980 , IPC Ignite ! ( London , 2005 ) . Elliot J. Huntley , Mystical One : George Harrison -- After the Break - up of the Beatles , Guernica Editions ( Toronto , ON , 2006 ; ISBN 1 - 55071 - 197 - 0 ) . Ian Inglis , The Words and Music of George Harrison , Praeger ( Santa Barbara , CA , 2010 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37532 - 3 ) . Peter Lavezzoli , The Dawn of Indian Music in the West , Continuum ( New York , NY , 2006 ; ISBN 0 - 8264 - 2819 - 3 ) . Simon Leng , While My Guitar Gently Weeps : The Music of George Harrison , Hal Leonard ( Milwaukee , WI , 2006 ; ISBN 1 - 4234 - 0609 - 5 ) . Chip Madinger & Mark Easter , Eight Arms to Hold You : The Solo Beatles Compendium , 44.1 Productions ( Chesterfield , MO , 2000 ; ISBN 0 - 615 - 11724 - 4 ) . Douglas McCall , Monty Python : A Chronology , 1969 -- 2012 , McFarland ( Jefferson , NC , 2014 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 7811 - 8 ) . Barry Miles , The Beatles Diary Volume 1 : The Beatles Years , Omnibus Press ( London , 2001 ; ISBN 0 - 7119 - 8308 - 9 ) . Joseph Murrells , The Book of Golden Discs ( 2nd edn ) , Barrie & Jenkins ( London , 1978 ; ISBN 0 - 214 - 20480 - 4 ) . John P. Newport , The New Age Movement and the Biblical Worldview : Conflict and Dialogue , W.B. Eerdmans ( Grand Rapids , MI , 1998 ; ISBN 0 - 8028 - 4430 - 8 ) . Dominic Pedler , The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles , Omnibus Press ( New York , NY , 2003 ) . Jörg Pieper , The Solo Beatles Film & TV Chronicle 1971 -- 1980 , lulu.com ( 2012 ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 4092 - 8301 - 0 ) . Nicholas Schaffner , The Beatles Forever , McGraw - Hill ( New York , NY , 1978 ; ISBN 0 - 07 - 055087 - 5 ) . David Sheff , All We Are Saying : The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono , Macmillan ( London , 2010 ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 4299 - 5808 - 0 ) . Bruce Spizer , The Beatles Solo on Apple Records , 498 Productions ( New Orleans , LA , 2005 ; ISBN 0 - 9662649 - 5 - 9 ) . Gary Tillery , Working Class Mystic : A Spiritual Biography of George Harrison , Quest Books ( Wheaton , IL , 2011 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 8356 - 0900 - 5 ) . Bobby Whitlock with Marc Roberty , Bobby Whitlock : A Rock ' n ' Roll Autobiography , McFarland ( Jefferson , NC , 2010 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6190 - 5 ) . External links ( edit ) The Super Seventies : `` My Sweet Lord '' / `` Is n't It a Pity '' from The Billboard Book of Number One Hits by Fred Bronson Bright Tunes Music v. Harrisongs at UC Berkeley School of Law The `` My Sweet Lord '' / `` He 's So Fine '' Plagiarism Suit by Joseph C. Self Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics George Harrison Studio albums Wonderwall Music Electronic Sound All Things Must Pass Living in the Material World Dark Horse Extra Texture ( Read All About It ) Thirty Three & 1 / 3 George Harrison Somewhere in England Gone Troppo Cloud Nine Brainwashed Live albums The Concert for Bangladesh Live in Japan Compilations The Best of George Harrison Best of Dark Horse 1976 -- 1989 Let It Roll : Songs by George Harrison Early Takes : Volume 1 Box sets The Dark Horse Years 1976 -- 1992 Collaborations ( with Ravi Shankar ) The Apple Years 1968 -- 75 George Harrison -- The Vinyl Collection Books I , Me , Mine Songs by George Harrison Songs by George Harrison 2 Raga Mala ( as editor ) Related Articles Discography Songs Awards and nominations Asian Music Circle Bhaktivedanta Manor The Concert for Bangladesh Concert for George Dark Horse Records Friar Park Harrisongs `` Homer 's Barbershop Quartet '' `` Horse to the Water '' Kinfauns Material World Charitable Foundation Ravi Shankar 's Music Festival from India 1974 North American tour 1991 Japanese tour Wonderful Today People John Barham The Beatles Pattie Boyd ( wife ) Eric Clapton Derek and the Dominos Olivia Harrison ( wife ) Dhani Harrison ( son ) Jim Keltner Jeff Lynne A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada The Quarrymen Radha Krishna Temple The Rutles Ravi Shankar Derek Taylor Traveling Wilburys Klaus Voormann Gary Wright Albums Is This What You Want ? That 's the Way God Planned It Doris Troy Encouraging Words The Radha Krsna Temple Joi Bangla ( EP ) Footprint Straight Up Raga Brother In Concert 1972 Shankar Family & Friends The Place I Love Ravi Shankar 's Music Festival from India Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1 Traveling Wilburys Vol. 3 Ravi Shankar : In Celebration Chants of India Films HandMade Films All You Need Is Cash Blue Suede Shoes : A Rockabilly Session The Concert for Bangladesh ( film ) Concert for George ( film ) George Harrison : Living in the Material World Little Malcolm Monty Python 's Life of Brian Raga Tributes Songs from the Material World : A Tribute to George Harrison `` Never Without You '' Concert for George ( album ) Harrison on Harrison : Jazz Explorations of George Harrison Tribute To George Fest Book George Harrison singles discography 1970s 1970 `` My Sweet Lord '' / `` Is n't It a Pity '' ( US ) 1971 `` My Sweet Lord '' / `` What Is Life '' ( UK ) `` What Is Life '' / `` Apple Scruffs '' ( US ) `` Bangla Desh '' / `` Deep Blue '' 1973 `` Give Me Love ( Give Me Peace on Earth ) '' / `` Miss O'Dell '' `` Dark Horse '' / `` I Do n't Care Anymore '' ( US ) `` Ding Dong , Ding Dong '' / `` I Do n't Care Anymore '' ( UK ) `` Ding Dong , Ding Dong '' / `` Hari 's on Tour ( Express ) '' ( US ) `` Dark Horse '' / `` Hari 's on Tour ( Express ) '' ( UK ) `` You '' / `` World of Stone '' `` This Guitar ( Ca n't Keep from Crying ) '' / `` Māya Love '' ( US ) 1976 `` This Guitar ( Ca n't Keep from Crying ) '' / `` Māya Love '' ( UK ) `` This Song '' / `` Learning How to Love You '' 1977 `` Crackerbox Palace '' / `` Learning How to Love You '' ( US ) `` True Love '' / `` Pure Smokey '' ( UK ) `` It 's What You Value '' / `` Woman Do n't You Cry for Me '' ( UK ) 1979 `` Blow Away '' / `` Soft Touch '' ( UK ) `` Blow Away '' / `` Soft - Hearted Hana '' ( US ) `` Love Comes to Everyone '' / `` Soft - Hearted Hana '' ( UK ) `` Love Comes to Everyone '' / `` Soft Touch '' ( US ) `` Faster '' / `` Your Love Is Forever '' ( UK ) 1980s 1981 `` All Those Years Ago '' / `` Writing 's on the Wall '' `` Teardrops '' / `` Save the World '' 1982 `` Wake Up My Love '' / `` Greece '' `` I Really Love You '' / `` Circles '' `` Dream Away '' / `` Unknown Delight '' ( Japan ) 1985 `` I Do n't Want to Do It '' / `` Queen of the Hop '' 1986 `` Shanghai Surprise '' ( promo ) `` Got My Mind Set on You '' / `` Lay His Head '' `` Devil 's Radio '' ( promo ) `` When We Was Fab '' / `` Zig Zag '' `` Cloud 9 '' ( promo ) `` This Is Love '' / `` Breath Away from Heaven '' `` Cheer Down '' / `` That 's What It Takes '' ( US ) `` Cheer Down '' / `` Poor Little Girl '' ( UK ) `` Poor Little Girl '' ( promo ) 2000s `` My Sweet Lord ( 2000 ) '' / `` All Things Must Pass '' ( jukebox ) 2002 `` My Sweet Lord '' / `` Let It Down '' `` Stuck Inside a Cloud '' ( promo ) 2003 `` Any Road '' / `` Marwa Blues '' The Chiffons Judy Craig Patricia Bennett Barbara Lee Sylvia Peterson Connie Harvey Singles `` He 's So Fine '' `` One Fine Day '' Songs `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' `` Why Do Fools Fall in Love '' `` See You in September '' `` It 's My Party '' `` The Loco - Motion '' `` Da Doo Ron Ron '' `` I Wonder Why '' `` My Boyfriend 's Back '' Related topics `` My Sweet Lord '' Ronnie Mack Book : The Chiffons Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Just the Way You Are '' -- Bruno Mars 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) 2017 : `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran ( UK ) Chart successions Preceded by `` The Tears of a Clown '' by Smokey Robinson & the Miracles Billboard Hot 100 number - one single 26 December 1970 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Knock Three Times '' by Dawn Preceded by `` She Likes Weeds '' by Tee Set Dutch Mega Singles Chart number - one single 26 December 1970 -- 23 January 1971 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Nothing Rhymed '' by Gilbert O'Sullivan Preceded by `` I Think I Love You '' by The Partridge Family Canadian RPM number - one single 19 December 1970 -- 16 January 1971 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Knock Three Times '' by Dawn Preceded by `` I Think I Love You '' by The Partridge Family Australian Kent Music Report number - one single 18 January 1971 -- 8 March 1971 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` The Pushbike Song '' by The Mixtures Preceded by `` San Bernadino '' by Christie Swiss Music Chart number - one single 19 January 1971 -- 16 February 1971 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Butterfly '' by Danyel Gérard Preceded by `` Grandad '' by Clive Dunn UK Singles Chart number - one single 30 January 1971 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Baby Jump '' by Mungo Jerry Preceded by `` If Those Lips Could Only Speak '' by Dermot Henry Irish Chart number - one single 30 January -- 13 March 1971 ( 7 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Another Day '' by Paul McCartney Preceded by `` A Song of Joy '' by Miguel Rios West German Media Control Chart number - one single 2 February 1971 -- 11 April 1971 Succeeded by `` Rose Garden '' by Lynn Anderson Preceded by `` Cracklin ' Rosie '' by Neil Diamond Norwegian VG - lista Chart number - one single 07 / 1971 -- 14 / 1971 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Rose Garden '' by Lynn Anderson Preceded by `` Candida '' by Dawn Spanish Chart number - one single 13 March 1971 -- 26 April 1971 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Chirpy Chirpy Cheep Cheep '' by Middle of the Road Preceded by `` Hier ist ein Mensch '' by Peter Alexander Austrian Chart number - one single 15 March 1971 -- 15 April 1971 ( 2 months ) Succeeded by `` Butterfly '' by Danyel Gérard Preceded by `` More Than a Woman '' by Aaliyah UK Singles Chart number - one single 20 January 2002 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` Hero '' by Enrique Iglesias Preceded by `` Only Time '' by Enya Canadian Singles Chart number - one single 2 February 2002 -- 23 February 2002 ( 4 week ) Succeeded by `` Hands Clean '' by Alanis Morissette Billy Preston Studio albums The Most Exciting Organ Ever Early Hits of ' 65 Wildest Organ in Town ! Club Meeting Greazee Soul That 's the Way God Planned It Encouraging Words I Wrote a Simple Song Music Is My Life Everybody Likes Some Kind of Music The Kids & Me It 's My Pleasure Billy Preston A Whole New Thing Late at Night Billy Preston & Syreeta The Way I Am Pressin ' On On the Air Live albums Live European Tour Singles `` That 's the Way God Planned It '' `` My Sweet Lord '' `` Outa - Space '' `` Will It Go Round in Circles '' `` Space Race '' `` Nothing from Nothing '' `` Get Back '' `` With You I 'm Born Again '' Songs `` You Are So Beautiful '' Book : Billy Preston Julio Iglesias Discography Studio albums Yo canto ( 1969 ) Un canto a Galicia ( 1972 ) Soy ( 1973 ) A flor de piel ( 1974 ) A México ( 1975 ) El amor ( 1975 ) America ( 1976 ) A mis 33 años ( 1977 ) Emociones ( 1978 ) Sono un pirata , sono un signore ( 1978 ) À vous les femmes ( 1979 ) Hey ! ( 1980 ) De niña a mujer ( 1981 ) Zartlichkeiten ( 1981 ) Momentos ( 1982 ) Momenti ( 1982 ) Et l'amour crea la femme ( 1982 ) 1100 Bel Air Place ( 1984 ) Libra ( 1985 ) Un hombre solo ( 1987 ) Tutto l'amore che ti manca ( 1987 ) Non Stop ( 1988 ) Raíces ( 1989 ) Starry Night ( 1990 ) Calor ( 1992 ) Crazy ( 1994 ) La carretera ( 1995 ) Tango ( 1996 ) Noche de cuatro lunas ( 2000 ) Ao Meu Brasil ( 2001 ) Divorcio ( 2003 ) Romantic Classics ( 2006 ) 1 ( 2011 ) México ( 2015 ) Live albums En concierto ( 1983 ) Compilation albums Da Manuela a Pensami ( 1978 ) Minhas canções preferidas ( 1981 ) Julio ( 1983 ) My Life : The Greatest Hits ( 1998 ) Mi vida : Grandes éxitos ( 1998 ) Love Songs ( 2003 ) 1 : The Collection ( 2014 ) Singles `` Chiquilla '' ( 1970 ) `` Gwendolyne '' ( 1970 ) `` Cucurrucucú paloma '' ( 1975 ) `` Pauvres Diables '' ( 1979 ) `` Begin the Beguine '' ( 1981 ) `` Yours ( Quiéreme Mucho ) '' ( 1981 ) `` Amor '' ( 1984 ) `` All of You '' ( 1984 ) `` The Air That I Breathe '' ( 1984 ) `` To All the Girls I 've Loved Before '' ( 1984 ) `` I 've Got You Under My Skin '' ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' ( 1985 ) `` Lo Mejor de Tu Vida '' ( 1987 ) `` Que No Se Rompa la Noche '' ( 1987 ) `` Bamboléo '' ( 1989 ) `` Vincent '' ( 1990 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 1990 ) `` Crazy '' ( 1994 ) `` Oye Como Va '' ( 1994 ) `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' ( 1994 ) `` El Choclo '' ( 1996 ) `` La Gota Fría '' ( 1998 ) `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' ( 2006 ) Non-single covers `` ¡ Ay , Jalisco , no te rajes ! '' `` Feelings '' `` Grande grande grande '' `` Guantanamera '' `` Hier Encore '' `` Historia de un Amor '' `` If '' `` La Flor de la Canela '' `` La Vie en rose '' `` Mamy Blue '' `` Mi Buenos Aires querido '' `` My Sweet Lord '' `` Puedes Llegar '' `` Quando m'innamoro '' `` Something '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` You Belong to My Heart '' `` Dulce Carolina '' ( 1972 ) `` La Mer '' ( 1976 ) `` Obsesión '' ( 1976 ) `` Ron y Coca - Cola '' ( 1980 ) `` Moon Over Naples '' ( 1988 ) `` And I Love Her '' ( 1990 ) `` If You Go Away '' ( 1990 ) `` 99 Miles from L.A. '' ( 1990 ) `` Caruso '' ( 1994 ) `` Crazy in Love '' ( 1998 ) `` Mi Manera '' ( 1998 ) `` Corazón Partío '' ( 2000 ) `` Quizás , Quizás , Quizás '' ( 2004 ) `` Careless Whisper '' ( 2006 ) `` Right Here Waiting '' ( 2006 ) `` Somos Novios '' ( 2006 ) `` This Guy 's in Love with You '' ( 2006 ) Usage `` It Never Rains in Southern California '' in `` Moonlight Lady '' `` Dark Eyes '' in `` Nostalgie ( Nathalie ) '' Family Julio Iglesias Sr. ( father ) Julio Iglesias Jr. ( son ) Enrique Iglesias ( son ) Chabeli Iglesias ( daughter ) Isabel Preysler ( first wife ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Sweet_Lord&oldid=843172083 '' Categories : 1970 songs 1970 singles 2002 singles George Harrison songs Billy Preston songs Apple Records singles Songs written by George Harrison Song recordings produced by George Harrison Song recordings produced by Phil Spector Song recordings with Wall of Sound arrangements Music published by Harrisongs Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in France Number - one singles in Germany Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Mexico Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Switzerland Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Songs about religion Songs involved in plagiarism controversies Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Good articles Use dmy dates from April 2018 Use British English from January 2013 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hAudio microformats Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Italiano ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Svenska Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 10 : 59 . 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About Wikipedia	what does the song my sweet lord mean	[ "Harrison wrote \"My Sweet Lord\" in praise of the Hindu god Krishna,[1] while at the same time intending the lyrics to serve as a call to abandon religious sectarianism through his deliberate blending of the Hebrew word hallelujah with chants of \"Hare Krishna\" and Vedic prayer.[2] The recording features producer Phil Spector's Wall of Sound treatment and heralded the arrival of Harrison's much-admired slide guitar technique, which one biographer described as being \"musically as distinctive a signature as the mark of Zorro\".[3] Preston, Ringo Starr, Eric Clapton, and the group Badfinger are among the other musicians appearing on the recording." ]	[ "in praise of the Hindu god Krishna,[1] while at the same time intending the lyrics to serve as a call to abandon religious sectarianism through his deliberate blending of the Hebrew word hallelujah with chants of \"Hare Krishna\" and Vedic prayer." ]
6427707990755808121	I Won't Give Up	I Wo n't Give up - wikipedia I Wo n't Give up Jump to : navigation , search For the song by Jana Kramer , see I Wo n't Give Up ( Jana Kramer song ) . For the TKA song , see I Wo n't Give Up on You . `` I Wo n't Give Up '' Single by Jason Mraz from the album Love Is a Four Letter Word Released January 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 03 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2011 Genre Folk pop , soul Length 4 : 00 ( album version ) 3 : 50 ( radio edit ) Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Jason Mraz , Michael Natter Producer ( s ) Joe Chiccarelli Jason Mraz singles chronology `` Lucky '' ( 2009 ) `` I Wo n't Give Up '' ( 2012 ) `` Distance '' ( 2012 ) `` Lucky '' ( 2009 ) `` I Wo n't Give Up '' ( 2012 ) `` Distance '' ( 2012 ) Music video I Wo n't Give Up on YouTube `` I Wo n't Give Up '' is a song by American singer - songwriter Jason Mraz . It was released as the first official single from his fourth studio album , Love Is a Four Letter Word on January 3 , 2012 via iTunes . It was written by Mraz and Michael Natter , and produced by Joe Chiccarelli . The acoustic folk ballad was written during his activist outings and discusses not giving up on loving someone , loving oneself , and not giving up on one 's dreams . It received mostly positive reviews from music critics , who agreed that the song is straightforward , emotional and inspiring . The song was also a success on the charts , debuting at number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , becoming his second top - ten single , after `` I 'm Yours '' ( 2008 ) . Internationally , the song achieved large success , reaching top - ten positions in Ireland and Netherlands , while reaching top - twenty positions in Austria , Canada , the United Kingdom and more . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 5 Live performances 6 Music video 7 Track listing 8 Credits and personnel 9 Charts and certifications 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 9.3 Certifications 10 Titanium version 11 Christina Grimmie version 11.1 Chart performance 11.2 Music video 12 Cover versions 13 References 14 External links Background ( edit ) After `` I 'm Yours '' remained at the Billboard Hot 100 chart for a record 76 weeks ending in October 2009 ( peaking at number 6 ) , Mraz headed to the Gulf of Mexico during the summer of 2010 to help with efforts to clean the Deepwater Horizon oil spill . Later , he went to a trip to Ghana to fight child slavery alongside the nonprofit organization Free the Slaves . Later , Mraz was in Antarctica , spending time with Al Gore and learning about climate change aboard the National Geographic Explorer . During his activist outings , Mraz wrote and recorded his fourth album , Love Is a Four Letter Word , with producer Joe Chiccarelli . In an interview for Billboard , he confessed that he was less interested in following up his biggest hit than using the power that `` I 'm Yours '' gave him to fuel positive change . He further elaborated : `` The pressure I put on myself , or what I hope my ' I Wo n't Give Up ' does , is to make a difference in people 's lives ... With ' I 'm Yours , ' I got to go out and set my feet on different continents , and expose myself to different cultures and causes . I wanted to see who I was , outside of music . '' Mraz explained the track , in a `` track - by - track '' commentary for Billboard : `` ' I Wo n't Give Up ' was written selfishly . As many of my songs are , I write for the purpose of understanding what the hell 's going on in my life , my position in the world , processing that lesson and that miracle that I 'm learning . Seeing it on the page , proving to myself that I understand the lesson , that I 'm applying it to my life , and that I can move on . Ultimately it was about , you know , regardless of what happens in this relationship , I do n't have to give up on loving this person , or loving myself , or give up on whatever my dreams are . Even though it 's written through the filter of relationships , it 's not necessarily specific for relationships . For me , the true meaning exists in the bridge saying ' I do n't want to be someone who walks away so easily , I 'm here to stay and make a difference . ' That is for all of us . We all have something that we 're fighting for or that we 're striving for . Whether we want to coach our soccer team to victory or lose five pounds in a month , whatever it is , there 's nothing too small worth fighting for and there 's nothing too big worth going after . '' Composition ( edit ) `` I Wo n't Give Up '' ( 2012 ) A 25 second sample of `` I Wo n't Give Up '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` I Wo n't Give Up '' was written by Jason Mraz and Michael Natter , while production was handled by Joe Chiccarelli . The acoustic folk ballad features a slower tempo and a sparse arrangement written in the key of E Major . Lyrically , it is a poignant ode to a long - lasting relationship , which Mraz says he wo n't give up on her whatever happens . `` Well , I wo n't give up on us / Even if the skies get rough / I 'm giving you all my love / I 'm still looking up , '' he sings . It is guitar led with some additional vocal landscapes towards the end of the song . Mraz told Billboard magazine : `` That , to me , has always been my favorite part of making music ; the singing and what voices can do and the voices singing in harmony . '' It is likely that the song was inspired by Mraz 's relationship with singer - songwriter Tristan Prettyman . Mraz showcases his light and versatile range singing from B3 to G # 5 . Critical reception ( edit ) The song received generally favorable reviews . David Greenwald of MTV wrote , `` The fresh track 's wispy acoustic guitars and patient melody remind us of Irish crooner Damien Rice 's ' Delicate , ' though when Mraz soars into the chorus , it 's with his own signature full - blast hook . '' Loh Chuan Junn of MSN Music wrote that `` The string - drenched , acoustic - guitar - based sound makes for easy listening , and gets into the listener 's head after just the first listen . With such an honest revelation of emotions in his lyrics , it 's hard to imagine the tune does not stir hearts . '' According to Katherine St Asaph of PopDust , the song was probably the closest to his and Colbie Caillat 's collaboration `` Lucky . '' She added that it was `` a gentle acoustic ballad with a hint of speak - singing a ways in but otherwise straightforward and straight - faced ( that ) soft - rocks its way through sentiments like `` when I look into your eyes , it 's like watching the night sky or a beautiful sunrise -- there 's just so much they hold '' -- still earnest , but joke - free . '' Amy Dawson of Metro UK called it `` a delicate , countrified guitar ballad that drives into a power - chorus singalong conclusion . '' Colin McGuire of PopMatters was mixed in his review , writing that `` ' I Wo n't Give Up ' , for instance , is acoustic guitar - laden folky pop that falls at least a little bit flat with its predictably bland approach . While the song 's hook proves itself memorable enough , the track never graduates into anything other than the ballad - like tediousness the singer has a tendency to revert into . '' Chart performance ( edit ) While the song debuted at number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , it immediately hit the top spot on the Hot Digital Songs chart selling 229,000 downloads for its first week . On the Hot 100 , the track 's launch is the highest for a male pop / rock singer - songwriter since David Cook burst in at number 3 with `` The Time of My Life '' the week of June 7 , 2008 , after he was crowned `` American Idol '' champion . On Adult Pop Songs it began at number 36 . On the week of October 18 , 2012 , the song became the `` Greatest Gainer '' on the Hot Adult Contemporary chart , reaching number 7 . After the success , his manager Bill Silva commented : `` What surprised us is how the fans reacted . We did n't pre-promote the single , we did n't go to radio with it , and this song did 229,000 units its first week in the U.S. There was clearly something resonant about the song , and it immediately shifted the strategy for what the rollout of the album was going to be . '' The song reached 4 million in digital sales by April 23 , 2014 in the US . As of April 2016 , the song has sold 4,469,000 copies in the US . Internationally , the song also achieved success . In Austria , the song debuted at number 23 on the Ö3 Austria Top 40 chart , on March 23 , 2012 . Later , the song jumped to number 22 , before falling for two consecutive weeks , until it reached again number 22 , on April 20 , 2012 . Later , the song reached number 20 , before climbing to number 17 . On May 11 , 2012 , the song fell to number 21 , but the next week the song peaked at number 12 . It spent 22 weeks on the chart . In the Netherlands , the song was a big hit , debuting at number 52 on the Dutch Top 40 chart , on January 7 , 2012 . After climbing the charts for six consecutive weeks and reaching number 11 , the song fell for two consecutive weeks , until it climbed to number 10 . The song kept on climbing for 2 weeks , until it peaked at number 3 , on April 21 , 2012 . It spent a total of 32 consecutive weeks on the chart . In the UK , the song debuted at number 16 on the UK Singles Chart week of March 24 , 2012 , and peaked at number 11 . It remained for 30 weeks on the chart and became the 46th biggest selling single of 2012 . Live performances ( edit ) Mraz first performed the song live during his 2011 concert tour , well before an official version was released . He performed it live on Today on February 16 , 2012 , later on the Late Show with David Letterman and on The Ellen DeGeneres Show . Mraz performed `` I Wo n't Give Up '' with Daryl Hall in episode 55 of Live from Daryl 's House . Music video ( edit ) On January 2 , 2012 , a lyric video was released . Mark Blankenship from NPR found `` I Wo n't Give Up '' the best lyric video because `` the lyrics are integrated into a story about a man who writes his girlfriend until they can finally reunite . '' He added he preferred this video to the official one . The official music video was directed by Mark Pellington and released on February 17 , 2012 . Mraz explained `` The story of the video is that we all have our stories . We all have our own version of suffering .... and everybody has many things to not give up on . '' Jason Lipshutz from Billboard found some similarities to Terrence Malick 's film The Tree of Life , `` with its lingering shots of wholesome Americana , sun - stroked imagery , non-linear structure and contrast between out - of - focus landscape shots and striking close - ups . '' The video was also compared to Bruce Springsteen 's `` We Take Care of Our Own '' music video , `` with its gritty portraits of beleaguered U.S. citizens of every race and creed . '' Andrew Unterberger from PopDust described the video as `` a stately , if somewhat boring , assemblage of nature shots mixed with pictures of people young and old looking semi-contemplative . '' Track listing ( edit ) Digital download `` I Wo n't Give Up '' -- 4 : 05 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Jason Mraz -- vocals , acoustic guitar Matt Chamberlin -- drums Paul Bushnell -- bass guitar Tim Pierce -- guitar Jeff Babko -- keyboards Joe Chiccarelli -- drum programming David Davidson -- string arrangement Toca Rivera , Arnold McCuller , Amy Keys , Valerie Pinkston -- backing vocals Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 -- 13 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 22 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 12 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 14 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 28 Brazil ( ABPD ) 18 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 11 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 73 Ireland ( IRMA ) 9 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 37 Norway ( VG - lista ) 15 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 14 South Korea International Singles ( Gaon ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 23 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 28 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 18 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 8 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 20 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 46 US Billboard Hot 100 25 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 3 × Platinum 240,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 15,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,000,000 Streaming Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 900,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Titanium version ( edit ) `` I Wo n't Give Up '' Single by Titanium from the album All for You Released 19 October 2012 Format Digital download , CD single Recorded 2012 ( Auckland ) Genre Pop Length 3 : 41 Label Illegal Musik , Warner Music , Atlantic Records Songwriter ( s ) Jason Mraz , Michael Natter Producer ( s ) Joe Chiccarelli Titanium singles chronology `` Come On Home '' ( 2012 ) `` I Wo n't Give Up '' ( 2012 ) `` Sky '' ( 2012 ) `` Come On Home '' ( 2012 ) `` I Wo n't Give Up '' ( 2012 ) `` Sky '' ( 2012 ) Music video `` I Wo n't Give Up '' on YouTube The song was recorded by and released as a single by New Zealand boy band Titanium which features on their debut studio album All For You ( 2012 ) . It was released as the album 's second single . Christina Grimmie version ( edit ) `` I Wo n't Give Up '' Single by Christina Grimmie from the album Side B Released 21 April 2017 Format CD Digital download Recorded 2016 Genre Pop Length 3 : 29 Label Republic Records UMG ZXL Music , Inc . Songwriter ( s ) Jason Mraz Michael Natter Producer ( s ) Stephen Rezza The song was covered by Christina Grimmie in 2016 and released as the final track of her posthumous EP , Side B , released on April 21 , 2017 . Chart performance ( edit ) `` I Wo n't Give Up '' debuted and peaked at number sixteen on the New Zealand Singles Chart in 2012 . In Australia after a short two week tour in early 2013 and heavy promotion the song reached number 69 on the Australian Singles Chart . Music video ( edit ) The original music video debuted on YouTube and topped 800,000 views but was replaced with a new video that has since reached over 200,000 hits . The video shows all six boys singing in the recording studio . Cover versions ( edit ) Australian singer Cody Simpson performed it during a concert in the Bahamas . American Idol contestant from the season 12 Johnny Keyser also sang it . The song was also covered by Lea Michele as Rachel Berry in the season 3 episode of Glee , entitled `` Props '' . `` I Wo n't Give Up '' is also covered by a cappella group Straight No Chaser in which Jason Mraz is featured on the recording Under the Influence . The Royce Twins from Season 5 of The X Factor Australia also sung and released it . In 2016 , the song was covered by country singer Trisha Yearwood for the US version of the musical The Passion . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` I Wo n't Give Up -- Single '' . iTunes . Apple . January 7 , 2012 . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lipshut , Jason ( April 14 , 2012 ) . `` Jason Mraz Is Focusing on Green Issues With New Album '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Benjamin , Jeff ( April 16 , 2012 ) . `` Jason Mraz , ' Love Is a Four Letter Word ' : Video Track - By - Track '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Mraz -- Love Is A Four Letter Word ( Album ) at Discogs '' . Discogs . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Caroline ( April 12 , 2012 ) . `` Jason Mraz : Love Is a Four - Letter Word -- review Music The Guardian '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( January 11 , 2012 ) . `` Jason Mraz 's ' I Wo n't Give Up ' Storms Hot 100 's Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , David ( January 4 , 2012 ) . `` New Lyric Video : Jason Mraz , ' I Wo n't Give Up ' '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Xin MSN launches weekly music reviews '' . MSN Music . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ St Asaph , Katherine ( January 3 , 2012 ) . `` The Singles Bar : Jason Mraz , `` I Wo n't Give Up '' . Popdust . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Amy ( April 16 , 2012 ) . `` Jason Mraz 's Love Is A Four Letter Word has mainstream appeal '' . Metro UK . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McGuire , Colin ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Jason Mraz : Love Is a Four Letter Word > PopMatters '' . PopMatters . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Keith Caulfield & Gary Trust ( January 11 , 2012 ) . `` Jason Mraz 's ' I Wo n't Give Up ' Storms Hot 100 's Top 10 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( January 26 , 2012 ) . `` Weekly Chart Notes : Adele , Kelly Clarkson , Gavin DeGraw '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Highlights : Adele 's ' Skyfall ' Rises On Adult Charts '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . October 15 , 2012 . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Watch Extra : Former Teen Stars Make Good ! '' . Chart Watch . Yahoo Music . April 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen SoundScan Charts '' . Nielsen . April 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Austriancharts.at -- Jason Mraz -- I Wo n't Give Up '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jason Mraz -- I Wo n't Give Up ( Song ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien / hitparade.ch . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ChartArchive -- Jason Mraz -- I Wo n't Give Up '' . Chart Archive . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Mraz Sings ' I Wo n't Give Up ' '' . The Ellen DeGeneres Show . March 2 , 2012 . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Blankenship , Mark ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` More Than Words : The Art Of The Lyric Video '' . NPR . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Luoma , Sarah ( February 22 , 2012 ) . `` Jason Mraz ' I Wo n't Give Up ' Music Video '' . KOvideo . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason ( February 16 , 2012 ) . `` Jason Mraz Releases Arty ' I Wo n't Give Up ' Official Video '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Andrew ( February 16 , 2012 ) . `` Will Jason Mraz 's Awful Hair Ruin His Best Single Ever ? '' . Popdust . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` I Wo n't Give Up -- Jason Mraz '' . Amazon . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Jason Mraz -- I Wo n't Give Up '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Jason Mraz -- I Wo n't Give Up '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Jason Mraz -- I Wo n't Give Up '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Mraz Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Jason Mraz Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 40 , 2012 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Jason Mraz -- I Wo n't Give Up '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Jason Mraz -- I Wo n't Give Up '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Jason Mraz -- I Wo n't Give Up '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` South Korea Gaon International Chart ( Week : January 01 , 2012 to January 07 , 2012 ) '' . Gaon Chart . December 15 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Jason Mraz -- I Wo n't Give Up '' Canciones Top 50 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Jason Mraz -- I Wo n't Give Up '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Jason Mraz Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Jason Mraz Chart History ( Adult Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Jason Mraz Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Jason Mraz Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Jason Mraz Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles of 2012 '' . BBC Radio 1 . BBC Online . December 31 , 2012 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 - Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2013 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Jason Mraz -- I Wo n't Give Up '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Jason Mraz in the field Interpret . Enter I Wo n't Give Up in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Jason Mraz -- I Wo n't Give Up '' . Music Canada . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Jason Mraz -- I Wo n't Give Up '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Jason Mraz ; ' I Wo n't Give Up ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Jason Mraz -- I Wo n't Give Up '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter I Wo n't Give Up in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Jason Mraz -- I Wo n't Give Up '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer -- Jason Mraz -- I Wo n't Give Up '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/nz/album/i-wont-give-up-single/id571750227 Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/i-wont-give-up/id1226716027?i=1226716842 Jump up ^ `` Cody Simpson -- I Wo n't Give Up ( Jason Mraz Cover ) LIVE '' . YouTube . November 5 , 2012 . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weatherby , Jager ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` Watch Johnny Keyser Sing `` I Wo n't Give Up '' in American Idol 2013 Las Vegas Round 2 - Video `` . Wetpaint . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) `` I Wo n't Give Up '' lyrics Jason Mraz Discography Studio albums and singles Waiting for My Rocket to Come `` The Remedy ( I Wo n't Worry ) '' `` Curbside Prophet '' `` You and I Both '' Mr. A -- Z `` Wordplay '' `` Geek in the Pink '' We Sing . We Dance . We Steal Things . `` I 'm Yours '' `` Make It Mine '' `` Lucky '' Love Is a Four Letter Word `` I Wo n't Give Up '' `` 93 Million Miles '' `` The Woman I Love '' Yes ! `` Love Someone '' Promotional singles `` The Beauty in Ugly '' `` The World as I See It '' `` The Freedom Song '' Featured singles `` Distance '' `` Everybody 's Got Somebody but Me '' `` Rough Water '' Live albums Live at Java Joe 's Sold Out ( In Stereo ) Tonight , Not Again : Jason Mraz Live at the Eagles Ballroom Selections for Friends -- Live from : Schubas Tavern , Chicago , Montalvo Winery , Saratoga California Jason Mraz 's Beautiful Mess : Live on Earth Extended plays A Jason Mraz Demonstration From the Cutting Room Floor On Love , In Sadness ( The E Minor EP in F ) Extra Credit Jimmy Kimmel Live : Jason Mraz Geekin ' Out Across the Galaxy iTunes Live : London Sessions We Sing . We Dance . We Steal Things . Yours Truly : The I 'm Yours Collection Related articles Elektra Records Atlantic Records Titanium Discography Awards and nominations Members Studio albums All for You Singles `` Come On Home '' `` I Wo n't Give Up '' `` Sky '' `` For the First Time '' `` Soundtrack to Summer '' `` Tattoo '' `` Unarmed '' `` Take Us Back '' `` Colours '' Concert tours Come On Home Tour Whatever World Tour Related organisations Illegal Musik Warner Music Related articles The Edge ( radio station ) Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Won%27t_Give_Up&oldid=816392950 '' Categories : 2011 songs 2012 singles Jason Mraz songs Atlantic Records singles Pop ballads 2010s ballads Songs written by Jason Mraz Music videos directed by Mark Pellington Titanium ( band ) songs Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Italiano Nederlands Português Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 21 December 2017 , at 01 : 44 . 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About Wikipedia	who sings the song i won't give up on us	[ "\n\n\"I Won't Give Up\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Jason Mraz\n\n\nfrom the album Love Is a Four Letter Word\n\n\nReleased\nJanuary 3, 2012 (2012-01-03)\n\n\nFormat\nDigital download\n\n\nRecorded\n2011\n\n\nGenre\nFolk pop, soul\n\n\nLength\n4:00 (album version)\n3:50 (radio edit)\n\n\nLabel\nAtlantic\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nJason Mraz, Michael Natter\n\n\nProducer(s)\nJoe Chiccarelli\n\n\nJason Mraz singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Lucky\"\n(2009)\n\"I Won't Give Up\"\n(2012)\n\"Distance\"\n(2012)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Lucky\"\n(2009)\n\"I Won't Give Up\"\n(2012)\n\"Distance\"\n(2012)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\nI Won't Give Up on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Jason Mraz" ]
-360404322598445488	Bulletproof vest	Bulletproof vest - wikipedia Bulletproof vest Jump to : navigation , search The Improved Outer Tactical Vest ( IOTV ) , here in Universal Camouflage Pattern , is issued to U.S. Army soldiers A ballistic vest or bullet - resistant vest , often called a bulletproof vest , is an item of personal armor that helps absorb the impact and reduce or stop penetration to the body from firearm - fired projectiles - and shrapnel from explosions , and is worn on the torso . Soft vests are made of many layers of woven or laminated fibers and can protect the wearer from small - caliber handgun and shotgun projectiles , and small fragments from explosives such as hand grenades . These vests often have a ballistic plate inserted into the vest . Metal or ceramic plates can be used with a soft vest , providing additional protection against rifle rounds , and metallic components or tightly woven fiber layers can give soft armour resistance to stab and slash attacks from knives and similar close - quarter weapons . Soft vests are commonly worn by police forces , private citizens who are at risk of being shot ( e.g. , national leaders ) , security guards , and bodyguards , whereas hard - plate reinforced vests are mainly worn by combat soldiers , police tactical units , and hostage rescue teams . Body armor may combine a ballistic vest with other items of protective clothing , such as a combat helmet . Vests intended for police and military use may also include ballistic shoulder and side protection armor components , and bomb disposal officers wear heavy armor and helmets with face visors and spine protection . Ballistic vests use layers of very strong fibers to `` catch '' and deform a bullet , mushrooming it into a dish shape , and spreading its force over a larger portion of the vest fiber . The vest absorbs the energy from the deforming bullet , bringing it to a stop before it can completely penetrate the textile matrix . Some layers may be penetrated but as the bullet deforms , the energy is absorbed by a larger and larger fiber area . While a vest can prevent bullet penetration , the vest and wearer still absorb the bullet 's impulse . Even without penetration , heavy bullets deal enough force to cause blunt force trauma under the impact point . Vest specifications will typically include both penetration resistance requirements and limits on the amount of impact force that is delivered to the body . On the other side , some bullets can penetrate the vest , but still deal low damage to its wearer because of speed loss and / or their small mass / form . Vests designed for bullets offer little protection against blows from sharp implements , such as knives , arrows or ice picks , or from bullets manufactured of non-deformable materials , e.g. , those containing a steel core instead of lead . This is because the impact force of these objects stays concentrated in a relatively small area , allowing them to puncture the fiber layers of most bullet - resistant fabrics . By contrast , stab vests provide better protection against sharp implements , but are generally less effective against bullets . Textile vests may be augmented with metal ( steel or titanium ) , ceramic or polyethylene plates that provide extra protection to vital areas . These hard armor plates have proven effective against all handgun bullets and a range of rifles . These upgraded ballistic vests have become standard in military use , as soft body armor vests are ineffective against military rifle rounds . Prison guards and police often wear vests which are designed specifically against bladed weapons and sharp objects . These vests may incorporate coated and laminated para-aramid textiles or metallic components . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early modern era 1.2 Industrial era 1.3 First World War 1.4 Second World War 1.5 Postwar 1.6 Recent years 2 Performance standards 2.1 Ballistic testing V50 and V0 2.2 Military testing : fragment ballistics 2.3 Backing materials for testing 2.3. 1 Ballistic 2.3. 2 Stab 3 Rifle resistant armor 3.1 Versus armor - piercing ammunition 4 Explosive protection 5 Stab and stab - ballistic armor 5.1 Early `` ice pick '' test 5.2 HOSDB - Stab and Slash standards 5.3 Combination stab and ballistic vests 5.4 Standards update US and UK 5.5 Stab and spike vests 6 Vest sizing , carriers and encapsulation 6.1 Military carriers 6.2 Concealable carriers 6.3 Vest slips 7 Research 7.1 Progress in fiber math 7.2 Textile wovens and laminates research 7.3 Fibers used 7.4 Manufacturing process 7.5 Working principle 7.6 Developments in ceramic armor 7.7 Nanomaterials in ballistics 7.8 Graphene composite 8 Legality 8.1 Australia 8.2 Canada 8.3 The Netherlands 8.4 United States 8.5 Italy 8.6 European Union 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Early modern era ( edit ) In 1538 , Francesco Maria della Rovere commissioned Filippo Negroli to create a bulletproof vest . In 1561 , Maximilian II , Holy Roman Emperor is recorded as testing his armor against gun - fire . Similarly , in 1590 Sir Henry Lee expected his Greenwich armor to be `` pistol proof '' . Its actual effectiveness was controversial at the time . The etymology of `` bullet '' and the adjective form of `` proof '' in the late 16th century would suggest that the term `` bulletproof '' originated shortly thereafter . During the English Civil War Oliver Cromwell 's Ironside cavalry were equipped with Capeline helmets and musket - proof cuirasses which consisted of two layers of armor plate ( in later studies involving X-ray a third layer was discovered which was placed in between the outer and inner layer ) . The outer layer was designed to absorb the bullet 's energy and the thicker inner layer stopped further penetration . The armor would be left badly dented but still serviceable . One of the first recorded descriptions of soft armor use was found in medieval Japan , with the armor having been manufactured from silk . Industrial era ( edit ) One of the first examples of commercially sold bulletproof armour was produced by a tailor in Dublin , Ireland in the 1840s . The Cork Examiner reported on his line of business in December 1847 : The daily melancholy announcements of assassination that are now disgracing the country , and the murderers permitted to walk quietly away and defy the law , have induced me to get constructed a garment , shot and ball proof , so that every man can be protected , and enabled to return the fire of the assassin , and thus soon put a stop to the cowardly conduct which has deprived society of so many excellent and valuable lives , spreading terror and desolation through the country . I hope in a few days to have a specimen garment on view at my warerooms . Ned Kelly 's Ploughboard Ballistic Suit Another soft ballistic vest , Myeonje baegab , was invented in Joseon , Korea in the 1860s shortly after the French campaign against Korea . The Heungseon Daewongun ordered development of bullet - proof armor because of increasing threats from Western armies . Kim Gi - Doo and Gang Yoon found that cotton could protect against bullets if 10 layers of cotton fabric were used . The vests were used in battle during the United States expedition to Korea , when the US Navy attacked Ganghwa Island in 1871 . The US Navy captured one of the vests and took it to the US , where it was stored at the Smithsonian Museum until 2007 . The vest has since been sent back to Korea and is currently on display to the public . Simple ballistic armor was sometimes constructed by criminals . During the 1880s , a gang of Australian bushrangers led by Ned Kelly made basic armour from plough blades . By this time the Victorian Government had a reward for the capture of a member of the Kelly Gang at £ 8,000 ( equivalent to 2 million Australian dollars in 2005 ) . One of the stated aims of Kelly was the establishment of a Republic in North East Victoria . Each of the four Kelly gang members had fought a siege at a hotel clad in suits of armour made from the mouldboards of ploughs . The maker 's stamp ( Lennon Number 2 Type ) was found inside several of the plates . The armour covered the men 's torsos , upper arms , and upper legs , and was worn with a helmet . The suits were roughly made on a creek bed using a makeshift forge and a stringy - bark log as a muffled anvil . The suits had a mass of around 44 kg ( 96 lb ) but eventually were of no use as the suits lacked protection for the legs and hands . American outlaw and gunfighter Jim Miller was infamous for wearing a steel breastplate over his frock coat as a form of body armor . This plate saved Miller on two occasions , and it proved to be highly resistant to pistol bullets and shotguns . One example can be seen in his gun battle with a sheriff named George A. `` Bud '' Frazer , where the plate managed to deflect all bullets from the lawmen 's six - shooter . Test of a 1901 vest designed by Jan Szczepanik , in which a 7 mm revolver is fired at a person wearing the vest In 1881 , Tombstone physician George E. Goodfellow noticed that a faro dealer Charlie Storms who was shot twice by Luke Short had one bullet stopped by a silk handkerchief in his breast pocket that prevented that bullet from penetrating . In 1887 , he wrote an article titled Impenetrability of Silk to Bullets for the Southern California Practitioner documenting the first known instance of bulletproof fabric . He experimented with silk vests resembling medieval gambesons , which used 18 to 30 layers of silk fabric to protect the wearers from penetration . Fr . Kazimierz Żegleń used Goodfellow 's findings to develop a bulletproof vest made of silk fabric at the end of the 19th century , which could stop the relatively slow rounds from black powder handguns . The vests cost $800 USD each in 1914 , a small fortune given the $20.67 / 1oz - Au exchange - rate back then , equivalent to ~ $50,000 circa 2016 , exceeding mean annual income . On 28 June 1914 , Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria , heir to the throne of Austria - Hungary was fatally shot ; despite owning a silk bulletproof vest , which tests by Britain 's Royal Armouries indicate would likely have stopped a bullet of that era , and despite being aware of potential threats to his life including an attempted assassination of his uncle a few years earlier , Ferdinand was not wearing his on that fateful day . A similar vest , made by Polish inventor Jan Szczepanik in 1901 , saved the life of Alfonso XIII of Spain when he was shot by an attacker . By 1900 , US gangsters were wearing $800 silk vests to protect themselves . First world War ( edit ) World War I German Infanterie - Panzer , 1917 The combatants of World War I started the war without any attempt at providing the soldiers with body armor . Various private companies advertised body protection suits such as the Birmingham Chemico Body Shield , although these products were generally far too expensive for an average soldier . The first official attempts at commissioning body armor were made in 1915 by the British Army Design Committee , in particular a ' Bomber 's Shield ' for the use of bomber pilots who were notoriously under - protected in the air from anti-aircraft bullets and shrapnel . The Experimental Ordnance Board also reviewed potential materials for bullet and fragment proof armor , such as steel plate . A ' necklet ' was successfully issued on a small scale ( due to cost considerations ) , which protected the neck and shoulders from bullets traveling at 600 feet per second with interwoven layers of silk and cotton stiffened with resin . The Dayfield body shield entered service in 1916 and a hardened breastplate was introduced the following year . The British army medical services calculated towards the end of the War , that three quarters of all battle injuries could have been prevented if an effective armor had been issued . The French also experimented with steel visors attached to the Adrian helmet and ' abdominal armor ' designed by General Adrian . These failed to be practical , because they severely impeded the soldier 's mobility . The Germans officially issued body armor in the shape of nickel and silicon armor plates that was called ' Lobster armor ' from late 1916 . These were similarly too heavy to be practical for the rank - and - file , but were used by static units , such as sentries and occasionally the machine - gunners . An improved version , the Infantrie - Panzer , was introduced in 1918 , with hooks for equipment . Testing a bulletproof vest in Washington , D.C. September 1923 . The United States developed several types of body armor , including the chrome nickel steel Brewster Body Shield , which consisted of a breastplate and a headpiece and could withstand Lewis Gun bullets at 2,700 ft / s ( 820 m / s ) , but was clumsy and heavy at 40 lb ( 18 kg ) . A scaled waistcoat of overlapping steel scales fixed to a leather lining was also designed ; this armor weighed 11 lb ( 5.0 kg ) , fit close to the body , and was considered more comfortable . During the late 1920s through the early 1930s , gunmen from criminal gangs in the United States began wearing less - expensive vests made from thick layers of cotton padding and cloth . These early vests could absorb the impact of handgun rounds such as . 22 Long Rifle , . 25 ACP , . 32 S&W Long , . 32 S&W , . 380 ACP , . 38 Special and . 45 ACP traveling at speeds of up to 300 m / s ( 980 ft / s ) . To overcome these vests , law enforcement agents such as the FBI began using the newer and more powerful . 38 Super , and later the . 357 Magnum cartridge . Second world War ( edit ) See also : Steel Bib A Japanese vest , which used overlapping armour plates In 1940 , the Medical Research Council in Britain proposed the use of a lightweight suit of armor for general use by infantry , and a heavier suit for troops in more dangerous positions , such as anti-aircraft and naval gun crews . By February 1941 , trials had begun on body armor made of manganese steel plates . Two plates covered the front area and one plate on the lower back protected the kidneys and other vital organs . Five thousand sets were made and evaluated to almost unanimous approval - as well as providing adequate protection , the armor did n't severely impede the mobility of the soldier and were reasonably comfortable to wear . The armor was introduced in 1942 although the demand for it was later scaled down . The Canadian Army in northwestern Europe also adopted this armor for the medical personnel of the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division . The British company Wilkinson Sword began to produce flak jackets for bomber crew in 1943 under contract with the Royal Air Force . It was realised that the majority of pilot deaths in the air was due to low velocity fragments rather than bullets . Surgeon of the United States Army Air Forces , Colonel M.C. Grow , stationed in Britain , thought that many wounds he was treating could have been prevented by some kind of light armor . Two types of armor were issued for different specifications . These jackets were made of nylon fabric and capable of stopping flak and shrapnel , but were not designed to stop bullets . Although they were considered too bulky for pilots using the Avro Lancaster bombers , they were adopted by United States Army Air Forces . In the early stages of World War II , the United States also designed body armor for infantrymen , but most models were too heavy and mobility - restricting to be useful in the field and incompatible with existing required equipment . Near the middle of 1944 , development of infantry body armor in the United States restarted . Several vests were produced for the US military , including but not limited to the T34 , the T39 , the T62E1 , and the M12 . The United States developed a vest using Doron Plate , a fiberglass - based laminate . These vests were first used in the Battle of Okinawa in 1945 . Sn - 42 Body Armor The Soviet Armed Forces used several types of body armor , including the SN - 42 ( `` Stalnoi Nagrudnik '' is Russian for `` steel breastplate '' , and the number denotes the design year ) . All were tested , but only the SN - 42 was put in production . It consisted of two pressed steel plates that protected the front torso and groin . The plates were 2 mm thick and weighed 3.5 kg ( 7.7 lb ) . This armor was generally supplied to SHISBr ( assault engineers ) and Tankodesantniki . The SN armor protected wearers from 9 × 19mm bullets fired by an MP 40 at around 100 meters , and sometimes it was able to deflect 7.92 Mauser bullets ( and bayonet blades ) , but only at very low angle . Which made it useful in urban battles such as the Battle of Stalingrad . However , the SN 's weight made it impractical for infantry in the open . Postwar ( edit ) During the Korean War several new vests were produced for the United States military , including the M - 1951 , which made use of fibre - reinforced plastic or aluminium segments woven into a nylon vest . These vests represented `` a vast improvement on weight , but the armor failed to stop bullets and fragments very successfully , '' although officially they were claimed to be able to stop 7.62 × 25mm Tokarev pistol rounds at the muzzle . Developed by Natick Laboratories and introduced in 1967 , T65 - 2 plate carriers were the first vests designed to hold hard ceramic plates , making them capable of stopping 7 mm rifle rounds . These `` Chicken Plates '' were made of either boron carbide , silicon carbide , or aluminium oxide . They were issued to the crew of low - flying aircraft , such as the UH - 1 and UC - 123 , during the Vietnam War . In 1969 , American Body Armor was founded and began to produce a patented combination of quilted nylon faced with multiple steel plates . This armor configuration was marketed to American law enforcement agencies by Smith & Wesson under the trade name `` Barrier Vest . '' The Barrier Vest was the first police vest to gain wide use during high threat police operations . In 1971 , research chemist Stephanie Kwolek discovered a liquid crystalline polymer solution . Its exceptional strength and stiffness led to the invention of Kevlar ® , a synthetic fibre , woven into a fabric and layered , that , by weight , has five times the tensile strength of steel . In the mid-1970s , DuPont the company which employed Kwolek introduced Kevlar . Immediately Kevlar was incorporated into a National Institute of Justice ( NIJ ) evaluation program to provide lightweight , able body armor to a test pool of American law enforcement officers to ascertain if everyday able wearing was possible . Lester Shubin , a program manager at the NIJ , managed this law enforcement feasibility study within a few selected large police agencies , and quickly determined that Kevlar body armor could be comfortably worn by police daily , and would save lives . In 1975 Richard A. Armellino , the founder of American Body Armor , marketed an all Kevlar vest called the K - 15 , consisting of 15 layers of Kevlar that also included a 5 '' × 8 '' ballistic steel `` Shok Plate '' positioned vertically over the heart and was issued US Patent # 3,971,072 for this innovation . Similarly sized and positioned `` trauma plates '' are still used today on the front ballistic panels of most able vests , reducing blunt trauma and increasing ballistic protection in the center - mass heart / sternum area . In 1976 , Richard Davis , founder of Second Chance Body Armor , designed the company 's first all - Kevlar vest , the Model Y . The lightweight , able vest industry was launched and a new form of daily protection for the modern police officer was quickly adapted . By the mid-to - late 1980s , an estimated 1 / 3 to 1 / 2 of police patrol officers wore able vests daily . By 2006 , more than 2,000 documented police vest `` saves '' were recorded , validating the success and efficiency of lightweight able body armor as a standard piece of everyday police equipment . Recent years ( edit ) US Marines being issued the MTV at Camp Foster , Okinawa During the 1980s , the US military issued the PASGT kevlar vest , rated at NIJ level IIA , being able to stop pistol rounds ( including 9 mm FMJ ) and fragmentation . West Germany issued a similar rated vest called the Splitterschutzweste . Kevlar soft armor had its shortcomings because if `` large fragments or high velocity bullets hit the vest , the energy could cause life - threatening , blunt trauma injuries '' in selected , vital areas . Ranger Body Armor was developed for the American military in 1991 . Although it was the second modern US body armor that was able to stop rifle caliber rounds and still be light enough to be worn by infantry soldiers in the field , it still had its flaws : `` it was still heavier than the concurrently issued PASGT ( Personal Armor System for Ground Troops ) anti-fragmentation armor worn by regular infantry and ... did not have the same degree of ballistic protection around the neck and shoulders . '' The format of Ranger Body Armor ( and more recent body armor issued to US special operations units ) highlights the trade - offs between force protection and mobility that modern body armor forces organizations to address . A U.S. Army working dog , wearing a bullet - resistant vest , clears a building in Afghanistan . Newer armor issued by the United States armed forces to large numbers of troops includes the United States Army 's Improved Outer Tactical Vest and the United States Marine Corps Modular Tactical Vest . All of these systems are designed with the vest intended to provide protection from fragments and pistol rounds . Hard ceramic plates , such as the Small Arms Protective Insert , as used with Interceptor Body Armor , are worn to protect the vital organs from higher level threats . These threats mostly take the form of high velocity and armor - piercing rifle rounds . Similar types of protective equipment have been adopted by modern armed forces over the world . Since the 1970s , several new fibers and construction methods for bulletproof fabric have been developed besides woven Kevlar , such as DSM 's Dyneema , Honeywell 's Gold Flex and Spectra , Teijin Aramid 's Twaron , Pinnacle Armor 's Dragon Skin , and Toyobo 's Zylon . The US military has developed body armor for the working dogs who aid GIs in battle . Since 2004 , U.S. Special Operations Command has been at work on a new full - body armor that will rely on rheology , or the technology behind the elasticity of liquids in skin care and automotive products . Named TALOS , this new technology may be used in the future . Performance standards ( edit ) Indonesian Special Police `` Brimob '' personnel and an officer ( left ) with bulletproof vests in Jakarta during the 2016 Jakarta attacks Due to the various types of projectile , it is often inaccurate to refer to a particular product as `` bulletproof '' because this implies that it will protect against any and all threats . Instead , the term bullet resistant is generally preferred . Body armor standards are regional . Around the world ammunition varies and as a result the armor testing must reflect the threats found locally . Law enforcement statistics show that many shootings where officers are injured or killed involve the officer 's own weapon . As a result , each law enforcement agency or para-military organization will have their own standard for armor performance if only to ensure that their armor protects them from their own weapons . While many standards exist , a few standards are widely used as models . The US National Institute of Justice ballistic and stab documents are examples of broadly accepted standards . In addition to the NIJ , the UK Home Office Scientific Development Branch ( HOSDB -- formerly the Police Scientific Development Branch ( PSDB ) ) standards are used by a number of other countries and organizations . These `` model '' standards are usually adapted by other countries by incorporation of the basic test methodologies with modification of the bullets that are required for test . NIJ Standard - 0101.06 has specific performance standards for bullet resistant vests used by law enforcement . This rates vests on the following scale against penetration and also blunt trauma protection ( deformation ) : In the first half of 2018 , NIJ is expected to introduce the new NIJ Standard - 0101.07 . This new standard will completely replace the NIJ Standard - 0101.06 . The current system of using Roman numerals ( II , IIIA , III , and IV ) to indicate the level of threat will disappear and be replaced by a naming convention similar to the standard developed by UK Home Office Scientific Development Branch . HG is for soft armor and RF is for hard armor . Another important change is that the test - round velocity for conditioned armor will be the same as that for new armor during testing . For example , for NIJ Standard - 0101.06 Level IIIA the . 44 Magnum round is currently shot at 408 m / s for conditioned armor and at 436 m / s for new armor . For the NIJ Standard - 0101.07 , the velocity for both conditioned and new armor will be the same . Armor Level Protection Type I . 22 LR . 380 ACP This armor would protect against 2.6 g ( 40 gr ) . 22 Long Rifle Lead Round Nose ( LR LRN ) bullets at a velocity of 329 m / s ( 1080 ft / s ± 30 ft / s ) 6.2 g ( 95 gr ) . 380 ACP Full Metal Jacketed Round Nose ( FMJ RN ) bullets at a velocity of 322 m / s ( 1055 ft / s ± 30 ft / s ) . It is no longer part of the standard . Type IIA 9 × 19mm . 40 S&W . 45 ACP New armor protects against : 8 g ( 124 gr ) 9 × 19mm Parabellum Full Metal Jacketed Round Nose ( FMJ RN ) bullets at a velocity of 373 m / s ± 9.1 m / s ( 1225 ft / s ± 30 ft / s ) 11.7 g ( 180 gr ) . 40 S&W Full Metal Jacketed ( FMJ ) bullets at a velocity of 352 m / s ± 9.1 m / s ( 1155 ft / s ± 30 ft / s ) 14.9 g ( 230 gr ) . 45 ACP Full Metal Jacketed ( FMJ ) bullets at a velocity of 275 m / s ± 9.1 m / s ( 900 ft / s ± 30 ft / s ) . Conditioned ( or ' used ' ) armor protects against 8 g ( 124 gr ) 9 mm FMJ RN bullets at a velocity of 355 m / s ± 9.1 m / s ( 1165 ft / s ± 30 ft / s ) 11.7 g ( 180 gr ) . 40 S&W FMJ bullets at a velocity of 325 m / s ± 9.1 m / s ( 1065 ft / s ± 30 ft / s ) 14.9 g ( 230 gr ) . 45 ACP Full Metal Jacketed ( FMJ ) bullets at a velocity of 259 m / s ± 9.1 m / s ( 850 ft / s ± 30 ft / s ) . It also provides protection against the threats mentioned in ( Type I ) . Type II 9mm + P . 357 Magnum New armor protects against 8 g ( 124 gr ) 9 mm FMJ RN bullets at a velocity of 398 m / s ± 9.1 m / s ( 1305 ft / s ± 30 ft / s ) 10.2 g ( 158 gr ) . 357 Magnum Jacketed Soft Point bullets at a velocity of 436 m / s ± 9.1 m / s ( 1430 ft / s ± 30 ft / s ) . Conditioned armor protects against 8 g ( 124 gr ) 9 mm FMJ RN bullets at a velocity of 379 m / s ± 9.1 m / s ( 1245 ft / s ± 30 ft / s ) 10.2 g ( 158 gr ) . 357 Magnum Jacketed Soft Point bullets at a velocity of 408 m / s ± 9.1 m / s ( 1340 ft / s ± 30 ft / s ) . It also provides protection against the threats mentioned in ( Types I and IIA ) . Type IIIA . 357 SIG . 44 Magnum 10mm Auto 7H21 New armor protects against 8.1 g ( 125 gr ) . 357 SIG FMJ Flat Nose ( FN ) bullets at a velocity of 448 m / s ± 9.1 m / s ( 1470 ft / s ± 30 ft / s ) 15.6 g ( 240 gr ) . 44 Magnum Semi Jacketed Hollow Point ( SJHP ) bullets at a velocity of 436 m / s ( 1430 ft / s ± 30 ft / s ) . Conditioned armor protects against 8.1 g ( 125 gr ) . 357 SIG FMJ Flat Nose ( FN ) bullets at a velocity of 430 m / s ± 9.1 m / s ( 1410 ft / s ± 30 ft / s ) 15.6 g ( 240 gr ) . 44 Magnum Semi Jacketed Hollow Point ( SJHP ) bullets at a velocity of 408 m / s ± 9.1 m / s ( 1340 ft / s ± 30 ft / s ) . It also provides protection against most handgun threats , as well as the threats mentioned in ( Types I , IIA , and II ) . Type III Rifles 7H31 Lehigh . 45 - 70 SS190 Conditioned armor protects against 8.0 g ( 123 gr ) 7.62 × 39mm ( the ubiquitous AK - 47 round ) FMJ at a velocity of 738 m / s ( 2,421 ft / s . 9.6 g ( 148 gr ) 7.62 × 51mm NATO M80 ball bullets at a velocity of 847 m / s ± 9.1 m / s ( 2780 ft / s ± 30 ft / s ) . 19.7 g ( 305 gr ) . 45 - 70 solid copper bullets at velocity of 610 m / s ( 2000 ft / s ) . It also provides protection against the threats mentioned in ( Types I , IIA , II , and IIIA ) . Type IV Armor Piercing Rifle Conditioned armor protects against 10.8 g ( 166 gr ) . 30 - 06 Springfield M2 armor - piercing ( AP ) bullets at a velocity of 878 m / s ± 9.1 m / s ( 2880 ft / s ± 30 ft / s ) . It also provides at least single hit protection against the threats mentioned in ( Types I , IIA , II , IIIA , and III ) . NIJ standards are used for law enforcement armors . The US and NATO military armor designs are tested using a standard set of test methods under ARMY MIL - STD - 662F and STANAG 2920 Ed2 . This approach defines the test process under the 662F / 2920 standard . Each armor program can select a unique series of projectiles and velocities as required . The DOD and MOD armor programs - of - record ( MTV for example ) procure armor using these test standards . In addition , special requirements can be defined under this process for armors for flexible rifle protection , fragment protection for the extremities , etc . These military procurement requirements do not relate to NIJ , HOSDB or ISO law enforcement armor standards , test methods , garment size , projectiles or velocities . In addition to the NIJ and HOSDB law enforcement armor standards , other important standards include German Police TR - Technische Richtlinie , Draft ISO prEN ISO 14876 , and Underwriters Laboratories ( UL Standard 752 ) . Textile armor is tested for both penetration resistance by bullets and for the impact energy transmitted to the wearer . The `` backface signature , '' or transmitted impact energy , is measured by shooting armor mounted in front of a backing material , typically oil - based modeling clay . The clay is used at a controlled temperature and verified for impact flow before testing . After the armor is impacted with the test bullet , the vest is removed from the clay and the depth of the indentation in the clay is measured . The backface signature allowed by different test standards can be difficult to compare . Both the clay materials and the bullets used for the test are not common . In general the British , German and other European standards allow 20 -- 25 mm of backface signature , while the US - NIJ standards allow for 44 mm , which can potentially cause internal injury . The allowable backface signature for body armor has been controversial from its introduction in the first NIJ test standard and the debate as to the relative importance of penetration - resistance vs. backface signature continues in the medical and testing communities . In general a vest 's textile material temporarily degrades when wet . Neutral water at room temp does not affect para-aramid or UHMWPE but acidic , basic and some other solutions can permanently reduce para-aramid fiber tensile strength . ( As a result of this , the major test standards call for wet testing of textile armor . ) Mechanisms for this wet loss of performance are not known . Vests that will be tested after ISO type water immersion tend to have heat sealed enclosures and those that are tested under NIJ type water spray methods tend to have water resistant enclosures . From 2003 to 2005 , a large study of the environmental degradation of Zylon armor was undertaken by the US - NIJ . This concluded that water , long - term use , and temperature exposure significantly affect tensile strength and the ballistic performance of PBO or Zylon fiber . This NIJ study on vests returned from the field demonstrated that environmental effects on Zylon resulted in ballistic failures under standard test conditions . Ballistic testing V50 and V0 ( edit ) Measuring the ballistic performance of armor is based on determining the kinetic energy of a bullet at impact ( E = 1⁄2 mv ) . Because the energy of a bullet is a key factor in its penetrating capacity , velocity is used as the primary independent variable in ballistic testing . For most users the key measurement is the velocity at which no bullets will penetrate the armor . Measuring this zero penetration velocity ( v ) must take into account variability in armor performance and test variability . Ballistic testing has a number of sources of variability : the armor , test backing materials , bullet , casing , powder , primer and the gun barrel , to name a few . Variability reduces the predictive power of a determination of V0 . If for example , the v of an armor design is measured to be 1,600 ft / s ( 490 m / s ) with a 9 mm FMJ bullet based on 30 shots , the test is only an estimate of the real v of this armor . The problem is variability . If the v is tested again with a second group of 30 shots on the same vest design , the result will not be identical . Only a single low velocity penetrating shot is required to reduce the v value . The more shots made the lower the v will go . In terms of statistics , the zero penetration velocity is the tail end of the distribution curve . If the variability is known and the standard deviation can be calculated , one can rigorously set the V0 at a confidence interval . Test Standards now define how many shots must be used to estimate a v for the armor certification . This procedure defines a confidence interval of an estimate of v. ( See `` NIJ and HOSDB test methods '' . ) v is difficult to measure , so a second concept has been developed in ballistic testing called the ballistic limit ( v ) . This is the velocity at which 50 percent of the shots go through and 50 percent are stopped by the armor . US military standard MIL - STD - 662F V50 Ballistic Test define a commonly used procedure for this measurement . The goal is to get three shots that penetrate that are slower than a second faster group of three shots that are stopped by the armor . These three high stops and three low penetrations can then be used to calculate a v velocity . In practice this measurement of v requires 1 -- 2 vest panels and 10 -- 20 shots . A very useful concept in armor testing is the offset velocity between the v and v. If this offset has been measured for an armor design , then v data can be used to measure and estimate changes in v. For vest manufacturing , field evaluation and life testing both v and v are used . However , as a result of the simplicity of making v measurements , this method is more important for control of armor after certification . Military testing : fragment ballistics ( edit ) After the Vietnam War , military planners developed a concept of `` Casualty Reduction '' . The large body of casualty data made clear that in a combat situation , fragments , not bullets , were the most important threat to soldiers . After WWII , vests were being developed and fragment testing was in its early stages . Artillery shells , mortar shells , aerial bombs , grenades , and antipersonnel mines are all fragmentation devices . They all contain a steel casing that is designed to burst into small steel fragments or shrapnel , when their explosive core detonates . After considerable effort measuring fragment size distribution from various NATO and Soviet bloc munitions , a fragment test was developed . Fragment simulators were designed , and the most common shape is a right circular cylinder or RCC simulator . This shape has a length equal to its diameter . These RCC Fragment Simulation Projectiles ( FSPs ) are tested as a group . The test series most often includes 2 grain ( 0.13 g ) , 4 grain ( 0.263 g ) , 16 grain ( 1.0 g ) , and 64 grain ( 4.2 g ) mass RCC FSP testing . The 2 - 4 - 16 - 64 series is based on the measured fragment size distributions . German Policemen in bulletproof vests on guard duty at a military hospital . The second part of `` Casualty Reduction '' strategy is a study of velocity distributions of fragments from munitions . Warhead explosives have blast speeds of 20,000 ft / s ( 6,100 m / s ) to 30,000 ft / s ( 9,100 m / s ) . As a result , they are capable of ejecting fragments at very high speeds of over 3,300 ft / s ( 1,000 m / s ) , implying very high energy ( where the energy of a fragment is 1⁄2 mass × velocity , neglecting rotational energy ) . The military engineering data showed that , like the fragment size , the fragment velocities had characteristic distributions . It is possible to segment the fragment output from a warhead into velocity groups . For example , 95 % of all fragments from a bomb blast under 4 grains ( 0.26 g ) have a velocity of 3,000 ft / s ( 910 m / s ) or less . This established a set of goals for military ballistic vest design . The random nature of fragmentation required the military vest specification to trade off mass vs. ballistic - benefit . Hard vehicle armor is capable of stopping all fragments , but military personnel can only carry a limited amount of gear and equipment , so the weight of the vest is a limiting factor in vest fragment protection . The 2 - 4 - 16 - 64 grain series at limited velocity can be stopped by an all - textile vest of approximately 5.4 kg / m ( 1.1 lb / ft ) . In contrast to the design of vest for deformable lead bullets , fragments do not change shape ; they are steel and can not be deformed by textile materials . The 2 - grain ( 0.13 g ) FSP ( the smallest fragment projectile commonly used in testing ) is about the size of a grain of rice ; such small fast moving fragments can potentially slip through the vest , moving between yarns . As a result , fabrics optimized for fragment protection are tightly woven , although these fabrics are not as effective at stopping lead bullets . Backing materials for testing ( edit ) Ballistic ( edit ) One of the critical requirements in soft ballistic testing is measurement of `` back side signature '' ( i.e. energy delivered to tissue by a non-penetrating projectile ) in a deformable backing material placed behind the targeted vest . The majority of military and law enforcement standards have settled on an oil / clay mixture for the backing material , known as Roma Plastilena . Although harder and less deformable than human tissue , Roma represents a `` worst case '' backing material when plastic deformations in the oil / clay are low ( less than 20 mm ) . ( Armor placed over a harder surface is more easily penetrated . ) The oil / clay mixture of `` Roma '' is roughly twice the density of human tissue and therefore does not match its specific gravity , however `` Roma '' is a plastic material that will not recover its shape elastically , which is important for accurately measuring potential trauma through back side signature . The selection of test backing is significant because in flexible armor , the body tissue of a wearer plays an integral part in absorbing the high energy impact of ballistic and stab events . However the human torso has a very complex mechanical behavior . Away from the rib cage and spine , the soft tissue behavior is soft and compliant . In the tissue over the sternum bone region , the compliance of the torso is significantly lower . This complexity requires very elaborate bio-morphic backing material systems for accurate ballistic and stab armor testing . A number of materials have been used to simulate human tissue in addition to Roma . In all cases , these materials are placed behind the armor during test impacts and are designed to simulate various aspects of human tissue impact behavior . One important factor in test backing for armor is its hardness . Armor is more easily penetrated in testing when backed by harder materials , and therefore harder materials , such as Roma clay , represent more conservative test methods . Backer type Materials Elastic / plastic Test type Specific gravity Relative hardness vs gelatin Application Roma Plastilina Clay # 1 Oil / Clay mixture Plastic Ballistic and Stab > 2 Moderately hard Back face signature measurement . Used for most standard testing 10 % gelatin Animal protein gel Visco - elastic Ballistic ~ 1 ( 90 % water ) Softer than baseline Good simulant for human tissue , hard to use , expensive . Required for FBI test methods 20 % gelatin Animal protein gel Visco - elastic Ballistic ~ 1 ( 80 % water ) Baseline Good simulant for skeletal muscle . Provides dynamic view of event . HOSDB - NIJ Foam Neoprene foam , EVA foam , sheet rubber Elastic Stab ~ 1 Slightly harder than gelatin Moderate agreement with tissue , easy to use , low in cost . Used in stab testing Silicone gel Long chain silicone polymer Visco - elastic Biomedical ~ 1.2 Similar to gelatin Biomedical testing for blunt force testing , very good tissue match Pig or Sheep animal testing Live tissue Various Research ~ 1 Real tissue is variable Very complex , requires ethical review for approval Stab ( edit ) Stab and spike armor standards have been developed using 3 different backing materials . The Draft EU norm calls out Roma clay , The California DOC called out 60 % ballistic gelatin and the current standard for NIJ and HOSDB calls out a multi-part foam and rubber backing material . Using Roma clay backing , only metallic stab solutions met the 109 joule Calif . DOC ice pick requirement Using 10 % Gelatin backing , all fabric stab solutions were able to meet the 109 joule Calif . DOC ice pick requirement . Most recently the Draft ISO prEN ISO 14876 norm selected Roma as the backing for both ballistics and stab testing . This history helps explain an important factor in Ballistics and Stab armor testing , backing stiffness affects armor penetration resistance . The energy dissipation of the armor - tissue system is Energy = Force × Displacement when testing on backings that are softer and more deformable the total impact energy is absorbed at lower force . When the force is reduced by a softer more compliant backing the armor is less likely to be penetrated . The use of harder Roma materials in the ISO draft norm makes this the most rigorous of the stab standards in use today . Rifle resistant armor ( edit ) Because of the limitations of the technology a distinction is made between handgun protection and rifle protection . See NIJ levels 3 and 4 for typical requirements for rifle resistant armor . Broadly rifle resistant armor is of three basic types : ceramic plate - based systems , steel plate with spall fragmentation protective coating , and hard fiber - based laminate systems . Many rifle armor components contain both hard ceramic components and laminated textile materials used together . Various ceramic materials types are in use , however : aluminum oxide , boron carbide and silicon carbide are the most common . The fibers used in these systems are the same as found in soft textile armor . However , for rifle protection high pressure lamination of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene with a Kraton matrix is the most common . The Small Arms Protective Insert ( SAPI ) and the enhanced SAPI plate for the US DOD generally has this form . Because of the use of ceramic plates for rifle protection , these vests are 5 -- 8 times as heavy on an area basis as handgun protection . The weight and stiffness of rifle armor is a major technical challenge . The density , hardness and impact toughness are among the materials properties that are balanced to design these systems . While ceramic materials have some outstanding properties for ballistics they have poor fracture toughness . Failure of ceramic plates by cracking must also be controlled . For this reason many ceramic rifle plates are a composite . The strike face is ceramic with the backface formed of laminated fiber and resin materials . The hardness of the ceramic prevents the penetration of the bullet while the tensile strength of the fiber backing helps prevent tensile failure . Examples of rifle resistant outer vests include the Interceptor body armor and the Improved Outer Tactical Vest . Versus armor - piercing ammunition ( edit ) The standards for armor - piercing rifle bullets are n't clear - cut , because the penetration of a bullet depends on the hardness of the target armor . However , there are a few general rules . For example , bullets with a soft lead - core and copper jacket are too easily deformed to penetrate hard materials , whereas rifle bullets manufactured with very hard core materials , like tungsten carbide , are designed for maximum penetration into hard armor . Most other core materials would have effects between lead and tungsten carbide . Many common bullets , such as the 7.62 × 39mm M43 standard cartridge for the AK - 47 rifle , have a steel core with hardness rating ranging from Rc35 mild steel up to Rc45 medium hard steel . Additionally , as the hardness of the bullet core increases , so must the amount of ceramic plating used to stop penetration . Like in soft ballistics , a minimum ceramic material hardness of the bullet core is required to damage their respective hard core materials , however in armor - piercing rounds the bullet core is eroded rather than deformed . The US Department of Defense uses two classes of protection from armor - piercing rifle bullets . The first , the Small Arms Protective Insert ( SAPI ) , called for ceramic composite plates with a mass of 20 -- 30 kg / m ( 4 -- 5 lb / ft ) . Later , the Enhanced SAPI ( ESAPI ) specification was developed to protect from more penetrative ammunition . ESAPI ceramic plates have a density of 35 -- 45 kg / m ( 7 -- 9 lb / ft ) , and are designed to stop bullets like the . 30 - 06 AP ( M2 ) with an engineered hard core . Cercom , now BAE systems , CoorsTek , Ceradyne , TenCate Advanced Composites , Honeywell , DSM , Pinnacle Armor and a number of other engineering companies develop and manufacture the materials for composite ceramic rifle armor . Explosive protection ( edit ) Bomb suit being used in a training exercise Bomb disposal officers often wear heavy armor designed to protect against most effects of a moderate sized explosion , such as bombs encountered in terror threats . Full head helmet , covering the face and some degree of protection for limbs is mandatory in addition to very strong armor for the torso . An insert to protect the spine is usually applied to the back , in case an explosion blasts the wearer . Visibility and mobility of the wearer is severely limited , as is the time that can be spent working on the device . Armor designed primarily to counter explosives is often somewhat less effective against bullets than armor designed for that purpose . The sheer mass of most bomb disposal armor usually provides some protection , and bullet - specific trauma plates are compatible with some bomb disposal suits . Bomb disposal technicians try to accomplish their task if possible using remote methods ( e.g. , robots , line and pulleys ) . Actually laying hands on a bomb is only done in an extremely life - threatening situation , where the hazards to people and critical structures can not be lessened by using wheeled robots or other techniques . Stab and stab - ballistic armor ( edit ) See also : Stab vest Early `` ice pick '' test ( edit ) In the mid-1980s the state of California Department of Corrections issued a requirement for a body armor using a commercial ice pick as the test penetrator . The test method attempted to simulate the capacity of a human attacker to deliver impact energy with their upper body . As was later shown by the work of the former British PSDB , this test over stated the capacity of human attackers . The test used a drop mass or sabot that carried the ice pick . Using gravitational force , the height of the drop mass above the vest was proportional to the impact energy . This test specified 109 joules ( 81 ft lb ) of energy and a 7.3 kg ( 16 lb ) drop mass with a drop height of 153 cm ( 60 in ) . The ice pick has a 4 mm ( 0.16 in ) diameter with a sharp tip with a 5.4 m / s ( 17 ft / s ) terminal velocity in the test . The California standard did not include knife or cutting edge weapons in the test protocol . The test method used the oil / clay ( Roma Plastilena ) tissue simulant as a test backing . In this early phase only titanium and steel plate offerings were successful in addressing this requirement . Point Blank developed the first ice pick certified offerings for CA Department of Corrections in shaped titanium sheet metal . Vests of this type are still in service in US corrections facilities as of 2008 . Beginning in the early 1990s , an optional test method was approved by California which permitted the use of 10 % ballistic gelatin as a replacement for Roma clay . The transition from hard , dense clay - based Roma to soft low - density gelatin allowed all textile solutions to meet this attack energy requirement . Soft all textile `` ice pick '' vests began to be adopted by California and other US states as a result of this migration in the test methods . It is important for users to understand that the smooth , round tip of the ice pick does not cut fiber on impact and this permits the use of textile based vests for this application . The earliest of these `` all '' fabric vests designed to address this ice pick test was Warwick Mills 's TurtleSkin ultra tightly woven para-aramid fabric with a patent filed in 1993 . Shortly after the TurtleSkin work , in 1995 DuPont patented a medium density fabric that was designated as Kevlar Correctional . It should be noted that these textile materials do not have equal performance with cutting - edge threats and these certifications were only with ice pick and were not tested with knives . HOSDB - stab and slash standards ( edit ) Parallel to the US development of `` ice pick '' vests , the British police , PSDB , was working on standards for knife - resistant body armor . Their program adopted a rigorous scientific approach and collected data on human attack capacity . Their ergonomic study suggested three levels of threat : 25 , 35 and 45 joules of impact energy . In addition to impact energy attack , velocities were measured and were found to be 10 -- 20 m / s ( much faster than the California test ) . Two commercial knives were selected for use in this PSDB test method . In order to test at a representative velocity , an air cannon method was developed to propel the knife and sabot at the vest target using compressed air . In this first version , the PSDB ' 93 test also used oil / clay materials as the tissue simulant backing . The introduction of knives which cut fiber and a hard - dense test backing required stab vest manufacturers to use metallic components in their vest designs to address this more rigorous standard . The current standard HOSDB Body Armour Standards for UK Police ( 2007 ) Part 3 : Knife and Spike Resistance is harmonized with the US NIJ OO15 standard , use a drop test method and use a composite foam backing as a tissue simulant . Both the HOSDB and the NIJ test now specify engineered blades , double - edged S1 and single - edge P1 as well as the spike . In addition to the stab standards , HOSDB has developed a standard for slash resistance ( 2006 ) . This standard , like the stab standards , is based on drop testing with a test knife in a mounting of controlled mass . The slash test uses the Stanley Utility knife or box cutter blades . The slash standard tests the cut resistance of the armor panel parallel to the direction of blade travel . The test equipment measures the force at the instant the blade tip produces a sustained slash through the vest . The criteria require that slash failure of the armor be greater than 80 newtons of force . Combination stab and ballistic vests ( edit ) Vests that combined stab and ballistic protection were a significant innovation in the 1990s period of vest development . The starting point for this development were the ballistic - only offerings of that time using NIJ Level 2A , 2 , and 3A or HOSDB HG 1 and 2 , with compliant ballistic vest products being manufactured with areal densities of between 5.5 and 6 kg / m2 ( 1.1 and 1.2 lb / ft2 or 18 and 20 oz / ft2 ) . However police forces were evaluating their `` street threats '' and requiring vests with both knife and ballistic protection . This multi-threat approach is common in the United Kingdom and other European countries and is less popular in the USA . Unfortunately for multi-threat users , the metallic array and chainmail systems that were necessary to defeat the test blades offered little ballistic performance . The multi-threat vests have areal densities are close to the sum of the two solutions separately . These vests have mass values in the 7.5 -- 8.5 kg / m2 ( 1.55 -- 1.75 lb / ft2 ) range . Ref ( NIJ and HOSDB certification listings ) . Rolls Royce Composites - Megit and Highmark produced metallic array systems to address this HOSDB standard . These designs were used extensively by the London Metropolitan Police Service and other agencies in the United Kingdom . Standards update US and UK ( edit ) Metropolitan Police officers supervising World Cup , 2006 As vest manufactures and the specifying authorities worked with these standards , the UK and US Standards teams began a collaboration on test methods . A number of issues with the first versions of the tests needed to be addressed . The use of commercial knives with inconsistent sharpness and tip shape created problems with test consistency . As a result , two new `` engineered blades '' were designed that could be manufactured to have reproducible penetrating behavior . The tissue simulants , Roma clay and gelatin , were either unrepresentative of tissue or not practical for the test operators . A composite - foam and hard - rubber test backing was developed as an alternative to address these issues . The drop test method was selected as the baseline for the updated standard over the air cannon option . The drop mass was reduced from the `` ice pick test '' and a wrist - like soft linkage was engineered into the penetrator - sabot to create a more realistic test impact . These closely related standards were first issued in 2003 as HOSDB 2003 and NIJ 0015 . ( The Police Scientific Development Branch ( PSDB ) was renamed the Home Office Scientific Development Branch in 2004 . ) Stab and spike vests ( edit ) These new standards created a focus on Level 1 at 25 joules ( 18 ft ⋅ lbf ) , Level 2 at 35 J ( 26 ft ⋅ lbf ) , Level 3 at 45 J ( 33 ft ⋅ lbf ) protection as tested with the new engineered knives defined in these test documents . The lowest level of this requirement at 25 joules was addressed by a series of textile products of both wovens , coated wovens and laminated woven materials . All of these materials were based on Para-aramid fiber . The co-efficient of friction for ultra high molecular weigh polyethylene ( UHMWPE ) prevented its use in this application . The TurtleSkin DiamondCoat and Twaron SRM products addressed this requirement using a combination of Para-Aramid wovens and bonded ceramic grain . These ceramic - coated products do not have the flexibility and softness of un-coated textile materials . For the higher levels of protection L2 and L3 , the very aggressive penetration of the small , thin P1 blade has resulted in the continued use of metallic components in stab armor . In Germany , Mehler Vario Systems developed hybrid vests of woven para-aramid and chainmail , and their solution was selected by London 's Metropolitan Police Service . Another German company BSST , in cooperation with Warwick Mills , has developed a system to meet the ballistic - stab requirement using Dyneema laminate and an advanced metallic - array system , TurtleSkin MFA . This system is currently implemented in the Netherlands . The trend in multi threat armor continues with requirements for needle protection in the Draft ISO prEN ISO 14876 norm . In many countries there is also an interest to combine military style explosive fragmentation protection with bullet - ballistics and stab requirements . Vest sizing , carriers and encapsulation ( edit ) In order for ballistic protection to be wearable the ballistic panels and hard rifle - resistant plates are fitted inside a special carrier . The carrier is the visible part of a ballistic vest . The most basic carrier includes pockets which hold the ballistic panels and straps for mounting the carrier on the user . There are two major types of carriers : military or tactical carriers that are worn over the shirt , and covert law enforcement type carriers that are worn under the shirt . Military carriers ( edit ) Individual pieces comprising the Modular Tactical Vest worn by U.S. Marines , including SAPI plates ( gray , at top left ) The military type of carrier , English police waistcoat carrier , or police tactical carrier most typically has a series of webbing , hook and loop , and snap type connectors on the front and back face . This permits the wearer to mount various gear to the carrier in many different configurations . This load carriage feature is an important part of uniform and operational design for police weapons teams and the military . In addition to load carriage , this type of carrier may include pockets for neck protection , side plates , groin plates , and backside protection . Because this style of carrier is not close fitting , sizing in this system is straightforward for both men and women , making custom fabrication unnecessary . Concealable carriers ( edit ) Law enforcement carriers in some countries are concealable . The carrier holds the ballistic panels close to the wearer 's body and a uniform shirt is worn over the carrier . This type of carrier must be designed to conform closely to the officer 's body shape . For concealable armor to conform to the body it must be correctly fitted to a particular individual . Many programs specify full custom measurement and manufacturing of armor panels and carriers to ensure good fit and comfortable armor . Officers who are either female or significantly overweight have more difficulty in getting accurately measured and having comfortable armor fabricated . Vest slips ( edit ) A third textile layer is often found between the carrier and the ballistic components . The ballistic panels are covered in a coated pouch or slip . This slip provides the encapsulation of the ballistic materials . Slips are manufactured in two types : heat sealed hermetic slips and simple sewn slips . For some ballistic fibers such as Kevlar the slip is a critical part of the system . The slip prevents moisture from the user 's body from saturating the ballistic materials . This protection from moisture cycling increases the useful life of the armor . Research ( edit ) Progress in fiber math ( edit ) In recent years , advances in material science have opened the door to the idea of a literal `` bulletproof vest '' able to stop handgun and rifle bullets with a soft textile vest , without the assistance of additional metal or ceramic plating . However , progress is moving at a slower rate compared to other technical disciplines . The most recent offering from Kevlar , Protera , was released in 1996 . Current soft body armor can stop most handgun rounds ( which has been the case for roughly 15 years ) , but armor plates are needed to stop rifle rounds and steel - core handgun rounds such as 7.62 × 25mm . The para-aramids have not progressed beyond the limit of 23 grams per denier in fiber tenacity . Modest ballistic performance improvements have been made by new producers of this fiber type . Much the same can be said for the UHMWPE material ; the basic fiber properties have only advanced to the 30 -- 35 g / d range . Improvements in this material have been seen in the development of cross-plied non-woven laminate , e.g. Spectra Shield . The major ballistic performance advance of fiber PBO is known as a `` cautionary tale '' in materials science . This fiber permitted the design of handgun soft armor that was 30 -- 50 % lower in mass as compared to the aramid and UHMWPE materials . However this higher tenacity was delivered with a well - publicized weakness in environmental durability . Akzo - Magellan ( now DuPont ) teams have been working on fiber called M5 fiber ; however , its announced startup of its pilot plant has been delayed more than 2 years . Data suggests if the M5 material can be brought to market , its performance will be roughly equivalent to PBO . In May 2008 , the Teijin Aramid group announced a `` super-fibers '' development program . The Teijin emphasis appears to be on computational chemistry to define a solution to high tenacity without environmental weakness . The materials science of second generation `` super '' fibers is complex , requires large investments , and represent significant technical challenges . Research aims to develop artificial spider silk which could be super strong , yet light and flexible . Other research has been done to harness nanotechnology to help create super-strong fibers that could be used in future bulletproof vests . Textile wovens and laminates research ( edit ) Finer yarns and lighter woven fabrics have been a key factor in improved ballistic results . The cost of ballistic fiber goes up dramatically as yarn size goes down , so it is unclear how long this trend can continue . The current practical limit of fiber size is 200 denier with most wovens limited at the 400 denier level . Three - dimensional weaving with fibers connecting flat wovens together into a 3D system are being considered for both hard and soft ballistics . Team Engineering Inc is designing and weaving these multi layer materials . Dyneema DSM has developed higher performance laminates using a new , higher strength fiber designated SB61 , and HB51 . DSM feels this advanced material provides some improved performance , however the SB61 `` soft ballistic '' version has been recalled . At the Shot Show in 2008 , a unique composite of interlocking steel plates and soft UHWMPE plate was exhibited by TurtleSkin . In combination with more traditional woven fabrics and laminates a number of research efforts are working with ballistic felts . Tex Tech has been working on these materials . Like the 3D weaving , Tex Tech sees the advantage in the 3 - axis fiber orientation . Fibers used ( edit ) Ballistic nylon ( until the 1970 ) or Kevlar , Twaron or Spectra ( a competitor for Kevlar ) or polyethylene fiber could be used to manufacture bullet proof vests . The vests of the time were made of ballistic nylon & supplemented by plates of fiber - glass , steel , ceramic , titanium , Doron & composites of ceramic and fiberglass , the last being the most effective . Manufacturing process ( edit ) a . Making the panel cloth - 1 . To make Kevlar cloth , the Kevlar yarns are woven in the simplest pattern , plain or tabby weave. which is merely the over & under pattern of threads that interlace alternatively. 2 . Unlike Kevlar , the Spectra used in bulletproof vests is usually not woven . instead the strong polyethelene polymer filaments are spun into fibers that are then laid parallel to each other . Resin is used to coat the fibers , sealing them together to form a sheet of Spectra cloth . Two sheets of cloth are then placed at right angles to one another and again bonded , forming a nonwoven fabric that is next sandwiched between two sheets of polyethelene film . The vest shape can then be cut from the material . b . Cutting The panels - C. Sewing the ballistic panels - d . Finishing the vest - The shells for the panels are sewn together in the same standard industrial sewing machines and standard sewing practices . The panels are then slipped inside the shells and the accessories -- such as the straps -- are sewn on . The finished bulletproof vest is boxed and shipped to the customer . Working principle ( edit ) When a hand gun bullet strikes body armor , it is caught in a `` web '' of extremely strong fibers . These fibers absorb and disperse the impact energy that is transmitted to the bullet proof vest from the bullet causing the bullet to deform , otherwise known as a `` mushroom '' . Additional energy is absorbed by each successive layer or material in bullet proof vests until such time as the bullet has been stopped . Ceramic plates work by locally shattering where the projectile strikes , and are capable of dispersing the energy of the projectile to the point where the bullet has been stopped . Unfortunately , this means that ceramic plates become progressively less capable of stopping additional bullets , and may be rendered unusable after a certain number of hits have been taken . Developments in ceramic armor ( edit ) Ceramic materials , materials processing and progress in ceramic penetration mechanics are significant areas of academic and industrial activity . This combined field of ceramics armor research is broad and is perhaps summarized best by The American Ceramics Society . ACerS has run an annual armor conference for a number of years and compiled a proceedings 2004 -- 2007 . An area of special activity pertaining to vests is the emerging use of small ceramic components . Large torso sized ceramic plates are complex to manufacture and are subject to cracking in use . Monolithic plates also have limited multi hit capacity as a result of their large impact fracture zone These are the motivations for new types of armor plate . These new designs use two - and three - dimensional arrays of ceramic elements that can be rigid , flexible or semi-flexible . Dragon Skin body armor is one of these systems . European developments in spherical and hexagonal arrays have resulted in products that have some flex and multi hit performance . The manufacture of array type systems with flex , consistent ballistic performance at edges of ceramic elements is an active area of research . In addition advanced ceramic processing techniques arrays require adhesive assembly methods . One novel approach is use of hook and loop fasteners to assemble the ceramic arrays . Nanomaterials in ballistics ( edit ) Currently , there are a number of methods by which nanomaterials are being implemented into body armor production . The first , developed at University of Delaware is based on nanoparticles within the suit that become rigid enough to protect the wearer as soon as a kinetic energy threshold is surpassed . These coatings have been described as shear thickening fluids . These nano - infused fabrics have been licensed by BAE systems , but as of mid-2008 , no products have been released based on this technology . In 2005 an Israeli company , ApNano , developed a material that was always rigid . It was announced that this nanocomposite based on tungsten disulfide nanotubes was able to withstand shocks generated by a steel projectile traveling at velocities of up to 1.5 km / s . The material was also reportedly able to withstand shock pressures generated by other impacts of up to 250 metric tons - force per square centimeter ( 24.5 gigapascals ; 3,550,000 psi ) . During the tests , the material proved to be so strong that after the impact the samples remained essentially unmarred . Additionally , a study in France tested the material under isostatic pressure and found it to be stable up to at least 350 tf / cm2 ( 34 GPa ; 5,000,000 psi ) . As of mid-2008 , spider silk bulletproof vests and nano - based armors are being developed for potential market release . Both the British and American militaries have expressed interest in a carbon fiber woven from carbon nanotubes that was developed at University of Cambridge and has the potential to be used as body armor . In 2008 , large format carbon nanotube sheets began being produced at Nanocomp . Graphene composite ( edit ) In late 2014 , researchers began studying and testing graphene as a material for use in body armor . Graphene is manufactured from carbon and is the thinnest , strongest , and most conductive material on the planet . Taking the form of hexagonally arranged atoms , its tensile strength is known to be 200 times greater than steel , but studies from Rice University have revealed it is also 10 times better than steel at dissipating energy , an ability that had previously not been thoroughly explored . To test its properties , the University of Massachusetts stacked together graphene sheets only a single carbon atom thick , creating layers ranging in thickness from 10 nanometers to 100 nanometers from 300 layers . Microscopic spherical silica `` bullets '' were fired at the sheets at speeds of up to 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) per second , almost nine times the speed of sound . Upon impact , the projectiles deformed into a cone shape around the graphene before ultimately breaking through . In the three nanoseconds it held together however , the transferred energy traveled through the material at a speed of 22.2 km ( 13.8 mi ) per second , faster than any other known material . If the impact stress can be spread out over a large enough area that the cone moves out at an appreciable velocity compared with the velocity of the projectile , stress will not be localized under where it hit . Although a wide impact hole opened up , a composite mixture of graphene and other materials could be made to create a new , revolutionary armor solution . Legality ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) In Australia , it is illegal to import body armour without prior authorisation from Australian Customs and Border Protection Service . It is also illegal to possess body armour without authorization in South Australia , Victoria , Northern Territory , ACT , Queensland , New South Wales , and Tasmania . Canada ( edit ) In all Canadian provinces except for Alberta , British Columbia and Manitoba , it is legal to wear and to purchase body armour such as ballistic vests . Under the laws of these provinces , it is illegal to possess body armour without a license ( unless exempted ) issued by the provincial government . Nova Scotia has passed similar laws , but they are not yet in force . According to the Body Armour Control Act of Alberta which came into force on June 15 , 2012 , any individual in possession of a valid firearms licence under the Firearms Act of Canada can legally purchase , possess and wear body armour . The Netherlands ( edit ) In the Netherlands the civilian ownership of body armour is subject to the European Union regulations . Body armour in various ballistic grades is sold by a range of different vendors , mainly aimed at providing to security guards and VIP 's . The use of body armour while committing a crime is not an additional offense in itself , but may be interpreted as so under different laws such as resisting arrest . United States ( edit ) Hostage Rescue Team agents United States law restricts possession of body armor for convicted violent felons . Many U.S. states also have penalties for possession or use of body armor by felons . In other states , such as Kentucky , possession is not prohibited , but probation or parole is denied to a person convicted of committing certain violent crimes while wearing body armor and carrying a deadly weapon . Most states do not have restrictions for non-felons . Italy ( edit ) In Italy , the purchase , ownership and wear of ballistic vests and body armor is not subject to any restriction , except for those ballistic protections that are developed under strict military specifications and / or for main military usage , thus considered by the law as `` armament materials '' and forbidden to civilians . Furthermore , a number of laws and court rulings during the years have rehearsed the concept of a ballistic vest being mandatory to wear for those individuals who work in the private security sector . European Union ( edit ) In European Union import and sale of ballistic vests and body armor are allowed in Europe , except protections that are developed under strict military specifications and / or for main military usage , shield above the level of protection NIJ 4 , thus considered by the law as `` armament materials '' and forbidden to civilians . There are many shops in Europe that sell ballistic vests and body armor , used or new . See also ( edit ) Brigandine ( an earlier form of vest , used to defend against swords , knives , etc . ) Buff coat ( an early form of ballistic vest , suitable for use only against pistol balls , but not musket balls ) Flak jacket ( a form of ballistic vest used for protection against explosives and shell fragments ) Hauberk ( an earlier form of body armor , used to defend against swords , knives , etc . ) Mail ( armour ) Terminal ballistics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 13 . 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Jump up ^ Lazaris , Anthoula ; Arcidiacono , Steven ; Huang , Yue ; Zhou , Jiang - Feng ; Duguay , François ; Chretien , Nathalie ; Welsh , Elizabeth A ; Soares , Jason W ; Karatza , Costas N ( 2002 ) . `` Spider Silk Fibers Spun from Soluble Recombinant Silk Produced in Mammalian Cells '' . Science . 295 ( 5554 ) : 472 -- 476 . Bibcode : 2002Sci ... 295 ... 472L . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1065780 . PMID 11799236 . Jump up ^ NLECTC Body Armor Testing Program Database Archived May 28 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Shot Show : Pistol - stoppin TurtleSkin armour '' . 4 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Differences Between Kevlar and Twaron Difference Between '' . www.differencebetween.net . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Wiley Advances in Ceramic Armor III ACS Jump up ^ Tencate AresShield Jump up ^ Foster Miller Last Armor . Jump up ^ Lee , Young S ; Wetzel , ED ; Wagner , NJ ( July 2003 ) . `` The ballistic impact characteristics of Kevlar woven fabrics impregnated with a colloidal shear thickening fluid '' . Journal of Materials Science . 38 ( 13 ) : 2825 -- 2833 . Bibcode : 2003JMatS ... 38.2825 L . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1024424200221 . Jump up ^ `` Nano - Armor : Protecting The Soldiers Of Tomorrow '' . Isracast.com . Archived from the original on 6 April 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Rincon , Paul ( 2007 - 10 - 23 ) . `` Science / Nature Super-strong body armour in sight '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ World 's Strongest Material In Body Armour Trials - Armedforces-Int.com , 1 December 2014 Jump up ^ Graphene could find use in lightweight ballistic body armor - Gizmag.com , 1 December 2014 Jump up ^ Import and export controls on law enforcement and military goods -- fact sheet Jump up ^ Summary Offences Act 1953 ( SA ) s 21B Body armour . Jump up ^ Control of Weapons Act 1990 ( Vic ) s 8A . Jump up ^ Weapons Control Act ( NT ) s 9 . Jump up ^ Prohibited Weapons Regulation 1997 ( ACT ) r 12 . Jump up ^ Weapons Categories Regulation 1997 ( Qld ) r 6 Category E weapons . Jump up ^ Weapons Prohibition Act 1998 ( NSW ) Schedule 1 - prohibited weapons . Jump up ^ Police Offences Act 1935 ( Tas ) s 15E Body armour . Jump up ^ https://www.solgps.alberta.ca/programs_and_services/public_security/BACAct/Pages/default.aspx External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bulletproof vests . Ankylosaurus - The bullet proof dinosaur NIJ Ballistic Resistance of Body Armor Body Armor News and Knowledge Website Body Armor Site NIJ body armor standard overview Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulletproof_vest&oldid=833246039 '' Categories : Body armor Ballistics Law enforcement uniforms Riot control weapons Weapons countermeasures Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from August 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles needing more detailed references Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Lietuvių മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Sardu Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska తెలుగు Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 13 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was kevlar first used as body armor	[ "In 1971, research chemist Stephanie Kwolek discovered a liquid crystalline polymer solution. Its exceptional strength and stiffness led to the invention of Kevlar®, a synthetic fibre, woven into a fabric and layered, that, by weight, has five times the tensile strength of steel.[23] In the mid-1970s, DuPont the company which employed Kwolek introduced Kevlar. Immediately Kevlar was incorporated into a National Institute of Justice (NIJ) evaluation program to provide lightweight, able body armor to a test pool of American law enforcement officers to ascertain if everyday able wearing was possible. Lester Shubin, a program manager at the NIJ, managed this law enforcement feasibility study within a few selected large police agencies, and quickly determined that Kevlar body armor could be comfortably worn by police daily, and would save lives." ]	[ "In the mid-1970s" ]
-4245171423620576241	Taylor Momsen	Taylor Momsen - Wikipedia Taylor Momsen Jump to : navigation , search Taylor Momsen Momsen performing with The Pretty Reckless at River City Rockfest 2017 Taylor Michel Momsen ( 1993 - 07 - 26 ) July 26 , 1993 ( age 24 ) St. Louis , Missouri , US Occupation Singer songwriter actress model Years active 1997 -- present Musical career Genres Alternative rock hard rock post-grunge Instruments Vocals guitar Labels Interscope Razor & Tie Cooking Vinyl Associated acts The Pretty Reckless Taylor Michel Momsen ( born July 26 , 1993 ) is an American singer , songwriter , former actress and model . She is known for portraying the character of Jenny Humphrey on the CW teen drama series Gossip Girl ( 2007 -- 2012 ) and Cindy Lou Who in the film How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 2000 ) . She is also known for being the lead singer and frontwoman of the American rock band The Pretty Reckless . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Acting 3 Modeling 4 Music 5 Discography 6 Filmography 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Momsen was born in St. Louis , Missouri . Her parents are Michael and Collette Momsen and she has a younger sister , Sloane Momsen , who is also an actress . She has Russian ancestry . She was raised Roman Catholic and attended Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic School for elementary school and later Herbert Hoover Middle School in Potomac , Maryland . She studied dance at the Center of Creative Arts in St. Louis . Momsen was signed with Ford Models at a very young age : `` My parents signed me up with Ford ( Modeling ) at the age of 2 . No 2 - year - old wants to be working , but I had no choice . My whole life , I was in and out of school . I did n't have friends . I was working constantly and I did n't have a real life . '' She began acting professionally at three years of age in a 1997 national commercial for Shake ' n Bake . She was then cast in The Prophet 's Game . Momsen is included on the list of Unclaimed Coogan accounts for performing children whose partial childhood earnings are mandated to be put in a special fund but who have yet to claim their earnings . Momsen attended the Professional Performing Arts School in Manhattan for high school alongside Connor Paolo , Gregori Lukas and Sarah Hyland . Acting ( edit ) Momsen at the Metropolitan Opera in 2008 In 2000 , Momsen played the role of Cindy Lou Who in Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas , her breakout role . In 2002 , she was given the role of Gretel in the motion picture : Hansel and Gretel , as well as Alexandra , the President 's daughter , in Spy Kids 2 : The Island of Lost Dreams . Momsen 's career came to a halt for over three years until she received a lead role in the WB series Misconceptions , which was never aired , after that she also appeared in the 2006 film Saving Shiloh . She also auditioned for the title role in Hannah Montana , and was in the top three , but the role was instead awarded to Miley Cyrus -- a decision that Momsen was happy with in retrospect . In 2007 , she starred in the Walt Disney Pictures film Underdog as Molly and as Jennifer in the movie Paranoid Park , directed by Gus Van Sant . Beginning in 2007 , she played the character of Jenny Humphrey in The CW television series Gossip Girl , based on the book series by Cecily von Ziegesar . Momsen 's appearances on the series became increasingly sporadic , and by the end of the first half of the fourth season , she had only appeared in four episodes . It was then announced that the actress would be scheduled for an indefinite hiatus from the show , which ended with her leaving the series as a regular cast member after the completion of the fourth season in 2011 . On August 16 , 2011 , Momsen told Elle magazine that she had quit acting to focus on her music career . On October 16 , 2012 , it was reported that Momsen would be returning to Gossip Girl for its final episode , in which she appeared briefly in the wedding sequence . Modeling ( edit ) In June 2008 , at the age of fourteen , Momsen signed to IMG Models . She was the face of British fashion chain New Look for its spring / summer 2010 collection . After weeks of speculation about who would be the face of Madonna 's 2010 fashion line `` Material Girl '' , Momsen was announced on July 15 , 2010 . A week later , Momsen was announced as the model for John Galliano 's new women 's fragrance , scheduled to launch in autumn 2010 . In 2010 , she appeared in a video for Galliano 's `` Parlez - Moi d'Amour '' fragrance ad campaign . Momsen is the face of Samantha Thavasa 's handbag line . She has done multiple photoshoots , press events , and commercials . Momsen appeared on the cover of Page Six Magazine when she was 15 years old in 2009 . She also appeared on the February 2010 cover of Seventeen . In October 2010 , Momsen wore a pair of platform stilettos , thigh - high stockings , and a holster strapped around her leg for Revolver . She appeared on the cover of FHM 's March 2012 edition and FHM ranked Momsen # 29 in its 2012 Hot 100 issue . She also made her cover debut for Maxim in the November 2013 issue . Music ( edit ) Momsen performing in April 2010 Momsen has said that `` music is where I can be me '' , stating that `` acting is easy . I 've been doing it for so long and I totally love it . But you 're playing a character instead of yourself . Music is more personal because you 're writing it and you 're involved in every step of it . '' At 5 years old , Momsen recorded the song `` Christmas , Why Ca n't I Find You ? '' for the soundtrack to How the Grinch Stole Christmas . In 2002 , she recorded the songs `` One Small Voice '' and `` Rudolph The Red - Nosed Reindeer '' for the compilation album School 's Out ! Christmas . In March 2009 , Momsen stated in an interview with OK ! magazine that her band The Pretty Reckless had signed a deal with Interscope Records . She played her first tour with her band opening for The Veronicas on their Revenge Is Sweeter Tour in spring 2009 . After the tour , Momsen began working with guitarist Ben Phillips , who would soon join the band . Momsen subsequently swapped out her former bandmates . She co-writes songs with Phillips ; in addition to lead vocals , Momsen also plays rhythm guitar . The band 's debut album Light Me Up was released on August 30 , 2010 in the UK , where it debuted at number 6 , as well as at number 18 in Ireland . The first single `` Make Me Wanna Die '' was released on May 30 , 2010 , while the second single `` Miss Nothing '' which was released on August 23 , 2010 peaked at number 39 . `` Just Tonight '' was released as the album 's third single . Songs from this album have been in the movie `` Kick - ass '' as well as shows like `` The Vampire Diaries '' and `` Gossip Girl '' . Television personality Heidi Montag recorded `` Blackout '' , a song written by Momsen . According to Momsen , she wrote the song when she was 8 years old and recorded it as a demo with a producer . Montag released the song as a digital only single , with the music video being directed by her husband Spencer Pratt . Momsen commented about the recording : `` I 'm like , okay , dude , you 're singing an 8 - year - old 's words , but that 's cool . It 's so funny because I did n't shop it or anything and I get this call going , ' Did you write a song for Heidi Montag ' ? And I 'm like , ' What ? ' '' . The track was later included on Montag 's debut studio album Superficial ( 2010 ) . On July 27 , 2011 , Momsen announced via Twitter that the band would be the supporting act for Evanescence during the fall of 2011 . Throughout 2012 , Momsen and her band toured North America ; the second headlining tour , titled the Medicine Tour , began in March 2012 and culminated with supporting dates for Marilyn Manson 's 2012 world tour Hey Cruel World ... Tour . Momsen also appeared as guest vocalist on the first track of ex Ministry member Paul Barker 's 2012 album Fix This . On November 30 , 2012 , it was announced that The Pretty Reckless ' fourth single `` Kill Me '' would be released on December 11 . The track was the last song to be featured in the Gossip Girl series finale . Momsen cites Kurt Cobain , The Beatles , Led Zeppelin , The Who , Pink Floyd , AC / DC , Marilyn Manson , Oasis and Shirley Manson of Garbage as some of her personal influences . Going to Hell was released on March 18 , 2014 . The release marked the band 's largest sales week to date and landed at # 5 on the Billboard 200 with over 35,000 copies sold in its first week . The success of the record saw Taylor , along with the rest of the band , break records when they became the first female - fronted band to reach No. 1 on the rock radio charts with its first two singles : `` Heaven Knows '' in March 2014 and `` Fucked Up World '' in September 2014 . The Pretty Reckless also spent the majority of late 2013 throughout 2014 on tour supporting Going To Hell . In 2014 , her band also supported Fall Out Boy in their European leg of the Save Rock n Roll Tour along with New Politics . Throughout 2015 , Momsen continued to record new material for the third Pretty Reckless album . On September 29 , 2016 , the band released the single `` Take Me Down '' , which reached number two on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Chart . The third album , Who You Selling For was released in October 2016 . Discography ( edit ) Main article : The Pretty Reckless discography Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 1999 Prophet 's Game , The The Prophet 's Game Honey Bee Swan 2000 How the Grinch Stole Christmas Cindy Lou Who Nominated -- Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Female Newcomer Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor Nominated -- Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Young Actress Age Ten or Under 2002 We Were Soldiers Julie Moore 2002 Spy Kids 2 : The Island of Lost Dreams Alexandra 2002 Hansel & Gretel Gretel 2006 Saving Shiloh Samantha Wallace 2007 Paranoid Park Jennifer 2007 Underdog Molly Nominated -- Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Supporting Young Actress 2008 Spy School Madison Kramer Television Year Title Role Notes 1998 Early Edition Allie Uncredited ; episode : `` A Minor Miracle '' 2006 Misconceptions Hopper Watson Unaired WB series 2007 -- 2010 ; 2012 Gossip Girl Jennifer `` Jenny '' Humphrey Main cast ( season 1 -- 4 ) Special guest star ( season 6 ) : 66 episodes Nominated -- Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Breakout Star : Female Nominated -- Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Leading Young Actress References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen Biography '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Aleksander , Irina ( September 18 , 2008 ) . `` Taylor Momsen : Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' . The New York Observer . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2008 . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Momsen , Taylor ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Twitter : taylormomsen : @ Zheka_Kinoman yes , I 'm part Russian '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen Gets Spiritual -- Daily Intelligencer '' . Nymag.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen '' . Movies.yahoo.com. April 20 , 2011 . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Blonska , Joanna . `` The Young and the ' Reckless ' '' . Bethesda Magazine . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen , Age 3 , In Shake ' N Bake Commercial ( VIDEO ) '' . Huffington Post . November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Unclaimed Coogan Fund list '' . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen Glad She 's Not ' Hannah Montana ' '' . www.starpulse.com . January 25 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2010 . Retrieved September 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael `` ' Gossip Girl ' Sidelines Taylor Momsen '' , Deadline Hollywood , November 22 , 2010 . Retrieved November 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Momen Quit Acting '' . www.yahooblogs.com . August 16 , 2011 . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen Returning To ' Gossip Girl ' Along With Connor Paolo '' . The Huffington Post . AOL . October 16 , 2011 . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Murray , Rheana ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` ' Gossip Girl ' Alums Taylor Momsen and Connor Paolo Make Surprise Return for Show 's Final Episode '' . Daily News . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen : From Gossip Girl to Supermodel '' . Offtherack.people.com . June 25 , 2008 . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vogue , Teen . `` Taylor Momsen : Girl on Film '' . Teenvogue.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen for new look '' . The Express online . March 8 , 2010 . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Grazia Fashion : Taylor Momsen is the face of Material Girl ! '' . Graziadaily.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Grazia Fashion : Taylor Momsen To Model For Galllano ! ! '' . Graziadaily.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Samantha Thavasa Will Have You Know Taylor Momsen Is Employable '' . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen Seventeen Cover -- Interview and Pictures of Taylor Momsen '' . Seventeen.com . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2010 . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FHM at Taylor Momsen 's sexy house party ! Girls '' . FHM.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 '' . FHM. 2012 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2013 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tweet ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Taylor Momsen Pictures of a Pretty Reckless Singer '' . Maxim . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wightman , Catriona , `` Taylor Momsen : ' Music is my only goal ' '' , Digital Spy , November 3 , 2010 , retrieved November 3 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen Not Kissing Chace Crawford Offscreen '' . Okmagazine.com . March 3 , 2009 . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TAYLOR MOMSEN 'S `` Pretty Reckless '' : The Veronicas Pick `` GOSSIP GIRL '' Band As Tour Opener `` . Huffingtonpost.com. April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ New Song from Taylor Momsen 's Pretty Reckless By Avery Spofford on July 12 , 2010 5 : 56 pm -- Spin Jump up ^ DREAMSEEKERS : THE BEST MUSIC YOU 'VE NEVER HEARD . ( March 19 , 2011 ) . Billboard -- the International Newsweekly of Music , Video and Home Entertainment , 123 , A , B , C , D. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/868612104 ^ Jump up to : Harp , Justin , `` Momsen ' surprised by Montag song cover ' '' , Digital Spy , October 15 , 2010 , retrieved January 3 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen announces tour with Evanescence , AHN , July 27 , 2011 , retrieved July 31 , 2011 Jump up ^ The Pretty Reckless Bring ' Medicine Tour ' Stateside By Tara Hall on January 31 , 2012 5 : 56 pm -- Soundspike Jump up ^ `` Kill Me ( Explicit ) '' . Amazon.com . Amazon.com. 2012 . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen of The Pretty Reckless -- ' Wikipedia : Fact or Fiction ? ' '' . Loudwire . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen : ' I admire Shirley Manson ' -- Music News '' . Digital Spy . August 29 , 2010 . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` I love Oasis . I love Noel Gallagher . He 's a great songwriter . I 'd love to be able to write a song with him at some point '' . The A.V. Club . March 10 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE PRETTY RECKLESS TO RELEASE NEW ALBUM ' GOING TO HELL ' MARCH 18 , 2014 ON RAZOR & TIE '' . Razor & Tie Direct L.L.C . January 21 , 2014 . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Frozen ' Soundtrack Earns Its Biggest Sales Week Yet , Recalling Adele 's Longevity '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Reckless Only Female - Fronted Band to Top Mainstream Rock With First 2 Hits '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Video Premiere : THE PRETTY RECKLESS 's ' Take Me Down ' '' . blabbermouth.net . September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Pretty Reckless -- Chart history Billboard '' . www.billboard.com . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Taylor Momsen . Official website Taylor Momsen on IMDb Taylor Momsen on Twitter ( hide ) The Pretty Reckless Taylor Momsen Ben Phillips Jamie Perkins Mark Damon Nick Carbone Matt Chiarelli John Secolo Studio albums Light Me Up Going to Hell Who You Selling For Extended plays The Pretty Reckless Hit Me Like a Man EP Singles `` Make Me Wanna Die '' `` Miss Nothing '' `` Just Tonight '' `` Kill Me '' `` Heaven Knows '' `` Messed Up World '' `` Follow Me Down '' `` Take Me Down '' `` Back to the River '' Tours Light Me Up Tour The Medicine Tour Going to Hell Tour Who You Selling For Tour Related articles Discography Interscope Records BIBSYS : 8030377 BNE : XX4862922 BNF : cb15683982x ( data ) GND : 141515686 ISNI : 0000 0000 8356 3618 LCCN : n2003080676 MusicBrainz : d1ecf86c - 3d89 - 420e - b8c1 - bceb6b101c61 SUDOC : 124063888 VIAF : 10175733 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taylor_Momsen&oldid=841744884 '' Categories : 1993 births Living people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses 21st - century American singers 21st - century women singers Actresses from St. Louis Actresses of Russian descent Alternative rock guitarists American alternative rock musicians American child actresses American child models American child singers American female guitarists American female rock singers American female singer - songwriters American feminists American film actresses American hard rock musicians American people of Russian descent American rock guitarists American rock songwriters American Roman Catholics American singer - songwriters American television actresses Female models from Missouri Female post-grunge singers Feminist musicians Guitarists from Missouri Kerrang ! Awards winners Musicians from St. Louis Sex - positive feminists Singers from Missouri Songwriters from Missouri Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from April 2018 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски Mirandés Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Papiamentu Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська West - Vlams 中文 47 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 19 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the girl that played cindy lou who in the grinch	[ "Taylor Michel Momsen (born July 26, 1993)[1] is an American singer, songwriter, former actress and model. She is known for portraying the character of Jenny Humphrey on the CW teen drama series Gossip Girl (2007–2012) and Cindy Lou Who in the film How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (2000).[2] She is also known for being the lead singer and frontwoman of the American rock band The Pretty Reckless." ]	[ "Taylor Michel Momsen" ]
-6182004042674138463	Just Got Started Lovin' You	Just Got Started Lovin ' You - wikipedia Just Got Started Lovin ' You Jump to : navigation , search `` Just Got Started Lovin ' You '' Single by James Otto from the album Sunset Man Released July 3 , 2007 Format CD single , music download Genre Country Length 3 : 54 Label Raybaw / Warner Bros. Nashville Songwriter ( s ) James Otto Jim Femino D. Vincent Williams Producer ( s ) John Rich , James Otto James Otto singles chronology `` Sunday Morning and Saturday Night '' ( 2004 ) `` Just Got Started Lovin ' You '' ( 2007 ) `` For You '' ( 2008 ) `` Sunday Morning and Saturday Night '' ( 2004 ) `` Just Got Started Lovin ' You '' ( 2007 ) `` For You '' ( 2008 ) `` Just Got Started Lovin ' You '' is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist James Otto . It was released in July 2007 as the first single from his album Sunset Man . On the Hot Country Songs chart dated for May 17 , 2008 , the song has also become Otto 's first ( and to date , his only ) number - one hit . The song was also the number one song on Billboard 's year - end 2008 Hot Country Songs chart . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and writing 2 Critical reception 3 Music video 4 Chart performance 4.1 Year - end charts 5 References 6 External links Background and writing ( edit ) James Otto had placed a telephone call to his friend , songwriter Jim Femino , when Femino and D. Vincent Williams were shopping at a grocery store in Nashville , Tennessee . Otto had wanted to write a song with Femino , and Femino suggested bringing Williams ( who had never met Otto before ) with him . When they met Otto at Williams ' house , Williams stated that he noticed a sex appeal in Otto 's material , comparing the singer to Conway Twitty . Williams then came up with a melody that he `` thought was cool '' , and put down the melody on his computer ; after Otto heard the tune , he felt that it `` suggested a sexy lyric and came from a sexy spot '' , and eventually came up with the title `` Just Got Started Lovin ' You '' . The three then recorded a work tape and played it for singer and producer John Rich ( of Big & Rich ) , who chose it as the first single from Otto 's Sunset Man album . The song is in the key of G major with a tempo of approximately 92 beats per minute and a 4 / 4 time signature . Its verses follow the chord pattern G - Am7 - C-D-G . Critical reception ( edit ) Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe gave the song a B grade , calling it `` a smooth but not sappy romantic ballad . '' He also said that he is n't `` reinventing the wheel , but he sounds comfortable and self - assured . '' Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Ryan Smith and was filmed on November 26 , 2007 . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2007 - 2008 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 27 US Billboard Pop 100 65 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 71 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 ) Position US Country Songs ( Billboard ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Morris , Edward ( 2008 - 05 - 10 ) . `` At Last , James Otto Scores No. 1 Song '' . CMT.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Horner , Alanna ( 2008 - 06 - 16 ) . `` Story Behind the Song : A Conway Kind of Hit '' . Country Weekly . 15 ( 12 ) : 18 . Jump up ^ `` ' Just Got Started Lovin ' You ' sheet music '' . MusicNotes.com . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Just Got Started Lovin ' You review by Kevin John Coyne Jump up ^ `` James Otto Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` James Otto Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` James Otto Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2008 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2008 . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Music video at CMT.com Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` I Saw God Today '' by George Strait Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one single May 17 -- May 24 , 2008 Succeeded by `` I 'm Still a Guy '' by Brad Paisley Preceded by `` Watching You '' by Rodney Atkins Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one single of the year 2008 Succeeded by `` I Run to You '' by Lady Antebellum James Otto Studio albums Days of Our Lives Sunset Man Shake What God Gave Ya Notable singles `` Just Got Started Lovin ' You '' `` For You '' `` Groovy Little Summer Song '' Related articles `` In Color '' `` No Hurry '' `` Holdin ' Her '' Billboard Year - End Hot Country Songs number one single of the year 1980 -- 1989 1980 : `` My Heart '' -- Ronnie Milsap 1981 : `` Fire and Smoke '' -- Earl Thomas Conley 1982 : `` Always on My Mind '' -- Willie Nelson 1983 : `` José Cuervo '' -- Shelly West 1984 : `` To All the Girls I 've Loved Before '' -- Julio Iglesias and Willie Nelson 1985 : `` Lost in the Fifties Tonight ( In the Still of the Night ) '' -- Ronnie Milsap 1986 : `` Never Be You '' -- Rosanne Cash 1987 : `` Give Me Wings '' -- Michael Johnson 1988 : `` Do n't Close Your Eyes '' -- Keith Whitley 1989 : `` A Better Man '' -- Clint Black 1990 -- 1999 1990 : `` Nobody 's Home '' -- Clint Black 1991 : `` Do n't Rock the Jukebox '' -- Alan Jackson 1992 : `` I Saw the Light '' -- Wynonna Judd 1993 : `` Chattahoochee '' -- Alan Jackson 1994 : `` I Swear '' -- John Michael Montgomery 1995 : `` Sold ( The Grundy County Auction Incident ) '' -- John Michael Montgomery 1996 : `` My Maria '' -- Brooks & Dunn 1997 : `` It 's Your Love '' -- Tim McGraw and Faith Hill 1998 : `` Just to See You Smile '' -- Tim McGraw 1999 : `` Amazed '' -- Lonestar 2000 -- 2009 2000 : `` How Do You Like Me Now ? ! '' -- Toby Keith 2001 : `` Ai n't Nothing ' bout You '' -- Brooks & Dunn 2002 : `` The Good Stuff '' -- Kenny Chesney 2003 : `` My Front Porch Looking In '' -- Lonestar 2004 : `` Live Like You Were Dying '' -- Tim McGraw 2005 : `` That 's What I Love About Sunday '' -- Craig Morgan 2006 : `` If You 're Going Through Hell ( Before The Devil Even Knows ) '' -- Rodney Atkins 2007 : `` Watching You '' -- Rodney Atkins 2008 : `` Just Got Started Lovin ' You '' -- James Otto 2009 : `` I Run to You '' -- Lady Antebellum 2010 -- 2019 2010 : `` Love Like Crazy '' -- Lee Brice 2011 : `` Crazy Girl '' -- Eli Young Band 2012 : `` Time Is Love '' -- Josh Turner 2013 : `` Cruise '' -- Florida Georgia Line 2014 : `` This Is How We Roll '' -- Florida Georgia Line featuring Luke Bryan 2015 : `` Take Your Time '' -- Sam Hunt 2016 : `` H.O.L.Y. '' - Florida Georgia Line Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Just_Got_Started_Lovin%27_You&oldid=789523970 '' Categories : 2007 singles 2007 songs James Otto songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles of the year Songs written by James Otto Songs written by D. Vincent Williams Song recordings produced by John Rich Warner Bros. Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Canada Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 July 2017 , at 21 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings i just got started lovin you	[ "\"Just Got Started Lovin' You\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist James Otto. It was released in July 2007 as the first single from his album Sunset Man. On the Hot Country Songs chart dated for May 17, 2008, the song has also become Otto's first (and to date, his only) number-one hit.[1] The song was also the number one song on Billboard's year-end 2008 Hot Country Songs chart." ]	[ "James Otto" ]
216609818633136515	Malwa Sultanate	Malwa sultanate - Wikipedia Malwa sultanate Jump to : navigation , search For the region 's earlier history , see Malwa . Malwa Sultanate 1392 -- 1562 Malwa Sultanate in the 15th century . Capital Dhar ; later Mandu Religion Islam , Mahdavia Government Sultanate History Established 1392 Disestablished 1562 Preceded by Succeeded by Delhi Sultanate Mughal Empire Today part of India The Malwa Sultanate was a late medieval kingdom presumably of Turkic origin , in the Malwa region of the present day Madhya Pradesh state in India in 1392 -- 1562 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Art and architecture 2.1 Malwa painting 2.2 Malwa architecture 3 The rulers 3.1 The Ghuri dynasty ( 1401 -- 36 ) 3.2 The Khalji dynasty ( 1436 -- 1531 ) 3.3 The interregnum 3.4 The later rulers 4 See also 5 External links 6 Notes History ( edit ) Preparation of wada for Ghiyath al - Din , Sultan of Malwa , at Mandu The sultanate of Malwa was founded by Dilawar Khan Ghuri , the governor of Malwa for the Delhi Sultanate , who asserted his independence in 1392 , but did not actually assume the ensigns of royalty till 1401 . Initially Dhar was the capital of the new kingdom , but soon it was shifted to Mandu , which was renamed Shadiabad ( the city of joy ) . After his death , he was succeeded by his son Alp Khan , who assumed the title of Hoshang Shah . The Ghurid dynasty , founded by Dilawar Khan Ghuri , was replaced by Mahmud Shah I , who proclaimed himself king on May 16 , 1436 . The Khalji dynasty , founded by him , ruled over Malwa till 1531 . Mahmud Khalji I was succeeded by his eldest son Ghiyas - ud - Din . The last days of Ghiyas - ud - Din were embittered by a struggle for throne between his two sons , with Nasir - ud - Din emerging victorious over Ala - ud - Din and ascending the throne on October 22 , 1500 , Before Ghiyas ud din dead a group of saint going to Hajj their leader Imam mahdi Syed Muhammad Jaunpuri Alaisalam come to Mandu the capital city of that time history know about his followers number & Ghiyas - ud - Din also belief him has a imam mahdi & become Mahdavia . The last ruler Mahmud Shah II surrendered to Bahadur Shah , the sultan of Gujarat after the fort of Mandu fell to Bahadur on May 25 , 1531 . During 1531 -- 1537 the kingdom was under the control of Bahadur Shah , though the Mughal padshah ( emperor ) Humayun captured it for a short period during 1535 - 36 . In 1537 , Qadir Shah , an ex-officer of the previous Khalji dynasty rulers , regained control over a part of the erstwhile kingdom . But in 1542 , Sher Shah Suri conquered the kingdom , defeating him and appointed Shuja'at Khan as the governor . His son , Baz Bahadur , declared himself independent in 1555 . In 1561 , Akbar the Great 's Mughal army , led by Adham Khan and Pir Muhammad Khan , attacked Malwa and defeated Baz Bahadur in the battle of Sarangpur on 29 March 1561 . Akbar soon recalled Adham Khan and made over command to Pir Muhammad . Pir Muhammad attacked Khandesh and proceeded up to Burhanpur , but he was defeated by a coalition of three powers : Miran Mubarak Shah II of Khandesh , Tufal Khan of Berar Sultanate and Baz Bahadur . Pir Muhammad died while retreating . The confederate army pursued the Mughals and drove them out of Malwa . Baz Bahadur regained his kingdom for a short period . In 1562 , Akbar sent another army , led by Abdullah Khan , an Uzbeg , which finally defeated Baz Bahadur . He fled to Chittor . It became the Malwa Subah ( top - level province ) of the Mughal empire , with seat at Ujjain and Abdullah Khan became its first governor . Art and architecture ( edit ) An illustration from the manuscript of the Nimat Nama completed during the reign of Nasir - ud - Din Shah Malwa painting ( edit ) Many remarkable illustrated manuscripts were prepared during the period of the sultanate . An illustrated manuscript of Kalpa Sutra ( 1439 ) ( presently in the National Museum , Delhi ) was prepared in Mandu during the reign of Mahmud Shah I But the most interesting is a manuscript of the Nimat Nama , a treatise on the art of cooking , which bears many portraits of Ghiyas - ud - Din Shah but the colophon bears the name of Nasir - ud - Din Shah . The other notable illustrated manuscripts of this period are of the Miftah - ul - Fuzala , a dictionary of rare words , the Bustan ( 1502 ) painted by Haji Mahmud and the Aja'ib - us - San'ati ( 1508 ) . Another manuscript of the Anwar - i - Suhaili ( now in the National Museum , Delhi ) probably also belong to this period . Malwa architecture ( edit ) Rani Rupmati Pavilion in Mandu , the capital of the Malwa Sultanate The monuments built during the sultanate period are almost concentrated in Mandu city . The early monuments were assembled out of the materials of earlier Hindu temples , according to the Islamic plan and convention . But nothing seems to have been done to conceal or alter their essential Hindu appearance . The significant among them are the Kamal Maula Masjid ( c. 1400 ) , the Lal Masjid ( 1405 ) , Dilawar Khan 's Masjid ( c. 1405 ) and the Masjid of Malik Mughis ( 1452 ) in Mandu . the Jahaz Mahal Hoshang Shah laid the foundation of the Mandu fort on the ruins of the original fortification . With him began the second and the classical phase of Malwa architecture . Some of the ten gateways on the 25 miles long wall of the fortress of Mandu were built by the Malwa sultans , the earliest one being the Delhi Darwaza ( northern gateway ) . Within the walls of the fortress , presently only forty structures survive in different stages of preservation . The largest and most impressive of them is Jami Masjid , which according to an inscription was begun by Hoshang Shah and completed by Mahmud Shah I in 1454 . The remarkable Durbar hall , known as the Hindola Mahal is also attributed to Hoshang Shah . Opposite to Jami Masjid , the large structural complex known as the Ashrafi Mahal comprises a group of buildings successively built in course of a rather long period . Its original nucleus seems to be a madrasa building erected as an adjunct to the Jami Masjid , probably during the reign of Hoshang Shah . According to Firishta , the tomb of Hoshang Shah was built by Mahmud Shah I . The later mausoleums , such as the tomb of Darya Khan , the Dai ka Mahal and the Chhappan Mahal were built on the same design . A long structural complex situated between two lakes has a curious name , the Jahaz Mahal ( ship - palace ) . Though the date of this monument is not definitely known , its general style is in accord with the character of Ghiyas - ud - Din Khalji . A lonely building on the slope of a hill by the side of Riwa Kund is known by the local people as Baz Bahadur 's palace . According to an inscription this monument was actually built by Nasir - ud - Din Shah . The Rani Rupmati Pavilion stands on the southern edge of the plateau and as its situation and form indicate , was , in all probability , designed for military purposes . The rulers ( edit ) Silver half tanka of Nasir Shah dated ( AH ) 915 ( = 1509 -- 1510 CE ) Silver half tanka of Muhammad Shah II dated ( AH ) 917 ( = 1511 -- 1512 CE ) Silver tanka of Baz Bahadur The Ghuri dynasty ( 1401 -- 36 ) ( edit ) Dilawar Khan 1401 -- 1406 Husam - ud - Din Hoshang Shah 1406 -- 1432 Taj - ud - Din Muhammad Shah I 1432 -- 1436 The Khalji dynasty ( 1436 -- 1531 ) ( edit ) Ala - ud - Din Mahmud Shah I 1436 -- 1469 Ghiyas - ud - Din Shah 1469 -- 1500 Nasir - ud - Din Shah 1500 -- 1510 Shihab - ud - Din Mahmud Shah II 1510 -- 1531 The interregnum ( edit ) Bahadur Shah ( the sultan of Gujarat ) 1531 -- 1537 Humayun ( Mughal emperor ) 1535 -- 1536 The later rulers ( edit ) Qadir Shah 1537 -- 1542 Shuja'at Khan ( the governor of Sher Shah Suri ) 1542 -- 1555 Baz Bahadur 1555 -- 1561 See also ( edit ) Malwa Mandu List of Sunni Muslim dynasties External links ( edit ) Coins of the Malwa Sultanate Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Majumdar , R.C. ( ed . ) ( 2006 ) . The Delhi Sultanate , Mumbai : Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan , pp. 173 - 86 Jump up ^ Majumdar , R.C. ( ed . ) ( 2007 ) The Mughul Empire , Mumbai : Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan , ISBN 81 - 7276 - 407 - 1 , pp. 112 - 3 Jump up ^ Khare , M.D. ( ed . ) ( 1981 ) . Malwa through the Ages , Bhopal : the Directorate of Archaeology & Museums , Government of M.P. , pp. 193 - 5 Jump up ^ Majumdar , R.C. ( ed . ) ( 2007 ) . The Mughul Empire , Mumbai : Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan , ISBN 81 - 7276 - 407 - 1 , pp. 804 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Majumdar , R.C. ( ed . ) ( 2006 ) . The Delhi Sultanate , Mumbai : Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan , pp. 702 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malwa_Sultanate&oldid=812587961 '' Categories : Former countries in Asia States and territories established in 1392 States and territories disestablished in 1562 History of Malwa Sultanates Islamic rule in the Indian subcontinent History of Ujjain Hidden categories : Pages with listed invalid ISBNs Use dmy dates from March 2017 Use Indian English from March 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Former country articles requiring maintenance Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Català Deutsch Italiano 日本語 Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 28 November 2017 , at 18 : 25 . About Wikipedia	who founded the independent muslim kingdom of malwa	[ "The sultanate of Malwa was founded by Dilawar Khan Ghuri, the governor of Malwa for the Delhi Sultanate, who asserted his independence in 1392, but did not actually assume the ensigns of royalty till 1401. Initially Dhar was the capital of the new kingdom, but soon it was shifted to Mandu, which was renamed Shadiabad (the city of joy). After his death, he was succeeded by his son Alp Khan, who assumed the title of Hoshang Shah. The Ghurid dynasty, founded by Dilawar Khan Ghuri, was replaced by Mahmud Shah I, who proclaimed himself king on May 16, 1436. The Khalji dynasty, founded by him, ruled over Malwa till 1531. Mahmud Khalji I was succeeded by his eldest son Ghiyas-ud-Din. The last days of Ghiyas-ud-Din were embittered by a struggle for throne between his two sons, with Nasir-ud-Din emerging victorious over Ala-ud-Din and ascending the throne on October 22, 1500, Before Ghiyas ud din dead a group of saint going to Hajj their leader Imam mahdi Syed Muhammad Jaunpuri Alaisalam come to Mandu the capital city of that time history know about his followers number & Ghiyas-ud-Din also belief him has a imam mahdi & become Mahdavia. The last ruler Mahmud Shah II surrendered to Bahadur Shah, the sultan of Gujarat after the fort of Mandu fell to Bahadur on May 25, 1531.[1]" ]	[ "Dilawar Khan Ghuri" ]
5546554112342600080	Pancreatic islets	Pancreatic islets - wikipedia Pancreatic islets Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Langerhans cells , found in the epidermis . Pancreatic islets Pancreatic islet ( mouse ) in its typical proximity to a blood vessel ; insulin in red , nuclei in blue . Pancreatic islets , the lighter tissue among the darker , acinar pancreatic tissue , hemalum - eosin stain . Details Identifiers Latin insulae pancreaticae TA A05. 9.01. 019 FMA 16016 76489 , 16016 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The diagram shows the structural differences between rat islets ( top ) and humans islets ( bottom ) as well as the ventral part ( left ) and the dorsal part ( right ) of the pancreas . Different cell types are colour - coded . Rodent islets , unlike the human ones , show the characteristic insulin core . A porcine pancreatic islet . The left image is a brightfield image created using hematoxylin stain ; nuclei are dark circles and the acinar pancreatic tissue is darker than the islet tissue . The right image is the same section stained by immunofluorescence against insulin , indicating beta cells . Illustration depicting pancreatic islet The islet density routes throughout the healthy human pancreas The pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans are the regions of the pancreas that contain its endocrine ( i.e. , hormone - producing ) cells , discovered in 1869 by German pathological anatomist Paul Langerhans . The pancreatic islets constitute 1 to 2 % of the pancreas volume and receive 10 -- 15 % of its blood flow . The pancreatic islets are arranged in density routes throughout the human pancreas , and are important in the metabolism of glucose . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Histology 2 Function 2.1 Electrical activity 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Diabetes 3.2 Transplantation 4 Additional images 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) There are about 3 million islets distributed in the form of density routes throughout the pancreas of a healthy adult human , each of which measures an average of about 0.1 mm ( 109 μm ) in diameter . Each is separated from the surrounding pancreatic tissue by a thin fibrous connective tissue capsule which is continuous with the fibrous connective tissue that is interwoven throughout the rest of the pancreas . The combined mass of the islets is 2 grams . Islets of Langerhans can also form superstructures called islet clusters surrounding large blood vessels . The roundness of islets along the pancreas has also been quantified as an index of sphericity . Islets closest to the spherical form are mainly found in the tail of the pancreas , whereas the least - spherical islets are found in the neck of the pancreas . Histology ( edit ) Hormones produced in the pancreatic islets are secreted directly into the blood flow by ( at least ) five types of cells . In rat islets , endocrine cell subsets are distributed as follows : Alpha cells producing glucagon ( 20 % of total islet cells ) Beta cells producing insulin and amylin ( ≈ 70 % ) Delta cells producing somatostatin ( < 10 % ) PP cells ( gamma cells ) producing pancreatic polypeptide ( < 5 % ) Epsilon cells producing ghrelin ( < 1 % ) It has been recognized that the cytoarchitecture of pancreatic islets differs between species . In particular , while rodent islets are characterized by a predominant proportion of insulin - producing beta cells in the core of the cluster and by scarce alpha , delta and PP cells in the periphery , human islets display alpha and beta cells in close relationship with each other throughout the cluster . Islets can influence each other through paracrine and autocrine communication , and beta cells are coupled electrically to six to seven other beta cells ( but not to other cell types ) . Function ( edit ) The paracrine feedback system of the pancreatic islets has the following structure : Glucose / Insulin : activates beta cells and inhibits alpha cells Glycogen / Glucagon : activates alpha cells which activates beta cells and delta cells Somatostatin : inhibits alpha cells and beta cells A large number of G protein - coupled receptors ( GPCRs ) regulate the secretion of insulin , glucagon and somatostatin from pancreatic islets , and some of these GPCRs are the targets of drugs used to treat type - 2 diabetes ( ref GLP - 1 receptor agonists , DPPIV inhibitors ) . Electrical activity ( edit ) Electrical activity of pancreatic islets has been studied using patch clamp techniques . It has turned out that the behavior of cells in intact islets differs significantly from the behavior of dispersed cells . Clinical significance ( edit ) Diabetes ( edit ) The beta cells of the pancreatic islets secrete insulin , and so play a significant role in diabetes . It is thought that they are destroyed by immune assaults . However , there are also indications that beta cells have not been destroyed but have only become non-functional . Transplantation ( edit ) Because the beta cells in the pancreatic islets are selectively destroyed by an autoimmune process in type 1 diabetes , clinicians and researchers are actively pursuing islet transplantation as a means of restoring physiological beta cell function , which would offer an alternative to a complete pancreas transplant or artificial pancreas . Islet transplantation emerged as a viable option for the treatment of insulin requiring diabetes in the early 1970s with steady progress over the last three decades . Recent clinical trials have shown that insulin independence and improved metabolic control can be reproducibly obtained after transplantation of cadaveric donor islets into patients with unstable type 1 diabetes . Islet transplantation for type 1 diabetes currently requires potent immunosuppression to prevent host rejection of donor islets . An alternative source of beta cells , such insulin - producing cells derived from adult stem cells or progenitor cells would contribute to overcoming the shortage of donor organs for transplantation . The field of regenerative medicine is rapidly evolving and offers great hope for the nearest future . However , type 1 diabetes is the result of the autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas . Therefore , an effective cure will require a sequential , integrated approach that combines adequate and safe immune interventions with beta cell regenerative approaches . Additional images ( edit ) Mouse islet immunostained for pancreatic polypeptide Mouse islet immunostained for insulin Mouse islet immunostained for glucagon Illustration of dog pancreas . 250x . See also ( edit ) Betatrophin Human anatomy Pancreatic hormone Neuroendocrine tumor References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ionescu - Tirgoviste , Constantin ; Gagniuc , Paul A. ; Gubceac , Elvira ; Mardare , Liliana ; Popescu , Irinel ; Dima , Simona ; Militaru , Manuella ( 2015 - 09 - 29 ) . `` A 3D map of the islet routes throughout the healthy human pancreas '' . Scientific Reports . 5 . PMC 4586491 . PMID 26417671 . doi : 10.1038 / srep14634 . Jump up ^ Langerhans P ( 1869 ) . `` Beitrage zur mikroscopischen anatomie der bauchspeichel druse '' . Inaugural - dissertation . Berlin : Gustav Lange . Jump up ^ Barrett KE , Boitano S , Barman SM , Brooks HL . Ganong 's review of medical physiology ( 23 ed . ) . McGraw Hill Medical . p. 316 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 160568 - 7 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Functional Anatomy of the Endocrine Pancreas Jump up ^ Pour , Parviz M. ; Standop , Jens ; Batra , Surinder K. ( January 2002 ) . `` Are islet cells the gatekeepers of the pancreas ? '' . Pancreatology. 2 ( 5 ) : 440 -- 448 . doi : 10.1159 / 000064718 . ^ Jump up to : Sleisenger , edited by Mark Feldman , Lawrence S. Friedman , Lawrence J. Brandt ; consulting editor , Marvin H. ( 2009 ) . Sleisenger & Fordtran 's gastrointestinal and liver disease pathophysiology , diagnosis , management ( 9th ed . ) . St. Louis , Missouri : MD Consult . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 6189 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Elayat AA ; el - Naggar MM ; Tahir M ; Bassam dahrouj ( 1995 ) . `` An immunocytochemical and morphometric study of the rat pancreatic islets '' . Journal of Anatomy. 186 . ( Pt 3 ) ( Pt 3 ) : 629 -- 37 . PMC 1167020 . PMID 7559135 . ^ Jump up to : Brissova M , Fowler MJ , Nicholson WE , Chu A , Hirshberg B , Harlan DM , Powers AC ( 2005 ) . `` Assessment of human pancreatic islet architecture and composition by laser scanning confocal microscopy '' . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry. 53 ( 9 ) : 1087 -- 97 . PMID 15923354 . doi : 10.1369 / jhc. 5C6684. 2005 . Jump up ^ Ichii H , Inverardi L , Pileggi A , Molano RD , Cabrera O , Caicedo A , Messinger S , Kuroda Y , Berggren PO , Ricordi C ( 2005 ) . `` A novel method for the assessment of cellular composition and beta - cell viability in human islet preparations '' . American Journal of Transplantation. 5 ( 7 ) : 1635 -- 45 . PMID 15943621 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 6143.2005. 00913. x . ^ Jump up to : Cabrera O , Berman DM , Kenyon NS , Ricordi C , Berggren PO , Caicedo A ( 2006 ) . `` The unique cytoarchitecture of human pancreatic islets has implications for islet cell function '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 103 ( 7 ) : 2334 -- 9 . ISSN 1091 - 6490 . PMC 1413730 . PMID 16461897 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0510790103 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Catriona ; McClenaghan , Neville H. ; Flatt , Peter R. ( 2011 ) . `` Role of islet structure and cellular interactions in the control of insulin secretion '' . Islets. 3 ( 2 ) : 41 -- 47 . doi : 10.4161 / isl. 3.2. 14805 . Jump up ^ Wang , Michael B. ; Bullock , John ; Boyle , Joseph R. ( 2001 ) . Physiology . Hagerstown , MD : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 391 . ISBN 0 - 683 - 30603 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` An atlas and functional analysis of G - protein coupled receptors in human islets of Langerhans. Amisten S , Salehi A , Rorsman P , Jones PM , Persaud SJ. , Pharmacol Ther. 2013 May 18 . PMID 23694765 Jump up ^ Pérez - Armendariz M , Roy C , Spray DC , Bennett MV ( 1991 ) . `` Biophysical properties of gap junctions between freshly dispersed pairs of mouse pancreatic beta cells '' . Biophysical Journal . 59 ( 1 ) : 76 -- 92 . PMC 1281120 . PMID 2015391 . doi : 10.1016 / S0006 - 3495 ( 91 ) 82200 - 7 . Jump up ^ Meloche RM ( 2007 ) . `` Transplantation for the treatment of type 1 diabetes '' . World Journal of Gastroenterology. 13 ( 47 ) : 6347 -- 55 . PMID 18081223 . doi : 10.3748 / wjg. 13.6347 . ^ Jump up to : Hogan A , Pileggi A , Ricordi C ( 2008 ) . `` Transplantation : current developments and future directions ; the future of clinical islet transplantation as a cure for diabetes '' . Frontiers in Bioscience. 13 ( 13 ) : 1192 -- 205 . PMID 17981623 . doi : 10.2741 / 2755 . Jump up ^ Piemonti L , Pileggi A ( 2013 ) . `` 25 Years of the Ricordi Automated Method for Islet Isolation '' . CellR4. 1 ( 1 ) : 8 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Chatenoud L ( 2008 ) . `` Chemical immunosuppression in islet transplantation -- friend or foe ? '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 358 ( 11 ) : 1192 -- 3 . ISSN 0028 - 4793 . PMID 18337609 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMcibr0708067 . Jump up ^ Pileggi A , Cobianchi L , Inverardi L , Ricordi C ( 2006 ) . `` Overcoming the challenges now limiting islet transplantation : a sequential , integrated approach '' . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 1079 ( 1 ) : 383 -- 98 . ISSN 0077 - 8923 . PMID 17130583 . doi : 10.1196 / annals. 1375.059 . External links ( edit ) `` The Islets of Langerhans '' , Karolinska Institutet , Sweden Pancreas at the Human Protein Atlas Islet Society MeSH A03. 734.414 `` Pancreas , human -- H&E '' , Blue Histology -- Accessory Digestive Glands , School of Anatomy and Human Biology , ( show ) Human systems and organs Musculoskeletal Skeletal system Bone Carpus Collar bone ( clavicle ) Thigh bone ( femur ) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull ( cranium ) Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum Cartilage Joints Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Muscular system Muscle Tendon Diaphragm Circulatory system Cardiovascular system peripheral Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Heart Lymphatic system primary Bone marrow Thymus secondary Spleen Lymph node CNS equivalent Glymphatic system Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Nerve Sensory system Ear Eye Integumentary system Skin Subcutaneous tissue Breast Mammary gland Immune system Myeloid Myeloid immune system Lymphoid Lymphoid immune system Respiratory system Upper Nose Nasopharynx Larynx Lower Trachea Bronchus Lung Digestive system Mouth Salivary gland Tongue upper GI Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Stomach lower GI Small intestine Appendix Colon Rectum Anus accessory Liver Biliary tract Pancreas Urinary system Genitourinary system Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra Reproductive system Female Uterus Vagina Vulva Ovary Placenta Male Scrotum Penis Prostate Testicle Seminal vesicle Endocrine system Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Islets of Langerhans General anatomy : systems and organs , regional anatomy , planes and lines , superficial axial anatomy , superficial anatomy of limbs ( hide ) Anatomy of the liver , pancreas and biliary tree Liver Bare area Cantlie line Ligamentum venosum Porta hepatis Round ligament Lobes Left Right ( Caudate Quadrate ) Fibrous capsule of Glisson Perisinusoidal space Liver sinusoid Periportal space Portal triad Lobules of liver Liver segment Microanatomy Hepatocyte Hepatic stellate cell Kupffer cell Biliary tract Bile ducts Intrahepatic bile ducts Bile canaliculus Canals of Hering Interlobular Left hepatic duct Right hepatic duct Common hepatic duct Gallbladder Cystic duct Common bile duct Ampulla of Vater Sphincter of Oddi Cells Cholecystocyte Pancreas Gross Tail Body Neck Head ( Uncinate process ) Ducts main accessory Microanatomy Pancreatic islets Centroacinar cell Stellate cell ( hide ) Anatomy of the endocrine system Pituitary gland Anterior Pars intermedia Pars tuberalis Pars distalis Acidophil cell Somatotropic cell Prolactin cell Somatomammotrophic cell Basophil cell Corticotropic cell Gonadotropic cell Thyrotropic cell Chromophobe cell Posterior Pars nervosa Median eminence Stalk Pituicyte Herring bodies Thyroid Follicular cell Parafollicular cell Parathyroid gland Chief cell Oxyphil cell Adrenal gland Cortex Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis Medulla Chromaffin cell Gonads Testicle Leydig cell Sertoli cell Ovary Theca interna Granulosa cell Corpus luteum Islets of pancreas Alpha cell Beta cell PP cell Delta cell Epsilon cell Pineal gland Pinealocyte Corpora arenacea Other Enteroendocrine cell Paraganglia Organ of Zuckerkandl Placenta Cells in humans derived from endoderm Foregut Respiratory Pneumocyte Type 1 Type 2 Club cell Goblet cell Digestive Stomach Enteroendocrine cell G cell Delta cell Enterochromaffin - like cell Gastric chief cell Parietal cell Foveolar cell Intestine Enteroendocrine cell Gastric inhibitory polypeptide S cell Delta cell Cholecystokinin Goblet cell Paneth cell Tuft cell Enterocyte Microfold cell Liver Hepatocyte Hepatic stellate cell ( Kupffer cell from mesoderm ) Gallbladder Cholecystocyte Exocrine pancreas Centroacinar cell Pancreatic stellate cell Islets of Langerhans alpha cell beta cell delta cell F cell ( PP cell epsilon cell Pharyngeal pouch Thyroid gland Follicular cell Parathyroid gland Parathyroid chief cell Oxyphil cell Hindgut / cloaca Urothelial cells Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pancreatic_islets&oldid=802333310 '' Categories : Pancreas anatomy Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan Қазақша Latina Lumbaart Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 14 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which cells with in the islets of langerhans secrete insulin	[ "It has been recognized that the cytoarchitecture of pancreatic islets differs between species.[8][9][10] In particular, while rodent islets are characterized by a predominant proportion of insulin-producing beta cells in the core of the cluster and by scarce alpha, delta and PP cells in the periphery, human islets display alpha and beta cells in close relationship with each other throughout the cluster.[8][10]" ]	[ "beta cells" ]
-156592536740779622	Mary Poppins (film)	Mary Poppins ( film ) - wikipedia Mary Poppins ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Mary Poppins Original poster Directed by Robert Stevenson Produced by Walt Disney Bill Walsh Screenplay by Bill Walsh Don DaGradi Based on Mary Poppins by P.L. Travers Starring Julie Andrews Dick Van Dyke David Tomlinson Glynis Johns Music by Richard Sherman ( Songs ) Robert Sherman ( Songs ) Irwin Kostal ( Score ) Cinematography Edward Colman Edited by Cotton Warburton Production company Walt Disney Productions Distributed by Buena Vista Distribution Release date August 27 , 1964 ( 1964 - 08 - 27 ) Running time 139 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $4.4 -- 6 million Box office $102.3 million Mary Poppins is a 1964 American musical - fantasy film directed by Robert Stevenson and produced by Walt Disney , with songs written and composed by the Sherman Brothers . The screenplay is by Bill Walsh and Don DaGradi , loosely based on P.L. Travers 's book series Mary Poppins . The film , which combines live - action and animation , stars Julie Andrews in her feature film debut as Mary Poppins , who visits a dysfunctional family in London and employs her unique brand of lifestyle to improve the family 's dynamic . Dick Van Dyke , David Tomlinson , and Glynis Johns are featured in supporting roles . The film was shot entirely at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank , California using painted London background scenes . Mary Poppins was released on August 27 , 1964 , to critical acclaim . It received a total of 13 Academy Award nominations , including Best Picture -- a record for any other film released by Walt Disney Studios -- and won five ; Best Actress for Andrews , Best Film Editing , Best Original Music Score , Best Visual Effects , and Best Original Song for `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' . In 2013 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Mary Poppins is widely considered to be Walt Disney 's crowning live - action achievement , his only film to gain a Best Picture nomination at the Oscars in his lifetime . A sequel titled Mary Poppins Returns , directed by Rob Marshall is scheduled to be released on December 25 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voices 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 4 Music 4.1 Soundtrack 4.2 Deleted songs 4.3 Deleted scores and music 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reception 6.2 Box office 6.3 Accolades 7 Legacy 8 Sequel 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In Edwardian London , 1910 , Bert entertains a crowd as a one - man band when he senses a change in the wind . Afterwards , he directly addresses the audience , and gives them a tour of Cherry Tree Lane , stopping outside the Banks family 's home . George Banks returns home to learn from Winifred that Katie Nanna has left their service after Jane and Michael ran away again . They are returned shortly after by Constable Jones , who reveals the children were chasing a lost kite . The children ask him to help build a better kite , but he dismisses them . Taking it upon himself to hire a new nanny , Mr. Banks advertises for a stern , no - nonsense nanny . Instead , Jane and Michael present their own advertisement for a kinder , sweeter nanny . But once Mr. Banks rips up the letter , and throws the scraps in the fireplace , the remains of the advertisement magically float up , and out into the air . The next day finds a number of elderly , sour - faced nannies waiting outside . Then , a strong gust of wind blows them away , and Jane and Michael witness a young nanny descending from the sky using her umbrella . Presenting herself to Mr. Banks , Mary Poppins calmly produces the children 's restored advertisement , and agrees with its requests , but promises the astonished banker she will be firm with his children . As Mr Banks puzzles over the advertisement 's return , Mary Poppins hires herself , and convinces him it was originally his idea . She meets the children , then helps them tidy their nursery through song , before heading out for a walk in the park . Outside , they meet Bert , working as a screever ; Mary Poppins uses her magic to transport the group into one of the drawings . While the children ride on a carousel , Mary Poppins and Bert go on a leisurely stroll , and are served tea by a quartet of penguin waiters . Mary Poppins enchants the carousel horses , and participates in a horse race , which she wins . While being asked to describe her victory , Mary Poppins announces the nonsense word `` Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious '' . However , the outing is ruined when a thunderstorm demolishes Bert 's drawings , returning the group to London . On another outing , the four meet Uncle Albert , who has floated up in the air due to his uncontrollable laughter ; they join him for a tea party on the ceiling , telling jokes . Mr. Banks becomes annoyed by his family 's cheery atmosphere , and threatens to fire Mary Poppins . Instead , Mary Poppins inverts his attempt by convincing him to take the children to the bank for a day . Mr. Banks takes Jane and Michael to the bank , where they meet Mr. Dawes Sr. and his son . Mr. Dawes aggressively attempts to have Michael invest his tuppence in the bank , snatching it from him . Michael demands it back , causing other customers to misinterpret , and all demand their own money back , causing a bank run . Jane and Michael flee the bank , getting lost in the East End until they run into Bert , now working as a chimney sweep , who escorts them home . The three and Mary Poppins venture onto the rooftops , where they have a song - and - dance number with other chimney sweeps . Then , Mr. Banks returns home , receives a phone call from his employers , and speaks with Bert , who tells him he should spend more time with his children before growing up . Jane and Michael give their father Michael 's tuppence in the hope to make amends . Mr. Banks walks through London to the bank , where he is given a humiliating cashiering , and is dismissed . Looking to the tuppence for words , he blurts out `` Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious ! '' , tells one of Uncle Albert 's jokes , and happily heads home . Dawes mulls over the joke , but finally `` gets '' it , and floats up into the air , laughing . The next day , the wind changes , meaning Mary Poppins must leave . A happier Mr. Banks is found at home , having fixed his children 's kite , and takes the family out to fly it . In the park , the Banks meet Mr. Dawes Jr , who reveals his father died laughing from the joke , and re-employs Mr. Banks as a junior partner . With her work done , Mary Poppins flies away , with Bert bidding her farewell , telling her not to stay away too long . Cast ( edit ) Julie Andrews as Mary Poppins Dick Van Dyke as Bert , the Chimney Sweep Karen Dotrice and Matthew Garber David Tomlinson as Mr. Banks Hermione Baddeley and Reta Shaw Julie Andrews as Mary Poppins , a magical and loving woman who descends down from the clouds in response to the Banks children 's advertisement for a nanny . She is not only firm in her use of authority but gentle and kind as well , a major departure from the original books , in which the character was strict and pompous . Dick Van Dyke as Bert , a cockney jack - of - all - trades and Mary Poppins 's closest friend , who is completely accustomed to her magic . Their playful interactions imply that they have known each other for a long time and that this kind of story has repeated itself many times . Bert has at least four jobs throughout the film : a one - man band , a pavement chalk artist , a chimney sweep , and a kite seller . Dick Van Dyke also portrays Mr. Dawes Sr. , the old director of the bank where Mr. Banks works . During the film 's end titles , `` Navckid Keyd '' , an anagram of Dick Van Dyke , is first credited as playing the role before the letters unscramble to reveal Van Dyke 's name . David Tomlinson as George Banks , Mary Poppins ' employer and father of Jane and Michael . He works at the Dawes Tomes Mousley Grubbs Fidelity Fiduciary Bank in London . He is a driven and disciplined man . Glynis Johns as Winifred Banks , the easily distracted wife of George Banks and the mother of Jane and Michael . She is depicted as a member of Emmeline Pankhurst 's `` Votes for Women '' suffragette movement . Mrs. Banks was originally named Cynthia , but this was changed to the more English - sounding Winifred per Travers . Hermione Baddeley as Ellen , the maid of the Banks residence . Karen Dotrice as Jane Banks . Matthew Garber as Michael Banks . Elsa Lanchester as Katie Nanna , the disgruntled nanny who quits the Banks family . Arthur Treacher as Constable Jones , a police officer . Reginald Owen as Admiral Boom , the Banks ' eccentric neighbor and a naval officer . He has his first mate , Mr. Binnacle , fire a cannon from his roof every 8 a.m. and 6 p.m. Ed Wynn as Uncle Albert , a jolly gentleman who suffers from an unknown condition where he floats in the air during fits of uncontrollable laughter . Although he likes having company over , he becomes very sad and cries when his guests have to leave ( he falls back to the ground , since it is the inversion of laughing ) . Reta Shaw as Mrs. Brill , the cook of the Banks residence . Don Barclay as Mr. Binnacle , Admiral Boom 's first mate . Marjorie Bennett as Miss Lark , owner of the dog named Andrew , who frequently runs away . Arthur Malet as Mr. Dawes Jr. , the director 's son and member of the board . Jane Darwell as the `` Bird Woman , '' an old woman who sells breadcrumbs for the pigeons on the steps of St Paul 's Cathedral . Marjorie Eaton as Miss Maya Persimmon . Jimmy Logan as a doorman who chases after the children in the bank . Alma Lawton as Mrs. Corry , an old shopkeeper of a gingerbread shop and mother of two daughters . Betty Lou Gerson as Old Crone ( uncredited ) Kay E. Kuter as Man in Bank ( uncredited ) Doris Lloyd as Depositor ( uncredited ) Queenie Leonard as Depositor ( uncredited ) Voices ( edit ) Julie Andrews as Robin , Female Pearly Marc Breaux as Cow Daws Butler as Penguin Waiter , Turtles Peter Ellenshaw as Penguin Waiter Paul Frees as Barnyard Horse Bill Lee as Ram Sean McClory as Bloodhound , Reporter # 4 Dallas McKennon as Fox , Bloodhound , Penguin Waiter , Horse , Carousel Guard Alan Napier as Huntsman , Reporter # 3 , Bloodhound Marni Nixon as Geese J. Pat O'Malley as Bloodhound , Hunting Horse , Master of Hounds , Pearly Drummer , Penguin Waiter , Photographer , Reporter # 2 George Pelling as Bloodhound , Reporter # 1 Thurl Ravenscroft as Hog , Andrew 's Whimper Richard M. Sherman as Penguin Waiter , Male Pearly Robert B. Sherman as the `` Bird Woman , '' Pearly Banjo Player David Tomlinson as Penguin Waiter , Jockey , Race Track Stewards , Mr. Binnacle , Mary Poppins ' Parrot Umbrella Ginny Tyler as Lambs Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The first book in the Mary Poppins book series was the film 's main basis . According to the 40th Anniversary DVD release of the film in 2004 , Disney 's daughters fell in love with the Mary Poppins books and made him promise to make a film based on them . Disney first attempted to purchase the film rights to Mary Poppins from P.L. Travers as early as 1938 but was rebuffed because Travers did not believe a film version of her books would do justice to her creation . In addition , Disney was known at the time primarily as a producer of cartoons and had yet to produce any major live - action work . For more than 20 years , Disney periodically made efforts to convince Travers to allow him to make a Poppins film . He finally succeeded in 1961 , although Travers demanded and got script approval rights . The Sherman Brothers composed the music score and were also involved in the film 's development , suggesting the setting be changed from the 1930s to the Edwardian era . Pre-production and song composition took about two years . Pre-production ( edit ) Travers was an adviser to the production . However , she disapproved of the dilution of the harsher aspects of Mary Poppins ' character , felt ambivalent about the music , and so hated the use of animation that she ruled out any further adaptations of the later Mary Poppins novels . She objected to a number of elements that actually made it into the film . Rather than original songs , she wanted the soundtrack to feature known standards of the Edwardian period in which the story is set . She also objected to the animated sequence . Disney overruled her , citing contract stipulations that he had final say on the finished print . Much of the Travers - Disney correspondence is part of the Travers collection of papers in the Mitchell Library of New South Wales , Australia . The relationship between Travers and Disney is detailed in Mary Poppins She Wrote , a biography of Travers , by Valerie Lawson . The biography is the basis for two documentaries on Travers , The Real Mary Poppins , and Lisa Matthews ' The Shadow of Mary Poppins . Their relationship during the development of the film was also dramatized in the 2013 film , Saving Mr. Banks . Casting ( edit ) Julie Andrews , who was making her feature film acting debut after a successful stage career , got the prime role of Mary Poppins soon after she was passed over by Jack L. Warner and replaced with Audrey Hepburn for the role of Eliza Doolittle in his screen adaptation of My Fair Lady , even though Andrews had originated the role on Broadway . When Disney first approached Andrews about taking on the role , Andrews was three months pregnant and therefore was not sure she should take it . Disney assured her that the crew would be fine with waiting to begin filming until after she had given birth so that she could play the part . Julie Andrews also provided the voice in two other sections of the film : during `` A Spoonful of Sugar , '' she provided the whistling harmony for the robin , and she was also one of the Pearly singers during `` Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious . '' David Tomlinson , besides playing Mr. Banks , provided the voice of Mary 's talking umbrella and numerous other voice - over parts ( including that of Admiral Boom 's first mate ) . During the `` Jolly Holiday '' sequence , the three singing Cockney geese were all voiced by Marni Nixon , a regular aural substitute for actresses with substandard singing voices . Nixon would later provide the singing voice for Hepburn in My Fair Lady and play one of Andrews ' fellow nuns in The Sound of Music . Andrews later beat Hepburn for the Best Actress Award at the Golden Globes for their respective roles . Andrews would also win the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role . Hepburn did not receive a nomination . Richard Sherman , one of the songwriters , also voiced a penguin as well as one of the Pearlies . Robert Sherman dubbed the speaking voice for Jane Darwell because Darwell 's voice was too weak to be heard in the soundtrack . Sherman 's voice is heard saying the only line : `` Feed the Birds , Tuppence a bag . '' Disney cast Dick Van Dyke in the key supporting role of Bert after seeing his work on The Dick Van Dyke Show . After winning the role of Bert , Van Dyke lobbied to also play the senior Mr. Dawes , but Disney originally felt he was too young for the part . Van Dyke eventually won Disney over after a screen test . Although he is fondly remembered for this film , Van Dyke 's attempt at a Cockney accent is regarded as one of the worst film accents in history , cited as an example by actors since as something that they wish to avoid . In a 2003 poll by Empire magazine of the worst film accents of all time , he came second . Van Dyke claims that his accent coach was the Irish J. Pat O'Malley , who `` did n't do an accent any better than I did '' . Filming ( edit ) Filming took place between May and September 1963 , with post-production and animation taking another 11 months . The film changed the book 's storyline in a number of places . For example , Mary , when approaching the house , controlled the wind rather than the other way around . As another example , the father , rather than the mother , interviewed Mary for the nanny position . A number of other changes were necessary to condense the story into feature length . In the film , there are only two Banks children , Jane and Michael . The satirical and mysterious aspects of the original book gave way to a cheerful and `` Disney - fied '' tone . Mary Poppins ' character as portrayed by Andrews in the film is somewhat less vain and more sympathetic towards the children compared to the rather cold and intimidating nanny of the original book . Bert , as played by Van Dyke , was a composite of several characters from Travers ' stories . Travers demanded that any suggestions of romance between Mary and Bert be eliminated , so lyrics were written for `` Jolly Holiday '' that clearly indicated that their friendship was purely platonic ; some subtle hints of romance , however , did remain in the finished film . Music ( edit ) Buena Vista Records released the original motion picture soundtrack on LP and reel - to - reel tape . Due to time constraints , some songs were edited ( such as `` Step in Time '' and `` Jolly Holiday '' , `` A Spoonful of Sugar '' ) , while songs also featured introductory passages ( `` Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious '' ) or completed endings ( `` Sister Suffragette '' , `` Fidelity Fiduciary Bank '' , `` A Man Has Dreams '' ) . Written by Richard and Robert Sherman , the songs were inspired by Edwardian British music hall music . The score won two Grammy Awards and two Academy Awards . Walt Disney Records re-issued the soundtrack in 1997 , including a 16 - minute track of unreleased songs and demo versions . In 2004 , as part of the 40th Anniversary ( also called Special Edition ) , a 28 - track disc ( as part of a two - disc set ) was released . In 2014 ( the 50th anniversary of the film 's release ) , the soundtrack was released in a 3 - CD edition as part of the Walt Disney Records The Legacy Collection series ; this edition includes demos of many `` lost '' tracks . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Mary Poppins ( soundtrack ) All tracks are written by Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman . Deleted songs ( edit ) A number of other songs were written for the film by the Sherman Brothers and either rejected or cut for time . Richard Sherman , on the 2004 DVD release , indicated that more than 30 songs were written at various stages of the film 's development . No cast recordings of any of these songs have been released to the public , only demos or later performances done by the songwriters -- with the exception of the rooftop reprise of `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' and the `` smoke staircase yodel '' mentioned below . `` The Chimpanzoo '' , was originally to follow `` I Love to Laugh '' during the Uncle Albert `` ceiling tea party '' sequence , but it was dropped from the soundtrack just before Julie Andrews and company were to record it . The fast - paced number was not unveiled to the public until Richard Sherman , aided by recently uncovered storyboards , performed it on the 2004 DVD edition . The re-creation suggests it was to have been another sequence combining animation and live action . `` Practically Perfect '' was intended to introduce Mary but instead the melody of the piece was used for `` Sister Suffragette '' ( used to introduce Mrs. Banks ) . A different song with the same name was written for the stage musical . `` The Eyes of Love '' , a romantic ballad intended for Bert and Mary , but according to Richard Sherman , Andrews suggested privately to Disney that this song was unsuitable . In response , `` A Spoonful of Sugar '' was written . `` Mary Poppins Melody '' was to be performed when Mary introduces herself to the children . Elements of the song later became part of `` Stay Awake '' . The melody was the basis for a couple of other songs that were ultimately cut from the film . `` A Name 's a Name '' . Heard on a recording taken of a meeting between the Sherman Brothers and Travers , this song was originally intended for the nursery scene that later became `` A Spoonful of Sugar '' . The melody was reused for `` Mary Poppins Melody '' . `` You Think , You Blink '' was a short piece that Bert was to sing just before entering the chalk painting ( and starting the `` Jolly Holiday '' sequence ) . In the film , Dick Van Dyke simply recites the lyric instead of singing it . `` West Wind '' was a short ballad to be sung by Mary . The song was later retitled `` Mon Amour Perdu '' and used in the later Disney film , Big Red . `` The Right Side '' was to be sung by Mary to Michael after he gets out of bed cranky . It was recycled for the Disney Channel television series Welcome to Pooh Corner as Winnie the Pooh 's personal theme song . `` Measure Up '' was to accompany the scene in which Mary takes the tape measure to Jane and Michael . `` Admiral Boom '' was to be the theme song for the cannon - firing neighbor of the Banks Residence , but it was cut by Walt Disney as being unnecessary . The melody of the song remains in the film , and the bombastic theme is heard whenever Boom appears onscreen . One line from this song ( `` The whole world takes its time from Greenwich , but Greenwich , they say , takes its time from Admiral Boom ! '' ) is spoken by Bert early in the film . `` Sticks , Paper and Strings '' was an early version of `` Let 's Go Fly a Kite . '' `` Lead the Righteous Life '' , an intentionally poorly written hymn , was to have been sung by Katie Nanna ( Elsa Lanchester ) along with Jane and Michael prior to Mary Poppins ' arrival . The melody was later reused for a similar song in The Happiest Millionaire `` The Pearly Song '' was not deleted per se but was instead incorporated into `` Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious '' . The Compass Sequence , a precursor to `` Jolly Holiday '' , was to be a multiple - song sequence . A number of possible musical components have been identified : `` South Sea Island Symphony '' `` Chinese Festival Song '' `` Tim - Buc - Too '' -- elements of this were reused for `` The Chimpanzoo '' which was also cut `` Tiki Town '' -- the melody was reused for `` The Chimpanzoo '' `` North Pole Polka '' `` Land of Sand '' -- later rewritten as `` Trust in Me '' for the animated version of The Jungle Book `` The Beautiful Briny '' -- later used in Bedknobs and Broomsticks `` East is East '' -- another variation on the unused `` Mary Poppins Melody '' . Deleted scores and music ( edit ) The `` Step in Time '' sequence ends with the chimney sweeps being scattered by an onslaught of fireworks fired from Admiral Boom 's house . In the final film , the scene plays out with sound effects and no music . The DVD release included the original version of the scene which was accompanied by a complex instrumental musical arrangement that combined `` Step in Time '' , the `` Admiral Boom '' melody ( see above ) , and `` A Spoonful of Sugar '' . This musical arrangement can be heard on the film 's original soundtrack . Andrews recorded a brief reprise of `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' which was to have accompanied Mary , Bert , and the children as they marched across the rooftops of London ( an instrumental reprise of `` A Spoonful of Sugar '' was used as a march instead ; however , Andrews and Dick Van Dyke can still be seen and heard singing a reprise of `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' in that sequence , just before the other chimney sweeps appear for the `` Step in Time '' number ) . The robin Mary Poppins whistles with in `` A Spoonful of Sugar '' originally sang a lyric as well . Andrews also recorded a brief yodel which breaks into the first line of `` A Spoonful of Sugar '' which was to have been used to `` activate '' the smoke staircase prior to the `` Step in Time '' number . Although cut from the film , footage of Andrews performing this exists and was included on the 2004 DVD . The DVD also indicates that an alternate version of the yodel performed by Dick Van Dyke may also exist . Release ( edit ) Mary Poppins premiered on August 27 , 1964 , at Grauman 's Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles . Travers was not extended an invitation to the event , but managed to obtain one from a Disney executive . It was at the after - party that Richard Sherman recalled her walking up to Disney and loudly announcing that the animated sequence had to go . Disney responded , `` Pamela , the ship has sailed , '' and walked away . Home media ( edit ) Mary Poppins was first released in late 1980 on VHS , Betamax , CED and LaserDisc . On October 28 , 1994 , August 26 , 1997 , and March 31 , 1998 , it was re-released three times as part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection . In 1998 , this film became Disney 's first DVD . On July 4 , 2000 , it was released on VHS and DVD as part of the Gold Classic Collection . On December 14 , 2004 , it had a 2 - Disc DVD release in a Digitally Restored 40th Anniversary Edition as well as its final issue in the VHS Format . The film 's audio track featured an `` Enhanced Home Theater Mix '' consisting of replaced sound effects ( to make the soundtrack more `` modern '' ) and improved fidelity and mixing and some enhanced music ( this version was also shown on 2006 -- 2012 ABC Family airings of the movie . ) On January 27 , 2009 , the film was released on DVD again as a 45th anniversary edition , with more language tracks and special features ( though the film 's `` Enhanced Home Theater Mix '' was not included . ) Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the film on Blu - ray as the 50th Anniversary Edition on December 10 , 2013 . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The film received universal acclaim from film critics . Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 100 % of critics gave the film a `` fresh '' rating , based on 44 reviews with an average score of 8.3 / 10 . The site 's consensus refers to it as `` A lavish modern fairy tale celebrated for its amazing special effects , catchy songs , and Julie Andrews 's legendary performance in the title role . '' Variety praised the film 's musical sequences and the performances of Julie Andrews and Dick Van Dyke , in particular . Time lauded the film , stating , `` The sets are luxuriant , the songs lilting , the scenario witty but impeccably sentimental , and the supporting cast only a pinfeather short of perfection . '' Critic Drew Casper summarized the impact of Mary Poppins in 2011 : Disney was the leader , his musical fantasies mixing animation and truly marvelous f / x with real - life action for children and the child in the adult . Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) was his plum ... the story was elemental , even trite . But utmost sophistication ( the chimney pot sequence crisply cut by Oscared `` Cotton '' Warburton ) and high - level invention ( a tea party on the ceiling , a staircase of black smoke to the city 's top ) characterized its handling . Box Office ( edit ) The film earned $31 million in North American rentals during its initial run . The film was re-released theatrically in 1973 , in honor of Walt Disney Productions ' 50th anniversary , and earned an estimated additional $9 million in North American rentals . It was released once more in 1980 and grossed $14 million . It returned a total lifetime rental of $45 million to Disney from a gross of over $102 million from its North American theatrical releases . The film was the twentienth most popular sound film of the twentieth century in the UK with admissions of 14 million . The film was very profitable for Disney . Made on an estimated budget of $4.4 -- 6 million , it was reported by Cobbett Steinberg to be the most profitable film of 1965 , earning a net profit of $28.5 million . Walt Disney used his huge profits from the film to purchase land in central Florida and finance the construction of Walt Disney World . Accolades ( edit ) Awards Award Date of ceremony Recipients and nominees Result Academy Awards April 5 , 1965 Best Picture Walt Disney and Bill Walsh Nominated Best Director Robert Stevenson Best Actress in a Leading Role Julie Andrews Won Best Adapted Screenplay Don DaGradi and Bill Walsh Nominated Best Cinematography , Color Edward Colman Best Art Direction , Color Carroll Clark , William H. Tuntke , Emile Kuri and Hal Gausman Best Costume Design , Color Tony Walton Best Sound Robert O. Cook Best Film Editing Cotton Warburton Won Best Visual Effects Peter Ellenshaw , Eustace Lycett and Hamilton Luske Best Original Song `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' -- Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman Best Score Richard M. Sherman , Robert B. Sherman Best Adaptation or Treatment Score Irwin Kostal Nominated Golden Globe Awards February 8 , 1965 Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Robert Stevenson , Walt Disney and Bill Walsh Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role -- Musical or Comedy Dick Van Dyke Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role -- Musical or Comedy Julie Andrews Won Best Original Score Richard M. Sherman , Robert B. Sherman Nominated Grammy Awards April 13 , 1965 Best Recording for Children Richard M. Sherman , Robert B. Sherman , Julie Andrews , Dick Van Dyke , Glynis Johns , David Tomlinson , Ed Wynn Won Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or Television Show Richard M. Sherman , Robert B. Sherman New York Film Critics Circle January 23 , 1965 Best Actress Julie Andrews Nominated Directors Guild of America Award Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Robert Stevenson Writers Guild of America Award Best Written American Musical Don DaGradi and Bill Walsh Won Legacy ( edit ) Julie Andrews and Dick Van Dyke were reteamed in the TV - movie Julie and Dick at Covent Garden ( 1974 ) , directed by Julie 's husband Blake Edwards Mary Poppins is widely considered to be one of the greatest films of all time and Walt Disney 's `` crowning achievement '' . It was the only film of Disney 's to garner a `` Best Picture '' nomination at the Oscars in his lifetime . The film also inspired the eighth - season episode of The Simpsons entitled `` Simpsoncalifragilisticexpiala ( Annoyed Grunt ) cious '' , featuring a parody of Mary called `` Shary Bobbins '' who helps out the Simpson family after Marge loses her hair due to stress , and spoofs of the songs `` The Perfect Nanny '' , `` A Spoonful of Sugar '' , `` Feed The Birds '' and `` The Life I Lead '' . Never at ease with the handling of her property by Disney or the way she felt she had been treated , Travers would never again agree to another Poppins / Disney adaptation . So fervent was Travers ' dislike of the Disney adaptation and of the way she felt she had been treated during the production , that when producer Cameron Mackintosh approached her about the stage musical in the 1990s , she acquiesced on the condition that he used only English - born writers and no one from the film production were to be directly involved with creating the stage musical . American Film Institute AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious '' -- # 36 AFI 's 100 Years of Musicals -- # 6 Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Mary Poppins Returns On September 14 , 2015 , it was reported that a new film was in development by Walt Disney Pictures . The film will take place 20 years after the first , featuring a standalone narrative based on the remaining seven books in the series . Rob Marshall has been hired to direct , while John DeLuca and Marc Platt will serve as producers . See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal Disney portal 1960s portal List of American films of 1964 Mary Poppins ( musical ) Saving Mr. Banks English - language accents in film -- Cockney References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mary Poppins ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . October 9 , 1964 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Coate . `` Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious : Remembering `` Mary Poppins '' on its 50th Anniversary `` . thedigitalbits.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) -- Release Summary -- Box Office Mojo '' . boxofficemojo.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Walt Disney - American Experience '' . Produced by PBS . Jump up ^ `` Library of Congress announces 2013 National Film Registry selections '' ( Press release ) . Washington Post . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grilli 2013 , p. back cover . Jump up ^ `` When Mary was my top of the Poppins '' . Mail Online . Jump up ^ Jim Korkis ( August 14 , 2013 ) . `` Mary Poppins Fun Facts '' . mouseplanet.com . Jump up ^ Newman , Melinda ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' Poppins ' Author a Pill No Spoonful of Sugar Could Sweeten '' . Variety . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nance , Kevin ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` Valerie Lawson talks ' Mary Poppins , She Wrote ' and P.L Travers '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shadow of Mary Poppins '' . Shop for a Film . Ronin Films. 2003 . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Flanagan , Caitlin ( December 19 , 2005 ) . `` Becoming Mary Poppins '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Julie Andrews '' , Broadway , The American Musical , PBS ; Thomas Hischak The Oxford Companion to the American Musical , New York : Oxford University Press , 2008 , p. 517 Jump up ^ `` Julie Andrews Recalls Making ' Mary Poppins ' '' . YouTube . October 16 , 2012 . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DVD extra Jump up ^ Source : Commentary on Mary Poppins on DVD Jump up ^ Robert J. Elisberg ( March 30 , 2010 ) . `` Super-Cali - Fragilistic - Expial - Atrocious '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS -- UK -- Magazine -- How not to do an American accent '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff writers ( June 30 , 2003 ) . `` Connery ' has worst film accent ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved July 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dick Van Dyke Plays Not My Job '' . Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! . October 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Williams & Denney 2004 , p. 281 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney 's Mary Poppins ( Original Cast Soundtrack ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent Dowd ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` Mary Poppins songwriter ' thrilled ' at Proms singalong '' . BBC . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Past Winners Search '' . The GRAMMYs . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 37th Academy Awards ( 1965 ) Nominations and Wins for Mary Poppins '' . oscars.org . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2009 . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Enter `` Mary Poppins '' in the ' Film Title ' field and click ' Search ' Jump up ^ `` Various -- Mary Poppins ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Richard M. Sherman And Robert B. Sherman , Irwin Kostal , Julie Andrews , Dick Van Dyke ( 2 ) -- Mary Poppins '' . Discogs . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Richard M. Sherman & Robert B. Sherman -- Mary Poppins ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lawson 2013 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( December 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Mary Poppins ' star talks 50th anniversary and ' Saving Mr. Banks ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Steinberg , Cobbett ( 1980 ) . Film Facts . New York : Facts on File , Inc. p. 25 . ISBN 0 - 87196 - 313 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Mary Poppins ' '' . Variety . December 31 , 1963 . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cinema : Have Umbrella , Will Travel '' . Time . September 18 , 1964 . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Casper 2011 , p. 1881 . Jump up ^ Variety `` All Time Box - Office Champs '' , January 4 , 1967 p. 9 Jump up ^ `` Big Rental Films of 1973 '' , Variety , January 9 , 1974 p 19 Jump up ^ Caitlin Flanagan ( December 19 , 2005 ) . `` Becoming Mary Poppins '' . The New Yorker . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Top Film Rentals '' . Variety . 1998 . Accessed October 7 , 1999 Jump up ^ `` The Ultimate Chart : 1 -- 100 '' . British Film Institute . 28 November 2004 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Information for Mary Poppins '' . The Numbers . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hillier & Pye 2011 , p. 136 . Jump up ^ When a film is released late in a calendar year ( October -- December ) , its income is reported in the following year 's compendium , unless the film made a particularly fast impact ( Steinberg , p. 17 ) Jump up ^ Williams & Denney 2004 , p. 285 . Jump up ^ `` Browse Results '' . OFFICIAL WEBSITE OF THE GOLDEN GLOBE AWARDS . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New York Film Critics Circle '' . freehostia.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Winner and Nominee Search -- 1964 '' . dga.org . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Enter `` Mary Poppins '' in the ' Keyword ' field Jump up ^ `` Writers Guild Awards '' . wga.org . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Müller 2004 , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Mike ; Hogan , Christopher ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Is Saving Mr. Banks the Movie Oscar Voters Have Been Waiting For ? '' . VFHollywood . Condé Nast . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ouzounian , Richard ( December 13 , 2013 ) . `` P.L. Travers might have liked Mary Poppins onstage '' . The Toronto Star . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals -- Official Ballot '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : Disney developing new original musical featuring Mary Poppins ; Rob Marshall to direct '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Bibliography Brody , Paul ( February 20 , 2013 ) . The Real Life Mary Poppins : The Life and Times of P.L. Travers . BookCaps Study Guides . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62107 - 482 - 3 . Casper , Drew ( March 1 , 2011 ) . Hollywood Film 1963 -- 1976 : Years of Revolution and Reaction . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 9523 - 5 . Grilli , Giorgia ( October 18 , 2013 ) . Myth , Symbol , and Meaning in Mary Poppins . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 86801 - 7 . Hillier , Jim ; Pye , Doug ( May 24 , 2011 ) . 100 Film Musicals . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84457 - 568 - 8 . Lawson , Valerie ( December 3 , 2013 ) . Mary Poppins , She Wrote : The Life of P.L. Travers . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4767 - 6292 - 0 . Marshall , Bill ; Stilwell , Robynn Jeananne ( January 1 , 2000 ) . Musicals : Hollywood and Beyond . Intellect Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84150 - 003 - 4 . Müller , Jürgen ( 2004 ) . Movies of the 60s . Taschen . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8228 - 2799 - 4 . Steinberg , Cobbett ( 1980 ) . Film Facts . Facts on File . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87196 - 313 - 0 . Williams , Pat ; Denney , James ( August 1 , 2004 ) . How to Be Like Walt : Capturing the Disney Magic Every Day of Your Life . Health Communications , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7573 - 0231 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mary Poppins . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Mary Poppins ( film ) Official website Mary Poppins on IMDb Mary Poppins at The Big Cartoon DataBase Mary Poppins at the TCM Movie Database Mary Poppins at Box Office Mojo Mary Poppins at Rotten Tomatoes P.L. Travers ' Mary Poppins Books Mary Poppins ( 1934 ) Mary Poppins Comes Back ( 1935 ) Mary Poppins Opens the Door ( 1943 ) Mary Poppins in the Park ( 1952 ) Mary Poppins From A to Z ( 1962 ) Mary Poppins in the Kitchen ( 1975 ) Mary Poppins in Cherry Tree Lane ( 1982 ) Mary Poppins and the House Next Door ( 1988 ) Characters Mary Poppins Mr. Banks Mrs. Banks The Banks children Bert Miss Lark Admiral Boom The servants Adaptations Mary Poppins ( 1964 film ) soundtrack Mary Poppins , Goodbye ( 1983 musical miniseries ) Mary Poppins ( 2004 musical ) Saving Mr. Banks ( 2013 related film ) Mary Poppins Returns ( 2018 film ) Songs `` Sister Suffragette '' `` The Life I Lead '' `` The Perfect Nanny '' `` A Spoonful of Sugar '' `` Jolly Holiday '' `` Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious '' `` Stay Awake '' `` I Love to Laugh '' `` Feed the Birds '' `` Fidelity Fiduciary Bank '' `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' `` Step in Time '' `` A Man Has Dreams '' `` Let 's Go Fly a Kite '' Category ( all pages ) Films directed by Robert Stevenson Happy Ever After ( 1932 ) Falling for You ( 1933 ) Tudor Rose ( 1936 ) The Man Who Changed His Mind ( 1936 ) Jack of All Trades ( 1936 ) King Solomon 's Mines ( 1937 ) Non-Stop New York ( 1937 ) Owd Bob ( 1938 ) The Ware Case ( 1938 ) Young Man 's Fancy ( 1939 ) Return to Yesterday ( 1940 ) Tom Brown 's School Days ( 1940 ) Back Street ( 1941 ) Joan of Paris ( 1942 ) Forever and a Day ( 1943 ) Jane Eyre ( 1943 ) Dishonored Lady ( 1947 ) To the Ends of the Earth ( 1948 ) I Married a Communist ( 1949 ) Walk Softly , Stranger ( 1950 ) My Forbidden Past ( 1951 ) The Las Vegas Story ( 1952 ) Johnny Tremain ( 1957 ) Old Yeller ( 1957 ) Darby O'Gill and the Little People ( 1959 ) Kidnapped ( 1960 ) The Absent - Minded Professor ( 1961 ) In Search of the Castaways ( 1962 ) Son of Flubber ( 1963 ) The Misadventures of Merlin Jones ( 1964 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) The Monkey 's Uncle ( 1965 ) That Darn Cat ! ( 1965 ) The Gnome - Mobile ( 1967 ) Blackbeard 's Ghost ( 1968 ) The Love Bug ( 1968 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Herbie Rides Again ( 1974 ) The Island at the Top of the World ( 1974 ) One of Our Dinosaurs Is Missing ( 1975 ) The Shaggy D.A. ( 1976 ) Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time The Sherman Brothers Richard M. Sherman Robert B. Sherman Motion pictures The Parent Trap ( 1961 ) The Absent - Minded Professor ( 1961 ) Greyfriars Bobby ( 1961 ) Bon Voyage ! ( 1962 ) A Symposium on Popular Songs ( 1962 ) In Search of the Castaways ( 1962 ) Big Red ( 1962 ) Moon Pilot ( 1962 ) Summer Magic ( 1963 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Misadventures of Merlin Jones ( 1964 ) The Moon - Spinners ( 1964 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Those Calloways ( 1965 ) The Monkey 's Uncle ( 1965 ) That Darn Cat ! ( 1965 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1966 ) Follow Me Boys ( 1966 ) The Happiest Millionaire ( 1967 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Adventures of Bullwhip Griffin ( 1967 ) The One and Only , Genuine , Original Family Band ( 1968 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( 1968 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Goldilocks ( 1971 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Snoopy , Come Home ( 1972 ) Charlotte 's Web ( 1973 ) Tom Sawyer ( 1973 ) Huckleberry Finn ( 1974 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1974 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1976 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Magic of Lassie ( 1978 ) Magic Journeys ( 1982 ) Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore ( 1983 ) Little Nemo : Adventures in Slumberland ( 1992 ) The Mighty Kong ( 1998 ) Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Stage musicals and musical revues Victory Canteen ( 1971 ) Over Here ! ( 1974 ) Dawgs ( 1983 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1984 ) Busker Alley ( 1994 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 2002 ) On the Record ( 2004 ) Mary Poppins ( 2004 ) Merry - Go - Round workshop ( 2007 ) A Spoonful of Sherman ( 2014 ) Theme park attractions Golden Horseshoe Revue ( 1955 ) King Arthur Carrousel ( 1955 ) Walt Disney 's Enchanted Tiki Room ( 1963 ) It 's a Small World ( 1966 ) Adventure Thru Inner Space ( 1967 ) Main Street Electrical Parade ( 1972 ) America Sings ( 1974 ) Walt Disney 's Carousel of Progress ( 1975 ) America on Parade ( 1975 ) CommuniCore ( 1982 ) Imagination ! ( 1982 ) Magic Journeys ( 1982 ) The World Showcase March ( 1982 ) Japan ( Epcot ) ( 1982 ) Journey into Imagination ( 1983 ) Meet the World ( 1983 ) Innoventions ( 1998 ) Rocket Rods ( 1998 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1999 ) Disneyland Forever ( 2015 ) Books Walt 's Time : from before to beyond ( 1998 ) Moose : Chapters From My Life ( 2013 ) Related The Boys : The Sherman Brothers ' Story ( 2009 ) Saving Mr. Banks ( 2013 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) VIAF : 210979770 GND : 7613477 - 5 SUDOC : 185864694 BNF : cb164574862 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Poppins_(film)&oldid=835665996 '' Categories : 1964 films English - language films Mary Poppins American films 1960s fantasy films 1960s musical films 1960s musical comedy films American children 's fantasy films American fantasy - comedy films American musical comedy films Films about dysfunctional families Films based on British novels Films based on children 's books Films directed by Robert Stevenson Films produced by Walt Disney Films produced by Bill Walsh ( producer ) Films featuring a Best Actress Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe winning performance Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in 1910 Films set in London Films set in England Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award Films with live action and animation Musical fantasy films Musicals by the Sherman Brothers United States National Film Registry films Walt Disney Pictures films Nannies in films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Asturianu Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська ייִדיש 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 01 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the chimney sweeps name in mary poppins	[ "Jane and Michael flee the bank, getting lost in the East End until they run into Bert, now working as a chimney sweep, who escorts them home. The three and Mary Poppins venture onto the rooftops, where they have a song-and-dance number with other chimney sweeps. Then, Mr. Banks returns home, receives a phone call from his employers, and speaks with Bert, who tells him he should spend more time with his children before growing up. Jane and Michael give their father Michael's tuppence in the hope to make amends." ]	[ "Bert" ]
7309916704265323204	Vinegar	Vinegar - wikipedia Vinegar Jump to : navigation , search A variety of flavored vinegars on sale in France Vinegar is a liquid consisting of about 5 -- 20 % acetic acid ( CH COOH ) , water , and other trace chemicals , which may include flavorings . The acetic acid is produced by the fermentation of ethanol by acetic acid bacteria . Vinegar is now mainly used as a cooking ingredient , or in pickling . As the most easily manufactured mild acid , it has historically had a great variety of industrial , medical , and domestic uses , some of which ( such as its use as a general household cleaner ) are still commonly practiced today . Commercial vinegar is produced either by a fast or a slow fermentation process . In general , slow methods are used in traditional vinegars where fermentation proceeds slowly over the course of a few months or up to a year . The longer fermentation period allows for the accumulation of a non-toxic slime composed of acetic acid bacteria . Fast methods add mother of vinegar ( bacterial culture ) to the source liquid before adding air to oxygenate and promote the fastest fermentation . In fast production processes , vinegar may be produced in between 20 hours to three days . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chemistry 2 Etymology 3 History 4 Varieties 4.1 Fruit 4.2 Balsamic 4.3 Cane 4.4 Grains 4.5 Spirits 4.6 Kombucha 5 Uses 5.1 Culinary 5.2 Folk medicine and research 5.3 Diet and metabolism 5.4 Polyphenols 5.5 Miscellaneous 5.6 Agricultural and horticultural 6 Miscellaneous 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Chemistry ( edit ) The conversion of ethanol ( CH CH OH ) and oxygen ( O ) to acetic acid ( CH COOH ) takes place by the following reaction : CH CH OH + O → CH COOH + H O Etymology ( edit ) The word vinegar arrived in Middle English from Old French vyn egre , which in turn derives from Latin vinum ( wine ) + acer ( sour ) . History ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2018 ) Vinegar has been made and used by people for thousands of years . Traces of it have been found in Egyptian urns from around 3000 BC . Varieties ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Source materials for making vinegar are varied , including different fruits , grains , alcoholic beverages or other fermentable materials . Fruit ( edit ) Persimmon vinegar produced in South Korea Raisin vinegar Fruit vinegars are made from fruit wines , usually without any additional flavoring . Common flavors of fruit vinegar include apple , blackcurrant , raspberry , quince , and tomato . Typically , the flavors of the original fruits remain in the final product . Most fruit vinegars are produced in Europe , where there is a growing market for high - price vinegars made solely from specific fruits ( as opposed to non-fruit vinegars that are infused with fruits or fruit flavors ) . Several varieties , however , also are produced in Asia . Persimmon vinegar , called gam sikcho , is popular in South Korea . Jujube vinegar , called zaocu or hongzaocu , and wolfberry vinegar are produced in China . Apple cider vinegar is made from cider or apple must , and has a brownish - gold color . It is sometimes sold unfiltered and unpasteurized with the mother of vinegar present , as a natural product . It can be diluted with fruit juice or water or sweetened ( usually with honey ) for consumption . A byproduct of commercial kiwifruit growing is a large amount of waste in the form of misshapen or otherwise - rejected fruit ( which may constitute up to 30 percent of the crop ) and kiwifruit pomace , the presscake residue left after kiwifruit juice manufacture . One of the uses for this waste is the production of kiwifruit vinegar , produced commercially in New Zealand since at least the early 1990s , and in China in 2008 . Coconut vinegar , made from fermented coconut water or sap , is used extensively in Southeast Asian cuisine ( notably the Philippines ) , as well as in some cuisines of India and Sri Lanka , especially Goan cuisine . A cloudy white liquid , it has a particularly sharp , acidic taste with a slightly yeasty note . Vinegar made from dates is a traditional product of the Middle East . Pomegranate vinegar ( Hebrew : חומץ רימונים ) is used widely in Israel as a dress for salad but also in meat stew and in dips . Vinegar made from raisins , called khall ʻinab ( Arabic : خل عنب ‎ `` grape vinegar '' ) is used in cuisines of the Middle East , and is produced there . It is cloudy and medium brown in color , with a mild flavor . Palm vinegar , made from the fermented sap from flower clusters of the nipa palm ( also called attap palm ) , is used most often in the Philippines , where it is produced , and where it is called sukang paombong . It has a citrusy flavor note to it and imparts a distinctly musky aroma . Balsamic ( edit ) Main articles : Traditional Balsamic Vinegar and Balsamic vinegar Balsamic vinegar is an aromatic aged vinegar produced in the Modena and Reggio Emilia provinces of Italy . The original product -- Traditional Balsamic Vinegar -- is made from the concentrated juice , or must , of white Trebbiano grapes . It is very dark brown , rich , sweet , and complex , with the finest grades being aged in successive casks made variously of oak , mulberry , chestnut , cherry , juniper , and ash wood . Originally a costly product available to only the Italian upper classes , traditional balsamic vinegar is marked `` tradizionale '' or `` DOC '' to denote its Protected Designation of Origin status , and is aged for 12 to 25 years . A cheaper non-DOC commercial form described as `` aceto balsamico di Modena '' ( balsamic vinegar of Modena ) became widely known and available around the world in the late 20th century , typically made with concentrated grape juice mixed with a strong vinegar , then coloured and slightly sweetened with caramel and sugar . Regardless of how it is produced , balsamic vinegar must be made from a grape product . It contains no balsam fruit . A high acidity level is somewhat hidden by the sweetness of the other ingredients , making it very mellow . Cane ( edit ) Vinegar made from sugarcane juice is most popular in the Philippines , in particular in the northern Ilocos Region ( where it is called Sukang Iloko ) , although it also is produced in France and the United States . It ranges from dark yellow to golden brown in color , and has a mellow flavor , similar in some respects to rice vinegar , though with a somewhat `` fresher '' taste . Because it contains no residual sugar , it is no sweeter than any other vinegar . In the Philippines it often is labeled as sukang maasim ( Tagalog for `` sour vinegar '' ) . Cane vinegars from Ilocos are made in two different ways . One way is to simply place sugar cane juice in large jars ; it becomes sour by the direct action of bacteria on the sugar . The other way is through fermentation to produce a local wine known as basi . Low - quality basi is then allowed to undergo acetic acid fermentation that converts alcohol into acetic acid . Contaminated basi also becomes vinegar . A white variation has become quite popular in Brazil in recent years , where it is the cheapest type of vinegar sold . It is now common for other types of vinegar ( made from wine , rice and apple cider ) to be sold mixed with cane vinegar to lower the cost . Sugarcane sirka is made from sugarcane juice in Punjab , India . During summer people put cane juice in earthenware pots with iron nails . The fermentation takes place due to the action of wild yeast . The cane juice is converted to vinegar having a blackish color . The sirka is used to preserve pickles and for flavoring curries . Grains ( edit ) Chinese black vinegar Chinese black vinegar is an aged product made from rice , wheat , millet , sorghum , or a combination thereof . It has an inky black color and a complex , malty flavor . There is no fixed recipe , so some Chinese black vinegars may contain added sugar , spices , or caramel color . The most popular variety , Zhenjiang vinegar , originates in the city of Zhenjiang in Jiangsu Province , eastern China . Shanxi mature vinegar is another popular type of Chinese vinegar that is made exclusively from sorghum and other grains . Nowadays in Shanxi province , there are still some traditional vinegar workshops producing handmade vinegar which is aged for at least five years with a high acidity . Only the vinegar made in Taiyuan and some counties in Jinzhong and aged for at least three years is considered authentic Shanxi mature vinegar according to the latest national standard . A somewhat lighter form of black vinegar , made from rice , is produced in Japan , where it is called kurozu . Rice vinegar is most popular in the cuisines of East and Southeast Asia . It is available in `` white '' ( light yellow ) , red , and black varieties . The Japanese prefer a light rice vinegar for the preparation of sushi rice and salad dressings . Red rice vinegar traditionally is colored with red yeast rice . Black rice vinegar ( made with black glutinous rice ) is most popular in China , and it is also widely used in other East Asian countries . White rice vinegar has a mild acidity with a somewhat `` flat '' and uncomplex flavor . Some varieties of rice vinegar are sweetened or otherwise seasoned with spices or other added flavorings . Malt vinegar made from ale , also called alegar , is made by malting barley , causing the starch in the grain to turn to maltose . Then an ale is brewed from the maltose and allowed to turn into vinegar , which is then aged . It is typically light - brown in color . In the United Kingdom and Canada , malt vinegar ( along with salt ) is a traditional seasoning for fish and chips . Some fish and chip shops replace it with non-brewed condiment . According to Canadian regulations , malt vinegar is defined as a vinegar that includes undistilled malt that has not yet undergone acetous fermentation . It must be dextro - rotary and can not contain less than 1.8 grams of solids and 0.2 grams of ash per 100 millilitres at 20 degrees Celsius . It may contain additional cereals or caramel . Spirits ( edit ) Sherry vinegar The term spirit vinegar is sometimes reserved for the stronger variety ( 5 % to 21 % acetic acid ) made from sugar cane or from chemically produced acetic acid . To be called `` Spirit Vinegar '' , the product must come from an agricultural source and must be made by `` double fermentation '' . The first fermentation is sugar to alcohol and the second alcohol to acetic acid . Product made from chemically produced acetic acid can not be called `` vinegar '' . In the UK the term allowed is `` Non-brewed condiment '' . Sherry vinegar is linked to the production of sherry wines of Jerez . Dark mahogany in color , it is made exclusively from the acetic fermentation of wines . It is concentrated and has generous aromas , including a note of wood , ideal for vinaigrettes and flavoring various foods . Wine vinegar is made from red or white wine , and is the most commonly used vinegar in Southern and Central Europe , Cyprus and Israel . As with wine , there is a considerable range in quality . Better - quality wine vinegars are matured in wood for up to two years , and exhibit a complex , mellow flavor . Wine vinegar tends to have a lower acidity than white or cider vinegars . More expensive wine vinegars are made from individual varieties of wine , such as champagne , sherry , or pinot gris . The term `` distilled vinegar '' as used in the United States ( called `` spirit vinegar '' in the UK , `` white vinegar '' in Canada ) is something of a misnomer because it is not produced by distillation but by fermentation of distilled alcohol . The fermentate is diluted to produce a colorless solution of 5 % to 8 % acetic acid in water , with a pH of about 2.6 . This is variously known as distilled spirit , `` virgin '' vinegar , or white vinegar , and is used in cooking , baking , meat preservation , and pickling , as well as for medicinal , laboratory , and cleaning purposes . The most common starting material in some regions , because of its low cost , is malt , or in the United States , corn . It is sometimes derived from petroleum . Distilled vinegar in the UK is produced by the distillation of malt to give a clear vinegar which maintains some of the malt flavour . Distilled vinegar is used predominantly for cooking , although in Scotland it is used as an alternative to brown or light malt vinegar . White distilled vinegar can also be used for cleaning , and some is actually sold specifically for this purpose . Kombucha ( edit ) Kombucha vinegar is made from kombucha , a symbiotic culture of yeast and bacteria . The bacteria produce a complex array of bacteria . Kombucha vinegar primarily is used to make a vinaigrette , and is flavored by adding strawberries , blackberries , mint , or blueberries at the beginning of fermentation . Uses ( edit ) Culinary ( edit ) Vinegar is commonly used in food preparation , in particular in pickling processes , vinaigrettes , and other salad dressings . It is an ingredient in sauces such as hot sauce , mustard , ketchup , and mayonnaise . Vinegar is sometimes used while making chutneys . It is often used as a condiment . Marinades often contain vinegar . In terms of its shelf life , vinegar 's acidic nature allows it to last indefinitely without the use of refrigeration . Several beverages are made using vinegar , for instance Posca . The ancient Greek oxymel is a drink made from vinegar and honey , and sekanjabin is a traditional Persian drink similar to oxymel . Other preparations , known colloquially as `` shrubs '' , range from simply mixing sugar water or honey water with small amounts of fruity vinegar , to making syrup by laying fruit or mint in vinegar essence for several days , then sieving off solid parts , and adding considerable amounts of sugar . Some prefer to boil the shrub as a final step . These recipes have lost much of their popularity with the rise of carbonated beverages , such as soft drinks . Esophageal injury by apple cider vinegar has been reported , and , because vinegar products sold for medicinal purposes are neither regulated nor standardized , they may vary widely in content and acidity . Folk medicine and research ( edit ) Many folk medicine treatments have been ascribed to vinegar over millennia , and in many different cultures , although no medical uses are verified by high - quality clinical research . Some folk medicine uses have side effects that represent health risks . Vinegar ( as dilute acetic acid ) may be useful in cleaning skin wounds . Diet and metabolism ( edit ) Small amounts of vinegar ( 2 to 4 tablespoons ) may reduce post-meal levels of blood glucose and insulin in people with and without diabetes . Some preliminary research indicates that taking vinegar with food increases satiety and reduces the amount of food consumed , producing a loss in body weight , although this effect remains unconfirmed as of 2018 . Polyphenols ( edit ) Vinegar contains numerous flavonoids , phenolic acids , and aldehydes , which vary in content depending on the source material used to make the vinegar , such as orange peel or various fruit juice concentrates . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Applying vinegar to common jellyfish stings deactivates the nematocysts , although not as effectively as hot water . This does not apply to the Portuguese man o ' war , which , although generally considered to be a jellyfish , is not ; vinegar applied to Portuguese man o ' war stings can cause their nematocysts to discharge venom , making the pain worse . Vinegar is not effective against lice . White vinegar is often used as a household cleaning agent . Because it is acidic , it can dissolve mineral deposits from glass , coffee makers , and other smooth surfaces . For most uses , dilution with water is recommended for safety and to avoid damaging the surfaces being cleaned . Vinegar is an excellent solvent for cleaning epoxy resin and hardener , even after the epoxy has begun to harden . Malt vinegar sprinkled onto crumpled newspaper is a traditional , and still - popular , method of cleaning grease - smeared windows and mirrors in the United Kingdom . Vinegar can be used for polishing brass or bronze . Vinegar is widely known as an effective cleaner of stainless steel and glass . Vinegar is effective in removing clogs from drains , polishing silver , copper and brass as well as ungluing sticker - type price tags . Agricultural and horticultural ( edit ) 20 % acetic acid vinegar can be used as an herbicide . Acetic acid is not absorbed into root systems ; the vinegar will only kill the top growth and perennial plants may reshoot . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Most commercial vinegar solutions available to consumers for household use do not exceed 5 % . Solutions above 10 % require careful handling , as they are corrosive and damaging to the skin . When a bottle of vinegar is opened , mother of vinegar may develop . It is considered harmless and can be removed by filtering . Vinegar eels ( Turbatrix aceti ) , a form of nematode , may occur in some forms of vinegar unless the vinegar is kept covered . These feed on the mother of vinegar and can occur in naturally fermenting vinegar . Some countries prohibit the selling of vinegar over a certain percentage acidity . As an example , the government of Canada limits the acetic acid of vinegars to between 4.1 % and 12.3 % . According to legend , in France during the Black Plague , four thieves were able to rob houses of plague victims without being infected themselves . When finally caught , the judge offered to grant the men their freedom , on the condition that they revealed how they managed to stay healthy . They claimed that a medicine woman sold them a potion made of garlic soaked in soured red wine ( vinegar ) . Variants of the recipe , called Four Thieves Vinegar , have been passed down for hundreds of years and are a staple of New Orleans hoodoo practices . A solution of vinegar can be used for water slide decal application as used on scale models and musical instruments , among other things . One part white distilled vinegar ( 5 % acidity ) diluted with two parts of distilled or filtered water creates a suitable solution for the application of water - slide decals to hard surfaces . The solution is very similar to the commercial products , often described as `` decal softener '' , sold by hobby shops . The slight acidity of the solution softens the decal and enhances its flexibility , permitting the decal to cling to contours more efficiently . When baking soda and vinegar are combined , the bicarbonate ion of the baking soda reacts to form carbonic acid , which decomposes into carbon dioxide and water . ( Yeast ) ( acetobacter ) Flow chart - coconut water -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- → ethyl alcohol -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- → Vinegar ( Fermentation ) ( bacteria ) See also ( edit ) Food portal Food additive List of condiments Vinegar tasters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nakayama T ( 1959 ) . `` Studies on acetic acid - bacteria I. Biochemical studies on ethanol oxidation '' . J Biochem. 46 ( 9 ) : 1217 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Saladin , Kenneth S. ( 2015 ) , Anatomy & Physiology : The Unity of Form and Function , McGraw - Hill Education , p. 55 , ISBN 9814646431 Jump up ^ `` Definition of vinegar in English by Oxford Dictionaries '' . Oxford Dictionaries . Jump up ^ Holzapfel , Lisa Solieri , Paolo Giudici , editors ; preface by Wilhelm ( 2009 ) . Vinegars of the world ( Online - Ausg . ed . ) . Milan : Springer . pp. 22 -- 23 . ISBN 9788847008663 . Cleopatra dissolves pearls in vinegar ( ... ) vinegar is quite often mentioned , is the Bible , both in the Old and in the New Testament . Jump up ^ `` What is Fruit Vinegar ? '' . vinegarbook.net . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sejo Regular del Vino y Brandy de Jerez ( Council regulating the production of Jerezy wine and braef ) Jump up ^ `` Biotechnology in New Zealand '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Vinegar Institute '' . Versatilevinegar.org. 2008 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Das , Bhagwan ; Sarin , J.L. ( 1936 ) . `` Vinegar from Dates '' . Industrial & Engineering Chemistry . 28 ( 7 ) : 814 . doi : 10.1021 / ie50319a016 . Jump up ^ Forbes , Robert James ( 1971 ) . `` Studies in Ancient Technology '' . Jump up ^ `` The poetic goodness of pomegranates '' . Jump up ^ Lumpia , Burnt ( 2009 - 05 - 17 ) . `` I 'm Gonna Git You Suka ( Filipino Vinegar ) '' . Burntlumpiablog.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Balsamic vinegar '' . BBC Good Food . Jump up ^ AsianWeek.com Archived February 20 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Alegar '' . Oxford Dictionaries , Oxford University Press . 2018 . Retrieved 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vinegar , Division 19 '' . Justice Laws Website , Government of Canada . 27 December 2017 . Retrieved 2 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sinclair C , International Dictionary of Food and Cooking , Peter Collin Publishing , 1998 ISBN 0 - 948549 - 87 - 4 Jump up ^ `` List of Ingredients and Allergens : Requirements ; Exemptions , Prepackaged Products that Do Not Require a List of Ingredients ; Standardized vinegars B. 01.008 ( 2 ) ( g ) , FDR '' . Canadian Food Inspection Agency . 29 July 2016 . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Allgeier RJ et al. , Newer Developments in Vinegar Manufacture , 1960 ( `` manufacture of white or spirit vinegar '' ) , in Umbreit WW , Advances in Microbiology : Volume 2 , Elsevier / Academic Press Inc. , ISBN 0 - 12 - 002602 - 3 , accessed at Google Books 2009 - 04 - 22 ^ Jump up to : Bateman , Michael ( 2 May 2016 ) . `` Bliss and vinegar - why malt makes a pretty pickle : It 's time for a revival of a very British condiment '' . The Independent , Independent Digital News & Media , London , UK . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CPG Sec . 555.100 Alcohol ; Use of Synthetic Alcohol in Foods '' . Fda.gov. 2014 - 09 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Shelf Life of Vinegar '' . Eatbydate.com . Jump up ^ Hill , L ; Woodruff , L ; Foote , J ; Barreto - Alcoba , M ( 2005 ) . `` Esophageal Injury by Apple Cider Vinegar Tablets and Subsequent Evaluation of Products '' . Journal of the American Dietetic Association . 105 ( 7 ) : 1141 -- 4 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jada. 2005.04. 003 . PMID 15983536 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vinegar '' . TH Chan School of Public Health , Harvard University . 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Carol S. ; Gaas , Cindy A. ( 2006 ) . `` Vinegar : medicinal uses and antiglycemic effect '' . MedGenMed. 8 ( 2 ) : 61 . PMC 1785201 . PMID 16926800 . Jump up ^ Wilkins , R. G ; Unverdorben , M ( 2013 ) . `` Wound cleaning and wound healing : A concise review '' . Advances in Skin & Wound Care . 26 ( 4 ) : 160 -- 3 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. ASW. 0000428861.26671. 41 . PMID 23507692 . Jump up ^ Shishehbor , F ; Mansoori , A ; Shirani , F ( 2017 ) . `` Vinegar consumption can attenuate postprandial glucose and insulin responses ; a systematic review and meta - analysis of clinical trials '' . Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 127 : 1 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. diabres. 2017.01. 021 . PMID 28292654 . Jump up ^ Liatis , S ; Grammatikou , S ; Poulia , K-A ; Perrea , D ; Makrilakis , K ; Diakoumopoulou , E ; Katsilambros , N ( 2010 ) . `` Vinegar reduces postprandial hyperglycaemia in patients with type II diabetes when added to a high , but not to a low , glycaemic index meal '' . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 64 ( 7 ) : 727 . doi : 10.1038 / ejcn. 2010.89 . PMID 20502468 . Jump up ^ Cerezo , Ana B. ; Tesfaye , Wendu ; Torija , M. Jesús ; Mateo , Estíbaliz ; García - Parrilla , M. Carmen ; Troncoso , Ana M. ( 2008 ) . `` The phenolic composition of red wine vinegar produced in barrels made from different woods '' . Food Chemistry . 109 ( 3 ) : 606 -- 615 . doi : 10.1016 / j. foodchem. 2008.01. 013 . Jump up ^ Cejudo - Bastante , C ; Castro - Mejías , R ; Natera - Marín , R ; García - Barroso , C ; Durán - Guerrero , E ( 2016 ) . `` Chemical and sensory characteristics of orange based vinegar '' . Journal of Food Science and Technology . 53 ( 8 ) : 3147 -- 3156 . doi : 10.1007 / s13197 - 016 - 2288 - 7 . PMC 5055879 . PMID 27784909 . Jump up ^ Coelho , E ; Genisheva , Z ; Oliveira , J. M ; Teixeira , J. A ; Domingues , L ( 2017 ) . `` Vinegar production from fruit concentrates : Effect on volatile composition and antioxidant activity '' . Journal of Food Science and Technology . 54 ( 12 ) : 4112 -- 4122 . doi : 10.1007 / s13197 - 017 - 2783 - 5 . PMC 5643795 . PMID 29085154 . Jump up ^ Nomura , J ; Sato , RL ; Ahern , RM ; Snow , JL ; Kuwaye , TT ; Yamamoto , LG ( 2002 ) . `` A randomized paired comparison trial of cutaneous treatments for acute jellyfish ( Carybdea alata ) stings '' . The American Journal of Emergency Medicine . 20 ( 7 ) : 624 -- 6 . doi : 10.1053 / ajem. 2002.35710 . PMID 12442242 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguese Man ' o Wars and their sting treatment '' . Cinemaquatics.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Takanolee , M ; Edman , J ; Mullens , B ; Clark , J ( 2004 ) . `` Home Remedies to Control Head Lice Assessment of Home Remedies to Control the Human Head Louse , Pediculus humanus capitis ( Anoplura : Pediculidae ) '' . Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 19 ( 6 ) : 393 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pedn. 2004.11. 002 . PMID 15637580 . Jump up ^ `` 7 Unexpected Ways to Use Vinegar Around the House '' . www.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` My Environment : Cleaning Products '' , Ontario Ministry of the Environment Jump up ^ `` Trade Secrets : Betty 's Tips '' , BBC / Lifestyle / Homes / Housekeeping . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 95 + Household Uses for Vinegar Reader 's Digest '' . Rd.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Spray Weeds With Vinegar ? '' . Ars.usda.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Vinegar as herbicide '' . Cahe.nmsu.edu. 2004 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Conquer Weeds with Vinegar ? '' . Hort.purdue.edu. 2006 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Vinegar Information '' . Reinhart Foods . 2004 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` FDA : Sec . 525.825 Vinegar , Definitions -- Adulteration with Vinegar Eels ( CPG 7109.22 ) '' . Food and Drug Administration . 2009 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Departmental Consolidation of the Food and Drugs Act and the Food and Drug Regulations -- Part B -- Division 19 '' ( PDF ) . Health Canada . March 2003 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Robert ( 1894 ) . The Encyclopaedic Dictionary . Toronto : T.J. Ford . ISBN 0 - 665 - 85186 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kacirk , Jeffery ( 2000 ) . The Word Museum : The most remarkable English ever forgotten . Touchstone . ISBN 0 - 684 - 85761 - 8 . Jump up ^ http://engineering.oregonstate.edu/momentum/k12/march04/index.html External links ( edit ) Media related to Vinegar at Wikimedia Commons Wikisource has the text of The New Student 's Reference Work article Vinegar . Vinegar Acetic acid ( vinegar essence ) Acetobacter Apple cider vinegar Balsamic vinegar Traditional Balsamic Vinegar Black vinegar Four Thieves Vinegar Mother of vinegar Rice vinegar ( Zhenjiang Vinegar ) Sherry vinegar Vinaigrette Condiments List of condiments List of common dips Condiments Ajika Ajvar Amba Anchovy paste Balsamic vinegar Balsamic Vinegar of Modena Barbecue sauce Biber salçası Black vinegar Blue cheese dressing Brown sauce Beurre Maître d'Hôtel Buffalo sauce Chili peppers Cheese Cheong Jocheong Maesil - cheong Mogwa - cheong Yuja - cheong Chipotle Chili oil Chimichurri Chrain Chutney Green mango chutney Cocktail sauce Colo - colo Crema Crushed red pepper Dabu - dabu Dip Duck sauce Duqqa Fish paste Fish sauce Fritessaus Fruit preserves Fry sauce Gochujang Gomashio Gravy Guacamole Hogao Honey dill Honey mustard Horseradish Hot sauce Kachumbari Kachumber Kaymak Khrenovina Kyopolou Lethocerus indicus Ljutenica Maafe Mayonnaise Mignonette sauce Milkette Monkey gland sauce Muhammara Mumbo sauce Murri Nam chim Nam phrik Nước chấm Nutritional yeast Olive oil Oyster sauce Pearà Pepper jelly Perilla oil Pesto Piccalilli Pico de gallo Pickle Pickled fruit Pindjur Pistou Ponzu Popcorn seasoning Ranch dressing Relish Remoulade Marie Rose sauce Salad cream Salad dressing Salad dressing spread Salmoriglio Salsa Salsa golf Salt and pepper Satsivi Sauerkraut Sesame oil Skyronnes Soy sauce Soup soy sauce Sweet soy sauce Steak sauce Sumbala Sweet chili sauce Syrup Tartar sauce Tekka Teriyaki sauce Tiparos Tkemali Tomato jam Toum Vinegar Vincotto Wasabi Watermelon rind preserves Worcestershire sauce Tonkatsu XO sauce Za'atar Zacuscă Zhug Zingara sauce Ketchups Banana ketchup Curry ketchup Fruit ketchup Mushroom ketchup Mustards Amora Colman 's Dijon mustard Düsseldorfer Löwensenf French 's Grey Poupon Gulden 's Keen 's Maille Mostarda National Mustard Museum Plochman 's Stadium Mustard Tewkesbury mustard Thomy Turun sinappi Zatarain 's List articles Accompaniments to french fries Brand name condiments Chutneys Fish pastes Fish sauces Indian condiments Japanese condiments Mustard brands Hot sauces Pakistani condiments Philippine condiments Pickled foods Misc . Carolina style Condiment Cruet - stand Mustard oil Sachet Salt and pepper shakers Food portal GND : 4153051 - 2 NDL : 00571508 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vinegar&oldid=843522645 '' Categories : Vinegar Condiments Household chemicals Traditional medicine Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 Articles to be expanded from February 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Afrikaans Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Arpetan Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray ייִדיש 粵語中文 81 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 18 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the percentage of acetic acid in vinegar	[ "Vinegar is a liquid consisting of about 5–20% acetic acid (CH3COOH), water, and other trace chemicals, which may include flavorings. The acetic acid is produced by the fermentation of ethanol by acetic acid bacteria.[1] Vinegar is now mainly used as a cooking ingredient, or in pickling. As the most easily manufactured mild acid, it has historically had a great variety of industrial, medical, and domestic uses, some of which (such as its use as a general household cleaner) are still commonly practiced today." ]	[ "5–20%" ]
6738972425062479531	Bianca Lawson	Bianca Lawson - wikipedia Bianca Lawson Jump to : navigation , search Bianca Lawson Bianca Jasmine Lawson ( 1979 - 03 - 20 ) March 20 , 1979 ( age 38 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Education Stella Adler Studio of Acting Marymount High School Alma mater University of Southern California Occupation Actress Years active 1988 -- present Parent ( s ) Richard Lawson Denise Gordy Relatives See Gordy family Bianca Jasmine Lawson ( born March 20 , 1979 ) is an American film and television actress . She is perhaps best known for her regular roles in the television series Saved by the Bell : The New Class , Goode Behavior , Pretty Little Liars , and Rogue . She has also had recurring roles in the series Sister , Sister , Buffy the Vampire Slayer , The Steve Harvey Show , Dawson 's Creek , The Secret Life of the American Teenager , The Vampire Diaries , Teen Wolf , and Witches of East End . In 2016 , Lawson began starring in the Oprah Winfrey Network drama series , Queen Sugar . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 3.3 Video games 4 References 5 External links Early Life Lawson was born in Los Angeles , California . She is the daughter of Denise ( née Gordy ) and actor Richard Lawson , making her the step - daughter to Lawson 's second wife Tina Knowles , and step - sister to singers Beyoncé and Solange Knowles . Lawson is also the great - niece of Motown founder Berry Gordy . She attended the Stella Adler Studio of Acting and graduated from Marymount High School , a Catholic school in Los Angeles . She then went on to study film and psychology at University of Southern California . Lawson 's parents are both African - American , and she also has Italian , Native American , Portuguese , and Creole ancestry . Career Lawson began acting at the age of nine , having appeared in commercials for Barbie and Revlon . In 1993 , she was cast in the television series Saved by the Bell : The New Class as series regular Megan Jones . She appeared in multiple episodes of The WB sitcoms Sister , Sister as Rhonda Coley and The Steve Harvey Show as Rosalind . In 1996 , she co-starred in the UPN sitcom Goode Behavior as family sub-title character Bianca Goode , which lasted for just one season . In 1997 , she appeared in Buffy the Vampire Slayer as vampire slayer Kendra Young . In 1999 , she appeared in The WB 's Dawson 's Creek as rival character Nikki Green . In 2009 , Lawson was cast as Shawna in The Secret Life of the American Teenager . That same year , she was cast in the CW television series The Vampire Diaries , as witch Emily Bennett . In December 2009 , she was cast as Maya St. Germain in the ABC Family series Pretty Little Liars , based on the book series by Sara Shepard . She appeared in that show from June 2010 through August 2012 . Since 2012 , she has had a recurring role as Ms. Morell in the MTV television series Teen Wolf , based on the original film from 1985 . In 2014 , Lawson had a recurring role as Eva in Witches of East End . In 2015 , she was cast as series regular Talia Freeman in season three of Rogue . Lawson has made appearances in two different television miniseries . In 1998 , she appeared in The Temptations as Diana Ross ( whom Lawson is related to through Ross 's daughter Rhonda Ross Kendrick ) ; and in 2001 , she was cast as Anna Bella Monroe in Anne Rice 's The Feast of All Saints . Some of Lawson 's film credits to date include Primary Colors ( 1998 ) , Save the Last Dance ( 2001 ) , Bones ( 2001 ) and Breakin ' All the Rules ( 2004 ) . Aside from film and television , Lawson provided her voice to the 2011 video game Star Wars : The Old Republic . In 2016 , Lawson was cast in the Oprah Winfrey Network drama series , Queen Sugar created by Ava DuVernay . Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 1998 Twice the Fear Girlfriend Direct - to - video Primary Colors Loretta 2000 Big Monster on Campus Darien Stompanato Direct - to - video 2001 Save the Last Dance Nikki Bones Cynthia 2003 Jeepers Creepers 2 ( uncredited ) Breakin ' All the Rules Helen Sharp Dead & Breakfast Kate The Pavilion Mary Direct - to - video 2005 Flip the Script Angel Direct - to - video 2006 Broken Mia Independent film National Lampoon 's Pledge This ! Monique Direct - to - video 2007 Supergator Carla Masters Direct - to - video 2009 The Killing of Wendy Brooke Independent film Television Year Title Role Notes 1993 -- 94 Saved by the Bell : The New Class Megan Jones Main role ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) ; 39 episodes What'z Up ? Herself Co-host My So - Called Life Third Bathroom Girl Episode : `` Pilot '' 1995 Me and the Boys Girl Episode : `` The Age of Reason '' In the House Rachel Episode : `` The Final Cut '' Saved by the Bell : The New Class Megan Jones Archive footage : `` Screech 's Dream '' ( # 3.19 ) 1995 -- 96 Sister , Sister Rhonda Coley Recurring role ; 7 episodes 1996 -- 97 Goode Behavior Bianca Goode Regular role ; 22 episodes 1997 -- 99 Smart Guy Shirley / Tracy 2 episodes The Parent ' Hood Jasmine 2 episodes 1997 -- 98 Buffy the Vampire Slayer Kendra Young 3 episodes 1998 Silk Stalkings Renee Episode : `` Rage '' The Steve Harvey Show Rosalind 3 episodes The Temptations Diana Ross Television mini-series 1999 -- 2000 Dawson 's Creek Nikki Green 4 episodes 2001 Strong Medicine Esperenza Maldonaldo Episode : `` Control Group '' The Late Late Show with Craig Kilborn Herself Guest The Feast of All Saints Anna Bella Monroe Television mini-series 2002 For the People Asia Portman Episode : `` Textbook Perfect '' Haunted Brandi Combs Episode : `` Blind Witness '' 2003 Loose Lips Herself Television series documentary The Division Marilynn Resiser Episode : `` Play Ball '' The Big House Angela Episode : `` Almost Touched by an Angel '' Fearless Harmony Kaye Unsold Television pilot 2006 Living in TV Land Herself Episode : `` Sherman Hemsley '' 2008 The Cleaner Jeannie 2 episodes 2009 Bones Albie Episode : `` Fire in the Ice '' The Secret Life of the American Teenager Shawna Recurring role ; 6 episodes Sorority Wars ( uncredited ) Television film 2009 -- 14 The Vampire Diaries Emily Bennett Recurring role ; 6 episodes 2010 -- 12 Pretty Little Liars Maya St. Germain Main role ( season 1 ) ; 22 episodes Nikita Emily Robinson Episode : `` The Guardian '' 2011 American Horror Story Abby Episode : `` Pilot '' Heavenly Sasha Grant Television film 2012 -- 14 Teen Wolf Marin Morrell Recurring role ; 12 episodes 2012 Beauty & the Beast Lafferty Episode : `` Trapped '' All About Christmas Eve Lila Television film 2 Broke Girls Stacy Episode : `` And the Silent Partner '' 2013 Good Day L.A. Herself Guest 2014 House of Secrets Julie Television film Wolf Watch Herself Guest Witches of East End Eva / Selina Recurring role ; 10 episodes Pretty Little Liars : We Love You to DeAth Herself Television special 2015 Chicago P.D. Kylie Rosales Episode : `` We Do n't Work Together Anymore '' Rogue Talia Freeman Main role ( season 3 ) ; 10 episodes 2016 -- present Queen Sugar Darla Series regular Video games Year Title Role Notes 2011 Star Wars : The Old Republic ( voice ) Provided additional voices References Jump up ^ Webber , Stephanie ( 2015 - 04 - 14 ) . `` Beyonce 's New Stepsister Bianca Lawson Is Famous , Too : Details ! - Us Weekly '' . Usmagazine.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Bianca Lawson Biography ( 1979 - ) , Film Reference Jump up ^ Bianca Lawson 's bio Archived June 6 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . at ABC Family.com Jump up ^ Exclusive Bianca Lawson Interview at Facebook Jump up ^ `` ABC Family Announces Additional Casting for its Upcoming Pilots `` Melissa & Joey , '' `` Untitled Michael Jacobs Project '' and `` Pretty Little Liars . '' '' ( PDF ) . ABC Family Press Release . December 7 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 27 , 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski . `` ' Queen Sugar ' Adds Bianca Lawson , Greg Vaughan & Henry G. Sanders - Deadline '' . Deadline . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . External links Bianca Lawson on IMDb ( hide ) Gordy family First generation Berry Gordy Lucy Hellum Second generation Berry Gordy II Bertha Fuller Third generation Esther Gordy Anna Gordy Gwen Gordy Harvey Fuqua Berry Gordy Jr . ( III ) Raynoma Mayberry Diana Ross Robert Gordy Fourth generation Iris Gordy Johnny Bristol Marvin Gaye Denise Gordy Richard Lawson Jermaine Jackson Kerry Gordy Kennedy Gordy Rhonda Gordy Rodney Kendrick Stefan Gordy Fifth generation Bianca Lawson Skyler Gordy Book VIAF : 9529271 LCCN : no2003029642 ISNI : 0000 0000 4538 3691 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bianca_Lawson&oldid=798514597 '' Categories : 1979 births Living people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Los Angeles African - American actresses American actresses American people of Creole descent American people of Italian descent American people of Native American descent American people of Portuguese descent American child actresses American film actresses American television actresses American video game actresses American voice actresses Gordy family Stella Adler Studio of Acting alumni University of Southern California alumni Actresses of Italian descent Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 2 September 2017 , at 09 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays kendra in buffy the vampire slayer	[ "Bianca Jasmine Lawson (born March 20, 1979) is an American film and television actress. She is perhaps best known for her regular roles in the television series Saved by the Bell: The New Class, Goode Behavior, Pretty Little Liars, and Rogue. She has also had recurring roles in the series Sister, Sister, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, The Steve Harvey Show, Dawson's Creek, The Secret Life of the American Teenager, The Vampire Diaries, Teen Wolf, and Witches of East End. In 2016, Lawson began starring in the Oprah Winfrey Network drama series, Queen Sugar." ]	[ "Bianca Jasmine Lawson" ]
3555168330643698144	Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie	Captain Underpants : the First Epic Movie - Wikipedia Captain Underpants : the First Epic Movie Jump to : navigation , search Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie Theatrical release poster Directed by David Soren Produced by Mireille Soria Mark Swift Screenplay by Nicholas Stoller Based on Captain Underpants by Dav Pilkey Starring Kevin Hart Ed Helms Nick Kroll Thomas Middleditch Jordan Peele Kristen Schaal Music by Theodore Shapiro Edited by Matthew Landon Production company DreamWorks Animation Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date May 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 21 ) ( Regency Village Theater ) June 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 02 ) ( United States ) Running time 89 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $38 million Box office $124.6 million Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie is a 2017 American computer - animated superhero comedy film based on the children 's novel series of the same name by Dav Pilkey . It was produced by DreamWorks Animation , and Mikros Image Montreal provided animation . It was directed by David Soren from a screenplay by Nicholas Stoller , and stars the voices of Kevin Hart , Ed Helms , Thomas Middleditch , Nick Kroll , Jordan Peele , and Kristen Schaal . The plot follows two imaginative elementary school pranksters named George Beard and Harold Hutchins ( voiced by Hart and Middleditch ) who hypnotize their mean - spirited principal , Mr. Krupp ( voiced by Helms ) , into thinking he is Captain Underpants , a superhero who fights crime while wearing only underwear and a cape , and the main protagonist of George and Harold 's comic books . The film premiered on May 21 , 2017 , at the Regency Village Theater in Los Angeles , and was released in the United States on June 2 , 2017 , in 3D and 2D . The film received generally positive reviews from critics and has grossed $124.6 million worldwide against a budget of $38 million , making it the lowest - budgeted computer - animated feature of DreamWorks Animation 's history . This was the last DreamWorks Animation film distributed by 20th Century Fox , before Universal Pictures will take over distribution in 2019 with How to Train Your Dragon 3 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 4 Music 4.1 Soundtrack 4.1. 1 Track listing 4.2 Score 4.2. 1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Home media 5.4 Accolades 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In the town of Piqua , Ohio , two fourth - grade friends and next - door neighbors named George Beard and Harold Hutchins are the pranksters at their school , Jerome Horwitz Elementary School . They excessively prank the cruel teachers , with many of these pranks directed at their `` evil '' principal , Benjamin `` Benny '' Krupp , putting the two at odds with him . The duo also create comic books about a superhero named Captain Underpants , a character who has superpowers and wears underwear and a cape . They sell these to their schoolmates through a comic company called Treehouse Comix Inc. , located in their treehouse . George and Harold 's pranks come to an apparent end after they tamper with a toilet invention , the Turbo Toilet 2000 , made by the school 's local snitch and intellectual , Melvin Sneedley . This causes Krupp to decide to separate the boys and annihilate their friendship . To prevent this , George hypnotizes Krupp with a 3D Hypno Ring he received out of a cereal box . The boys see that Krupp bears an odd resemblance to Captain Underpants without his toupee and command him to be Captain Underpants . The boys soon learn the severity of their actions when `` Captain Underpants '' begins causing problems around Piqua . To prevent these issues , the boys take him to their treehouse , where they discover that they can turn Captain Underpants back into Krupp by splashing water on him and can turn him back into Captain Underpants by snapping their fingers . Believing that Krupp will continue with his plan to separate them , they decide to settle with Captain Underpants but insist that he be dressed up as Krupp under the pretense of a `` secret identity , '' to which Captain Underpants agrees . His sudden personality change even manages to attract the attention ( and affection ) of the school 's shy lunch lady , Edith . Just when George and Harold believe that their troubles have ended , Jerome Horwitz Elementary School is visited by an odd , German - accented scientist named Professor Pippy P. Poopypants , or as he calls himself , Professor P. Captain Underpants ( disguised as Krupp ) hires him to be a new teacher , but George and Harold are suspicious of him . As it turns out , Poopypants is seeking to get rid of laughter altogether due to the fact that people have made fun of his name for years . He recruits Melvin to help him , as his brain is incapable of having fun . After Krupp finally separates the boys from a school carnival accident by Captain Underpants , Professor Poopypants tries to take over the town with a giant version of the Turbo Toilet 2000 , fueled by the school cafeteria 's rotten leftovers left out by Edith and uses Melvin 's brain to turn the children into glum , humorless zombies . Captain Underpants tries to stop the villain , but due to having no actual superpowers , is effortlessly defeated and thrown into the toilet . George and Harold are captured and nearly turned into zombies , but are able to escape when their laughter damages the Turbo Toilet 2000 's computer , restoring the children back to normal . Upon consuming the mutated leftovers , Captain Underpants acquires superpowers and , with George and Harold 's help , defeats and shrinks Poopypants , though he escapes shortly thereafter . Knowing that they ca n't control Captain Underpants , George and Harold destroy the Hypno Ring to permanently change him back into Krupp . Feeling that Krupp would be nicer if he had friends , the boys set him and lovesick Edith up on a date , thus making Krupp have a change of heart , returns the comics he took away from George and Harold , and even admits their comics are funny . However , the toxic waste from the Turbo Toilet 2000 transforms all the toilets into vicious monsters which attack the restaurant at which Mr. Krupp and Edith are dining . Upon snapping his fingers ( accidentally ) , Mr. Krupp once again becomes Captain Underpants , carrying George and Harold away to help him fight them , much to Edith 's surprise and admiration . In a mid-credits scene , George and Harold realize that the secretary , who they put on the phone before by faking a contest with a cash prize of $2 billion , has been on the phone for the entire film , so they shut off the call , make the secretary angry , and make a new comic based on her reaction . Voice cast ( edit ) Kevin Hart as George Beard , a fourth grade student . He is Harold 's best friend and writes stories for the comics he and Harold make . Thomas Middleditch as Harold Hutchins , a fourth grade student . He is George 's best friend and illustrates the comics he and George make . Ed Helms as Mr. Benjamin `` Benny '' Krupp / Captain Underpants , the mean - spirited principal of Jerome Horwitz Elementary School , who is hypnotized into becoming the superhero created by George and Harold . Nick Kroll as Professor Pee - Pee Diarrheastein Poopypants , Esq. , a scientist angered after being constantly made fun of and not taken seriously for his name , who decides to take over the world to get rid of all laughter and destroy Captain Underpants . Jordan Peele as Melvin Sneedly , George and Harold 's nemesis , a child prodigy inventor ; he becomes Prof. Poopypants ' unwitting sidekick . Kristen Schaal as Edith , the shy school lunch lady and the love interest of Mr. Krupp . Dee Dee Rescher as Ms. Tara Ribble , the 4th grade teacher ( and George 's new teacher when Mr. Krupp separates the boys ) . Brian Posehn as Mr. Rected , the guidance counselor ( and Harold 's new teacher when Mr. Krupp separates the boys ) . Mel Rodriguez as Mr. Morty Fyde , the science teacher who gets fired by Krupp and is replaced by Professor Poopypants . David Soren as Tommy , a boy who is seen frequently throughout the movie climbing into his own locker and shutting the locker door behind him . Susan Fitzker as Mrs. Dayken , George and Harold 's kindergarten teacher and unintentionally made them laugh by mentioning Uranus Lynnanne Zager as Mrs. Beard Tiffany Lauren Bennicke as Sad Girl James Ryan as Mime Leslie David Baker as Officer McPiggly Sugar Lyn Beard as Goodie Two - Shoes Girl Lesley Nicol as Nobel Moderator Chris Miller as Nobel Audience Member Coco Soren as Balloon Girl Production ( edit ) DreamWorks ' interest in the film rights to the Captain Underpants series dates back to when the first installment was published in 1997 , but creator Dav Pilkey did not want to sell them . Early pitches for an adaptation included video games , animated and live - action films , an animated series , and a live - action series . To persuade him , DreamWorks gave Pilkey a tour around the studio with everyone wearing underpants over their actual pants , which made him laugh . In October 2011 , his representatives indicated Pilkey was ready , and DreamWorks Animation won the rights in an auction . In October 2013 , Rob Letterman was announced as director and Nicholas Stoller as scriptwriter . The two had previously worked together on the film Gulliver 's Travels . In January 2014 , the cast was announced . Ed Helms joined as Mr. Krupp a.k.a. Captain Underpants , Kevin Hart as George Beard , Thomas Middleditch as Harold Hutchins , Nick Kroll as the `` insidious villain '' Professor Poopypants , and Jordan Peele as George and Harold 's `` nerdy nemesis '' Melvin Sneedly . In 2014 , DreamWorks Animation announced a January 2017 release date . Following DreamWorks Animation 's reorganization in early 2015 , the studio announced that the film would be produced outside of the studio 's pipeline at a significantly lower cost . It was instead animated at Mikros Image in Montreal , Canada , and therefore looks identical to Pilkey 's artwork , as well as differently than most of DWA 's films . A month later , Letterman left the project but came back as an executive producer , and David Soren , the director of Turbo , entered talks to direct the film . During production , Pilkey got to work closely with Soren . He was relieved that Soren was directing since he was a fan of Turbo . In an interview with Los Angeles Times , Pilkey said : `` Once I met David , it was like a huge load fell off my back ; I was like , ' I do n't even have to think about this anymore . Just send me a couple of tickets to the premiere . ' '' Commenting back , Soren said , `` In a way , the controversy over the books ended up being liberating for the film . Normally on an animated movie you 're trying to appeal to every possible demographic , and often that results in your content being watered down a little bit . Obviously we hope we get as wide of an audience as possible . But it 's likely that if people have issues with the books they may have issues with the movie too , and we did n't feel like we needed to waste a lot of time trying to rope them in . It allowed us to make the purest version of the movie . '' Although it is a CG - animated feature , the film includes scenes that are traditionally animated , flash animated , a short cutout animation segment , and a sock puppet sequence created by Screen Novelties . Music ( edit ) Soundtrack ( edit ) `` Weird Al '' Yankovic wrote and performed the theme song for the film , which was featured in a lyric video . It currently stands at over 8 million views ( as of October 7 ) . Andy Grammer wrote another original song for the film , titled `` A Friend Like You '' . The film also features music from Adam Lambert , Cold War Kids member Nathan Willett , and Lil Yachty . An 11 - track soundtrack album was released digitally on June 2 , 2017 , by Virgin Records . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Captain Underpants Theme Song '' `` Weird Al '' Yankovic and Ed Helms 2 : 14 2 . `` A Friend Like You '' Andy Grammer 3 : 40 3 . `` Saturday ( cast version ) '' Kevin Hart and Thomas Middleditch 0 : 48 4 . `` Think '' Adam Lambert 2 : 59 5 . `` 1812 Ofarture '' The Students of Jerome Horwitz Elementary School 1 : 08 6 . `` Hallelujah '' Kevin Hart , Thomas Middleditch , Ed Helms 0 : 39 7 . `` Oh Yeah '' Lil Yachty 2 : 51 8 . `` Saturday '' Nathan Willett 3 : 29 9 . `` Comic Book Opening '' Theodore Shapiro 1 : 54 10 . `` Saving the Day '' Theodore Shapiro 7 : 22 11 . `` The Prank for Good '' Theodore Shapiro 5 : 38 Total length : 32 : 42 Score ( edit ) The film score was composed by Theodore Shapiro . A soundtrack for the score of the film was released on June 9 . It features 24 pieces of music , and an exclusive digital booklet on iTunes . Three of the scores are also available on the soundtrack ( those being `` Comic Book Opening '' , `` Saving the Day '' , and `` The Prank for Good '' ) . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Theodore Shapiro . No . Title Length 2 . `` Treehouse '' 1 : 03 3 . `` Bromance Origin Story '' 1 : 58 4 . `` Annihilate the Friendship '' 2 : 13 5 . `` Tuna Casserole '' 0 : 59 6 . `` Snooping '' 1 : 47 7 . `` Power of the Hypno Ring '' 1 : 57 8 . `` A Hero is Born '' 4 : 14 9 . `` Mad Genius Inventor '' 0 : 53 10 . `` Bringing Krupp Home '' 2 : 20 11 . `` Two Blue Eyes '' 2 : 10 12 . `` Brain of a Child '' 1 : 54 13 . `` Hallelujah , His Name is Poopypants '' 1 : 37 14 . `` The Nobel Prize '' 3 : 02 15 . `` Anti-Humor Boy '' 1 : 49 16 . `` Art Class Liberation '' 1 : 57 17 . `` Carnival Conniptions '' 2 : 17 18 . `` Separation Anxiety '' 1 : 32 19 . `` Poopypants Has No Gas '' 1 : 36 20 . `` A World Without Laughter '' 2 : 53 21 . `` Flip - O-Rama ! '' 1 : 24 22 . `` Really Silly Names '' 1 : 23 Total length : 55 : 44 Release ( edit ) Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie was previously scheduled to be released on March 10 , 2017 , but in September 2015 , The Boss Baby took over its date . The film was then moved to June 2 , 2017 , and was released by 20th Century Fox . Other territories such as Europe and Asia will receive the film between July and October 2017 . It premiered on May 21 , 2017 , at the Regency Village Theater in Los Angeles . Box Office ( edit ) As of November 14 , 2017 , Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie has grossed $73.9 million in the United States and Canada and $50.7 million in other territories , for a worldwide gross of $124.6 million . In North America , the film was released alongside Wonder Woman , and was projected to gross around $20 million from 3,434 theaters in its opening weekend . It made $8 million on its first day and $23.9 million in its opening weekend , finishing second at the box office , behind Wonder Woman ( $103.3 million ) . The film would go on to gross $12.2 million in its second weekend , $7.2 million in its third and $4.3 million in its fourth . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 86 % based on 113 reviews and an average rating of 6.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` With a tidy plot , clean animation , and humor that fits its source material snugly , Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie is entertainment that wo n't drive a wedge between family members . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 69 out of 100 based on 25 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film three - and - a-half out of four stars . Although Seitz pointed out that the film is hampered by `` a rushed , jumbled quality '' and has `` tiresome '' features that he says are common to DreamWorks , such as `` frenetic action scenes ... and the use of workhorse pop songs '' , he emphasized that `` ( t ) hey 've approached this compendium of elemental slapstick and unabashed childishness with the reverence that the Coen brothers brought to No Country for Old Men . '' He further added that the inclusion of the flip book interludes are the film 's best parts , especially in having the pages accidentally be torn similar to the real books , stating that `` ( i ) t 's not often that a movie puts a spotlight on a mundane ritual in your own life that you never realized was profound and says , ' You probably forgot about this , but I want you to remember it and savor it , because it meant something . ' '' Home Media ( edit ) Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie was released on Digital HD on August 29 , 2017 , and on DVD , Blu - ray and Ultra HD Blu - ray on September 12 , 2017 , by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . Accolades ( edit ) Award Recipient ( s ) Result Hollywood Music in Media Awards 2017 Best Original Song - Animated Film Captain Underpants Theme Song for `` Weird Al '' Yankovic Pending Best Original Score - Animated Film Theodore Shapiro Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Half - cover of the Yello song of the same name References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rechtshaffen , Michael ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Preview : ' Wonder Woman ' Readies for $95 M - Plus U.S. Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Captain Underpants ' Could Dramatically Alter The U.S. Feature Animation Industry '' . Cartoon Brew . Cartoon Brew , LLC . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : DreamWorks Animation ( January 21 , 2014 ) . `` Captain Underpants Saves The Day By Recruiting Top Comedy Talent To Voice New DreamWorks Animation Film '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Snetiker , Marc ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Captain Underpants movie recruits Kristen Schaal '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Josh Rottenberg ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Why Captain Underpants author Dav Pilkey played hard to get with Hollywood '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike Flemming , Jr ( October 19 , 2011 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Wins Auction For ' Captain Underpants ' Feature Film Rights '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` Rob Letterman to Direct ' Captain Underpants ' for DWA ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks Animation Release Dates Include Madagascar 4 '' . Collider.com . June 12 , 2014 . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Restructuring To Cut 500 Jobs With $290 M Charge '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Jeffrey Katzenberg on DWA 's Cutbacks : ' 3 Films a Year Was Too Ambitious '' . Variety . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . `` Trolls , '' set for a 2016 release , will be the first film to be made with the $120 million budget . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr. , Mike ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Rob Letterman Doffs ' Captain Underpants ' ; ' Turbo 's David Soren Being Fitted For DWA Pic '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Tra la la ! Weird Al Yankovic sings Captain Underpants theme in lyric video '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tom , Lauren ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Captain Underpants ' Movie Scores Epic Soundtrack With ' Weird Al ' , Lil Yachty & More '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . May 11 , 2017 . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( September 18 , 2015 ) . `` Hugh Jackman 's ' Greatest Showman on Earth ' Pushed a Year to Christmas 2017 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Theatrical Movie Schedule Changes and Additions '' . Box Office Mojo . March 27 , 2016 . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( December 24 , 2016 ) . `` Captain Underpants leaps to the big screen in exclusive first look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Hart , Kristen Schaal attend ' Captain Underpants ' premiere in Los Angeles '' . United Press International . May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' : All The World Is Waiting For You As Warner Bros. / DC Pic Eyes $175 M+ Global Opening '' . Deadline.com . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Wonder Woman ' Breaks Glass Ceiling For Female Directors & Stomps On ' Iron Man ' With $100.5 M Debut -- Sunday AM Final '' . Deadline.com . June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Tre'vell ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' lassos $100.5 million at domestic box office , ' Captain Underpants ' overperforms '' . Los Angeles Times . Tronc . Jump up ^ `` Why ' Transformers ' Is Screaming For Reboot After $69 M Start ; ' Wonder Woman ' & ' Cars 3 ' Fight Over 2nd Place '' . Deadline.com . June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie Movie Review '' . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie DVD Release Date '' . DVDs Release Dates . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards Announces Nominees in Film , TV , & Video Game Music '' . Shoot Online . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Zahed , Ramin ( 2017 ) , The Art of Captain Underpants The First Epic Movie ( 1st ed . ) , Titan Books , ISBN 978 - 1785652905 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie Official website Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie on IMDb Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie at Rotten Tomatoes DreamWorks Animation A subsidiary of NBCUniversal , a Comcast company Feature films Antz ( 1998 ) The Prince of Egypt ( 1998 ) The Road to El Dorado ( 2000 ) Joseph : King of Dreams ( 2000 ) Shrek ( 2001 ) Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron ( 2002 ) Sinbad : Legend of the Seven Seas ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Shark Tale ( 2004 ) Madagascar ( 2005 ) Over the Hedge ( 2006 ) Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) Bee Movie ( 2007 ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa ( 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) Megamind ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda 2 ( 2011 ) Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) The Croods ( 2013 ) Turbo ( 2013 ) Mr. Peabody & Sherman ( 2014 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Penguins of Madagascar ( 2014 ) Home ( 2015 ) Kung Fu Panda 3 ( 2016 ) Trolls ( 2016 ) The Boss Baby ( 2017 ) Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ( 2017 ) Produced with Aardman Chicken Run ( 2000 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Flushed Away ( 2006 ) Upcoming How to Train Your Dragon 3 ( 2019 ) Everest ( 2019 ) Trolls 2 ( 2020 ) The Croods 2 ( 2020 ) The Boss Baby 2 ( 2021 ) Spooky Jack ( 2021 ) Franchises Shrek ( since 2001 ) Madagascar ( since 2005 ) Kung Fu Panda ( since 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 -- 14 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( since 2010 ) Trolls ( since 2016 ) TV series Toonsylvania ( 1998 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) Alienators : Evolution Continues ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Father of the Pride ( 2004 -- 05 ) The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2008 -- 15 ) Neighbors from Hell ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2011 -- 16 ) DreamWorks Dragons ( since 2012 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2013 -- 14 ) Turbo FAST ( 2013 -- 16 ) VeggieTales in the House ( 2014 -- 16 ) All Hail King Julien ( since 2014 ) The Adventures of Puss in Boots ( since 2015 ) Dawn of the Croods ( since 2015 ) Dinotrux ( since 2015 ) The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show ( since 2015 ) Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh ( since 2016 ) Noddy , Toyland Detective ( 2016 - 17 ) DreamWorks Trollhunters ( since 2016 ) Voltron : Legendary Defender ( since 2016 ) VeggieTales in the City ( since 2017 ) Spirit Riding Free ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! 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's Big Break ( 2009 ) Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon ( 2010 ) Megamind : The Button of Doom ( 2011 ) Night of the Living Carrots ( 2011 ) Gift of the Night Fury ( 2011 ) Book of Dragons ( 2011 ) Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters ( 2011 ) Puss in Boots : The Three Diablos ( 2012 ) Dawn of the Dragon Racers ( 2014 ) Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Scroll ( 2016 ) People Bill Damaschke Chris Meledandri Jeffrey Katzenberg Subsidiaries DreamWorks Channel DreamWorks Classics Big Idea Entertainment Harvey Entertainment DreamWorks New Media ( AwesomenessTV ( 51 % ) ) Oriental DreamWorks ( 45 % ) Related topics Amblimation DreamWorks DreamWorks Records DreamWorks Television DreamWorks Interactive Go Fish Pictures In amusement parks DreamWorks Experience Pacific Data Images List of DreamWorks Animation programs The Captain Underpants series by Dav Pilkey Novels The Adventures of Captain Underpants ( 1997 ) Attack of the Talking Toilets ( 1999 ) Invasion of the Incredibly Naughty Cafeteria Ladies from Outer Space ( 1999 ) Perilous Plot of Professor Poopypants ( 2000 ) Wrath of the Wicked Wedgie Woman ( 2001 ) Big , Bad Battle of the Bionic Booger Boy ( Parts 1 & 2 ) ( 2003 ) Preposterous Plight of the Purple Potty People ( 2006 ) Terrifying Return of Tippy Tinkletrousers ( 2012 ) Revolting Revenge of the Radioactive Robo - Boxers ( 2013 ) Tyrannical Retaliation of the Turbo Toilet 2000 ( 2014 ) Sensational Saga of Sir Stinks - A-Lot ( 2015 ) Spin - offs Super Diaper Baby The Adventures of Super Diaper Baby ( 2002 ) Super Diaper Baby 2 : The Invasion of the Potty Snatchers ( 2011 ) Ook and Gluk The Adventures of Ook and Gluk : Kung - Fu Cavemen from the Future ( 2010 ) Dog Man Dog Man ( 2016 ) Dog Man Unleashed ( 2017 ) Dog Man : A Tale of Two Kitties ( 2017 ) Dog Man and Cat Kid ( 2018 ) Film Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captain_Underpants:_The_First_Epic_Movie&oldid=810405316 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 3D films 2017 computer - animated films 2010s American animated films 2010s comedy films American films American 3D films American action comedy films American children 's animated comedy films American children 's animated fantasy films American computer - animated films American slapstick comedy films Animated films based on novels Animated films based on children 's books Animated superhero films Captain Underpants Films about educators Films featuring hypnosis Films set in Ohio Superhero comedy films Screenplays by Nicholas Stoller DreamWorks Animation animated films Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 01 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does captain underpants the first epic movie come out	[ "The film premiered on May 21, 2017, at the Regency Village Theater in Los Angeles, and was released in the United States on June 2, 2017, in 3D and 2D. The film received generally positive reviews from critics and has grossed $124.6 million worldwide against a budget of $38 million, making it the lowest-budgeted computer-animated feature of DreamWorks Animation's history.[5] This was the last DreamWorks Animation film distributed by 20th Century Fox, before Universal Pictures will take over distribution in 2019 with How to Train Your Dragon 3." ]	[ "May 21, 2017" ]
1824449952275494519	Rock and Roll Hall of Fame	Rock and Roll Hall of Fame - Wikipedia Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Wikimedia © OpenStreetMap Established April 20 , 1983 ; 35 years ago ( 1983 - 04 - 20 ) Location 1100 Rock and Roll Boulevard ( East Ninth Street at Lake Erie ) Cleveland , Ohio , U.S. 44114 Coordinates 41 ° 30 ′ 31 '' N 81 ° 41 ′ 44 '' W / 41.50861 ° N 81.69556 ° W / 41.50861 ; - 81.69556 Coordinates : 41 ° 30 ′ 31 '' N 81 ° 41 ′ 44 '' W / 41.50861 ° N 81.69556 ° W / 41.50861 ; - 81.69556 Visitors 441,290 ( 2013 ) President Greg Harris Public transit access North Coast station ( RTA Rapid Transit ) Website rockhall.com The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , located on the shore of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland , Ohio , recognizes and archives the history of the best - known and most influential artists , producers , engineers , and other notable figures who have had some major influence on the development of rock and roll . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation was established on April 20 , 1983 , by Atlantic Records founder and chairman Ahmet Ertegun . In 1986 , Cleveland was chosen as the Hall of Fame 's permanent home . Contents 1 Foundation and museum 1.1 Economic impact 1.2 Layout 1.3 Architecture 2 Exhibit history 2.1 Public programs 2.2 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll 2.2. 1 Artists with four or more songs 2.3 25th anniversary concert 3 Inductees 3.1 Performers 3.2 Early Influences 3.3 Ahmet Ertegun Award for Lifetime Achievement 3.4 Award for Musical Excellence 4 Library and archives 5 Criticism 5.1 2007 vote controversy 5.2 The Monkees controversy 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Foundation and museum ( edit ) Founder Ahmet Ertegun assembled a team that included attorney Suzan Evans , Rolling Stone magazine editor and publisher Jann S. Wenner , attorney Allen Grubman , and record executives Seymour Stein , Bob Krasnow , and Noreen Woods . The Foundation began inducting artists in 1986 , but the Hall of Fame still had no home . The search committee considered several cities , including Philadelphia ( home of Bill Haley and American Bandstand ) , Memphis ( home of Sun Studios and Stax Records ) , Detroit ( home of Motown Records ) , Cincinnati ( home of King Records ) , New York City , and Cleveland . Cleveland lobbied for the museum , citing that WJW disc jockey Alan Freed both coined the term `` rock and roll '' and heavily promoted the new genre -- and that Cleveland was the location of Freed 's Moondog Coronation Ball , the first major rock and roll concert . In addition , Cleveland cited radio station WMMS , which played a key role in breaking several major acts in the U.S. during the 1970s and 1980s , including David Bowie , who began his first U.S. tour in the city , Bruce Springsteen , Roxy Music , and Rush among many others . Cleveland was also one of the premier tour stops for most rock bands . Civic leaders in Cleveland pledged $65 million in public money to fund the construction . A petition drive was signed by 600,000 fans favoring Cleveland over Memphis , and Cleveland ranked first in a 1986 USA Today poll asking where the Hall of Fame should be located . On May 5 , 1986 , the Hall of Fame Foundation chose Cleveland as the permanent home of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . Sam Phillips of Sun Studios fame and many others were stunned and disappointed that it ended up in Cleveland . `` The hall of fame should 've been in Memphis , certainly , '' wrote Peter Guralnick , author of an acclaimed two - volume Elvis Presley biography . Cleveland may also have been chosen as the organization 's site because the city offered the best financial package . As The Plain Dealer music critic Michael Norman noted , `` It was $65 million ... Cleveland wanted it here and put up the money . '' Co-founder Jann Wenner later said , `` One of the small sad things is we did n't do it in New York in the first place , '' but then added , `` I am absolutely delighted that the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is in Cleveland . '' During early discussions on where to build the Hall of Fame and Museum , the Foundation 's board considered the Cuyahoga River . Ultimately , the chosen location was along East Ninth Street in downtown Cleveland by Lake Erie , east of Cleveland Stadium . At one point in the planning phase , when a financing gap existed , planners proposed locating the Rock Hall in the then - vacant May Company Building , but finally decided to commission architect I.M. Pei to design a new building . Initial CEO Dr. Larry R. Thompson facilitated I.M. Pei in designs for the site . Pei came up with the idea of a tower with a glass pyramid protruding from it . The museum tower was initially planned to stand 200 ft ( 61 m ) high , but had to be cut down to 162 ft ( 49 m ) due to its proximity to Burke Lakefront Airport . The building 's base is approximately 150,000 square feet ( 14,000 m2 ) . The groundbreaking ceremony took place on June 7 , 1993 . Pete Townshend , Chuck Berry , Billy Joel , Sam Phillips , Ruth Brown , Sam Moore of Sam and Dave , Carl Gardner of the Coasters and Dave Pirner of Soul Asylum all appeared at the groundbreaking . The museum was dedicated on September 1 , 1995 , with the ribbon being cut by an ensemble that included Yoko Ono and Little Richard , among others , before a crowd of more than 10,000 people . The following night an all - star concert was held at the stadium . It featured Chuck Berry , Bob Dylan , Al Green , Jerry Lee Lewis , Aretha Franklin , Bruce Springsteen , Iggy Pop , John Fogerty , John Mellencamp , and many others . In addition to the Hall of Fame inductees , the museum documents the entire history of rock and roll , regardless of induction status . Hall of Fame inductees are honored in a special exhibit located in a wing that juts out over Lake Erie . Economic impact ( edit ) Since 1986 , the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has selected new inductees . The formal induction ceremony has been held in New York City 26 times ( 1986 -- 92 , 1994 -- 96 , 1998 -- 2008 , 2010 -- 11 , 2014 , 2016 and 2017 ) ; twice in Los Angeles ( 1993 and 2013 ) ; and four times in the Hall of Fame 's home in Cleveland ( 1997 , 2009 , 2012 and 2015 ) . Beginning in 2018 , the induction ceremonies will alternate each year between Cleveland and New York . The 2009 and 2012 induction weeks were made possible by a public -- private partnership between the City of Cleveland , the State of Ohio , the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , and local foundations , corporations , civic organizations and individuals . Collectively these entities invested $5.8 million in 2009 and $7.9 million in 2012 to produce a week of events , including free concerts , a gospel celebration , exhibition openings , free admission to the museum , and induction ceremonies filled with both fans and VIPs at Public Hall . Millions viewed the television broadcast of the Cleveland inductions ; tens of thousands traveled to Ohio during induction week to participate in Induction - related events . The economic impact of the 2009 induction week activities was more than $13 million , and it provided an additional $20 million in media exposure for the region . The 2012 induction week yielded similar results . Layout ( edit ) The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ( left ) sits on the Lake Erie shore next to the Great Lakes Science Center ( right ) in Cleveland 's North Coast Harbor . There are seven levels in the building . On the lower level is the Ahmet M. Ertegun Exhibition Hall , the museum 's main gallery . It includes exhibits on the roots of rock and roll ( gospel , blues , rhythm & blues and folk , country and bluegrass ) . It also features exhibits on cities that have had a major impact on rock and roll : Memphis , Detroit , London and Liverpool , San Francisco , Los Angeles , New York and Seattle . There are exhibits about soul music , the Fifties , Sun Records , Atlantic Records , hip hop music , Cleveland 's rock and roll legacy , the music of the Midwest , rock and roll radio and dee - jays , and the many protests against rock and roll . This gallery also has exhibits that focus on individual artists , including the Beatles , the Rolling Stones , Jimi Hendrix and others . Finally , the Ahmet M. Ertegun Exhibition Hall includes two theaters , one of which features a film about the roots of rock and roll and one that features films on various subjects . The first floor of the museum is the entrance level . It includes a cafe , a stage that the museum uses for various special performances and events throughout the year , and a section called `` Backstage Stories . '' The second floor includes several interactive kiosks that feature programs on one - hit wonders and the Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll . This level also includes a gallery with artifact - filled exhibits about Les Paul , Alan Freed , Sam Phillips and the evolution of audio technology . Visitors enter the Hall of Fame section of the museum on the third floor . This section includes `` The Power of Rock Experience , '' which includes one of Jonathan Demme 's final works , a film shown in the Connor Theater . The film includes musical highlights from some of the Hall 's induction ceremonies . Visitors exit the Hall of Fame section on the fourth floor . That level features the Foster Theater , a state - of - the - art 3 - D theater that is used for special events and programs . Finally , the top two levels of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame feature large , temporary exhibits . Over the years , numerous exhibits have been installed on these two levels , including exhibits about Elvis Presley , hip - hop , the Supremes , the Who , U2 , John Lennon , the Clash , Bruce Springsteen , Women Who Rock , and the Rolling Stones . Architecture ( edit ) The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , showing Lake Erie in the foreground Designed by I.M. Pei and structurally engineered by Leslie E. Robertson Associates , the building rises above the shores of Lake Erie . It is a combination of geometric forms and cantilevered spaces that are anchored by a 162 - foot tower . The tower supports a dual - triangular - shaped glass `` tent '' that extends ( at its base ) onto a 65,000 - square - foot plaza that provides a main entry facade . The building houses more than 55,000 square feet of exhibition space , as well as administrative offices , a store , and a café . `` In designing this building , '' Pei said , `` it was my intention to echo the energy of rock and roll . I have consciously used an architectural vocabulary that is bold and new , and I hope the building will become a dramatic landmark for the city of Cleveland and for fans of rock and roll around the world . '' Exhibit history ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Since 1997 , the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has featured numerous temporary exhibits that range in size from major exhibits that fill the top two floors of the museum to smaller exhibits that are often installed in the main exhibition hall on the lower level . The museum 's first major exhibit opened on May 10 , 1997 . It was called I Want to Take You Higher : The Psychedelic Era , 1965 -- 1969 . It included artifacts from numerous artists , including John Lennon , Eric Clapton , John Sebastian , the Jefferson Airplane , and Janis Joplin , as well as artifacts related to the Monterey International Pop Festival and Woodstock . That exhibit was followed by Elvis is in the Building , an exhibit about the `` King of Rock and Roll '' , which ran from August 8 , 1998 , to September 5 , 1999 . This year - long tribute was the first ever special exhibit devoted to a single artist , Elvis Presley , the first inductee into the RRHOF in 1986 . Graceland supplied a significant selection of representative artifacts for this special tribute spanning Elvis ' life and legendary career . Next , the museum curated Roots , Rhymes and Rage : The Hip - Hop Story . That was the first major museum exhibit to focus on hip - hop . It ran from November 11 , 1999 , to August 6 , 2000 . It was followed by Rock Style , an exhibit that focused on rock and roll and fashion . It featured clothing from Buddy Holly to Alice Cooper , from Ray Charles to David Bowie and from Smokey Robinson to Sly Stone . After it closed in Cleveland , Rock Style traveled to other museums in the U.S. The former Annex in Soho in New York City ( now closed ) Other temporary exhibits have included Lennon : His Life and Work , which ran from October 20 , 2000 , to January 1 , 2003 . It was followed by In the Name of Love : Two Decades of U2 and then Reflections : The Mary Wilson Supreme Legacy Collection . A major exhibition on display during the Republican National Convention in Cleveland in 2016 was Louder than Words : Rock , Power , Politics . Other large temporary exhibits have focused on the Clash ( Revolution Rock : The Story of the Clash ) , the Doors ( Break on Through : The Lasting Legacy of the Doors ) , the Who 's Tommy ( Tommy : The Amazing Journey ) , and Bruce Springsteen ( From Asbury Park to the Promised Land : The Life and Music of Bruce Springsteen ) . Another thematic temporary exhibit focused on the role of women in rock and roll ( Women Who Rock : Vision , Passion , Power ) . Many of these exhibits travel to other museums after closing in Cleveland . The museum 's current major temporary exhibit is about the history of the magazine Rolling Stone . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame also curates many smaller temporary exhibits . Over the years , these exhibits have focused on such topics as the Vans Warped Tour , the Concert for Bangladesh , Woodstock 's 40th anniversary , Austin City Limits , the Monterey International Pop Festival , Roy Orbison , Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers , Marty Stuart , Paul Simon , Graham Nash , and John Mellencamp . The museum also devotes exhibits to photography and artwork related to rock and roll . Among the photographers whose work has been featured at the Hall of Fame are George Kalinsky , Alfred Wertheimer , Tommy Edwards , Kevin Mazur , Janet Macoska , Lynn Goldsmith , Mike McCartney , Robert Alford , and George Shuba . The museum also featured the artwork of Philip Burke in one of its temporary exhibits , and a later exhibit featured Herb Ritts . Public programs ( edit ) The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum produces numerous public programs , including concerts , interviews , lectures , film screenings , and other events that help tell the story of rock and roll . Every February , the museum celebrates Black History Month by hosting concerts , film screenings and lectures that illustrate the important role African - Americans have played in the history of rock and roll . Since the program began in 1996 , such artists as Robert Lockwood , Jr. , the Temptations , Charles Brown , Ruth Brown , the Ohio Players , Lloyd Price , Little Anthony and the Imperials , and Al Green have appeared at the museum during Black History Month . Another program is the Hall of Fame Series . This series began in April 1996 and features interviews with Hall of Fame inductees in a rare and intimate settings , most often in the Museum 's Foster Theater . The interviews are usually followed by a question - and - answer session with the audience and , often , a performance by the inductee . Among the inductees who have taken part in this series are Darryl `` DMC '' McDaniels of Run - D.M.C. , Lloyd Price , Marky Ramone , Seymour Stein , Ray Manzarek of the Doors , Ronnie Spector , Bootsy Collins , Ann and Nancy Wilson of Heart , and Jorma Kaukonen of the Jefferson Airplane . A similar program is the Legends Series . The only real difference between this program and the Hall of Fame Series is that it features artists who have not yet been inducted into the Hall of Fame . Peter Hook of Joy Division , Spinderella of Salt n Pepa , Tommy James , and the Chi - Lites are among the artists who have participated in the Legends Series . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum 's most acclaimed program is the annual American Music Masters series . Each year the museum celebrates one of the Hall 's inductees with a week - long series of programs that include interviews , film screenings , and , often , a special exhibit . The celebration ends with an all - star concert held at a Cleveland theater . The concerts include a diverse mix of artists , from Hall of Fame inductees to contemporary musicians . The American Music Masters series began in 1996 with Hard Travelin ' : The Life and Legacy of Pete Seeger . Since then , the programs have honored the following inductees : Jimmie Rodgers ( 1997 ) , Robert Johnson ( 1998 ) , Louis Jordan ( 1999 ) , Muddy Waters ( 2000 ) , Bessie Smith ( 2001 ) , Hank Williams ( 2002 ) , Buddy Holly ( 2003 ) , Lead Belly ( 2004 ) , Sam Cooke ( 2005 ) , Roy Orbison ( 2006 ) , Jerry Lee Lewis ( 2007 ) , Les Paul ( 2008 ) , Janis Joplin ( 2009 ) , Fats Domino and Dave Bartholomew ( 2010 ) , Aretha Franklin ( 2011 ) , and Chuck Berry ( 2012 ) . Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll ( edit ) Hall of Fame museum curator James Henke , along with `` the museum 's curatorial staff and numerous rock critics and music experts '' , created an unordered list of `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . The list is part of a permanent exhibit at the museum , and was envisioned as part of the museum from its opening in 1995 . It contains songs recorded from the 1920s through the 1990s . The oldest song on the list is `` Wabash Cannonball '' , written circa 1882 and credited to J.A. Roff . Since then , however , an additional 160 songs have been added , and the list is now simply referred to as `` The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . The most recent songs on the list are Gnarls Barkley 's `` Crazy '' and My Chemical Romance 's `` Welcome to the Black Parade '' , both released in 2006 . The Beatles and the Rolling Stones are the most represented on the 660 - song list , with eight songs each . Artists with four or more songs ( edit ) 8 The Beatles 8 The Rolling Stones 7 Elvis Presley 5 The Beach Boys 5 Chuck Berry 5 Bob Dylan 5 Led Zeppelin 5 Bruce Springsteen 4 Stevie Wonder 4 David Bowie 4 James Brown 4 Ray Charles 4 The Drifters 4 Aretha Franklin 4 Jimi Hendrix 4 Robert Johnson 4 The Kinks 4 Bob Marley 4 The Miracles 4 Prince 4 Muddy Waters 25th anniversary concert ( edit ) The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame celebrated its 25th anniversary with a concert series over two days on October 29 and 30 , 2009 at Madison Square Garden in New York . The celebration included performances by Jerry Lee Lewis , U2 , Patti Smith , Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band , Simon & Garfunkel , Dion DiMucci , Metallica , James Taylor , Bonnie Raitt , Fergie , Mick Jagger , Lou Reed , Ray Davies , Ozzy Osbourne , Paul Simon , Jeff Beck , Buddy Guy , Aretha Franklin , Stevie Wonder , Sting , Little Anthony & the Imperials , and Crosby , Stills and Nash . The first night ran almost six hours with Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band closing the concert with special guests John Fogerty , Darlene Love , Tom Morello , Sam Moore , Jackson Browne , Peter Wolf , and Billy Joel . Inductees ( edit ) English guitarist , singer , and songwriter Eric Clapton is the only three - time inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame See also : List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Artists are inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame at an annual induction ceremony . Over the years , the majority of the ceremonies have been held at the Waldorf - Astoria Hotel in New York City . However , on January 12 , 1993 , the ceremony was held in Los Angeles , and was held there again in 2013 . On May 6 , 1997 , about a year and a half after the opening of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum , the ceremony was held in Cleveland . It returned to Cleveland in 2009 and again in 2012 . Current plans call for the ceremony to be in Cleveland every three years . Generally , the number of inductees ranges from about a half - dozen to a dozen . Virtually all living inductees have attended the ceremonies , and they are presented with their Hall of Fame award by an artist who was influenced by that inductee 's music . Both the presenter and the inductee speak at the ceremonies , which also include numerous musical performances , by both the inductees and the presenters . The first group of inductees , inducted on January 23 , 1986 , included Elvis Presley , James Brown , Little Richard , Fats Domino , Ray Charles , Chuck Berry , Sam Cooke , the Everly Brothers , Buddy Holly , and Jerry Lee Lewis . Robert Johnson , Jimmie Rodgers , and Jimmy Yancey were inducted as Early Influences , John Hammond received the Lifetime Achievement Award and Alan Freed and Sam Phillips were inducted as Non-Performers . Performers ( edit ) A nominating committee composed of rock and roll historians selects names for the `` Performers '' category ( singers , vocal groups , bands , and instrumentalists of all kinds ) , which are then voted on by roughly five hundred experts across the world . Those selected to vote include academics , journalists , producers , and others with music industry experience . Artists become eligible for induction 25 years after the release of their first record . Criteria include the influence and significance of the artists ' contributions to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll . To be selected for induction , performers must receive the highest number of votes , and also greater than 50 % of the votes . Around five to seven performers are inducted each year . In 2012 , six additional groups , the Miracles , the Famous Flames , the Comets , the Blue Caps , the Midnighters , and the Crickets , were inducted as performers by a special committee due to the controversial exclusions when their lead singer was inducted . `` There was a lot of discussion about this , '' said Terry Stewart , a member of the nominating committee . `` There had always been conversations about why the groups were n't included when the lead singers were inducted . Very honestly , nobody could really answer that question -- it was so long ago ... We decided we 'd sit down as an organization and look at that . This is the result . '' Early Influences ( edit ) Early Influences includes artists from earlier eras , primarily country , folk , jazz , and blues , whose music inspired and influenced rock and roll artists . Other notable artists that have been inducted as Early Influences include Bill Kenny & The Ink Spots , country musicians Jimmie Rodgers and Hank Williams , blues musicians Howlin ' Wolf and Muddy Waters , and jazz musicians Jelly Roll Morton and Louis Armstrong . After Nat King Cole and Billie Holiday in 2000 , no one was inducted in this category until 2009 , when rockabilly singer Wanda Jackson was selected . Unlike earlier inductees in this category , Jackson 's career almost entirely took place after the traditional 1955 start of the `` rock era '' . Ahmet Ertegun award for Lifetime Achievement ( edit ) Formerly the `` Non-Performers '' award , this category encompasses those who primarily work behind the scenes in the music industry , including record label executives , songwriters , record producers , disc jockeys , concert promoters and music journalists . This category has had at least one inductee every year except 2007 and 2009 . Following the death of the Hall of Fame 's co-founder Ahmet Ertegun , this award was renamed in his honor in 2008 . Award for musical Excellence ( edit ) Formerly the `` Sidemen '' award , this category was introduced in 2000 and honors veteran session and concert players who are selected by a committee composed primarily of producers . The category was dormant from 2004 through 2007 and re-activated in 2008 . This honor was renamed the `` Award for Musical Excellence '' in 2010 . According to Joel Peresman , the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation , `` This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized . '' Library and Archives ( edit ) The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland , Ohio November 2015 The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum 's Library and Archives is the world 's most comprehensive repository of materials related to the history of rock and roll . The Library and Archives is located in a new building on the Metro Campus of Cuyahoga Community College in Cleveland 's Campus District . The Library and Archives ' mission is to collect , preserve and provide access to these materials . The Library and Archives operates on two levels : people may come into the library and read the books and magazines , listen to music and other recordings , and watch videos and films . More serious scholars , historians and journalists may also make an appointment for access to the archival collections under the supervision of the staff archivists . The library is composed of books , academic dissertations , and other references . It also includes popular magazines , scholarly journals and trade publications ; commercial audio and video recordings , and research databases . The archival collections include music - business records from record executives , artist managers , labels , historic venues , recording studios , specialists in stage design and lighting , and long - running concert tours . The collections also contain important individual items , such as personal letters penned by Aretha Franklin and Madonna , handwritten working lyrics by Jimi Hendrix and LL Cool J , papers from music journalists such as Sue Cassidy Clark , and rare concert recordings from CBGB in the 1970s . Criticism ( edit ) The most frequent criticism of the Hall of Fame is that the nomination process is controlled by a few individuals who are not themselves musicians , such as founder Jann Wenner ( co-founder and editor - in - chief of Rolling Stone magazine ) , former foundation director Suzan Evans , and writer Dave Marsh , reflecting their personal tastes rather than the views of the rock world as a whole . A former member of the nominations board once commented that `` At one point Suzan Evans lamented the choices being made because there were n't enough big names that would sell tickets to the dinner . That was quickly remedied by dropping one of the doo - wop groups being considered in favor of a ' name ' artist ... I saw how certain pioneering artists of the ' 50s and early ' 60s were shunned because there needed to be more name power on the list , resulting in ' 70s superstars getting in before the people who made it possible for them . Some of those pioneers still are n't in today . '' Sister Rosetta Tharpe is often considered `` The Godmother / Grandmother of Rock & Roll '' , but was not chosen for induction until 2017 . Also , the influential soul / funk group Tower of Power has not yet been honored . Velvet Underground drummer Maureen Tucker has dismissed the Hall of Fame as the `` Hall of Lame '' . There is also controversy in the lack of transparency in the selection process . Janet Morrissey of The New York Times wrote : `` With fame and money at stake , it 's no surprise that a lot of backstage lobbying goes on . Why any particular act is chosen in any particular year is a mystery to performers as well as outsiders -- and committee members say they want to keep it that way . '' Jon Landau , the chairman of the nominating committee , says they prefer it that way . `` We 've done a good job of keeping the proceedings nontransparent . It all dies in the room . '' According to Fox News , petitions with tens of thousands of signatures were also being ignored , and some groups that were signed with certain labels or companies or were affiliated with various committee members have even been put up for nomination with no discussion at all . The committee has also been accused of largely ignoring certain genres . According to author Brett Milano , `` entire genres get passed over , particularly progressive rock , ' 60s Top 40 , New Orleans funk and a whole lot of black music . '' In contrast , since the mid-2000s ( decade ) , numerous hip hop artists have been inducted , including Tupac Shakur ( class of 2017 ) , N.W.A ( class of 2016 ) and Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five ( class of 2007 ) . Another criticism is that too many artists are inducted . In fifteen years , 97 different artists were inducted . A minimum of 50 % of the vote is needed to be inducted ; although , the final percentages are not announced and a certain number of inductees ( five in 2011 ) is set before the ballots are shipped . The committee usually nominates a small number of artists ( 12 in 2010 ) from an increasing number of different genres . Several voters , including Joel Selvin , himself a former member of the nominating committee , did not submit their ballots in 2007 because they did not feel that any of the candidates were truly worthy . Members of the British punk rock band The Sex Pistols , inducted in 2006 , refused to attend the ceremony , calling the museum `` a piss stain '' and `` urine in wine '' . In BBC Radio 6 Music 's Annual John Peel Lecture in 2013 , the singer Charlotte Church accused the museum of gender bias , stating , `` Out of 295 acts and artists in the Rock n ' Roll Hall of Fame , 259 are entirely male , meaning that Tina Weymouth 's part in Talking Heads makes them one of the 36 female acts . '' In fact , the actual percentage of woman inductees is 8.5 % . Combining all the categories , there have been 719 inductees , out of which only 61 have been women , none of whom has been inducted more than once or awarded the Lifetime Achievement . 2016 inductee Steve Miller voiced a litany of criticisms directed at the hall , both during his induction speech and , especially , in interviews after it . His complaints included a lack of female inductees , not enough support by the hall for music education , and treatment of inductees at the award ceremony . 2007 vote controversy ( edit ) On March 14 , 2007 , two days after that year 's induction ceremony , Roger Friedman of Fox News published an article claiming that the Dave Clark Five should have been the fifth inductee , as they had more votes than inductee Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five . The article went on to say `` Jann Wenner used a technicality about the day votes were due in . In reality , The Dave Clark Five got six more votes than Grandmaster Flash . But he felt we could n't go another year without a rap act . '' The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation would later deny fixing the vote , although they did not deny that late votes were received , saying , `` No . There is a format and rules and procedure . There is a specific time when the votes have to be in , and then they are counted . The bands with the top five votes got in . '' The Dave Clark Five was subsequently nominated again and then inducted the following year . The Monkees controversy ( edit ) In June 2007 , Monkee Peter Tork complained to the New York Post that Wenner had blackballed the Monkees , commenting : ( Wenner ) does n't care what the rules are and just operates how he sees fit . It is an abuse of power . I do n't know whether the Monkees belong in the Hall of Fame , but it 's pretty clear that we 're not in there because of a personal whim . Jann seems to have taken it harder than everyone else , and now , 40 years later , everybody says , ' What 's the big deal ? Everybody else does it . ' ( Uses studio artists or backing bands . ) Nobody cares now except him . He feels his moral judgment in 1967 and 1968 is supposed to serve in 2007 . In a Facebook post , fellow Monkee Michael Nesmith stated that he does not know if the Monkees belong in the Hall of Fame because he can only see the impact of the Monkees from the inside , and further stated : `` I can see the HOF ( Hall of Fame ) is a private enterprise . It seems to operate as a business , and the inductees are there by some action of the owners of the Enterprise . The inductees appear to be chosen at the owner 's pleasure . This seems proper to me . It is their business in any case . It does not seem to me that the HOF carries a public mandate , nor should it be compelled to conform to one . '' Various magazines and news outlets , such as Time , NPR radio , The Christian Science Monitor , Goldmine magazine , Yahoo Music and MSNBC have argued that the Monkees belong in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . See also ( edit ) Rock and Roll portal Cleveland portal List of music museums References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2013 -- 14 Annual Report to the Community '' ( PDF ) . RockHall.com . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . 2014 . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exhibits '' . Rockhall.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Peter Guralnick ( author of Sam Phillips : The Man Who Invented Rock ' n ' Roll ) , an interview , `` Bostonia , '' Winter - Spring 2016 , pp. 52 - 54 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum Timeline : 1995 -- 2010 '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grzegorek , Vince ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Rock Hall President : Induction to Take Place in Cleveland Every Other Year Beginning in 2018 '' . CleveScene.com . Cleveland Scene . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John . `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is going strong , 15 years after opening '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John . `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductions , done ' the Cleveland way , ' are a hit '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A look inside the redesign of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum : Interactive Graphic '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Swank , Niki . `` Rock & Roll Hall of Fame : the heart of rock and roll '' . Builders Exchange Magazine . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Troy L. ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Rock Hall premieres its spellbinding ' The Power of Rock Experience ' '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McGregor , Ellen ( June 8 , 2011 ) . `` First Major redesign of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum nears completion '' . Scripps Media / News Net 5 / ABC News ( Cleveland ) . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Redesigned Rock Hall opens exhibit on The Beatles '' . Article . NBC News / AP . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The House That Steel Built : A Showcase of Interesting and Aesthetic Projects '' ( PDF ) . Business Literature . American Institute of Steel Construction . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( see Larry G. Keeter , `` Elvis Is In the Building , '' `` Elvis International Forum , '' Summer 2000 , pp. 28 -- 29 ) Jump up ^ Smith , Troy . `` Rock Hall announces ' Rock , Power and Politics ' exhibit to coincide with Republican National Convention '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Troy . `` Rock Hall exhibit lays out Rolling Stone magazine 's remarkable impact '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yarborough , Chuck . `` '' Just Ca n't Get Enough : The Photography of Robert Alford '' opens Sept. 19 at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum `` . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum / Past Exhibits '' . Official Website . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yarborough , Chuck . `` ' Herb Ritts : The Rock Portraits ' : Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's captivating exhibit spotlights photographer 's skill at capturing stars ' essence ( review ) '' . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hake , A. `` Rock Hall Announces Black History Month Events '' . Article . WOIO / 19 Action News . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ D.X. , Ferris . `` Slash , Billy Gibbons Jam for Les Paul at Rock Hall 's American Music Master 's Concert '' . Article . Rolling Stone Magazine . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DeMarco , Laura . `` Rock Hall to honor Janis Joplin in American Music Masters series '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John . `` Aretha Franklin Honored in Rock and Roll Hall of Fame American Music Masters Tribute '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Patrick . `` Chuck Berry Praises Obama , Laments Fading Health '' . Article . Rolling Stone Magazine . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ - The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum '' . Rockhall.com . Jump up ^ `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock '' . Infoplease.com . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Artcom Museums Tour : Rock and Roll Hall of Fame & Museum , Cleveland , OH - Moving Companies '' . Art.com . Jump up ^ `` Experience The Music : One Hit Wonders and The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Joel is surprise guest at Rock and Roll Hall of Fame concert '' . NJ.com . Jump up ^ Henry Ray Abrams . `` Jagger , Springsteen , Black Eyed Peas jam with U2 at rock hall concert '' . NJ.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Henry Ray Abrams . `` Songs for HBO 's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame special announced '' . NJ.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Induction Process '' . Rockhall.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Crickets , Famous Flames , Comets , Miracles , Midnighters and Blue Caps added to Rock Hall induction ceremony '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Late Ertegun Honoured With New Hall Of Fame Award '' . Contactmusic.com . Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Neil Diamond , Alice Cooper , Dr. John , Darlene Love and Tom Waits headed into Rock Hall '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Opens Archives to the Public '' . Rolling Stone Magazine . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary . `` Rock Hall Opening Library and Archives This Week '' . Article . Billboard Magazine . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John . `` Rock Hall Library and Archives set to open Tuesday '' . article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Roger ( April 4 , 2001 ) . `` Rock Hall of Fame Fallout : ' There Is Resentment Building Up ' '' . Fox News . Retrieved April 4 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` The Godmother of Rock & Roll : Sister Rosetta Tharpe '' . BBC Four . May 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Godmother of Rock and Roll : Sister Rosetta Tharpe '' . PBS . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Doug Yule - Story '' . Olivier.landemaine.free.fr . ^ Jump up to : Morrissey , Janet ( December 3 , 2011 ) . `` Battle of the Bands ( and Egos ) for the Rock Hall of Fame '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Boehm , Mike ( December 29 , 2009 ) . `` Getting progressive : The Rock Hall votes in Genesis . Is Yes or Procol Harum next ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gundersen , Edna ( March 12 , 2007 ) . `` Dispute rocks the hall '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Roger ( March 14 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Hall Voting Scandal : Rock Group Actually Won '' . Fox News . Retrieved April 6 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Roger ( January 12 , 2007 ) . `` Three strikes , they 're in '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2007 . Retrieved January 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Selvin , Joel ( November 14 , 2007 ) . `` View : Rock and Roll Hall offers lackluster candidates '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved December 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Official announcement from the Sex Pistols regarding the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame '' . Sex Pistols -- The Filth and the Fury . February 24 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Transcript : Paul Resnikoff , `` I 'm Charlotte Church . And This Is How Women Are Routinely Demoralized by the Music Industry ... , '' Digital Media News , October 15 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 6 Music - The John Peel Lecture - Downloads '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` scroll kit '' . Scrollkit.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame : Inductees '' . Rockhall.com . Jump up ^ `` Steve Miller Rips the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame - Pitchfork '' . Pitchfork.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Heaton , Michael ( March 17 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Hall denies vote fix report '' . The Plain Dealer . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2007 . Retrieved April 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna leads list of Rock Hall inductees '' . CNN . Associated Press . 2007 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2007 . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nesmith , Michael . `` '' Should The Monkees be included in The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ? `` , you ask '' . Facebook . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McCombs , Joseph ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` Hey , Hey Let Them In : 10 Reasons The Monkees Should Be in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hirsh , Marc . `` NOW Can We Induct The Monkees Into The Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame ? '' . NPR Radio . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame : The top 5 biggest omissions '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marder , Phill . `` No Monkee business allowed in the Rock Hall of Fame ? '' . Goldmine Magazine . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marder , Phill. `` 10 more bands snubbed by the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame '' . Goldmine Magazine . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hoskyns , Barney . `` Why Are n't the Monkees In the Rock and Roll of Fame ? '' . Yahoo Music . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sclafani , Tony . `` Hey hey , it 's the fans who want the Monkees in the Rock Hall '' . MSNBC . 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Awards ( UK ) Classic Brit Awards ( UK ) Gramophone Award ( UK ) Echo Awards ( GER ) Victoires de la Musique ( FRA ) Grand Prix du Disque ( FRA ) NRJ Music Awards ( FRA ) Diapason d'Or ( FRA ) Sanremo Music Festival Awards ( ITA ) Wind Music Awards ( ITA ) MTV Italian Music Awards Edison Awards ( NLD ) Grammis Awards ( SWE ) Melodifestivalen ( SWE ) Premio Nacional de Música ( SPA ) LOS40 Music Awards ( SPA ) Dansk Melodi Grand Prix ( DNK ) Melodi Grand Prix ( NOR ) Meteor Music Awards ( IRL ) Choice Music Prize ( IRL ) Russian Music Awards ( RUS ) ZAI Awards / Aurel Awards ( SK ) Anděl Awards ( CZ ) BBC Music Awards ( UK ) A Dal ( HU ) Estonian Music Awards Swallow Music Awards ( ARM ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame&oldid=866501720 '' Categories : Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 1983 establishments in Ohio Downtown Cleveland Halls of fame in Ohio I.M. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the rock n roll hall of fame built	[ "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame\n\nWikimedia \| © OpenStreetMapEstablished\nApril 20, 1983; 35 years ago (1983-04-20)Location\n1100 Rock and Roll Boulevard(East Ninth Street at Lake Erie)Cleveland, Ohio, U.S. 44114Coordinates\n41°30′31″N 81°41′44″W / 41.50861°N 81.69556°W / 41.50861; -81.69556Coordinates: 41°30′31″N 81°41′44″W / 41.50861°N 81.69556°W / 41.50861; -81.69556Visitors\n441,290 (2013)[1]President\nGreg HarrisPublic transit access\nNorth Coast station(RTA Rapid Transit)Website\nrockhall.com" ]	[ "Established\nApril 20, 1983" ]
376183675750218808	The Magic School Bus (TV series)	The Magic School Bus ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Magic School Bus ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Magic School Bus Genre Educational adventure comedy Based on The Magic School Bus by Joanna Cole Bruce Degen Developed by Alison Blank Kristin Laskas Martin Jane Startz Voices of Lily Tomlin Lisa Yamanaka Danny Tamberelli Daniel DeSanto Tara Meyer Erica Luttrell Maia Filar Stuart Stone Renessa Blitz Malcolm - Jamal Warner Theme music composer Peter Lurye Opening theme `` Ride on the Magic School Bus '' , performed by Little Richard Country of origin United States Canada Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 52 ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 25 minutes Production company ( s ) South Carolina ETV Nelvana Scholastic Entertainment Distributor Nelvana ( Canada ) Warner Bros. Television Distribution ( US ) 20th Century Fox Television ( International ) Release Original network PBS Kids Picture format SD : 4 : 3 Audio format Dolby Surround Original release September 10 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 10 ) -- December 6 , 1997 ( 1997 - 12 - 06 ) Chronology Followed by The Magic School Bus Rides Again External links Website The Magic School Bus is a Canadian / American Saturday morning animated children 's television series , based on the book series of the same name by Joanna Cole and Bruce Degen . The series has received critical acclaim for its use of celebrity talent and combining entertainment with an educational series . Broadcasting & Cable said the show was `` among the highest - rated PBS shows for school - age children . '' A revival series titled The Magic School Bus Rides Again was released on Netflix on September 29 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 2 Episodes 3 Production and broadcast 3.1 Broadcast history 4 Home media 5 Reception 6 Awards and nominations 7 Games 8 Revival series 9 References 10 External links Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Magic School Bus characters Ms. Frizzle ( voiced by Lily Tomlin ) Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Magic School Bus episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 September 10 , 1994 December 3 , 1994 13 September 9 , 1995 December 2 , 1995 13 September 14 , 1996 December 25 , 1996 13 September 13 , 1997 December 6 , 1997 Production and broadcast ( edit ) In 1994 , The Magic School Bus concept was made into an animated series of the same name by Scholastic Entertainment and it premiered on September 10 , 1994 . The idea for the show was thought up by Former Scholastic Entertainment Vice President and Senior Editorial Director Craig Walker . Scholastic Entertainment president Deborah Forte said that adapting the books into an animated series was an opportunity to help kids `` learn about science in a fun way '' . Around that time , Forte had been hearing concerns from parents and teachers about how to improve science education for girls and minorities across the globe . Each episode of the series ran for 30 minutes . In the United States , the series originally aired on PBS as a part of its children 's block , PBS Kids , through South Carolina 's SCETV network ; it was the first fully animated series to be aired on PBS . The last episode aired on December 6 , 1997 ; the series then aired reruns on PBS until October 1998 . Fox Kids Network , in a hasty effort to fill educational television mandates for its stations , aired repeats on its weekday block from September 1998 to September 2002 . Starting September 27 , 2010 , The Magic School Bus started a daily run on Qubo in the US , and on Saturday mornings on NBC . The Fox Kids and Qubo airings both used a shortened version of the opening . Based on information from their website , Qubo no longer carries The Magic School Bus in their programming lineup . The Magic School Bus was also seen on TLC from February 24 , 2003 until 2008 , and aired on the Ready Set Learn block on Discovery Kids from 2004 to 2009 , TVOntario and the Knowledge Network in Canada and Pop , Channel 4 and CITV in the United Kingdom , with no plans to make more episodes . The series was widely known in Canada for showing reruns on CBC as part of its children 's block , now known as Kids ' CBC , from 1999 to 2004 . In 2005 , Nelvana sold the series to Latin America 's Cartoon Network . When The Magic School Bus was syndicated on commercial networks , the Producer Says segment at the end of each episode was cut out to make space for commercials . The Producer Says segments were only seen when the series was shown on non-commercial networks , international networks , VHS , and DVD releases . Within the episodes , there were also time points where the episode fades out and then fades back in after a series of commercials are shown . On non-commercial networks , VHS , and DVD releases the scene immediately fades back in right after it fades out as no commercials are shown . The show 's theme song called `` Ride on the Magic School Bus '' was written by Peter Lurye and performed by rock ' n ' roll legend Little Richard . The show was produced through cel animation and in an audio style reminiscent of Hanna - Barbera cartoons of the 1970s and 1980s . The show 's voice director was Susan Blu , two of the writers for the show were Brian Muehl and Jocelyn Stevenson , who also worked on Fraggle Rock . On the PBS version , the show was funded by the National Science Foundation , Microsoft Home , the US Department of Energy , the Carnegie Corporation of New York , the Corporation for Public Broadcasting , and the annual financial support from the viewers / stations of PBS . The show was close - captioned by the National Captioning Institute when it aired on PBS . Broadcast history ( edit ) In the United States , The Magic School Bus series was presented by PBS from its inception until 1998 , then by Fox Kids from 1998 until 2002 . Child - oriented network Qubo showed episodes between 2010 and 2012 . In Canada , it ran on Teletoon from 1998 until 2000 , and has run on TVO Kids from 1998 until the present time . It was presented internationally by Discovery Kids from 2004 to 2009 , and in the UK , Latin America , Australia , Spain , and India by Nickelodeon from 1995 to 2003 . It was also shown in the UK by Pop from 2003 to 2007 . It aired for some time on Channel 4 from 1996 to 2000 . It also aired on CITV from 1995 to 2002 . Other airers have included Disney Channel ( Japan , 2003 to 2005 ) , Kindernet ( 2003 to 2007 ) , EBS of South Korea ( 1995 to 1999 ) , Boomerang ( Latin America , 2001 - 2004 ) , The Den ( Ireland ) from 1995 to 2000 and Channel 6 ( Israel ) , 1999 to 2002 . Home Media ( edit ) The series was originally released on VHS by KidVision between 1995 and 2003 and by PBS Home Video between 1998 and 2002 , and on DVD by Warner Home Video between 2002 and 2013 . Only the DVDs contain the funding credits . In the home video releases , all the episodes are uncut with the Producer Says segments intact . In the UK , it was broadcast until mid-2007 when it was removed off the air on Pop channel . On July 31 , 2012 , New Video Group released the complete series on DVD in Region 1 for the very first time . On August 15 , 2013 , Scholastic announced the entire series would be available on Netflix . Reception ( edit ) Jason Fry , in a column for the online edition of The Wall Street Journal , expressed an overall appreciation for the show , but wrote that the episode `` The Magic School Bus Gets Programmed '' should have been about the perils of Internet searches and network concepts surfacing at the time , rather than an old - fashioned technology - run - amok story about the respective roles of programmer and machine ( although he conceded that the episode was ten years old ) . Tomlin won a Daytime Emmy for her role as Ms. Frizzle . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 1998 The Magic School Bus ALMA Award for Outstanding Program for Children or Youth Nominated 1997 The Magic School Bus Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Children 's Animated Program Nominated 1997 Lily Tomlin ( for playing `` Ms. Frizzle '' ) Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program Nominated 1997 The Magic School Bus Television Critics Association Award for Outstanding Achievement in Children 's Programming Nominated Lily Tomlin ( for playing `` Ms. Frizzle '' ) Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program Nominated Milton Buras ( for episode `` Halloween Special '' ) Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Hairstyling Nominated The Magic School Bus Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Children 's Animated Program Nominated The Magic School Bus NCLR Bravo Award for Outstanding Program for Children or Youth Nominated 1995 Lily Tomlin ( for playing `` Ms. Frizzle '' ) Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program Won 1995 The Magic School Bus title designers and graphic artists Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Graphics and Title Design Nominated 1995 The Magic School Bus ( for episode `` ... Meets the Rot Squad '' ) USA Environmental Media Award for Children 's Animated Program Nominated Games ( edit ) Main article : The Magic School Bus ( video game series ) Various computer and video games associated with the series were released from 1994 to 2001 , and were typically amalgamations of storylines from both the original book series and the television show . The games were published by Microsoft . A video game titled The Magic School Bus : Oceans was released for Nintendo DS on October 25 , 2011 , ten years after the release of the last game . The video game , similar to the computer game before it , was likely based on the book , The Magic School Bus On the Ocean Floor and the TV episode , The Magic School Bus Gets Eaten . This is the only game to have been released for the Nintendo platform . Revival series ( edit ) Main article : The Magic School Bus Rides Again On June 10 , 2014 , a new series was announced by Netflix and Scholastic Media titled The Magic School Bus 360 ° . The new iteration of the franchise features a modernized Ms. Frizzle and high - tech bus that stresses modern inventions such as robotics , wearables and camera technology . The producers hoped to captivate children 's imaginations and motivate their interest in the sciences . 9 Story Media Group would produce the series . Producer Stuart Stone , who voiced Ralphie in the original series , stated that The Magic School Bus 360 ° will feature some of the original voice actors in different roles . The show 's voice cast is based in Los Angeles , California , United States and Toronto , Ontario , Canada with Susan Blu as the Los Angeles voice director and Alyson Court as the Toronto voice director . In February 2017 , Netflix announced that Kate McKinnon was cast in the role of Fiona Felicity Frizzle , the younger sister of Ms. Frizzle , now Professor Frizzle . Lily Tomlin would reprise her role as Ms. Frizzle . By this point the title of the series had been changed to The Magic School Bus Rides Again . Lin - Manuel Miranda of Hamilton fame would sing the theme song . The series was released on Netflix on September 29 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Moody , Annemarie ( March 7 , 2009 ) . `` Word Knowledge is Power for WordGirl '' . Animation World Magazine . Animation World Network . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Green , Michelle Y. ( July 28 , 1997 ) . `` Scholastic Productions banks on Best - Sellers '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Cahners Publishing Co. / Reed Publishing ( USA ) Inc. 127 ( 31 ) : 48 . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , Melanie M. ( June 20 , 2005 ) . `` A Scholastic Achievement '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Cahners Publishing Co. / Reed Publishing ( USA ) Inc. 135 ( 25 ) : 30 . Jump up ^ Dinoff , Dustin ( November 7 , 2005 ) . `` Deals for Toons , Docs at MIPCOM '' . ( accessed through ProQuest . Playback : Canada 's Broadcast and Production Journal . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Little Richard on IMDb Jump up ^ Jacobs , Larry ; Bastien , Charles E. ( July 31 , 2012 ) , The Magic School Bus : The Complete Series , New Video Group , retrieved 2016 - 07 - 10 Jump up ^ `` Netflix Announces Top Rated , Award Winning Scholastic Television Shows now Available as Kids Go Back to School Scholastic Media Room '' . mediaroom.scholastic.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Fry , Jason ( December 10 , 2007 ) . `` Real Time : From PET to Net ; A Kid 's TV Show Leaves Your Columnist Pondering a Generation of Immense Change ; Online edition '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Biography : Lily Tomlin '' . American Theater Wing . May 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Elizabeth ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix Orders New Children 's Show Based on ' Magic School Bus '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Scholastic is Bringing The Magic School Bus 360 degrees to Netflix '' . Coming Soon . June 11 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Kidscreen '' Archive '' 9 Story boards Netflix 's Magic School Bus reboot `` . Kidscreen . February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Koch , Dave ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` Three New Animated Series , Reboots All '' . Big Cartoon News . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Magic School Bus 360 delayed to 2017 '' . Coming Soon ' . December 3 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Gael Fashingbauer Cooper ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` Celebrity cameos , familiar voices to ride ' Magic School Bus ' reboot '' . CNET . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Serrao , Nivea ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Kate McKinnon to voice Ms. Frizzle in Netflix 's ' Magic School Bus ' revival '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Lin - Manuel Miranda Updates ' Magic School Bus ' Theme Song for Netflix Reboot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` New to Netflix in September : ' Pulp Fiction ' , ' Jerry Before Seinfeld ' and More '' . EW.com . August 23 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Buses portal Official website The Magic School Bus on IMDb The Magic School Bus at the Big Cartoon DataBase The Magic School Bus 360 ° at the Big Cartoon DataBase The Magic School Bus at TV.com The Magic School Bus Rides Again at Netflix The Magic School Bus Book series In the Time of the Dinosaurs At the Waterworks Lost in the Solar System TV series The Magic School Bus episodes The Magic School Bus Rides Again Video games The Magic School Bus Characters List of The Magic School Bus characters PBS Kids original programming Former 1960s -- 1980s debuts Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood ( 1968 -- 2001 ) The Electric Company ( 1971 -- 1977 ) Zoom ( 1972 -- 1978 ) 3 - 2 - 1 Contact ( 1980 -- 1988 ) Powerhouse ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Reading Rainbow ( 1983 -- 2006 ) Newton 's Apple ( 1983 -- 1999 ) Kidsongs ( 1985 -- 1998 ) Square One Television ( 1987 -- 1992 ) Gerbert ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Shining Time Station ( 1989 -- 1995 ) Long Ago and Far Away ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Thomas & Friends ( 1989 -- 2017 ; moved to Nick Jr . ) 1990s debuts Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego ? ( 1991 -- 1995 ) The Big Comfy Couch ( 1992 -- 2006 ) Barney & Friends ( 1992 -- 2009 ) Lamb Chop 's Play Along ( 1992 -- 1997 ) Ghostwriter ( 1992 -- 95 ) Kino 's Storytime ( 1992 -- 97 ) Tots TV ( 1993 -- 1998 ) Theodore Tugboat ( 1993 -- 2001 ) Bill Nye the Science Guy ( 1993 -- 1998 ) The Adventures of Dudley the Dragon ( 1993 -- 1999 ) Katie and Orbie ( 1994 -- 2002 ) The Magic School Bus ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Globe Trekker ( 1994 -- 2010 ) The Huggabug Club ( 1995 -- 2000 ) The Puzzle Place ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Wimzie 's House ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Wishbone ( 1995 -- 2001 ) Groundling Marsh ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Kratts ' Creatures ( 1996 ) Where in Time Is Carmen Sandiego ? ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Adventures from the Book of Virtues ( 1996 -- 2000 ) In the Mix ( 1996 -- 2012 ) Teletubbies ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Caillou ( 1997 -- 2010 ) The Charlie Horse Music Pizza ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Noddy ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Jay Jay the Jet Plane ( 1998 -- 2005 ) Elmo 's World ( 1998 -- 2009 ) Zoom ( 1999 -- 2005 ) Zoboomafoo ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Redwall ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Dragon Tales ( 1999 -- 2005 ) 2000s debuts Between the Lions ( 2000 -- 2010 ) The Dooley and Pals Show ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Clifford the Big Red Dog ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Corduroy ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Elliot Moose ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Marvin the Tap - Dancing Horse ( 2000 -- 2002 ) George Shrinks ( 2000 -- 2004 ) Seven Little Monsters ( 2000 -- 2004 ) Timothy Goes to School ( 2000 -- 01 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Sagwa , the Chinese Siamese Cat ( 2001 -- 2002 ) DragonflyTV ( 2002 -- 2008 ) Angelina Ballerina ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Make Way for Noddy ( 2002 -- 2007 ) The Berenstain Bears ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Boohbah ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Jakers ! The Adventures of Piggley Winks ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Clifford 's Puppy Days ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Franny 's Feet ( 2004 -- 2011 ) Curiosity Quest ( 2004 -- 2015 ) Peep and the Big Wide World ( 2004 -- 2011 ) Maya & Miguel ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Postcards from Buster ( 2004 -- 2012 ) It 's a Big Big World ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Danger Rangers ( 2005 -- 2006 ) The Zula Patrol ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Signing Time ! ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Wunderkind Little Amadeus ( 2006 ) Fetch ! with Ruff Ruffman ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Curious George ( 2006 -- 2015 ) SeeMore 's Playhouse ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Design Squad ( 2007 -- 2011 ) WordGirl ( 2007 -- 2015 ) WordWorld ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Super Why ! ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Mama Mirabelle 's Home Movies ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Animalia ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Biz Kid $ ( 2008 -- 2012 ) Betsy 's Kindergarten Adventures ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Sid the Science Kid ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Martha Speaks ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Lomax , the Hound of Music ( 2008 ) The Electric Company ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Angelina Ballerina : The Next Steps ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Dinosaur Train ( 2009 -- 2017 ) 2010s debuts Mack & Moxy ( 2016 ) Current Sesame Street ( since 1969 , second run since 2016 ) Arthur ( since 1996 ) Cyberchase ( since 2002 ) Bob the Builder ( since 2005 ; aired first - run on Nick Jr. from 2001 - 04 ) SciGirls ( since 2010 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( since 2010 ) Wild Kratts ( since 2011 ) Daniel Tiger 's Neighborhood ( since 2012 ) Peg + Cat ( since 2013 ) Odd Squad ( since 2014 ) Nature Cat ( since 2015 ) Ready Jet Go ! ( since 2016 ) Splash and Bubbles ( since 2016 ) Upcoming Pinkalicious & Peterrific ( February 19 , 2018 ) Luna Around the World ( Fall 2018 ) See also PBS network shows Educational television PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch PBS Kids Go ! PBS Kids Preschool Block Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Magic_School_Bus_(TV_series)&oldid=823389962 '' Categories : The Magic School Bus 1994 American television series debuts 1997 American television series endings 1990s American animated television series 1994 Canadian television series debuts 1997 Canadian television series endings 1990s Canadian animated television series American children 's animated adventure television series American children 's animated science fantasy television series Canadian children 's animated adventure television series Canadian children 's animated science fantasy television series Buses in fiction Educational television series PBS network shows Qubo ITV children 's television programmes South Carolina Educational Television Television programs based on children 's books Television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Science education television series Television series by Nelvana English - language television programs Size change in fiction PBS Kids shows Shapeshifting in fiction American preschool education television series Canadian preschool education television series Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Српски / srpski 粵語 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 January 2018 , at 23 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings the original magic school bus theme song	[ "The show's theme song called \"Ride on the Magic School Bus\" was written by Peter Lurye and performed by rock 'n' roll legend Little Richard.[5]" ]	[ "Little Richard" ]
584935900437245235	List of dangerous snakes	List of dangerous snakes - wikipedia List of dangerous snakes Jump to : navigation , search This article 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Of the 3400 snake species , there are around 600 venomous snake species in the world . This is an overview of the snakes that pose a significant health risk to humans , through snakebites or other physical trauma . The varieties of snake that most often cause serious snakebites depend on the region of the world . In Africa , the most dangerous species include mambas , Egyptian cobras , puff adders , and carpet vipers ; in the Middle East the species of greatest concern are carpet vipers and elapids ; in Central and South America , Bothrops ( including the terciopelo or fer - de-lance ) and Crotalus ( rattlesnakes ) are of greatest concern . In South Asia , it has historically been believed that Indian cobras , common kraits , Russell 's viper and carpet vipers were the most dangerous species ; however other snakes may also cause significant problems in this area of the world . While several species of snakes may cause more bodily destruction than others , any of these venomous snakes are still very capable of causing human fatalities should a bite go untreated , regardless of their venom capabilities or behavioral tendencies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Most venomous 2 Extremely dangerous 2.1 Black mamba 2.2 Coastal taipan / Papuan taipan 3 Highly dangerous 3.1 The Big Four 3.1. 1 Indian cobra 3.1. 2 Common krait 3.1. 3 Russell 's viper 3.1. 4 Saw - scaled viper 3.2 Fer - de-lance 3.3 King cobra 3.4 Many - banded krait 3.5 Malayan krait 3.6 Inland taipan 3.7 Eastern brown snake 3.8 Common death adder 3.9 Tiger snake 3.10 Green mambas 3.11 True cobras 3.11. 1 Caspian cobra 3.11. 2 Forest cobra 3.11. 3 Philippine cobra 3.11. 4 Cape cobra 4 Considerably dangerous 4.1 Jararaca 4.2 South American bushmaster 4.3 Gaboon viper 4.4 True cobras 4.4. 1 Chinese cobra 4.4. 2 Monocled cobra 4.4. 3 Egyptian cobra 4.4. 4 Water cobras 4.4. 5 Black desert cobra 4.5 Spitting cobras 4.5. 1 Samar cobra 4.5. 2 Indochinese spitting cobra 4.5. 3 Black - necked spitting cobra 4.5. 4 Mozambique spitting cobra 4.5. 5 Mali cobra 4.6 Rinkhals 4.7 African vipers 4.7. 1 Puff adder 4.7. 2 Rhinoceros viper 4.8 Australian black snakes 4.8. 1 Red - bellied black snake 4.9 Australian brown snakes 4.9. 1 Dugite 4.9. 2 Western Brown snake 4.10 Rattlesnakes 4.10. 1 Tiger rattlesnake 4.10. 2 Cascabel 4.10. 3 Mojave rattlesnake 4.11 Pit vipers 4.11. 1 Malayan pit viper 4.11. 2 Sharp - nosed pit viper 5 References Most venomous ( edit ) Main article : Venomous snake The median lethal dose ( LD ) of a venom is the dose required to kill half the members of a tested population after a specified test duration . A lower LD is indicative of increased toxicity . There are four methods in which the LD test is measured : Subcutaneous : Venom is injected into the fatty layer beneath the skin . Intravenous : Venom is injected directly into a vein . Intramuscular : Venom is injected into a muscle . Intraperitoneal : Venom is injected into the abdominal cavity . The most commonly tested methods are subcutaneous and intravenous injections of mice . Subcutaneous is the most applicable to actual bites . Only large Bitis or extremely large Bothrops or Crotalus specimens would be able to deliver a bite that is truly intramuscular . Intravenous injections are extremely rare in actual bites . Testing using dry venom mixed with 0.1 % bovine serum albumin in saline , gives more consistent results than just saline alone . Most venomous snakes of the world Snake Region subcutaneous injection LD 0.1 % bovine serum albumin in Saline subcutaneous injection LD Saline intravenous injection LD Inland Taipan Inland , central Australia N / A 0.044 mg / kg N / A Eastern brown snake Australia , Papua New Guinea , Indonesia 0.041 mg / kg 0.053 mg / kg 0.01 mg / kg Yellow bellied sea snake Tropical oceanic waters N / A 0.067 mg / kg N / A Peron 's sea snake Gulf of Siam , Strait of Taiwan , Coral sea islands , and other places N / A 0.079 mg / kg N / A Coastal Taipan Australia 0.064 mg / kg 0.099 mg / kg 0.013 mg / kg Many - banded krait Mainland China , Taiwan , Vietnam , Laos , Burma N / A 0.108 mg / kg 0.113 mg / kg Black - banded sea krait eastern coast of the Malay Peninsula and Brunei , and in Halmahera , Indonesia ... N / A 0.111 mg / kg N / A Black tiger snake Australia 0.099 mg / kg 0.131 mg / kg N / A Western tiger snake Australia 0.124 mg / kg 0.194 mg / kg N / A Beaked sea snake Tropical Indo - Pacific 0.164 mg / kg 0.1125 mg / kg N / A Various species ' mice and estimated human fatality count based on maximum venom dose Species LD SC Dose Mice Humans Inland taipan ( O. microlepidotus ) 0.01 mg / kg 110 mg 1,085,000 289 Forest cobra ( N. melanoleuca ) 0.225 mg / kg 1102 mg 244,889 65 Eastern brown snake ( P. textilis ) 0.03 mg / kg 155 mg 212,329 58 Coastal taipan ( O. s . scutellatus ) 0.106 mg / kg 400 mg 208,019 56 Caspian cobra ( N. oxiana ) 0.18 mg / kg 590 mg 162,165 42 Black mamba ( D. polylepis ) 0.28 mg / kg 400 mg Russell 's viper ( D. russelli ) 0.162 mg / kg 268 mg 88,211 22 King cobra ( O. hannah ) 1.09 mg / kg 1000 mg 45,830 11 Indian cobra ( N. naja ) 0.80 mg / kg 610 mg 33,689 10 Cape cobra ( N. nivea ) 0.4 mg / kg 250 mg 31,250 9 Terciopelo ( B. asper ) 3.1 mg / kg 1530 mg 24,380 6 Gaboon viper ( B. gabonica ) 5 mg / kg 2400 mg 24,000 6 Saw - scaled viper ( E. carinatus ) 0.151 mg / kg 72 mg 23,841 6 Extremely dangerous ( edit ) Mortality ( often determined by measured toxicity on mice ) is a commonly used indicator to determine the danger of any given venomous snake , but important too are its efficiency of venom delivery , its venom yield and its behavior when it encounters humans . Many snake experts have cited the black mamba and the coastal taipan as the world 's most dangerous , albeit not the most venomous snakes . Both species are elapids , and in several aspects of morphology , ecology and behaviour , the coastal taipan is strongly convergent with the black mamba . Black mamba and coastal taipan bites require very rapid and vigorous antivenom therapy as without such intervention they are almost always fatal . The venoms of both species are exceptionally quick acting . Black mamba ( edit ) Black mamba ( Dendroaspis polylepis ) The African Black mamba ( Dendroaspis polylepis ) is a large and highly venomous snake species native to much of Sub-Saharan Africa . It is the second longest venomous snake species in the world and is the fastest moving land snake , capable of moving at 4.32 to 5.4 metres per second ( 16 -- 20 km / h , 10 -- 12 mph ) . It is the most feared and most dangerous snake species in Africa and it has a reputation as a fierce and territorial snake . When cornered or threatened , the black mamba can put up a fearsome display of defense and aggression . A black mamba will often mimic a cobra by spreading a neck - flap , exposing its black mouth , raising its body off the ground , and hissing . It can rear up around one - third of its body from the ground , which can put it at about four feet high . When warding off a threat , the black mamba delivers multiple strikes , injecting large amounts of virulently toxic venom with each strike , often landing bites on the body or head , unlike other snakes . Their strikes are very quick and extremely accurate and effective . If the attempt to scare away the threat fails , it will strike repeatedly . This species of snake often shows an incredible amount of tenacity , fearlessness , and aggression when cornered or threatened , during breeding season , or when defending its territory . They are also known to have a 100 % rate of envenomation . The probability of dry bites ( no venom injected ) in black mamba strikes is almost non-existent . The venom of the black mamba is a protein of low molecular weight and as a result is able to spread rapidly within the bitten tissue . The venom of this species is the most rapid - acting venom of any snake species and consists mainly of highly potent neurotoxins ; it also contains cardiotoxins , fasciculins , and calciseptine . Based on the Median lethal dose ( LD ) values in mice , the black mamba LD from all published sources is as follows : ( SC ) subcutaneous ( most applicable to real bites ) : 0.32 mg / kg , 0.28 mg / kg . ( IV ) intravenous : 0.25 mg / kg , 0.011 mg / kg . ( IP ) intraperitoneal : 0.30 mg / kg ( average ) , 0.941 mg / kg . 0.05 mg / kg ( the last quote does n't make it clear if is either intravenous or intraperitoneal ) . It is estimated that only 10 to 15 mg will kill a human adult ; however , its bites deliver about 120 mg of venom on average , although they may deliver up to 400 mg of venom in a single bite . If bitten , severe neurotoxicity invariably ensues rapidly . This is because of several factors that include the high potency of their venom , the unusual composition of synergistic toxins contained within the venom which bring on severe symptoms of envenomation and death much faster than any other venomous snake in the world . In addition , the species itself possesses the most advanced , evolved , and efficient venom delivery apparatus among all venomous snakes , and the most advanced and evolved dentition of all elapids . Black mambas possess the longest fangs of any elapid , averaging around 13.1 millimeters ( 0.52 in ) , but may grow as long as 22 millimeters ( 0.87 in ) . Another feature that distinguishes the dentition and the venom delivery apparatus of this species from all other elapids and other species of venomous snake , including those of the family Viperidae is the fact that the fangs are positioned well forward at the most - anterior position possible in its mouth - right up in the front of its upper jaw . The proteins in black mamba venom are of low molecular weight , low viscosity , and the venom 's high activity in terms of hyaluronidases , which is also essential in facilitating dispersion of venom toxins throughout tissue ( spreading the venom through the body ) by catalyzing the hydrolysis of hyaluronan , a constituent of the extracellular matrix ( ECM ) , hyaluronidase lowers the viscosity of hyaluronan , and Dendroaspin natriuretic peptide ( DNP ) , a newly discovered component of mamba venom , is the most - potent natriuretic peptide and it 's unique to the genus Dendroaspis , or mambas . It is a polypeptide analogous to the human atrial natriuretic peptide ; it is responsible for causing diuresis through natriuresis and dilating the vessel bloodstream , which results in , among other things , acceleration of venom distribution in the body of the victim , thereby increasing tissue permeability . These advanced and highly evolved physical and biological features combined with this species ' large size , explosive aggression , and quickness make the black mamba a terrifying adversary . Neurological , respiratory , and cardiovascular symptoms rapidly begin to manifest , usually within less than ten minutes . Common symptoms are rapid onset of dizziness , drowsiness , headache , coughing or difficulty breathing , convulsions , and an erratic heartbeat . Other common symptoms which come on rapidly include neuromuscular symptoms , shock , loss of consciousness , hypotension , pallor , ataxia , excessive salivation ( oral secretions may become profuse and thick ) , limb paralysis , nausea and vomiting , ptosis , fever , and severe abdominal pain . Local tissue damage appears to be relatively infrequent and of minor severity in most cases of black mamba envenomation . Edema is typically minimal . Acute renal failure has been reported in a few cases of black mamba bites in humans as well as in animal models . The venom of this species has been known to cause permanent paralysis in some cases . Death is due to suffocation resulting from paralysis of the respiratory muscles . Untreated black mamba bites have a mortality rate of 100 % . Antivenom therapy is the mainstay of treatment for black mamba envenomation . A polyvalent antivenom produced by the South African Institute for Medical Research ( SAIMR ) is used to treat all black mamba bites from different localities . Because of the availability of antivenom , a bite from a black mamba no longer results in certain death , but in order for the antivenom therapy to be successful , vigorous treatment and large doses of antivenom must be administered rapidly post-envenomation . In case studies of black mamba envenomation , respiratory paralysis has occurred in less than 15 minutes . Envenomation by this species invariably causes severe neurotoxicity because black mambas often strike repeatedly in a single lunge , biting the victim up to 12 times in extremely rapid succession . Such an attack is fast , lasting less than one second , and so it may appear to be a single strike and single bite . With each bite , the snake delivers anywhere from 100 to 400 mg of a rapid - acting and virulently toxic venom . As a result , the doses of antivenom required are often massive ( 10 -- 30 + vials ) for bites from this species . Although antivenom saves many lives , mortality due to black mamba envenomation is still at 14 % , even with antivenom treatment . In addition to antivenom treatment , endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation are required for supportive therapy . Coastal taipan / Papuan taipan ( edit ) Coastal taipan ( Oxyuranus scutellatus scutellatus ) at Taronga Zoo The Coastal taipan ( Oxyuranus scutellatus scutellatus ) is a large , highly venomous Australian elapid that ranges in an arc along the east coast of Australia from northeastern New South Wales through Queensland and across the northern parts of the Northern Territory to northern Western Australia . It has one subspecies , the Papuan taipan ( Oxyuranus scutellatus canni ) . The Papuan taipan is found throughout the southern parts of the island of New Guinea . This snake can be highly aggressive when cornered and will actively defend itself . They are extremely nervous and alert snakes , and any movement near them is likely to trigger an attack . When threatened , this species adopts a loose striking stance with its head and forebody raised . It inflates and compresses its body laterally ( not dorso - ventrally like many other species ) and may also spread the back of its jaws to give the head a broader , lance - shaped appearance . In this position the snake will strike without much provocation , inflicting multiple bites with extreme accuracy and efficiency . The muscular lightweight body of the Taipan allows it to hurl itself forwards or sideways and reach high off the ground , and such is the speed of the attack that a person may be bitten several times before realizing the snake is there . This snake is considered to be one of the most venomous in the world . Ernst and Zug et al. 1996 and the Australian venom and toxin database both list a LD value of 0.106 mg / kg for subcutaneous injection . Engelmann and Obst ( 1981 ) list a value of 0.12 mg / kg SC , with an average venom yield of 120 mg per bite and a maximum record of 400 mg . To demonstrate just how deadly this species is , an estimate was made on the number of mice and adult human fatalities it is capable of causing in a single bite that yields the maximum dose of 400 mg . Based on the study by Ernst and Zug et al. 1996 , which listed the LD of the coastal taipan at 0.106 mg SC and a venom yield of 400 mg , this would be sufficient enough to kill 208,019 mice and 59 adult humans in a single bite that delivers 400 mg of venom . The venom apparatus of this species is well developed . The fangs are the longest of any Australian elapid snake , being up to 1.2 cm ( 0.5 in ) long , and are able to be brought forward slightly when a strike is contemplated . Coastal taipans can inject large amounts of highly toxic venom deep into tissue . Its venom contains primarily taicatoxin , a highly potent neurotoxin known to cause hemolytic and coagulopathic reactions . The venom affects the nervous system and the blood 's ability to clot , and bite victims may experience headache , nausea and vomiting , collapse , convulsions ( especially in children ) , paralysis , internal bleeding , myolysis ( destruction of muscle tissue ) and kidney damage . In a single study done in Papua New Guinea , 166 patients with enzyme immunoassay - proven bites by Papuan taipans ( Oxyuranus scutellatus canni ) were studied in Port Moresby , Papua New Guinea . Of the 166 bite victims , 139 ( 84 % ) showed clinical evidence of envenoming : local signs were trivial , but the majority developed hemostatic disorders and neurotoxicity . The blood of 77 % of the patients was incoagulable and 35 % bled spontaneously , usually from the gums . Microhematuria was observed in 51 % of the patients . Neurotoxic symptoms ( ptosis , ophthalmoplegia , bulbar paralysis , and peripheral muscular weakness ) developed in 85 % . Endotracheal intubation was required in 42 % and mechanical ventilation in 37 % . Electrocardiographic ( ECG or EKG ) abnormalities were found in 52 % of a group of 69 unselected patients . Specific antivenom raised against Australian taipan venom was effective in stopping spontaneous systemic bleeding and restoring blood coagulability but , in most cases , it neither reversed nor prevented the evolution of paralysis even when given within a few hours of the bite . However , early antivenom treatment was associated statistically with decreased incidence and severity of neurotoxic signs . The low case fatality rate of 4.3 % is attributable mainly to the use of mechanical ventilation , a technique rarely available in Papua New Guinea . Earlier use of increased doses of antivenoms of improved specificity might prove more effective . The onset of symptoms is often rapid , and a bite from this species is a life - threatening medical emergency . Prior to the introduction of specific antivenom by the Commonwealth Serum Laboratories in 1956 , a coastal taipan bite was nearly always fatal . In case of severe envenomation , death can occur as early as 30 minutes after being bitten , but average death time after a bite is around 3 -- 6 hours and it is variable , depending on various factors such as the nature of the bite and the health state of the victim . Envenomation rate is very high , over 80 % of bites inject venom . The mortality rate among untreated bite victims is nearly 100 % . Highly dangerous ( edit ) The Big four ( edit ) The Big Four are the four venomous snake species responsible for causing the most snake bite cases in South Asia ( mostly in India ) . The Big Four snakes cause far more snakebites because they are much more abundant in highly populated areas . They are the Indian cobra ( Naja naja ) , common krait ( Bungarus caeruleus ) , Russell 's viper ( Daboia russelii ) and the Saw - scaled viper ( Echis carinatus ) . Indian cobra ( edit ) Indian cobra ( Naja naja ) The Indian cobra ( naga raja ) is a moderately venomous species , but has a rapid - acting venom . In mice , the SC LD for this species is 0.80 mg / kg and the average venom yield per bite is between 169 and 250 mg . Though it is responsible for many bites , only a small percentage are fatal if proper medical treatment and antivenom are given . The mortality rate for untreated bite victims can vary from case to case , depending upon the quantity of venom delivered by the individual involved . According to one study , it is approximately 15 -- 20 % but in another study , with 1,224 bite cases , the mortality rate was only 6.5 % . Estimated fatalities as a result of this species is approximately 15,000 per year , but they are responsible for an estimated 100,000 - 150,000 non-fatal bites per year . Common krait ( edit ) Common krait ( Bungarus caeruleus ) The common krait ( Bungarus caeruleus ) is often considered to be the most dangerous snake species in India . Its venom consists mostly of powerful neurotoxins which induce muscle paralysis . Clinically , its venom contains pre synaptic and postsynaptic neurotoxins , which generally affect the nerve endings near the synaptic cleft of the brain . Due to the fact that krait venom contains many presynaptic neurotoxins , patients bitten will often not respond to antivenom because once paralysis has developed it is not reversible . This species causes an estimated 10,000 fatalities per year in India alone . There is a 70 - 80 % mortality rate in cases where there is no possible or poor and ineffective treatment ( e.g. , no use of mechanical ventilation , low quantities of antivenom , poor management of possible infection ) . Average venom yield per bite is 10 mg ( Brown , 1973 ) , 8 to 20 mg ( dry weight ) ( U.S. Dept . Navy , 1968 ) , and 8 to 12 mg ( dry weight ) ( Minton , 1974 ) . The lethal adult human dose is 2.5 mg . In mice , the LD values of its venom are 0.365 mg / kg SC , 0.169 mg / kg IV and 0.089 mg / kg IP . Russell 's viper ( edit ) Russell 's viper ( Daboia russelii ) Russell 's viper ( Daboia russelii ) produces one of the most excruciatingly painful bites of all venomous snakes . Internal bleeding is common . Bruising , blistering and necrosis may appear relatively quickly as well . The Russell 's viper is irritable , short - tempered and a very aggressive snake by nature and when irritated , coils tightly , hisses , and strikes with lightning speed . This species is responsible for more human fatalities in India than any other snake species , causing an estimated 25,000 fatalities annually . The LD in mice , which is used as a possible indicator of snake venom toxicity , is as follows : 0.133 mg / kg intravenous , 0.40 mg / kg intraperitoneal , and about 0.75 mg / kg subcutaneous . For most humans , a lethal dose is approximately 40 -- 70 mg . However , the quantity of venom produced by individual specimens is considerable . Reported venom yields for adult specimens range from 130 -- 250 mg to 150 -- 250 mg to 21 -- 268 mg . For 13 juveniles with an average length of 79 cm , the average venom yield was 8 -- 79 mg ( mean 45 mg ) . Saw - scaled viper ( edit ) Saw - scaled viper ( Echis carinatus ) The Saw - scaled viper ( Echis carinatus ) is small , but its unpredictability , aggressive temper , and lethal venom potency make it very dangerous . This species is one of the fastest striking snakes in the world , and mortality rates for those bitten are very high . In India alone , the saw - scaled viper is responsible for an estimated 5,000 human fatalities annually . However , because it ranges from Pakistan , India ( in rocky regions of Maharashtra , Rajasthan , Uttar Pradesh and Punjab ) , Sri Lanka , parts of the Middle East and Africa north of the equator , is believed to cause more human fatalities every year than any other snake species . In drier regions of the African continent , such as sahels and savannas , the saw - scaled vipers inflict up to 90 % of all bites . The rate of envenomation is over 80 % . The saw - scaled viper also produces a particularly painful bite . This species produces on the average of about 18 mg of dry venom by weight , with a recorded maximum of 72 mg . It may inject as much as 12 mg , whereas the lethal dose for an adult human is estimated to be only 5 mg . Envenomation results in local symptoms as well as severe systemic symptoms that may prove fatal . Local symptoms include swelling and intense pain , which appear within minutes of a bite . In very bad cases the swelling may extend up the entire affected limb within 12 -- 24 hours and blisters form on the skin . Of the more dangerous systemic symptoms , hemorrhage and coagulation defects are the most striking . Hematemesis , melena , hemoptysis , hematuria and epistaxis also occur and may lead to hypovolemic shock . Almost all patients develop oliguria or anuria within a few hours to as late as 6 days post bite . In some cases , kidney dialysis is necessary due to acute renal failure ( ARF ) , but this is not often caused by hypotension . It is more often the result of intravascular hemolysis , which occurs in about half of all cases . In other cases , ARF is often caused by disseminated intravascular coagulation . Fer - de-lance ( edit ) Fer - de-lance ( Bothrops asper ) The Fer - de-lance or Terciopelo ( Bothrops asper ) has been described as excitable and unpredictable when disturbed . They can , and often will , move very quickly , usually opting to flee from danger , but can suddenly reverse direction to vigorously defend themselves . Adult specimens , when cornered and fully alert , should be considered dangerous . In a review of bites from this species suffered by field biologists , Hardy ( 1994 ) referred to it as the `` ultimate pit viper '' . Venom yield ( dry weight ) averages 458 mg , with a maximum of 1530 mg ( Bolaños , 1984 ) and an LD in mice of 2.844 mg / kg IP . This species is an important cause of snakebite within its range . It is considered the most dangerous snake in Costa Rica , responsible for 46 % of all bites and 30 % of all hospitalized cases ; before 1947 , the fatality rate was 7 % , but this has since declined to almost 0 % ( Bolaños , 1984 ) , mostly due to the Clodomiro Picado Research Institute , responsible for the production of antivenom . In the Colombian states of Antioquia and Chocó , it causes 50 - 70 % of all snakebites , with a sequelae rate of 6 % and a fatality rate of 5 % ( Otero et al. , 1992 ) . In the state of Lara , Venezuela , it is responsible for 78 % of all envenomations and all snakebite fatalities ( Dao - L. , 1971 ) . One of the reasons so many people are bitten is because of its association with human habitation and many bites occur indoors ( Sasa & Vázquez , 2003 ) . King cobra ( edit ) King cobra ( Ophiophagus hannah ) , Kaeng Krachan National Park The King cobra ( Ophiophagus hannah ) is the longest venomous snake in the world , and it can inject very high volumes of venom in a single bite . The venom LD is 1.80 mg / kg SC according to Broad et al. ( 1979 ) . The mean value of subcutaneous LD of five wild - caught king cobras in Southeast Asia was determined as 1.93 mg / kg . Between 350 and 500 mg ( dry weight ) of venom can be injected at once ( Minton , 1974 ) . In another study by ( Broad et al. , 1979 ) , the average venom quantity was 421 mg ( dry weight of milked venom ) . The maximum venom yield is approximately 1000 mg ( dry weight ) . The king cobra has a fearsome reputation . When annoyed , it spreads a narrow hood and growls loudly , but some scientists claim that their aggressiveness is grossly exaggerated . In most of the local encounters with live , wild king cobras , the snakes appear to be of rather placid disposition , and they usually end up being killed or subdued with hardly any hysterics . These support the view that wild king cobras generally have a mild temperament , and despite their frequent occurrence in disturbed and built - up areas , are adept at avoiding humans . Naturalist Michael Wilmer Forbes Tweedie felt that `` this notion is based on the general tendency to dramatise all attributes of snakes with little regard for the truth about them . A moment 's reflection shows that this must be so , for the species is not uncommon , even in populated areas , and consciously or unconsciously , people must encounter king cobras quite frequently . If the snake were really habitually aggressive records of its bite would be frequent ; as it is they are extremely rare . '' Mortality rates vary sharply depending on many factors . In cases where envenomation is severe , death can be rapid . Many - banded krait ( edit ) Many - banded krait ( Bungarus multicinctus ) The Many - banded krait ( Bungarus multicinctus ) is the most venomous krait species known based on toxinological studies conducted on mice . The venom of the many - banded krait consists of both pre - and postsynaptic neurotoxins ( known as α - bungarotoxins and β - bungarotoxins , among others ) . Due to poor response to antivenom therapy , mortality rates are very high in cases of envenomation - up to 50 % of cases that receive antivenom are fatal . Case fatality rates of the many - banded krait envenoming reach up to 77 % -- 100 % without treatment . The average venom yield from specimens kept on snake farms was between 4.6 -- 18.4 mg per bite . In another study , the average venom yield was 11 mg ( Sawai , 1976 ) . The venom is possibly the most toxic of any Bungarus ( krait ) species and possibly the most toxic of any snake species in Asia , with LD values of 0.09 mg / kg -- 0.108 mg / kg SC , 0.113 mg / kg IV and 0.08 mg / kg IP on mice . Based on several LD studies , the many - banded krait is among the most venomous land snake in the world . The Taiwan National Poison Control Center reports that the chief cause of deaths from snakebites during the decade ( 2002 - 2012 ) was respiratory failure , 80 % of which was caused by bites from the many - banded krait . Malayan krait ( edit ) Malayan krait ( Bungarus candidus ) The Malayan krait ( Bungarus candidus ) is another dangerously venomous species of krait . In mice , the IV LD for this species is 0.1 mg / kg . Envenomation rate among this species is very high and the untreated mortality is 70 % , although even with antivenom and mechanical ventilation the mortality rate is at 50 % . Inland taipan ( edit ) Inland taipan ( Oxyuranus microlepidotus ) The Inland taipan ( Oxyuranus microlepidotus ) is considered the most venomous snake in the world with a murine LD value of 0.025 mg / kg SC . Ernst and Zug et al. 1996 list a value of 0.01 mg / kg SC , which makes it the most venomous snake in the world in their study too . They have an average venom yield of 44 mg . Bites from this species have a mortality rate of 80 % if left untreated , although it is very rare for this species to bite . This species is known to be a very shy , reclusive and a laid - back snake that will nearly always slither away from disturbance . It is not an aggressive species and rarely strikes . Eastern Brown snake ( edit ) Eastern brown snake ( Pseudonaja textilis ) The Eastern brown snake ( Pseudonaja textilis ) has a venom LD value of 0.053 mg SC according to ( Brown , 1973 ) and a value of 0.0365 mg SC according to ( Ernst and Zug et al. 1996 ) . According to both studies , it is the second most venomous snake in the world . Average venom yield is 2 -- 6 mg according to ( Meier and White , 1995 ) . According to ( Minton , 1974 ) average venom yield ( dry weight ) is between 5 -- 10 mg . Maximum venom yield for this species is 155 mg . This species is legendary for its bad temper , aggression , and for its speed . This species is responsible for more deaths every year in Australia than any other group of snakes . Common death adder ( edit ) Common death adder ( Acanthophis antarcticus ) The Common death adder ( Acanthophis antarcticus ) is a highly venomous snake species with a 50 - 60 % untreated mortality rate . It is also the fastest striking venomous snake in the world . A death adder can go from a strike position , to strike and envenoming their prey , and back to strike position again , in less than 0.15 seconds . The SC LD value is 0.4 mg / kg and the venom yield per bite can range anywhere from 70 -- 236 mg . Unlike other snakes that flee from approaching humans crashing through the undergrowth , common death adders are more likely to sit tight and risk being stepped on , making them more dangerous to the unwary bushwalker . They are said to be reluctant to bite unless actually touched . Tiger snake ( edit ) Tiger snake ( Notechis spp . ) Tiger snakes ( Notechis spp ) are highly venomous . Their venoms possess potent neurotoxins , coagulants , haemolysins and myotoxins and the venom is quick - acting with rapid onset of breathing difficulties and paralysis . The untreated mortality rate from tiger snake bites is reported to be between 40 and 60 % . They are a major cause of snakebites and occasional snakebite deaths in Australia . The African Tiger snake ( Telescopus semiannulatus ) , 60 -- 70 cm long , on the other hand , is rear - fanged and only mildly venomous and not dangerous to humans . Green mambas ( edit ) Western green mamba ( Dendroaspis viridis ) Green mambas ( Western , Eastern , and Jameson 's ) are all highly venomous snakes that can be highly aggressive and unpredictable in disposition . They can suddenly go from a state of relative calm to an extremely agitated and dangerous state . All three species have a tendency to strike repeatedly with little provocation , although they are generally much less aggressive than their larger cousin , the Black mamba . All three species of green mamba are highly arboreal , alert , extremely quick , and agile . Although the potency of their venom is similar to the more venomous cobra species , mamba venom is much more rapid - acting and the dendrotoxins contained in mamba venom is generally more devastating in nature to the central nervous system , causing more severe neurotoxicity in more rapid fashion . The Western green mamba ( Dendroaspis viridis ) is highly venomous and aggressive with a LD of 0.7 mg / kg SC and the average venom yield per bite is approximately 100 mg . The mortality rate of untreated bites is unknown but is thought to be very high ( > 80 % ) . The Eastern green mamba ( Dendroaspis angusticeps ) has an average venom yield per bite of 80 mg according to Engelmann and Obst ( 1981 ) . The subcutaneous LD for this species ranges from 0.40 mg / kg to 3.05 mg / kg depending on different toxicology studies , authority figures and estimates . The mortality rate of untreated bites is unknown but is thought to be very high ( 70 - 75 % ) . Generally the calmest and most shy of the green mamba species , the Eastern green will still strike repeatedly if cornered or agitated . The Jameson 's mamba ( Dendroaspis jamesoni ) is known to be quite aggressive and defensive . The average venom yield per bite for this species is 80 mg , but some specimens may yield as much as 120 mg in a single bite . The SC LD for this species according to Brown ( 1973 ) is 1.0 mg / kg , while the IV LD is 0.8 mg / kg . Envenomation by a Jameson 's mamba can be deadly in as little as 30 to 120 minutes after being bitten , if proper medical treatment is not attained . The mortality rate of untreated bites is not exactly known , but it 's said to be very high ( > 80 % ) . True cobras ( edit ) The cobras ( Naja spp ) are a medically important group of snakes due to the number of bites and fatalities they cause across their geographical range . The genus Naja consists of 20 to 22 species , but has undergone several taxonomic revisions in recent years , so sources vary greatly . They range throughout Africa ( including some parts of the Sahara where Naja haje can be found ) , Southwest Asia , Central Asia , South Asia , East Asia , and Southeast Asia . The most recent revision , listed 28 species after the synonymisation of Boulengerina and Paranaja with Naja . But unlike some other members of the Elapidae family ( the species of the genus Bungarus , genus Oxyuranus , genus Pseudohaje , and especially genus Dendroaspis ) , half of the bites by many species of both African and Asian origin of the genus Naja are `` dry bites '' ( a dry bite is a bite by a venomous snake in which no venom is released ) . Roughly 45 - 50 % of bites by most cobra species are dry bites and thus do n't cause envenomation . Some of the species which are known and documented to deliver dry bites in a majority of cases ( 50 % + ) include : Naja naja , Naja kaouthia , Naja sputatrix , Naja siamensis , Naja haje , Naja annulifera , Naja anchietae and Naja nigricollis . Some species will inject venom in the majority of their bites , but still deliver high number of dry bites ( 40 - 45 % ) include : Naja sumatrana , Naja melanoleuca , Naja atra , Naja mossambica and Naja katiensis . Within this genus , there are a few species in which dry bites are very rare . Envenoming occurs in at least 75 - 80 % of bite cases involving these species . The species which typically cause envenomation in the majority of their bites include some of the more dangerous and venomous species of this genus : Naja oxiana , Naja philippinensis , Naja nivea , and Naja samarensis . There are many more species within the genus which have not yet been subject to much research and studies , and as a result , very little is known about their behaviour , venom , diet , habitat and general temperaments . Some of these species include Naja sagittifera , Naja annulata , Naja christyi and many others . Caspian cobra ( edit ) Caspian cobra ( Naja oxiana ) The most medically important species of snake bites in Central Asia is the Caspian cobra ( Naja oxiana ) . It is the most venomous species of cobra in the world , slightly ahead of the Philippines cobra based on a toxinological study from 1992 found in the Indian Journal of Experimental Biology , in which this species produced the highest potency venom among cobras . The venom of this species has the most potent composition of toxins found among any cobra species known . It is made up of primarily highly potent neurotoxins but it also has cytotoxic activity ( tissue - death , necrosis ) and cardiotoxins . Two forms of `` cytotoxin II '' ( cardiotoxin ) were found in the venom of this species . The crude venom of this species produced the lowest known lethal dose ( LCLo ) of 0.005 mg / kg , the lowest among all cobra species , derived from an individual case of poisoning by intracerebroventricular injection . A 1992 extensive toxinology study gave a value of 0.18 mg / kg ( range of 0.1 mg / kg - 0.26 mg / kg ) by subcutaneous injection . According to Brown ( 1973 ) , the subcutaneous LD value is 0.4 mg / kg , while Ernst and Zug et al. list a value of 0.21 mg / kg SC and 0.037 mg / kg IV . Latifi ( 1984 ) listed a subcutaneous value of 0.2 mg / kg . In another study , where venom was collected from a number of specimens in Iran , the IV LD in lab mice was 0.078 mg / kg . Average venom yield per bite for this species is between 75 and 125 mg ( dry weight ) , but it may yield up to 590 mg ( dry weight ) in a single bite . The bite of this species may cause severe pain and swelling , along with severe neurotoxicity . Weakness , drowsiness , ataxia , hypotension , and paralysis of throat and limbs may appear in less than one hour after the bite . Without medical treatment , symptoms rapidly worsen and death can occur rapidly after a bite due to respiratory failure . An adult woman bitten by this species in northwestern Pakistan suffered severe neurotoxicity and died while en route to the closest hospital nearly 50 minutes after envenomation . Between 1979 and 1987 , 136 confirmed bites were attributed to this species in the former Soviet Union . Of the 136 , 121 received antivenom , and only four died . Of the 15 who did not receive antivenom , 11 died . This species is an abundant snake in northeastern Iran and is responsible for a very large number of snakebite mortalities . Antivenom is not as effective for envenomation by this species as it is for other Asiatic cobras within the same region , like the Indian cobra ( Naja naja ) and due to the dangerous toxicity of this species ' venom , massive amounts of antivenom are often required for patients . As a result , a monovalent antivenom serum is being developed by the Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute in Iran . The untreated mortality rate for this species is 70 - 75 % , which is the highest among all cobra species of the genus Naja . Forest cobra ( edit ) Forest cobra ( Naja melanoleuca ) , Kakamega Forest , Kenya The Forest cobra ( Naja melanoleuca ) is the largest true cobra of the genus Naja and is a very bad - tempered , aggressive , and irritable snake when cornered or molested as handled in captivity . According to Brown ( 1973 ) this species has a murine IP LD value of 0.324 mg / kg , while the IV LD value is 0.6 mg / kg . Ernst and Zug et al. 1996 list a value of 0.225 mg / kg SC . The average venom yield per bite is 571 mg and the maximum venom yield is 1102 mg . The forest cobra is one of the least frequent causes of snake bite among the African cobras , this is largely due to its forest - dwelling habits . It is the largest of the Naja cobras and the venom is considered highly toxic . If the snake becomes cornered or is agitated , it can quickly attack the aggressor , and if a large amount of venom is injected , a rapidly fatal outcome is possible . Clinical experience with forest cobras has been very sparse , and few recorded bites have been documented . However , in 2008 , around the area of Friguiagbé in Guinea , there were 375 bites attributed to the forest cobra and of those 79 were fatal . Most of the fatal bites were patients who received no medical treatment . Deaths from respiratory failure have been reported , but most victims will survive if prompt administration of antivenom is undertaken as soon as clinical signs of envenomation have been noted . Philippine cobra ( edit ) Philippine cobra ( naga philippinensis ) The Philippine cobra ( Naga philippinensis ) is one of the most venomous cobra species in the world based on murine LD studies . The average subcutaneous LD for this species is 0.20 mg / kg . The lowest LD reported value for this snake is 0.14 mg / kg SC , while the highest is 0.48 mg / kg SC. and the average venom yield per bite is 90 -- 100 mg . The venom of the Philippine cobra is a potent postsynaptic neurotoxin which affects respiratory function and can cause neurotoxicity and respiratory paralysis , as the neurotoxins interrupt the transmission of nerve signals by binding to the neuromuscular junctions near the muscles . Research has shown its venom is purely a neurotoxin , with no apparent necrotizing components and no cardiotoxins . These snakes are capable of accurately spitting their venom at a target up to 3 metres ( 9.8 ft ) away . Bites from this species produce prominent neurotoxicity and are considered especially dangerous . A study of 39 patients envenomed by the Philippine cobra was conducted in 1988 . Neurotoxicity occurred in 38 cases and was the predominant clinical feature . Complete Respiratory failure developed in 19 patients , and was often rapid in onset ; in three cases , apnea occurred within just 30 minutes of the bite . There were two deaths , both in patients who were moribund upon arrival at the hospital . Three patients developed necrosis , and 14 individuals with systemic symptoms had no local swelling at all . Both cardiotoxicity and reliable nonspecific signs of envenoming were absent . Bites by the Philippine cobra produce a distinctive clinical picture characterized by severe neurotoxicity of rapid onset and minimal local tissue damage . Cape cobra ( edit ) Cape cobra ( Naja nivea ) The Cape cobra ( Naja nivea ) is regarded as one of the most dangerous species of cobra in Africa , by virtue of its potent venom and frequent occurrence around houses . The venom of this snake tends to be thick and syrupy in consistency and dries into shiny pale flakes , not unlike yellow sugar . The Cape cobras venom is made up of potent postsynaptic neurotoxins and might also contain cardiotoxins , that affect the respiratory system , nervous system , and the heart . The mouse SC LD for this species ' venom is 0.72 , while the IV and IP LD values are 0.4 mg / kg and 0.6 mg / kg , respectively . The average venom yield per bite is 100 to 150 mg according to Minton . The mortality rate for untreated bites is not exactly known , but is thought to be high . This can be because of various factors including the amount of venom injected , psychological state of the bitten subject and the penetration of one or both fangs . Mechanical ventilation and symptom management is often enough to save a victim 's life , but cases of serious Cape cobra envenomation will require antivenom . When death does occur , it normally takes anywhere from an hour ( in severe cases ) to ten hours ( or more ) and it is often as a result of respiratory failure , because of the onset of paralysis . The antivenom used in case of a bite is a polyvalent antivenom produced by the South African Institute of Medical Research ( SAIMR ) . Considerably dangerous ( edit ) Jararaca ( edit ) Jararaca ( Bothrops jararaca ) The Jararaca ( Bothrops jararaca ) is a species that is often abundant within its range , where it is an important cause of snakebite . It is the best - known venomous snake in the wealthy and heavily populated areas of southeastern Brazil , where it was responsible for 52 % ( 3,446 cases ) of snakebites between 1902 and 1945 , with a 0.7 % mortality rate ( 25 deaths ) . The average venom yield is 25 -- 26 milligrams ( 0.39 -- 0.40 gr ) with a maximum of 300 milligrams ( 4.6 gr ) of dried venom . The venom is slightly more toxic than that of the terciopelo or fer - de-lance ( B. asper ) . In mice , the median lethal dose ( LD ) is 1.2 - 1.3 mg / kg IV , 1.4 mg / kg IP and 3.0 mg / kg SC . For humans , the LD is estimated to be 210 milligrams ( 3.2 gr ) subcutaneous . South American bushmaster ( edit ) South American bushmaster ( Lachesis muta muta ) The South American bushmaster ( Lachesis muta muta ) is the longest species of venomous snake in the Western Hemisphere and the longest pit viper in the world . It is native to parts of South America , especially the equatorial forests east of the Andes . They are active at dusk or after dark and so they are very secretive and elusive . This species is large , fast and has a reputation for being particularly aggressive when cornered . Some reports suggest that this species produces a large amount of venom that is weak compared to some other vipers . Others , however , suggest that such conclusions may not be accurate . These animals are badly affected by stress and rarely live long in captivity . This makes it difficult to obtain venom in useful quantities and good condition for study purposes . For example , Bolaños ( 1972 ) observed that venom yield from his specimens fell from 233 mg to 64 mg while they remained in his care . As the stress of being milked regularly has this effect on venom yield , it is reasoned that it may also affect venom toxicity . This may explain the disparity described by Hardy and Haad ( 1998 ) between the low laboratory toxicity of the venom and the high mortality rate of bite victims . However , wild specimens have an average venom yield per bite of 280 -- 450 mg ( dry weight ) ( U.S. Dept . Navy , 1968 ) . According to ( Sanchez et al. , 1992 ) , who used wild specimens from Pará , Brazil , the average venom yield per bite was 324 mg , with a range of 168 -- 552 mg ( dry weight ) . Brown ( 1973 ) gives the following LD values for mice : 1.5 mg / kg IV , 1.6 -- 6.2 mg / kg IP , 6.0 mg / kg SC . He also notes a venom yield of 200 -- 411 mg . Human envenoming by this species , although infrequent , can be rather severe due to the large volumes of venom injected . Envenomation is characterized by pronounced local tissue damage and systemic dysfunctions , including massive internal bleeding . Gaboon viper ( edit ) Gaboon viper ( Bitis gabonica ) The Gaboon viper ( Bitis gabonica ) , although generally docile and sluggish , has the longest fangs of any venomous snake and their venom glands are enormous and each bite produces the largest quantities of venom of any venomous snake . Yield is probably related to body weight , as opposed to milking interval . Brown ( 1973 ) gives a venom yield range of 200 -- 1000 mg ( of dried venom ) , A range of 200 -- 600 mg for specimens 125 -- 155 cm in length has also been reported . Spawls and Branch ( 1995 ) state from 5 to 7 ml ( 450 -- 600 mg ) of venom may be injected in a single bite . Based on how sensitive monkeys were to the venom , Whaler ( 1971 ) estimated 14 mg of venom would be enough to kill a human being : equivalent to 0.06 ml of venom , or 1 / 50 to 1 / 1000 of what can be obtained in a single milking . Marsh and Whaler ( 1984 ) wrote that 35 mg ( 1 / 30 of the average venom yield ) would be enough to kill a man of 70 kilograms ( 150 lb ) . A study by Marsh and Whaler ( 1984 ) reported a maximum yield of 9.7 ml of wet venom , which translated to 2400 mg of dried venom . They attached `` alligator '' clip electrodes to the angle of the open jaw of anesthetized specimens ( length 133 -- 136 cm , girth 23 -- 25 cm , weight 1.3 -- 3.4 kg ) , yielding 1.3 -- 7.6 ml ( mean 4.4 ml ) of venom . Two to three electrical bursts within a space of five seconds apart were enough to empty the venom glands . The snakes used for the study were milked seven to 11 times over a 12 - month period , during which they remained in good health and the potency of their venom remained the same . In addition , Gaboon vipers produce the most painful bite of any venomous snake in the world . A bite causes very rapid and conspicuous swelling , intense pain , severe shock and local blistering . Other symptoms may include uncoordinated movements , defecation , urination , swelling of the tongue and eyelids , convulsions and unconsciousness . Blistering , bruising and necrosis is often very extensive . There may be sudden hypotension , heart damage and dyspnoea . The blood may become incoagulable with internal bleeding that may lead to haematuria and haematemesis . Local tissue damage may require surgical excision and possibly amputation . Healing may be slow and fatalities during the recovery period are not uncommon . True cobras ( edit ) Chinese cobra ( edit ) Chinese cobra ( Naja atra ) The Chinese cobra ( Naja atra ) is a highly venomous member of the true cobras ( genus Naja ) . Its venom consists mainly of postsynaptic neurotoxins and cardiotoxins . Four cardiotoxin - analogues I , II , III , and IV , account for about 54 % of the dry weight of the crude venom and have cytotoxic properties . The LD values of its venom in mice are 0.29 mg / kg IV , and 0.29 -- 0.53 mg / kg SC . The average venom yield from a snake of this species kept at a snake farm was about 250.8 mg ( 80 mg dry weight ) . According to Minton ( 1974 ) , this cobra has a venom yield range of 150 to 200 mg ( dry weight ) . Brown listed a venom yield of 184 mg ( dry weight ) . It is one of the most prevalent venomous snakes in mainland China and Taiwan , which has caused many snakebite incidents to humans . Monocled cobra ( edit ) Monocled cobra ( Naja kaouthia ) The Asian Monocled cobra ( Naja kaouthia ) is a medically important species as it is responsible for a considerable amount of bites throughout its range . The major toxic components in the Monocled cobras venom are postsynaptic neurotoxins , which block the nerve transmission by binding specifically to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor , leading to flaccid paralysis and even death by respiratory failure . The major α - neurotoxin in Naja kaouthia venom is a long neurotoxin , α - cobratoxin ; the minor α - neurotoxin is different from cobrotoxin in one residue . The neurotoxins of this particular species are weak . The venom of this species also contains myotoxins and cardiotoxins . The median lethal dose ( LD ) is 0.28 - 0.33 mg per gram of mouse body weight . In case of IV the LD is 0.373 mg / kg , and 0.225 mg / kg in case of IP . The average venom yield per bite is approximately 263 mg ( dry weight ) . The monocled cobra causes the highest fatality due to snake venom poisoning in Thailand . Envenomation usually presents predominantly with extensive local necrosis and systemic manifestations to a lesser degree . Drowsiness , neurological and neuromuscular symptoms will usually manifest earliest ; hypotension , flushing of the face , warm skin , and pain around bite site typically manifest within one to four hours following the bite ; paralysis , ventilatory failure or death could ensue rapidly , possibly as early as 60 minutes in very severe cases of envenomation . However , the presence of fang marks does not always imply that envenomation actually occurred . Egyptian cobra ( edit ) Egyptian cobra ( Naja haje ) The Egyptian cobra ( Naja haje ) is another species of cobra which causes a significant amount of bites and human fatalities throughout its range . The venom of the Egyptian cobra consists mainly of neurotoxins and cytotoxins . The average venom yield is 175 to 300 mg in a single bite , and the murine subcutaneous LD value is 1.15 mg / kg . This species has large fangs and can produce large quantities of venom . Envenomation by this snake is a very serious medical emergency . Water cobras ( edit ) Banded water cobra ( Naja annulata ) The water cobras found in central and western Africa are an extremely venomous cobra species ( Naja ) . These species were formerly under the genus Boulengerina . The banded water cobra ( Naja annulata ) and the Congo water cobra ( Naja christyi ) are dangerously venomous . The banded water cobra has one subspecies which is known as Storms water cobra ( Naja annulata stormsi ) . Their venoms are extremely potent neurotoxins . A toxicological study listed the intraperitoneal ( IP ) LD of N. annulata at 0.143 mg / kg . Brown ( 1973 ) listed the intravenous LD for N. a . annulata at 0.2 mg / kg . The same study listed the intraperitoneal ( IP ) LD of N. christyi at 0.12 mg / kg . The venoms of these little - known elapids have the lowest intraperitoneal LD of any Naja species studied thus far and have high concentrations of potent postsynaptic neurotoxins . Serious and dangerous envenomation can result from a bite from either of these snakes . There is at least one case of human envenomation caused by the Congo water cobra ( N. christyi ) . Symptoms of the envenomation were mild . There is no specific antivenom currently produced for either of these two species . Black desert cobra ( edit ) Black desert cobra ( Walterinnesia aegyptia ) The Black desert cobra ( Walterinnesia aegyptia ) is a highly venomous snake found in the Middle East . The subcutaneous LD for the venom of this species is 0.4 mg / kg . For comparison , the Indian cobra 's ( naja naja ) subcutaneous LD is 0.80 mg / kg , while the Cape cobra 's ( naja nivea ) subcutaneous LD is 0.72 mg / kg . This makes the black desert cobra a more venomous species than both . The venom is strongly neurotoxic and also has mild hemotoxic factors . Envenomation usually causes some combination of local pain , swelling , fever , general weakness , headache , & vomiting . This is not a typically aggressive snake , but it will strike and hiss loudly when provoked . It can strike at a distance of 2⁄3 of its body length . It does not usually spread a hood nor hold up its body up off the ground like true cobras do . Envenomation by this species should be considered a serious medical emergency . Reports of human fatalities due to envenomation by this species has been reported . Spitting cobras ( edit ) Red spitting cobra ( Naja pallida ) , juvenile Spitting cobras are another group of cobras that belong to the Naja genus . Spitting cobras can be found in both Africa and Asia . These cobras have the ability to eject venom from their fangs when defending themselves against predators . The sprayed venom is harmless to intact skin . However , it can cause permanent blindness if introduced to the eye and left untreated ( causing chemosis and corneal swelling ) . The venom sprays out in distinctive geometric patterns , using muscular contractions upon the venom glands . These muscles squeeze the glands and force the venom out through forward - facing holes at the tips of the fangs . The explanation that a large gust of air is expelled from the lung to propel the venom forward has been proven wrong . When cornered , some species can `` spit '' their venom a distance as great as 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) . While spitting is typically their primary form of defense , all spitting cobras are capable of delivering venom through a bite as well . Most species ' venom exhibit significant hemotoxic effects , along with more typical neurotoxic effects of other cobra species . Samar cobra ( edit ) Samar cobra ( Naja samarensis ) The Samar cobra ( Naja samarensis ) is a highly venomous species of spitting cobra that is found in the southern islands of the Philippines . Although it is a spitting cobra , this species only rarely spits its venom . It is considered to be an extremely aggressive snake that strikes with little provocation . The venom of this species is not well studied , but is known to be an extremely potent postsynaptic neurotoxin that also contains cytotoxic agents . According to Ernst & Zug et al. the murine SC LD value is 0.21 mg / kg , making it one of the most venomous true cobra species ( genus Naja ) in the world . Severe envenomation is likely in case of a bite and envenomation rate is high . The untreated mortality rate is not known , but is thought to be high ( ~ 60 % ) . Envenomation results in marked local effects such as pain , severe swelling , bruising , blistering , and necrosis . Other effects include headache , nausea , vomiting , abdominal pain , diarrhea , dizziness , collapse or convulsions . There may also be moderate to severe flaccid paralysis and renal damage . Cardiotoxicity is possible , but rare . Indochinese spitting cobra ( edit ) Indochinese spitting cobra ( Naja siamensis ) The Indochinese spitting cobra ( Naja siamensis ) is a venomous spitting cobra whose venom consists of postsynaptic neurotoxins , metalloproteinases , powerful cardiotoxins , with cytolytic activity , and Phospholipase A with a diversity of activities . The LD of its venom is 1.07 - 1.42 mg / gram of mouse body weight . Cranial palsy and respiratory depression are reported to be more common after bites by Naja siamensis than by Naja kaouthia . Indochinese spitting cobras will use their venom for self - defense with little provocation , and as the name implies , are capable of spitting venom when alarmed , often at the face and eyes of the animal or human threatening them . A case report in the literature describes pain and irritation of the eyes , bilateral redness , excessive tear production and whitish discharge , with superficial corneal opacity but normal acuity . Black - necked spitting cobra ( edit ) Black - necked spitting cobra ( Naja nigricollis ) The Black - necked spitting cobra ( Naja nigricollis ) is a species of spitting cobra found mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa . They possess medically significant venom , although the mortality rate for untreated bites on humans is relatively low ( ~ 5 - 10 % ) . Like other spitting cobras , this species is known for its ability to project venom at a potential threat . The venom is an irritant to the skin and eyes . If it enters the eyes , symptoms include extreme burning pain , loss of coordination , partial loss of vision and permanent blindness . N. nigricollis is known for its tendency to liberally spit venom with only the slightest provocation . However , this aggressiveness is counterbalanced by it being less prone to bite than other related species . The venom of the black - necked spitting cobra is somewhat unique among elapids in that it consists primarily of cytotoxins , but with other components also . It retains the typical elapid neurotoxic properties while combining these with highly potent cytotoxins ( necrotic agents ) and cardiotoxins . Bite symptoms include severe external hemorrhaging and tissue necrosis around the bite area and difficulty breathing . Although mortality rate in untreated cases is low ( ~ 5 - 10 % ) , when death occurs it is usually due to asphyxiation by paralysis of the diaphragm . The LD of this species is 2 mg / kg SC and 1.15 mg / kg IV . The average venom yield per bite of this species is 200 to 350 mg ( dry weight ) according to Minton ( 1974 ) . Mozambique spitting cobra ( edit ) Mozambique spitting cobra ( Naja mossambica ) Another medically important African spitting cobra is the Mozambique spitting cobra ( Naja mossambica ) . This species is considered irritable and highly aggressive . The Mozambique spitting cobra is responsible for a significant amount of bites throughout its range , but most are not fatal . The venom is both neurotoxic and cytotoxic . Mali cobra ( edit ) Mali cobra ( Naja katiensis ) The Mali cobra ( Naja katiensis ) is a venomous species of spitting cobra native to western Africa . The venom of this species consists of postsynaptic neurotoxins and cardiotoxins with cytotoxic ( necrotizing ) activity . An average wet venom yield of 100 mg has been reported for this species . The average murine LD value of this species is 1.15 mg / kg IV , but there is an IV LD range of 0.97 mg / kg - 1.45 mg / kg . The West African spitting cobra is one of the most common causes of snakebite in Senegal . Over 24 years , from 1976 to 1999 , a prospective study was conducted of overall and cause - specific mortality among the population of 42 villages of southeastern Senegal . Of 4228 deaths registered during this period , 26 were caused by snakebite , four by invertebrate stings and eight by other wild or domestic animals . The average annual mortality rate from snakebite was 14 deaths per 100,000 population . Among persons aged one year or over , 0.9 % ( 26 / 2880 ) of deaths were caused by snakebite and this cause represented 28 % ( 26 / 94 ) of total deaths by accidents . Of 1280 snakes belonging to 34 species collected , one - third were dangerous , and the proportions of Viperidae , Elapidae and Atractaspidae were 23 % , 11 % and 0.6 % , respectively . This species was third , responsible for 5.5 % of the snakebites . Rinkhals ( edit ) Rinkhals ( Hemachatus haemachatus ) The Rinkhals ( Hemachatus haemachatus ) is a not a true cobra in that it does not belong to the genus Naja . However , it is closely related to the true cobras and is considered to be one of the true spitting cobras . The venom of this species is less viscous than that of other African elapids , naturally , as thinner fluid is naturally easier to spit . However , the venom of the rinkhals is produced in copious amounts . Average venom yield is 80 -- 120 mg and the murine LD is 1.1 - 1.6 mg / kg SC with an estimated lethal dose for humans of 50 -- 60 mg . Actual bites from this species are fairly rare , and deaths in modern times are so far unheard of . Local symptoms of swelling and bruising is reported in about 25 % of cases . General symptoms of drowsiness , nausea , vomiting , violent abdominal pain and vertigo often occur , as does a mild pyrexial reaction . Neurotoxic symptoms are however rare and have only included diplopia and dyspnoea . Ophthalmia has been reported , but has not caused as severe complications as in some of the spitters in the genus Naja ( especially N. nigricollis and N. mossambica ) . African vipers ( edit ) Puff adder ( edit ) Puff adder ( Bitis arietans ) The Puff adder ( Bitis arietans ) is responsible for more fatalities than any other African snake . This is due to a combination of factors , including its wide distribution , common occurrence , large size , potent venom that is produced in large amounts , long fangs , their habit of basking by footpaths and sitting quietly when approached . The venom has cytotoxic effects and is one of the most toxic of any vipers based on LD50 studies . The LD values in mice vary : 0.4 -- 2.0 mg / kg IV , 0.9 -- 3.7 mg / kg IP , 4.4 -- 7.7 mg / kg SC . Mallow et al. ( 2003 ) gives a LD range of 1.0 -- 7.75 mg / kg SC . Venom yield is typically between 100 -- 350 mg , with a maximum of 750 mg . Brown ( 1973 ) mentions a venom yield of 180 -- 750 mg . About 100 mg is thought to be enough to kill a healthy adult human male , with death occurring after 25 hours . In humans , bites from this species can produce severe local and systemic symptoms . Based on the degree and type of local effect , bites can be divided into two symptomatic categories : those with little or no surface extravasation , and those with hemorrhages evident as ecchymosis , bleeding and swelling . In both cases there is severe pain and tenderness , but in the latter there is widespread superficial or deep necrosis and compartment syndrome . Serious bites cause limbs to become immovably flexed as a result of significant hemorrhage or coagulation in the affected muscles . Residual induration , however , is rare and usually these areas completely resolve . The fatality rate depends on the severity of the bites and some other factors . Deaths are rare and occur in less than 10 % of all untreated cases ( usually in 2 -- 4 days from complications following blood volume deficit and a disseminated intravascular coagulopathy ) , although some reports show that very severe envenomations have a 52 % mortality rate . Most fatalities are associated with bad clinical management and neglect . Rhinoceros viper ( edit ) Rhinoceros viper ( Bitis nasicornis ) The Rhinoceros viper ( Bitis nasicornis ) is a large species of viper that is similar to the Gaboon viper , but not as venomous , smaller and with a less dangerous bite . They are slow moving , but like other Bitis species , they 're capable of striking quickly , forwards or sideways , without coiling first or giving a warning . Holding them by the tail is not safe ; as it is somewhat prehensile , they can use it to fling themselves upwards and strike . They have been described as generally placid creatures , not as bad - tempered as the Puff adder . When approached , they often reveal their presence by hissing , said to be the loudest hiss of any African snake -- almost a shriek . Relatively little is known about the toxicity and composition of the venom , but it has very minor neurotoxic , as well as hemotoxic venom , as do most other venomous snakes . The hemotoxic venom in rhinoceros vipers is much more dominant . This venom attacks the circulatory system of the snake 's victim , destroying tissue and blood vessels . Internal bleeding also occurs . In mice , the intravenous LD is 1.1 mg / kg . The venom is supposedly slightly less toxic than those of the Puff adder and the Gaboon viper . The maximum wet venom yield is 200 mg . In only a few detailed reports of human envenomation , massive swelling , which may lead to necrosis , had been described . In 2003 , a man in Dayton , Ohio , who was keeping a specimen as a pet , was bitten and subsequently died . At least one antivenom protects specifically against bites from this species : India Antiserum Africa Polyvalent . Australian black snakes ( edit ) King brown snake or Mulga snake King brown snake ( Pseudechis australis ) The Australian King brown snake or Mulga snake ( Pseudechis australis ) is the second longest species of venomous snake in Australia . The venom of this snake is relatively weak compared to many other Australian species . The LD is 2.38 mg / kg subcutaneous . However , these snakes can deliver large amounts of venom when they bite , compensating for the lower venom potency . Average venom yield is 180 mg and they have a maximum yield of 600 mg . The venom of this species contains potent myotoxins and anticoagulants , that can inhibit blood clotting . The neurotoxic components are weak . This snake can cause severe envenomation of humans . They are a moderately common cause of snakebites and uncommonly to rarely cause snakebite deaths in Australia at present . Envenomation can cause anticoagulation coagulopathy , renal damage or renal failure ( kidney failure ) . They do not cause significant neurotoxic paralysis ( muscle weakness , respiratory failure ) , though rarely they may cause ptosis ( drooping of the upper eyelids ) . Bites can also cause myolysis ( rhabdomyolysis , muscle damage ) which can be very severe and is the major effect of bites . Rate of envenomation is 40 - 60 % , while untreated mortality rate is 30 - 40 % . Red - bellied black snake ( edit ) Red - bellied black snake ( Pseudechis porphyriacus ) The Red - bellied black snake ( Pseudechis porphyriacus ) is a venomous species native to Australia . The venom of the red - bellied black snake consists of myotoxins , coagulants and also has haemolytic and cytotoxic properties . It also contains weak pre-synaptic neurotoxins . The murine LD is 2.52 mg / kg SC . Average venom yield per bite is 37 mg and a maximum yield of 97 mg . Bites from red - bellied black snake are rarely life - threatening due to the snake usually choosing to inject little venom toxin , but are still in need of immediate medical attention . Rate of envenomation is 40 - 60 % , but the untreated mortality rate is less than 1 % . Australian Brown snakes ( edit ) Dugite ( edit ) Dugite ( Pseudonaja affinis ) The Dugite ( Pseudonaja affinis ) is a highly venomous Australian brown snake species . The venom of this species contains highly potent presynaptic and postsynaptic neurotoxins and procoagulants . The murine LD is 0.66 mg / kg SC . The average venom yield per bite is 18 mg ( dry weight of milked venom ) according to Meier and White ( 1995 ) . Rate of envenomation is 20 - 40 % and the untreated mortality rate is 10 -- 20 % by cardiac arrest , renal failure , or cerebral hemorrhage . Western Brown snake ( edit ) Western brown snake ( Pseudonaja nuchalis ) The western brown snake ( Pseudonaja nuchalis ) is a highly venomous species of brown snake common throughout Western Australia . Its venom contains powerful neurotoxins , nephrotoxins and a procoagulant , although humans are not usually affected by the neurotoxins . The bite is usually painless and difficult to see due to their small fangs . Human symptoms of a Western Brown snake bite are headache , nausea / vomiting , abdominal pain , severe coagulopathy and sometimes , kidney damage . The LD in mice is 0.47 mg / kg and the average venom yield per bite is 18 mg ( dry weight of milked venom ) according to Meier and White ( 1995 ) . The western brown snake can cause rapid death in humans by cardiac arrest , renal failure , or cerebral hemorrhage . The envenomation rate is 20 - 40 % and the untreated mortality rate is 10 - 20 % . Rattlesnakes ( edit ) Some rattlesnake species can be quite dangerous to humans . Tiger rattlesnake ( edit ) Tiger rattlesnake ( Crotalus tigris ) The Tiger rattlesnake ( Crotalus tigris ) has a comparatively low venom yield but is considered to have the most toxic of all rattlesnake venoms , and the highest venom toxicity of all snakes in the Western Hemisphere . Although they 're reluctant to bite , tiger rattlensakes are known to be cantankerous and aggressive . Because of their tendency to stand their ground and aggressively defend themselves , they pose a serious threat to humans . Tiger rattlesnake venom has a high neurotoxic fraction that is antigenically related to Mojave toxin ( see Crotalus scutulatus , venom A ) , and includes another component immunologically identical to crotamine , a myotoxin also found in tropical rattlesnakes ( see Crotalus durissus ) . The venom has low but significant protease activity , although there does not seem to be any hemolytic activity . Brown ( 1973 ) lists an average venom yield of 11 mg ( dried venom ) and LD values of 0.07 mg / kg IP , 0.056 mg / kg IV , and 0.21 mg / kg SC . Minton and Weinstein ( 1984 ) list an average venom yield of 6.4 mg ( based on two specimens ) . Weinstein and Smith ( 1990 ) list a venom yield of 10 mg . Humans are rarely bitten by the tiger rattlesnake , and literature available on bites by this snake is scarce . The several recorded human envenomations by tiger rattlesnakes produced little local pain , swelling , or other reaction following the bite and , despite the toxicity of its venom , no significant systemic symptoms have been recorded . The comparatively low venom yield ( 6.4 -- 11 mg dried venom ) and short 4.0 mm ( 0.40 cm ) to 4.6 mm ( 0.46 cm ) fangs of the tiger rattlesnake possibly prevent severe envenoming in adult humans . However , the clinical picture could be much more serious if the person bitten was a child or an individual with a slight build . The early therapeutic use of antivenom is important if significant envenomation is suspected . Despite the low venom yield , a bite by this rattlesnake should be considered a life - threatening medical emergency . Untreated mortality rate is unknown . Cascabel ( edit ) Neotropical rattlesnake ( Crotalus durissus ) The Neotropical rattlesnake or Cascabel ( Crotalus durissus ) is a medically important species due to its venom toxicity and the human fatalities it is responsible for . The IP LD value is 0.17 mg / kg with an average venom yield between 20 -- 100 mg / kg per bite . Bite symptoms are very different from those of Nearctic species due to the presence of neurotoxins ( crotoxin and crotamine ) that cause progressive paralysis . Bites from C. d. terrificus in particular can result in impaired vision or complete blindness , auditory disorders , ptosis , paralysis of the peripheral muscles , especially of the neck , which becomes so limp as to appear broken , and eventually life - threatening respiratory paralysis . The ocular disturbances , which according to Alvaro ( 1939 ) occur in some 60 % of C. d. terrificus cases , are sometimes followed by permanent blindness . Phospholipase A neurotoxins also cause damage to skeletal muscles and possibly the heart , causing general aches , pain , and tenderness throughout the body . Myoglobin released into the blood results in dark urine . Other serious complications may result from systemic disorders ( incoagulable blood and general spontaneous bleeding ) , hypotension , and shock . Hemorrhagins may be present in the venom , but any corresponding effects are completely overshadowed by the startling and serious neurotoxic symptoms . Subcutaneous venom LD for this species is 0.193 mg / kg . The neotropical rattlesnake in Brazil is of special importance because of the high incidence of envenoming and mortality rates . Clinically , venom of this snake does not usually cause local effects at the bite site and is usually painless . However , the etiology progresses to systemic neurotoxic and myalgic symptoms , with frequent renal failure accompanied by acute tubular necrosis . The huge area of distribution , potent venom in fairly large quantities and a definite willingness to defend themselves are important factors in their dangerousness . In Brazil and probably also in other countries in their area of distribution , this species is probably the most dangerous rattlesnake . After the fer - de-lance ( Bothrops asper ) , it is the most common cause of snake envenoming . In the first half of the 20th century as well as in the 1950s and 1960s , 12 % of treated cases ended fatally . Untreated cases apparently had a mortality rate of 72 % in the same period , but this was due to the fact that there was no antivenom , poor medical care and neglect ( Rosenfeld , 1971 ) . In more recent times , an average of 20,000 snakebites are registered each year in Brazil , almost 10 % of them caused by the neotropical rattlesnake . The mortality rate is estimated at 3.3 % and is thus much lower than in the past ( Ribeiro , 1990b ) . A study from southeastern Brazil documented only one fatality from 87 treated cases ( Silveira and Nishioka , 1992 ) . Mojave rattlesnake ( edit ) Mojave rattlesnake ( Crotalus scutulatus ) The Mojave rattlesnake ( Crotalus scutulatus ) is another species which is considered to be dangerous . Although they have a reputation for being aggressive towards people , such behavior is not described in the scientific literature . Like other rattlesnakes , they will defend themselves vigorously when disturbed . The IP LD value is 0.18 mg / kg with an average venom yield between 50 -- 150 mg / kg per bite . The most common subspecies of Mojave rattlesnake ( type A ) has venom that is considered to be one of the most debilitating and potentially deadly of all North American snakes , although chances for survival are very good if medical attention is sought as soon as possible after a bite . Based on median LD values in lab mice , venom A from subspecies A Mojave rattlesnakes is more than ten times as toxic as venom B , from type B Mohave green rattlesnakes which lacks Mojave toxin . Medical treatment as soon as possible after a bite is critical to a positive outcome , dramatically increasing chances for survival . However , venom B causes pronounced proteolytic and hemorrhagic effects , similar to the bites of other rattlesnake species ; these effects are significantly reduced or absent from bites by venom A snakes . Risk to life and limb is still significant , as with all rattlesnakes , if not treated as soon as possible after a bite . All rattlesnake venoms are complex cocktails of enzymes and other proteins that vary greatly in composition and effects , not only between species , but also between geographic populations within the same species . The Mojave rattlesnake is widely regarded as producing one of the most toxic snake venoms in the New World , based on LD studies in laboratory mice . Their potent venom is the result of a presynaptic neurotoxin composed of two distinct peptide subunits . The basic subunit ( a phospholipase A ) is mildly toxic and apparently rather common in North American rattlesnake venoms . The less common acidic subunit is not toxic by itself , but in combination with the basic subunit , produces the potent neurotoxin called `` Mojave toxin '' . Nearly identical neurotoxins have been discovered in five North American rattlesnake species besides the Mojave rattlesnake . However , not all populations express both subunits . The venom of many Mojave rattlesnakes from south - central Arizona lacks the acidic subunit and has been designated `` venom B , '' while Mojave rattlesnakes tested from all other areas express both subunits and have been designated `` venom A '' populations . Pit vipers ( edit ) Malayan pit viper ( edit ) Malayan pit viper ( Calloselasma rhodostoma ) The Malayan pit viper ( Calloselasma rhodostoma ) is an Asian species of pitviper that is reputed to be an ill - tempered snake that is quick to strike in defense . This species is one of the main causes of snakebite envenoming in Southeast Asia . However , mortality rate among untreated bite victims is very low ( 1 - 10 % ) . Although bites are common , death is very rare . When a victim dies of a bite it is chiefly caused by haemorrhages and secondary infections . Before specific antivenom became available , the mortality rate in hospitalised patients was around 1 % ( Reid et al. 1967a ) . In the study of Reid et al. ( 1963a ) , of a total of 291 patients with verified C. rhodostoma bites , only 2 patients died , and their deaths could only be indirectly attributed to the snakebites . One patient died of tetanus and one from a combination of an anaphylactic reaction to the antivenom , an intracerebral haemorrhage and severe pre-existing anaemia . In 23 fatalities due to C. rhodostoma bites recorded in northern Malaysia between 1955 and 1960 , the average time between the bite and death was 64.6 h ( 5 -- 240 h ) , the median time 32 h ( Reid et al. 1963a ) . According to a study of fatal snakebites in rural areas of Thailand , 13 out of 46 were caused by C. rhodostoma ( Looareesuwan et al. 1988 ) . The local necrotising effect of the venom is a common cause of morbidity . Gangrene can lead to the loss of toes , fingers or whole extremities ; chronic infections ( osteomyelitis ) can also occur . The intravenous LD for Malayan pit viper venom is 6.1 mg / kg mouse and the average venom yield per bite is 40 -- 60 mg ( dry weight ) . Sharp - nosed pit viper ( edit ) Sharp - nosed pit viper ( Deinagkistrodon acutus ) The Sharp - nosed pit viper or hundred pacer ( Deinagkistrodon acutus ) is another Asian species of pitviper that is medically important . This species is considered dangerous , and fatalities are not unusual . According to the U.S. Armed Forces Pest Management Board , the venom is a potent hemotoxin that is strongly hemorrhagic . Bite symptoms include severe local pain and bleeding that may begin almost immediately . This is followed by considerable swelling , blistering , necrosis , and ulceration . Brown ( 1973 ) mentions a venom yield of up to 214 mg ( dried ) and LD values of 0.04 mg / kg IV , 4.0 mg / kg IP and 9.2 - 10.0 mg / kg SC . The envenomation rate is up to 80 % and the untreated mortality rate is very low ( 1 - 10 % ) . Antivenom is produced in China and Taiwan . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brutto , edited by Hector H. Garcia , Herbert B. Tanowitz , Oscar H. Del ( 2013 ) . Neuroparasitology and tropical neurology . p. 351 . ISBN 9780444534996 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Broad and Sutherland , 1979 . The lethality in mice of dangerous Australian and other snake venom Toxicon vol. 17 Retrieved April 8 , 2014 Jump up ^ The Australian venom research unit ( January 11 , 2014 ) . Facts and Figures : World 's Most Venomous Snakes ( archived ) . University of Melbourne . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fry , B. 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Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine . 37 ( 6 ) : 395 -- 8 . PMID 21226389 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Terence . `` IMMEDIATE FIRST AID '' . University of California , San Diego . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ U.S. Navy . 1991 . Venomous Snakes of the World . US Govt . New York : Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp. ISBN 0 - 486 - 26629 - X . Jump up ^ Firefighter Dies After Bite From Pet Snake Archived 2006 - 04 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . at channelcincinnati.com . Accessed 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Miami - Dade Fire Rescue Venom Response Unit at VenomousReptiles.org . Accessed 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ The Australian venom research unit ( August 25 , 2007 ) . `` Which snakes are the most venomous ? '' . University of Melbourne . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Shea , GM ( 1999 ) . `` The distribution and identification of dangerously venomous Australian terrestrial snakes '' . Australian Veterinary Journal . 77 ( 12 ) : 791 -- 8 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1751 - 0813.1999. tb12947. x . PMID 10685181 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , SK ( 1983 ) . Australian Animal Toxins . OUP Australia and New Zealand . ISBN 019554367X . Jump up ^ `` Australian Mulga Snakes '' . Clinical Toxinology Resource . University of Adelaide . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` University of Adelaide Clinical Toxinology Resources '' . Mortality rate : 30 - 40 % Jump up ^ `` University of Adelaide Clinical Toxinology Resources '' . Mortality rate : < 1 % Jump up ^ Cheng , David . `` Brown Snake Envenomation '' . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Venom Supplies Pty Ltd . `` Brown Snakes '' . Jump up ^ Toxinology Department , Women 's & Children 's Hospital , Adelaide , Australia . `` CSL Antivenom Handbook - Brown Snake Antivenom '' . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` University of Adelaide Clinical Toxinology Resources '' . Mortality rate : 10 - 20 % Jump up ^ Weinstein and Smith ( 1990 ) ^ Jump up to : Norris R. ( 2004 ) . Venom Poisoning in North American Reptiles . In Campbell JA , Lamar WW. ( 2004 ) . The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere . Comstock Publishing Associates , Ithaca and London . 870 pp. 1500 plates . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 4141 - 2 . Jump up ^ Calvete , Juan J. ; Pérez , Alicia ; Lomonte , Bruno ; Sánchez , Elda E. ; Sanz , Libia ( 2012 ) . `` Snake Venomics of Crotalus tigris : The Minimalist Toxin Arsenal of the Deadliest Neartic Rattlesnake Venom . Evolutionary Clues for Generating a Pan-Specific Antivenom against Crotalid Type II Venoms '' . Journal of Proteome Research . 11 ( 2 ) : 1382 -- 90 . doi : 10.1021 / pr201021d . PMC 3272105 . PMID 22181673 . ^ Jump up to : `` University of Adelaide Clinical Toxinology Resources '' . ^ Jump up to : Laurence Monroe Klauber ( 1997 ) . Rattlesnakes : Their Habits , Life Histories , and Influence on Mankind ( 2nd ed . ) . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 21056 - 1 . Jump up ^ d'Império Lima , Maria Regina ; Dos Santos , Maria ; Tambourgi , Denise Vilarinho ; Marques , Thaís ; Da Silva , Wilmar ; Kipnis , Thereza ( 1991 ) . `` Susceptibility of different strains of mice to South American rattlesnake ( Crotalus durissus terrificus ) venom : Correlation between lethal effect and creatine kinase release '' . Toxicon. 29 ( 6 ) : 783 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / 0041 - 0101 ( 91 ) 90070 - 8 . PMID 1926179 . Jump up ^ Furtado , M.F.D. ; Santos , M.C. ; Kamiguti , A.S. ( 2003 ) . `` Age - related biological activity of South American rattlesnake ( Crotalus durissus terrificus ) venom '' . Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases . 9 ( 2 ) : 186 -- 201 . doi : 10.1590 / S1678 - 91992003000200005 . Jump up ^ `` Venomous and Poisonous Animals Biology & Clinical Management '' . VAPAGuide . Biomedical database . Retrieved 25 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mojave Green snake bites 6 - year - old California boy , 42 vials of antivenom needed '' , Jaslow , Ryan , CBS News , 10 July 2012 , http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-504763_162-57469802-10391704/mojave-green-snake-bites-6-year-old-california-boy-42-vials-of-antivenom-needed/ Jump up ^ Hendon , R.A. , A.L. Bieber. 1982 . Presynaptic toxins from rattlesnake venoms . In : Tu , A. ( ed ) Rattlesnake Venoms , Their Actions and Treatment . New York : Marcel Dekker , Inc . Jump up ^ Norris RA. 2004 . Venom poisoning by North American reptiles . In Campbell JA , Lamar WW. 2004 . The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere . Comstock Publishing Associates , Ithaca and London . 870 pp. 1500 plates . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 4141 - 2 . Jump up ^ Glenn , J.L. , R.C. Straight. 1982 . The rattlesnakes and their venom yield and lethal toxicity . In : Tu , A. ( ed ) Rattlesnake Venoms , Their Actions and Treatment . New York : Marcel Dekker , Inc . Jump up ^ Aird , Steven D. ; Kaiser , Ivan I. ; Lewis , Randolph V. ; Kruggel , William G. ( 1985 ) . `` Rattlesnake presynaptic neurotoxins : Primary structure and evolutionary origin of the acidic subunit '' . Biochemistry . 24 ( 25 ) : 7054 -- 8 . doi : 10.1021 / bi00346a005 . PMID 4084559 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , R.L. 2003 . Evolutionary Genetics of Mojave Toxin Among Selected Rattlesnake Species ( Squamata : Crotalinae ) . Unpublished PhD dissertation . El Paso : University of Texas . Jump up ^ Glenn , James L. ; Straight , Richard C. ; Wolfe , Martha C. ; Hardy , David L. ( 1983 ) . `` Geographical variation in Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus ( Mojave rattlesnake ) venom properties '' . Toxicon. 21 ( 1 ) : 119 -- 30 . doi : 10.1016 / 0041 - 0101 ( 83 ) 90055 - 7 . PMID 6342208 . ^ Jump up to : `` Calloselasma rhodostoma '' . Clinical Toxinology Resource . University of Adelaide . Retrieved 3 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Warrell , DA ( 1986 ) . Natural toxins : animal , plant , and microbial . Clarendon Press ; Oxford University Press . pp. 25 -- 45 . ISBN 0198541732 . Jump up ^ `` Deinagkistrodon acutus '' . Armed Forces Pest Management Board . United States Army . Retrieved 3 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Deinagkistrodon acutus '' . Clinical Toxinology Resource . University of Adelaide . Retrieved 3 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Mehrtens JM . 1987 . Living Snakes of the World in Color . New York : Sterling Publishers . 480 pp. ISBN 0 - 8069 - 6460 - X . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_dangerous_snakes&oldid=832992262 '' Categories : Lists of snakes Venomous snakes Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2013 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 errors : dates CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Accuracy disputes from February 2015 All accuracy disputes All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from October 2016 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 02 : 24 . 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About Wikipedia	what is the most poisonous snake in world	[ "\nMost venomous snakes of the world[2][3][4]\n\nSnake\nRegion\nsubcutaneous injection LD50 0.1% bovine serum albumin in Saline\nsubcutaneous injection LD50 Saline\nintravenous injection LD50\n\n\nInland Taipan\nInland, central Australia\nN/A\n0.044 mg/kg\nN/A\n\n\nEastern brown snake\nAustralia, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia\n0.041 mg/kg\n0.053 mg/kg\n0.01 mg/kg\n\n\nYellow bellied sea snake\nTropical oceanic waters\nN/A\n0.067 mg/kg\nN/A\n\n\nPeron's sea snake\nGulf of Siam, Strait of Taiwan, Coral sea islands, and other places\nN/A\n0.079 mg/kg\nN/A\n\n\nCoastal Taipan\nAustralia\n0.064 mg/kg\n0.099 mg/kg\n0.013 mg/kg\n\n\nMany-banded krait\nMainland China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Laos, Burma\nN/A\n0.108 mg/kg\n0.113 mg/kg\n\n\nBlack-banded sea krait\neastern coast of the Malay Peninsula and Brunei, and in Halmahera, Indonesia..\nN/A\n0.111 mg/kg\nN/A\n\n\nBlack tiger snake\nAustralia\n0.099 mg/kg\n0.131 mg/kg\nN/A\n\n\nWestern tiger snake\nAustralia\n0.124 mg/kg\n0.194 mg/kg\nN/A\n\n\nBeaked sea snake\nTropical Indo-Pacific\n0.164 mg/kg\n0.1125 mg/kg\nN/A\n\n" ]	[ "Inland Taipan" ]
-8986520816783523734	Los Angeles Dodgers	Los Angeles Dodgers - wikipedia Los Angeles Dodgers Jump to : navigation , search `` Dodgers '' redirects here . For other uses , see Dodger ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Los Angeles Dodgers 2017 Los Angeles Dodgers season Established in 1883 Based in Los Angeles since 1958 Team logo Cap insignia Major league affiliations National League ( 1890 -- present ) West Division ( 1969 -- present ) American Association ( 1884 -- 1889 ) Current uniform Retired numbers 19 20 24 32 39 42 53 Colors Dodger blue , white , red Name Los Angeles Dodgers ( 1958 -- present ) Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1932 -- 1957 ) Brooklyn Robins ( 1914 -- 1931 ) Brooklyn Superbas ( 1913 ) Brooklyn Trolley Dodgers ( 1911 -- 1912 ) Brooklyn Superbas ( 1899 -- 1910 ) Brooklyn Bridegrooms ( 1896 -- 1898 ) Brooklyn Grooms ( 1891 -- 1895 ) Brooklyn Bridegrooms ( 1888 -- 1890 ) Brooklyn Grays ( 1885 -- 1887 ) Brooklyn Atlantics ( 1884 ) ( 1932 is the first year in which the nickname appeared on the uniforms of the Brooklyn Base Ball Club ) . Other nicknames The Boys In Blue , The Blue Crew , Los Doyers Ballpark Dodger Stadium ( 1962 -- present ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( 1958 -- 1961 ) Roosevelt Stadium ( Jersey City , New Jersey ) ( 1956 -- 1957 ) Ebbets Field ( Brooklyn ) ( 1913 -- 1957 ) Washington Park ( II ) ( Brooklyn ) ( 1898 -- 1912 ) Eastern Park ( Brooklyn ) ( 1891 -- 1897 ) Ridgewood Park ( Brooklyn ) : Sunday games only ( 1886 -- 1889 ) Washington Park ( I ) ( Brooklyn ) ( 1884 -- 1890 ) Major league titles World Series titles ( 6 ) 1955 1959 1963 1965 1981 1988 NL Pennants ( 21 ) 1890 1899 1900 1916 1920 1941 1947 1949 1952 1953 1955 1956 1959 1963 1965 1966 1977 1978 1981 1988 AA Pennants ( 1 ) 1889 West Division titles ( 16 ) 1977 1978 1981 1985 1988 1995 2008 2009 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Wild card berths ( 2 ) 2006 Front office Owner ( s ) Guggenheim Baseball Management Manager Dave Roberts General Manager Farhan Zaidi President of Baseball Operations Andrew Friedman Jeff Pfeffer , 1916 Brooklyn Robins The Los Angeles Dodgers are an American professional baseball team based in Los Angeles , California . The Dodgers compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) West division . Established in 1883 in Brooklyn , New York , the team moved to Los Angeles before the 1958 season . They played for four seasons at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum before moving to their current home of Dodger Stadium in 1962 . The Dodgers as a franchise have won six World Series titles and 21 National League pennants. 11 NL MVP award winners have played for the Dodgers , winning a total of 13 MVP Awards , Eight Cy Young Award winners have pitched for the Dodgers , winning a total of twelve Cy Young Awards . The team has also produced 17 Rookie of the Year Award winners , including four consecutive from 1979 to 1982 and five consecutive from 1992 to 1996 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Team history 2.1 Brooklyn Dodgers 2.2 Jackie Robinson 2.3 Move to Los Angeles 2.4 Los Angeles Dodgers 3 Other historical notes 3.1 Historical records and firsts 3.2 Origin of the nickname 3.3 Uniforms 3.4 Asian players 4 Rivalries 4.1 San Francisco Giants 4.2 Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 4.3 Historical rivalry 4.3. 1 New York Yankees 5 Fan support 6 Radio and television 7 Management 8 Achievements 8.1 Baseball Hall of Famers 8.2 Ford C. Frick Award recipients 8.3 Team captains 8.4 Retired numbers 8.5 Awards 8.6 Team records 9 Personnel 9.1 Current roster 9.2 Presidents 9.3 Managers 9.4 General Managers 9.5 Public address announcers 9.6 Other 10 Minor league affiliations 10.1 Minor league rosters 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links History In the early 20th century , the team , then known as the Robins , won league pennants in 1916 and 1920 , losing the World Series both times , first to Boston and then Cleveland . In the 1930s , the team changed its name to the Dodgers , named after the Brooklyn pedestrians who dodged the streetcars in the city . In 1941 , the Dodgers captured their third National League pennant , only to lose to the New York Yankees . This marked the onset of the Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry , as the Dodgers would face them in their next six World Series appearances . Led by Jackie Robinson , the first black Major League Baseball player of the modern era ; and three - time National League Most Valuable Player Roy Campanella , also signed out of the Negro Leagues , the Dodgers captured their first World Series title in 1955 by defeating the Yankees for the first time , a story notably described in the 1972 book The Boys of Summer . Following the 1957 season the team left Brooklyn . In just their second season in Los Angeles , the Dodgers won their second World Series title , beating the Chicago White Sox in six games in 1959 . Spearheaded by the dominant pitching style of Sandy Koufax and Don Drysdale , the Dodgers captured three pennants in the 1960s and won two more World Series titles , sweeping the Yankees in four games in 1963 , and edging the Minnesota Twins in seven in 1965 . The 1963 sweep was their second victory against the Yankees , and their first against them as a Los Angeles team . The Dodgers won four more pennants in 1966 , 1974 , 1977 and 1978 , but lost in each World Series appearance . They went on to win the World Series again in 1981 , thanks in part to pitching sensation Fernando Valenzuela . The early 1980s were affectionately dubbed `` Fernandomania . '' In 1988 , another pitching hero , Orel Hershiser , again led them to a World Series victory , aided by one of the most memorable home runs of all time , by their injured star outfielder Kirk Gibson coming off the bench to pinch hit with two outs in the bottom of the ninth inning of game 1 , in his only appearance of the series . The Dodgers share a fierce rivalry with the San Francisco Giants , the oldest rivalry in baseball , dating back to when the two franchises played in New York City . Both teams moved west for the 1958 season . The Brooklyn Dodgers and Los Angeles Dodgers have collectively appeared in the World Series 18 times , while the New York Giants and San Francisco Giants have collectively appeared 20 times and have been invited 21 times . The Giants have won two more World Series ( 8 ) ; the Dodgers have won 21 National League pennants , while the Giants hold the record with 23 . Although the two franchises have enjoyed near equal success , the city rivalries are rather lopsided and in both cases , a team 's championships have predated to the other 's first one in that particular location . When the two teams were based in New York , the Giants won five World Series championships , and the Dodgers one . After the move to California , the Dodgers have won five in Los Angeles , the Giants have won three in San Francisco . Team history Brooklyn Dodgers Main article : History of the Brooklyn Dodgers The Dodgers were founded in 1883 as the Brooklyn Atlantics , taking the name of a defunct team that had played in Brooklyn before them . The team joined the American Association in 1884 and won the AA championship in 1889 before joining the National League in 1890 . They promptly won the NL Championship their first year in the League . The team was known alternatively as the Bridegrooms , Grooms , Superbas , Robins , and Trolley Dodgers before officially becoming the Dodgers in the 1930s . In Brooklyn , the Dodgers won the NL pennant several times ( 1890 , 1899 , 1900 , 1916 , 1920 , 1941 , 1947 , 1949 , 1952 , 1953 , 1955 , 1956 ) and the World Series in 1955 . After moving to Los Angeles , the team won National League pennants in 1959 , 1963 , 1965 , 1966 , 1974 , 1977 , 1978 , 1981 , and 1988 , with World Series championships in 1959 , 1963 , 1965 , 1981 , 1988 . In all , the Dodgers have appeared in 18 World Series : 9 in Brooklyn and 9 in Los Angeles . Jackie Robinson Main article : Jackie Robinson For most of the first half of the 20th century , no Major League Baseball team employed an African American player . Jackie Robinson became the first African American to play for a Major League Baseball team when he played his first major league game on April 15 , 1947 , as a member of the Brooklyn Dodgers . This was mainly due to general manager Branch Rickey 's efforts . The deeply religious Rickey 's motivation appears to have been primarily moral , although business considerations were also a factor . Rickey was a member of The Methodist Church , the antecedent denomination to The United Methodist Church of today , which was a strong advocate for social justice and active later in the American Civil Rights Movement . This event was the harbinger of the integration of professional sports in the United States , the concomitant demise of the Negro Leagues , and is regarded as a key moment in the history of the American Civil Rights movement . Robinson was an exceptional player , a speedy runner who sparked the team with his intensity . He was the inaugural recipient of the Rookie of the Year award , which is now named the Jackie Robinson Award in his honor . The Dodgers ' willingness to integrate , when most other teams refused to , was a key factor in their 1947 -- 1956 success . They won six pennants in those 10 years with the help of Robinson , three - time MVP Roy Campanella , Cy Young Award winner Don Newcombe , Jim Gilliam and Joe Black . Robinson would eventually go on to become the first African - American elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962 . Move to Los Angeles Former Dodger greats who played in both Brooklyn and Los Angeles adorn the exterior of Dodger Stadium . Real estate businessman Walter O'Malley had acquired majority ownership of the Dodgers in 1950 , when he bought the shares of his co-owners , Branch Rickey and the estate of James L. Smith . Before long he was working to buy new land in Brooklyn to build a more accessible and better arrayed ballpark than Ebbets Field . Beloved as it was , Ebbets Field was no longer well - served by its aging infrastructure and the Dodgers could no longer sell out the park even in the heat of a pennant race , despite largely dominating the National League from 1946 to 1957 . O'Malley wanted to build a new , state of the art stadium in Brooklyn . But City Planner Robert Moses and New York politicians refused to grant him the eminent domain authority required to build pursuant to O'Malley's plans . To put pressure on the city , during the 1955 season , O'Malley announced that the team would play seven regular season games and one exhibition game at Jersey City 's Roosevelt Stadium in 1956 . Moses and the City considered this an empty threat , and did not believe O'Malley would go through with moving the team from New York City . After teams began to travel to and from games by air instead of train , it became possible to include locations in the far west . Los Angeles officials attended the 1956 World Series looking to the Washington Senators to move to the West Coast . When O'Malley heard that LA was looking for a club , he sent word to the Los Angeles officials that he was interested in talking . LA offered him what New York would not : a chance to buy land suitable for building a ballpark , and own that ballpark , giving him complete control over all revenue streams . When the news came out , NYC Mayor Robert F. Wagner , Jr. and Moses made an offer to build a ballpark on the World 's Fair Grounds in Queens that would be shared by the Giants and Dodgers . However , O'Malley was interested in his park only under his conditions , and the plans for a new stadium in Brooklyn seemed like a pipe dream . O'Malley decided to move the Dodgers to California , convincing Giants owner Horace Stoneham to move to San Francisco instead of Minneapolis to keep another team on the West Coast to ease approval of the moves . There was no turning back : the Dodgers were heading for Hollywood . The Dodgers played their final game at Ebbets Field on September 24 , 1957 , which the Dodgers won 2 -- 0 over the Pittsburgh Pirates . New York would remain a one - team town with the New York Yankees until 1962 , when Joan Payson founded the New York Mets and brought National League baseball back to the city . The blue background used by the Dodgers , would be adopted by the Mets , honoring their New York NL forebears with a blend of Dodgers blue and Giants orange . Los Angeles Dodgers Main article : History of the Los Angeles Dodgers The Dodgers were the first Major League Baseball team to ever play in Los Angeles . On April 18 , 1958 , the Dodgers played their first LA game , defeating the former New York and now new San Francisco Giants , 6 -- 5 , before 78,672 fans at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . Catcher Roy Campanella , left partially paralyzed in an off - season accident , was never able to play in Los Angeles . The 1959 World Series was played partially at the LA Coliseum while Dodger Stadium was being built . Construction on Dodger Stadium was completed in time for Opening Day 1962 . With its clean , simple lines and its picturesque setting amid hills and palm trees , the ballpark quickly became an icon of the Dodgers and their new California lifestyle . O'Malley was determined that there would not be a bad seat in the house , achieving this by cantilevered grandstands that have since been widely imitated . More importantly for the team , the stadium 's spacious dimensions , along with other factors , gave defense an advantage over offense and the Dodgers moved to take advantage of this by assembling a team that would excel with its pitching . Since moving to Los Angeles , the Dodgers have won nine more National League Championships and five World Series rings . Other historical Notes Historical records and firsts First baseball team to win championships in different leagues in consecutive years ( 1889 -- 1890 ) First television broadcast ( 1939 ) First use of batting helmets ( 1941 ) First MLB team to employ and start an African - American player in the 20th century ( Jackie Robinson , 1947 ) First MLB team to have numbers on the front of their uniforms ( 1952 ) First West Coast team ( 1958 ) -- along with the San Francisco Giants First MLB team to allow a female sports journalist into a locker room ( Anita Martini , 1974 ) Largest home - opener attendance : 78,672 ( 1958 ) ( since broken by the Colorado Rockies in 1993 ) Largest single game attendance : 93,103 ( 1959 ) and 115,300 ( 2008 ) * World Record First MLB team to open an office in Asia ( 1998 ) Longest MLB record for home start going 13 -- 0 ( 2009 ) North American record for the buying of a sports team ( $2 billion , 2012 ) First MLB team to employ a female lead trainer ( Sue Falsone , 2012 ) Origin of the nickname The Dodgers ' official history reports that the term `` Trolley Dodgers '' was attached to the Brooklyn ballclub due to the complex maze of trolley cars that weaved its way through the borough of Brooklyn . In 1892 , the city of Brooklyn ( Brooklyn was an independent city until annexed by New York City in 1898 ) began replacing its slow - moving , horse - drawn trolley lines with the faster , more powerful electric trolley lines . Within less than three years , by the end of 1895 , electric trolley accidents in Brooklyn had resulted in more than 130 deaths and maimed well over 500 people . Brooklyn 's high - profile , the significant number of widely reported accidents , and a trolley strike in early 1895 , combined to create a strong association in the public 's mind between Brooklyn and trolley dodging . Sportswriters started using the name `` trolley dodgers '' to refer to the Brooklyn team early in the 1895 season . The name was shortened to , on occasion , the `` Brooklyn Dodgers '' as early as 1898 . Sportswriters in the early 20th century began referring to the Dodgers as the `` Bums '' , in reference to the team 's fans and possibly because of the `` street character '' nature of Jack Dawkins , the `` Artful Dodger '' in Charles Dickens ' Oliver Twist . Other team names used by the franchise were the Atlantics , Grays , Grooms , Bridegrooms , Superbas and Robins . All of these nicknames were used by fans and sportswriters to describe the team , but not in any official capacity . The team 's legal name was the Brooklyn Base Ball Club . However , the Trolley Dodger nickname was used throughout this period , simultaneously with these other nicknames , by fans and sportswriters of the day . The team did not use the name in any formal sense until 1932 , when the word `` Dodgers '' appeared on team jerseys . The `` conclusive shift '' came in 1933 , when both home and road jerseys for the team bore the name `` Dodgers '' . Examples of how the many popularized names of the team were used are available from newspaper articles before 1932 . A New York Times article describing a game in 1916 starts out : `` Jimmy Callahan , pilot of the Pirates , did his best to wreck the hopes the Dodgers have of gaining the National League pennant '' , but then goes on to comment : `` the only thing that saved the Superbas from being toppled from first place was that the Phillies lost one of the two games played '' . What is interesting about the use of these two nicknames is that most baseball statistics sites and baseball historians generally now refer to the pennant - winning 1916 Brooklyn team as the Robins . A 1918 New York Times article uses the nickname in its title : `` Buccaneers Take Last From Robins '' , but the subtitle of the article reads : `` Subdue The Superbas By 11 To 4 , Making Series An Even Break '' . Another example of the use of the many nicknames is found on the program issued at Ebbets Field for the 1920 World Series which identifies the matchup in the series as `` Dodgers vs. Indians '' despite the fact that the Robins nickname had been in consistent use for around six years . The `` Robins '' nickname was derived from the name of their Hall of Fame manager , Wilbert Robinson , who led the team from 1914 to 1931 . Uniforms The Dodgers ' home uniform has remained relatively unchanged for 70 years The Dodgers ' uniform has remained relatively unchanged since the 1930s . The home jersey is white with `` Dodgers '' written in script across the chest in Dodger Blue . The road jersey is grey with `` Los Angeles '' written in script across the chest in Dodger Blue . The word `` Dodgers '' was first used on the front of the team 's home jersey in 1933 ; the uniform was then white with red pinstripes and a stylized `` B '' on the left shoulder . The Dodgers also wore green outlined uniforms and green caps throughout the 1937 season but reverted to blue the following year . The current design was created in 1939 , and has remained the same ever since with only cosmetic changes . In 1952 , the home uniform added a red uniform number under the `` Dodgers '' script . The road jersey also has a red uniform number under the script . When the franchise moved from Brooklyn to Los Angeles , the city name on the road jersey changed , and the stylized `` B '' was replaced with the interlocking `` LA '' on the caps in 1958 . In 1970 , the Dodgers removed the city name from the road jerseys and had `` Dodgers '' on both the home and away uniforms . The city script returned to the road jerseys in 1999 , and the tradition - rich Dodgers flirted with an alternate uniform for the first time since 1944 ( when all - blue satin uniforms were introduced ) . These 1999 alternate jerseys had a royal blue top with the `` Dodgers '' script in white across the chest , and the red number on the front . These were worn with white pants and a new cap with silver brim , top button and Dodger logo . These alternates proved unpopular and the team abandoned them after only one season . In 2014 , the Dodgers introduced an alternate road jersey : a grey version with the `` Dodgers '' script instead of the city name . Current logo using `` Dodgers '' Script Los Angeles Dodgers Script on Dodger Blue Asian players Chan Ho Park The Dodgers have been groundbreaking in their signing of players from Asia ; mainly , Japan , South Korea , and Taiwan . Former owner Peter O'Malley began reaching out in 1980 by starting clinics in China and South Korea , building baseball fields in two Chinese cities , and in 1998 becoming the first major league team to open an office in Asia . The Dodgers were the second team to start a Japanese player in recent history , pitcher Hideo Nomo , the first team to start a South Korean player , pitcher Chan Ho Park , and the first Taiwanese player , Chin - Feng Chen . In addition , they were the first team to send out three Asian pitchers , from different Asian countries , in one game : Park , Hong - Chih Kuo of Taiwan , and Takashi Saito of Japan . In the 2008 season , the Dodgers had the most Asian players on its roster of any major league team with five . They included Japanese pitchers Takashi Saito and Hiroki Kuroda ; South Korean pitcher Chan Ho Park ; and Taiwanese pitcher Hong - Chih Kuo and infielder Chin - Lung Hu . In 2005 , the Dodgers ' Hee Seop Choi became the first Asian player to compete in the Home Run Derby . For the 2013 season , the Dodgers signed starting pitcher Hyun - Jin Ryu with a six - year , $36 million contract , after posting a bid of nearly $27 million to acquire him from the KBO 's Hanhwa Eagles . For the 2016 season , the Dodgers signed starting pitcher Kenta Maeda with an eight - year , $25 million contract , after posting a bid of $20 million to acquire him from the NPB 's Hiroshima Toyo Carp . Rivalries The Dodgers ' rivalry with the San Francisco Giants dates back to the 19th century , when the two teams were based in New York ; the rivalry with the New York Yankees took place when the Dodgers were based in New York , but was revived with their East Coast / West Coast World Series battles in 1963 , 1977 , 1978 , and 1981 . The Dodgers rivalry with the Philadelphia Phillies also dates back to their days in New York , but was most fierce during the 1970s , 1980s , and 2000s . The Dodgers also had a heated rivalry with the Cincinnati Reds during the 1970s , 1980s and early 1990s . The rivalry with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim and the San Diego Padres dates back to the Angels ' and Padres ' respective inaugural seasons ( Angels in 1961 , Padres in 1969 ) . Regional proximity is behind the rivalries with both the Angels and the Padres . San Francisco Giants Main article : Dodgers -- Giants rivalry The Dodgers -- Giants rivalry is one of the longest - standing rivalries in American baseball . The feud between the Dodgers and the San Francisco Giants began in the late 19th century when both clubs were based in New York City , with the Dodgers playing in Brooklyn and the Giants playing at the Polo Grounds in Manhattan . After the 1957 season , Dodgers owner Walter O'Malley moved the team to Los Angeles for financial and other reasons . Along the way , he managed to convince Giants owner Horace Stoneham -- who was considering moving his team to Minnesota -- to preserve the rivalry by bringing his team to California as well . New York baseball fans were stunned and heartbroken by the move . Given that the cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco have been bitter rivals in economic , cultural , and political arenas for over a century and a half , the new venue in California became fertile ground for its transplantation . Each team 's ability to endure for over a century while moving across an entire continent , as well as the rivalry 's leap from a cross-city to a cross-state engagement , have led to the rivalry being considered one of the greatest in sports history . Unlike many other historic baseball match - ups in which one team remains dominant for most of their history , the Dodgers -- Giants rivalry has exhibited a persistent balance in the respective successes of the two teams . While the Giants have more wins in franchise history , and lead all NL teams with 23 National League pennants , the Dodgers are second , having won 21 ; the Giants have won eight World Series titles , while the Dodgers have won six . The 2010 World Series was the Giants ' first championship since moving to California , while the Dodgers ' last title came in the 1988 World Series . Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Main article : Freeway Series This rivalry refers to a series of games played with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim . The series takes its name from the massive freeway system in the greater Los Angeles metropolitan area , the home of both teams ; one could travel from one team 's stadium to the other simply by traveling along Interstate 5 . The term is akin to Subway Series which refers to meetings between New York City baseball teams . The term `` Freeway Series '' also inspired the official name of the regions ' NHL rivalry : the Freeway Face - Off Historical rivalry New York Yankees Main articles : Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry and Subway Series The Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry is one of the most well - known rivalries in Major League Baseball . The two teams have met eleven times in the World Series , more times than any other pair from the American and National Leagues . The initial significance was embodied in the two teams ' proximity in New York City , when the Dodgers initially played in Brooklyn . After the Dodgers moved to Los Angeles in 1958 , the rivalry retained its significance as the two teams represented the dominant cities on each coast of the United States , and since the 1980s , the two largest cities in the United States . Although the rivalry 's significance arose from the two teams ' numerous World Series meetings , the Yankees and Dodgers have not met in the World Series since 1981 . They would not play each other in a non-exhibition game until 2004 , when they played a three - game interleague series . Their last meeting was in September 2016 , when the Dodgers won two out of three games in New York . Fan support A fan waves a rally towel during the 2008 NLCS The Dodgers have a loyal fanbase , evidenced by the fact that the Dodgers were the first MLB team to attract more than 3 million fans in a season ( in 1978 ) , and accomplished that feat six more times before any other franchise did it once . The Dodgers drew at least 3 million fans for 15 consecutive seasons from 1996 to 2010 , the longest such streak in all of MLB . On July 3 , 2007 , Dodgers management announced that total franchise attendance , dating back to 1901 , had reached 175 million , a record for all professional sports . In 2007 , the Dodgers set a franchise record for single - season attendance , attracting over 3.8 million fans . In 2009 , the Dodgers led MLB in total attendance . The Dodger baseball cap is consistently in the top three in sales . During the 2011 - 2012 season , Frank McCourt , the owner of the Dodgers at that time , was going through a rough divorce with his wife over who should be the owner of the Dodger team . Instead , Frank McCourt paid $131 million to his wife as part of the divorce settlement . As a result , the team payroll was financially low for a big - budget team crippling the Dodgers in the free - agent market . Collectively , the team performance waned due to the distracting drama in the front office resulting in low attendance numbers . Given the team 's proximity to Hollywood , numerous celebrities can often be seen attending home games at Dodger Stadium . Celebrities such as co-owner Magic Johnson , Mary Hart , Larry King , Tiger Woods , Alyssa Milano and Shia LaBeouf are known to sit at field box seats behind home plate where they sign autographs for fellow Dodger fans . Actor Bryan Cranston is a lifelong Dodger fan . The Dodgers set the world record for the largest attendance for a single baseball game during an exhibition game against the Boston Red Sox on March 28 , 2008 at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in honor of the Dodgers 50th anniversary , with 115,300 fans in attendance . All proceeds from the game benefited the official charity of the Dodgers , ThinkCure ! which supports cancer research at Children 's Hospital Los Angeles and City of Hope . Mainly Dodgers fans are from their own location in southern California and also parts of southern Nevada . The Dodger fans also have a tradition of waving their towels in the air after a home run . Radio and television Main article : List of Los Angeles Dodgers broadcasters Hall of Fame Dodgers broadcaster Vin Scully Vin Scully had called Dodgers games from 1950 to 2016 . His longtime partners were Jerry Doggett ( 1956 -- 1987 ) and Ross Porter ( 1977 -- 2004 ) . In 1976 , he was selected by Dodgers fans as the Most Memorable Personality ( on the field or off ) in the team 's history . He is also a recipient of the Baseball Hall of Fame 's Ford C. Frick Award for broadcasters ( inducted in 1982 ) . Unlike the modern style in which multiple sportscasters have an on - air conversation ( usually with one functioning as play - by - play announcer and the other ( s ) as color commentator ) , Scully , Doggett and Porter generally called games solo , trading with each other inning - by - inning . In the 1980s and 1990s , Scully would call the entire radio broadcast except for the third and seventh inning , allowing the other Dodger commentators to broadcast an inning . When Doggett retired after the 1987 season , he was replaced by Hall - of - Fame Dodgers pitcher Don Drysdale , who previously broadcast games for the California Angels and Chicago White Sox . Drysdale died in his hotel room following a heart attack before a game in Montreal in 1993 . This was a difficult broadcast for Scully and Porter who could not mention it on - air until Drysdale 's family had been notified and the official announcement made . He was replaced by former Dodgers outfielder Rick Monday . Porter 's tenure ended after the 2004 season , after which the format of play - by - play announcers and color commentators was installed , led by Monday and newcomer Charley Steiner . Scully , however , continued to announce solo . Scully called roughly 100 games per season ( all home games and road games in California and Arizona ) for both flagship radio station KLAC and on television for SportsNet LA . Scully was simulcast for the first three innings of each of his appearances , then announced only for the TV audience . If Scully was calling the game , Steiner took over play - by - play on radio beginning with the fourth inning , with Monday as color commentator . If Scully was not calling the game , Steiner and Orel Hershiser called the entire game on television while Monday and Kevin Kennedy did the same on radio . In the event the Dodgers were in post-season play , Scully called the first three and last three innings of the radio broadcast alone and Steiner and Monday handled the middle innings . Vin Scully retired from calling games in 2016 . His tenure with the Dodgers was the longest with any single sports team at 67 years . The Dodgers also broadcast on radio in Spanish , and the play - by - play is voiced by another Frick Award winner , Jaime Jarrín , who has been with the Dodgers since 1959 . The color analyst for some games is former Dodger pitcher Fernando Valenzuela , for whom Jarrin once translated post-game interviews . The Spanish - language radio flagship station is KTNQ . Management Main article : List of Los Angeles Dodgers owners and executives Owner : Guggenheim Baseball Management Chairman / Controlling Partner : Mark Walter Partner : Earvin `` Magic '' Johnson Partner : Peter Guber Partner : Todd Boehly Partner : Robert `` Bobby '' Patton , Jr . President / chief executive officer : Stan Kasten President of Baseball Operations : Andrew Friedman General Manager : Farhan Zaidi Achievements Baseball Hall of Famers Los Angeles Dodgers Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Brooklyn Grooms / Superbas / Robins / Dodgers Dave Bancroft Dan Brouthers Roy Campanella Max Carey Kiki Cuyler Leo Durocher Burleigh Grimes Ned Hanlon Billy Herman Waite Hoyt Hughie Jennings Willie Keeler Joe Kelley George Kelly Tony Lazzeri Freddie Lindstrom Ernie Lombardi Al López Heinie Manush Rabbit Maranville Rube Marquard Tommy McCarthy Joe McGinnity Joe Medwick Pee Wee Reese Jackie Robinson Wilbert Robinson Duke Snider Casey Stengel Dazzy Vance Arky Vaughan Lloyd Waner Paul Waner John Montgomery Ward Zack Wheat Hack Wilson Los Angeles Dodgers Walter Alston Jim Bunning Gary Carter Don Drysdale Rickey Henderson Sandy Koufax Tommy Lasorda Greg Maddux Juan Marichal Pedro Martínez Eddie Murray Walter O'Malley Mike Piazza Frank Robinson Don Sutton Joe Torre Hoyt Wilhelm Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Dodgers , Robins , Superbas , Grooms , or Bridegrooms cap insignia . -- depicted on Hall of Fame plaque without a cap or cap insignia due to not wearing a cap or playing when caps had no insignia ; Hall of Fame recognizes Brooklyn / Los Angeles as `` Primary Team '' -- Walter O'Malley was inducted as an Executive / Pioneer for his contributions to baseball as owner of the Dodgers . He is depicted on his plaque without a cap . -- inducted as player , also managed Dodgers or was player - manager -- inducted as manager , also played for Dodgers or was player - manager Ford C. Frick Award recipients Los Angeles Dodgers Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Red Barber Ernie Harwell Jaime Jarrín Vin Scully Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Dodgers . * Played as Dodgers Team captains Leo Durocher 1938 -- 1941 Pee Wee Reese 1950 -- 1958 Duke Snider 1962 Maury Wills 1963 -- 1966 Davey Lopes 1978 -- 1979 Retired numbers See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers Pee Wee Reese SS Coach Retired July 1 , 1984 Tommy Lasorda Coach , Mgr , GM Retired August 15 , 1997 Duke Snider CF Retired July 6 , 1980 Jim Gilliam 2B , 3B Coach Retired October 10 , 1978 Don Sutton Retired August 14 , 1998 Walter Alston Mgr Retired June 5 , 1977 Sandy Koufax Retired June 4 , 1972 Roy Campanella Retired June 4 , 1972 Jackie Robinson 2B Retired June 4 , 1972 Don Drysdale Retired July 1 , 1984 Hall of Famer Sandy Koufax Koufax , Campanella , and Robinson were the first Dodgers to have their numbers retired , in a ceremony at Dodger Stadium on June 4 , 1972 . This was the year in which Koufax was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame ; Robinson and Campanella were already Hall - of - Famers . Alston 's number was retired in the year following his retirement as the Dodgers manager , six years before he was inducted into the Hall of Fame . Gilliam died suddenly in 1978 after a 28 - year career with the Dodgers organization . The Dodgers retired his number two days after his death , prior to Game 1 of the 1978 World Series . He is the only non-Hall - of - Famer to have his number retired by the Dodgers . Beginning in 1980 , the Dodgers have retired the numbers of longtime Dodgers ( Snider , Reese , Drysdale , Lasorda , and Sutton ) during the seasons in which each was inducted into the Hall of Fame . In 1997 , 50 years after he broke the color barrier and 25 years after the Dodgers retired his number , Robinson 's No. 42 was retired throughout Major League Baseball . Robinson is the only major league baseball player to have this honor bestowed upon him . Starting in the 2007 season , Jackie Robinson Day ( April 15 , commemorating Opening Day of Robinson 's rookie season of 1947 ) has featured many or all players and coaches wearing the number 42 as a tribute to Robinson . The Dodgers have not issued the number 34 since the departure of Fernando Valenzuela in 1991 , although it has not been officially retired . Awards Main article : Los Angeles Dodgers award winners and league leaders Team records Main article : Los Angeles Dodgers team records Personnel Current roster Los Angeles Dodgers roster Active roster Inactive roster Coaches / Other Pitchers Starting rotation 21 Yu Darvish 44 Rich Hill 22 Clayton Kershaw 18 Kenta Maeda 99 Hyun - jin Ryu 57 Alex Wood Bullpen 43 Luis Avilán 52 Pedro Báez 64 Walker Buehler 54 Tony Cingrani 46 Josh Fields 62 Wilmer Font 38 Brandon McCarthy 17 Brandon Morrow 58 Edward Paredes 48 Brock Stewart 68 Ross Stripling 33 Tony Watson Closer 74 Kenley Jansen Catchers 15 Austin Barnes 9 Yasmani Grandal Infielders 35 Cody Bellinger 37 Charlie Culberson 65 Kyle Farmer 11 Logan Forsythe 23 Adrian Gonzalez 70 Tim Locastro 5 Corey Seager 25 Rob Segedin 10 Justin Turner 26 Chase Utley Outfielders 16 Andre Ethier 6 Curtis Granderson 14 Enrique Hernández 31 Joc Pederson 66 Yasiel Puig 3 Chris Taylor 47 Trayce Thompson 61 Alex Verdugo Pitchers 7 Julio Urías Manager 30 Dave Roberts Coaches 56 Josh Bard ( bullpen ) 13 Juan Castro ( quality assurance ) 82 Steve Cilladi ( bullpen catcher ) 85 Rob Flippo ( bullpen catcher ) 8 Bob Geren ( bench ) 40 Rick Honeycutt ( pitching ) 49 Tim Hyers ( assistant hitting ) 27 George Lombard ( first base ) 12 Turner Ward ( hitting ) 45 Chris Woodward ( third base ) 7 Steve Yeager ( catching ) 60 - day disabled list 75 Grant Dayton 67 O'Koyea Dickson 63 Yimi García 28 Franklin Gutiérrez 29 Scott Kazmir 36 Adam Liberatore 71 Josh Ravin 60 Andrew Toles 39 active , 1 inactive 7 - or 10 - day disabled list Suspended list Personal leave Roster and coaches updated September 29 , 2017 Transactions Depth chart → All MLB rosters Presidents Main article : List of Los Angeles Dodgers owners and executives Charlie Byrne 1883 -- 1897 Charles Ebbets 1898 -- 1925 Edward McKeever 1925 -- 1925 ( interim ) Wilbert Robinson 1925 -- 1929 Frank B. York 1930 -- 1932 Stephen McKeever 1933 -- 1938 Larry MacPhail 1939 -- 1942 Branch Rickey 1943 -- 1950 Walter O'Malley 1950 -- 1970 Peter O'Malley 1970 -- 1997 Bob Graziano 1998 -- 2004 Jamie McCourt 2004 -- 2009 Dennis Mannion 2009 -- 2010 Stan Kasten 2012 -- present Managers Main article : List of Los Angeles Dodgers managers Since 1884 , the Dodgers have used a total of 31 Managers , the most current being Dave Roberts , who was appointed following the 2015 postseason , after the departure of Don Mattingly . Over the nearly 43 years from 1954 to mid-1996 , the Dodgers employed only two managers , Walter Alston and Tommy Lasorda , both of whom are in the Hall of Fame . During this entire time period of extraordinary stability , the Dodgers were family owned by Walter O'Malley and then his son Peter O'Malley . It was during this era that the Dodgers won 11 of their 21 pennants , and all six of their World Series championships . The managers of the Los Angeles Dodgers ( 1958 -- present ) are as follows : Walter Alston ( 1958 -- 1976 ) ( in Brooklyn since 1954 ) Tommy Lasorda ( 1976 -- 1996 ) Bill Russell ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Glenn Hoffman ( 1998 ) Davey Johnson ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Jim Tracy ( 2001 -- 2005 ) Grady Little ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Joe Torre ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Don Mattingly ( 2011 -- 2015 ) Dave Roberts ( 2016 -- present ) General Managers Larry MacPhail ( 1938 -- 1942 ) Branch Rickey ( 1943 -- 1950 ) Buzzie Bavasi ( 1950 -- 1968 ) Fresco Thompson ( 1968 ) Al Campanis ( 1968 -- 1987 ) Fred Claire ( 1987 -- 1998 ) Tommy Lasorda ( 1998 ) Kevin Malone ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Dave Wallace ( 2001 ) Dan Evans ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Paul DePodesta ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Ned Colletti ( 2005 -- 2014 ) Farhan Zaidi ( 2014 -- present ) Public address announcers From the Dodgers ' move to Los Angeles from Brooklyn in 1958 , the Dodgers employed a handful of well - known public address announcers ; the most famous of which was John Ramsey , who served as the PA voice of the Dodgers from 1958 until his retirement in 1982 ; as well as announcing at other venerable Los Angeles venues , including the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and Sports Arena , and the Forum . Ramsey died in 1990 . From 1958 to 1982 , Doug Moore , a local businessman ; Philip Petty , an Orange County Superior Court Judge ; and Dennis Packer ; served as back - up voices for John Ramsey for the Dodgers , California Angels , Los Angeles Chargers , USC football and Los Angeles Rams . Packer was Ramsey 's primary backup for the Los Angeles Lakers and Los Angeles Kings until Ramsey 's retirement from the Forum in 1978 . Thereafter , Packer became the public address announcer for the Lakers , Kings , indoor soccer and indoor tennis events at the Forum . Nick Nickson , a radio broadcaster for the Los Angeles Kings , replaced John Ramsey as the Dodger Stadium public address announcer in 1983 and served in that capacity through the 1989 season to work with the Kings full - time . Dennis Packer and Pete Arbogast were emulators of John Ramsey , using the same stentorian style of announcing Ramsey was famous for . Packer and Arbogast shared the stadium announcing chores for the 1994 FIFA World Cup matches at the Rose Bowl . Arbogast won the Dodgers job on the day that Ramsey died on January 25 , 1990 , by doing a verbatim imitation of Ramsey 's opening and closing remarks that were standard at each game . His replacement , in 1993 was Mike Carlucci , who remained as the Dodgers ' PA voice until 2003 to concentrate on his voiceover and acting career along with his Olympics announcing duties . Through 2014 , the Dodgers public address announcer was Eric Smith , who also announces for the Los Angeles Clippers and USC Trojans . On April 3 , 2015 the Dodgers announced that former radio broadcaster Todd Leitz would become their new public address announcer . Leitz was an anchor and news reporter in Los Angeles at KNX 1070 AM for 10 years , and a news reporter at KABC 790 for two years . Other Vin Scully is permanently honored in the Hall 's `` Scribes & Mikemen '' exhibit as a result of winning the Ford C. Frick Award in 1982 . As with all Frick Award recipients , he is not officially considered an inducted member of the Hall of Fame . Sue Falsone , served as the first female physical therapist in Major League baseball , and from 2012 to 2013 , was the first female head athletic trainer . Minor league affiliations Main article : List of Los Angeles Dodgers minor league affiliates Level Team League Location AAA Oklahoma City Dodgers Pacific Coast League Oklahoma City , Oklahoma AA Tulsa Drillers Texas League Tulsa , Oklahoma Advanced A Rancho Cucamonga Quakes California League Rancho Cucamonga , California Great Lakes Loons Midwest League Midland , Michigan Rookie Ogden Raptors Pioneer League Ogden , Utah AZL Dodgers Arizona League Phoenix , Arizona DSL Dodgers 1 Dominican Summer League Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic DSL Dodgers 2 Dominican Summer League Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic Minor league rosters Further information : Los Angeles Dodgers minor league players See also Greater Los Angeles portal Baseball portal 1994 in baseball Dodger Dog List of Los Angeles Dodgers broadcasters List of Los Angeles Dodgers managers List of Los Angeles Dodgers seasons List of World Series champions Los Angeles Dodgers all - time roster Roy Campanella Award References ^ Jump up to : `` Dressed to the Nines uniform database '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Bernado , Leonard ; Weiss , Jennifer ( 2006 ) . Brooklyn By Name : From Bedford - Stuyvesant to Flatbush Avenue , And From Ebbetts Field To Williamsburg . New York : New York University Press . p. 81 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers Timeline '' . Los Angeles Dodgers . Retrieved September 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris , ed. ( 9 February 2015 ) . `` Strange - but - true origin stories of 19 sports team names '' . USA Today . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About The Los Angeles Dodgers '' . viptickets.com . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Branch Rickey , 83 , Dies in Missouri '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1890 - 1957 ) '' . www.sportsecyclopedia.com . Jump up ^ `` Mets Timeline Mets.com : History '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers Timeline '' . Los Angeles Dodgers . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Peter Jensen . `` The Grim Reality of the `` Trolley Dodgers '' `` . Early Sports and Pop - Culture History Blog . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ The Christian Work . 60 : 10 . January 2 , 1896 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Notes of the Diamond '' . The Scranton Tribune . May 11 , 1895 . Jump up ^ `` Current Sporting Notes '' . Evening Star ( Washington DC ) . April 25 , 1898 . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Ball Parks '' . BrooklynBallParks.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Buccaneers Rout Sleepy Superbas '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . September 14 , 1916 . Retrieved October 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Buccaneers Take Last From Robins '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . May 19 , 1918 . Retrieved October 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` File : 1920 World Series program. jpg -- Wikimedia Commons '' . Commons.wikimedia.org . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wilbert Robinson '' . Baseball-statistics.com . August 8 , 1934 . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brooklyn Dodgers Uniform History Jump up ^ Baxter , Kevin ( April 16 , 2008 ) . `` Dodgers lead the league in Asian players '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2008 . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball 's top 10 rivalries '' . Jump up ^ `` In Depth : Baseball 's Most Intense Rivalries '' . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Robert ( 2009 ) . After many a summer : the passing of the Giants and Dodgers and a golden age in New York baseball . New York : Sterling . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 6068 - 6 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Neil J. ( 1987 ) . The Dodgers move west : the transfer of the Brooklyn baseball franchise to Los Angeles . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504366 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The ten greatest rivalries '' . ESPN . January 3 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Caple , Jim ( September 16 , 2002 ) . `` Giants - Dodgers best rivalry in baseball '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Beard , Donald ( March 30 , 2005 ) . `` Giants - Dodgers Covers a Lot of Ground '' . The Washington Post . p . H5 . Jump up ^ Leach , Matthew ( October 17 , 2011 ) . `` Take flight : Homers send Cards to Fall Classic '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Nightengale , Bob ( June 25 , 2010 ) . `` Oscars of interleague : Stars coming out for Yankees - Dodgers '' . USA Today . p . C4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ballparks of Baseball : MLB Attendance '' . Jump up ^ Jayson Addcox ( July 4 , 2007 ) . `` Dodgers surpass attendance milestone '' . MLB.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Shatters Attendance Record '' . Jump up ^ `` MLB Attendance -- Major League Baseball Attendance -- ESPN '' . Jump up ^ `` Top - Selling Caps '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Frank McCourt to pay ex-wife $131 M '' . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers ' 2011 home attendance : Down 627,181 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Vin Scully Retrospective '' . Los Angeles Dodgers . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Claire ( July 7 , 1993 ) . `` Dodgers ' Death Brings Out the Best '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Tony ( March 18 , 2012 ) . `` Vin Scully trims ' 12 travel schedule '' . ESPNLosAngeles.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pucin , Diane ( December 13 , 2008 ) . `` Charley Steiner will do radio only for the Dodgers '' . Los Angeles Dodgers . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Orange County Register '' . Orange County Register . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers hire Leitz as new PA announcer '' . Further reading Red Barber , Rhubarb in the Catbird Seat Stanley Cohen , Dodgers ! The First 100 Years Robert W. Creamer , Stengel : His Life and Times D'Agostino , Dennis ; Bonnie Crosby ( 2007 ) . Through a Blue Lens : The Brooklyn Dodgers Photographs of Barney Stein , 1937 -- 1957 . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 57243 - 952 - 1 . Steve Delsohn , True Blue : The Dramatic History of the Los Angeles Dodgers , Told By the Men Who Lived It Carl Erskine and Vin Scully , Tales From the Dodger Dugout : Extra Innings Harvey Froemmer , New York City Baseball Steve Garvey , `` My Bat Boy Days : Lessons I Learned from the Boys of Summer '' Cliff Gewecke , Day by Day in Dodgers History Andrew Goldblatt , The Giants and the Dodgers : Four Cities , Two Teams , One Rivalry Richard Goldstein , Superstars and Screwballs : 100 Years of Brooklyn Baseball Peter Golenbock , Bums : An Oral History of the Brooklyn Dodgers Doris Kearns Goodwin , Wait Till Next Year : A Memoir Frank Graham , The Brooklyn Dodgers : An Informal History Orel Hershiser with Jerry B. Jenkins , Out of the Blue Donald Honig , The Los Angeles Dodgers : Their First quarter Century Roger Kahn , The Boys of Summer Roger Kahn , The Era 1947 -- 1957 : When the Yankees , the Giants and the Dodgers Ruled the World Mark Langill , The Los Angeles Dodgers Tommy Lasorda with David Fisher , The Artful Dodger Jane Leavy , Sandy Koufax : A Lefty 's Legacy Joseph McCauley , Ebbets Field : Brooklyn 's Baseball Shrine William McNeil , The Dodgers Encyclopedia Tom Meany ( editor ) , The Artful Dodgers Andrew Paul Mele , A Brooklyn Dodgers Reader John J. Monteleone ( editor ) , Branch Rickey 's Little Blue Book Thomas Oliphant , Praying for Gil Hodges : A Memoir of the 1955 World Series and One Family 's Love of the Brooklyn Dodgers David Plaut , Chasing October : The Dodgers - Giants Pennant Race of 1962 Carl E. Prince , Brooklyn 's Dodgers : The Bums , The Borough and The Best of Baseball Jackie Robinson , I Never Had It Made Gene Schoor , The Complete Dodgers Record Book Gene Schoor , The Pee Wee Reese Story Duke Snider with Bill Gilbert , The Duke of Flatbush Michael Shapiro , The Last Good Season : Brooklyn , The Dodgers , and Their Final Pennant Race Together Glen Stout , The Dodgers : 120 Years of Dodgers Baseball Neil J. Sullivan , The Dodgers Move West Jules Tygiel , Baseball 's Great Experiment : Jackie Robinson and His Legacy John Weaver , Los Angeles : The Enormous Village , 1781 -- 1981 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Los Angeles Dodgers . Los Angeles Dodgers official website Current records and standings Los Angeles Dodgers Baseball Reference The Hardball Times Article on the 1960s Los Angeles Dodgers in The Hardball Times . Los Angeles Dodgers Formerly the Brooklyn Robins and the Brooklyn Dodgers . Based in Los Angeles Franchise History in Brooklyn History in Los Angeles Seasons Award winners Records No - hitters Players First - round draft picks Managers Owners and executives Coaches Broadcasters Los Angeles Dodgers Radio Network SportsNet LA Hall of Famers Opening Day starting pitchers Ballparks Washington Park Eastern Park Ridgewood Park Washington Park Ebbets Field Roosevelt Stadium Proposed domed stadium Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Dodger Stadium Spring training : Whittington Park Majestic Park Barrs Field Tinker Field Clearwater Athletic Field City Island Ball Park Gran Stadium de La Habana Holman Stadium Camelback Ranch Culture and lore Dodger Dog Chronicle - Telegraph Cup This is Next Year The First Fernandomania Kirk Gibson Walk - Off Home Run Sandy Koufax 's Perfect Game Flag Burning Chavez Ravine Dodger Blue I Love L.A. Roy Campanella Award Historic Dodgertown 1946 NL tie - breaker series 1951 NL tie - breaker series `` Shot Heard ' Round the World '' 1959 NL tie - breaker series 1962 NL tie - breaker series 1980 NL West tie - breaker game Orel Hershiser 's scoreless innings streak Vin Scully Tommy Lasorda Nancy Bea Hilda Chester 2011 bankruptcy 42 Rivalries San Francisco Giants Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Subway Series / New York Yankees Hall of Fame members Walter Alston Roy Campanella Don Drysdale Leo Durocher Burleigh Grimes Willie Keeler Sandy Koufax Vin Scully Tommy Lasorda Walter O'Malley Pee Wee Reese Branch Rickey Jackie Robinson Wilbert Robinson Duke Snider Don Sutton Dazzy Vance Zack Wheat Key personnel Owner : Guggenheim Baseball Management President : Stan Kasten President of Baseball Operations : Andrew Friedman General Manager : Farhan Zaidi Manager : Dave Roberts World Series Championships ( 6 ) 1955 1959 1963 1965 1981 1988 League pennants ( 22 ) American Association : 1889 National League : 1890 1899 1900 1916 1920 1941 1947 1949 1952 1953 1955 1956 1959 1963 1965 1966 1977 1978 1981 1988 Division titles ( 16 ) 1977 1978 1981 ( first half ) 1985 1988 1995 2008 2009 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Wild card berths ( 2 ) 2006 Minors AAA : Oklahoma City Dodgers AA : Tulsa Drillers A Adv. : Rancho Cucamonga Quakes A : Great Lakes Loons Rookie Adv. : Ogden Raptors Rookie : AZL Dodgers DSL Dodgers 1 DSL Dodgers 2 Minor League Rosters Seasons ( 134 ) 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990s 1993 1995 2000s 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Links to related articles Los Angeles Dodgers managers George Taylor ( 1884 ) Charlie Hackett ( 1885 ) Charlie Byrne ( 1885 -- 1887 ) Bill McGunnigle ( 1888 -- 1890 ) John Montgomery Ward ( 1891 -- 1892 ) Dave Foutz ( 1893 -- 1896 ) Billy Barnie ( 1897 -- 1898 ) Charles Ebbets ( 1898 ) Mike Griffin ( 1898 ) Ned Hanlon ( 1899 -- 1905 ) Patsy Donovan ( 1906 -- 1908 ) Harry Lumley ( 1909 ) Bill Dahlen ( 1910 -- 1913 ) Wilbert Robinson ( 1914 -- 1931 ) Max Carey ( 1932 -- 1933 ) Casey Stengel ( 1934 -- 1936 ) Burleigh Grimes ( 1937 -- 1938 ) Leo Durocher ( 1939 -- 1946 ) Clyde Sukeforth ( 1947 ) Burt Shotton ( 1947 ) Leo Durocher ( 1948 ) Ray Blades ( 1948 ) Burt Shotton ( 1948 -- 1950 ) Chuck Dressen ( 1951 -- 1953 ) Walter Alston ( 1954 -- 1976 ) Tommy Lasorda ( 1976 -- 1996 ) Bill Russell ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Glenn Hoffman ( 1998 ) Davey Johnson ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Jim Tracy ( 2001 -- 2005 ) Grady Little ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Joe Torre ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Don Mattingly ( 2011 -- 2015 ) Dave Roberts ( 2016 -- ) Los Angeles Dodgers general managers Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1932 -- 1957 ) MacPhail Rickey Bavasi Los Angeles Dodgers ( 1958 -- present ) Bavasi Thompson Campanis Claire Lasorda Malone Wallace Evans DePodesta Colletti Zaidi Los Angeles Dodgers retired numbers 1 Pee Wee Reese 2 Tommy Lasorda 4 Duke Snider 19 Jim Gilliam 20 Don Sutton 24 Walter Alston 32 Sandy Koufax 39 Roy Campanella 42 Jackie Robinson 53 Don Drysdale MIC Vin Scully Championship Navigation Boxes Brooklyn Bridegrooms 1889 American Association Champions Oyster Burns Bob Caruthers Bob Clark Hub Collins Pop Corkhill Dave Foutz Mickey Hughes Tom Lovett Darby O'Brien George Pinkney Germany Smith Adonis Terry Joe Visner Manager : Bill McGunnigle Brooklyn Bridegrooms 1890 National League Champions Oyster Burns Bob Caruthers Bob Clark Hub Collins Pop Corkhill Tom Daly Patsy Donovan Dave Foutz Mickey Hughes Tom Lovett Darby O'Brien George Pinkney Germany Smith Adonis Terry Manager : Bill McGunnigle Brooklyn Superbas 1899 National League Champions John Anderson Doc Casey Bill Dahlen Tom Daly Jack Dunn Duke Farrell Jay Hughes Hughie Jennings Fielder Jones Willie Keeler Joe Kelley Brickyard Kennedy Dan McGann Deacon McGuire Doc McJames Joe Yeager Manager : Ned Hanlon Brooklyn Superbas 1900 National League Champions Lave Cross Bill Dahlen Tom Daly Gene DeMontreville Jack Dunn Duke Farrell Harry Howell Hughie Jennings Fielder Jones Willie Keeler Joe Kelley Brickyard Kennedy Frank Kitson Joe McGinnity Deacon McGuire Jerry Nops Jimmy Sheckard Gus Weyhing Manager : Ned Hanlon Brooklyn Dodgers 1955 World Series champions 1 Pee Wee Reese 4 Duke Snider 6 Carl Furillo 8 George Shuba 10 Rube Walker 12 Frank Kellert 14 Gil Hodges 15 Sandy Amorós 17 Carl Erskine 18 Jim Hughes 19 Jim Gilliam 23 Don Zimmer 30 Billy Loes 32 Sandy Koufax 34 Russ Meyer 36 Don Newcombe 37 Ed Roebuck 39 Roy Campanella ( NL MVP ) 40 Roger Craig 41 Clem Labine 42 Jackie Robinson 43 Don Hoak 45 Johnny Podres ( World Series MVP ) 46 Don Bessent 48 Karl Spooner 54 Dixie Howell Manager 24 Walter Alston Coaches 22 Billy Herman 31 Jake Pitler 33 Joe Becker Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series Los Angeles Dodgers 1959 World Series champions 2 Don Demeter 4 Duke Snider 5 Norm Larker 6 Carl Furillo 8 Ron Fairly 9 Wally Moon 14 Gil Hodges 16 Danny McDevitt 19 Jim Gilliam 20 Rip Repulski 22 Johnny Podres 23 Don Zimmer 29 Chuck Essegian 30 Maury Wills 32 Sandy Koufax 35 Johnny Klippstein 38 Roger Craig 40 Stan Williams 41 Clem Labine 43 Charlie Neal 44 Johnny Roseboro 45 Chuck Churn 51 Larry Sherry ( World Series MVP ) 53 Don Drysdale 58 Joe Pignatano Manager 24 Walter Alston Coaches 1 Pee Wee Reese 7 Chuck Dressen 31 Greg Mulleavy 33 Joe Becker Regular season Los Angeles Dodgers 1963 World Series champions 3 Willie Davis 6 Ron Fairly 8 Johnny Roseboro 9 Wally Moon 11 Ken McMullen 12 Tommy Davis 14 Bill Skowron 15 Bob Miller 16 Ron Perranoski 19 Jim Gilliam 20 Al Ferrara 22 Johnny Podres 23 Marv Breeding 25 Frank Howard 30 Maury Wills 32 Sandy Koufax ( CYA , NL MVP , and World Series MVP ) 34 Dick Calmus 35 Doug Camilli 39 Ken Rowe 44 Dick Tracewski 45 Pete Richert 53 Don Drysdale Manager 24 Walter Alston Coaches 2 Leo Durocher 27 Pete Reiser 31 Greg Mulleavy 33 Joe Becker Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Los Angeles Dodgers 1965 World Series champions 3 Willie Davis 5 Jim Lefebvre ( NL ROY ) 6 Ron Fairly 8 Johnny Roseboro 9 Wally Moon 10 Jeff Torborg 11 John Kennedy 15 Bob Miller 16 Ron Perranoski 19 Jim Gilliam 21 Jim Brewer 22 Johnny Podres 23 Claude Osteen 28 Wes Parker 30 Maury Wills 31 Don LeJohn 32 Sandy Koufax ( CYA and World Series MVP ) 39 Howie Reed 41 Lou Johnson 43 Willie Crawford 44 Dick Tracewski 53 Don Drysdale Manager 24 Walter Alston Coaches 18 Preston Gómez 19 Jim Gilliam 33 Danny Ozark 36 Lefty Phillips Regular season Los Angeles Dodgers 1981 World Series champions 6 Steve Garvey 7 Steve Yeager ( World Series MVP ) 8 Reggie Smith 10 Ron Cey ( World Series MVP ) 12 Dusty Baker 14 Mike Scioscia 15 Davey Lopes 16 Rick Monday 18 Bill Russell 21 Jay Johnstone 28 Pedro Guerrero ( World Series MVP ) 30 Derrel Thomas 34 Fernando Valenzuela 35 Bob Welch 37 Bobby Castillo 38 Dave Goltz 41 Jerry Reuss 44 Ken Landreaux 46 Burt Hooton ( NLCS MVP ) 48 Dave Stewart 49 Tom Niedenfuer 51 Terry Forster 52 Steve Sax 57 Steve Howe Manager 2 Tommy Lasorda Coaches 11 Manny Mota 29 Ron Perranoski 33 Danny Ozark 54 Monty Basgall 58 Mark Cresse Regular season National League Division Series National League Championship Series Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Los Angeles Dodgers 1988 World Series champions 3 Steve Sax 5 Mike Marshall 7 Alfredo Griffin 9 Mickey Hatcher 10 Dave Anderson 12 Danny Heep 14 Mike Scioscia 17 Rick Dempsey 21 Tracy Woodson 22 Franklin Stubbs 23 Kirk Gibson 26 Alejandro Peña 29 Ricky Horton 30 John Tudor 31 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2174305714986147170	Don't Forget Me (When I'm Gone)	Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) - wikipedia Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' Single by Glass Tiger from the album The Thin Red Line B - side `` Ancient Evenings '' Released January 1986 ( 1986 - 01 ) Format 7 '' single Genre Pop rock Length 4 : 05 Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Alan Frew , Sam Reid , Jim Vallance Producer ( s ) Jim Vallance Glass Tiger singles chronology `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' ( 1986 ) `` Someday '' ( 1987 ) `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' ( 1986 ) `` Someday '' ( 1987 ) `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' is a song by Canadian rock band Glass Tiger . It was released in January 1986 as the lead from their debut album , The Thin Red Line . The song reached number - one in Canada and number 2 in the United States . The song features backing vocals by rock singer Bryan Adams . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Release and reception 3 Music videos 4 Track listing 5 Chart performance 5.1 Chart successions 5.2 Award successions 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) In 1985 , Glass Tiger chose Jim Vallance to produce the band 's debut album . At the time , Vallance was primarily known as a songwriter , having written most frequently ( and successfully ) with Bryan Adams . He also had some previous production experience , having produced one album apiece by Adams , Doug and the Slugs and CANO in the early 1980s . The band 's lead vocalist Alan Frew recalled : `` It worked out great because we were all at the same stage of development . He did n't change the sound of the band at all . He let us experiment but was n't afraid to get heavy - handed when he had to . '' Vallance composed `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' with the band , while Adams provided backing vocals . Frew - `` On the very first day that we met Jim Vallance , he picked us up at the airport and to break the ice asked us what we were listening to . One was Tears For Fears . We went to his house and drank tea and listened to some tunes . ' Everybody Wants to Rule the World ' came on and we really liked the shuffle beat . So we went into the studio and based on this shuffle beat , we wrote ' Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) ' . First day , first song . '' Release and reception ( edit ) `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' topped the Canadian Singles Chart in March 1986 , and spent two weeks at number 1 . The single was certified platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association in July . The song entered the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in July , peaked at number 2 in October - kept from number 1 by Janet Jackson 's `` When I Think of You '' - and spent 24 weeks on the chart . It reached number 1 on the Singles Sales chart and number 6 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart . The song also peaked at number 17 on the Mainstream Rock chart , number 30 on the Adult Contemporary chart , and number 34 on the Billboard Year - End singles chart of 1986 . The single reached the top 10 in Australia , number 27 in New Zealand , number 29 in the United Kingdom , and number 40 in the Netherlands . Frew credited the song 's chart performance to `` solid record company involvement '' and the band 's international appeal . `` We are n't rewriting musical history by any means , '' he added . `` But our melody lines are strong and mature enough to appeal to the English - speaking world . '' The song won the 1986 Juno Award for Single of the Year , and was named top Canadian single in the Rock Express magazine readers ' poll awards in 1987 . In 1996 , the Society of Composers , Authors and Music Publishers of Canada honored the song for airing more than 100,000 times on Canadian radio . Glass Tiger performed the song during an episode of the 2005 NBC reality television program Hit Me , Baby , One More Time . Music Videos ( edit ) The song 's original music video , made for the Canadian market , mixed performance footage with a storybook concept . Directed by Rob Quartly , the video was nominated for Best Video at the Juno Awards of 1986 . This version was the first video to air on the MuchMoreRetro digital cable music video channel when it launched on September 4 , 2003 . A second video was created for other markets , according to Manhattan Records Vice President of A&R Bruce Garfield . He noted that `` Steven Reed , our senior vice president of marketing , took a very strong stand because the Canadian video was too cutesy and directed solely toward the youth market . '' Garfield added , `` It did n't focus enough on the artistic integrity and entertainment aspect of the band . '' The newer version received heavy rotation on MTV . Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' Vinyl ( Canada , Australia , Europe , U.S. ) `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' -- 4 : 05 `` Ancient Evenings '' -- 4 : 50 12 '' Vinyl ( Canada ) `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' ( extended version ) -- 7 : 10 `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' ( single mix ) -- 4 : 05 `` Do You Wanna Dance ( With Me ) '' -- 3 : 58 Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1986 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 9 Canada ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 32 Ireland ( IRMA ) 26 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 40 New Zealand ( RIANZ ) 27 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 29 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Mainstream Rock 17 U.S. Adult Contemporary 30 Chart successions ( edit ) Preceded by `` Sara '' by Starship Canadian RPM number - one single March 29 , 1986 - April 5 , 1986 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Secret Lovers '' by Atlantic Starr Award successions ( edit ) Preceded by `` Never Surrender '' by Corey Hart Juno Award for Single of the Year 1986 Succeeded by `` Someday '' by Glass Tiger References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : LaPointe , Kirk ( 1986 - 07 - 05 ) . `` Glass Tiger Roars Onto Canadian Scene '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 98 ( 27 ) : 70 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ http://www.cbc.ca/covermecanada/2011/10/alan-frew-of-glass-tiger-talks-someday.html ^ Jump up to : `` RPM 100 Singles '' . RPM . RPM Music Publications Ltd. 44 ( 1 ) . 1986 - 03 - 29 . ISSN 0315 - 5994 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Singles '' . RPM . RPM Music Publications Ltd. 44 ( 2 ) . 1986 - 04 - 05 . ISSN 0315 - 5994 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ LaPointe , Kirk ( 1986 - 08 - 23 ) . `` New Artists Dominate CRIA List '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 98 ( 34 ) : 71 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) ' - Chart history '' . Billboard ( Nielsen Business Media , Inc . ) . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits ( 8th ed . ) . New York : Billboard Books . p. 257 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8230 - 7499 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Glass Tiger - Charts & Awards - Billboard Singles '' . Allmusic ( Rovi Corporation ) . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Top Pop Singles '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 98 ( 52 ) : 9 . 1986 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 98 ( 51 ) : 58 . 1986 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Glass Tiger - ' Do n't Forget Me When I 'm Gone ' '' . Ultratop . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Warwick , Neil ; Kutner , Jon ; Brown , Tony ( 2004 ) . The Complete Book Of The British Charts ( 3rd ed . ) . London : Omnibus Press . p. 461 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84449 - 058 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Glass Tiger Succeeds South of Canada 's Border '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 98 ( 49 ) : 22 . 1986 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Griffin , John ( 1986 - 11 - 11 ) . `` Juno Award Winners '' . The Gazette . p . A-11 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Glass Tiger Sweeps Top Three Awards in Magazine Readers ' Poll '' . Ottawa Citizen. 1987 - 02 - 19 . p . E6 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` SOCAN Awards Canada 's Songwriters '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 108 ( 49 ) : 50 . 1996 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` A Dose of Reality : Hit Me Baby One More Time : Week 4 '' . The Trades ( Burlee LLC ) . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Video Track '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 98 ( 8 ) : 28 . 1996 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` List of Juno Award Nominees in Major Categories '' . The Gazette. 1986 - 09 - 09 . p . E-4 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Launch Videos '' . MuchMoreRetro . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Programming '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 98 ( 38 ) : 57 . 1996 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Glass Tiger Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . External links ( edit ) `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) lyrics Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Glass Tiger Alan Frew Sam Reid Al Connelly Wayne Parker Chris McNeill Studio albums The Thin Red Line ( 1986 ) Diamond Sun ( 1988 ) Simple Mission ( 1991 ) Compilations Air Time : The Best of Glass Tiger ( 1993 ) No Turning Back : 1985 -- 2005 ( 2005 ) Glass Tiger : Live ( 2006 ) 31 ( 2018 ) Singles `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' `` Someday '' Related articles Newmarket , Ontario Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Forget_Me_(When_I%27m_Gone)&oldid=842668649 '' Categories : Debut singles 1986 singles Glass Tiger songs Songs written by Alan Frew Songs written by Jim Vallance RPM Top Singles number - one singles Capitol Records singles Juno Award for Single of the Year singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Germany Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 22 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang don't forget me when i'm gone	[ "\"Don't Forget Me (When I'm Gone)\" is a song by Canadian rock band Glass Tiger. It was released in January 1986 as the lead from their debut album, The Thin Red Line. The song reached number-one in Canada and number 2 in the United States. The song features backing vocals by rock singer Bryan Adams." ]	[ "Glass Tiger" ]
-2066477513215945796	History of the Internet	History of the Internet - Wikipedia History of the Internet Jump to : navigation , search History of computing Hardware Hardware before 1960 Hardware 1960s to present Software Software Unix Free software and open - source software Computer science Artificial intelligence Compiler construction Computer science Operating systems Programming languages Prominent pioneers Software engineering Modern concepts General - purpose CPUs Graphical user interface Internet Laptops Personal computers Video games World Wide Web By country Bulgaria Poland Romania Soviet Bloc Soviet Union Yugoslavia Timeline of computing before 1950 1950 -- 1979 1980 -- 1989 1990 -- 1999 2000 -- 2009 2010 -- 2019 more timelines ... Category Internet An Opte Project visualization of routing paths through a portion of the Internet General ( hide ) Access Censorship Democracy Digital divide Digital rights Freedom of information History of the Internet Internet phenomena Net neutrality Pioneers Privacy Sociology Usage Governance ( show ) ICANN Internet Engineering Task Force Internet Governance Forum Internet Society Information infrastructure ( show ) Domain Name System Hypertext Transfer Protocol Internet exchange point Internet Protocol Internet protocol suite Internet service provider IP address Internet Message Access Protocol Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Services ( show ) Blogs Microblogging Email Fax File sharing File transfer Games Instant messaging Podcasts Shopping Television Voice over IP World Wide Web search Guides ( show ) Book Index Outline Internet portal The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s . Initial concepts of wide area networking originated in several computer science laboratories in the United States , United Kingdom , and France . The US Department of Defense awarded contracts as early as the 1960s , including for the development of the ARPANET project , directed by Robert Taylor and managed by Lawrence Roberts . The first message was sent over the ARPANET in 1969 from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock 's laboratory at University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) to the second network node at Stanford Research Institute ( SRI ) . Packet switching networks such as the NPL network , ARPANET , Tymnet , Merit Network , CYCLADES , and Telenet , were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of communications protocols . Donald Davies first demonstrated packet switching in 1967 at the National Physics Laboratory ( NPL ) in the UK , which became a testbed for UK research for almost two decades . The ARPANET project led to the development of protocols for internetworking , in which multiple separate networks could be joined into a network of networks . The Internet protocol suite ( TCP / IP ) was developed by Robert E. Kahn and Vint Cerf in the 1970s and became the standard networking protocol on the ARPANET , incorporating concepts from the French CYCLADES project directed by Louis Pouzin . In the early 1980s the NSF funded the establishment for national supercomputing centers at several universities , and provided interconnectivity in 1986 with the NSFNET project , which also created network access to the supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education organizations . Commercial Internet service providers ( ISPs ) began to emerge in the very late 1980s . The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990 . Limited private connections to parts of the Internet by officially commercial entities emerged in several American cities by late 1989 and 1990 , and the NSFNET was decommissioned in 1995 , removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic . In the 1980s , research at CERN in Switzerland by British computer scientist Tim Berners - Lee resulted in the World Wide Web , linking hypertext documents into an information system , accessible from any node on the network . Since the mid-1990s , the Internet has had a revolutionary impact on culture , commerce , and technology , including the rise of near - instant communication by electronic mail , instant messaging , voice over Internet Protocol ( VoIP ) telephone calls , two - way interactive video calls , and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums , blogs , social networking , and online shopping sites . The research and education community continues to develop and use advanced networks such as JANET in the United Kingdom and Internet2 in the United States . Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber optic networks operating at 1 - Gbit / s , 10 - Gbit / s , or more . The Internet 's takeover of the global communication landscape was almost instant in historical terms : it only communicated 1 % of the information flowing through two - way telecommunications networks in the year 1993 , already 51 % by 2000 , and more than 97 % of the telecommunicated information by 2007 . Today the Internet continues to grow , driven by ever greater amounts of online information , commerce , entertainment , and social networking . Internet history timeline Early research and development : 1965 ( 1965 ) : NPL network planning starts 1966 ( 1966 ) : Merit Network founded 1966 ( 1966 ) : ARPANET planning starts 1967 ( 1967 ) : NPL network packet switching pilot experiment 1969 ( 1969 ) : ARPANET carries its first packets 1970 ( 1970 ) : Network Information Center ( NIC ) 1971 ( 1971 ) : Tymnet packet - switched network 1972 ( 1972 ) : Merit Network 's packet - switched network operational 1972 ( 1972 ) : Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( IANA ) established 1973 ( 1973 ) : CYCLADES network demonstrated 1974 ( 1974 ) : Telenet packet - switched network 1976 ( 1976 ) : X. 25 protocol approved 1978 ( 1978 ) : Minitel introduced 1979 ( 1979 ) : Internet Activities Board ( IAB ) 1980 ( 1980 ) : USENET news using UUCP 1980 ( 1980 ) : Ethernet standard introduced 1981 ( 1981 ) : BITNET established Merging the networks and creating the Internet : 1981 ( 1981 ) : Computer Science Network ( CSNET ) 1982 ( 1982 ) : TCP / IP protocol suite formalized 1982 ( 1982 ) : Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ( SMTP ) 1983 ( 1983 ) : Domain Name System ( DNS ) 1983 ( 1983 ) : MILNET split off from ARPANET 1985 ( 1985 ) : First . COM domain name registered 1986 ( 1986 ) : NSFNET with 56 kbit / s links 1986 ( 1986 ) : Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) 1987 ( 1987 ) : UUNET founded 1988 ( 1988 ) : NSFNET upgraded to 1.5 Mbit / s ( T1 ) 1988 ( 1988 ) : OSI Reference Model released 1988 ( 1988 ) : Morris worm 1989 ( 1989 ) : Border Gateway Protocol ( BGP ) 1989 ( 1989 ) : PSINet founded , allows commercial traffic 1989 ( 1989 ) : Federal Internet Exchanges ( FIXes ) 1990 ( 1990 ) : GOSIP ( without TCP / IP ) 1990 ( 1990 ) : ARPANET decommissioned 1990 ( 1990 ) : Advanced Network and Services ( ANS ) 1990 ( 1990 ) : UUNET / Alternet allows commercial traffic 1990 ( 1990 ) : Archie search engine 1991 ( 1991 ) : Wide area information server ( WAIS ) 1991 ( 1991 ) : Gopher 1991 ( 1991 ) : Commercial Internet eXchange ( CIX ) 1991 ( 1991 ) : ANS CO + RE allows commercial traffic 1991 ( 1991 ) : World Wide Web ( WWW ) 1992 ( 1992 ) : NSFNET upgraded to 45 Mbit / s ( T3 ) 1992 ( 1992 ) : Internet Society ( ISOC ) established 1993 ( 1993 ) : Classless Inter-Domain Routing ( CIDR ) 1993 ( 1993 ) : InterNIC established 1993 ( 1993 ) : AOL added USENET access 1993 ( 1993 ) : Mosaic web browser released 1994 ( 1994 ) : Full text web search engines 1994 ( 1994 ) : North American Network Operators ' Group ( NANOG ) established Commercialization , privatization , broader access leads to the modern Internet : 1995 ( 1995 ) : New Internet architecture with commercial ISPs connected at NAPs 1995 ( 1995 ) : NSFNET decommissioned 1995 ( 1995 ) : GOSIP updated to allow TCP / IP 1995 ( 1995 ) : very high - speed Backbone Network Service ( vBNS ) 1995 ( 1995 ) : IPv6 proposed 1996 ( 1996 ) : AOL changes pricing model from hourly to monthly 1998 ( 1998 ) : Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN ) 1999 ( 1999 ) : IEEE 802.11 b wireless networking 1999 ( 1999 ) : Internet2 / Abilene Network 1999 ( 1999 ) : vBNS+ allows broader access 2000 ( 2000 ) : Dot - com bubble bursts 2001 ( 2001 ) : New top - level domain names activated 2001 ( 2001 ) : Code Red I , Code Red II , and Nimda worms 2003 ( 2003 ) : UN World Summit on the Information Society ( WSIS ) phase I 2003 ( 2003 ) : National LambdaRail founded 2004 ( 2004 ) : UN Working Group on Internet Governance ( WGIG ) 2005 ( 2005 ) : UN WSIS phase II 2006 ( 2006 ) : First meeting of the Internet Governance Forum 2010 ( 2010 ) : First internationalized country code top - level domains registered 2012 ( 2012 ) : ICANN begins accepting applications for new generic top - level domain names 2013 ( 2013 ) : Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation 2014 ( 2014 ) : NetMundial international Internet governance proposal 2016 ( 2016 ) : ICANN contract with U.S. Dept. of Commerce ends , IANA oversight passes to the global Internet community on October 1st Examples of Internet services : 1989 ( 1989 ) : AOL dial - up service provider , email , instant messaging , and web browser 1990 ( 1990 ) : IMDb Internet movie database 1995 ( 1995 ) : Amazon.com online retailer 1995 ( 1995 ) : eBay online auction and shopping 1995 ( 1995 ) : Craigslist classified advertisements 1996 ( 1996 ) : Hotmail free web - based e-mail 1997 ( 1997 ) : Babel Fish automatic translation 1998 ( 1998 ) : Google Search 1998 ( 1998 ) : Yahoo ! Clubs ( now Yahoo ! Groups ) 1998 ( 1998 ) : PayPal Internet payment system 1999 ( 1999 ) : Napster peer - to - peer file sharing 2001 ( 2001 ) : BitTorrent peer - to - peer file sharing 2001 ( 2001 ) : Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia 2003 ( 2003 ) : LinkedIn business networking 2003 ( 2003 ) : Myspace social networking site 2003 ( 2003 ) : Skype Internet voice calls 2003 ( 2003 ) : iTunes Store 2003 ( 2003 ) : 4Chan Anonymous image - based bulletin board 2003 ( 2003 ) : The Pirate Bay , torrent file host 2004 ( 2004 ) : Facebook social networking site 2004 ( 2004 ) : Podcast media file series 2004 ( 2004 ) : Flickr image hosting 2005 ( 2005 ) : YouTube video sharing 2005 ( 2005 ) : Reddit link voting 2005 ( 2005 ) : Google Earth virtual globe 2006 ( 2006 ) : Twitter microblogging 2007 ( 2007 ) : WikiLeaks anonymous news and information leaks 2007 ( 2007 ) : Google Street View 2007 ( 2007 ) : Kindle , e-reader and virtual bookshop 2008 ( 2008 ) : Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud ( EC2 ) 2008 ( 2008 ) : Dropbox cloud - based file hosting 2008 ( 2008 ) : Encyclopedia of Life , a collaborative encyclopedia intended to document all living species 2008 ( 2008 ) : Spotify , a DRM - based music streaming service 2009 ( 2009 ) : Bing search engine 2009 ( 2009 ) : Google Docs , Web - based word processor , spreadsheet , presentation , form , and data storage service 2009 ( 2009 ) : Kickstarter , a threshold pledge system 2009 ( 2009 ) : Bitcoin , a digital currency 2010 ( 2010 ) : Instagram , photo sharing and social networking 2011 ( 2011 ) : Google+ , social networking 2011 ( 2011 ) : Snapchat , photo sharing 2012 ( 2012 ) : Coursera , massive open online courses Contents ( hide ) 1 Precursors 2 Development of wide area networking 2.1 Inspiration 2.2 Development of packet switching 2.3 Networks that led to the Internet 2.3. 1 NPL network 2.3. 2 ARPANET 2.3. 3 Merit Network 2.3. 4 CYCLADES 2.3. 5 X. 25 and public data networks 2.3. 6 UUCP and Usenet 2.4 Merging the networks and creating the Internet ( 1973 -- 95 ) 2.4. 1 TCP / IP 2.4. 2 From ARPANET to NSFNET 2.4. 3 Transition towards the Internet 2.5 TCP / IP goes global ( 1980s ) 2.5. 1 CERN , the European Internet , the link to the Pacific and beyond 2.5. 2 The early global `` digital divide '' emerges 2.5. 2.1 Africa 2.5. 2.2 Asia and Oceania 2.5. 2.3 Latin America 2.6 Rise of the global Internet ( late 1980s / early 1990s onward ) 2.6. 1 World Wide Web and introduction of browsers 2.6. 2 Use in wider society 1990s to early 2000s ( Web 1.0 ) 2.6. 3 Web 2.0 2.6. 4 The mobile revolution 2.7 Networking in outer space 3 Internet governance 3.1 NIC , InterNIC , IANA and ICANN 3.2 Internet Engineering Task Force 3.2. 1 Request for Comments 3.3 The Internet Society 3.4 Globalization and Internet governance in the 21st century 4 Politicization of the Internet 4.1 Net neutrality 5 Use and culture 5.1 Email and Usenet 5.2 From Gopher to the WWW 5.3 Search engines 5.4 File sharing 5.5 Dot - com bubble 5.6 Mobile phones and the Internet 6 Web technologies 7 Historiography 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Precursors See also : The Victorian Internet The concept of data communication -- transmitting data between two different places through an electromagnetic medium such as radio or an electric wire -- pre-dates the introduction of the first computers . Such communication systems were typically limited to point to point communication between two end devices . Telegraph systems and telex machines can be considered early precursors of this kind of communication . The Telegraph in the late 19th century was the first fully digital communication system . Fundamental theoretical work in data transmission and information theory was developed by Claude Shannon , Harry Nyquist , and Ralph Hartley in the early 20th century . Early computers had a central processing unit and remote terminals . As the technology evolved , new systems were devised to allow communication over longer distances ( for terminals ) or with higher speed ( for interconnection of local devices ) that were necessary for the mainframe computer model . These technologies made it possible to exchange data ( such as files ) between remote computers . However , the point - to - point communication model was limited , as it did not allow for direct communication between any two arbitrary systems ; a physical link was necessary . The technology was also considered unsafe for strategic and military use because there were no alternative paths for the communication in case of an enemy attack . Development of Wide area networking With limited exceptions , the earliest computers were connected directly to terminals used by individual users , typically in the same building or site . Such networks became known as local area networks ( LANs ) . Networking beyond this scope , known as wide area networks ( WANs ) , emerged during the 1950s and became established during the 1960s . Inspiration J.C.R. Licklider , Vice President at Bolt Beranek and Newman , Inc. , proposed a global network in his January 1960 paper Man - Computer Symbiosis : A network of such ( computers ) , connected to one another by wide - band communication lines ( which provided ) the functions of present - day libraries together with anticipated advances in information storage and retrieval and ( other ) symbiotic functions In August 1962 , Licklider and Welden Clark published the paper `` On - Line Man - Computer Communication '' which was one of the first descriptions of a networked future . In October 1962 , Licklider was hired by Jack Ruina as director of the newly established Information Processing Techniques Office ( IPTO ) within DARPA , with a mandate to interconnect the United States Department of Defense 's main computers at Cheyenne Mountain , the Pentagon , and SAC HQ . There he formed an informal group within DARPA to further computer research . He began by writing memos describing a distributed network to the IPTO staff , whom he called `` Members and Affiliates of the Intergalactic Computer Network '' . As part of the information processing office 's role , three network terminals had been installed : one for System Development Corporation in Santa Monica , one for Project Genie at University of California , Berkeley , and one for the Compatible Time - Sharing System project at Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) . Licklider 's identified need for inter-networking would become obvious by the apparent waste of resources this caused . For each of these three terminals , I had three different sets of user commands . So if I was talking online with someone at S.D.C. and I wanted to talk to someone I knew at Berkeley or M.I.T. about this , I had to get up from the S.D.C. terminal , go over and log into the other terminal and get in touch with them ... I said , oh man , it 's obvious what to do : If you have these three terminals , there ought to be one terminal that goes anywhere you want to go where you have interactive computing . That idea is the ARPAnet . Although he left the IPTO in 1964 , five years before the ARPANET went live , it was his vision of universal networking that provided the impetus for one of his successors , Robert Taylor , to initiate the ARPANET development . Licklider later returned to lead the IPTO in 1973 for two years . Development of packet switching Main article : Packet switching The issue of connecting separate physical networks to form one logical network was the first of many problems . Early networks used message switched systems that required rigid routing structures prone to single point of failure . In the 1960s , Paul Baran of the RAND Corporation produced a study of survivable networks for the U.S. military in the event of nuclear war . Information transmitted across Baran 's network would be divided into what he called `` message blocks '' . Independently , Donald Davies ( National Physical Laboratory , UK ) , proposed and was the first to put into practice a local area network based on what he called packet switching , the term that would ultimately be adopted . Larry Roberts applied Davies ' concepts of packet switching for the ARPANET wide area network , and sought input from Paul Baran and Leonard Kleinrock . Kleinrock subsequently developed the mathematical theory behind the performance of this technology building on his earlier work on queueing theory . Packet switching is a rapid store and forward networking design that divides messages up into arbitrary packets , with routing decisions made per - packet . It provides better bandwidth utilization and response times than the traditional circuit - switching technology used for telephony , particularly on resource - limited interconnection links . Networks that led to the Internet NPL network Main article : NPL network Following discussions with J.C.R. Licklider , Donald Davies became interested in data communications for computer networks . At the National Physical Laboratory ( United Kingdom ) in 1965 , Davies designed and proposed a national data network based on packet switching . The following year , he described the use of an `` Interface computer '' to act as a router . The proposal was not taken up nationally but by 1967 , a pilot experiment had demonstrated the feasibility of packet switched networks . By 1969 he had begun building the Mark I packet - switched network to meet the needs of the multidisciplinary laboratory and prove the technology under operational conditions . In 1976 , 12 computers and 75 terminal devices were attached , and more were added until the network was replaced in 1986 . NPL , followed by ARPANET , were the first two networks in the world to use packet switching , and were interconnected in the early 1970s . ARPANET Main article : ARPANET See also : The Internet during the Cold War Robert Taylor was promoted to the head of the information processing office at Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) in June 1966 . He intended to realize Licklider 's ideas of an interconnected networking system . Bringing in Larry Roberts from MIT , he initiated a project to build such a network . The first ARPANET link was established between the University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) and the Stanford Research Institute at 22 : 30 hours on October 29 , 1969 . `` We set up a telephone connection between us and the guys at SRI ... '' , Kleinrock ... said in an interview : `` We typed the L and we asked on the phone , `` Do you see the L ? '' `` Yes , we see the L , '' came the response . We typed the O , and we asked , `` Do you see the O . '' `` Yes , we see the O . '' Then we typed the G , and the system crashed ... Yet a revolution had begun '' ... 35 Years of the Internet , 1969 -- 2004 . Stamp of Azerbaijan , 2004 . By December 5 , 1969 , a 4 - node network was connected by adding the University of Utah and the University of California , Santa Barbara . Building on ideas developed in ALOHAnet , the ARPANET grew rapidly . By 1981 , the number of hosts had grown to 213 , with a new host being added approximately every twenty days . ARPANET development was centered around the Request for Comments ( RFC ) process , still used today for proposing and distributing Internet Protocols and Systems . RFC 1 , entitled `` Host Software '' , was written by Steve Crocker from the University of California , Los Angeles , and published on April 7 , 1969 . These early years were documented in the 1972 film Computer Networks : The Heralds of Resource Sharing . ARPANET became the technical core of what would become the Internet , and a primary tool in developing the technologies used . The early ARPANET used the Network Control Program ( NCP , sometimes Network Control Protocol ) rather than TCP / IP . On January 1 , 1983 , known as flag day , NCP on the ARPANET was replaced by the more flexible and powerful family of TCP / IP protocols , marking the start of the modern Internet . International collaborations on ARPANET were sparse . For various political reasons , European developers were concerned with developing the X. 25 networks . Notable exceptions were the Norwegian Seismic Array ( NORSAR ) in 1972 , followed in 1973 by Sweden with satellite links to the Tanum Earth Station and Peter Kirstein 's research group in the UK , initially at the Institute of Computer Science , London University and later at University College London . Merit network The Merit Network was formed in 1966 as the Michigan Educational Research Information Triad to explore computer networking between three of Michigan 's public universities as a means to help the state 's educational and economic development . With initial support from the State of Michigan and the National Science Foundation ( NSF ) , the packet - switched network was first demonstrated in December 1971 when an interactive host to host connection was made between the IBM mainframe computer systems at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and Wayne State University in Detroit . In October 1972 connections to the CDC mainframe at Michigan State University in East Lansing completed the triad . Over the next several years in addition to host to host interactive connections the network was enhanced to support terminal to host connections , host to host batch connections ( remote job submission , remote printing , batch file transfer ) , interactive file transfer , gateways to the Tymnet and Telenet public data networks , X. 25 host attachments , gateways to X. 25 data networks , Ethernet attached hosts , and eventually TCP / IP and additional public universities in Michigan join the network . All of this set the stage for Merit 's role in the NSFNET project starting in the mid-1980s . CYCLADES The CYCLADES packet switching network was a French research network designed and directed by Louis Pouzin . First demonstrated in 1973 , it was developed to explore alternatives to the early ARPANET design and to support network research generally . It was the first network to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data , rather than the network itself , using unreliable datagrams and associated end - to - end protocol mechanisms . Concepts of this network influenced later ARPANET architecture . X. 25 and public data networks Main articles : X. 25 , Bulletin board system , and FidoNet Play media 1974 ABC interview with Arthur C. Clarke , in which he describes a future of ubiquitous networked personal computers . Based on ARPA 's research , packet switching network standards were developed by the International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) in the form of X. 25 and related standards . While using packet switching , X. 25 is built on the concept of virtual circuits emulating traditional telephone connections . In 1974 , X. 25 formed the basis for the SERCnet network between British academic and research sites , which later became JANET . The initial ITU Standard on X. 25 was approved in March 1976 . The British Post Office , Western Union International and Tymnet collaborated to create the first international packet switched network , referred to as the International Packet Switched Service ( IPSS ) , in 1978 . This network grew from Europe and the US to cover Canada , Hong Kong , and Australia by 1981 . By the 1990s it provided a worldwide networking infrastructure . Unlike ARPANET , X. 25 was commonly available for business use . Telenet offered its Telemail electronic mail service , which was also targeted to enterprise use rather than the general email system of the ARPANET . The first public dial - in networks used asynchronous TTY terminal protocols to reach a concentrator operated in the public network . Some networks , such as CompuServe , used X. 25 to multiplex the terminal sessions into their packet - switched backbones , while others , such as Tymnet , used proprietary protocols . In 1979 , CompuServe became the first service to offer electronic mail capabilities and technical support to personal computer users . The company broke new ground again in 1980 as the first to offer real - time chat with its CB Simulator . Other major dial - in networks were America Online ( AOL ) and Prodigy that also provided communications , content , and entertainment features . Many bulletin board system ( BBS ) networks also provided on - line access , such as FidoNet which was popular amongst hobbyist computer users , many of them hackers and amateur radio operators . UUCP and Usenet Main articles : UUCP and Usenet In 1979 , two students at Duke University , Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis , originated the idea of using Bourne shell scripts to transfer news and messages on a serial line UUCP connection with nearby University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . Following public release of the software in 1980 , the mesh of UUCP hosts forwarding on the Usenet news rapidly expanded . UUCPnet , as it would later be named , also created gateways and links between FidoNet and dial - up BBS hosts . UUCP networks spread quickly due to the lower costs involved , ability to use existing leased lines , X. 25 links or even ARPANET connections , and the lack of strict use policies compared to later networks like CSNET and Bitnet . All connects were local . By 1981 the number of UUCP hosts had grown to 550 , nearly doubling to 940 in 1984 . -- Sublink Network , operating since 1987 and officially founded in Italy in 1989 , based its interconnectivity upon UUCP to redistribute mail and news groups messages throughout its Italian nodes ( about 100 at the time ) owned both by private individuals and small companies . Sublink Network represented possibly one of the first examples of the Internet technology becoming progress through popular diffusion . Merging the networks and creating the Internet ( 1973 -- 95 ) Map of the TCP / IP test network in February 1982 TCP / IP Main article : Internet Protocol Suite With so many different network methods , something was needed to unify them . Robert E. Kahn of DARPA and ARPANET recruited Vinton Cerf of Stanford University to work with him on the problem . By 1973 , they had worked out a fundamental reformulation , where the differences between network protocols were hidden by using a common internetwork protocol , and instead of the network being responsible for reliability , as in the ARPANET , the hosts became responsible . Cerf credits Hubert Zimmermann , Gerard LeLann and Louis Pouzin ( designer of the CYCLADES network ) with important work on this design . The specification of the resulting protocol , RFC 675 -- Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program , by Vinton Cerf , Yogen Dalal and Carl Sunshine , Network Working Group , December 1974 , contains the first attested use of the term internet , as a shorthand for internetworking ; later RFCs repeat this use , so the word started out as an adjective rather than the noun it is today . A Stanford Research Institute 's Packet Radio Van , site of the first three - way internetworked transmission . With the role of the network reduced to the bare minimum , it became possible to join almost any networks together , no matter what their characteristics were , thereby solving Kahn 's initial problem . DARPA agreed to fund development of prototype software , and after several years of work , the first demonstration of a gateway between the Packet Radio network in the SF Bay area and the ARPANET was conducted by the Stanford Research Institute . On November 22 , 1977 a three network demonstration was conducted including the ARPANET , the SRI 's Packet Radio Van on the Packet Radio Network and the Atlantic Packet Satellite network . Stemming from the first specifications of TCP in 1974 , TCP / IP emerged in mid-late 1978 in nearly its final form , as used for the first decades of the Internet , known as `` IPv4 '' . ( IPv4 eventually became superseded by its successor , called `` IPv6 '' , but this was largely due to the sheer number of devices being connected post-2005 , which overwhelmed the numbers that IPv4 had been able to accommodate worldwide . However , due to IPv4 's entrenched position by that time , the shift is still in its early stages as of 2015 , and expected to take many years , decades , or perhaps longer , to complete ) . The associated standards for IPv4 were published by 1981 as RFCs 791 , 792 and 793 , and adopted for use . DARPA sponsored or encouraged the development of TCP / IP implementations for many operating systems and then scheduled a migration of all hosts on all of its packet networks to TCP / IP . On January 1 , 1983 , known as flag day , TCP / IP protocols became the only approved protocol on the ARPANET , replacing the earlier NCP protocol . From ARPANET to NSFNET Main articles : ARPANET and NSFNET BBN Technologies TCP / IP Internet map of early 1986 . After the ARPANET had been up and running for several years , ARPA looked for another agency to hand off the network to ; ARPA 's primary mission was funding cutting edge research and development , not running a communications utility . Eventually , in July 1975 , the network had been turned over to the Defense Communications Agency , also part of the Department of Defense . In 1983 , the U.S. military portion of the ARPANET was broken off as a separate network , the MILNET . MILNET subsequently became the unclassified but military - only NIPRNET , in parallel with the SECRET - level SIPRNET and JWICS for TOP SECRET and above . NIPRNET does have controlled security gateways to the public Internet . The networks based on the ARPANET were government funded and therefore restricted to noncommercial uses such as research ; unrelated commercial use was strictly forbidden . This initially restricted connections to military sites and universities . During the 1980s , the connections expanded to more educational institutions , and even to a growing number of companies such as Digital Equipment Corporation and Hewlett - Packard , which were participating in research projects or providing services to those who were . Several other branches of the U.S. government , the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) , the National Science Foundation ( NSF ) , and the Department of Energy ( DOE ) became heavily involved in Internet research and started development of a successor to ARPANET . In the mid-1980s , all three of these branches developed the first Wide Area Networks based on TCP / IP . NASA developed the NASA Science Network , NSF developed CSNET and DOE evolved the Energy Sciences Network or ESNet . T3 NSFNET Backbone , c. 1992 NASA developed the TCP / IP based NASA Science Network ( NSN ) in the mid-1980s , connecting space scientists to data and information stored anywhere in the world . In 1989 , the DECnet - based Space Physics Analysis Network ( SPAN ) and the TCP / IP - based NASA Science Network ( NSN ) were brought together at NASA Ames Research Center creating the first multiprotocol wide area network called the NASA Science Internet , or NSI . NSI was established to provide a totally integrated communications infrastructure to the NASA scientific community for the advancement of earth , space and life sciences . As a high - speed , multiprotocol , international network , NSI provided connectivity to over 20,000 scientists across all seven continents . In 1981 NSF supported the development of the Computer Science Network ( CSNET ) . CSNET connected with ARPANET using TCP / IP , and ran TCP / IP over X. 25 , but it also supported departments without sophisticated network connections , using automated dial - up mail exchange . In 1986 , the NSF created NSFNET , a 56 kbit / s backbone to support the NSF - sponsored supercomputing centers . The NSFNET also provided support for the creation of regional research and education networks in the United States , and for the connection of university and college campus networks to the regional networks . The use of NSFNET and the regional networks was not limited to supercomputer users and the 56 kbit / s network quickly became overloaded . NSFNET was upgraded to 1.5 Mbit / s in 1988 under a cooperative agreement with the Merit Network in partnership with IBM , MCI , and the State of Michigan . The existence of NSFNET and the creation of Federal Internet Exchanges ( FIXes ) allowed the ARPANET to be decommissioned in 1990 . NSFNET was expanded and upgraded to 45 Mbit / s in 1991 , and was decommissioned in 1995 when it was replaced by backbones operated by several commercial Internet Service Providers . Transition towards the Internet The term `` internet '' was adopted in the first RFC published on the TCP protocol ( RFC 675 : Internet Transmission Control Program , December 1974 ) as an abbreviation of the term internetworking and the two terms were used interchangeably . In general , an internet was any network using TCP / IP . It was around the time when ARPANET was interlinked with NSFNET in the late 1980s , that the term was used as the name of the network , Internet , being the large and global TCP / IP network . As interest in networking grew and new applications for it were developed , the Internet 's technologies spread throughout the rest of the world . The network - agnostic approach in TCP / IP meant that it was easy to use any existing network infrastructure , such as the IPSS X. 25 network , to carry Internet traffic . In 1982 , one year earlier than ARPANET , University College London replaced its transatlantic satellite links with TCP / IP over IPSS . Many sites unable to link directly to the Internet created simple gateways for the transfer of electronic mail , the most important application of the time . Sites with only intermittent connections used UUCP or FidoNet and relied on the gateways between these networks and the Internet . Some gateway services went beyond simple mail peering , such as allowing access to File Transfer Protocol ( FTP ) sites via UUCP or mail . Finally , routing technologies were developed for the Internet to remove the remaining centralized routing aspects . The Exterior Gateway Protocol ( EGP ) was replaced by a new protocol , the Border Gateway Protocol ( BGP ) . This provided a meshed topology for the Internet and reduced the centric architecture which ARPANET had emphasized . In 1994 , Classless Inter-Domain Routing ( CIDR ) was introduced to support better conservation of address space which allowed use of route aggregation to decrease the size of routing tables . TCP / IP goes global ( 1980s ) CERN , the European Internet , the link to the Pacific and beyond Between 1984 and 1988 CERN began installation and operation of TCP / IP to interconnect its major internal computer systems , workstations , PCs and an accelerator control system . CERN continued to operate a limited self - developed system ( CERNET ) internally and several incompatible ( typically proprietary ) network protocols externally . There was considerable resistance in Europe towards more widespread use of TCP / IP , and the CERN TCP / IP intranets remained isolated from the Internet until 1989 . In 1988 , Daniel Karrenberg , from Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica ( CWI ) in Amsterdam , visited Ben Segal , CERN 's TCP / IP Coordinator , looking for advice about the transition of the European side of the UUCP Usenet network ( much of which ran over X. 25 links ) over to TCP / IP . In 1987 , Ben Segal had met with Len Bosack from the then still small company Cisco about purchasing some TCP / IP routers for CERN , and was able to give Karrenberg advice and forward him on to Cisco for the appropriate hardware . This expanded the European portion of the Internet across the existing UUCP networks , and in 1989 CERN opened its first external TCP / IP connections . This coincided with the creation of Réseaux IP Européens ( RIPE ) , initially a group of IP network administrators who met regularly to carry out coordination work together . Later , in 1992 , RIPE was formally registered as a cooperative in Amsterdam . At the same time as the rise of internetworking in Europe , ad hoc networking to ARPA and in - between Australian universities formed , based on various technologies such as X. 25 and UUCP Net . These were limited in their connection to the global networks , due to the cost of making individual international UUCP dial - up or X. 25 connections . In 1989 , Australian universities joined the push towards using IP protocols to unify their networking infrastructures . AARNet was formed in 1989 by the Australian Vice-Chancellors ' Committee and provided a dedicated IP based network for Australia . The Internet began to penetrate Asia in the 1980s . In May 1982 South Korea became the second country to successfully set up TCP / IP IPv4 network . Japan , which had built the UUCP - based network JUNET in 1984 , connected to NSFNET in 1989 . It hosted the annual meeting of the Internet Society , INET'92 , in Kobe . Singapore developed TECHNET in 1990 , and Thailand gained a global Internet connection between Chulalongkorn University and UUNET in 1992 . The early global `` digital divide '' emerges Internet users in 2015 as a percentage of a country 's population Source : International Telecommunications Union . Main articles : Global digital divide and Digital divide Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions in 2012 as a percentage of a country 's population Source : International Telecommunications Union . Mobile broadband Internet subscriptions in 2012 as a percentage of a country 's population Source : International Telecommunications Union . While developed countries with technological infrastructures were joining the Internet , developing countries began to experience a digital divide separating them from the Internet . On an essentially continental basis , they are building organizations for Internet resource administration and sharing operational experience , as more and more transmission facilities go into place . Africa At the beginning of the 1990s , African countries relied upon X. 25 IPSS and 2400 baud modem UUCP links for international and internetwork computer communications . In August 1995 , InfoMail Uganda , Ltd. , a privately held firm in Kampala now known as InfoCom , and NSN Network Services of Avon , Colorado , sold in 1997 and now known as Clear Channel Satellite , established Africa 's first native TCP / IP high - speed satellite Internet services . The data connection was originally carried by a C - Band RSCC Russian satellite which connected InfoMail 's Kampala offices directly to NSN 's MAE - West point of presence using a private network from NSN 's leased ground station in New Jersey . InfoCom 's first satellite connection was just 64 kbit / s , serving a Sun host computer and twelve US Robotics dial - up modems . In 1996 , a USAID funded project , the Leland Initiative , started work on developing full Internet connectivity for the continent . Guinea , Mozambique , Madagascar and Rwanda gained satellite earth stations in 1997 , followed by Ivory Coast and Benin in 1998 . Africa is building an Internet infrastructure . AfriNIC , headquartered in Mauritius , manages IP address allocation for the continent . As do the other Internet regions , there is an operational forum , the Internet Community of Operational Networking Specialists . There are many programs to provide high - performance transmission plant , and the western and southern coasts have undersea optical cable . High - speed cables join North Africa and the Horn of Africa to intercontinental cable systems . Undersea cable development is slower for East Africa ; the original joint effort between New Partnership for Africa 's Development ( NEPAD ) and the East Africa Submarine System ( Eassy ) has broken off and may become two efforts . Asia and oceania The Asia Pacific Network Information Centre ( APNIC ) , headquartered in Australia , manages IP address allocation for the continent . APNIC sponsors an operational forum , the Asia - Pacific Regional Internet Conference on Operational Technologies ( APRICOT ) . South Korea 's first Internet system , the System Development Network ( SDN ) began operation on 15 May 1982 . SDN was connected to the rest of the world in August 1983 using UUCP ( Unixto - Unix - Copy ) ; connected to CSNET in December 1984 ; and formally connected to the U.S. Internet in 1990 . In 1991 , the People 's Republic of China saw its first TCP / IP college network , Tsinghua University 's TUNET . The PRC went on to make its first global Internet connection in 1994 , between the Beijing Electro - Spectrometer Collaboration and Stanford University 's Linear Accelerator Center . However , China went on to implement its own digital divide by implementing a country - wide content filter . Latin America As with the other regions , the Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry ( LACNIC ) manages the IP address space and other resources for its area . LACNIC , headquartered in Uruguay , operates DNS root , reverse DNS , and other key services . Rise of the global Internet ( late 1980s / early 1990s onward ) Main article : Digital revolution Initially , as with its predecessor networks , the system that would evolve into the Internet was primarily for government and government body use . However , interest in commercial use of the Internet quickly became a commonly debated topic . Although commercial use was forbidden , the exact definition of commercial use was unclear and subjective . UUCP Net and the X. 25 IPSS had no such restrictions , which would eventually see the official barring of UUCPNet use of ARPANET and NSFNET connections . ( Some UUCP links still remained connecting to these networks however , as administrators cast a blind eye to their operation . ) Number of Internet hosts worldwide : 1969 -- 2012 Source : Internet Systems Consortium . As a result , during the late 1980s , the first Internet service provider ( ISP ) companies were formed . Companies like PSINet , UUNET , Netcom , and Portal Software were formed to provide service to the regional research networks and provide alternate network access , UUCP - based email and Usenet News to the public . The first commercial dialup ISP in the United States was The World , which opened in 1989 . In 1992 , the U.S. Congress passed the Scientific and Advanced - Technology Act , 42 U.S.C. § 1862 ( g ) , which allowed NSF to support access by the research and education communities to computer networks which were not used exclusively for research and education purposes , thus permitting NSFNET to interconnect with commercial networks . This caused controversy within the research and education community , who were concerned commercial use of the network might lead to an Internet that was less responsive to their needs , and within the community of commercial network providers , who felt that government subsidies were giving an unfair advantage to some organizations . By 1990 , ARPANET 's goals had been fulfilled and new networking technologies exceeded the original scope and the project came to a close . New network service providers including PSINet , Alternet , CERFNet , ANS CO + RE , and many others were offering network access to commercial customers . NSFNET was no longer the de facto backbone and exchange point of the Internet . The Commercial Internet eXchange ( CIX ) , Metropolitan Area Exchanges ( MAEs ) , and later Network Access Points ( NAPs ) were becoming the primary interconnections between many networks . The final restrictions on carrying commercial traffic ended on April 30 , 1995 when the National Science Foundation ended its sponsorship of the NSFNET Backbone Service and the service ended . NSF provided initial support for the NAPs and interim support to help the regional research and education networks transition to commercial ISPs . NSF also sponsored the very high speed Backbone Network Service ( vBNS ) which continued to provide support for the supercomputing centers and research and education in the United States . World Wide Web and introduction of browsers Main articles : World Wide Web , Web browser , and History of the web browser The World Wide Web ( sometimes abbreviated `` www '' or `` W3 '' ) is an information space where documents and other web resources are identified by URIs , interlinked by hypertext links , and can be accessed via the Internet using a web browser and ( more recently ) web - based applications . It has become known simply as `` the Web '' . As of the 2010s , the World Wide Web is the primary tool billions use to interact on the Internet , and it has changed people 's lives immeasurably . Precursors to the web browser emerged in the form of hyperlinked applications during the mid and late 1980s ( the bare concept of hyperlinking had by then existed for some decades ) . Following these , Tim Berners - Lee is credited with inventing the World Wide Web in 1989 and developing in 1990 both the first web server , and the first web browser , called WorldWideWeb ( no spaces ) and later renamed Nexus . Many others were soon developed , with Marc Andreessen 's 1993 Mosaic ( later Netscape ) , being particularly easy to use and install , and often credited with sparking the internet boom of the 1990s . Today , the major web browsers are Firefox , Internet Explorer , Google Chrome , Opera and Safari . A boost in web users was triggered in September 1993 by NCSA Mosaic , a graphical browser which eventually ran on several popular office and home computers . This was the first web browser aiming to bring multimedia content to non-technical users , and therefore included images and text on the same page , unlike previous browser designs ; its founder , Marc Andreessen , also established the company that in 1994 , released Netscape Navigator , which resulted in one of the early browser wars , when it ended up in a competition for dominance ( which it lost ) with Microsoft Windows ' Internet Explorer . Commercial use restrictions were lifted in 1995 . The online service America Online ( AOL ) offered their users a connection to the Internet via their own internal browser . Use in wider Society 1990s to early 2000s ( Web 10 ) During the first decade or so of the public internet , the immense changes it would eventually enable in the 2000s were still nascent . In terms of providing context for this period , mobile cellular devices ( `` smartphones '' and other cellular devices ) which today provide near - universal access , were used for business and not a routine household item owned by parents and children worldwide . Social media in the modern sense had yet to come into existence , laptops were bulky and most households did not have computers . Data rates were slow and most people lacked means to video or digitize video so websites such as YouTube did not yet exist , media storage was transitioning slowly from analog tape to digital optical discs ( DVD and to an extent still , floppy disc to CD ) . Enabling technologies used from the early 2000s such as PHP , modern Javascript and Java , technologies such as AJAX , HTML 4 ( and its emphasis on CSS ) , and various software frameworks , which enabled and simplified speed of web development , largely awaited invention and their eventual widespread adoption . The Internet was widely used for mailing lists , emails , e-commerce and early popular online shopping ( Amazon and eBay for example ) , online forums and bulletin boards , and personal websites and blogs , and use was growing rapidly , but by more modern standards the systems used were static and lacked widespread social engagement . It awaited a number of events in the early 2000s to change from a communications technology to gradually develop into a key part of global society 's infrastructure . Typical design elements of these `` Web 1.0 '' era websites included : Static pages instead of dynamic HTML ; content served from filesystems instead of relational databases ; pages built using Server Side Includes or CGI instead of a web application written in a dynamic programming language ; HTML 3.2 - era structures such as frames and tables to create page layouts ; online guestbooks ; overuse of GIF buttons and similar small graphics promoting particular items ; and HTML forms sent via email . ( Support for server side scripting was rare on shared servers so the usual feedback mechanism was via email , using mailto forms and their email program . During the period 1997 to 2001 , the first speculative investment bubble related to the Internet took place , in which `` dot - com '' companies ( referring to the ``. com '' top level domain used by businesses ) were propelled to exceedingly high valuations as investors rapidly stoked stock values , followed by a market crash ; the first dot - com bubble . However this only temporarily slowed enthusiasm and growth , which quickly recovered and continued to grow . The changes that would propel the Internet into its place as a social system took place during a relatively short period of no more than five years , starting from around 2004 . They included : The call to `` Web 2.0 '' in 2004 ( first suggested in 1999 ) , Accelerating adoption and commoditization among households of , and familiarity with , the necessary hardware ( such as computers ) . Accelerating storage technology and data access speeds -- hard drives emerged , took over from far smaller , slower floppy discs , and grew from megabytes to gigabytes ( and by around 2010 , terabytes ) , RAM from hundreds of kilobytes to gigabytes as typical amounts on a system , and Ethernet , the enabling technology for TCP / IP , moved from common speeds of kilobits to tens of megabits per second , to gigabits per second . High speed Internet and wider coverage of data connections , at lower prices , allowing larger traffic rates , more reliable simpler traffic , and traffic from more locations , The gradually accelerating perception of the ability of computers to create new means and approaches to communication , the emergence of social media and websites such as Twitter and Facebook to their later prominence , and global collaborations such as Wikipedia ( which existed before but gained prominence as a result ) , and shortly after ( approximately 2007 -- 2008 onward ) : The mobile revolution , which provided access to the Internet to much of human society of all ages , in their daily lives , and allowed them to share , discuss , and continually update , inquire , and respond . Non-volatile RAM rapidly grew in size and reliability , and decreased in price , becoming a commodity capable of enabling high levels of computing activity on these small handheld devices as well as solid - state drives ( SSD ) . An emphasis on power efficient processor and device design , rather than purely high processing power ; one of the beneficiaries of this was ARM , a British company which had focused since the 1980s on powerful but low cost simple microprocessors . ARM architecture rapidly gained dominance in the market for mobile and embedded devices . With the call to Web 2.0 , the period up to around 2004 -- 2005 was retrospectively named and described by some as Web 1.0 . Web 2.0 Main articles : Web 2.0 and Responsive web design The term `` Web 2.0 '' describes websites that emphasize user - generated content ( including user - to - user interaction ) , usability , and interoperability . It first appeared in a January 1999 article called `` Fragmented Future '' written by Darcy DiNucci , a consultant on electronic information design , where she wrote : `` The Web we know now , which loads into a browser window in essentially static screenfuls , is only an embryo of the Web to come . The first glimmerings of Web 2.0 are beginning to appear , and we are just starting to see how that embryo might develop . The Web will be understood not as screenfuls of text and graphics but as a transport mechanism , the ether through which interactivity happens . It will ( ... ) appear on your computer screen , ( ... ) on your TV set ( ... ) your car dashboard ( ... ) your cell phone ( ... ) hand - held game machines ( ... ) maybe even your microwave oven . '' The term resurfaced during 2002 -- 2004 , and gained prominence in late 2004 following presentations by Tim O'Reilly and Dale Dougherty at the first Web 2.0 Conference . In their opening remarks , John Battelle and Tim O'Reilly outlined their definition of the `` Web as Platform '' , where software applications are built upon the Web as opposed to upon the desktop . The unique aspect of this migration , they argued , is that `` customers are building your business for you '' . They argued that the activities of users generating content ( in the form of ideas , text , videos , or pictures ) could be `` harnessed '' to create value . Web 2.0 does not refer to an update to any technical specification , but rather to cumulative changes in the way Web pages are made and used . Web 2.0 describes an approach , in which sites focus substantially upon allowing users to interact and collaborate with each other in a social media dialogue as creators of user - generated content in a virtual community , in contrast to Web sites where people are limited to the passive viewing of content . Examples of Web 2.0 include social networking sites , blogs , wikis , folksonomies , video sharing sites , hosted services , Web applications , and mashups . Terry Flew , in his 3rd Edition of New Media described what he believed to characterize the differences between Web 1.0 and Web 2.0 : `` ( The ) move from personal websites to blogs and blog site aggregation , from publishing to participation , from web content as the outcome of large up - front investment to an ongoing and interactive process , and from content management systems to links based on tagging ( folksonomy ) '' . This era saw several household names gain prominence through their community - oriented operation -- YouTube , Twitter , Facebook , Reddit and Wikipedia being some examples . The mobile revolution Main articles : History of mobile phones and Mobile Web The process of change generally described as `` Web 2.0 '' was itself greatly accelerated and transformed only a short time later by the increasing growth in mobile devices . This mobile revolution meant that computers in the form of smartphones became something many people used , took with them everywhere , communicated with , used for photographs and videos they instantly shared or to shop or seek information `` on the move '' -- and used socially , as opposed to items on a desk at home or just used for work . Location - based services , services using location and other sensor information , and crowdsourcing ( frequently but not always location based ) , became common , with posts tagged by location , or websites and services becoming location aware . Mobile - targeted websites ( such as `` m.website.com '' ) became common , designed especially for the new devices used . Netbooks , ultrabooks , widespread 4G and Wi - Fi , and mobile chips capable or running at nearly the power of desktops from not many years before on far lower power usage , became enablers of this stage of Internet development , and the term `` App '' emerged ( short for `` Application program '' or `` Program '' ) as did the `` App store '' . Networking in outer space Main article : Interplanetary Internet The first Internet link into low earth orbit was established on January 22 , 2010 when astronaut T.J. Creamer posted the first unassisted update to his Twitter account from the International Space Station , marking the extension of the Internet into space . ( Astronauts at the ISS had used email and Twitter before , but these messages had been relayed to the ground through a NASA data link before being posted by a human proxy . ) This personal Web access , which NASA calls the Crew Support LAN , uses the space station 's high - speed Ku band microwave link . To surf the Web , astronauts can use a station laptop computer to control a desktop computer on Earth , and they can talk to their families and friends on Earth using Voice over IP equipment . Communication with spacecraft beyond earth orbit has traditionally been over point - to - point links through the Deep Space Network . Each such data link must be manually scheduled and configured . In the late 1990s NASA and Google began working on a new network protocol , Delay - tolerant networking ( DTN ) which automates this process , allows networking of spaceborne transmission nodes , and takes the fact into account that spacecraft can temporarily lose contact because they move behind the Moon or planets , or because space weather disrupts the connection . Under such conditions , DTN retransmits data packages instead of dropping them , as the standard TCP / IP Internet Protocol does . NASA conducted the first field test of what it calls the `` deep space internet '' in November 2008 . Testing of DTN - based communications between the International Space Station and Earth ( now termed Disruption - Tolerant Networking ) has been ongoing since March 2009 , and is scheduled to continue until March 2014 . This network technology is supposed to ultimately enable missions that involve multiple spacecraft where reliable inter-vessel communication might take precedence over vessel - to - earth downlinks . According to a February 2011 statement by Google 's Vint Cerf , the so - called `` Bundle protocols '' have been uploaded to NASA 's EPOXI mission spacecraft ( which is in orbit around the Sun ) and communication with Earth has been tested at a distance of approximately 80 light seconds . Internet governance Main article : Internet governance As a globally distributed network of voluntarily interconnected autonomous networks , the Internet operates without a central governing body . It has no centralized governance for either technology or policies , and each constituent network chooses what technologies and protocols it will deploy from the voluntary technical standards that are developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) . However , throughout its entire history , the Internet system has had an `` Internet Assigned Numbers Authority '' ( IANA ) for the allocation and assignment of various technical identifiers needed for the operation of the Internet . The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN ) provides oversight and coordination for two principal name spaces in the Internet , the Internet Protocol address space and the Domain Name System . NIC , InterNIC , IANA and ICANN Main articles : InterNIC , Internet Assigned Numbers Authority , and ICANN The IANA function was originally performed by USC Information Sciences Institute ( ISI ) , and it delegated portions of this responsibility with respect to numeric network and autonomous system identifiers to the Network Information Center ( NIC ) at Stanford Research Institute ( SRI International ) in Menlo Park , California . ISI 's Jonathan Postel managed the IANA , served as RFC Editor and performed other key roles until his premature death in 1998 . As the early ARPANET grew , hosts were referred to by names , and a HOSTS. TXT file would be distributed from SRI International to each host on the network . As the network grew , this became cumbersome . A technical solution came in the form of the Domain Name System , created by ISI 's Paul Mockapetris in 1983 . The Defense Data Network -- Network Information Center ( DDN - NIC ) at SRI handled all registration services , including the top - level domains ( TLDs ) of . mil , . gov , . edu , . org , . net , . com and . us , root nameserver administration and Internet number assignments under a United States Department of Defense contract . In 1991 , the Defense Information Systems Agency ( DISA ) awarded the administration and maintenance of DDN - NIC ( managed by SRI up until this point ) to Government Systems , Inc. , who subcontracted it to the small private - sector Network Solutions , Inc . The increasing cultural diversity of the Internet also posed administrative challenges for centralized management of the IP addresses . In October 1992 , the Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) published RFC 1366 , which described the `` growth of the Internet and its increasing globalization '' and set out the basis for an evolution of the IP registry process , based on a regionally distributed registry model . This document stressed the need for a single Internet number registry to exist in each geographical region of the world ( which would be of `` continental dimensions '' ) . Registries would be `` unbiased and widely recognized by network providers and subscribers '' within their region . The RIPE Network Coordination Centre ( RIPE NCC ) was established as the first RIR in May 1992 . The second RIR , the Asia Pacific Network Information Centre ( APNIC ) , was established in Tokyo in 1993 , as a pilot project of the Asia Pacific Networking Group . Since at this point in history most of the growth on the Internet was coming from non-military sources , it was decided that the Department of Defense would no longer fund registration services outside of the . mil TLD . In 1993 the U.S. National Science Foundation , after a competitive bidding process in 1992 , created the InterNIC to manage the allocations of addresses and management of the address databases , and awarded the contract to three organizations . Registration Services would be provided by Network Solutions ; Directory and Database Services would be provided by AT&T ; and Information Services would be provided by General Atomics . Over time , after consultation with the IANA , the IETF , RIPE NCC , APNIC , and the Federal Networking Council ( FNC ) , the decision was made to separate the management of domain names from the management of IP numbers . Following the examples of RIPE NCC and APNIC , it was recommended that management of IP address space then administered by the InterNIC should be under the control of those that use it , specifically the ISPs , end - user organizations , corporate entities , universities , and individuals . As a result , the American Registry for Internet Numbers ( ARIN ) was established as in December 1997 , as an independent , not - for - profit corporation by direction of the National Science Foundation and became the third Regional Internet Registry . In 1998 , both the IANA and remaining DNS - related InterNIC functions were reorganized under the control of ICANN , a California non-profit corporation contracted by the United States Department of Commerce to manage a number of Internet - related tasks . As these tasks involved technical coordination for two principal Internet name spaces ( DNS names and IP addresses ) created by the IETF , ICANN also signed a memorandum of understanding with the IAB to define the technical work to be carried out by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority . The management of Internet address space remained with the regional Internet registries , which collectively were defined as a supporting organization within the ICANN structure . ICANN provides central coordination for the DNS system , including policy coordination for the split registry / registrar system , with competition among registry service providers to serve each top - level - domain and multiple competing registrars offering DNS services to end - users . Internet Engineering Task Force The Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) is the largest and most visible of several loosely related ad - hoc groups that provide technical direction for the Internet , including the Internet Architecture Board ( IAB ) , the Internet Engineering Steering Group ( IESG ) , and the Internet Research Task Force ( IRTF ) . The IETF is a loosely self - organized group of international volunteers who contribute to the engineering and evolution of Internet technologies . It is the principal body engaged in the development of new Internet standard specifications . Much of the work of the IETF is organized into Working Groups . Standardization efforts of the Working Groups are often adopted by the Internet community , but the IETF does not control or patrol the Internet . The IETF grew out of quarterly meeting of U.S. government - funded researchers , starting in January 1986 . Non-government representatives were invited by the fourth IETF meeting in October 1986 . The concept of Working Groups was introduced at the fifth meeting in February 1987 . The seventh meeting in July 1987 was the first meeting with more than one hundred attendees . In 1992 , the Internet Society , a professional membership society , was formed and IETF began to operate under it as an independent international standards body . The first IETF meeting outside of the United States was held in Amsterdam , The Netherlands , in July 1993 . Today , the IETF meets three times per year and attendance has been as high as ca . 2,000 participants . Typically one in three IETF meetings are held in Europe or Asia . The number of non-US attendees is typically ca . 50 % , even at meetings held in the United States . The IETF is not a legal entity , has no governing board , no members , and no dues . The closest status resembling membership is being on an IETF or Working Group mailing list . IETF volunteers come from all over the world and from many different parts of the Internet community . The IETF works closely with and under the supervision of the Internet Engineering Steering Group ( IESG ) and the Internet Architecture Board ( IAB ) . The Internet Research Task Force ( IRTF ) and the Internet Research Steering Group ( IRSG ) , peer activities to the IETF and IESG under the general supervision of the IAB , focus on longer term research issues . Request for Comments Request for Comments ( RFCs ) are the main documentation for the work of the IAB , IESG , IETF , and IRTF . RFC 1 , `` Host Software '' , was written by Steve Crocker at UCLA in April 1969 , well before the IETF was created . Originally they were technical memos documenting aspects of ARPANET development and were edited by Jon Postel , the first RFC Editor . RFCs cover a wide range of information from proposed standards , draft standards , full standards , best practices , experimental protocols , history , and other informational topics . RFCs can be written by individuals or informal groups of individuals , but many are the product of a more formal Working Group . Drafts are submitted to the IESG either by individuals or by the Working Group Chair . An RFC Editor , appointed by the IAB , separate from IANA , and working in conjunction with the IESG , receives drafts from the IESG and edits , formats , and publishes them . Once an RFC is published , it is never revised . If the standard it describes changes or its information becomes obsolete , the revised standard or updated information will be re-published as a new RFC that `` obsoletes '' the original . The Internet Society The Internet Society ( ISOC ) is an international , nonprofit organization founded during 1992 `` to assure the open development , evolution and use of the Internet for the benefit of all people throughout the world '' . With offices near Washington , DC , USA , and in Geneva , Switzerland , ISOC has a membership base comprising more than 80 organizational and more than 50,000 individual members . Members also form `` chapters '' based on either common geographical location or special interests . There are currently more than 90 chapters around the world . ISOC provides financial and organizational support to and promotes the work of the standards settings bodies for which it is the organizational home : the Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) , the Internet Architecture Board ( IAB ) , the Internet Engineering Steering Group ( IESG ) , and the Internet Research Task Force ( IRTF ) . ISOC also promotes understanding and appreciation of the Internet model of open , transparent processes and consensus - based decision - making . Globalization and Internet governance in the 21st century Since the 1990s , the Internet 's governance and organization has been of global importance to governments , commerce , civil society , and individuals . The organizations which held control of certain technical aspects of the Internet were the successors of the old ARPANET oversight and the current decision - makers in the day - to - day technical aspects of the network . While recognized as the administrators of certain aspects of the Internet , their roles and their decision - making authority are limited and subject to increasing international scrutiny and increasing objections . These objections have led to the ICANN removing themselves from relationships with first the University of Southern California in 2000 , and in September 2009 , gaining autonomy from the US government by the ending of its longstanding agreements , although some contractual obligations with the U.S. Department of Commerce continued . Finally , on October 1 , 2016 ICANN ended its contract with the United States Department of Commerce National Telecommunications and Information Administration ( NTIA ) , allowing oversight to pass to the global Internet community . The IETF , with financial and organizational support from the Internet Society , continues to serve as the Internet 's ad - hoc standards body and issues Request for Comments . In November 2005 , the World Summit on the Information Society , held in Tunis , called for an Internet Governance Forum ( IGF ) to be convened by United Nations Secretary General . The IGF opened an ongoing , non-binding conversation among stakeholders representing governments , the private sector , civil society , and the technical and academic communities about the future of Internet governance . The first IGF meeting was held in October / November 2006 with follow up meetings annually thereafter . Since WSIS , the term `` Internet governance '' has been broadened beyond narrow technical concerns to include a wider range of Internet - related policy issues . Politicization of the Internet Due to its prominence and immediacy as an effective means of mass communication , the Internet has also become more politicized as it has grown . This has led in turn , to discourses and activities that would once have taken place in other ways , migrating to being mediated by internet . Examples include political activities such as public protest and canvassing of support and votes , but also -- The spreading of ideas and opinions ; Recruitment of followers , and `` coming together '' of members of the public , for ideas , products , and causes ; Providing and widely distributing and sharing information that might be deemed sensitive or relates to whistleblowing ( and efforts by specific countries to prevent this by censorship ) ; Criminal activity and terrorism ( and resulting law enforcement use , together with its facilitation by mass surveillance ) . Net neutrality The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Net neutrality On April 23 , 2014 , the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) was reported to be considering a new rule that would permit Internet service providers to offer content providers a faster track to send content , thus reversing their earlier net neutrality position . A possible solution to net neutrality concerns may be municipal broadband , according to Professor Susan Crawford , a legal and technology expert at Harvard Law School . On May 15 , 2014 , the FCC decided to consider two options regarding Internet services : first , permit fast and slow broadband lanes , thereby compromising net neutrality ; and second , reclassify broadband as a telecommunication service , thereby preserving net neutrality . On November 10 , 2014 , President Obama recommended the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve net neutrality . On January 16 , 2015 , Republicans presented legislation , in the form of a U.S. Congress H.R. discussion draft bill , that makes concessions to net neutrality but prohibits the FCC from accomplishing the goal or enacting any further regulation affecting Internet service providers ( ISPs ) . On January 31 , 2015 , AP News reported that the FCC will present the notion of applying ( `` with some caveats '' ) Title II ( common carrier ) of the Communications Act of 1934 to the internet in a vote expected on February 26 , 2015 . Adoption of this notion would reclassify internet service from one of information to one of telecommunications and , according to Tom Wheeler , chairman of the FCC , ensure net neutrality . The FCC is expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote , according to the New York Times . On February 26 , 2015 , the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by applying Title II ( common carrier ) of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 of the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet . The FCC Chairman , Tom Wheeler , commented , `` This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech . They both stand for the same concept . '' On March 12 , 2015 , the FCC released the specific details of the net neutrality rules . On April 13 , 2015 , the FCC published the final rule on its new `` Net Neutrality '' regulations . Use and culture Email and Usenet E-mail has often been called the killer application of the Internet . It predates the Internet , and was a crucial tool in creating it . Email started in 1965 as a way for multiple users of a time - sharing mainframe computer to communicate . Although the history is undocumented , among the first systems to have such a facility were the System Development Corporation ( SDC ) Q32 and the Compatible Time - Sharing System ( CTSS ) at MIT . The ARPANET computer network made a large contribution to the evolution of electronic mail . An experimental inter-system transferred mail on the ARPANET shortly after its creation . In 1971 Ray Tomlinson created what was to become the standard Internet electronic mail addressing format , using the @ sign to separate mailbox names from host names . A number of protocols were developed to deliver messages among groups of time - sharing computers over alternative transmission systems , such as UUCP and IBM 's VNET email system . Email could be passed this way between a number of networks , including ARPANET , BITNET and NSFNET , as well as to hosts connected directly to other sites via UUCP . See the history of SMTP protocol . In addition , UUCP allowed the publication of text files that could be read by many others . The News software developed by Steve Daniel and Tom Truscott in 1979 was used to distribute news and bulletin board - like messages . This quickly grew into discussion groups , known as newsgroups , on a wide range of topics . On ARPANET and NSFNET similar discussion groups would form via mailing lists , discussing both technical issues and more culturally focused topics ( such as science fiction , discussed on the sflovers mailing list ) . During the early years of the Internet , email and similar mechanisms were also fundamental to allow people to access resources that were not available due to the absence of online connectivity . UUCP was often used to distribute files using the ' alt. binary ' groups . Also , FTP e-mail gateways allowed people that lived outside the US and Europe to download files using ftp commands written inside email messages . The file was encoded , broken in pieces and sent by email ; the receiver had to reassemble and decode it later , and it was the only way for people living overseas to download items such as the earlier Linux versions using the slow dial - up connections available at the time . After the popularization of the Web and the HTTP protocol such tools were slowly abandoned . From Gopher to the WWW Main articles : History of the World Wide Web and World Wide Web As the Internet grew through the 1980s and early 1990s , many people realized the increasing need to be able to find and organize files and information . Projects such as Archie , Gopher , WAIS , and the FTP Archive list attempted to create ways to organize distributed data . In the early 1990s , Gopher , invented by Mark P. McCahill offered a viable alternative to the World Wide Web . However , in 1993 the World Wide Web saw many advances to indexing and ease of access through search engines , which often neglected Gopher and Gopherspace . As popularity increased through ease of use , investment incentives also grew until in the middle of 1994 the WWW 's popularity gained the upper hand . Then it became clear that Gopher and the other projects were doomed fall short . One of the most promising user interface paradigms during this period was hypertext . The technology had been inspired by Vannevar Bush 's `` Memex '' and developed through Ted Nelson 's research on Project Xanadu and Douglas Engelbart 's research on NLS . Many small self - contained hypertext systems had been created before , such as Apple Computer 's HyperCard ( 1987 ) . Gopher became the first commonly used hypertext interface to the Internet . While Gopher menu items were examples of hypertext , they were not commonly perceived in that way . This NeXT Computer was used by Sir Tim Berners - Lee at CERN and became the world 's first Web server . In 1989 , while working at CERN , Tim Berners - Lee invented a network - based implementation of the hypertext concept . By releasing his invention to public use , he ensured the technology would become widespread . For his work in developing the World Wide Web , Berners - Lee received the Millennium technology prize in 2004 . One early popular web browser , modeled after HyperCard , was ViolaWWW . A turning point for the World Wide Web began with the introduction of the Mosaic web browser in 1993 , a graphical browser developed by a team at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign ( NCSA - UIUC ) , led by Marc Andreessen . Funding for Mosaic came from the High - Performance Computing and Communications Initiative , a funding program initiated by the High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991 also known as the Gore Bill . Mosaic 's graphical interface soon became more popular than Gopher , which at the time was primarily text - based , and the WWW became the preferred interface for accessing the Internet . ( Gore 's reference to his role in `` creating the Internet '' , however , was ridiculed in his presidential election campaign . See the full article Al Gore and information technology ) . Mosaic was superseded in 1994 by Andreessen 's Netscape Navigator , which replaced Mosaic as the world 's most popular browser . While it held this title for some time , eventually competition from Internet Explorer and a variety of other browsers almost completely displaced it . Another important event held on January 11 , 1994 , was The Superhighway Summit at UCLA 's Royce Hall . This was the `` first public conference bringing together all of the major industry , government and academic leaders in the field ( and ) also began the national dialogue about the Information Superhighway and its implications . '' 24 Hours in Cyberspace , `` the largest one - day online event '' ( February 8 , 1996 ) up to that date , took place on the then - active website , cyber24.com . It was headed by photographer Rick Smolan . A photographic exhibition was unveiled at the Smithsonian Institution 's National Museum of American History on January 23 , 1997 , featuring 70 photos from the project . Search engines Main article : Search engine ( computing ) Even before the World Wide Web , there were search engines that attempted to organize the Internet . The first of these was the Archie search engine from McGill University in 1990 , followed in 1991 by WAIS and Gopher . All three of those systems predated the invention of the World Wide Web but all continued to index the Web and the rest of the Internet for several years after the Web appeared . There are still Gopher servers as of 2006 , although there are a great many more web servers . As the Web grew , search engines and Web directories were created to track pages on the Web and allow people to find things . The first full - text Web search engine was WebCrawler in 1994 . Before WebCrawler , only Web page titles were searched . Another early search engine , Lycos , was created in 1993 as a university project , and was the first to achieve commercial success . During the late 1990s , both Web directories and Web search engines were popular -- Yahoo ! ( founded 1994 ) and Altavista ( founded 1995 ) were the respective industry leaders . By August 2001 , the directory model had begun to give way to search engines , tracking the rise of Google ( founded 1998 ) , which had developed new approaches to relevancy ranking . Directory features , while still commonly available , became after - thoughts to search engines . Database size , which had been a significant marketing feature through the early 2000s , was similarly displaced by emphasis on relevancy ranking , the methods by which search engines attempt to sort the best results first . Relevancy ranking first became a major issue circa 1996 , when it became apparent that it was impractical to review full lists of results . Consequently , algorithms for relevancy ranking have continuously improved . Google 's PageRank method for ordering the results has received the most press , but all major search engines continually refine their ranking methodologies with a view toward improving the ordering of results . As of 2006 , search engine rankings are more important than ever , so much so that an industry has developed ( `` search engine optimizers '' , or `` SEO '' ) to help web - developers improve their search ranking , and an entire body of case law has developed around matters that affect search engine rankings , such as use of trademarks in metatags . The sale of search rankings by some search engines has also created controversy among librarians and consumer advocates . On June 3 , 2009 , Microsoft launched its new search engine , Bing . The following month Microsoft and Yahoo ! announced a deal in which Bing would power Yahoo ! Search . File sharing Main articles : File sharing , Peer - to - peer file sharing , and Timeline of file sharing Resource or file sharing has been an important activity on computer networks from well before the Internet was established and was supported in a variety of ways including bulletin board systems ( 1978 ) , Usenet ( 1980 ) , Kermit ( 1981 ) , and many others . The File Transfer Protocol ( FTP ) for use on the Internet was standardized in 1985 and is still in use today . A variety of tools were developed to aid the use of FTP by helping users discover files they might want to transfer , including the Wide Area Information Server ( WAIS ) in 1991 , Gopher in 1991 , Archie in 1991 , Veronica in 1992 , Jughead in 1993 , Internet Relay Chat ( IRC ) in 1988 , and eventually the World Wide Web ( WWW ) in 1991 with Web directories and Web search engines . In 1999 , Napster became the first peer - to - peer file sharing system . Napster used a central server for indexing and peer discovery , but the storage and transfer of files was decentralized . A variety of peer - to - peer file sharing programs and services with different levels of decentralization and anonymity followed , including : Gnutella , eDonkey2000 , and Freenet in 2000 , FastTrack , Kazaa , Limewire , and BitTorrent in 2001 , and Poisoned in 2003 . All of these tools are general purpose and can be used to share a wide variety of content , but sharing of music files , software , and later movies and videos are major uses . And while some of this sharing is legal , large portions are not . Lawsuits and other legal actions caused Napster in 2001 , eDonkey2000 in 2005 , Kazaa in 2006 , and Limewire in 2010 to shut down or refocus their efforts . The Pirate Bay , founded in Sweden in 2003 , continues despite a trial and appeal in 2009 and 2010 that resulted in jail terms and large fines for several of its founders . File sharing remains contentious and controversial with charges of theft of intellectual property on the one hand and charges of censorship on the other . Dot - com bubble Main article : Dot - com bubble Suddenly the low price of reaching millions worldwide , and the possibility of selling to or hearing from those people at the same moment when they were reached , promised to overturn established business dogma in advertising , mail - order sales , customer relationship management , and many more areas . The web was a new killer app -- it could bring together unrelated buyers and sellers in seamless and low - cost ways . Entrepreneurs around the world developed new business models , and ran to their nearest venture capitalist . While some of the new entrepreneurs had experience in business and economics , the majority were simply people with ideas , and did not manage the capital influx prudently . Additionally , many dot - com business plans were predicated on the assumption that by using the Internet , they would bypass the distribution channels of existing businesses and therefore not have to compete with them ; when the established businesses with strong existing brands developed their own Internet presence , these hopes were shattered , and the newcomers were left attempting to break into markets dominated by larger , more established businesses . Many did not have the ability to do so . The dot - com bubble burst in March 2000 , with the technology heavy NASDAQ Composite index peaking at 5,048.62 on March 10 ( 5,132.52 intraday ) , more than double its value just a year before . By 2001 , the bubble 's deflation was running full speed . A majority of the dot - coms had ceased trading , after having burnt through their venture capital and IPO capital , often without ever making a profit . But despite this , the Internet continues to grow , driven by commerce , ever greater amounts of online information and knowledge and social networking . Mobile phones and the Internet See also : Mobile Web The first mobile phone with Internet connectivity was the Nokia 9000 Communicator , launched in Finland in 1996 . The viability of Internet services access on mobile phones was limited until prices came down from that model , and network providers started to develop systems and services conveniently accessible on phones . NTT DoCoMo in Japan launched the first mobile Internet service , i - mode , in 1999 and this is considered the birth of the mobile phone Internet services . In 2001 , the mobile phone email system by Research in Motion ( now BlackBerry Limited ) for their BlackBerry product was launched in America . To make efficient use of the small screen and tiny keypad and one - handed operation typical of mobile phones , a specific document and networking model was created for mobile devices , the Wireless Application Protocol ( WAP ) . Most mobile device Internet services operate using WAP . The growth of mobile phone services was initially a primarily Asian phenomenon with Japan , South Korea and Taiwan all soon finding the majority of their Internet users accessing resources by phone rather than by PC . Developing countries followed , with India , South Africa , Kenya , the Philippines , and Pakistan all reporting that the majority of their domestic users accessed the Internet from a mobile phone rather than a PC . The European and North American use of the Internet was influenced by a large installed base of personal computers , and the growth of mobile phone Internet access was more gradual , but had reached national penetration levels of 20 -- 30 % in most Western countries . The cross-over occurred in 2008 , when more Internet access devices were mobile phones than personal computers . In many parts of the developing world , the ratio is as much as 10 mobile phone users to one PC user . Web technologies Web pages were initially conceived as structured documents based upon Hypertext Markup Language ( HTML ) which can allow access to images , video , and other content . Hyperlinks in the page permit users to navigate to other pages . In the earliest browsers , images opened in a separate `` helper '' application . Marc Andreessen 's 1993 Mosaic and 1994 Netscape introduced mixed text and images for non-technical users . HTML evolved during the 1990s , leading to HTML 4 which introduced large elements of CSS styling and , later , extensions to allow browser code to make calls and ask for content from servers in a structured way ( AJAX ) . Historiography There are nearly insurmountable problems in supplying a historiography of the Internet 's development . The process of digitization represents a twofold challenge both for historiography in general and , in particular , for historical communication research . A sense of the difficulty in documenting early developments that led to the internet can be gathered from the quote : `` The Arpanet period is somewhat well documented because the corporation in charge -- BBN -- left a physical record . Moving into the NSFNET era , it became an extraordinarily decentralized process . The record exists in people 's basements , in closets ... So much of what happened was done verbally and on the basis of individual trust . '' -- Doug Gale ( 2007 ) See also Book : Internet History of hypertext History of the Internet in Sweden History of the web browser Index of Internet - related articles MH & xmh : Email for Users & Programmers Net neutrality Nerds 2.0. 1 : A Brief History of the Internet On the Internet , nobody knows you 're a dog Outline of the Internet Internet activism Whistleblower Internet censorship References Jump up ^ Kim , Byung - Keun ( 2005 ) . Internationalising the Internet the Co-evolution of Influence and Technology . Edward Elgar . pp. 51 -- 55 . ISBN 1845426754 . Jump up ^ `` Brief History of the Internet '' . Internet Society . Retrieved 9 April 2016 . It happened that the work at MIT ( 1961 - 1967 ) , at RAND ( 1962 - 1965 ) , and at NPL ( 1964 - 1967 ) had all proceeded in parallel without any of the researchers knowing about the other work . 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Jump up ^ Lohr , Steve ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` In Net Neutrality Push , F.C.C. Is Expected to Propose Regulating Internet Service as a Utility '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lohr , Steve ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` F.C.C. Chief Wants to Override State Laws Curbing Community Net Services '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Flaherty , Anne ( January 31 , 2015 ) . `` Just whose Internet is it ? New federal rules may answer that '' . Associated Press . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fung , Brian ( January 2 , 2015 ) . `` Get ready : The FCC says it will vote on net neutrality in February '' . Washington Post . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff ( January 2 , 2015 ) . `` FCC to vote next month on net neutrality rules '' . Associated Press . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lohr , Steve ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` F.C.C. Plans Strong Hand to Regulate the Internet '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Tom ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` FCC Chairman Tom Wheeler : This Is How We Will Ensure Net Neutrality '' . Wired . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Editorial Board ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` Courage and Good Sense at the F.C.C. -- Net Neutrality 's Wise New Rules '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Jonathan ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` As Republicans Concede , F.C.C. Is Expected to Enforce Net Neutrality '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lohr , Steve ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` The Push for Net Neutrality Arose From Lack of Choice '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` FCC Adopts Strong , Sustainable Rules To Protect The Open Internet '' ( PDF ) . Federal Communications Commission . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Rebecca R. ; Lohr , Steve ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` In Net Neutrality Victory , F.C.C. Classifies Broadband Internet Service as a Public Utility '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Flaherty , Anne ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` FACT CHECK : Talking heads skew ' net neutrality ' debate '' . Associated Press . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Liebelson , Dana ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Net Neutrality Prevails In Historic FCC Vote '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Rebecca R. ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` F.C.C. Sets Net Neutrality Rules '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sommer , Jeff ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` What the Net Neutrality Rules Say '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ FCC Staff ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` Federal Communications Commission -- FCC 15 -- 24 -- In the Matter of Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet -- GN Docket No. 14 - 28 -- Report and Order on Remand , Declaratory Ruling , and Order '' ( PDF ) . Federal Communications Commission . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reisinger , Don ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Net neutrality rules get published -- let the lawsuits begin '' . CNET . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Federal Communications Commission ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet -- A Rule by the Federal Communications Commission on 04 / 13 / 2015 '' . Federal Register . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Risks Digest '' . Great moments in e-mail history . Retrieved April 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Electronic Mail '' . The History of Electronic Mail . Retrieved December 23 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` The First Network Email '' . The First Network Email . Retrieved December 23 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Where Have all the Gophers Gone ? Why the Web beat Gopher in the Battle for Protocol Mind Share '' . Ils.unc.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Bush , Vannevar ( 1945 ) . `` As We May Think '' . Retrieved May 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Douglas Engelbart ( 1962 ) . `` Augmenting Human Intellect : A Conceptual Framework '' . Jump up ^ `` The Early World Wide Web at SLAC '' . The Early World Wide Web at SLAC : Documentation of the Early Web at SLAC . Retrieved November 25 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Millennium Technology Prize 2004 awarded to inventor of World Wide Web '' . Millennium Technology Prize . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2007 . Retrieved May 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mosaic Web Browser History -- NCSA , Marc Andreessen , Eric Bina '' . Livinginternet.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NCSA Mosaic -- September 10 , 1993 Demo '' . Totic.org . Retrieved May 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Vice President Al Gore 's ENIAC Anniversary Speech '' . Cs.washington.edu . February 14 , 1996 . Retrieved May 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` UCLA Center for Communication Policy '' . Digitalcenter.org . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2009 . Retrieved May 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mirror of Official site map Archived February 21 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mirror of Official Site Archived December 22 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 24 Hours in Cyberspace ( and more ) '' . Baychi.org . Retrieved May 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The human face of cyberspace , painted in random images '' . Archive.southcoasttoday.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stross , Randall ( 22 September 2009 ) . Planet Google : One Company 's Audacious Plan to Organize Everything We Know . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 4696 - 2 . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft 's New Search at Bing.com Helps People Make Better Decisions : Decision Engine goes beyond search to help customers deal with information overload ( Press Release ) '' . Microsoft News Center . May 28 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved May 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft and Yahoo seal web deal '' , BBC Mobile News , July 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ RFC 765 : File Transfer Protocol ( FTP ) , J. Postel and J. Reynolds , ISI , October 1985 Jump up ^ Kenneth P. Birman ( 2005 - 03 - 25 ) . Reliable Distributed Systems : Technologies , Web Services , and Applications . Springer - Verlag New York Incorporated . ISBN 9780387215099 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Menta , Richard ( July 20 , 2001 ) . `` Napster Clones Crush Napster . Take 6 out of the Top 10 Downloads on CNet '' . MP3 Newswire . Jump up ^ Movie File - Sharing Booming : Study , Solutions Research Group , Toronto , 24 January 2006 Jump up ^ Menta , Richard ( December 9 , 1999 ) . `` RIAA Sues Music Startup Napster for $20 Billion '' . MP3 Newswire . Jump up ^ `` EFF : What Peer - to - Peer Developers Need to Know about Copyright Law '' . W2.eff.org . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Kobie , Nicole ( November 26 , 2010 ) . `` Pirate Bay trio lose appeal against jail sentences '' . pcpro.co.uk . PCPRO . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Poll : Young Say File Sharing OK '' , Bootie Cosgrove - Mather , CBS News , 11 February 2009 Jump up ^ Green , Stuart P. ( 29 March 2012 ) . `` OP - ED CONTRIBUTOR ; When Stealing Is n't Stealing '' . The New York Times . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Nasdaq peak of 5,048.62 Jump up ^ Susmita Dasgupta ; Somik V. Lall ; David Wheeler ( 2001 ) . Policy Reform , Economic Growth , and the Digital Divide : An Econometric Analysis . World Bank Publications . pp. 1 -- 3 . GGKEY : YLS5GEUEBAR . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Hillebrand , Friedhelm ( 2002 ) . Hillebrand , Friedhelm , ed . GSM and UMTS , The Creation of Global Mobile Communications . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 470 - 84322 - 5 . Jump up ^ Christoph Classen , Susanne Kinnebrock & Maria Löblich ( Eds . ) : Towards Web History : Sources , Methods , and Challenges in the Digital Age Archived May 9 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... In Historical Social Research 37 ( 4 ) : 97 -- 188 . 2012 . Jump up ^ Barras , Colin ( August 23 , 2007 ) . `` An Internet Pioneer Ponders the Next Revolution '' . Illuminating the net 's Dark Ages . Retrieved February 26 , 2008 . Further reading Abbate , Janet ( 1999 ) . Inventing the Internet . Cambridge , Massachusetts : MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0262011723 . Cerf , Vinton ( 1993 ) . How the Internet Came to Be . Ryan , Johnny ( 2010 ) . A history of the Internet and the digital future . London , England : Reaktion Books . ISBN 978 - 1861897770 . Thomas Greene ; Larry James Landweber ; George Strawn ( 2003 ) . `` A Brief History of NSF and the Internet '' . National Science Foundation . External links Internet History Timeline -- Computer History Museum Histories of the Internet -- Internet Society Hobbes ' Internet Timeline 12 History of the Internet , a short animated film ( 2009 ) History of the Internet at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) ( hide ) Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepay mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter ( teletype ) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners - Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. Kao Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Antonio Meucci Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the rfc editor until 1998 just provide the family name	[ "The IANA function was originally performed by USC Information Sciences Institute (ISI), and it delegated portions of this responsibility with respect to numeric network and autonomous system identifiers to the Network Information Center (NIC) at Stanford Research Institute (SRI International) in Menlo Park, California. ISI's Jonathan Postel managed the IANA, served as RFC Editor and performed other key roles until his premature death in 1998.[108]" ]	[ "Postel" ]
-4825441241338453455	Timeline of United States inventions (1890–1945)	Timeline of United States inventions ( 1890 -- 1945 ) - wikipedia Timeline of United States inventions ( 1890 -- 1945 ) Jump to : navigation , search To view U.S. inventions from other historical time periods , please see Timeline of United States inventions ( before 1890 ) , Timeline of United States inventions ( 1946 -- 1991 ) , and Timeline of United States inventions ( after 1991 ) . Robert H. Goddard ( 1882 - 1945 ) , the American physicist and inventor who built and launched the world 's first liquid - propellant rocket on March 16 , 1926 . Goddard held 214 patents for his inventions and pioneering innovations in liquid - propelled , guided , and multi-stage rockets . This article is part of a series on the Science and technology of the United States of America Apollo 11 in the orbit of the Moon , July 1969 Timeline Before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 1991 1991 - present Development Discoveries NASA spin - off technologies Technological and industrial history Contributions by ethnicity ( show ) African - Americans Native Americans Puerto Ricans United States portal A timeline of United States inventions ( 1890 -- 1945 ) encompasses the ingenuity and innovative advancements of the United States within a historical context , dating from the Progressive Era to the end of World War II , which have been achieved by inventors who are either native - born or naturalized citizens of the United States . Copyright protection secures a person 's right to his or her first - to - invent claim of the original invention in question , highlighted in Article I , Section 8 , Clause 8 of the United States Constitution which gives the following enumerated power to the United States Congress : `` To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts , by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries . '' In 1641 , the first patent in North America was issued to Samuel Winslow by the General Court of Massachusetts for a new method of making salt . On April 10 , 1790 , President George Washington signed the Patent Act of 1790 ( 1 Stat. 109 ) into law which proclaimed that patents were to be authorized for `` any useful art , manufacture , engine , machine , or device , or any improvement therein not before known or used . '' On July 31 , 1790 , Samuel Hopkins of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , became the first person in the United States to file and to be granted a patent under the new U.S. patent statute . The Patent Act of 1836 ( Ch. 357 , 5 Stat. 117 ) further clarified United States patent law to the extent of establishing a patent office where patent applications are filed , processed , and granted , contingent upon the language and scope of the claimant 's invention , for a patent term of 14 years with an extension of up to an additional 7 years . From 1836 to 2011 , the United States Patent and Trademark Office ( USPTO ) has granted a total of 7,861,317 patents relating to several well - known inventions appearing throughout the timeline below . Some examples of patented inventions between the years 1890 and 1945 include John Froelich 's tractor ( 1892 ) , Ransom Eli Olds ' assembly line ( 1901 ) , Willis Carrier 's air - conditioning ( 1902 ) , the Wright Brothers ' airplane ( 1903 ) , and Robert H. Goddard 's liquid - fuel rocket ( 1926 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Progressive Era ( 1890 -- 1919 ) 2 Roaring Twenties and the Jazz Age ( 1920 -- 1928 ) 3 Great Depression and World War II ( 1929 -- 1945 ) 4 See also 5 Footnotes 6 Further reading 7 External links Progressive era ( 1890 -- 1919 ) ( edit ) 1890 Stop sign A stop sign is a traffic sign , usually erected at road junctions such as a four - way intersection , that instructs drivers to stop and then to proceed only if the way ahead is clear . The idea of placing stop signs at road junctions was first conceived in 1890 when William Phelps Eno of Saugatuck , Connecticut proposed and devised the first set of traffic laws in an article published in Rider and Driver . However , the first use of stop signs did not appear until 1915 when officials in Detroit , Michigan installed a stop sign with black letters on a white background . Throughout the years and with many alterations made to the stop sign , the current version with white block - lettering on a red background that is used in the United States as well as emulated in many other countries around the world today , did not come into use until the Joint Committee on Uniform Traffic Control Devices adopted the design in 1975 . 1890 Tabulating machine The tabulating machine is an electrical device designed to assist in summarizing information and , later , accounting . The results of a tabulation are electrically coupled with a sorter while displayed on clock - like dials . The concept of automated data processing had been born . In 1890 , Herman Hollerith invented the mechanical tabulating machine , a design used during the 1890 Census which stored and processed demographic and statistical information on punched cards . 1890 Shredded wheat Shredded wheat is a type of breakfast cereal made from whole wheat . Shredded wheat also comes in a frosted variety , which has one side coated with sugar and usually gelatin . Shredded wheat was invented in 1890 by Henry Perky of Watertown , New York . 1890 Babcock test The Babcock test was the first inexpensive and practical test which were used to determine the fat content of milk . Invented by Stephen Moulton Babcock in 1890 , the test was developed to prevent dishonest farmers who could , until the 1890s , water down their milk or remove some cream before selling it to the factories because milk was paid by volume . 1890 Smoke detector A smoke detector is a device that detects smoke and issues a signal . Most smoke detectors work either by optical detection or by physical process , but some of them use both detection methods to increase sensitivity to smoke . Smoke detectors are usually powered by battery while some are connected directly to power mains , often having a battery as a power supply backup in case the mains power fails . The first automatic electric fire alarm was co-invented in 1890 by Francis Robbins Upton and Fernando J. Dibble . Upton and Dibble were issued U.S. patent # 436,961 . Upton was an associate of Thomas Alva Edison , although there is no evidence that Edison contributed to this invention . 1891 Ferris wheel The original Ferris Wheel at the 1893 World 's Columbian Exposition in Chicago A Ferris wheel is a non-building structure , consisting of an upright wheel with passenger gondolas attached to the rim . Opened on June 21 , 1893 at the Chicago World 's Fair , the original Ferris Wheel was invented two years earlier by the Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania bridge - builder George Washington Gale Ferris Jr. in 1891 . 1891 Dow process The Dow process is the electrolytic method of bromine extraction from brine , and was Herbert Henry Dow 's second revolutionary process for generating bromine commercially in 1891 . 1891 Tesla coil A Tesla coil is a type of resonant transformer circuit invented by Nikola Tesla around 1891 . Nikola Tesla used these coils to conduct innovative experiments in electrical lighting , phosphorescence , x-ray generation , high frequency alternating current phenomena , electrotherapy , and the transmission of electrical energy without wires for point - to - point telecommunications , broadcasting , and the transmission of electrical power . 1891 Rotary dial The rotary dial is a device mounted on or in a telephone or switchboard that is designed to send electrical pulses , known as pulse dialing , corresponding to the number dialed . The early form of the rotary dial used lugs on a finger plate instead of holes . The rotary dial was invented by Almon Brown Strowger in 1891 . Strowger filed U.S. patent # 486,909 on December 21 , 1891 that was later issued on November 29 , 1892 . 1891 Pastry fork A pastry fork , also known as a `` pie fork '' , is a fork designed for eating pastries and other desserts while holding a plate . The fork has 3 or 4 tines . The 3 tine fork has a larger , flattened and beveled tine on the side while the 4 tine fork has the 1st and 2nd tine connected or bridged together and beveled . On July 7 , 1891 , Anna M. Mangin of Queens , a borough of New York City , filed the first patent for the pastry fork . U.S. patent # 470,005 was later issued on March 1 , 1892 . 1891 Schrader valve A Schrader valve consists of a hollow cylindrical metal tube , typically brass , with the exterior end threaded . The interior end takes a variety of forms depending on its application . In the center of the exterior end is a metal pin pointing along the axis of the tube ; the pin 's end is flush with the end of the valve body . Generally , all Schrader valves are used on tires . They have threads and bodies of a single standard size at the exterior end , so caps and tools generally are universal for the valves on all automobile and bicycle pneumatic tires . Also , pressure valves can be used on Schrader valves in place of caps in order to measure the pressure of pneumatic tires . In 1891 , George Schrader , the son of German - American immigrant August Schrader , invented the Schrader valve . A patent was issued on April 11 , 1893 . 1892 Bottle cap Bottle caps , or closures , are used to seal the openings of bottles of many types . They can be small circular pieces of metal , usually steel , with plastic backings , and for plastic bottles a plastic cap is used instead . Caps can also be plastic , sometimes with a pour spout . Flip - Top caps like Flapper closures provide controlled dispensing of dry products . The crown cork , the first form of a bottle cap , possessed flanges bent over a sealed bottle to compress the liquid inside . It was invented and patented in 1892 by William Painter of Baltimore , Maryland . 1892 Dimmer Dimmers are devices used to vary the brightness of a light . By decreasing or increasing the RMS voltage and hence the mean power to the lamp it is possible to vary the intensity of the light output . Although variable - voltage devices are used for various purposes , a dimmer is specifically those devices intended to control lighting . Dimmers are popularly used in venues such as movie theatres , stages , dining rooms , restaurants , and auditoriums where the need or absence of light during activities requires constant change . The dimmer was invented in 1892 by Granville Woods . 1892 Bicycle seat ( padded ) A bicycle seat , unlike a bicycle saddle , is designed to support the rider 's buttocks and back , usually in a semi-reclined position . First known as the `` Garford Saddle '' , the padded bicycle seat was invented in 1892 by Arthur Lovett Garford of Elyria , Ohio . 1892 internal combustion - powered tractor A tractor is a distinctive farm vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive effort at slow speeds , for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used in agriculture or construction . Agricultural implements may be towed behind or mounted on the tractor , and the tractor may also provide a source of power if the implement is mechanized . While steam powered tractors had been built earlier , In 1892 , John Froelich invented and built the first gasoline - powered tractor in Clayton County , Iowa . 1893 Zipper Three zippers : Metal , plastic , and nylon The zipper is a popular device for temporarily joining two edges of fabric . Zippers are found on trousers , jeans , jackets , and luggage . Whitcomb L. Judson was an American mechanical engineer from Chicago who was the first to invent , conceive of the idea , and to construct a workable zipper . Using a hook - and - eye device , Judson intended for this earliest form of the zipper to be used on shoes . He also conceived the idea of the slide fastener mechanism in conjunction with the invention of the zipper . Patents were issued to Judson for the zipper in 1891 , 1894 , and 1905 . 1893 Spectroheliograph The spectroheliograph is an instrument used in astronomy that captures a photographic image of the Sun at a single wavelength of light , a monochromatic image . The spectroheliograph was invented in 1893 by George Ellery Hale and independently later by Henri Alexandre Deslandres in 1894 . 1893 Pinking shears Pinking shears are a type of scissors that have blades of which are sawtoothed instead of straight . Used to cut woven cloth , pinking shears leave a zigzag pattern instead of a straight edge . The earliest patent for pinking shears was U.S. patent # 489,406 which was issued to Louise Austin of Whatcomb , Washington on January 3 , 1893 . Early 1890s Phantoscope A film projection machine created by Charles Francis Jenkins in the early 1890s . Jenkin 's machine was the first projector to allow each still frame of the film to be illuminated long enough before advancing to the next frame sequence . 1894 Stadimeter Quartermaster 3rd Class Jaren Briggs uses a stadimeter to measure range during an underway replenishment aboard the guided - missile cruiser USS Leyte Gulf A stadimeter , a type of optical rangefinder , is an optical device for estimating the range to an object of known height by measuring the angle between the top and bottom of the object as observed at the device . It is similar to a sextant , in that the device is using mirrors to measure an angle between two objects but differs in that one dials in the height of the object . The stadimeter was invented in 1894 by Bradley Allen Fiske , a Rear - Admiral in the United States Navy . The first sea tests , conducted in 1895 , showed that it was equally useful for fleet sailing and for navigation . Likewise , the stadimeter proved useful during the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish -- American War . U.S. patent # 523,721 was issued to Fiske on July 31 , 1894 . 1894 Mousetrap A mousetrap is a specialized type of animal trap designed primarily to catch mice . However , it may also trap other small animals . Mousetraps are usually set in an indoor location where there is a suspected infestation of rodents . The first mouse trap was invented by William C. Hooker of Abingdon , Illinois , exactly three years before James Henry Atkinson developed a prototype called the `` Little Nipper '' . Atkinson probably saw the Hooker trap in shops or in advertisements , and copyied it as the basis for his own model . Hooker received US patent # 528671 for his invention , the mousetrap , in 1894 . 1894 Medical glove A disposal surgical glove Medical gloves are disposable gloves used during medical examinations and procedures that help prevent contamination between caregivers and patients . Medical gloves are made of different polymers including latex , nitrile rubber , vinyl and neoprene ; they come unpowdered , or powdered with cornstarch to lubricate the gloves , making them easier to put on the hands . In 1894 , William Stewart Halsted , the Surgeon - in - Chief of Johns Hopkins Hospital , invented the medical glove in an effort to make medical care safer and more sterile for patients and health care workers . 1895 Cyclocomputer A cyclocomputer or cyclometer is a device mounted on a bicycle that calculates and displays trip information , similar to the instruments in the dashboard of a car . The computer with display , or head unit , usually is attached to the handlebar for easy viewing . In 1895 , Curtis Hussey Veeder invented the cyclometer . 1895 Clipless pedal Clipless pedals are bicycle pedals that require a special cycling shoe with a cleat fitted to the sole , which locks into a mechanism in the pedal and thus holds the shoe firmly to the pedal . Most clipless pedals lock onto the cleat when stepped on firmly and unlock when the heel is twisted outward , although in some cases the locking mechanism is built into the cleat instead of the pedal . The clipless pedal was invented in 1895 by Charles Hanson of Peace Dale , Rhode Island . 1895 Volleyball Three volleyball players performing a block Volleyball is an Olympic sport in which two teams of 6 active players are separated by a net . Each team tries to score points against one another by grounding a ball on the other team 's court under organized rules . William G. Morgan invented the sport first known as `` Mintonnette '' in 1895 while studying at a YMCA in Holyoke , Massachusetts . It was later renamed volleyball by Alfred S. Halstead . 1897 Cotton candy Cotton candy is a soft confection made from sugar that is heated and spun into slim threads that look like a mass of cotton . It was co-invented in 1897 by William Morrison and John C. Wharton , candy - makers from Nashville , Tennessee . 1897 Muffler A muffler is a device for reducing the amount of noise emitted by a machine . On internal combustion engines , the engine exhaust blows out through the muffler . The internal combustion engine muffler was invented by Milton O. Reeves who received a patent in 1897 . 1897 Tapered roller bearing Tapered roller bearings are bearings that can take large axial forces as well as being able to sustain large radial forces . They were co-invented by German - American Henry Timken and Reginald Heinzelman . On August 27 , 1897 , Timken and Heizelman filed U.S. patent # 606,635 which was issued to them jointly on June 28 , 1898 . 1897 Ice cream scoop An ice cream scoop is any specialized spoon used to dish and serve ice cream . Most ice cream scoops are hemispherical - shaped and contain a mechanical device to force the ice cream out of the scoop . The ice cream scoop was invented by African - American Alfred L. Cralle who was issued U.S. patent # 576,395 on February 2 , 1897 . 1897 Charcoal briquette A charcoal briquette , or briquet is a block of flammable charcoal matter which is used as fuel to start and maintain a fire , mainly used for food preparation over an open fire or a barbecue . Charcoal briquettes are made by using a process which consists of compressing charcoal , typically made from sawdust and other wood by - products , with a binder and other additives . The binder is usually starch . Some charcoal briquettes may also include brown coal , mineral carbon , borax , sodium nitrate , limestone , raw sawdust , and other additives like paraffin or petroleum solvents to aid in ignition . The design of the charcoal briquette was invented and patented by Ellsworth B.A. Zwoyer in 1897 . 1897 Billiards cue chalk Cue chalk is a calcite or carbonate base applied to the tip of the cue stick used in billiards in order for players to reduce friction between the cue and bridge hand during shooting , as well as for a smoother stroke . Cue tip chalk was co-invented in its modern form by straight rail billiard pro William A. Spinks and chemist William Hoskins in 1897 . U.S. patent # 578,514 for cue chalk was issued to Spinks and Hoskins on March 9 , 1897 . 1898 Candy corn Candy corn is a popular treat for American children during Halloween Candy corn is a confection in the United States and Canada , popular primarily in autumn around Halloween , that mimics the shape and coloration of corn kernels -- a broad yellow end , a tapered orange center , and a pointed white tip . Candy corn is made primarily from sugar , corn syrup , artificial coloring and binders . It is generally thought that George Renninger , an employee of the Wunderlee Candy Company , invented candy corn in the 1880s . However , the earliest references credit the Goelitz Confectionery Company , now known as the Jelly Belly Candy Company , for introducing candy corn or `` chicken feed '' to the American public in 1898 . 1898 Remote control A remote control is an electronic device used to operate any machine , such as a television , remotely . Many of these remotes communicate to their respective devices through infrared signals and radio control . In Madison Square Garden , at the Electrical Exhibition , Nikola Tesla gave the first demonstration of a boat propelling in water , controlled by his remote control which he designed using radio signals . Tesla received a patent for his invention in 1898 . 1898 Semi-automatic shotgun A semi-automatic , or self - loading shot gun is a firearm that requires only a trigger pull for each round that is fired , unlike a single - action revolver , a pump - action firearm , a bolt - action firearm , or a lever - action firearm , which all require the shooter to chamber each successive round manually . In 1898 , John Moses Browning invented the first semi-sutomatic shot gun , later patenting it in 1900 . Naming it the Auto - 5 , Browning 's semi-automatic relied on long recoil operation . This design remained the dominant form in semi-automatic shotguns for approximately 50 years , being widely used and the preferred weapon of choice among soldiers fighting in World War I. Production of the Auto - 5 ceased in 1999 . 1898 Filing cabinet ( vertical ) A filing cabinet is a piece of office furniture usually used to store paper documents in file folders . In the most simple sense , it is an enclosure for drawers in which items are stored . A vertical file cabinet has drawers that extend from the short side ( typically 15 inches ) of the cabinet . The vertical filing cabinet was invented by Edwin G. Seibels in 1898 , thus revolutionizing efficient record - keeping and archiving by creating space for offices , schools , and businesses . 1898 Installer bit Installer bits are a type of twist drill bit for use with a hand - portable power tool . Installer bits are also known as bell - hanger bits or fishing bits . The key distinguishing feature of an installer bit is a transverse hole drilled through the web of the bit near the tip . Once the bit has penetrated a wall , a wire can be threaded through this transverse hole , and the bit pulled back through the drilled hole . The installer bit was invented and patented by Sinclair Smith of Brooklyn , New York in 1898 . 1898 Sousaphone The sousaphone , sometimes referred to as a marching tuba , is a wearable tuba descended from the hélicon . It was designed such that it fits around the body of the wearer and so it can be easily played while being worn . The sousaphone is named after John Philip Sousa but was invented by C.G. Conn in 1898 . 1899 Wing warping Diagram of the Wright brothers ' 1899 kite , showing wing bracing and strings attached to hand - held sticks used for warping the wing while in flight Wing warping consists of the twisting motion of the wings of an aircraft to produce lateral control . The entire wing structure twists slightly in a helical motion in the desired direction . The concept of wing warping is attributed to Wilbur Wright who in 1899 , came up with the idea and with the conclusion that the roll of an aircraft could be controlled by the motion of that aircraft 's wings . Exemplified by the twisting of a long , narrow box , the Wright brothers incorporated wing warping on their 1899 glider that used ropes to pull on the wings . Later on , the young French engineer Robert Esnault - Pelterie replaced wing warping in 1904 with the aileron on a copy he made of a 19th - century Wright glider . However , it was Henry Farman , a French aviator , who was the first to use the aileron as an integral part of the wing structure in place of wing warping in 1908 . 1899 Flash - lamp The electric flash - lamp is a device that uses an electrical circuit to trigger a fuse to ignite explosive powder such as magnesium , for a brief sudden burst of bright light `` flash '' from a chemical reaction of flash powder burning . It was principally used for flash photography in the early 20th century , but had other uses as well . The flash - lamp was invented and patented on November 7 , 1899 by New York City resident Joshua Lionel Cowen . 1900 Duckpin bowling Duckpin bowling is a variation of bowling that uses balls which are significantly smaller than those used in ten - pin bowling , weighing 1 -- 3 kg ( 2.2 -- 6.6 lb ) each , which are devoid of finger holes . The pins are correspondingly shorter and lighter than their ten - pin equivalents . Hence , when the pins are knocked down , they resemble a `` flock of flying ducks '' . While the rules remained almost identical to those of the Ten - pin game , one rule change was made : A bowler is allowed to use three bowls on each turn . Strikes would still be strikes and spares still spares , but when all pins were knocked down on the third ball , it counts as a score of ten . During the summer of 1900 , some bowlers at Diamond Alleys in Baltimore , Maryland thought it might be interesting to resize the pins to match the 6 - inch ball . Thus , the inventor of duckpin bowling , John Van Sant , used a wood turner to do exactly that . 1900 Nickel - zinc battery A nickel - zinc battery is a type of rechargeable battery that may be used in cordless power tools , cordless telephone , digital cameras , battery operated lawn and garden tools , professional photography , flashlights , electric bike , and light electric vehicle sectors . In 1900 , Thomas Alva Edison filed U.S. Patent # 684,204 for the nickel - zinc battery . It was issued on October 8 , 1901 . 1900 Merrill - Crowe process The Merrill - Crowe process is a separation technique for removing gold from a cyanide solution . The basic process was conceptualized and patented by Charles Washington Merrill around 1900 , then later refined by Thomas B. Crowe , working for the Merrill Company . 1900 Carbide lamp Carbide lamps , also known as acetylene gas lamps , are simple lamps that produce and burn acetylene which is created by the reaction of calcium carbide with water . The first carbide lamp was invented and patented in New York City on August 28 , 1900 by Frederick Baldwin . 1900 Fly swatter A fly swatter is a hand - held device for swatting and killing flies and other insects . The first modern fly - destruction device was invented in 1900 by Robert R. Montgomery , an entrepreneur based in Decatur , Illinois . On January 9 , 1900 , Montgomery was issued U.S. patent # 640,790 for the `` Fly - Killer '' . 1900 Thumbtack A thumbtack is a short nail or pin with a large , slightly rounded head made of metal which is used to fasten documents to a background for public display and which can easily be inserted or removed by hand . The thumbtack was invented by Edwin Moore around 1900 , the year in which he founded the Moore Push - Pin Company . 1901 Key punch A keypunch is a device for manually entering data into punched cards by precisely punching holes at locations designated by the keys struck by the operator . Early keypunches were manual devices . Later keypunches were mechanized , often resembling a small desk , with a keyboard similar to a typewriter , and with hoppers for blank cards and stackers for punched cards . In 1901 , Herman Hollerith invented and patented the mechanical key punch that was operated by keys , like a typewriter , and that advanced the card automatically to the next column after each punch . Later models would be motor driven with rudimentary programming features . 1901 Mercury - vapor lamp A mercury - vapor lamp is a gas discharge lamp which uses mercury in an excited state to produce light . The arc discharge is generally confined to a small fused quartz arc tube mounted within a larger borosilicate glass bulb . The outer bulb may be clear or coated with a phosphor . In either case , the outer bulb provides thermal insulation , protection from ultraviolet radiation , and a convenient mounting for the fused quartz arc tube . In 1901 , Peter Cooper Hewitt invented and patented the mercury - vapor lamp . 1901 Assembly line 1913 Ford Model T assembly line production . Used globally around the world , an assembly line is a manufacturing process in which interchangeable parts are added to a product in a sequential manner in order to create a finished product more quickly than with older methods . This type of manufacturing greatly reduces the amount of time taken to assemble a product , thus reducing production , material , and labor costs so that an affordable product cost can be passed onto consumers . According to a book entitled Michigan Yesterday & Today authored by Robert W. Domm , the assembly line and its basic concept is credited to Ransom Olds , who used it to build the first mass - produced automobile , the Oldsmobile Curved Dash . Olds patented the assembly line concept , which he put to work in his Olds Motor Vehicle Company factory in 1901 . This development is often overshadowed by Henry Ford , who perfected the assembly line by installing driven conveyor belts that could produce a Model T in ninety - three minutes . 1901 Safety razor ( disposable ) A safety razor protects the skin from all but the edge of the blade while shaving skin . King Camp Gillette , a traveling hardware salesman of Fond du Lac , Wisconsin invented the double - edged , disposable safety razor attached to a re-usable razor handle . Beforehand , dull razors were taken to barbers for sharpening . With Gillette 's double - edged and disposable blades , a uniform shave on a man 's face could be achieved with a fresh blade and disposed after it was used . Gillette applied for a patent in 1901 . It was granted in 1904 . 1901 Windowed envelope An example of a windowed envelope A windowed envelope is a conventional envelope with a plastic window to allow the recipient 's address to be printed on the paper contained within . Windowed envelopes save the expense of printing or labor of addressing , and in addition save time in preparing the message for dispatch when the customary addresses are already on the letter paper itself . Calling it the `` outlook envelope '' , Americus F. Callahan of Chicago was the first to patent the windowed envelope . U.S. patent # 701,839 was filed on December 9 , 1901 and issued on June 10 , 1902 . 1901 Radio direction finder A radio direction finder ( RDF ) is a device for finding the direction to a radio source . Due to radio 's ability to travel very long distances and `` over the horizon '' , it makes a particularly good navigation system for ships , small boats , and aircraft that might be some distance from their destination . The radio direction finder is the earliest form of radio navigation . It was first patented by American physicist John Stone Stone . He filed on January 23 , 1901 and was granted the patent ( U.S. Patent 716,134 ) on December 16 , 1902 . 1902 Hearing aid A hearing aid is an electro - acoustic body - worn apparatus which typically fits in or behind the wearer 's ear , and is designed to amplify and modulate sounds for the wearer . Although hearing aids in some form or fashion such as the ear trumpet were developed in previous years , the first electric hearing aid was invented by Miller Reese Hutchison in 1902 . 1902 Postage meter A postage meter is a mechanical device used to create and apply physical evidence of postage , or franking , to mailed matter . Postage meters are regulated by a country 's postal authority ; for example , in the United States , the United States Postal Service specifies the rules for the creation , support , and use of postage meters . A postage meter imprints an amount of postage , functioning as a postage stamp , a cancellation and a dated postmark all in one . The postage meter was invented by Chicago inventor Arthur Pitney , receiving a patent for the invention on October 14 , 1902 . 1902 Teddy bear A teddy bear is a stuffed toy bear . They are usually stuffed with soft cotton and have smooth and soft fur . It is an enduring form of a stuffed animal that has become a collector 's item . The first teddy bear was invented in 1902 by Morris Michtom , owner of a Brooklyn toy store , who was inspired by Clifford Berryman 's political cartoon Drawing the Line in Mississippi that depicted President Theodore `` Teddy '' Roosevelt on a hunting trip in Mississippi who spared the life of a Louisiana black bear cub . Michtom asked for and received President Roosevelt 's permission to use his name for the hand - sewn bears called `` Teddy bears '' that he invented and his wife helped construct . 1902 Periscope ( collapsible ) A periscope is an instrument for observation from a concealed position , known for use in submarines . In a simple form , it is a tube in each end of which are mirrors set parallel to each other and at an angle of 45 with a line between them . Periscopes allow a submarine , submerged at a shallow depth , to search for targets and threats in the surrounding sea and air . When not in use , the periscope is retracted into the hull . A sub commander in tactical conditions must exercise discretion when using his periscope , since it creates an observable wake and may be detectable to radar , giving away the sub 's position . The invention of the collapsible periscope for use in submarine warfare is credited to Simon Lake in 1902 , who called his device the omniscope or skalomniscope . Later , it was made to be raised and turned by hand . 1902 Mercury arc valve A mercury arc valve is a type of electrical rectifier which converts alternating current into direct current . Rectifiers of this type were used in electric motor power supplies for industry , in electric railways , streetcars , and diesel - electric locomotives . They also found use in static inverter stations and as rectifiers for high - voltage direct current power transmission . Mercury arc rectifiers were invented by Peter Cooper Hewitt in 1902 . 1902 Air conditioning Air conditioning units outside a classroom building Air conditioning is the cooling and de-humidification of indoor air for thermal comfort . Using a system of coils as a solution to cool and remove moisture from muggy air in a printing plant that was wrinkling magazine pages , Willis Carrier invented and manufactured the world 's first mechanical air conditioning unit in 1902 . Carrier 's invention -- encompassing the first system to provide man - made control over temperature , humidity , ventilation and air quality , was first installed as a solution to the quality problems experienced at a Brooklyn printing plant , Sackett - Wilhelms Lithographing and Publishing Company . Air conditioning not only spawned a company and an industry , but also brought about profound economic , social and cultural changes . 1903 Tea bag A tea bag is a small , porous paper , silk or nylon sealed bag containing tea leaves for brewing tea . Tea bags were invented by Thomas Sullivan around 1903 . The first tea bags were made from silk . Sullivan was a tea and coffee merchant in New York who began packaging tea samples in tiny silk bags , but many customers brewed the tea in them . 1903 Offset printing press Offset printing is a commonly used printing technique where the inked image is transferred from a plate to a rubber blanket , then to the printing surface . Ira Washington Rubel invented the first offset printing press in 1903 . 1903 Airplane The Wright Flyer II flying almost four circles over Huffman Prairie , about 2 and 3 / 4 miles in 5 minutes and 4 seconds on November 9 , 1904 . A fixed - wing aircraft , or airplane , is a heavier - than - air craft whose lift is generated by air pressure differential between the upper and lower wing surfaces . The Wright brothers , Wilbur and Orville Wright of Dayton , Ohio , made the first powered and sustained airplane flights under control of the pilot in the Wright Flyer I on December 17 , 1903 in Kitty Hawk , North Carolina . In the two years afterward , they developed their flying machine into the world 's first practical fixed - wing aircraft . By October 1905 , the Wright Flyer III was capable and proven to circle in the air 30 times in 39 minutes for a total distance of 24.5 miles . The brothers ' fundamental breakthrough was their invention of `` three - axis control '' , which enabled the pilot to steer the aircraft effectively and to maintain its equilibrium . This required method has become standard on all fixed - wing aircraft . From the beginning of their aeronautical work , the Wright brothers focused on unlocking the secrets of control to conquer `` the flying problem '' , rather than on developing more powerful engines as some other experimenters did . Charles Edward Taylor built the first aircraft engine and was a vital contributor of mechanical aspects in the building and maintaining of early Wright engines and airplanes . Although there were many earlier attempts at heavier - than - air powered flight , some of which achieved successful short hops , and disputed earlier claims of sustained flight , the Wright brothers are officially credited by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale , the international record - setting body for aeronautics and astronautics , as achieving `` the first sustained and controlled heavier - than - air powered flight '' . In addition , U.S. patent number # 821393 for the airplane , was filed by Orville Wright on March 23 , 1903 and was issued in May 1906 . 1903 Windshield wipers A windshield wiper with motorized arm The windshield wiper is a bladed device used to wipe rain and dirt from a windshield . In 1903 , Mary Anderson is credited with inventing the first operational windshield wiper . In Anderson 's patent , she called her invention a window cleaning device for electric cars and other vehicles . Operated via a lever from inside a vehicle , her version of windshield wipers closely resembles the windshield wiper found on many early car models . Anderson had a model of her design manufactured . She then filed a patent ( U.S. patent number 743,801 ) on June 18 , 1903 that was issued to her by the U.S. Patent Office on November 10 , 1903 . 1903 Wood 's glass Wood 's glass is a light filter used in communications during World War I. An `` invisible radiation '' technique which worked both in infrared daylight communication and ultraviolet night communications , it does not transmit visible light , leaving the ' invisible radiation ' as a signal beam . Wood 's glass was invented by Robert Williams Wood in 1903 . 1903 Wood 's lamp A Wood 's lamp is a diagnostic tool used in dermatology which shines ultraviolet light onto the skin of the patient ; a technician then observes any subsequent fluorescence . Though the technique for producing a source of ultraviolet light was devised by Robert Williams Wood in 1903 using `` Wood 's glass '' , not until 1925 was the technique used in dermatology by Margarot and Deveze for the detection of fungal infection of hair . Round hay bales near Elbląg Canal , Poland 1903 Baler ( round ) A baler is a piece of farm machinery used to compress a cut and raked crop ( such as hay , straw , or silage ) into compact bales that are easy to handle , transport and store . Several different types of balers are commonly used , each producing a different type of bales -- rectangular or cylindrical ( round ) , of various sizes , bound with twine , netting , or wire . The round hay baler was invented by Ummo F. Luebben of Sutton , Nebraska , which he conceived with his brother Melchior in 1903 , and then patented in 1910 . The invention of the round hay baler revolutionized the laborious task of haying into a one - man , low - cost operation with a machine that automatically gathered the hay , rolled into a round bale , and ejected it . 1904 Automatic transmission An automatic transmission is an automobile gearbox that changes gear ratios automatically as the vehicle moves , freeing the driver from having to shift gears manually . Modern automatic transmissions trace their origins to an early `` horseless carriage '' gearbox that was developed in 1904 by the Sturtevant brothers of Boston , Massachusetts . 1904 Banana split A banana split is an ice cream - based dessert . In its classic form it is served in a long dish called a boat . A banana is cut in half lengthwise ( hence the split ) and laid in the dish . There are many variations , but the classic banana split is made with scoops of vanilla , chocolate and strawberry ice cream served in a row between the split banana . Although the banana as an exotic fruit was introduced to the American public in the 1880s , it was later in 1904 , that the banana split was invented in the town of Latrobe , Pennsylvania by 23 - year - old pharmacy apprentice David Strickler , who was inspired to create a new sundae after seeing a soda jerk during a visit to Atlantic City . According to The Food Chronology , written in 1995 by James Trager , Strickler concocted his sundae to include three scoops of ice cream on a split banana , topped with chocolate syrup , marshmallow , nuts , whipped cream , and a cherry that sold for a dime . Other soda jerks soon imitated Strickler 's banana split , albeit in other forms . 1904 Pantograph ( diamond - shaped ) A pantograph is a device that collects electric current from overhead lines for electric trains or trams . The term stems from the resemblance to pantograph devices for copying writing and drawings . In 1904 , the diamond - shaped roller pantograph was invented by John Q. Brown of the Key System shops for their commuter trains which ran between San Francisco and the East Bay section of the San Francisco Bay Area in California . A patent was issued on July 5 , 1904 . 1904 Dragline excavator Drag - line excavation systems are heavy equipment used in civil engineering and surface mining . In civil engineering the smaller types are used for road and port construction . The larger types are used in strip - mining operations to move overburden above coal , and for tar - sand mining . A drag line bucket system consists of a large bucket which is suspended from a boom , a large truss - like structure , with wire ropes . The bucket is maneuvered by means of a number of ropes and chains . The hoist rope , powered by large diesel or electric motors , supports the bucket and hoist - coupler assembly from the boom . The drag rope is used to draw the bucket assembly horizontally . By skillful maneuvre of the hoist and the drag ropes the bucket is controlled for various operations . The dragline excavator was invented in 1904 by John W. Page . 1905 Batting helmet A batter wearing a batting helmet A batting helmet is the protective headgear worn by batters in the game of baseball or softball . It is meant to protect the batter 's head from errant pitches thrown by the pitcher . A batter who is `` hit by pitch '' , due to an inadvertent wild pitch or a pitcher 's purposeful attempt to hit him , may be seriously , even fatally , injured . In 1905 , a New York Giants ( the team now known as the San Francisco Giants ) baseball player named Roger Bresnahan , after missing thirty days of the baseball season and lying in a hospital bed due to a head injury ( or beaning ) , created , with assistance from the A.J. Reach Company , a crude , leather , vertically sliced football helmet over his cap that is considered to be the first batting helmet . The headgear was unpopular , even with Bresnahan at the time , and it was n't until the mid-1950s that his idea was accepted . 1905 Liquid ring pump A liquid ring pump is a rotating positive displacement pump that is powered by an induction motor and is typically used as a vacuum pump or as a gas compressor . The liquid ring pump was invented in 1905 by Lewis H. Nash . Production soon began thereafter at the Nash Engineering Company . Nash filed U.S. patent # 1,091,529 on February 24 , 1910 and was issued to him on March 31 , 1914 . 1905 Ice pop An ice pop is a frozen water - based dessert on a stick . It is made by freezing a colored , flavored liquid around a stick . Once the liquid freezes solid , the stick can be used as a handle to hold the ice pop . The ice pop was invented by 11 - year - old Frank Epperson in 1905 . Living in San Francisco , California , Epperson had left a fruit drink out overnight , with a stirrer in it , thus making it freeze . In 1923 , Epperson got a patent on his `` frozen ice on a stick '' . Epperson also invented the twin ice pop , with two sticks so it could be shared by two children . The most famous brand name associated with the ice pop is Popsicle . 1906 Typesetting Typesetting is the retrieval of the stored letters and the ordering of them according to a language 's orthography for visual display . Typesetting was invented by John Raphael Rogers of Brooklyn , New York who filed U.S. patent # 837127 on October 8 , 1906 and issued to him on November 27 , 1906 . 1906 Flushometer A flushometer , or royal flushometer is a water pressure system that uses an inline handle to flush toilets and urinals . By using pressurized water directly from the supply line , there is a faster recycle time between flushes . The flushometer is still in use today in homes and public restrooms around the world . The flushometer was invented in 1906 by American businessman and inventor William Elvis Sloan . 1906 Audion tube The Audion is an electronic amplifier device and was the forerunner of the triode , in which the current from the filament to the plate was controlled by a third element , the grid . A small amount of power applied to the grid could control a larger current from the filament to the plate , allowing the Audion both to detect radio signals and to provide amplification . The Audion tube was invented by Lee De Forest in 1906 . 1907 Curtain rod A curtain rod or traverse rod is a device used to suspend curtains , usually above windows or along the edges of showers , though also wherever curtains might be used . The flat , telescoping curtain rod was invented by Charles W. Kirsch of Sturgis , Michigan , in 1907 . However , they were not in use until the 1920s . Kirsch also invented the traverse curtain rod in 1928 . 1907 Electrostatic precipitator An electrostatic precipitator ( ESP ) , or electrostatic air cleaner is a particulate collection device that removes particles from a flowing gas ( such as air ) using the force of an induced electrostatic charge . Electrostatic precipitators are highly efficient filtration devices that minimally impede the flow of gases through the device , and can easily remove fine particulate matter such as dust and smoke from the air stream . In 1907 , the California physicist Frederick G. Cottrell invented and received a patent for the electrostatic precipitator . 1907 Paper towel A paper towel has the same purposes as conventional towels such as drying hands , wiping windows , dusting , cleaning up spills . However , paper towels can only be used once after they blot wet surfaces . A school teacher in Ashland , Ohio , named Kurt Klier , gave students individual paper squares , so that the single towel in the bathroom would not be infected with germs . When Arthur Scott , head of the Scott Paper Company heard about it , he decided to try to sell a load of paper that had been made too thick to use as toilet paper . 1908 Candy apple A candy apple Candy apples , also known as toffee apples outside of North America , are whole apples covered in a hard sugar candy coating . While the topping varies from place to place , they are almost always served with a wooden stick of sorts in the middle making them easier to eat . Toffee apples are a common treat at autumn festivals in Western culture in the Northern Hemisphere , such as Halloween and Guy Fawkes Night because these festivals fall in the wake of the annual apple harvest . Dipping fruits into a sugar syrup is an ancient tradition . However , the origin of the red candy apple is attributed to Newark , New Jersey candymaker who conceived the idea of dipping apples into a red cinnamon candy mixture he had on hand . In addition , dipping apples in hot caramel a 1950s American invention attributed to Kraft salesman Dan Walker . 1909 Skee ball Skee ball is a common game found in arcades and one of the first redemption games . Skee ball is similar to bowling except it is played on an inclined lane and the player aims to get the ball to fall into a hole rather than knock down pins . The object of the game is to collect as many points as possible by rolling balls up an incline and into the designated point value holes . Skee ball was invented and patented in 1909 by J.D. Estes of Philadelphia . 1909 Paper shredder Paper shredders are used to cut paper into chad , typically either strips or fine particles . Government organizations , businesses , and private individuals use shredders to destroy private , confidential , or otherwise sensitive documents . The first paper shredder is credited to prolific inventor Abbot Augustus Low of Horseshoe , New York . His patent for a `` waste paper receptacle '' to offer an improved method of disposing of waste paper received a U.S. patent on August 31 , 1909 . 1909 Suppressor A suppressor or silencer is a device either attached to or part of the barrel of a firearm to reduce the amount of noise and flash generated by firing the weapon . It generally takes the form of a cylindrically shaped metal tube with various internal mechanisms to reduce the sound of firing by slowing the escaping propellant gas , and sometimes by reducing the velocity of the bullet . Hiram Percy Maxim , the son of famous machine gun inventor Hiram Stevens Maxim , is credited with inventing the suppressor in 1909 . 1909 Gin rummy Gin rummy , or Gin for short , is a simple and popular two - player card game with a standard 52 - card pack . The objective of Gin Rummy is to score more points than your opponent improving one 's hand by forming melds and eliminating deadwood . Gin rummy was invented by Elwood T. Baker and his son , C. Graham Baker in 1909 . 1910 Headset A headset is a headphone combined with a microphone . Headsets provide the equivalent functionality of a telephone handset with hands - free operation . They are used in call centers and by people in telephone - intensive jobs . The first - ever headset was invented in 1910 , by a Stanford University student named Nathaniel Baldwin . 1911 Fifth wheel coupling The fifth wheel coupling provides a pivoting link between a semi-trailer and the towing truck , tractor unit , leading trailer or dolly . Some recreational vehicles have a fifth wheel configuration , requiring the coupling to be installed in the bed of a pickup truck as a towing vehicle . The coupling consists of a coupling pin ( or kingpin ) on the front of the semi-trailer , and a horseshoe - shaped coupling device called a fifth wheel on the rear of the towing vehicle . In 1911 , Charles Martin invented the fifth wheel coupler consisting of a round plate with a hole in it , attached to a frame mounted on his tractor . 1911 Erector Set An Erector Set is a toy construction set that consists of collections of small metal beams with regular holes for nuts , bolts , screws , and mechanical parts such as pulleys , gears , and small electric motors . Popular in the United States , the brand name is currently used for Meccano sets ( themselves patented in 1901 ) . The erector set was invented in 1911 by Alfred Carlton Gilbert and was manufactured by the A.C. Gilbert Company at the Erector Square factory in New Haven , Connecticut . The first sets were called by A.C. Gilbert `` The Erector / Structural Steel & Electro - Mechanical Builder '' . Accessory sets were also available to allow children to upgrade basic sets . 1911 Binder clip A single , large sized binder clip A binder clip , or a banker 's clip or foldback clip , is a simple device for binding sheets of paper together . It leaves the paper intact and can be removed quickly and easily unlike the staple . The binder clip was invented in 1911 by Washington , D.C. resident Louis E. Baltzley who was motivated by a desire to help his father , Edwin , a prolific writer and inventor , keep manuscripts in order . The original design was modified five times , but the essential mechanism has never changed . 1911 Automobile self starter An automobile self - starter is an electric motor that initiates rotational motion in an internal combustion engine before it can power itself , therefore eliminating the hand crank used to start engines . In 1911 , Charles F. Kettering invented the automobile self - starter while working at National Cash Register and then sold them for installation on cars at the Cadillac company . There had been many attempts at producing an electric starter before , but none of them were successful . Most designs at that time called for the use of an electric motor attached to the engine 's flywheel . However , in order to fit in the car 's engine compartment , the device would have to be small , and therefore it would be unable to produce a sufficient enough amount of torque . 1911 Road surface marking Dead Man 's Curve along the Marquette -- Negaunee Road in Michigan shown in 1917 with the first hand - painted centerline A road surface marking is any kind of device or material that is used on a road surface in order to convey official information for drivers and pedestrians . Edward N. Hines originated the concept of painting a line down the center of a road to separate traffic in opposing directions . They were first used in Wayne County , Michigan in 1911 . 1912 Autopilot An autopilot is a mechanical , electrical , or hydraulic system used to guide a vehicle without assistance from a human being . Most people understand an autopilot to refer specifically to aircraft , but self - steering gear for ships , boats , space craft , and missiles is sometimes also called autopilot . The first aircraft autopilot was invented by Lawrence Sperry in 1912 . Sperry demonstrated it in 1914 , and proved the credibility of the invention by flying the aircraft with his hands away from the controls and visible to onlookers . 1912 Electric blanket An electric blanket is a blanket with an integrated electrical heating device usually placed above the top bed sheet . The first electric blanket was invented in 1912 by American physician Sidney I. Russell . This earliest form of an electric blanket was an ' underblanket ' under the bed that covered and heated from below . In 1937 , Electric ' overblankets which lie on top of the sleeping person were introduced in the United States . 1912 Traffic light ( electric ) Traffic lights in Spain The traffic light , also known as traffic signal , is a signaling device positioned at a road intersection , pedestrian crossing , or other location . Its purpose is to indicate , using a series of colors , the correct moment to stop , drive , ride or walk , using a universal color code . The color of the traffic lights representing stop and go are likely derived from those used to identify port ( red ) and starboard ( green ) in maritime rules governing right of way , where the vessel on the left must stop for the one crossing on the right . In Salt Lake City , Utah , policeman Lester Wire invented the first red - green electric traffic lights . 1913 Formica ( plastic ) Formica is a hard durable plastic laminate used for countertops , cupboard doors , and other surfaces which are heat - resistant and easy to clean . Formica was invented in 1913 by Herbert A Faber and Daniel J. O'Connor of Westinghouse Electric . 1914 Regenerative circuit The regenerative circuit allows an electronic signal to be amplified many times by the same vacuum tube or other active component such as a field effect transistor . A regenerative circuit is often an AM detector , converting the RF signal on the antenna to an audio waveform . Their use of positive feedback greatly increases both the selectivity and sensitivity of a simple receiver . Positive feedback builds up the input signal to very high levels . Edwin Armstrong , invented and patented the regenerative circuit while he was a junior in college , in 1914 . 1914 Traffic cone Traffic cones , also called toddlers , road cones , safety cones , construction cones , pylons , or Witches ' Hats , are usually cone - shaped markers that are placed on roads or sidewalks to temporarily redirect traffic in a safe manner . Traffic cones were invented in 1914 by Charles P. Rudabaker . 1914 Fortune cookie A fortune cookie is a crisp cookie usually made from flour , sugar , vanilla , and oil with a `` fortune '' wrapped inside . A `` fortune '' is a piece of paper with words of faux wisdom or a vague prophecy . In the United States , it is usually served with Chinese food in Chinese restaurants as a dessert . The message inside may also include a list of lucky numbers and a Chinese phrase with translation . Contrary to belief , the fortune cookie associated as a Chinese invention is a fallacy . In 1914 , the Japanese - American named Makoto Hagiwara of the Japanese Tea Garden in San Francisco , California , introduced the fortune cookie and is thus recognized as its inventor . 1915 Skeet shooting Skeet shooting is an Olympic sport where participants attempt to break clay disks flung into the air at high speed from a variety of angles . The firearm of choice for this task is usually a high quality , double - barreled over and under shotgun with 28 / 30 inch barrels and open chokes . The event is in part meant to simulate the action of bird hunting . The shooter shoots from eight positions on a semicircle with a radius of 21 yards ( 19 m ) , and an 8th position halfway between stations 1 and 7 . There are two houses that hold devices known as `` traps '' that launch the targets , one at each corner of the semicircle . Skeet shooting began in Andover , Massachusetts in 1915 , when grouse hunter Charles Davis invented a game he called `` shooting around the clock '' to improve his wingshooting . 1915 Single - sideband modulation Single - sideband modulation ( SSB ) is a refinement of amplitude modulation that more efficiently uses electrical power and bandwidth . Single - sideband modulation produces a modulated output signal that has a bandwidth identical to that of the original baseband signal , unlike amplitude modulation which has double the bandwidth . Although John Renshaw Carson invented SBB in 1915 , his patent was not granted until March 27 , 1923 . 1916 Hamburger bun A hamburger bun is a bread roll sliced horizontally containing a hamburger , usually a patty consisting of ground meat that also typically contains lettuce , bacon , tomato , onion , pickles , cheese and condiments such as mustard , mayonnaise , ketchup and relish . The hamburger bun was invented in 1916 by a fry cook named Walter Anderson , who co-founded White Castle in 1921 . 1916 Lincoln Logs Lincoln Logs is the name of a children 's toy consisting of notched miniature wooden logs , used to build miniature forts , cabins , and buildings . Lincoln Logs were invented in 1916 by John L. Wright , son of famous American architect Frank Lloyd Wright . 1916 Supermarket The interior of a supermarket in Toronto , Canada A supermarket is a self - service store offering a wide variety of food and household merchandise , organized into departments . It is larger in size and has a wider selection than a traditional grocery store . The concept of a `` self - service '' grocery store was invented by American entrepreneur Clarence Saunders and his Piggly Wiggly stores . Beforehand , customers would shop at a general store where a clerk behind a counter would fetch inventory in limited quantity for customers to purchase . With Saunders ' new innovation of self - service , customers would be able to choose a wider selection of goods at competitive prices . Saunders ' first store opened in Memphis , Tennessee , in 1916 . 1916 Cloverleaf interchange A cloverleaf interchange is a two - level interchange in which left turns , in countries that drive on the right , are handled by loop roads . To go left , in right - hand traffic , vehicles first pass either over or under the other road , then turn right onto a one - way three - fourths loop ramp ( 270 ° ) and merge onto the intersecting road . The cloverleaf was first patented in the United States by Arthur Hale , a civil engineer in Maryland , on February 29 , 1916 . 1916 Tow truck A tow truck is a vehicle used to transport motor vehicles to another location , generally a repair garage , or to recover vehicles which are no longer on a drivable surface . Vehicles are often towed in the case of breakdowns or collisions , or may be impounded for legal reasons . The tow truck was invented in 1916 by Ernest Holmes , Sr. , of Chattanooga , Tennessee . He was a garage worker who was inspired to create the invention after he was forced to pull a car out of a creek using blocks , ropes , and six men . An improved design led him to manufacture wreckers . 1916 Condenser microphone A condenser microphone , also called a capacitor microphone or electrostatic microphone , is a microphone containing a capacitor that has two plates with a voltage between them . In the condenser microphone , one of these plates is made of very light material and acts as the diaphragm . The diaphragm vibrates when struck by sound waves , changing the distance between the two plates and therefore changing the capacitance . Specifically , when the plates are closer together , capacitance increases and a charge current occurs . When the plates are further apart , capacitance decreases and a discharge current occurs . A voltage is required across the capacitor for this to work . This voltage is supplied either by a battery in the mic or by external phantom power . The condenser microphone was invented in 1916 at Bell Laboratories by Edward Christopher ' E.C. ' Wente , which became possible with the advent of the vacuum tube ( valve ) to act as an amplifier of the low signal output . 1916 Light switch ( toggle ) An example of on / off toggle light switches mounted on a wall A toggle light switch is a switch , most commonly used to operate electric lights , permanently connected equipment , or electrical outlets whereby the switch handle does not control the contacts directly , but through an intermediate arrangement of internal springs and levers . The toggle light switch is safe , reliable , and durable , but produces a loud `` snap '' or `` click '' noise when a person 's finger manually flips the toggle light switch into the on / off position . The design for the toggle light switch was patented in 1916 by William J. Newton and Morris Goldberg of Lynbrook , New York . 1917 Stream cipher In cryptography , a stream cipher is a symmetric key cipher where plaintext bits are combined with a pseudorandom cipher bit stream , typically by an exclusive - or ( xor ) operation . In a stream cipher the plaintext digits are encrypted one at a time , and the transformation of successive digits varies during the encryption . Also known as a state cipher , the stream cipher was invented in 1917 by Gilbert Sandford Vernam at Bell Labs . 1917 Marshmallow creme Marshmallow creme , better known as marshmallow `` fluff '' in the United States , is a food item that is a sweet , spreadable , marshmallow - like confection . It is typically used with peanut butter on the fluffernutter sandwich . In addition , marshmallow creme and Nutella can be spread on graham crackers to emulate s'mores . Marshmallow creme is a New England creation invented in 1917 by Archibald Query of Somerville , Massachusetts . 1918 Superheterodyne receiver In electronics , a superheterodyne receiver uses frequency mixing or heterodyning to convert a received signal to a fixed intermediate frequency , which can be more conveniently processed than the original radio carrier frequency . Virtually all modern radio and television receivers use the superheterodyne principle . The superheterodyne receiver was invented in 1918 by Edwin Armstrong . It was introduced to the market place in the late 1920s . 1918 French dip sandwich A French dip sandwich , also known as a beef dip , is a hot sandwich consisting of thinly sliced roast beef ( or , sometimes , other meats ) on a `` French roll '' or baguette . It is usually served au jus ( `` with juice '' ) , that is , with beef juice from the cooking process . Beef broth or beef consommé is sometimes substituted . Despite the sandwich 's name , the French dip sandwich was not invented in France , but in the United States . Both Philippe the Original 's and Cole 's Pacific Electric Buffet , two restaurants in Los Angeles , claim to have invented the French dip sandwich . Philippe Mathieu may have possibly invented the sandwich by accident around the year 1918 , who according to one story , accidentally dropped a sandwich in a pan of au jus ' . Another story is that a fireman to Philippe 's restaurant found his roast beef sandwich roll to be too hard . Thus , Philippe had it dipped in juice . Whatever the origin , Cole 's Pacific Electric Buffet also claims to have invented the French dip sandwich as well . 1918 Torque wrench A torque wrench is a tool used to precisely apply a specific torque to a fastener such as a nut or bolt . It is usually in the form of a socket wrench with special internal mechanisms . It was invented by Conrad Charles Bahr in 1918 . However , it was n't until much later on March 16 , 1937 , that Bahr received U.S. patent # 2,074,079 for the invention of the torque wrench . 1918 Crystal oscillator A crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency . This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time as used in quartz wristwatches , to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits , and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers . The first crystal - controlled oscillator , using a crystal of Rochelle Salt , was invented by Alexander M. Nicholson . However , it is generally accepted that Dr. Walter Guyton Cady was the first to use a quartz to control the frequency of an oscillator circuit . Nevertheless , Nicholson is still regarded as the inventor of the crystal oscillator . 1918 Grocery bag Shopping bags are medium - sized bags , typically around 10 - 20 litres ( 2.5 to 5 gallons ) in volume , that are often used by grocery shoppers to carry home their purchases . They can be single - use ( disposable ) , used for other purposes or designed as reusable shopping bags . The grocery bag with handles was invented in 1918 by Walter Deubener of St. Paul Minnesota . U.S. patent # 1,305,198 was issued to Deubener on May 27 , 1919 . 1918 Hydraulic brake The hydraulic brake is an arrangement of braking mechanism which uses brake fluid , typically containing ethylene glycol , to transfer pressure from the controlling unit , which is usually near the operator of the vehicle , to the actual brake mechanism , which is usually at or near the wheel of the vehicle . In 1918 , the hydraulic brake was invented by Malcolm Loughead , which replaced the mechanical brake which was used previously on automobiles . 1919 Blender A blender is an upright , stationary kitchen appliance used to mix alcoholic beverages and puree food . Blenders are also used to prepare emulsions , such as mayonnaise , and cream soups . In 1919 , Polish - American Stephen J. Poplawski of Racine , Wisconsin invented , designed , and manufactured beverage mixers used in preparation for malted milk served at soda fountains . It consisted of a spinning blade on a long rod extending down into a cup . Poplawski patented his invention of the blender in 1922 . 1919 Silica gel Silica gel is a granular , porous form of silica made from sodium silicate . Silica gel is a solid . The synthetic route for silica gel was invented and patented by chemistry professor Walter A. Patrick at Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland in 1919 . 1919 Toaster ( pop - up ) The toaster is typically a small electric kitchen appliance designed to toast multiple types of bread products such as sliced bread , bagels , and English muffins . Although not the first to invent the toaster , the pop - up toaster was invented by Charles Strite in 1919 , consisting of a variable timer and springs in order to prevent burnt toast . Strite received a patent for his invention on May 29 , 1919 . Roaring twenties and the jazz age ( 1920 -- 1928 ) ( edit ) 1920 Eskimo Pie An Eskimo Pie is a vanilla ice cream bar between two wafers of chocolate and wrapped in aluminum foil . The confection was invented in Iowa in the year 1920 by Danish - American Christian Nelson . First known as the I - Scream Bar , the name was changed the following year to Eskimo Pie at the suggestion of American chocolatier Russell Stover . 1920 Jungle gym The jungle gym , also known as monkey bars or climbing frame , is a piece of playground equipment made of many pieces of thin material , such as metal pipe or , in more current playgrounds , rope , on which children can climb , hang , or sit . The monkey bar designation was for the resemblance that playing children had to the rambunctious , climbing play of monkeys , though the term nowadays often refers specifically to a single row of overhead bars designed to be swung across . The jungle gym was invented and patented by Sebastian Hinton of Chicago in 1920 . 1921 Polygraph A modern polygraph system Not to be confused with an earlier and different invention with the same name , a polygraph , popularly referred to as a lie detector , is an instrument that measures and records several physiological indices such as blood pressure , pulse , respiration , and skin conductivity while the subject is asked and answers a series of questions , in the belief that deceptive answers will produce physiological responses that can be differentiated from those associated with non-deceptive answers . The polygraph was invented in 1921 by John Augustus Larson , a medical student at the University of California at Berkeley and a police officer of the Berkeley Police Department in Berkeley , California . According to Encyclopædia Britannica , the polygraph was on its 2003 list of the 325 greatest inventions . 1921 Flowchart A flowchart is common type of chart , representing an algorithm or process , showing the steps as boxes of various kinds , and their order by connecting these with arrows . Flowcharts are used in analyzing , designing , documenting or managing a process or program in various fields . The second structured method for documenting process flow , the `` flow process chart '' , was invented by Frank Gilbreth to members of ASME in 1921 as the presentation `` Process Charts -- First Steps in Finding the One Best Way '' . 1921 Adhesive bandage Popularly known by the brand name Band - Aid , an adhesive bandage is a self - sticking taped and small dressing used for injuries not serious enough to require a full - size bandage . This easy - to - use dressing with adhesive tape was invented by Earle Dickson in 1921 . 1921 Headrest An example of headrests in the interior of a BMW Alpina In an automobile , the headrest or head restraint is a device attached to the top of the seat behind the occupant 's head . Most headrests are cushioned for comfort , are height adjustable and most commonly finished in the same material as the rest of the seat . The automobile headrest was invented by Benjamin Katz , a resident of Oakland , California , in 1921 . U.S. patent # 1,471,168 for the headrest was issued to Katz on October 16 , 1923 . 1921 Garage door A garage door is a large door on a garage that can either be opened manually or by a garage door opener . Garage doors are necessarily large to allow passage of automobiles and / or trucks . In 1921 , C.G. Johnson of Detroit , Michigan invented the `` Overhead Door '' , the first upward - lifting garage door . To market the garage door , Johnson mounted a small prototype of his door on the back of his Model T Ford and drove around the United States signing up distributors . 1922 Blowout preventer ( ram ) A ram blowout preventer is a large valve that can seal off a wellhead by using ram - types employing steel cut off rams to seal the borehole . During drilling or well interventions , the valve may be closed if overpressure from an underground zone causes formation fluids such as oil or natural gas to enter the wellbore and threaten the rig . In 1922 , James Smither Abercrombie collaborated with Harry S. Cameron with the idea of creating a mechanically operated ram - type blowout preventer . A patent was issued in January 1926 . 1922 Convertible A convertible is a type of automobile in which the roof can retract and fold away having windows which wind - down inside the doors , converting it from an enclosed to an open - air vehicle . Many different automobile body styles are manufactured and marketed in convertible form . Ben P. Ellerbeck conceived the first practical retractable hardtop system in 1922 -- a manually operated system on a Hudson coupe that allowed unimpeded use of the rumble seat even with the top down . 1922 Water skiing A water - skier making a turn Water skiing is a sport where one or more persons is pulled behind a motor boat or a cable ski installation on a body of water wearing one or more skis . Water skiing began in 1922 when Ralph Samuelson used two boards as skis and a clothesline as a tow rope on Lake Pepin in Lake City , Minnesota . The sport remained a little - known activity for several years . Samuelson took stunts on the road , performing shows from Michigan to Florida . In 1966 the American Water Ski Association formally acknowledged Samuelson as the first on record . Samuelson was also the first ski racer , first to go over a jump ramp , first to slalom ski , and the first to put on a water ski show . 1922 Radial arm saw A radial arm saw has a circular saw mounted on a sliding horizontal arm . In addition to making length cuts a radial arm saw may be configured with a dado blade to create cuts for dado , rabbet or half lap joints . Some radial arm saws allow the blade to be turned parallel to the back fence allowing a rip cut to be performed . In 1922 , Raymond De Walt of Bridgeton , New Jersey invented the radial arm saw . A patent was applied for in 1923 and awarded to De Walt in 1925 . 1922 Audiometer An audiometer is a machine used for evaluating hearing loss . Audiometers are standard equipment at ENT clinics and in audiology centers . They usually consist of an embedded hardware unit connected to a pair of headphones and a feedback button , sometimes controlled by a standard PC . The invention of this machine is generally credited to Dr. Harvey Fletcher of Brigham Young University who invented the first audiometer in 1922 . 1922 Neutrodyne The neutrodyne is a particular type of Tuned Radio Frequency ( TRF ) radio receiver , in which the instability - causing inter-electrode capacitance of the triode RF tubes is cancelled out or `` neutralized '' . Louis Alan Hazeltine invented and patented the neutrodyne circuit in 1922 while under contract to the U.S. Naval Yard outside Washington , D.C. Hazeltine 's invention effectively neutralized the high - pitched squeals that plagued early radio sets . 1923 Bulldozer The Caterpillar bulldozer A bulldozer is a crawler or a continuous tracked tractor , equipped with a substantial metal plate or blade , used to push large quantities of soil , sand , or rubble during construction work . In 1923 , a farmer named James Cummings and a draftsman named J. Earl McLeod co-invented and created the first designs . A replica is on display at the city park in Morrowville , Kansas where the two built the first bulldozer . 1923 Cotton swab Cotton swabs consist of a small wad of cotton wrapped around either one or both ends of a small rod . They are commonly used in a variety of applications including first aid , cosmetics application , for cleaning , and arts & crafts . The cotton swab was invented by Leo Gerstenzang in 1923 , who invented the product after attaching wads of cotton to a toothpick . His product , which he named `` Baby Gays '' , went on to become the most widely sold brand name , `` Q - tip '' . 1923 Instant camera An instant camera is a type of camera with self - developing film . The earliest instant camera , which consisted of a camera and portable darkroom in a single compartment , was invented in 1923 by Samuel Shlafrock . In 1947 , Edwin H. Land invented a new camera that produced photographic images in 60 seconds . A colored photograph model would follow in the 1960s and eventually receive more than 500 patents for Land 's innovations in light and plastic technologies . 1924 Locking pliers Locking pliers , Mole grips or Vise - Grips are pliers that can be locked into position , using an over-center action . One side of the handle includes a bolt that is used to adjust the spacing of the jaws , the other side of the handle , especially in larger models , often includes a lever to push the two sides of the handles apart to unlock the pliers . William Petersen of DeWitt , Nebraska , invented and patented a primitive version of a wrench in 1921 . However , it was n't until 1924 that the first locking pliers with a locking handle that Petersen called the Vise - Grip was patented . 1924 Cheeseburger A cheeseburger A cheeseburger is a hamburger with cheese added to it . Traditionally the cheese is placed on top of the patty , but the burger can include many variations in structure , ingredients , and composition . The term itself is a portmanteau of the words `` cheese '' and `` hamburger . '' The cheese is usually sliced , and then added to the cooking hamburger patty shortly before the patty finishes cooking which allows the cheese to melt . Lionel C. Sternberger is believed to have invented the `` cheese hamburger '' in the 1920s in the Northeast portion of Los Angeles County . The earliest year attributed to the invention of the cheeseburger by Sternberger is in 1924 , while others claimed that he invented it as late as 1926 . According to American Heritage , `` a local restaurateur was identified as the inventor of the cheeseburger at his death in 1964 . Cooking at his father 's short - order joint in Pasadena in the early 1920s , the lad experimentally tossed a slice ( variety unknown ) on a hamburger ' and lo ! the cheeseburger sizzled to life . '' 1924 Earth inductor compass The Earth inductor compass is a device for determining aircraft direction using the magnetic field of the Earth . The operation of the compass is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction with the Earth 's magnetic field acting as the induction field for an electric generator . A variation generated voltage , thus allows the Earth inductor compass to determine direction . The earth inductor compass is an American invention . It was designed in 1924 by Morris Titterington at the Pioneer Instrument Company . Designed to compensate for the weaknesses of the magnetic compass , the Earth inductor compass provided pilots with a more stable and reliable reference instrument . 1924 Gas chamber execution A gas chamber is an apparatus for killing , consisting of a sealed chamber into which a toxic gas is introduced . The most commonly used poisonous agent is hydrogen cyanide ; carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide have also been used . In an effort to make capital punishment more humane , the State of Nevada introduced death by gas chamber . Convicted murderer John Gee took 6 minutes to die . 1924 Moviola A Moviola is a device that allows a film editor to view film while editing . It was the first machine for motion picture editing in order to study individual shots in their cutting rooms that determine where the best cut - point might be . The vertically oriented Moviolas were the standard for film editing in the United States until the 1970s when horizontal flatbed editor systems became more common . In 1924 , the Moviola was invented in the United States by Dutch - American Iwan Serrurier . 1924 Radio altimeter A radio altimeter measures altitude above the terrain presently beneath an aircraft or spacecraft . This type of altimeter provides the distance between the plane and the ground directly below it , as opposed to a barometric altimeter which provides the distance above a pre-determined datum , usually sea level . In 1924 , American engineer Lloyd Espenschied invented the radio altimeter . However , it took 14 years before Bell Labs was able to put Espenschied 's device in a form that was adaptable for aircraft use . 1925 Automatic volume control Automatic volume control or automatic gain control ( AGC ) is an adaptive system found in many electronic devices . The average output signal level is fed back to adjust the gain to an appropriate level for a range of input signal levels . In 1925 , Harold Alden Wheeler invented the automatic volume control which remains today , a standard feature of AM radio . 1925 Masking tape Masking tape is a pressure - sensitive tape made with an easy - to - tear thin paper , and fly back and a removable pressure - sensitive adhesive . In 1925 , Richard G. Drew , an employee of the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company ( 3M ) , invented the first masking tape , a two - inch - wide tan paper strip backed with a light , pressure - sensitive adhesive . Drew filed U.S. patent # 1,760,820 on May 28 , 1928 and was issued to him on May 27 , 1930 . 1925 Reuben sandwich A Reuben sandwich is a hot sandwich of layered meat , sauerkraut and Swiss cheese , with a dressing , usually Russian or Thousand Island dressing , that is grilled between slices of rye bread . The origins of the Reuben sandwich is disputed . The earliest claim of inventing the Reuben sandwich comes from Omaha , Nebraska , in 1925 when Ukrainian - American grocer Reuben Kulakofsky fed players in a late - night poker game at the Blackstone Hotel in downtown Omaha . The owner of the hotel was so taken with Reuben 's sandwich that he put it on the hotel restaurant menu , designated by its inventor 's name . It was n't until 1956 when a waitress at the Blackstone named Fern Snider entered Reuben 's sandwich in a national sandwich competition , one of the earliest documentations given to the name of the sandwich . Another story is that the Reuben sandwich hails from New York City . Arnold Reuben , who opened his deli counter in Manhattan in 1928 , has been claimed to have invented the Reuben `` eleven years earlier as a sandwich stand in Atlantic City . '' 1926 Tilt - A-Whirl Tilt - A-Whirl is an amusement ride that consists of seven freely spinning cars , each holding three or four passengers , attached at fixed pivot points on a rotating platform . Designed for commercial use at amusement parks , fairs and carnivals in which it is commonly found , the Tilt - A-Whirl is commonly known for making riders experience nausea . The Tilt - A-Whirl was invented in 1926 by Herbert Sellner , who first operated it at an amusement park in White Bear Lake , Minnesota . More than likely , Sellner discovered its unpredictable dynamics not through mathematical analysis but by building one and trying it out . 1926 Garage door opener A residential garage door opener . The motor is in the box on the upper - right A garage door opener is a motorized device that opens and closes a garage door . Most are controlled by switches on the garage wall , as well as by a remote control carried in the garage owner 's vehicle . In 1926 , the electric garage door opener was invented by C.G. Johnson , the inventor of the garage door and founder of the Overhead Door Corporation . 1926 Power steering Power steering is a system for reducing the steering effort on vehicles by using an external power source to assist in turning the roadwheels . In 1926 , Francis W. Davis of Waltham , Massachusetts invented power steering . 1926 Drive through A drive - through , or drive - thru , allows customers to purchase products without leaving their cars . In 1926 , City Center Bank , which became UMB Financial Corporation under R. Crosby Kemper opened what is considered the first drive - up window . In - n - Out Burger claims to have built the first drive - through restaurant in 1948 . Harry and Esther Snyder , the chain 's founders , built their first restaurant in Baldwin Park , California , with a two - way speaker to enable patrons to order directly from their cars without the intermediation of a carhop . 1926 Liquid - fuel rocket Used during the Viking program , NASA 's Titan booster , a two - stage liquid - fueled rocket , was attached to two additional solid - propellant rockets The liquid - fuel rocket is a rocket with an engine that uses propellants in liquid form . On March 16 , 1926 in Auburn , Massachusetts , Dr. Robert H. Goddard , the `` father of modern rocketry '' , launched the first liquid - fueled rocket in history , which used liquid oxygen and gasoline as propellants . 1927 Bread slicer Sliced bread is a loaf of bread which has been pre-sliced and packaged for commercial convenience . The automatic commercial bread slicer was invented in 1927 by Otto Frederick Rohwedder . His machine both sliced and wrapped a loaf of bread . In 1928 , the bread slicer was improved by Gustav Papendick , a baker from St. Louis , Missouri . 1927 Jukebox A jukebox is a partially automated music - playing device , usually a coin - operated machine , that can play specially selected songs from self - contained media . The traditional jukebox is rather large with a rounded top and has colored lighting on the front of the machine on its vertical sides . The classic jukebox has buttons with letters and numbers on them that , when combined , are used to indicate a specific song from a particular record . The Automatic Music Instrument Company built and introduced the first electric automated musical instrument which later became known as the jukebox during the 1930s . 1927 Garbage disposal A garbage disposal is a device , usually electrically powered , installed under a kitchen sink between the sink 's drain and the trap which shreds food waste into pieces small enough to pass through plumbing . The garbage disposal was invented in 1927 by John W. Hammes . After eleven years of development , his InSinkErator company put his disposer on the market in 1968 . 1927 Pressure washer A power washer used to clean the surface of the EA - 6B Prowler at Naval Air Station Whidbey Island A pressure washer is a high pressure mechanical sprayer that can be used to remove loose paint , mold , grime , dust , mud , and dirt from surfaces and objects such as buildings , vehicles , and concrete road surfaces . Frank Ofeldt in the United States invented the steam pressure washer or `` high - pressure Jenny '' in 1927 . 1927 Resonator guitar A resonator guitar or resophonic guitar is an acoustic guitar whose sound is produced by one or more spun metal cones resonators instead of the wooden sound board ( guitar top / face ) . The resonator guitar was invented in 1927 by John Dopyera . 1927 Kool - Aid Kool - Aid is a powdered drink mix that comes in an assortment of different flavors . `` Kool - Ade '' was invented in 1927 by Edwin Perkins in Hastings , Nebraska . Perkins devised a method of removing the liquid from a drink called `` Fruit Smack '' so the remaining powder could be re-packaged in envelopes , which Perkins designed and printed , all under a new name to be called `` Kool - Ade '' . The name of the powdered drink was later to be changed at a later time to Kool - Aid . 1927 Corn dog A cross section of a corn dog The corn dog , pogo , dagwood dog , pluto pup or corny dog is a hot dog coated in cornbread batter and deep fried in hot oil , although some are baked . Almost all corn dogs are served on wooden sticks , though some early versions were stickless . Although a contending topic as numerous claims of the origins of the corn dog have surfaced , the earliest reference to what resembles a corn dog appeared in U.S. patent 1,706,491 filed in 1927 by Stanley S. Jenkins and issued in 1929 . A competing claim to the invention of the corn dog is by George Boyington , the creator of Pronto Pups ( made of pancake batter ) who in 1938 or 1939 , created a `` batter - dipped , deep fried hot dog '' after a rain storm in Rockaway Beach , Oregon ruined and made his hot dogs mushy . Another story is that Neil Fletcher supposedly invented corn dogs , first selling them at the Texas State Fair in 1942 . 1927 Negative feedback amplifier A negative feedback amplifier , or more commonly simply a feedback amplifier , is an amplifier which uses negative feedback to improve performance and reduce sensitivity to parameter variations due to manufacturing or environmental uncertainties . It was invented by Harold Stephen Black in 1927 . 1927 Quartz clock The quartz clock is a clock that keeps time by using an electronic oscillator regulated by a quartz crystal . This allows for significantly better accuracy than mechanical clocks . The first quartz clock was built in 1927 by Warren Marrison and J.W. Horton at Bell Telephone Laboratories . 1928 Recliner A recliner is a reclining armchair . It has a backrest that can be tilted back , causing a footrest to extend from the front . Edward Knabusch and Edwin Shoemaker invented the first recliner in Monroe , Michigan in 1928 when they modified a wooden porch chair so that the seat moved forward as the back reclined . A padded model was later developed . 1928 Ice cube tray An ice cube tray is a tray divided into compartments . It is designed to be filled with water , then placed in a freezer until the water freezes to ice , producing ice cubes . The first flexible ice cube tray was invented by Lloyd Groff Copeman in 1928 . 1928 Bubble gum Bubblegum is a type of chewing gum especially designed for blowing bubbles . Bubblegum was invented by Frank Henry Fleer in 1906 , but was not successful ; the formulation of Fleer 's `` Blibber - Blubber '' , was too sticky . In 1928 , Walter E. Diemer invented a superior formulation for bubble gum , which he called `` Double Bubble . '' 1928 Clip - on tie The clip - on tie is a bow tie or four - in - hand tie which is permanently tied , with a dimple just below the knot , and which is fixed to the front of the shirt collar by a metal clip . Alternately , the tie may have a band around the neck fastened with a hook and eye . The clip - on tie was reportedly invented on December 13 , 1928 in Clinton , Iowa , USA . The name of the inventor remains unknown . 1928 Electric razor The electric razor has a rotating , vibrating or oscillating blade to remove unwanted hair . The electric razor does not require the use of shaving cream , soap , or water . The razor is powered by a small DC motor , and usually has rechargeable batteries , though early ones were powered directly by house current . The electric razor was invented in 1928 by Col. Jacob Schick . 1928 Iron lung An iron lung is a large machine that enables a person to breathe when normal muscle control has been lost or the work of breathing exceeds the person 's ability . It is a form of a medical ventilator . Philip Drinker invented the iron lung while working at Harvard University in 1928 . Great depression and world War II ( 1929 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) 1929 Freon Freon is an odorless , colorless , nonflammable , and noncorrosive chlorofluorocarbon and hydrochlorofluorocarbon refrigerant , which is used in air conditioning , refrigeration and some automatic fire - fighting systems . Refrigerators from the late 19th century until 1929 used toxic gases , ammonia , methyl chloride , and sulfur dioxide as refrigerants . This new `` miracle compound '' was co-invented in 1929 by Charles Midgley Jr. and Charles Kettering . 1929 Tampon ( applicator ) A tampon is a mass of absorbent material into a body cavity or wound to absorb bodily fluid . The most common type in daily use is disposable and designed to be inserted into the vagina during menstruation to absorb the flow of blood . The ancient Egyptians first invented disposable tampons made of softened papyrus around 2500 B.C. The ancient Greeks followed this with tampons made from lint wrapped around a small piece of wood . But it was not until 1929 that Earle Haas of Denver , Colorado first invented the modern tampon with an applicator . Dr. Haas submitted the design for patent in 1931 , and in 1936 , the tampon was first sold in the United States . He later gave his invention the brandname Tampax , which is still one of the main tampon brands today . 1929 Eyelash curler An eyelash curler is a hand - operated mechanical device for curling eyelashes for cosmetic purposes . The earliest patent for an eyelash curler was filed on August 15 , 1929 and issued to William E. McDonell and Charles W. Stickel of Rochester , New York on April 7 , 1931 . 1929 Sunglasses A pair of sunglasses for women Sunglasses or sun glasses are a visual aid which feature lenses that are coloured or darkened to prevent strong light from reaching the eyes . For centuries , Chinese judges had routinely worn smoke - colored quartz lenses to conceal their eye expressions in court . However , these were not intended for blocking sunlight from eyes . It was n't until the 20th century that what is now considered to be sunglasses were invented . In 1929 , Sam Foster invented and mass - produced the first tinted eyewear pieces solely intended to block out sunlight . 1929 Frozen food Frozen food is food preserved by the process of freezing . Freezing food is a common method of food preservation which slows both food decay and , by turning water to ice , makes it unavailable for most bacterial growth and slows down most chemical reactions . Clarence Birdseye offered his quick - frozen foods to the public . Birdseye got the idea during fur - trapping expeditions to Labrador in 1912 and 1916 , where he saw the natives use freezing to preserve foods . 1929 Cyclotron A cyclotron is a type of particle accelerator that accelerate charged particles using a high - frequency , alternating voltage . The cyclotron was invented in 1929 by Ernest O. Lawrence at the University of California at Berkeley . 1930 Tiltrotor An example of a tiltrotor in operation , the Bell - Boeing V - 22 Osprey A tiltrotor is an aircraft which uses a pair or more of powered rotors ( sometimes called proprotors ) mounted on rotating shafts or nacelles at the end of a fixed wing for lift and propulsion , and combines the vertical lift capability of a helicopter with the speed and range of a conventional fixed - wing aircraft . In September 1930 , George Lehberger devised the basic concept of tilt rotor aircraft , that is , a relatively low disc loading thruster ( propeller ) that can tilt its axis from the vertical ( for vertical lift ) to the horizontal ( for propulsive thrust ) . On September 16 , 1930 , Lehberger was issued U.S. patent # 1,775,861 . 1930 Car audio Car audio / video ( car AV ) is a sound or video system fitted in an automobile . In 1930 , the Galvin Corporation introduced the first commercial car radio , the Motorola model 5T71 , which sold for between $110 and $130 and could be installed in most popular automobiles . Inventors Paul Galvin and Joe Galvin came up with the name Motorola when their company started manufacturing car radios . 1930 Cheesesteak A cheesesteak , or a Philly cheesesteak , is a long , crusty roll filled with thinly sliced sautéed ribeye beef and melted cheese . Generally , the cheese of choice is Cheez Whiz , but American and provolone are common substitutions . The art of cheesesteak preparation lies in the balance of flavors , textures and what is often referred to as the `` drip '' factor . Other toppings may include fried onions , sautéed mushrooms , ketchup and hot or sweet peppers . The cheesesteak was invented in 1930 by Philadelphian hot dog vendor Pat Olivieri who one day decided to substitute beef instead of a hot dog in a hoagie bun . A taxicab driver noticed the alluring aroma and asked for his own sandwich . Through word of mouth , Olivieri 's sandwiches the following day were highly sought after by taxi cab drivers around Philadelphia . Due to booming business , Olivieri soon opened up his own shop , Pat 's King of Steaks on 9th Street and Passyunk Avenue . Eventually , according to legend , he added cheese to the steak . The cheesesteak is considered to be a cultural icon of the city of Philadelphia . 1930 Bathysphere A bathysphere is a pressurized metal sphere that allows people to go deep in the ocean , to depths at which diving unaided is impossible . This hollow cast iron sphere with very thick walls is lowered and raised from a ship using a steel cable . The bathysphere was invented by William Beebe and Otis Barton in 1930 . William Beebe , an American naturalist and undersea explorer , tested the bathysphere in 1930 , going down to 1,426 feet ( 435 m ) in a 4 ft 9 in ( 1.45 m ) diameter bathysphere . Beebe and Otis Barton descended about 3,000 ft ( 910 m ) in a larger bathysphere in 1934 . They descended off the coast of Nonsuch Island , Bermuda in the Atlantic Ocean . During the dive , they communicated with the surface via telephone . 1930 Chocolate chip cookie A chocolate chip cookie is a drop cookie which features chocolate chips as its distinguishing ingredient . The traditional recipe combines a dough composed of butter and both brown and white sugar with semi-sweet chocolate chips . Ruth Wakefield of Whitman , Massachusetts invented chocolate chips and chocolate chip cookies in 1930 . Her new cookie invention was called the `` Toll House Cookie '' which used broken - up bars of semi-sweet chocolate . 1930 Thermistor A thermistor is a type of resistor with electrical resistance inversely proportional to its temperature . The word is a portmanteau of thermal and resistor . The thermosistor was invented by Samuel Ruben in 1930 . 1931 Electric guitar Body of an electric guitar An electric guitar is a guitar using pickups to convert its metal string vibration into electricity . This is amplified with an instrument amplifier . The output is altered with guitar effects such as reverb or distortion . The earliest electric guitar , known as a `` frying pan '' , was a hollow bodied acoustic instrument with tungsten steel pickups invented by George Beauchamp and Adolph Rickenbacker in 1931 . The electric guitar was a key instrument in the development of musical styles that emerged since the late 1940s , such as Chicago blues , early rock and roll , rockabilly , and 1960s blues rock . Electric guitars are used in almost every popular music genre . U.S. patent # 2,089,171 was filed by Beauchamp on June 2 , 1934 and issued on August 10 1937 . 1931 Strobe light The strobe light , commonly called a strobe , is a device used to produce regular flashes of light . Modern uses of strobe lights serve a purpose for safety warning , and motion detection . Strobes can be found atop most police cars , ambulances , and fire trucks . The origin of strobe lighting dates to 1931 , when Harold Eugene Edgerton invented a flashing lamp to make an improved stroboscope for the study of moving objects , eventually resulting in dramatic photographs of objects such as bullets in flight . 1931 Aerogel Aerogel is a low - density solid - state material derived from gel in which the liquid component of the gel has been replaced with gas . The result is an extremely low - density solid with several remarkable properties , most notably its effectiveness as a thermal insulator . It was first invented by Samuel Stephens Kistler in 1931 , as a result of a bet with Charles Learned over who could replace the liquid inside of a Fruit preserves jar with gas without causing shrinkage . 1931 Bug zapper A bug zapper is a device that attracts and kills insects that are attracted by light . A light source attracts insects to an electrical grid , where they are electrocuted by touching two wires with a high voltage between them . The earliest bug zappers appear as early as 1911 . However , the first bug zapper patented was by Harrison L. Chapin and William F. Folmer who filed on September 23 , 1931 and received U.S. patent # 1,962,439 on June 12 , 1934 . 1932 Miniature snap - action switch A miniature snap - action switch , also trademarked and frequently known as a micro switch , is an electric switch that is actuated by very little physical force , through the use of a tipping - point mechanism , sometimes called an `` over-center '' mechanism . Common applications of micro switches include the door interlock on a microwave oven , levelling and safety switches in elevators , vending machines , and to detect paper jams or other faults in photocopiers . The miniature snap - action switch was invented in 1932 by Peter McGall , who was an employee of the Burgess Battery Company in Freeport , Illinois . 1932 Toilet brush A toilet brush is a domestic implement designed for the cleaning of the lavatory pan . The modern plastic version was invented by William C. Schopp of Huntington Park , California , USA . U.S. patent # 1,927,350 was submitted on March 24 , 1932 and issued on September 19 , 1933 . 1932 Golf cart A golf cart or golf buggy is a small vehicle designed originally to carry two golfers and their golf clubs around a golf course . The earliest known golf cart was an electric one , built in California around the year 1932 by an unnamed golfer who was physically unable to walk to all 18 holes on a golf course . However , it was Merle Williams of Long Beach , California who in 1951 , introduced golf carts to the public . 1932 Staple remover A staple remover allows for the quick removal of a staple from a material without causing damage . The form of destapler described was invented by William G. Pankonin of Chicago , Illinois . A patent application for the same was filed on December 12 , 1932 , granted on March 3 , 1936 , and published on April 3 , 1936 as a patent . 1932 Radio telescope Full - size replica of Jansky 's directional radio antenna , serendipitously the first radio telescope A radio telescope is a form of directional radio antenna used in radio astronomy . They differ from optical telescopes in that they operate in the radio frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum where they can detect and collect data on radio sources . Radio telescopes are typically large parabolic or dish antenna used singularly or in an array . Karl Guthe Jansky started the field of radio astronomy serendipitous in 1932 when his directional antenna found radio static that he later identified as coming from the Milky Way . 1932 Tape dispenser A tape dispenser holds a roll of tape and has a mechanism on one end to easily shear the tape . Dispensers vary widely based on the tape they dispense . Clear tape dispensers are commonly made of plastic , and may be disposable . Other dispensers are stationary and may have sophisticated features to control tape usage and improve ergonomics . The first tape dispenser with a built - in cutting edge was invented in 1932 by John A. Borden , another 3M employee . 1933 Landing Vehicle Tracked A Landing Vehicle Tracked ( LVT ) unloading a Willys MB during World War II A Landing Vehicle Tracked ( LVT ) , also known as amtracks , alligators , or in their fire support variants as buffaloes , were amphibious tracked vehicles capable of crawling out of the water and onto the beach and beyond . Used primarily by the United States Armed Forces in the Pacific War against the Empire of Japan during World War II , later versions were thinly armored , and some were equipped with a light tank turret to provide fire support , making them equivalent to light amphibious tanks . Highly versatile in their use , LVT 's landed supplies ashore at Guadalcanal and soldiers ashore at Tarawa , other variations of the LVT were equipped with flamethrowers during the Peleliu Campaign . The LVT was derived from the Alligator , an amphibious vehicle invented by Donald Roebling in 1933 as a rescue vehicle for downed aviators in the Florida Everglades . 1933 Multiplane camera The multiplane camera is a special motion picture camera used in the traditional animation process that moves a number of pieces of artwork past the camera at various speeds and at various distances from one another , creating a three - dimensional effect , although not stereoscopic . Various parts of the artwork layers are left transparent , to allow other layers to be seen behind them . The movements are calculated and photographed frame - by - frame , with the result being an illusion of depth by having several layers of artwork moving at different speeds . The further away from the camera , the slower the speed . The multiplane effect is sometimes referred to as a parallax process . As a former director and animator of Walt Disney Studios , Ub Iwerks in 1933 invented the multiplane camera using four layers of flat artwork before a horizontal camera . 1933 Frequency modulation In telecommunications , frequency modulation ( FM ) conveys information over a carrier wave by varying its frequency . While working in the basement laboratory of Columbia 's Philosophy Hall , Edwin Armstrong invented wide - band frequency modulation radio in 1933 . Rather than varying the amplitude of a radio wave to create sound , Armstrong 's method varied the frequency of the wave instead . FM radio broadcasts delivered a much clearer sound , free of static , than the AM radio dominant at the time . Armstrong received a patent on wideband FM on December 26 , 1933 . 1933 Impact sprinkler A full impact sprinkler watering a lawn An impact sprinkler is a type of irrigation sprinkler that pivots on a bearing on top of its threaded attachment nut , and is driven in a circular motion by a spring - loaded arm that is pushed back by the water stream , then returning to `` impact '' the stream . This produces an intermittent diffusion of the stream that provides a uniform waterfall closer to the sprinkler . In 1933 , the impact sprinkler was invented and patented by lemon tree grower and farmer Orton Englehardt of Glendora , California . 1934 Trampoline ( modern ) A trampoline is a gymnastic and recreational device consisting of a piece of taut , strong fabric stretched over a steel frame using many coiled springs to provide a rebounding force which propels the jumper high into the air . In a trampoline , the fabric is not elastic itself ; the elasticity is provided by the springs which connect it to the frame . While the trampoline is an old invention which relied on crude and flawed designs , the modern trampoline was invented by George Nissen and Larry Griswold around 1934 . 1934 Acrostic ( puzzle ) An acrostic is a type of word puzzle , related somewhat to crossword puzzles , that uses an acrostic form with lettered clues and numbered blanks . The acrostic puzzle was invented in 1934 by Elizabeth Kingsley , first appearing in the March 31 edition of the Saturday Evening Post . 1935 Richter magnitude scale The Richter magnitude scale , or local magnitude ML scale , assigns a number to quantify the amount of seismic energy released by an earthquake . It is a base - 10 logarithmic scale obtained by calculating the logarithm of the combined horizontal amplitude of the largest displacement from zero on a Wood -- Anderson torsion seismometer output . Co-invented in 1935 by Charles Richter along with Beno Gutenberg of the California Institute of Technology , the Richter magnitude scale was firstly intended to be used only in a particular study area in California , and on seismograms recorded on a particular instrument , the Wood - Anderson torsion seismometer . 1935 Black light A Black light or UV Light is a lamp emitting electromagnetic radiation that is almost exclusively in the soft ultraviolet range , and emits little visible light . The black light was invented by William H. Byler , in 1935 . 1935 Parking meter A parking meter is a device used to collect money in exchange for the right to park a vehicle in a particular place for a limited amount of time . The parking meter was invented by Carl C. Magee of Oklahoma City , Oklahoma in 1935 . Magee also holds the patent for a `` coin controlled parking meter '' , filed on May 13 , 1935 and issued on May 24 , 1938 . 1935 Surfboard fin The surfboard fin , or keel , is the part of the back of a surfboard that enters the water . Similar to a rudder on a boat the surfboard fin works to steer the board and provide stability . The surfboard fin prevents a surfer from uncontrollably spinning in circles while trying to ride a wave . The surfboard fin was invented by Tom Blake in 1935 . 1935 pH meter A pH meter is an electronic instrument used to measure the pH ( acidity or alkalinity ) of a liquid . In 1935 , Arnold Orville Beckman invented the pH meter . 1935 Gomco clamp A Gomco clamp , otherwise known as a Yellen clamp , is a specialized clamp for performing circumcisions on a human male 's penis . y using a Gomco clampe , the time required is less than that by any other method , sutures are never used , no bleeding is encountered , and it leaves a clean - cut incision which heals perfectly in 36 hours with practically no chance of infection because the mucous membrane and skin are securely clamped together . The Gomco clamp was inented in 1935 by Hiram S. Yellen and Aaron Goldstein . The Gomco clamp was then market by Goldstein through his private company , the Goldstein Manufacturing Company and later patented in 1940 . 1936 Reed switch Examples of reed relays and switches A reed switch is an electrical switch consisting of two ferromagnetic and specially shaped contact blades ( reeds ) positioned in a hermetically sealed glass tube with a gap between them and in a protective atmosphere . Operated by an applied magnetic field , reed switches are used as reed relays , automotive sensors , robotics sensors , security sensors and are found in many toys and games . The reed switch was invented in 1936 by W.B. Elwood at Bell Telephone Laboratories . 1936 Phillips - head screw The Phillips - head screw is a crosshead screw design lying in its self - centering property , useful on automated production lines that use power screwdrivers . The Phillips - head screw was invented and patented by Henry F. Phillips in 1936 . 1936 Stock car racing The world - famous Daytona 500 Stock car racing is a form of automobile racing . Shorter ovals are called short tracks , unpaved short tracks are called dirt tracks , and longer ovals are known as superspeedways . On March 8 , 1936 , the first stock car race was held on the Daytona Beach Road Course , promoted by local racer Sig Haugdahl . The race was 78 laps ( 250 miles ) long for street - legal family sedans sanctioned by the American Automobile Association ( AAA ) for cars built in 1935 and 1936 . The city posted a $5000 purse with $1700 for the winner . In 1948 , stock car racing became a regulated sport when Bill France , Sr. created NASCAR . 1936 Programming languages A programming language is a machine - readable artificial language . Programming languages can be used to create programs that specify the behavior of a machine , to express algorithms precisely , or as a mode of human communication . The first programming languages predate the modern computer . In mathematical logic and computer science , lambda calculus , also written as λ - calculus , is a formal system designed to investigate function definition , function application and recursion . It was invented by Alonzo Church and Stephen Cole Kleene in the 1930s as part of an investigation into the foundations of mathematics , but has now emerged as a useful tool in the investigation of problems in computability , recursion theory , and as a fundamental basis and a modern paradigm to computer programming and software languages . 1936 Compact fluorescent lamp An example of a spiraled compact fluorescent lamp invented in 1976 by Edward Hammer A compact fluorescent lamp is a fluorescent lamp designed to replace an incandescent lightbulb . Some CFL 's fit into light fixtures formerly used for incandescent lamps and they are designed to produce the same amount of visible light found in incandescent light . CFLs generally use 70 % less energy and have a longer rated life . In 1941 , George Inman devised the first practical fluorescent lamp while working for General Electric . The key patent for this light source , U.S. patent # 2,259,040 was filed by Inman on April 22 , 1936 and issued to him on October 14 , 1941 . In 1976 , Edward E. Hammer invented the first helical or spiraled compact fluorescent lamp , but due to the difficulty of the manufacturing process for coating the interior of the spiral glass tube , General Electric did not manufacture or sell the device . Other companies began manufacturing and selling the device in 1995 . 1936 Chair lift A chair lift is a type of aerial lift , which consists of a continuously circulating steel cable loop strung between two end terminals and usually over intermediate towers , carrying a series of chairs . They are the primary onhill transport at most ski areas , but are also found at amusement parks , various tourist attractions , and increasingly , in urban transport . James Curran , an engineer from the Union Pacific Railroad , invented and built the first chair lift in the world . Known as the Proctor Mountain Ski Lift , it was located in Sun Valley , Idaho . 1936 Strain gauge A strain gauge is a device used to measure the strain of an object . As the object is deformed , the foil is deformed , causing its electrical resistance to change . The strain gauge was invented in 1936 by Edward E. Simmons , a professor at the California Institute of Technology , and re-invented in 1938 by Arthur C. Ruge , an earthquake specialist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . 1936 Bass guitar The bass guitar is a stringed instrument played primarily with the fingers or thumb ( either by plucking , slapping , popping , tapping , or thumping ) , or by using a plectrum . The bass guitar is similar in appearance and construction to an electric guitar , but with a longer neck and scale length , and four , five , or six strings . In 1936 , the Audiovox bass , the earliest electric solidbody bass guitar made out of walnut and neck - through construction , was invented by Paul Tutmarc of Seattle , Washington . Later in 1951 , the bass guitar was perfected when Leo Fender introduced the precision bass , a fretted , solidbody instrument . 1937 O - ring An O - ring , also known as a toric joint , is a mechanical gasket in the shape of a torus containing a loop of elastomer with a disc - shaped cross-section . It is designed to be seated in a groove and compressed during assembly between two or more parts , creating a seal at the interface . The O - ring was invented in 1937 by Danish - American machinist Niels Christensen . 1937 Photosensitive glass Photosensitive glass is a clear glass in which microscopic metallic particles can be formed into a picture or image by exposure to short wave radiations such as ultraviolet light . Photosensitive glass was invented in November 1937 by S. Donald Stookey of Corning Glass Works . 1937 Digital computer A digital computer is a device capable of solving problems by processing information on discrete form . It operates on data , including magnitudes , letters , and symbols that are expressed in binary form . While working at Bell Labs in November 1937 , George Stibitz , who is internationally recognized as the father of the modern digital computer , built the world 's first relay - based computer which calculated binary addition . 1937 Shopping cart A shopping cart filled with bagged groceries located in a parking lot A shopping cart is a metal or plastic basket on wheels supplied by a shop , especially a supermarket , for use by customers inside the shop for transport of merchandise to the check - out counter during shopping . Often , customers are allowed to leave the carts in the parking lot , and store personnel return the carts to the shop . The first shopping cart was invented by Sylvan Goldman in 1937 , owner of the Humpty Dumpty supermarket chain in Oklahoma City . 1937 Sunglasses ( polarized ) Polarized sunglasses are protective eyewear which incorporate oscillated lenses shifting the sun 's rays in the opposite direction . Polarized sunglasses were invented in 1937 by Edwin Land . 1937 Klystron A klystron is a specialized linear - beam vacuum tube . Klystrons are used as amplifiers at microwave and radio frequencies to produce both low - power reference signals for superheterodyne radar receivers and to produce high - power carrier waves for communications and the driving force for modern particle accelerator . Russell and Sigurd Varian of Stanford University are generally considered to be the inventors . Their prototype was completed in August 1937 . 1937 Cyclamate Cyclamate is an artificial sweetener 30 -- 50 times sweeter than sugar , making it the least potent of the commercially used artificial sweeteners . It was invented in 1937 by graduate student Michael Sveda at the University of Illinois . 1938 Beach ball The beach ball A beach ball is an inflatable ball for beach and water games . Their large size and light weight take little effort to propel ; they travel very slowly and generally must be caught with two hands , making them ideal for lazy games and for children . Their lightness and size make them difficult to use in even moderate wind . The beach ball was invented in California by Jonathon DeLonge in 1938 . 1938 Fiberglass The technique of heating and drawing glass into fine fibers has been used for millennia . The use of these fibers for textile applications is more recent . The first commercial production of fiberglass was in 1936 . In 1938 , fiberglass was invented by Russell Games Slayter of Owens - Corning . 1938 Xerography Xerography , which means `` dry writing '' in Greek , is a process of making copies . Xerography makes copies without using ink . In this process , static electricity charges a lighted plate ; a plastic powder is applied to the areas of the page to remain white . The photocopier was invented in 1938 by Chester Floyd Carlson who marketed his revolutionary device to about 20 companies before he could interest any . The Haloid Company , later called the Xerox Corporation , marketed it , and xerography eventually became common and inexpensive . 1938 Nylon In 1938 , a team of researchers working under Wallace H. Carothers at E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company invented a plastic that can be drawn into strong , silk - like fibers . Nylon soon became popular as a fabric for hosiery as well as industrial applications such as cordage . 1938 Operant conditioning chamber Also known as a Skinner box , an operant conditioning chamber is a laboratory apparatus used in the experimental analysis of behavior to study animal behavior . The operant conditioning chamber was invented in 1938 by B.F. Skinner . 1938 Soft serve ice cream Soft serve ice cream in strawberry flavor Not to be confused with regular ice cream of the slow , churned type which was invented in China over two millennia ago , soft serve is a distinctive type of frozen dessert that is similar to , but much softer than , ice cream . In 1938 , J.F. `` Grandpa '' McCullough and his son Alex co-invented soft serve ice cream , devising a new way to serve ice cream in its soft , creamy form that it takes before going into the deep freeze to make it scoopable . After Alex McCullough commissioned Harry Oltz in 1939 to design the first soft serve ice cream machine , similar to ones used for making frozen custard , the Dairy Queen franchise was founded when Sherb Noble opened the first store in 1940 . 1938 Teflon In chemistry , polytetrafluoroethylene is a synthetic fluoropolymer which finds numerous applications . PTFE is best known by the DuPont brand name Teflon . PTFE was accidentally invented by Roy Plunkett of Kinetic Chemicals in 1938 . 1939 Yield sign In road transport , a yield sign or give way sign indicates that a vehicle driver must prepare to stop if necessary to let a driver on another approach proceed . However , there is no need to stop if his way is clear . A driver who stops has yielded his right of way to another . The yield sign , but not the yield traffic rule itself , was invented in 1939 by Tulsa police officer Clinton Riggs . 1939 VU meter A VU meter is often included in analog circuit , audio equipment to display a signal level in Volume Units . It is intentionally a `` slow '' measurement , averaging out peaks and troughs of short duration to reflect the perceived loudness of the material . It was originally invented in 1939 by the combined effort of Bell Labs and broadcasters CBS and NBC for measuring and standardizing the levels of telephone lines . The instrument used to measure VU is called the volume indicator ( VI ) instrument . Most users ignore this and call it a VU meter . 1939 Starting gate A starting gate , also known as starting stalls , is a machine used in the sports of thoroughbred horse and dog racing to ensure a fair start in a race . The starting gate was invented by Clay Puett of Chillicothe , Texas when it was used at Lansdowne Park in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada for the first time on July 1 , 1939 . U.S. patent # 2,232,675 was filed by Puett on August 7 , 1939 and issued to him on February 18 , 1941 . 1939 Twist tie A twist tie is a metal wire that is encased in a thin strip of paper or plastic and is used to tie the openings of bags , such as garbage bags or bread bags . A twist tie is used by wrapping it around the item to be fastened , then twisting the ends together . The original twist tie was invented by the California - based packaging company T and T Industries , Inc . It was patented in 1939 and marketed as the Twist - Ems . 1939 Automated teller machine A Suncorp Metway ATM An automated teller machine ( ATM ) is a computerized telecommunications device that provides the clients of a financial institution with access to financial transactions in a public space without the need for a cashier , human clerk or bank teller . ATMs are known by various other names including automatic banking machine , cash machine , and various regional variants derived from trademarks on ATM systems held by particular banks . Financial transcationssuch as deposits , withdrawals , and transfers of accounts may be conducted at ATM 's by inserting an ATM card . In 1939 , Armenian - American inventor Luther George Simjian initially came up with the idea of creating a hole - in - the - wall machine that would allow customers to make financial transactions . The idea was met with a great deal of skepticism after Citicorp tested it . In later years and after Simjian filed 20 patents related to the device , the idea and the gradual usage of ATM 's became more widespread around the world . 1939 Vocoder A vocoder , a portmanteau of the words voice and encoder , is an analysis and synthesis system , mostly used for speech . In the encoder , the input is passed through a multiband filter , each band is passed through an envelope follower , and the control signals from the envelope followers are communicated to the decoder . The decoder applies these control signals to corresponding filters in the ( re ) synthesizer . Research physicist Homer Dudley invented the Vocoder at Bell Labs in 1939 which served the purpose of improving the voice - carrying capabilities of his employer 's telephone lines . 1940 Fluxgate magnetometer A fluxgate magnetometer measures the direction and magnitude of magnetic fields . Fluxgate magnetometer sensors are manufactured in several geometries and recently have made significant improvements in noise performance , crossfield tolerance and power utilization . The fluxgate magnetometer was invented by Victor Vacquier in 1940 while working for Gulf Research in Pittsburgh . 1941 Aerosol Bomb An Aerosol bomb is a hand - held container or dispenser from which an aerosol is released . Developed in 1941 by Lyle D. Goodhue and William N. Sullivan and patented in 1943 . 1941 Deodorant Deodorants are substances applied to the body to reduce body odor caused by the bacterial breakdown of perspiration . Jules Montenier holds a number of patents . Arguably , his January 28 , 1941 patent for Astringent Preparation is his most famous which dealt with solving the problem of the excessive acidity of aluminum chloride , then and now the best working antiperspirant , by adding a soluble nitrile or a similar compound . This innovation found its way into `` Stopette '' deodorant spray , which Time Magazine called `` the best - selling deodorant of the early 1950s '' . 1941 Acrylic fiber Acrylic fibers are synthetic fibers made from a polymer Polyacrylonitrile with an average molecular weight of ~ 100,000 , about 1900 monomer units . To be called acrylic in the United States , the polymer must contain at least 85 % acrylonitrile monomer . Typical comonomers are vinyl acetate or methyl acrylate . The Dupont Corporation invented the first acrylic fibers in 1941 and trademarked them under the name `` Orlon '' . 1941 Electric guitar ( solid body ) A solid body electric guitar , made up of hardwood with a lacquer coating , is an electric guitar that has no hollow internal cavity to accommodate vibration . There are no sound holes such as those used to amplify string vibrations in acoustic guitars . The sound that is audible in music featuring electric guitars is produced by pickups on the guitar that convert the string vibrations into an electrical signal , usually fed into an amplifier or a speaker . The solid body guitar was invented in 1941 by American recording artist Les Paul . 1942 Bazooka A soldier holding an M1 bazooka A bazooka is a shoulder - fired , man - portable recoilless rocket anti-tank weapon that features a solid rocket motor for propulsion , allowing for high explosive ( HE ) and high - explosive anti-tank ( HEAT ) warheads to be delivered against armored vehicles , machine gun nests , and fortified bunkers at ranges beyond that of a standard thrown grenade or mine . The bazooka was co-invented in February 1942 by Edward Uhl , then a lieutenant in the United States Army , and Colonel Leslie Skinner . 1943 Magnetic proximity fuze A magnetic proximity fuze is a type of proximity fuze that initiates a detonator in a piece of ordnance such as a land mine , naval mine , depth charge , or shell when the fuse 's magnetic equilibrium is upset by a magnetic object such as a tank or a submarine . In 1943 , Panayottis John Eliomarkakis of Philiadelphia filed U.S. patent # 2,434,551 which was issued on January 13 , 1948 . 1943 Modern Coal Burning Steam Locomotive This invention was only primarily used with steam locomotives that had booster valves or superchargers to heat the fire even hotter to produce extra power . The coal used was semi-bituminous and bituminous coal only inside the steam locomotives . Sadly , this invention lasted until 1960 when Diesel 's fully replaced American railroads . 1943 Slinky A Slinky or `` Lazy Spring '' is a toy consisting of a helical spring that stretches and can bounce up and down . It can perform a number of tricks , including traveling down a flight of steps end - over-end as it stretches and re-forms itself with the aid of gravity and its own momentum . The Slinky was invented in 1943 by American engineer Richard T. James while working in his home laboratory to invent a set of springs that could be used to support sensitive instruments on board ships and stabilize them even in rough seas . When he once accidentally knocked one of his springs off a shelf , James saw that , rather than flopping in a heap onto the floor , the spring `` stepped '' in a series of arcs from the shelf , to a stack of books , to a tabletop , to the floor , where it re-coiled itself and stood upright . In 1945 , the James first exhibited his new toy at the Gimbels , a department store located in Philadelphia . He sold 400 Slinkys in 90 minutes which was the start of a sensation that continues to this day . 1945 Microwave oven A microwave oven with a turn table located inside A microwave oven cooks or heats food by dielectric heating . Cooking food with microwaves was discovered by Percy Spencer on October 8 , 1945 , while building magnetrons for radar sets at Raytheon . Spencer was working on an active radar set when he noticed a strange sensation , and saw that a peanut candy bar he had in his pocket started to melt . Although he was not the first to notice this phenomenon , as the holder of 120 patents , Spencer was no stranger to discovery and experiment , and realized what was happening . The radar had melted his candy bar with microwaves . The first food to be deliberately cooked with microwaves was popcorn , and the second was an egg . In 1947 , Raytheon under Percy Spencer demonstrated the world 's first microwave oven built at the company which was called the `` Radarange '' . 1945 Cruise control Cruise control automatically controls the rate of motion of a motor vehicle . The driver sets the speed and the system will take over the throttle of the car to maintain the same speed . Cruise control was invented in 1945 by a blind inventor and mechanical engineer named Ralph Teetor . His idea was born out of the frustration of riding in a car driven by his lawyer , who kept speeding up and slowing down as he talked . The first car with Teetor 's system was the Chrysler Imperial in 1958 . This system calculated ground speed based on driveshaft rotations and used a solenoid to vary throttle position as needed . 1945 Block heater A block heater warms the engine of an automobile in order to ease and speed starting and vehicle warm - up in cold weather . The most common type is an electric heating element connected through a power cord often routed through the vehicle 's grille . The block heater may replace one of the engine 's core plugs , or may be installed in line with one of the radiator or heater hoses . The block heater , first known as a head bolt heater , was invented in 1945 by Andrew Freeman in Grand Forks , North Dakota . Freeman used some scrap hoses and copper tubing onto the heating element of an old flat - iron and produced the first headbolt heater , which warmed the engine 's water jacket and the oil film between cylinder heads and pistons . U.S. patent # 2,487,326 was filed on November 4 , 1946 and issued to Freeman on November 8 , 1949 . See also ( edit ) United States portal Technology portal Timelines of United States inventions Timeline of United States inventions ( before 1890 ) Timeline of United States inventions ( 1946 -- 1991 ) Timeline of United States inventions ( after 1991 ) Related topics History of United States patent law Lemelson Foundation Lemelson -- MIT Prize List of African American inventors and scientists List of Puerto Ricans List of inventors List of inventors killed by their own inventions List of prolific inventors List of Puerto Ricans in the United States Space Program Military invention NASA spinoff National Inventors Hall of Fame Native American contributions Science and technology in the United States Technological and industrial history of the United States Timeline of United States discoveries United States Patent and Trademark Office United States patent law Yankee ingenuity Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Robert H. Goddard , American Rocketry Pioneer '' . NASA . Jump up ^ `` Listing of Goddard Patents '' . NASA . Jump up ^ `` History of Patent Law '' . IP Legal Services . Jump up ^ James W. Cortada , `` Rise of the knowledge worker , Volume 8 of Resources for the knowledge - based economy '' , Knowledge Reader Series , Butterworth - Heinemann , 1998 , p. 141 , ISBN 0 - 7506 - 7058 - 4 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 7058 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Manufactures of the United States in 1860 ; compiled from the original returns of the eighth census , under the direction of the Secretary of the interior '' , Publisher : Government Printing Office , Washington , 1865 , p. cxcix : `` Salt - making was commenced at Salein in 1636 , and in 1641 Samuel Winslow was allowed , for 10 years , the exclusive right of making salt in Massachusetts by a new method . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Chapter 4 : An Overview of Patents '' . Digital Law Online . Jump up ^ `` First U.S. Patent Issued Today in 1790 '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Jump up ^ `` Table of Issue Years and Patent Numbers , for Selected Document Types Issued Since 1836 '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . ^ Jump up to : John Froelich : The Story of a Man and a Tractor . Voyaguer Press , Inc. 2003 - 10 - 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89658 - 619 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Fascinating facts about the invention of the Assembly Line by Ransom E. Olds in 1901 '' . The Great Idea Finder . ^ Jump up to : `` Fascinating facts about Willis Haviland Carrier inventor of the air conditioner in 1902 '' . The Great Idea Finder . Jump up ^ `` The Wright brothers and the Invention of the Airplane '' . U.S. Centennial Flight Commission . Jump up ^ `` Happy Birthday Stop Sign ! '' . The FatDUX Group ApS . Jump up ^ `` Herman Hollerith '' . Columbia University . Jump up ^ `` Fascinating facts about Herman Hollerith inventor of the punch card tabulating machine in 1890 '' . The Great Idea Finder . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Kitchen History . Taylor & Francis . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Moulton Babcock '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` Fire Safety Tips = Smoke Detectors '' . Center Pigeon Volunteer Fire Department , Inc . Jump up ^ `` Chicago 's Great Ferris Wheel of 1893 '' . HPHS . Jump up ^ `` Electrolytic Production of Bromine '' . National Historic Chemical Landmarks . American Chemical Society . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Uth , Robert ( December 12 , 2000 ) . `` Tesla coil '' . Tesla : Master of Lightning . PBS.org . Retrieved May 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fiber OIptics Weekly Update . Information Gatekeepers Inc . Jump up ^ `` When Dials Were Round and Clicks Were Plentiful '' . CATHERINE GREENMAN . Jump up ^ `` Automatic Telephone or Other Electrical Exchange '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Jump up ^ `` Pastry - Fork '' . Google Patents Search . Retrieved May 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Schrader Valve '' . Schrader International . Jump up ^ `` Inventor Profile '' . National Inventors Hall of Fame . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Crown History '' . Crown Holdings , Inc . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dimmer Switch '' . Lighting Unlimited Company . Jump up ^ `` Comfort in the Traveler 's World -- A Brief Histor '' . American Express Publishing Corporation . Jump up ^ The John Deere Tractor Legacy . Voyageur Press . Jump up ^ Xulon Press . Xulon Press . Jump up ^ `` Gasoline Tractor '' . Iowa Pathways . Jump up ^ `` From Steam to Gasoline ... '' . Inspired Media . Jump up ^ Great Inventors and Inventions . Curriculum Press . Jump up ^ Scientific American inventions and discoveries : all the milestones in ingenuity -- from the discovery of fire to the invention of the microwave oven . John Wiley and Sons . 2004 - 07 - 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 24410 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` The Zipper '' . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Jump up ^ `` Henri - Alexandre Deslandres '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` Pinking - Shears '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Jump up ^ Tube - The Invention of Television , David E. Fisher and Marshal Jon Fisher , 1996 Jump up ^ Midnight With the Battle Fleet . Popular Mechanics . Jump up ^ `` Stadimeter '' . Smithsonian National Museum of American History . Jump up ^ `` Method and Apparatus for Range - Finding '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Jump up ^ Van Dulken , Stephen ( 2001 ) . Inventing the 19th Century . New York University Press . p. 128 . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 8810 - 6 . Jump up ^ Patent of William C. Hooker 's animal - trap in Google Patents . Jump up ^ Selected Highlights of the NYSL US Patent Collection Jump up ^ `` RUBBER GLOVES : `` BORN '' -- AND NOW BANISHED -- AT JOHNS HOPKINS `` . The Johns Hopkins University , The Johns Hopkins Hospital , and Johns Hopkins Health System . Jump up ^ `` Veeder - Root History '' . The Veeder - Root Company . Jump up ^ `` Bicycle Pedal Timeline '' . Speedplay . Jump up ^ `` The History of Volleyball : Where Volleyball Started '' . AthleticScholarships.net . Jump up ^ `` Cotton Candy Invention '' . CottonCandy.net . Jump up ^ `` 1911 Overland OctoAuto '' . Time Magazine . September 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Exhaust - Muffler for Engines '' . Google Patents . Jump up ^ Inventions and Their Inventors . MY Books . Jump up ^ `` HENRY TIMKEN AND REGINALD HEINZELMAN '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Jump up ^ Inventions and Their Inventors . Dave Rogers . Jump up ^ `` Barbecue -- History of Barbecue '' . The New York Times Company . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Most Tragic Man Is the One Who Never Starts '' . The American Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Substitute for Billiard - Chalk '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Jump up ^ `` Candy Corn '' . National Confectioners Association . Jump up ^ `` Where does candy corn fit in ? '' . Food Timeline . Jump up ^ `` Remote Control '' . Public Broadcasting Corporation . Jump up ^ `` Browning Auto - 5 '' . Marvquin , LLC . Jump up ^ `` The History Of The Filing Cabinet '' . Home Furnish . Jump up ^ `` AUGER - BIT '' . Google Patents . Jump up ^ Phillips , Harvey ; Winkle , William ( January 1992 ) . The Art of Tuba and Euphonium . Alfred Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87487 - 682 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Wing Warping '' . U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission . Jump up ^ `` Flash - Lamp '' . United States Patent and Trademarlk Office . Jump up ^ `` Duckpin Bowling History '' . Bowling Academy . Jump up ^ `` Reversible Galvanic Battery '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Jump up ^ `` Cyanide Geochemistry '' . University of Manitoba . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Patent 656,874 '' . Jump up ^ Reeves , Hope ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` Who Made That Fly Swatter ? '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Fly - Killer '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Jump up ^ `` HISTORY OF THE MOORE PUSH - PIN COMPANY '' . Moore Push - Pin Company . Jump up ^ `` IBM Key Punches '' . Columbia University . Jump up ^ `` Peter Cooper Hewitt '' . Carol Siri Johnson . ^ Jump up to : Michigan Yesterday & Today . Voyageur Press . Jump up ^ http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/assbline.htm Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Hair : A Cultural History . Greenwood Publishing Group . 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33145 - 9 . Jump up ^ Today in Science History . Todayinsci . Jump up ^ Envelop . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Jump up ^ METHOD OF DETERMINING THE DIRECTIOFTOF SPACE - TEIEGRAPH SIGNALS . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Jump up ^ Robertson 's Book of Firsts : Who Did What for the First Time . Bloomsbury Publishing USA . Jump up ^ `` Innovation Milestones '' . Pitney Bowes . Jump up ^ `` Fascinating facts about the invention of the Teddy Bear by Morris Michtom in 1902 '' . The Great Finder . Jump up ^ `` Keepind an Eye '' . SP Guide Publications Pvt Ltd . Jump up ^ `` Mercury arc rectifiers '' . Virtual Mercury Rectifier Museum . Jump up ^ Steinmetz , Katy ( July 12 , 2010 ) . `` A Brief History of Air Conditioning '' . Time Inc . Jump up ^ de Bruxelles , Simon ( June 13 , 2008 ) . `` The teabag , a British favourite born by mistake , is 100 years old '' . London : Times Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved March 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rubel Offset Lithographic Press '' . Smithsonian Institution . Jump up ^ `` Milestones of Flight '' . Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum . Jump up ^ Clayton , Chris ( December 12 , 2003 ) . `` Bike shop owners change the world '' . British Broadcasting Corporation . Jump up ^ `` Flying Through the Ages '' . British Broadcasting Corporation . March 19 , 1999 . Jump up ^ `` The First To Fly '' . WRIGHT BROTHERS AEROPLANE COMPANY . Jump up ^ `` Inventing a Flying Machine '' . Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum . Jump up ^ `` The World 's First Airplane Mechanic '' . First Flight Society . Jump up ^ For example , Clement Ader 's Éole on October 9 , 1890 . See pp. 22 -- 23 , Military aircraft , origins to 1918 : an illustrated history of their impact , Justin D. Murphy , ABC - CLIO , 2005 , ISBN 1 - 85109 - 488 - 1 . Jump up ^ See e.g. pp. 117 ff. , A dream of wings : Americans and the airplane , 1875 -- 1905 , Tom D. Crouch , W.W. Norton & Company , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 393 - 32227 - 0 . Jump up ^ FAI NEWS : 100 Years Ago , the Dream of Icarus Became Reality , Fédération Aéronautique Internationale , December 17 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` FLYING - MACHINE ORVILLE WRIGHT '' . Google Patents . Jump up ^ `` The Windshield Wiper '' . American Heritage . Jump up ^ `` Windshield Wipers '' . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mary Anderson '' . Encyclopedia of Alabama . Jump up ^ `` Window - Cleaning Device '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Jump up ^ `` PIONEERS OF INVISIBLE RADIATION PHOTOGRAPHY '' . RMIT University . Jump up ^ Michel Barran . `` Wood , Robert Williams ( 1868 -- 1955 ) '' . Wolfram Research . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Gage County People '' . Gage County Historical Society . Jump up ^ `` Automatic transmission revolutionized motoring '' . Article News . Jump up ^ `` Banana Splits '' . Food Timeline . Jump up ^ `` Trolley '' . Google Patents . Jump up ^ `` Page Walking Draglines '' . Michael Bezilla . Jump up ^ `` Autograph Analysis and Signing Habits of Hall of Fame Catcher Roger Phillip The Duke of Tralee Bresnahan '' . Professional Authenticator Sports . Jump up ^ `` A Tale of Two Families '' ( PDF ) . Family Capital Growth Partners L.P. Jump up ^ `` Lewis Hallock Nash '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Jump up ^ `` Popsicle '' . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Jump up ^ Inventions and Their Inventors . MY Books . Jump up ^ `` John Raphael Rogers '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Jump up ^ `` William Elvis Sloan '' . Sloan Valve Company . Jump up ^ `` Our Friend the Flushometer '' . Reeves Journal . Jump up ^ `` Lee 's Audion '' . The Complete Lee De Forest . Jump up ^ Bungalow details : interior . Gibbs Smith . Jump up ^ `` Art of Separating Suspended Particles from Gaseous Bodies Electrostatic Precipitator '' . National Inventors Hall of Fame . Jump up ^ `` Fascinating facts about the invention of the Paper Towels '' . The Great Idea Finder . Jump up ^ `` A Harte Appetite : Caramel apples with bourbon make for a grown - up confection '' . Southeast Missourian . Jump up ^ `` About Skee Ball '' . Skee Ball Amusement Games . Jump up ^ `` The History of Shredders '' . PSI . Jump up ^ `` Silencers '' . CARYN E. NEUMANN . Jump up ^ `` History of Gin Rummy '' . Game Account . Jump up ^ `` Utah History to Go '' . History of Nathaniel Baldwin . Jump up ^ `` How fifth wheels have advanced over the last century '' . Babcox Media , Inc . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Meccano . Jump up ^ Hales , Linda ( May 20 , 2006 ) . `` A Big Clip Job ? Think Washington '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Electric Starter '' . Bryant University . Jump up ^ `` Inventor of self - starter is born '' . A&E Television Networks . Jump up ^ `` Edward N. Hines '' . State of Michigan . Jump up ^ `` Lawrence Sperry : Autopilot Inventor and Aviation Innovator '' . Weider History Group . Jump up ^ Carlisle , Rodney P. ( 2004 - 07 - 19 ) . Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries . John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 24410 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` History Of Electric Blankets '' . King Electric Blanket . Jump up ^ `` Famous Mormon Engineers and Inventors '' . Ron Johnston . Jump up ^ American diner then and now . JHU Press . Jump up ^ `` Armstrong 's Regerative Circuit '' . Info Age . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Loss Prevention and Safety Control : Terms and Definitions . Taylor & Francis . p. 52 . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese American Fortune Cookie : A Taste of Fame or Fortune -- Part II '' . Discover Nikkei . Jump up ^ `` ADD A LITTLE SIZZLE TO YOUR SHOOTING TRY THE SHOTGUN SPORTS '' . The Michigan Sportsman . Jump up ^ `` Single - sideband modulation '' . Unknown . Jump up ^ `` Hamburgers in History '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Timeless toys : classic toys and the playmakers who created them . Andrews McMeel Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Clarence Saunders '' . Soylent Communications . Jump up ^ Martin , Hugo ( April 7 , 2004 ) . `` A Major Lane Change '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Entrepreneurial Hall of fame inducts three '' . University of Tennessee at Chattanooga . May 17 , 2007 . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bell Laboratories and The Development of Electrical Recording '' . The Stokowski Legacy . Jump up ^ `` Electric Wall - Switch '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Jump up ^ Network and System Security . Syngress. 2010 - 03 - 15 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59749 - 535 - 6 . Jump up ^ The Lexicon of Real American Food . Globe Pequot . Jump up ^ `` Fluff '' . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to the Superheterodyne Receiver '' . Lloyd Butler . Jump up ^ `` Philippe the Original -- Los Angeles '' . Nation 's Restaurant News . Jump up ^ `` New U.S. Military Torque Wrench '' . Sportsman 's Guide . Jump up ^ `` TORQUE MEASURING WRENCH '' . Google Patents Search . Jump up ^ RF and Microwave Transmitter Design . John Wiley and Sons . Jump up ^ Minnesota 150 : The People , Places , and Things That Shape Our State . Minnesota Historical Society . Jump up ^ `` Bag '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Jump up ^ `` Brakes '' . Bryant University . Jump up ^ `` THE POPLAWSKI BLENDER '' . ASME Milwaukee . Jump up ^ Really useful : the origins of everyday things . Firefly Books . 2002 - 10 - 05 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55297 - 622 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Walter Albert Patrick Papers 1901 -- 1968 '' . Smithsonian Institution . Jump up ^ `` Fascinating facts about the invention of the Toaster by Charles Strite in 1919 . '' . The Great Idea Finder . Jump up ^ Cupboard Love : A Dictionary of Culinary Curiosities . Insomniac Press . Jump up ^ `` Junglegym.com '' . Junglegym.com . Jump up ^ `` Polygraph / Lie Detector FAQs '' . International League of Polygraph Examiners . Jump up ^ `` Knowing the Flow : How Flowcharting Can Help Visualize Software Application Development '' ( PDF ) . Joseph Frantiska , Jr. , Ed. D . Jump up ^ `` Fascinating facts about the invention of Band - Aid by Earle Dickson '' . The Great Idea Finder . Jump up ^ `` Headrest Monitors '' . Master Seek . Jump up ^ `` HEADEEST EOS AUTOMOBILE SEATS AND THE LIKE '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Jump up ^ `` Overhead Door Corporation '' ( PDF ) . Door & Access Systems . ^ Jump up to : `` Company History '' . Overhead Door Corporation . Jump up ^ `` December 8 , 1931 -- New Blow - Out Preventer Invented '' . Petroleum History Resources . Jump up ^ `` Ford Skyliner '' . Studio One Networks . Jump up ^ `` Ralph W. Samuelson '' . Water Ski Hall of Fame and Museum . Jump up ^ `` Radial Arm Saws '' . Saw Dust Making . Jump up ^ `` Adopted from pdflib image sample '' ( PDF ) . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Jump up ^ `` The Circuit That Made Radio Commercially Possible '' . Digital Deli Online . Jump up ^ `` World 's First Bulldozer '' . Kansas Photo Tour . Jump up ^ `` Kansas Legend Biography '' ( PDF ) . Waitt Design Group . Jump up ^ `` Leo Gerstenzang -- Inventor of Q - Tips '' . The New York Times Company . Jump up ^ `` Camera '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Jump up ^ `` Instant Photography '' . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Petersen Manufacturing '' . Nebraska State Historical Society . Jump up ^ `` Vise Grip '' . Living History Farm . Jump up ^ `` Who Invented Hamburger Sandwich ? And What About the Cheeseburger ? '' . Metropolitan News - Enterprise . Jump up ^ `` The Earth Inductor Compass '' . Wings Publishing . Jump up ^ `` The First Gas Chamber ! '' . Robert Wynn . Jump up ^ `` INDUSTRY MOURNS ENTREPRENEUR MARK SERRURIER '' . Small Movies . Jump up ^ `` Radio Altitude : The instrument of choice '' . Cygnus Interactive . Jump up ^ Dawn of the electronic age : electrical technologies in the shaping of the modern world , 1914 to 1945 . Wiley - IEEE . Jump up ^ `` Harold Alden Wheeler : a lifetime of applied electronics '' ( PDF ) . IEEE . Jump up ^ `` Transparent adhesive tape '' . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Jump up ^ `` Adhesive Tape '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Jump up ^ `` The Reuben Sandwich '' . Jim Rader . Jump up ^ `` Food Timeline '' . Lynne Olver . Jump up ^ `` Science of Fun '' . Sellner Manufacturing Company . Jump up ^ Power Steering : The Pioneer Unit . Popular Science . 2011 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Waltham Museum 's Hall - of - Fame '' . Waltham Museumurl . Jump up ^ `` Our History '' . UMB Financial Corporation . Jump up ^ `` In N Out Burger '' . In N Out Burger . Jump up ^ `` Bread - slicing Machine '' . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Jump up ^ `` The History of the Jukebox '' . The History of Rock N'Roll . Jump up ^ `` Garbage Disposal '' . Mahalo.com Incorporated . Jump up ^ ManVentions : From Cruise Control to Cordless Drills - Inventions Men Ca n't Live Without . Adams Media . pp. 175 -- 176 . Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Ofeldt '' . Jenny Products , Inc . Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Resonator Guitar ( Dobro ) '' . Lehigh Valley Folk Music Society , Inc . Jump up ^ `` The History of Kool - Aid '' . Hastings Museum of Natural & Cultural History . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Oregon Pedigree of the Corndog '' . Dave Knows Portland . Jump up ^ `` Keeping a Corny Tradition '' . American Profile . Jump up ^ `` EE 230 Lecture 8 Fall 2006. ppt '' ( PDF ) . Iowa State University . Jump up ^ Marrison , W.A. ; J.W. Horton ( February 1928 ) . `` Precision determination of frequency '' . I.R.E. Proc. 16 ( 2 ) : 137 -- 154 . doi : 10.1109 / JRPROC. 1928.221372 . Jump up ^ Marrison , Warren ( 1948 ) . `` The Evolution of the Quartz Crystal Clock '' . Bell System Technical Journal . AT&T . 27 : 510 -- 588 . doi : 10.1002 / j. 1538 - 7305.1948. tb01343. x . Jump up ^ `` Edward Knabusch and Edwin Shoemaker invented the La - Z - Boy Recliner '' . The New York Times Company . Jump up ^ `` Lloyd Copeman '' . Lloyd Copeman . Jump up ^ `` Johnson and 1 / f noise '' . Nature . Jump up ^ `` Tom 's Book of Days '' . Right Reading . Jump up ^ `` The Electric Shaver Page '' . The Electric Shaver Page . Jump up ^ `` Iron Lung '' . Claude Moore Health Sciences Library . Jump up ^ `` Freon '' . The New York Times Company . Jump up ^ `` Tampons '' . Palo Alto Medical Foundation . Jump up ^ An Uncommon History to Common Things . Palo Alto Medical Foundation . Jump up ^ `` Eyelash Curler '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Jump up ^ `` Fascinating facts about the invention of Sunglasses by Sam Foster in 1929 '' . The Great Idea Finder . Jump up ^ `` Frozen Foods '' . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Jump up ^ `` Ernest O. Lawrence Biography '' . Rutgers University . Jump up ^ `` The History of The XV - 15 Tilt Rotor Research Aircraft : From Concept to Flight '' ( PDF ) . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ `` Flying Machine '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Jump up ^ `` Early Car Radios '' . Motorola , Inc . Jump up ^ `` Authentic Philly Cheesesteaks '' . Greater Philadelphia Tourism Marketing Corporation . Jump up ^ `` Bathysphere '' . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Jump up ^ `` Chocolate Chip Cookie Inventor '' . Famous Women Inventors . Jump up ^ Biomedical Sensors . Momentum Press . Jump up ^ `` The Electric Guitar : Present at the Creation '' . NPR . Jump up ^ `` The Invention of the Electric Guitar '' . Smithsonian Institution . Jump up ^ `` Electrical Stringed Musical Instrument '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Jump up ^ `` About the Strobe Light & its inventor Harold Edgerton '' . Jeff Danger , Science Ranger . Jump up ^ Kistler S.S. ( 1931 ) . `` Coherent expanded aerogels and jellies '' . Nature . 127 ( 3211 ) : 741 . Bibcode : 1931Natur. 127 ... 741K . doi : 10.1038 / 127741a0 . Jump up ^ `` Insect Exterminator '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Jump up ^ `` Our History '' . Honeywell . Jump up ^ `` Cleaning Device '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Jump up ^ Popular Mechanics . Popular Mechanics . Jump up ^ `` Golf Cart '' . Mesa Golf Carts . Jump up ^ `` Staple remover '' . Polskie . Jump up ^ Unusual Telescopes by Peter L. Manly , page 76 Jump up ^ `` The Tale of Tape : Inventions to Mention '' . 3m . Jump up ^ `` LVT Class , Allied Landing Craft '' . The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ `` Episode 3 : Ub Iwerks ' ComiColor '' . animationstation 's Podcast . Jump up ^ `` The Inventor of FM '' . wfmu.org . Jump up ^ The Professional Practice of Landscape Architecture . John Wiley and Sons . 1996 - 09 - 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 28680 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Trampoline '' . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Jump up ^ `` The First Acroustic Puzzle '' . All Fun and Games . Jump up ^ `` The Richter Magnitude Scale '' . U.S. Geological Survey . Jump up ^ `` Distinguished Achievement Award Recipients '' . Sigma Tau Gamma . Jump up ^ `` History of Parking Meters '' . The Parking Meter Page . Jump up ^ `` Tom Blake ( 1902 -- 1994 ) '' . Malcolm Gault - Williams . Jump up ^ `` Development of the Beckman pH Meter '' . National Historic Chemical Landmarks . American Chemical Society . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Gomco Clamp , 1935 '' . The History of Circumsion . Jump up ^ `` TILT AND TIP - OVER SWITCHES AND MOTION SENSORS '' . Comus International . Jump up ^ `` The History of the Phillips Drive '' . Marine Fasteners . Jump up ^ `` A brief history of Daytona with Bill France Jr . '' . Source Interlink Media . Jump up ^ `` Who was Bill France Sr. and Why Did He Start NASCAR ? '' . The New York Times Company . Jump up ^ `` Functional Programming For The Rest of Us '' . DefMacro . Jump up ^ Green Lighting . McGraw - Hill Professional . Jump up ^ `` Electric Discharge Lamp '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Jump up ^ Green Energy : An A-to - Z Guide . Sage . Jump up ^ `` Idaho State Historical Society Reference Series '' ( PDF ) . Don Hibbard . Jump up ^ Feder , Barnaby J. ( April 8 , 2000 ) . `` Arthur C. Ruge , Inventor of Vital Stress Gauge , Dies at 94 '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Electric Bass Origins , Part 2 : The First Guitar '' . Premier Guitar . Jump up ^ `` No. 555 : O - RING '' . Engines of Ingenuity . Jump up ^ `` July 1 Births '' . Today in Science History . Jump up ^ `` Inventor Profile : George R. Stibitz '' . National Inventors Hall of Fame Foundation , Inc . Jump up ^ `` Fascinating facts about the invention of the Shopping Cart by Sylvan Goldman '' . The Great Idea Finder . Jump up ^ `` Track record of innovation and invention '' . Polaroid Polarized Lenses . Jump up ^ `` Klystron Tube '' . Stanford University . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Alvarez '' . Nobel Prize.org . Jump up ^ `` All - TIME 100 Greatest Toys '' . Time . February 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Glass Wool and Method '' . Invent Now . Jump up ^ `` Chester F. Carlson , Inventor of Xerography '' . University of Rochester Libraries . Jump up ^ `` Fascinating facts about the invention of Nylon by Wallace Carothers '' . The Great Idea Finder . Jump up ^ Introduction to Psychology : Gateways to Mind and Behavior . Cengage Learning . Jump up ^ `` The origin of ice - cream '' . BBC . September 7 , 2004 . Retrieved March 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dairy Queen history curls though area '' . Moline Dispatch Publishing Company , L.L.C. Jump up ^ `` Roy J. Plunkett '' . Chemical Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ `` In a sign of the times , inventor refuses to yield '' . The Pittsburgh Press . Jump up ^ `` The Man Who Gave Racing A Fresh Start '' . Sports Illustrated . October 29 , 1990 . Jump up ^ `` Starting Gate '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Jump up ^ `` Company Profile '' . Twist Ems . Jump up ^ `` Luther Simjian '' . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Jump up ^ `` SYNTH SECRETS Part 15 : An Introduction To ESPS And Vocoders '' . SOS Publications Group . Jump up ^ `` Obituary Notice : Renowned Geophysicist and Professor : Victor Vacquier Sr . '' . University of California at San Diego . Jump up ^ `` Poof ! There Goes Perspiration '' . OTR Commercials . Jump up ^ `` Orlon : 1941 '' . DuPont . Jump up ^ `` Les Paul '' . Invent Now . Jump up ^ A history of innovation : U.S. Army adaptation in war and peace . Government Printing Office . Jump up ^ `` Edward G. Uhl : co-inventor of the bazooka '' . London : The Times . May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Magnetic Fuze '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Jump up ^ `` The Slinky '' . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Jump up ^ `` Who Invented Microwaves ? '' . J. Carlton Gallawa . Jump up ^ `` Technology Leadership '' . Raytheon . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ralph Teetor : Inventor of Cruise Control '' . Dennis Horvath . Jump up ^ `` Your car starts ? Thank Andrew Freeman '' . Minn Post . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of the Great Plains . University of Nebraska Press . Jump up ^ `` ELECTRIC INTERNAL - COMBUSTION ENGINE '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Further reading ( edit ) Deitch , Joanne Weisman , `` A Nation of Inventors '' , Carlisle , Massachusetts : Discovery Enterprises Limited , 2001 Haven , Kendall , `` 100 Greatest Science Inventions of All Time '' , Westport , Connecticut : Libraries Unlimited , 2006 Hopping - Egan , Lorraine , `` Inventors and Inventions '' , New York City , New York : Scholastic , Incorporated , 1997 Ngeow , Evelyn , `` Inventors and Inventions '' , New York City , New York : Marshall Cavendish Corporation , 2008 Philbin , Tom , `` The 100 Greatest Inventions of All Time '' , New York City , New York : Kensington Publishing Corporation , 2003 External links ( edit ) American Inventors Google : U.S. Patents Search PBS : They Made America MIT : Invention Dimension NASA : Scientific and Technical Information : NASA Spinoff National Inventors Hall of Fame Foundation The Great Idea Finder United States Patent and Trademark Office Inventions and discoveries Lists of inventions or discoveries by country / region Australia Austria Azerbaijan Brazil Britain England Scotland Canada China inventions discoveries Croatia France Germany Greece India Indonesia Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Malaysia Mexico Netherlands Pakistan Philippines Poland Portugal inventions discoveries Russia Serbia South Africa Spain Switzerland Taiwan Thailand United States inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 1991 after 1991 discoveries by topic Discoveries chemistry cosmology multiple discoveries science Historic inventions Analog - to - digital Byzantine Empire Indus Valley Medieval Islamic Military Native American Lists of inventors or discoverers by country / region Worldwide African American African - American Puerto Rican Austrian British English Welsh Bulgarian German Italian New Zealander Polish Romanian Russian Serbian Spanish Swedish Swiss United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American Civil Rights Movement 1865 -- 1895 / 1896 -- 1954 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Civil Rights Movement Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) Collapse of the Soviet Union War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory states territories counties cities , towns , and villages Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive President Executive Office Cabinet / Executive departments Civil service Independent agencies Law enforcement Public policy Legislature Congress Senate Vice President President pro tempore House of Representatives Speaker Judiciary Federal judiciary Supreme Court Courts of appeals District courts Law Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - 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ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime Incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination Affirmative action Intersex rights Islamophobia LGBT rights Racism Same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care Health insurance Health care reform Abortion Hunger Obesity Smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(1890 -- 1945 ) &oldid = 800981229 '' Categories : American inventions History of science and technology in the United States Lists of inventions or discoveries Technology - related lists United States history timelines Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 23 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what came first the ferris wheel or the teddy bear	[ "A Ferris wheel is a non-building structure, consisting of an upright wheel with passenger gondolas attached to the rim. Opened on June 21, 1893 at the Chicago World's Fair, the original Ferris Wheel was invented two years earlier by the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania bridge-builder George Washington Gale Ferris Jr. in 1891.[19]" ]	[ "Ferris wheel" ]
-9108255540267932564	But Seriously, Folks...	But Seriously , Folks ... - Wikipedia But Seriously , Folks ... Jump to : navigation , search `` But Seriously , Folks ... '' Studio album by Joe Walsh Released May 16 , 1978 Genre Rock hard rock Length 35 : 22 Label Asylum Producer Joe Walsh Bill Szymczyk Joe Walsh chronology You Ca n't Argue with a Sick Mind ( 1976 ) You Ca n't Argue with a Sick Mind 1976 But Seriously , Folks ... ( 1978 ) The Best of Joe Walsh ( 1978 ) The Best of Joe Walsh 1978 `` But Seriously , Folks ... '' is the fourth studio album by the American singer - songwriter and multi-instrumentalist Joe Walsh . The album was released in mid 1978 , on the label Asylum . It included the satirical song `` Life 's Been Good '' . The original 8 : 04 ( 8 : 57 on CD releases with a goofy speech at the end ) album version of this track was edited down to 4 : 35 for single release , and this became Walsh 's biggest solo hit , peaking at No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The album also featured the other four members of the Eagles -- which Walsh had joined two years earlier -- as well as singer - keyboardist Jay Ferguson , a former member of the groups Spirit and Jo Jo Gunne ( who co-wrote one track on the album ) , drummer Joe Vitale from Walsh 's former band Barnstorm , and bassist Willie Weeks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Release 2 Critical reception 3 Track listing 4 Personnel 5 Production 6 Charts 7 Certifications 8 See also 9 References Release ( edit ) Original pressings of this record had text engraved on the carry - out grooves : Side 1 : Luncheon Counter of the Deli Kind Side 2 : Call It In the Air ! Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Robert Christgau C+ In a contemporary review for The Village Voice , Robert Christgau wrote that , although Walsh has `` a gift for tuneful guitar schlock '' , most of the album 's songs fall `` far short of the irreverent shuck - and - jive '' of `` Life 's Been Good '' . In a retrospective review , AllMusic 's Al Campbell said that the album is `` Joe Walsh 's most insightful and melodic '' , and `` captures a reflective song cycle along the same thematic lines of Pet Sounds , only for the ' 70s '' . Track listing ( edit ) All songs written and composed by Joe Walsh , except where noted . No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Over and Over '' 4 : 53 2 . `` Second Hand Store '' Mike Murphy , Walsh 3 : 35 3 . `` Indian Summer '' 3 : 03 4 . `` At the Station '' Joe Vitale , Walsh 5 : 08 5 . `` Tomorrow '' 3 : 39 6 . `` Inner Tube '' 1 : 25 7 . `` Theme from Boat Weirdos '' Jay Ferguson , Bill Szymczyk , Vitale , Walsh , Willie Weeks 4 : 43 8 . `` Life 's Been Good '' 8 : 04 Total length : 35 : 22 Personnel ( edit ) Joe Walsh -- vocals , guitars , synthesizer Joe Vitale -- drums , percussion , synthesizer , flute , backing vocals Willie Weeks -- bass guitar Jay Ferguson -- keyboards , vocals Joey Murcia -- guitar Guests Jody Boyer -- backing vocals Don Felder -- pedal steel guitar on `` Second Hand Store '' and guitar on `` At the Station '' Glenn Frey -- backing vocals Don Henley -- backing vocals Timothy B. Schmit -- backing vocals Bill Szymczyk -- tambourine , vocals , background vocals Production ( edit ) Producers : Joe Walsh , Bill Szymczyk Engineers : Ed Mashal , Bill Szymczyk ( Bayshore Studios , Coconut Grove , Florida ) Mastering : Ted Jensen ( Sterling Sound , New York ) Remastering : Bill Szymczyk Design : Jimmy Wachtel Photography : Lorrie Sullivan , Jimmy Wachtel Charts ( edit ) Album - Billboard ( United States ) Year Chart Position 1978 Billboard 200 8 Singles - Billboard ( United States ) Year Single Chart Position 1978 `` Life 's Been Good '' Billboard Hot 100 12 1978 `` Over and Over '' Billboard Hot 100 -- Certifications ( edit ) Canada - Platinum US - Platinum UK - Silver See also ( edit ) List of albums released in 1978 Joe Walsh 's discography References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Al . `` But Seriously , Folks ... > Review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Christgau , Robert ( September 4 , 1978 ) . `` Christgau 's Consumer Guide '' . The Village Voice . New York . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gold / Platinum - Music Canada '' . Musiccanada.com . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum - RIAA '' . Riaa.com . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 17 . ( hide ) Joe Walsh Studio albums Barnstorm ( 1972 ) The Smoker You Drink , the Player You Get ( 1973 ) So What ( 1974 ) But Seriously , Folks ... ( 1978 ) There Goes the Neighborhood ( 1981 ) You Bought It -- You Name It ( 1983 ) The Confessor ( 1985 ) Got Any Gum ? ( 1987 ) Ordinary Average Guy ( 1991 ) Songs for a Dying Planet ( 1992 ) Analog Man ( 2012 ) Soundtrack albums A Future to This Life : Robocop -- The Series Soundtrack ( 1995 ) Live albums You Ca n't Argue with a Sick Mind ( 1976 ) All Night Long : Live in Dallas ( 2013 ) Compilations The Best of Joe Walsh ( 1978 ) The Best of Joe Walsh ( 1983 ) Rocky Mountain Way ( 1985 ) Welcome to the Club ( 1988 ) Look What I Did ! ( 1995 ) Joe Walsh 's Greatest Hits - Little Did He Know ... ( 1997 ) The Best Of Joe Walsh ( 2000 ) Singles `` Rocky Mountain Way '' `` Meadows '' `` Turn To Stone '' `` Walk Away '' `` Over And Over '' `` Life 's Been Good '' `` All Night Long '' `` Made Your Mind Up '' `` A Life of Illusion '' `` Waffle Stomp '' `` Love Letters '' `` I Can Play That Rock & Roll '' `` Space Age Whiz Kids '' `` The Confessor '' `` Good Man Down '' `` Malibu '' `` In My Car '' `` The Radio Song '' `` Ordinary Average Guy '' Films Zachariah The Blues Brothers Related articles Albums Discography James Gang Barnstorm Eagles Do n't Come Around Here No More Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=But_Seriously,_Folks...&oldid=811913762 '' Categories : Joe Walsh albums 1978 albums Asylum Records albums Elektra Records albums Albums produced by Bill Szymczyk Albums with cover art by Jimmy Wachtel Albums produced by Joe Walsh Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 November 2017 , at 20 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played drums on life's been good	[ "Joe Vitale – drums, percussion, synthesizer, flute, backing vocals" ]	[ "Joe Vitale" ]
611816419655141422	Convicts in Australia	Convicts in Australia - wikipedia Convicts in Australia Jump to : navigation , search This article is about convicts transported to Australian penal colonies . For the Australian rules football team , see Australian Convicts . Drawing of convicts in New Holland , 1793 Between 1788 and 1868 , about 162,000 convicts were transported by the British government to various penal colonies in Australia . The British government began transporting convicts overseas to American colonies in the early 17th century . When transportation ended with the start of the American Revolution , an alternative site was needed to relieve further overcrowding of British prisons and hulks . Earlier in 1770 , James Cook charted and claimed possession of the east coast of Australia for Britain . Seeking to pre-empt the French colonial empire from expanding into the region , Britain chose Australia as the site of a penal colony , and in 1787 , the First Fleet of eleven convict ships set sail for Botany Bay , arriving on 20 January 1788 to found Sydney , New South Wales , the first European settlement on the continent . Other penal colonies were later established in Van Diemen 's Land ( Tasmania ) in 1803 and Queensland in 1824 , while Western Australia , founded in 1829 as a free colony , received convicts from 1850 . Victoria and South Australia remained free colonies . Penal transportation to Australia peaked in the 1830s and dropped off significantly the following decade . The last convict ship arrived in Western Australia on 10 January 1868 . Many convicts were transported for petty crimes , while a significant number were political prisoners . More serious crimes , such as rape and murder , were punishable by death , and therefore not transportable offences . Once emancipated , most ex-convicts stayed in Australia and joined the free settlers , with some rising to prominent positions in Australian society . However , convictism carried a social stigma , and for some later Australians , convict origins would be a source of shame . Attitudes became more accepting in the 20th century and it is now considered by many Australians to be a cause for celebration to have a convict in one 's lineage . Around 20 % of modern Australians are descended from transported convicts . The convict era has inspired famous novels , films , and other cultural works , and the extent to which it has shaped Australia 's national character has been studied by many writers and historians . Contents ( hide ) 1 Reasons for transportation 2 Penal settlements 2.1 New South Wales 2.2 Norfolk Island 2.3 Tasmania 2.4 Victoria 2.5 Queensland 2.6 Western Australia 3 Women 4 Political prisoners 5 Cessation of transportation 6 Legacy 6.1 Cultural depictions 7 Notable convicts transported to Australia 8 See also 9 Sources 10 References 11 External links Reasons for transportation ( edit ) Main article : Penal transportation William Hogarth 's Gin Lane , 1751 According to Robert Hughes in The Fatal Shore , the population of England and Wales , which had remained steady at 6 million from 1700 to 1740 , began rising considerably after 1740 . By the time of the American Revolution , London was overcrowded , filled with the unemployed , and flooded with cheap gin . Poverty , social injustice , child labor , harsh and dirty living conditions and long working hours were prevalent in 19th - century Britain . Dickens ' novels perhaps best illustrate this ; even some government officials were horrified by what they saw . Only in 1833 and 1844 were the first general laws against child labour ( the Factory Acts ) passed in the United Kingdom . Crime had become a major problem and in 1784 a French observer noted that `` from sunset to dawn the environs of London became the patrimony of brigands for twenty miles around . '' Prison hulks in the River Thames Each parish had a watchman , but British cities did not have police forces in the modern sense . Jeremy Bentham avidly promoted the idea of a circular prison , but the penitentiary was seen by many government officials as a peculiar American concept . Virtually all malefactors were caught by informers or denounced to the local court by their victims . Pursuant to the so - called `` Bloody Code '' , by the 1770s there were 222 crimes in Britain which carried the death penalty , almost all of which were crimes against property . These included such offences as the stealing of goods worth over 5 shillings , the cutting down of a tree , the theft of an animal , even the theft of a rabbit from a rabbit warren . The Industrial Revolution led to an increase in petty crime due to the economic displacement of much of the population , building pressure on the government to find an alternative to confinement in overcrowded gaols . The situation was so dire that hulks left over from the Seven Years ' War were used as makeshift floating prisons . Eight of every 10 prisoners were in jail for theft . The Bloody Code was gradually rescinded in the 1800s because judges and juries considered its punishments too harsh . Since lawmakers still wanted punishments to deter potential criminals , they increasingly applied transportation as a more humane alternative to execution . Transportation had been employed as a punishment for both major and petty crimes since the seventeenth century . Around 60,000 convicts were transported to the British colonies in North America in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries . Transportation to the Americas ceased following Britain 's defeat in the American Revolutionary War . The number of convicts transported to North America is not verified although it has been estimated to be 50,000 by John Dunmore Lang and 120,000 by Thomas Keneally . The British American colony of Maryland received a larger felon quota than any other province . Penal settlements ( edit ) New South Wales ( edit ) Main article : History of New South Wales The First Fleet arrives in Botany Bay , 21 January 1788 The Costumes of the Australasians : watercolour by Edward Charles Close shows the co-existence of convicts , their military gaolers , and free settlers . Alternatives to the American colonies were investigated and the newly discovered and mapped East Coast of New Holland was proposed . The details provided by James Cook during his expedition to the South Pacific in 1770 made it the most suitable . On 18 August 1786 the decision was made to send a colonisation party of convicts , military , and civilian personnel to Botany Bay under the command of Admiral Arthur Phillip who was to be the Governor of the new colony . There were 775 convicts on board six transport ships . They were accompanied by officials , members of the crew , marines , the families thereof and their own children who together totaled 645 . In all , eleven ships were sent in what became known as the First Fleet . Other than the convict transports , there were two naval escorts and three storeships . The fleet assembled in Portsmouth and set sail on 13 May 1787 . The fleet arrived at Botany Bay on 20 January 1788 . It soon became clear that it would not be suitable for the establishment of a colony due to `` the openness of this bay , and the dampness of the soil , by which the people would probably be rendered unhealthy '' and Philip decided to examine Port Jackson , a bay mentioned by Captain Cook , about three leagues to the north . On 22 January a small expedition led by Phillips sailed to Port Jackson , arriving in the early afternoon : Here all regret arising from the former disappointments was at once obliterated ; and Governor Phillip had the satisfaction to find one of the finest harbours in the world , in which a thousand sail of the line might ride in perfect security . The different coves of this harbour were examined with all possible expedition , and the preference was given to one which had the finest spring of water , and in which ships can anchor so close to the shore , that at a very small expence quays may be constructed at which the largest vessels may unload . This cove is about half a mile in length , and a quarter of a mile across at the entrance . In honour of Lord Sydney , the Governor distinguished it by the name of Sydney Cove . There they established the first permanent European colony on the Australian continent , New South Wales , on 26 January . The area has since developed into the city of Sydney . This date is still celebrated as Australia Day . There was initially a high mortality rate amongst the members of the first fleet due mainly to shortages of food . The ships carried only enough food to provide for the settlers until they could establish agriculture in the region . Unfortunately , there were an insufficient number of skilled farmers and domesticated livestock to do this , and the colony waited on the arrival of the Second Fleet . The second fleet was an unprecedented disaster that provided little in the way of help and upon its delivery in June 1790 of still more sick and dying convicts , which actually worsened the situation in Port Jackson . Lieutenant - General Sir Richard Bourke was the ninth Governor of the Colony of New South Wales between 1831 and 1837 . Appalled by the excessive punishments doled out to convicts , Bourke passed ' The Magistrates Act ' , which limited the sentence a magistrate could pass to fifty lashes ( previously there was no such limit ) . Bourke 's administration was controversial , and furious magistrates and employers petitioned the crown against this interference with their legal rights , fearing that a reduction in punishments would cease to provide enough deterrence to the convicts . Bourke , however , was not dissuaded from his reforms and continued to create controversy within the colony by combating the inhumane treatment handed out to convicts , including limiting the number of convicts each employer was allowed to seventy , as well as granting rights to freed convicts , such as allowing the acquisition of property and service on juries . It has been argued that the suspension of convict transportation to New South Wales in 1840 can be attributed to the actions of Bourke and other men like Australian - born lawyer William Charles Wentworth . It took another 10 years , but transportation to the colony of New South Wales was finally officially abolished on 1 October 1850 . If a convict was well behaved , the convict could be given a ticket of leave , granting some freedom . At the end of the convict 's sentence , seven years in most cases , the convict was issued with a Certificate of Freedom . He was then free to become a settler or to return to England . Convicts who misbehaved , however , were often sent to a place of secondary punishment like Port Arthur , Tasmania or Norfolk Island , where they would suffer additional punishment and solitary confinement . Norfolk Island ( edit ) Main article : History of Norfolk Island This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2015 ) Norfolk Island military barracks Within a month of the arrival of the First Fleet at Sydney Cove , a group of convicts and free settlers were sent to take control of Norfolk Island , a small island 1,412 kilometres ( 877 mi ) east of the coast of New South Wales . More convicts were sent , and many of them proved to be unruly ; early 1789 saw a failed attempt to overthrow Lieutenant Philip Gidley King , the island 's commandant . This was followed by the wreck of the HMS Sirius on one of the island 's reefs while attempting to land stores . Tasmania ( edit ) Main article : History of Tasmania Penitentiary at the Port Arthur convict settlement , Tasmania In 1803 , a British expedition was sent from Sydney to Tasmania ( then known as Van Diemen 's Land ) to establish a new penal colony there . The small party , led by Lt. John Bowen , established a settlement at Risdon Cove , on the eastern side of the Derwent River . Originally sent to Port Philip , but abandoned within weeks , another expedition led by Lieutenant - Colonel David Collins arrived soon after . Collins considered the Risdon Cove site inadequate , and in 1804 he established an alternative settlement on the western side of the river at Sullivan 's Cove , Tasmania . This later became known as Hobart , and the original settlement at Risdon Cove was deserted . Collins became the first Lieutenant - Governor of Van Diemen 's Land . When the convict station on Norfolk Island was abandoned in 1807 - 1808 , the remaining convicts and free settlers were transported to Hobart and allocated land for re-settlement . However , as the existing small population was already experiencing difficulties producing enough food , the sudden doubling of the population was almost catastrophic . Starting in 1816 , more free settlers began arriving from Great Britain . On 3 December 1825 Tasmania was declared a colony separate from New South Wales , with a separate administration . Macquarie Harbour Penal Station , depicted by convict artist William Buelow Gould , 1833 The Macquarie Harbour penal colony on the West Coast of Tasmania was established in 1820 to exploit the valuable timber Huon Pine growing there for furniture making and shipbuilding . Macquarie Harbour had the added advantage of being almost impossible to escape from , most attempts ending with the convicts either drowning , dying of starvation in the bush , or ( on at least two occasions ) turning cannibal . Convicts sent to this settlement had usually re-offended during their sentence of transportation , and were treated very harshly , labouring in cold and wet weather , and subjected to severe corporal punishment for minor infractions . In 1830 , the Port Arthur penal settlement was established to replace Macquarie Harbour , as it was easier to maintain regular communications by sea . Although known in popular history as a particularly harsh prison , in reality its management was far more humane than Macquarie Harbour or the outlying stations of New South Wales . Experimentation with the so - called model prison system took place in Port Arthur . Solitary confinement was the preferred method of punishment . Many changes were made to the manner in which convicts were handled in the general population , largely responsive to British public opinion on the harshness of their treatment . Until the late 1830s most convicts were either retained by Government for public works or assigned to private individuals as a form of indentured labour . From the early 1840s the Probation System was employed , where convicts spent an initial period , usually two years , in public works gangs on stations outside of the main settlements , then were freed to work for wages within a set district . Transportation to Tasmania ended in 1853 ( see section below on Cessation of Transportation ) . Victoria ( edit ) William Buckley 's transportation and escape to live with the Wathaurong in 1803 , as depicted by 19th - century Aboriginal artist Tommy McRae . In 1803 two ships arrived in Port Phillip , which Lt. John Murray in the Lady Nelson had discovered and named the previous year . The Calcutta under the command of Lieutenant - Colonel Collins transported 300 convicts , accompanied by the supply ship Ocean . Collins had previously been Judge Advocate with the First Fleet in 1788 . He chose Sullivan Bay near the present - day Sorrento , Victoria for the first settlement - some 90 km south of present - day Melbourne . About two months later the settlement was abandoned due to poor soil and water shortages and Collins moved the convicts to Hobart . Several convicts had escaped into the bush and were left behind to unknown fates with the local aboriginal people . One such convict , the subsequently celebrated William Buckley , lived in the western side of Port Phillip for the next 32 years before approaching the new settlers and assisting as an interpreter for the indigenous peoples . A second settlement was established at Westernport Bay , on the site of present - day Corinella , in November of 1826 . It comprised an initial 20 soldiers and 22 convicts , with another 12 convicts arriving subsequently . This settlement was abandoned in February 1828 , and all convicts returned to Sydney . The Port Phillip District was officially sanctioned in 1837 following the landing of the Henty brothers in Portland Bay in 1834 , and John Batman settled on the site of Melbourne . Between 1844 and 1849 about 1,750 convicts arrived there from England . They were referred to either as `` Exiles '' or the `` Pentonvillians '' because most of them came from Pentonville Probationary Prison . Unlike earlier convicts who were required to work for the government or on hire from penal depots , the Exiles were free to work for pay , but could not leave the district to which they were assigned . The Port Phillip District was still part of New South Wales at this stage . Victoria separated from New South Wales and became an independent colony in 1851 . Queensland ( edit ) Main article : History of Queensland In 1823 John Oxley sailed north from Sydney to inspect Port Curtis and Moreton Bay as possible sites for a penal colony . At Moreton Bay he found the Brisbane River , which Cook had guessed would exist , and explored the lower part of it . In September 1824 , he returned with soldiers and established a temporary settlement at Redcliffe . On 2 December 1824 , the settlement was transferred to where the Central Business District ( CBD ) of Brisbane now stands . The settlement was at first called Edenglassie . In 1839 transportation of convicts to Moreton Bay ceased and the Brisbane penal settlement was closed . In 1842 free settlement was permitted and people began to colonize the area voluntarily . On 6 June 1859 Queensland became a colony separate from New South Wales . Western Australia ( edit ) Main article : Convict era of Western Australia Fremantle Prison gatehouse . The prison was built by convict labour in the 1850s . Although a convict - supported settlement was established in Western Australia from 1826 to 1831 , direct transportation of convicts did not begin until 1850 . It continued until 1868 . During that period , 9,668 convicts were transported on 43 convict ships . The first convicts to arrive were transported to New South Wales , and sent by that colony to King George Sound ( Albany ) in 1826 to help establish a settlement there . At that time the western third of Australia was unclaimed land known as New Holland . Fears that France would lay claim to the land prompted the Governor of New South Wales , Ralph Darling , to send Major Edmund Lockyer , with troops and 23 convicts , to establish a settlement at King George Sound . Lockyer 's party arrived on Christmas Day , 1826 . A convict presence was maintained at the settlement for over four years . On 7 March 1831 control of the settlement was transferred to the Swan River Colony , and the troops and convicts were withdrawn . In April 1848 , Charles Fitzgerald , Governor of Western Australia , petitioned Britain to send convicts to his state because of labor shortages . Britain rejected sending fixed term convicts , but offered to send first offenders in the final years of their terms . Most convicts in Western Australia spent very little time in prison . Those who were stationed at Fremantle were housed in the Convict Establishment , the colony 's convict prison , and misbehaviour was punished by stints there . The majority , however , were stationed in other parts of the colony . Although there was no convict assignment in Western Australia , there was a great demand for public infrastructure throughout the colony , so that many convicts were stationed in remote areas . Initially , most offenders were set to work creating infrastructure for the convict system , including the construction of the Convict Establishment itself . In 1852 a Convict Depot was built at Albany , but closed 3 years later . When shipping increased the Depot was re-opened . Most of the convicts had their Ticket - of - Leave and were hired to work by the free settlers . Convicts also manned the pilot boat , rebuilt York Street and Stirling Terrace ; and the track from Albany to Perth was made into a good road . An Albany newspaper noted their commendable behaviour and wrote , `` There were instances in which our free settlers might take an example '' . Western Australia 's convict era came to an end with the cessation of penal transportation by Britain . In May 1865 , the colony was advised of the change in British policy , and told that Britain would send one convict ship in each of the years 1865 , 1866 and 1867 , after which transportation would cease . In accordance with this , the last convict ship to Western Australia , the Hougoumont , left Britain in 1867 and arrived in Western Australia on 10 January 1868 . Women ( edit ) Main article : Convict Women in Australia Approximately 20 % of the transportees were women . For protection , most quickly attached themselves to male officers or convicts . Although they were routinely referred to as courtesans , relatively few had been prostitutes in England as prostitution , like murder , was not a transportable offence . Political prisoners ( edit ) Painting of the 1804 Castle Hill convict rebellion Fenian convicts escape from Fremantle in the 1876 Catalpa rescue . Political prisoners made up a small proportion of convicts . They arrived in waves corresponding to political unrest in Britain and Ireland . They included the First Scottish Martyrs in 1794 ; British Naval Mutineers ( from the Nore Mutiny ) in 1797 and 1801 ; Irish rebels in 1798 , 1803 , 1848 and 1868 ; Scots Rebels ( 1820 ) ; Yorkshire Rebels ( 1820 and 1822 ) ; leaders of the Merthyr Tydfil rising of 1831 ; the Tolpuddle Martyrs ( 1834 ) ; Swing Rioters and Luddites ( 1828 -- 1833 ) ; American and French - Canadian prisoners from the Upper Canada rebellion and Lower Canada Rebellion ( 1839 ) , and Chartists ( 1842 ) . Cessation of transportation ( edit ) With increasing numbers of free settlers entering New South Wales and Van Diemen 's Land ( Tasmania ) by the mid-1830s , opposition to the transportation of felons into the colonies grew . The most influential spokesmen were newspaper proprietors who were also members of the Independent Congregation Church such as John Fairfax in Sydney and the Reverend John West in Launceston , who argued against convicts both as competition to honest free labourers and as the source of crime and vice within the colony . Bishop Bernard Ullathorne , a Catholic prelate who had been in Australia since 1832 returned for a visit to England in 1835 . While there he was called upon by the government to give evidence before a Parliamentary Commission on the evils of transportation , and at their request wrote and submitted a tract on the subject . His views in conjunction with others in the end prevailed . The anti-transportation movement was seldom concerned with the inhumanity of the system , but rather the hated stain it was believed to inflict on the free ( non-emancipist ) middle classes . Transportation to New South Wales ended in 1840 , by which time some 150,000 convicts had been sent to the colonies . The sending of convicts to Brisbane in its Moreton Bay district had ceased the previous year , and administration of Norfolk Island was later transferred to Van Diemen 's Land . The continuation of transportation to Van Diemen 's Land saw the rise of a well - coordinated anti-transportation movement , especially following a severe economic depression in the early 1840s . Transportation was temporarily suspended in 1846 but soon revived with overcrowding of British gaols and clamour for the availability of transportation as a deterrent . By the late 1840s most convicts being sent to Van Diemen 's Land ( plus those to Victoria ) were designated as `` exiles '' and were free to work for pay while under sentence . In 1850 the Australasian Anti-Transportation League was formed to lobby for the permanent cessation of transportation , its aims being furthered by the commencement of the Australian gold rushes the following year . The last convict ship to be sent from England , the St. Vincent , arrived in 1853 , and on 10 August Jubilee festivals in Hobart and Launceston celebrated 50 years of European settlement with the official end of transportation . Transportation continued in small numbers to Western Australia . The last convict ship , the Hougoumont , left Britain in 1867 and arrived in Western Australia on 10 January 1868 . In all , about 164,000 convicts were transported to the Australian colonies between 1788 and 1868 on board 806 ships . Convicts were made up of English and Welsh ( 70 % ) , Irish ( 24 % ) , Scottish ( 5 % ) and the remaining 1 % from the British outposts in India and Canada , Maoris from New Zealand , Chinese from Hong Kong and slaves from the Caribbean . Only South Australia and the Northern Territory had never accepted convicts directly from England but they still accepted ex-convicts from the other states . Many convicts were allowed to travel as far as New Zealand to make a new life after being given limited freedom , even if they were not allowed to return home to England . At this time the Australian population was approximately 1 million and the colonies could now sustain themselves without the need for convict labour . Legacy ( edit ) In 2010 , UNESCO inscribed 11 Australian Convict Sites on its World Heritage List . The listing recognises the sites as `` the best surviving examples of large - scale convict transportation and the colonial expansion of European powers through the presence and labour of convicts . '' Cultural depictions ( edit ) Marcus Clarke ( c. 1866 ) , author of For the Term of His Natural Life , Australia 's most famous convict novel Convict Alexander Pearce has inspired three feature films ( drawings by convict Thomas Bock , 1824 ) . Convict George Barrington is ( perhaps apocryphally ) recorded as having written the prologue for the first theatrical play performed by convicts in Australia , one year after the First Fleet 's arrival . It is known as `` Our Country 's Good '' , based on the now - famous closing stanza : From distant climes , o'er wide - spread seas , we come , Though not with much éclat or beat of drum , True patriots all : for , be it understood : We left our country for our country 's good . The poems of Frank the Poet are among the few surviving literary works done by a convict while still incarcerated . His best - known work is `` A Convict 's Tour of Hell '' . A version of the convict ballad `` Moreton Bay '' , detailing the brutal punishments meted out by commandment Patrick Logan and his death at the hands of Aborigines , is also attributed to Frank . Other convict ballads include `` Jim Jones at Botany Bay '' . The ballad `` Botany Bay '' , which describes the sadness felt by convicts forced to leave their loved ones in England , was written at least 40 years after the end of transportation . Perhaps the most famous convict in all of fiction is Abel Magwitch , a main character of Charles Dickens ' 1861 novel Great Expectations . The most famous convict novel is Marcus Clarke 's For the Term of His Natural Life ( 1874 ) , followed by John Boyle O'Reilly 's Moondyne ( 1879 ) . Thomas Keneally explores the convict era in his novels Bring Larks and Heroes ( 1967 ) and The Playmaker ( 1987 ) . Convicts feature heavily in Patrick White 's take on the Eliza Fraser story , the 1976 novel A Fringe of Leaves . Convictism is canvassed in Bryce Courtenay 's `` Australian trilogy '' : The Potato Factory ( 1995 ) , Tommo & Hawk ( 1997 ) and Solomon 's Song ( 1999 ) . The title character of Peter Carey 's 1997 novel Jack Maggs is a reworking of Dickens ' Magwitch character . Many modern works of Tasmanian Gothic focus on the state 's convict past , including Gould 's Book of Fish ( 2001 ) by Richard Flanagan , a fictionalised account of convict artist William Buelow Gould 's imprisonment at Macquarie Harbour . Kate Grenville based the novel The Secret River ( 2005 ) on the life of her convict ancestor Solomon Wiseman . Along with bushrangers and other stock characters of colonial life , convicts were a popular subject during Australia 's silent film era . The first convict film was a 1908 adaptiation of Marcus Clarke 's For the Term of His Natural Life , shot on location at Port Arthur with an unheard - of budget of £ 7000 . This was followed by two more films inspired by Clarke 's novel : The Life of Rufus Dawes ( 1911 ) , which draws on Alfred Dampier 's stage production of His Natural Life , and the landmark For the Term of His Natural Life ( 1927 ) , one of the most expensive silent films ever made . W.J. Lincoln directed many convict melodramas including It Is Never Too Late to Mend ( 1911 ) , an adaptation of Charles Reade 's 1856 novel about cruelties of the convict system ; Moodyne ( 1913 ) , based on John Boyle O'Reilly's novel ; and Transported ( 1913 ) . Other early titles include Sentenced for Life , The Mark of the Lash , One Hundred Years Ago , The Lady Outlaw and The Assigned Servant , all released in 1911 . Few convict films were made after 1930 ; even the Australian New Wave of the 1970s , with its emphasis on Australia 's colonial past , largely avoided the convict era in favour of nostalgic period pieces set in the bush around the time of Federation . One exception is Journey Among Women ( 1977 ) , a feminist imagining of what life was like for convict women . Alexander Pearce , the infamous Tasmanian convict and cannibal , is the inspiration for The Last Confession of Alexander Pearce ( 2008 ) , Dying Breed ( 2008 ) and Van Diemen 's Land ( 2009 ) . Notable convicts transported to Australia ( edit ) See also : List of convicts transported to Australia George Barrington Billy Blue Francis Greenway Jørgen Jørgensen Moondyne Joe Esther Abrahams -- British Jew , who was one of the Jewish convicts ( about 1,000 in all ) and common law wife of a leader of the Rum Rebellion . Samuel Barsby -- first convict to be flogged Joseph Backler - transported for passing forged cheques , became a colonial painter Billy Blue -- black man from Jamaica , New York , established a ferry service James Blackburn -- Famous for contribution to Australian architecture and civil engineering William Bland -- naval surgeon transported for killing a man in a duel ; he prospered and was involved in philanthropy , and had a seat in the legislative assembly . Mary Bryant -- famous escapee William Buckley -- famously escaped and lived with Aboriginal people for many years John Cadman -- had been a publican , as a convict became Superintendent of Boats in Sydney ; Cadmans Cottage is a cottage granted to him . Martin Cash -- Famous escapee and bushranger William Chopin -- a convict whose work in prison hospitals in Western Australia grounded him in chemistry ; on receiving a ticket of leave he was appointed chemist at the Colonial Hospital , but preferred to open his own chemist shop . He was later convicted as an abortionist . Joseph Sullivan -- sentenced to fourteen years transportation for stealing , then killed for murdering his master and the other convicts in the area . Daniel Connor -- sentenced to seven years transportation for sheep stealing , became successful merchant , by the 1890s one of the largest landowners in central Perth . Daniel Cooper -- successful merchant . William Cuffay ( convict and tailor ) -- Black London Chartist leader who became an important workers ' rights leader in Hobart . John Davies -- co-founded The Mercury newspaper . Margaret Dawson -- First Fleeter , `` founding mother '' John Eyre -- painter and engraver William Field -- notable Tasmanian businessman and landowner Francis Greenway -- famous Australian architect William Henry Groom -- successful auctioneer and politician , served in the inaugural Australian Parliament . Laurence Hynes Halloran -- founded Sydney Grammar School . William Hutchinson -- public servant and pastoralist . John Irving -- doctor transported on First Fleet , was the first convict to receive an absolute pardon . Mark Jeffrey -- wrote famous autobiography Jørgen Jørgensen -- eccentric Danish adventurer influenced by revolutionary ideas who declared himself ruler of Iceland , later became a spy in Britain . Henry Kable -- First Fleet convict , arrived with wife and son ( Susannah Holmes , also a convict , and Henry ) filed 1st lawsuit in Australia , became wealthy businessman Lawrence Kavenagh -- notorious bushranger John `` Red '' Kelly -- Irish convict and father of bushranger Ned Kelly Solomon Levey -- wealthy merchant , endowed Sydney Grammar School . Simeon Lord -- pioneer merchant and magistrate in Australia Nathaniel Lucas -- one of the first convicts on Norfolk Island , where he became Master carpenter , later farmed successfully , built windmills , and was Superintendent of carpenters in Sydney . John Mitchel -- Irish nationalist Francis `` Frank the Poet '' McNamara -- composer of various oral convict ballads , including The Convict 's Tour to Hell John Boyle O'Reilly John Mortlock -- former marine Thomas Muir -- convicted of sedition for advocating parliamentary reform ; escaped from N.S.W and after many vicissitudes made his way to revolutionary France . Isaac Nichols -- entrepreneur , first Postmaster Kevin Izod O'Doherty -- Medical student , Young Irelander who was transported for treason . Robert Palin -- once in Australia , committed further crimes , and managed to be executed for a non-capital offence Alexander Pearce -- cannibal escapee Joseph Potaskie -- first Polish Jew to come to Australia . William Smith O'Brien -- famous Irish revolutionary ; sent to Van Diemen 's Land in 1849 after leading a rebellion in Tipperary John Boyle O'Reilly -- Famous escapee , poet and writer ; author of Moondyne William Redfern -- one of the few surgeon convicts Mary Reibey -- operated a fleet of ships James Ruse -- successful farmer Henry Savery -- Australia 's first novelist ; author of Quintus Servinton Robert Sidaway -- opened Australia 's first theatre James Squire -- English Romanichal ( Romany ) -- First Fleet convict and Australia 's first brewer and cultivator of hops . William Sykes -- historically interesting because he left a brief diary and a bundle of letters . John Tawell -- served his sentence , became a prosperous chemist , returned to England after 15 years , and after some time murdered a mistress , for which he was hanged . Samuel Terry -- wealthy merchant and philanthropist . James Hardy Vaux -- author of Australia 's first full length autobiography and dictionary . Mary Wade -- Youngest female convict transported to Australia ( 11 years of age ) who had 21 children and at the time of her death had over 300 living descendants . Joseph Wild -- explorer Solomon Wiseman -- merchant and operated ferry on Hawkesbury River hence town name Wisemans Ferry . See also ( edit ) British prison hulks Convicts on the West Coast of Tasmania Convict era of Western Australia Convict assignment Convict women in Australia Convict hulk Cyprus mutiny French ship Neptune ( 1818 ) First Fleet List of convicts on the First Fleet Port Arthur , Tasmania Transport Board ( Royal Navy ) Unfree labour Sources ( edit ) Alan Frost , Botany Bay : The Real Story , Collingwood , Black Inc , 2011 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 86395 - 512 - 6 Alexander , Alison . Editor . The Companion to Tasmanian History . Hobart , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 86295 - 223 - X Bateson , Charles , The Convict Ships , 1787 -- 1868 , Sydney , 1974 . Pardons & Punishments : Judge 's Reports on Criminals , 1783 to 1830 : HO ( Home Office ) 47 , volumes 304 & 305 , List and Index Society , The National Archives , Kew , England , TW9 4DU Gillen , Mollie , The Founders of Australia : a biographical dictionary of the First Fleet , Sydney , Library of Australian History , 1989 . Gordon Greenwood , Australia : A Social and Political History , Angus and Robertson 1955 . Hughes , Robert , The Fatal Shore , London , Pan , 1988 . A Pictorial History of Australia , Rex & Thea Rienits , Hamlyn Publishing group , 1969 . Robson , Lloyd . History of Tasmania , 2 Volumes . Edward Shann , An Economic History of Australia , Georgian House 1930 . John West , History of Tasmania , 1852 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Convicts and the British colonies in Australia '' . Government of Australia . Jump up ^ `` Online records highlight Australia 's convict past '' , ABC News ( 25 July 2007 ) . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Hirst , John ( July 2008 ) . `` An Oddity From the Start : Convicts and National Character '' , The Monthly . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News - Booze '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Del Col , Laura ( 1988 ) . `` The Life of the Industrial Worker in Ninteenth - Century ( sic ) England '' . The Victorian Web . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Highes , ibid , p. 28 Jump up ^ Part I : History of the Death Penalty Archived 27 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Floating Prison : British Prison Hulks '' . Gould Genealogy & History . Jump up ^ By the Gallows Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Butler , James Davie ( 1896 ) . `` British Convicts Shipped to American Colonies '' . The American Historical Review . 2 ( 1 ) : 12 -- 33 -- via JSTOR . ^ Jump up to : Phillip , Arthur ( 1789 ) . The Voyage Of Governor Phillip To Botany Bay With An Account Of The Establishment Of The Colonies Of Port Jackson and Norfolk Island ( 1789 ) . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . Jump up ^ bpwxhtml0508 . `` Tocal 's convict 1822 - 1840 '' . Tocal . Jump up ^ Convicts Archived 12 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Westernport Settlement of 1826 -- 28 '' Jump up ^ `` King George 's Sound Settlement '' . State Records . State Records Authority of New South Wales . Archived from the original on 17 May 2014 . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Hughes , ibid , p372 Jump up ^ `` Convicts To Australia ... Research Guide - Political Prisoners '' . Convicts to Australia . Jump up ^ `` Convicts and the British colonies in Australia '' . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Convict Sites '' . World Heritage List . UNESCO . 2010 . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Byrnes , Paul . Prisons on Film , Australian Screen . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Kirby , Michael review of Collins , the Courts and The Colony , UNSW Press , 1996 . on Law and Justice Foundation of New South Wales website Jump up ^ D. Richards ' Transported to New South Wales : medical convicts 1788 -- 1850 ' British Medical Journal Vol 295 , 19 -- 26 December 1987 , p. 1609 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to convicts . Searchable database of 123,000 + British Convicts sent to Australia - GenDatabase.com Family History Convicts Research Guide -- State Library of New South Wales Convict life -- State Library of New South Wales Australian Convict Transportation Registers The National Archives ( UK ) Convict Transportation Registers database The Albany Historical Society Convict Queenslanders Thomas J. Nevin 's photographs of Tasmanian convicts 1870s at the State Library of Tasmania Thomas J. Nevin 's photographs of Tasmanian convicts at the National Library of Australia Visualisation of the British Convict Transportation Registry The Convict Stockade `` Convicts and the British Colonies '' . Australian Government . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . State Records NSW ( 2010 ) . `` Order - in - Council ending transportation to New South Wales , 22 May 1840 '' . Dictionary of Sydney . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . ( CC - By - SA ) Convicts in Australia Australia Day Emancipation Female factories Freedom History of Australia ( 1788 -- 1850 ) New Holland Women Penal colonies Cockatoo Island Rose Hill Sydney Cove Moreton Bay Redcliffe Maria Island Port Arthur Richmond Risdon Cove Macquarie Harbour ( History ) Norfolk Island ( History ) Saltwater River Sullivans Cove Events First Fleet ( List ) Second Fleet Third Fleet Castle Hill Rebellion Bathurst Rebellion Catalpa rescue Rum Rebellion Norfolk Island mutinies Frederick escape Anti-Transportation League Governors and commandants Arthur Bligh Bourke Brisbane Collins Darling Davey Denison Eardley - Wilmot Franklin Gipps Hunter Johnston King Logan Macquarie Paterson Phillip Sorell Notable convicts and personnel Surgeons William Bland Arthur Bowes Smyth William Redfern D'Arcy Wentworth Entrepreneurs Enoch Barratt Daniel Connor Daniel Cooper John Davies William Field William Hutchinson Mary Hyde Henry Kable Solomon Levey Simeon Lord Mary Reibey Robert Sidaway James Squire John Tawell Samuel Terry Architects James Blackburn Francis Greenway Bushrangers and escapees Charlotte Badger Matthew Brady Mary Bryant William Bryant William Buckley Moondyne Joe John Caesar Martin Cash William Chopin Michael Howe Lawrence Kavenagh John Mitchel Thomas Muir John Boyle O'Reilly Alexander Pearce Artists Joseph Backler Thomas Bock Richard Browne Knud Bull John Eyre William Buelow Gould Joseph Lycett Charles Rodius Thomas Griffiths Wainewright Thomas Watling James Walsh Politicians William Cuffay William Henry Groom Kevin Izod O'Doherty Chroniclers Denis Cashman Margaret Catchpole Frank the Poet Henry Savery James Hardy Vaux John Acton Wroth Explorers John Baxter James Meehan Joseph Wild Other convicts Esther Abrahams John Baughan James Bloodsworth Billy Blue John Cadman Elizabeth Callaghan Margaret Dawson Laurence Hynes Halloran Mark Jeffrey Jørgen Jørgensen William Smith O'Brien Robert Palin Isaac Nichols Joseph Potaski James Ruse Elizabeth Thackery Mary Wade Popular culture Music `` Botany Bay '' `` Moreton Bay '' `` Jim Jones at Botany Bay '' `` Van Diemen 's Land '' Film For the Term of His Natural Life ( 1908 ) The Assigned Servant ( 1911 ) It Is Never Too Late to Mend ( 1911 ) The Lady Outlaw ( 1911 ) The Life of Rufus Dawes ( 1911 ) The Mark of the Lash ( 1911 ) One Hundred Years Ago ( 1911 ) The Romantic Story of Margaret Catchpole ( 1911 ) Sentenced for Life ( 1911 ) Moondyne ( 1913 ) Transported ( 1913 ) The Tenth Straw ( 1926 ) For the Term of His Natural Life ( 1927 ) To New Shores ( 1937 ) Red Sky at Morning ( 1944 ) Under Capricorn ( 1949 ) Botany Bay ( 1953 ) Adam 's Woman ( 1970 ) Journey Among Women ( 1977 ) The Incredible Journey of Mary Bryant ( 2005 ) The Last Confession of Alexander Pearce ( 2008 ) Van Diemen 's Land ( 2009 ) The Nightingale ( 2017 ) Television Against the Wind ( 1978 ) For the Term of His Natural Life ( 1983 ) Banished ( 2015 ) The Secret River ( 2015 ) Literature Journals of the First Fleet It 's Never Too Late to Mend ( 1856 ) Great Expectations ( 1861 ) For the Term of His Natural Life ( 1872 ) Moondyne ( 1879 ) Bring Larks and Heroes ( 1967 ) A Fringe of Leaves ( 1973 ) The Playmaker ( 1987 ) Remembering Babylon ( 1993 ) The Potato Factory ( 1995 ) Jack Maggs ( 1997 ) Gould 's Book of Fish ( 2001 ) The Secret River ( 2005 ) The Lieutenant ( 2008 ) Parrot and Olivier in America ( 2010 ) Stage The Transports ( 1977 ) Our Country 's Good ( 1988 ) Art Charlotte Medal Port Jackson Painter Sydney punchbowls Twenty Dollar Note Australian Convict Sites Brickendon Estate Cadmans Cottage Cascades Female Factory Coal Mines Darlington Probation Station Elizabeth Farm Experiment Farm Cottage Great North Road Hyde Park Barracks Kingston and Arthurs Vale Lennox Bridge Old Government House Parramatta Female Factory Port Arthur Richmond Bridge Richmond Gaol Ross Female Factory Vaucluse House Woolmers Estate Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convicts_in_Australia&oldid=798038038 '' Categories : Convictism in Australia History of Australia ( 1788 -- 1850 ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Articles to be expanded from August 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Use dmy dates from March 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Bahasa Indonesia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 30 August 2017 , at 16 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	why did britain made australia a penal colony	[ "The British government began transporting convicts overseas to American colonies in the early 17th century. When transportation ended with the start of the American Revolution, an alternative site was needed to relieve further overcrowding of British prisons and hulks. Earlier in 1770, James Cook charted and claimed possession of the east coast of Australia for Britain. Seeking to pre-empt the French colonial empire from expanding into the region, Britain chose Australia as the site of a penal colony, and in 1787, the First Fleet of eleven convict ships set sail for Botany Bay, arriving on 20 January 1788 to found Sydney, New South Wales, the first European settlement on the continent. Other penal colonies were later established in Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) in 1803 and Queensland in 1824, while Western Australia, founded in 1829 as a free colony, received convicts from 1850. Victoria and South Australia remained free colonies. Penal transportation to Australia peaked in the 1830s and dropped off significantly the following decade. The last convict ship arrived in Western Australia on 10 January 1868." ]	[ "Seeking to pre-empt the French colonial empire from expanding into the region" ]
-5654540936516192327	My Eyes Adored You	My Eyes Adored You - Wikipedia My Eyes Adored You `` My Eyes Adored You '' Single by Frankie Valli from the album Closeup B - side `` Watch Where You Walk '' Released November 1974 ( 1974 - 11 ) Format 7 '' single Genre Pop rock , sunshine pop , soul Label Private Stock Songwriter ( s ) Bob Crewe Kenny Nolan Producer ( s ) Bob Crewe Frankie Valli singles chronology `` The Girl I 'll Never Know ( Angels Never Fly This Low ) '' ( 1969 ) `` My Eyes Adored You '' ( 1974 ) `` Swearin ' to God '' ( 1975 ) `` The Girl I 'll Never Know ( Angels Never Fly This Low ) '' ( 1969 ) `` My Eyes Adored You '' ( 1974 ) `` Swearin ' to God '' ( 1975 ) `` My Eyes Adored You '' is a 1974 song written by Bob Crewe and Kenny Nolan . It was originally recorded by The Four Seasons in early 1974 . After the Motown label balked at the idea of releasing it , the recording was sold to lead singer Frankie Valli for $4000 . After rejections by Capitol and Atlantic Records , Valli succeeded in getting the recording released on Private Stock Records , but the owner / founder of the label wanted only Valli 's name on the label . The single was released in the US in November 1974 and topped the Billboard Hot 100 in March 1975 . `` My Eyes Adored You '' also went to number 2 on the Easy Listening chart . Billboard ranked it as the No. 5 song for 1975 . The single was Valli 's first number 1 hit as a solo artist on Billboard 's Hot 100 , and remained there for one week , being knocked out of the top spot by another Crewe / Nolan - penned song , `` Lady Marmalade '' . Although it was released as a Valli solo effort , the song is sometimes included on Four Seasons compilation albums . It is from the album Closeup . The success of `` My Eyes Adored You '' triggered a revival of interest in recordings by The Four Seasons . The band was subsequently signed to Warner Bros. Records as Valli 's follow - up single , `` Swearin ' to God '' was climbing to number 6 on the Hot 100 . Contents 1 Charts 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 Personnel 3 Other versions 4 References 5 External links Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Ireland ( IRMA ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 36 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 47 New Zealand ( RIANZ ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 62 US Billboard Hot 100 5 Personnel ( edit ) Frankie Valli -- vocals Joe Long -- bass guitar , vocals Demetri Callas -- lead guitar , vocals Gerry Polci -- drums , vocals Lee Shapiro -- keyboards Other versions ( edit ) Andy Williams released a version in 1975 on his album , The Other Side of Me . The song was recorded in 1976 by Fred Astaire with the Pete Moore Orchestra for the album Attitude Dancing ( United Artists Records UA - LA580 - G ) . Marty Mitchell 's 1976 version reached # 87 on the country chart . Jack Jones - for his album Nobody Does It Better ( 1979 ) . Barry Manilow - The Greatest Songs of the Seventies ( 2007 ) In 2008 by Australian singer Alfio for his album Classic Rewinds which pays tribute to Frankie Valli and 14 other popular Italian - American singers . John Barrowman covered the song in 2010 on his third studio album , self - titled as John Barrowman . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bronson , Fred ( 2003 ) . The Billboard book of number 1 hits . Random House . p. 398 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7677 - 6 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 248 . Jump up ^ `` Australian ( David Kent ) Weekly Singles Charts from 1975 '' . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- My Eyes Adored You '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Frankie Valli -- My Eyes Adored You '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Bac-lac.gc.ca Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1975 The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz. 1975 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1975 / Top 100 Songs of 1975 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Four Seasons Frankie Valli Tommy DeVito Bob Gaudio Nick Massi Charles Calello Joe Long Gerry Polci Albums Sherry & 11 Others ( 1962 ) The 4 Seasons Greetings ( 1962 ) Big Girls Do n't Cry and Twelve Others ( 1963 ) The 4 Seasons Sing Ai n't That a Shame and 11 Others ( 1963 ) Golden Hits of the 4 Seasons ( 1963 ) Dawn ( 1964 ) Rag Doll ( 1964 ) Born to Wonder ( 1964 ) Stay and Other Great Hits ( 1964 ) 4 Seasons Entertain You ( 1965 ) The 4 Seasons Sing Big Hits by Burt Bacharach ... Hal David ... Bob Dylan ( 1965 ) Working My Way Back to You and More Great New Hits ( 1966 ) Lets Hang On ( 1966 ) On Stage with The Four Seasons ( 1965 ) New Gold Hits ( 1967 ) Edizione D'Oro ( Gold Edition ) ( 1968 ) The Genuine Imitation Life Gazette ( 1969 ) Half and Half ( 1970 ) Chameleon ( 1972 ) Who Loves You ( 1975 ) Helicon ( 1977 ) The Very Best of Frankie Valli & The Four Seasons ( 2002 ) Singles `` Bermuda '' `` Sherry '' `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Walk Like a Man '' `` Ai n't That a Shame '' `` Candy Girl '' `` New Mexican Rose '' `` Dawn ( Go Away ) '' `` Stay '' `` Ronnie '' `` Alone ( Why Must I Be Alone ) '' `` Rag Doll '' `` Silence Is Golden '' `` Save It for Me '' `` Sincerely '' `` Big Man in Town '' `` I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus '' `` Bye , Bye , Baby ( Baby Goodbye ) '' `` Since I Do n't Have You '' `` Girl Come Running '' `` The Sun Ai n't Gonna Shine ( Anymore ) '' `` Let 's Hang On ! '' `` Do n't Think Twice '' `` Working My Way Back to You '' `` Opus 17 ( Do n't You Worry ' bout Me ) '' `` On the Good Ship Lollipop '' `` I 've Got You Under My Skin '' `` The Proud One '' `` Tell It to the Rain '' `` Beggin ' '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` C'mon Marianne '' `` Lonesome Road '' `` Watch the Flowers Grow '' `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' `` My Eyes Adored You '' `` Our Day Will Come '' `` Who Loves You '' `` December , 1963 ( Oh , What a Night ) '' `` Silver Star '' `` Grease '' Related topics Discography Members Albums Songs The Four Lovers The Wonder Who ? Bob Crewe `` Ces soirées - là '' Jersey Boys : Original Broadway Cast Recording Jersey Boys ( musical ) Jersey Boys ( film ) Book : The Four Seasons This 1970s single -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Eyes_Adored_You&oldid=851895386 '' Categories : 1974 singles Songs written by Bob Crewe Songs written by Kenny Nolan Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Frankie Valli songs The Four Seasons ( band ) songs Andy Williams songs 1974 songs Private Stock Records singles Number - one singles in New Zealand 1970s single stubs Hidden categories : Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without song All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 08 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the song my eyes adored you written for	[ "\"My Eyes Adored You\" is a 1974 song written by Bob Crewe and Kenny Nolan.[1] It was originally recorded by The Four Seasons in early 1974. After the Motown label balked at the idea of releasing it, the recording was sold to lead singer Frankie Valli for $4000. After rejections by Capitol and Atlantic Records, Valli succeeded in getting the recording released on Private Stock Records, but the owner/founder of the label wanted only Valli's name on the label. The single was released in the US in November 1974 and topped the Billboard Hot 100 in March 1975.[1] \"My Eyes Adored You\" also went to number 2 on the Easy Listening chart.[2] Billboard ranked it as the No. 5 song for 1975.\n" ]	[ "The Four Seasons" ]
-408445851294404965	List of Toy Story characters	List of Toy Story characters - wikipedia List of Toy Story characters This is a list of characters from Disney / Pixar 's Toy Story franchise which consists of the animated films Toy Story ( 1995 ) , Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) , and Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) and the animated short films . Contents 1 Primary characters 1.1 Sheriff Woody 1.2 Buzz Lightyear 1.3 Jessie 2 Toy characters by owner 2.1 Andy 's toys 2.1. 1 Hamm the Piggy Bank 2.1. 2 Rex the Tyrannosaurus Rex 2.1. 3 Slinky Dog 2.1. 4 Mr. Potato Head 2.1. 5 Mrs. Potato Head 2.1. 6 Bullseye 2.1. 7 Squeeze Toy Aliens / Little Green Men 2.1. 8 Barbie 2.1. 9 Sarge and the Bucket O ' Soldiers 2.1. 10 Bo Peep 2.1. 11 RC 2.1. 12 Wheezy 2.1. 13 Etch 2.1. 14 Mr. Spell 2.1. 15 Rocky Gibraltar 2.1. 16 Lenny 2.1. 17 Snake 2.1. 18 Robot 2.1. 19 Mr. Shark 2.1. 20 Mr. Mike 2.1. 21 See ' n Say 2.1. 22 Roly Poly Clown 2.1. 23 Troikas 2.1. 24 Troll 2.1. 25 Toddle Tots Fire Truck 2.1. 26 Magic 8 - Ball 2.1. 27 Hockey Puck 2.2 Bonnie 's toys 2.2. 1 Chuckles 2.2. 2 Dolly 2.2. 3 Mr. Pricklepants 2.2. 4 Trixie 2.2. 5 Buttercup 2.2. 6 Peas - in - a-Pod 2.2. 7 Angel Kitty 2.2. 8 Totoro 2.3 Sid and Hannah 's toys 2.3. 1 Combat Carl 2.3. 2 Hannah 's dolls 2.3. 3 Mutant toys 2.4 Mason 's toys 3 Toy characters by location 3.1 Al 's Toy Barn and apartment 3.1. 1 Stinky Pete the Prospector 3.1. 2 Utility Belt Buzz Lightyear 3.1. 3 Evil Emperor Zurg 3.1. 4 Tour Guide Barbie 3.2 Sunnyside Daycare 3.2. 1 Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear 3.2. 2 Ken 3.2. 3 Big Baby 3.2. 4 Twitch 3.2. 5 Stretch 3.2. 6 Chunk 3.2. 7 Sparks 3.2. 8 Chatter Telephone 3.2. 9 Bookworm 3.2. 10 Cymbal - banging monkey 3.3 Toys in other projects 3.3. 1 Discarded Fun Meal Toys 3.3. 2 Sleep Well Toys 4 Non-toy characters 4.1 Humans 4.1. 1 Andy Davis 4.1. 2 Bonnie Anderson 4.1. 3 Molly Davis 4.1. 4 Mrs. Davis 4.1. 5 Sid Phillips 4.1. 6 Hannah Phillips 4.1. 7 Al McWhiggin 4.1. 8 Mrs. Anderson 4.1. 9 Geri the Cleaner 4.1. 10 Emily 4.1. 11 Daisy 4.1. 12 Ron 4.1. 13 Mason 4.2 Animals 4.2. 1 Scud 4.2. 2 Buster 4.2. 3 Crazy Critters 4.2. 4 Mr. Jones 5 References Primary characters ( edit ) Sheriff Woody ( edit ) Main article : Sheriff Woody Voiced by : Tom Hanks ( 1995 -- present ) Jim Hanks ( 1996 -- present ) Sheriff Woody Pride is a 1950s old traditional pull string cowboy doll , and Andy 's favorite toy . Appearing in all three Toy Story films , he usually acts as the leader of the gang . His rivalry with Buzz forms the basis of the plot of the first film . In Toy Story 2 , he is stolen at a yard sale by a toy collector , causing the other toys to embark on a rescue mission . In Toy Story 3 he and the other toys are shipped to a daycare center . Buzz Lightyear ( edit ) Main article : Buzz Lightyear Voiced by : Tim Allen ( 1995 -- present ) Patrick Warburton ( 2000 -- 2001 ) ( Buzz Lightyear of Star Command ) Pat Fraley ( Toy Story Treats , few video games , merchandise , attractions ) ( 1996 -- 2005 ) Mike MacRae ( video games ) ( 2010 -- present ) Javier Fernandez - Peña ( Spanish Buzz ) Previously known as Tinny and Lunar Larry , Buzz Lightyear is a modern - day `` space ranger '' action figure , and wears a green and white space suit with various features such as retractable wings and transparent air helmet , a laser `` weapon , '' and various sound effects . In the films , he acts as Woody 's second - in - command . In Toy Story , he begins the series believing he is a real space ranger ( the other toys are aware that they are toys ) and develops a rivalry with Woody , who resents him for getting more attention as the newcomer . During the film , he comes to realize that he is just a toy , and eventually becomes good friends with Woody . He is extremely loyal to his friends . During his time trapped at Sid 's house , Hannah , Sid 's sister , called Buzz Mrs. Nesbit . In Toy Story 2 , Buzz goes to save Woody from Al with Potato Head , Hamm , Rex , and Slink ( Slinky Dog ) where he gets stuck in the Buzz Lightyear aisle in Al 's Toy Barn by another Buzz and finds out for himself what he was really like . In Toy Story 3 , a relationship begins to develop between Buzz and Jessie . He is particularly open with his affection when accidentally switched to `` Spanish mode . '' Jessie ( edit ) Main article : Jessie ( Toy Story ) Voiced by : Joan Cusack ( 1999 -- present ) Mary Kay Bergman ( yodeling voice ) Toy Story 2 Sarah McLachlan ( singing voice ) Toy Story 2 Kathryn Cressida ( Disney Infinity ) Jessie is a cowgirl doll , and part of the Woody 's Round Up gang . Jessie is also Buzz Lightyear 's girlfriend . She first appeared in Toy Story 2 along with Bullseye ( her horse ) and Stinky Pete . Initially , Jessie was hesitant to join Andy 's friends . After she becomes part of the family , she is very happy ( despite that Andy first calls her Bazooka Jane ) . In Toy Story 3 , she was riding Bullseye when Woody fell off the train in Andy 's opening sequence . She argued with Woody on their way to Sunnyside Daycare because of when the others think Andy threw them out . Later in the film , Jessie feels close with Buzz , even when Buzz got switched into Spanish . At the end , Jessie and Buzz danced to the Spanish version of `` You 've Got a Friend in Me . '' Jessie also makes a cameo appearance in Monsters , Inc. as one of the toys Boo gives Sulley . Jessie also appears in Pixar 's production of Toy Story of Terror ! as the main character that saves the other toys from the toy stealer and seller at the rest stop . Toy characters by owner ( edit ) Andy 's toys ( edit ) Hamm the piggy bank ( edit ) Voiced by : John Ratzenberger ( 1995 -- present ) Andrew Stanton ( Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins ) Hamm is a wisecracking realist piggy bank with a cork in his belly in place of a stopper . He and Mr. Potato Head appear to be best friends , and are often seen playing games , such as Battleship ( with Hamm always winning ) . Out of all the toys , he is shown to have the most knowledge of the outside , often being very familiar with various gadgets that are shown , likely as an homage to Ratzenberger 's famous role of mail carrier and bar know - it - all Cliff Clavin on the sitcom Cheers . In Toy Story , Hamm interrupts Woody 's staff meeting by alerting the crowd telling them that the birthday guests are arriving at 3 : 00 . Hamm becomes fascinated with Buzz 's features and ridicules of Woody , along with Potato Head . When Woody inadvertently knocks Buzz off the window , Hamm is one of the many toys who believes that Woody did it intentionally and he turns on him . However , Hamm realizes the truth that Buzz is alive . At the end , Hamm cheers for Potato Head when Molly gets a Mrs. Potato Head for Christmas . In Toy Story 2 , Hamm resents the Al 's Toy Barn chicken mascot . When Woody is stolen , he and Mr. Potato Head organize a crime scene to present Woody 's kidnapping to the other toys . After helping the toys find the Al 's Toy Barn commercial on TV , Hamm goes with Buzz , Slinky , Rex , and Mr. Potato Head on a mission to rescue Woody . In Al 's Toy Barn , Hamm spots a `` Bonus Belt '' Buzz , thinking he is Andy 's Buzz , though he comments on the new Buzz 's odd behavior . While following Al to the airport on a pizza planet delivery truck , he and Mr. Potato Head operate the truck 's levers and knobs and are advised to pull the gear lever to get the truck to move . While reading the truck 's manual , he states `` I seriously doubt he 's getting this kinda mileage '' . Eventually , Hamm and the other toys are able to rescue Woody and are able to return home in a stolen baggage carrier . In Toy Story 3 , Hamm is `` Evil Dr. Porkchop '' in Andy 's western play opening sequence , appearing in a giant pig - shaped spaceship to rescue One - Eyed Bart and thwart Woody and his gang . Later , when the toys are accidentally thrown out , Hamm is angry , believing that Andy threw them out on purpose . He escapes with the rest of the toys to Sunnyside Daycare , where he is initially happy to be played with , but dismayed as he realizes the toddlers are too rough . Later that night , Hamm and his friends realize that Woody was telling the truth about Andy . When the toys are imprisoned by Lotso and his henchmen , Hamm is shown to be able to play the harmonica . When Woody comes back to rescue the toys from Sunnyside he quotes `` Return of the Astro - Nut '' on Buzz being turned back to demo . He helps the toys escape by fighting with Rex to distract Buzz , who has been switched to demo mode by Lotso , so that Jessie can trap him under a plastic container . Hamm and Rex , being the heaviest of the toys , sit on top of the container to prevent Buzz from escaping . When Woody returns with Buzz 's instruction manual to switch him back , Hamm reads the instructions while the others hold Buzz down . When they were about to die in the incinerator , Hamm grabbed the hands of Slinky and Rex . Later , after the toys are rescued from an incinerator - related death at the dump due to Lotso 's selfishness , Hamm , along with Slinky , wants revenge , but Woody talks them both out of it . He is donated along with Andy 's other toys to Bonnie , where he becomes best friends with Buttercup . In a 2010 advertisement for the United States Postal Service promoting Toy Story 3 , Hamm wears a postal worker 's hat while promoting the Priority Mail service ; Ratzenberger is best known for his role as mailman Cliff Clavin on the long - running sitcom Cheers . He also makes an appearance in the Toy Story 3 video game as the mayor in Toy Box mode . Hamm also appears in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry and Partysaurus Rex . Rex the Tyrannosaurus Rex ( edit ) Voiced by : Wallace Shawn ( 1995 -- present ) Earl Boen ( video games ) Rex is an excitable large , green , plastic Tyrannosaurus Rex . Rex suffers from anxiety , an inferiority complex and the concern that he is not scary enough . Rex 's worst fear ( after Sid ) is that Andy will get another , scarier dinosaur . He is among the largest of Andy 's toys , and is often depicted as the heaviest . He is voiced by Earl Boen in the video games Toy Story 2 : Buzz Lightyear to the Rescue ( 1999 ) and Toy Story Racer ( 2001 ) . Although Rex is a toy dinosaur he dislikes confrontation and is sensitive in nature . In Toy Story , he states that he was manufactured by a smaller company that was purchased in a leveraged buyout by Mattel ( coincidentally , real - life Rex toys used to be made by Hasbro , but as of 2009 are indeed made by Mattel ) . He is first introduced when he moves Woody 's doodle pad , then tries to scare Woody with his roar . When Buzz arrives , Rex is fascinated by his cool features . Later , when Woody knocks Buzz out the window , he reluctantly sides against Woody out of pressure from the other toys . He is , however , a great deal less antagonistic than most of the other toys . He later feels guilty when everyone discovers Woody was telling the truth all along . He gains confidence at the end , saying he could play as the dominant predator if Andy gets a leaf eater . The beginning of Toy Story 2 , he is shown playing the `` Buzz Lightyear : Attack on Zurg '' video game , which he loses , much to his frustration . He is responsible for the toys seeing the commercial for Al 's Toy Barn commercial when he accidentally clicks the remote control . When Woody was kidnapped by Al , Rex tried to send a message to the FBI for help , but he did n't know how to write FBI , and later joins Buzz ' team to rescue Woody . Inside Al 's Toy Barn , he excitedly finds a `` Buzz Lightyear '' video game strategy guide , which he takes with him . He loses the guide later , but is still able to give Buzz two tips from the guide on defeating Zurg . In a parody of Jurassic Park , he chases a car driven by the toys in Al 's Toy Barn , in which Mr. Potato Head spots his reflection in the rear view mirror . It is Rex 's tail sticking out of Al 's bag that later causes the real Buzz to go after them . When the other Toys , led by Buzz 2 reach Al 's Apartment , the toys use an unwilling Rex as a battering ram to break in against the unlocked grate . When Zurg is about to finish off Buzz 2 , he turns away , not bearing to look anymore , but his tail knocks Zurg down the elevator shaft , making him feel overjoyed about finally defeating Zurg for real . While following Al to the airport on a pizza planet delivery truck , he serves as the navigator and tells Buzz which way to go since he ca n't see out the window while controlling the steering wheel . Eventually , he and the others manage to rescue Woody and return home in a stolen baggage carrier . In Toy Story 3 , he is Woody 's `` Dinosaur who Eats Force Field Dogs '' in Andy 's opening western play sequence , where he frightens One - Eyed Bart and his gang with a terrifying roar , but is then overpowered by a flood of monkeys . He is seen to be especially sad about Andy 's lack of attention to the toys , expressing joy when Andy touches him for only a few moments . When the toys are initially left for the garbage pickup , he is ultimately responsible for saving them when they use his tail to rip a hole in the garbage bag . He is initially happy to be at Sunnyside , and is visibly sad when Woody leaves , but becomes dismayed after a rough playtime with the toddlers , commenting `` Andy never played with us like that ! '' He is imprisoned along with Andy 's other toys by Lotso and his gang . Later , at the garbage dump , Rex is the last to escape the shredder , only barely escaping when he grabs onto a broken fan . He discovers a source of light thinking that it 's daylight , but Woody convinces him that it 's not ; it 's the light of the flame from the incinerator . When the toys are finally given to Bonnie , Rex becomes close friends with Trixie the Triceratops . In an outtake of Toy Story 2 , when used as a battering ram , Rex hurt his head when banged against the locked grate . Rex makes an appearance in an outtake of Monsters , Inc. where he waits at the crosswalk with Mike and Sulley in a scene reminiscent of Jurassic Park . Rex is a playable character in the Toy Story Racer video game . In the movie WALL - E , Rex is seen in the background inside WALL - E 's truck . Rex reappears in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , Partysaurus Rex and in the TV specials Toy Story of Terror ! , and Toy Story That Time Forgot . Slinky Dog ( edit ) `` Slinky Dog '' redirects here . For the original toy , see Slinky -- Slinky Dog ( section ) . Voiced by : Jim Varney ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Blake Clark ( 2010 -- present ) Darryl Kurylo ( Toy Story Racer ) Slinky Dog ( usually called just Slinky or sometimes Slink ) is a toy dachshund with a metal Slinky for a body , who speaks with a southern accent . Slinky 's head , feet , and tail are plastic and he is missing his pull string . Slinky also has a green collar . Slinky Dog is based on Slinky , a pull toy by James Industries , which was popular in the 1950s , 1960s and early 1970s . With the permission of James Industries , Slinky Dog was partially redesigned for the film by Pixar artist Bud Luckey to make him more appealing as an animated character . In Toy Story , he likes playing checkers with Woody , usually choosing the red side . Slinky is shown to be the most loyal to Woody and stands up for him when Potato Head complains . Slinky is fascinated by Buzz , along with the rest of the toys , but does not make fun of Woody when Buzz arrives like the others do . When Woody knocks Buzz out of the window , Slinky is one of the few toys who believes it was an accident . Later , when Andy notices Woody is missing , he and Bo Peep are worried about him , in contrast to the others , who are glad he 's gone . Later , he attempts to help when Woody throws a chain of Christmas lights from Sid 's house to Andy 's , but Potato Head stops him . Even Slinky appears to give up on Woody when he pretends Buzz is with him but accidentally reveals his broken arm . He is stretched almost to the point of breaking when helping rescue Woody and Buzz on the moving truck , but is fixed by the end of the film . At the beginning of Toy Story 2 , Slinky is the one who finds Woody 's hat , and joins Buzz , Hamm , Mr. Potato Head and Rex on a mission to rescue Woody from Al McWhiggin . His springy coil is used as a bungee cord when the toys jump from the roof of Andy 's house . When the toys break into Al 's apartment , Slinky uses his spring to hold Jessie and Bullseye back by coiling them up so the toys can safely rescue Woody . After Al packs up Woody and his Roundup gang and heads for the airport , Slinky , stretching down from the elevator ceiling by Buzz , Hamm and Potato Head , reaches for the case that contains Woody , and almost manages to save him , but is thwarted by the Prospector . While following Al to the airport on a pizza planet delivery truck , he operates the truck 's gas and brake pedals . They manage to reach the airport and use a pet carrier to get inside . When a girl approaches them ( mistaking the toys for a puppy ) , Slinky barks to scare her off to prevent their discovery . After rescuing Woody , they return home with the rest of the group in a stolen baggage carrier . In an outtake , he is seen petting his own hind section and talking to it . In Toy Story 3 , Slinky has a smaller role compared to the previous two films . He is the only original character that had to be re-cast ( due to Jim Varney 's death ) , and was replaced by Blake Clark ( with a professional Jim Varney voice ) in this film . Slinky is One - Eyed Bart 's `` Attack Dog with a Built - in Force Field '' and protects the bad guys with his shield in Andy 's western play sequence . At Sunnyside Daycare , Slinky has been tangled up by the young children . Later that night , Slinky reveals that Woody was telling them the truth about Andy 's intention to store the toys into the attic . Slinky and his friends are imprisoned by Lotso 's gang . He is shown to be the happiest toy to see Woody return , and assists him in subduing the Monkey toy who monitors the security cameras . When the toys reach the dumpster , Slinky stretches himself to create a bridge for the toys to climb across to safety , although they are stopped by Lotso . When the toys end up at the dump , Slinky is the first to be taken up by a magnetic ceiling due to the metallic section ( Slinky ) of his body . When Lotso betrays the toys and leaves them to be burned up in the incinerator , Slinky is the first to follow Buzz in joining hands in acceptance of their fate . After the toys are rescued by the Squeeze Toy Aliens , he and Hamm are the most vocal about wanting to get revenge on Lotso for leaving them to die before Woody convinces them Lotso is n't worth it . He is eventually donated to Bonnie along with the rest of the toys . His catchphrase , said in all three movies , is `` Golly bob - howdy ! '' Slinky reappears in the short film Hawaiian Vacation , in which he acts as a hotel porter as part of Ken and Barbie 's Hawaiian adventures . He also appears in Small Fry and Partysaurus Rex . He does not speak in Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins , silently appearing along with Jessie in one scene . Mr. Potato Head ( edit ) Voiced by : Don Rickles ( 1995 -- 2014 ) TBA ( 2019 ) Mr. Potato Head ( often referred to as simply Potato Head ) is a Brooklyn - accented doll based on the real - life toy Mr. Potato Head by Playskool . He is an outspoken and sarcastic potato - shaped toy : his patented design allows him to separate his detachable parts from his body by removing them from the holes on his body . He also has a compartment on his lower back to store extra appendages . He is capable of retaining control over his parts even if they are several meters away from his main body . For example , he can still see if one or both of his detachable eyes are removed , as well as being able to move his hands if they are detached . The same thing applies to his `` Mrs . '' counterpart , as she was able to see Andy in his room through her eye left behind . While this attribute is mostly used for comedic effect ( i.e. as a running gag , he often finds himself being split or falling apart due to outside forces ) , it does have its uses , particularly in the second and third films . In Toy Story , it is hinted that he used to be Andy 's favorite toy years before the events of the film , until he received Woody at the point of kindergarten , and therefore seems to have a strong jealousy towards Andy ` s love for Woody . Then , when Andy gets the Buzz Lightyear action figure for his birthday he becomes fascinated with all of Buzz 's features and ridicules Woody for not having a laser like Buzz as well as Woody 's pull - string . After Buzz is knocked out of the window , Potato Head ( perhaps due to his jealously towards Woody , and wanting to reclaim his long lost favorite toy position ) blames Woody for kicking him out , thinking that Woody might do the same to him if Andy plays with him more often , and turns the other toys against Woody and leads a mutiny with them . When Woody reveals himself at Sid 's House later , Mr. Potato Head convinces the others to refuse to help him , still assuming that Woody attacked Buzz . But when they are packed up Mr. Potato Head is still unhappy because he is stuck with Rex as a moving buddy and put in a moving truck . Later when Woody catches up with them and tosses RC onto the street to rescue Buzz , Potato Head , still distrusting Woody ( and perhaps still eager to reclaim his favorite toy position ) , orders the other toys to mutiny again , and `` toss him overboard '' , however , when Bo Peep reveals that `` Woody was telling the truth , '' the toys realize their mistake . He decides to reform himself as an apology to Woody by holding Slinky 's tail to help Woody and Buzz back at the truck but gets hit after Slinky 's attempt fails . When Woody tosses RC in the truck , Potato Head gets hit . At the end of the film , he is surprised to hear Molly receiving Mrs. Potato Head for her Christmas present and promptly decides to shave by removing his mustache . In Toy Story 2 , after Al McWhiggin steals Woody , he goes with Buzz , Hamm , Rex , and Slinky to rescue Woody . Later , when they are going to leave , Mrs. Potato Head packs some extra pair of shoes and angry eyes on his back compartment . When the toys cross the street to Al 's Toy Barn , they cause a semi to jackknife , and the chains restraining a large pipe on the semi break , freeing the pipe , which rolls down the street , during which Mr. Potato Head gets one of his feet stuck in a chewing gum and has to pull his foot off the gum before the pipe can crush him . After the toys break into Al 's room using Rex as a battering ram , Potato Head attempts to frighten Jessie by reaching into his back compartment for his angry eyes , but attaches his spare pair of shoes by mistake . When the toys leave the apartment after Al leaves with Woody , Potato Head throws his hat like a frisbee to jam the closing doors , letting the toys pass through . Outside , he is the first to spot an idling Pizza Planet delivery truck nearby . While the toys chase Al in the truck , Potato Head and Hamm operate the truck 's levers and knobs and are advised by three alien toys to pull the truck 's gear lever to get the truck to move . He later saves the alien toys from flying out the window . In the airport , when he sees the luggage area , he gasps and his angry eyes and pair of shoes come out after his compartment opens . He feels annoyed when the aliens repeatedly express their eternal gratefulness towards him , but after the toys return home in a stolen baggage carrier , he reluctantly gives in when his wife wants to adopt the aliens , much to his dismay . In an outtake , he is seen taking a dislike with the Barrel of Monkeys , saying he is `` drawing the line at monkeys '' and wants to call his agent . In Toy Story 3 , Potato Head is resentful of the aliens , who still worship him for saving their lives . Potato Head is sad that Andy does n't play with them anymore , and complains all that to Woody . He is frustrated that Andy `` threw them away '' , when he was actually going to put them in the attic . Again , Potato Head is the toy most doubtful of Woody when he and the other toys are almost thrown away by accident . Potato Head is excited to get played with in Sunnyside . After a rough playtime with the toddlers , he and Mrs. Potato Head 's parts are scattered on the floor , and he gets his parts stuck up a kid 's mouth and nose . Later that night , his wife Mrs. Potato Head through the other eye left in Andy 's bedroom , spots that Andy is looking for his toys , making Mr. Potato Head and the other toys shocked . When Lotso 's dark attitude is revealed , he tries to defend his friends from Lotso , but Big Baby throws him into `` The Box '' on Lotso 's orders . When Jessie told Woody she was wrong to leave Andy , Potato Head agrees saying that she was wrong . The toys hatch an escape plan which Potato Head initiates by arguing with and distracting the captors , and he is thrown in the box once again . Only his smaller parts are able to escape , through a small hole . He reassembles onto a floppy tortilla , checks if Lotso is sleeping and then gives the signal . Pecked at by a pigeon , the tortilla falls apart , and Potato Head rejoins the other toys using a cucumber for a body . Bullseye returns his original plastic body to him . The toys manage to escape Sunnyside , and he and the other toys jump onto a garbage truck . Eventually , they end up in a landfill , facing death in the incinerator . However , Potato Head and the toys are saved by his alien children , who he now accepts and declares himself to be eternally grateful , just as the aliens had told him when they met . They eventually return to Andy 's home and get washed . Mr. Potato Head then says his farewell to Woody before Andy comes into the room . Potato Head is donated to Bonnie at the end of the film . Potato Head reappears in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , and Partysaurus Rex , and appears in Toy Story of Terror ! and Toy Story That Time Forgot . Mr. Potato Head 's actor , Don Rickles , however died in 2017 so his voice actor is currently unknown for 2019 's upcoming film , Toy Story 4 . He is seen as an Interactive Audio - Animatronic at Toy Story Midway Mania ! . It is stated on the Toy Story website that Mr. Potato Head was Andy 's second toy . Mrs. Potato Head ( edit ) Voiced by Estelle Harris ( 1999 -- present ) Mrs. Potato Head is Mr. Potato Head 's wife and female counterpart . Unlike her husband , Mrs. Potato Head is sweet and not hot - headed or impatient . Although mentioned as one of Molly 's Christmas presents near the end of the first movie , she is not seen until Toy Story 2 . In Toy Story 2 , her husband has found her lost earring . Before her husband leaves with Buzz and his troops , she stores his `` extra pair of shoes and angry eyes '' into his back compartment . She also warns the toys by saying `` Do n't talk to any toy you do n't know ! '' She is not seen again until the end of the film . She becomes an adoptive mother of the three Squeeze Toy Aliens that Andy 's toys had found in the Pizza Planet truck , as they will not leave because Mr. Potato Head saved their lives . She is then happily watching Wheezy sing his version of `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' with her husband . In Toy Story 3 , she has a more central role . She is `` One - Eyed Betty '' , One - Eyed Bart 's wife in the opening sequence . She uses her ninja skills and her nunchuk to herd Woody to the back , and eventually off the train . After One - Eyed Bart and Betty rob tons of gold , they are transported to Dr. Porkchop 's aircraft . At the present time when Andy 's toys all cram themselves in the toy box , Mrs. Potato Head loses one of her eyes . She is one of the toys who believe Andy threw them out on purpose . They are later donated to Sunnyside Daycare . She and her husband experience a rough playtime with the toddlers at the Caterpillar Room . When the toys hear something from the halls , Mrs. Potato Head uses her eye and looks under the door . She at first just sees the dark hall , but then she sees Andy looking for the toys in his room , due to the eye she left behind in Andy 's house . She tells the toys it truly was an accident that they were thrown away . When Lotso is revealed to be evil , Mrs. Potato Head complains about her chewed up pocketbook and yells at him when he calls her `` Sweet Potato , '' along with telling him she needs more respect and having over 30 accessories . But Lotso takes off her mouth . Near the end of the film , she is saved from death in an incinerator by her adoptive children , and much to her delight , her husband now accepts them . She recovers her missing eye before she and the toys are donated to Bonnie . Even though she was Molly 's Christmas gift in the first film , the second and third films imply that she is one of Andy 's toys . Mrs. Potato Head reappears in the theatrical short film Hawaiian Vacation and acts as a tour guide for Ken and Barbie in their Hawaiian adventures . She also reappears in Small Fry and Partysaurus Rex . Bullseye ( edit ) Vocal effects by Frank Welker ( 1999 -- present ) Bullseye is a toy horse who was introduced in Toy Story 2 . He is the first toy with which Woody interacted in Al 's penthouse . He was very happy to finally see Woody after a long time in storage . Bullseye is shown to loathe fights as he hides in a can when Jessie jumps on Woody . He is also upset at Woody 's intention to abandon the Roundup gang to return to Andy , as Bullseye does not want Woody to leave . When Woody ultimately decides to return to Andy 's room , it is Bullseye 's loyalty that causes Woody to try to get the other toys to join him . At the airport , after Bullseye escapes from Al 's case , Woody and Buzz Lightyear mount Bullseye and gallop across the airfield to rescue Jessie from being sent to Japan . Although Woody gets separated from Buzz , Buzz commandeers Bullseye to follow Woody , as they are seen galloping next to the wheels of the plane Woody and Jessie are on as it heads down the runway . The mission finally ends when Woody and Jessie swing down from the plane and land on Bullseye right behind Buzz , seconds before the plane takes off . After the toys return home , both Bullseye and Jessie become part of Andy 's toys . Bullseye has every letter of Andy 's name printed on the sole of each of his hooves . Bullseye returns in Toy Story 3 as one of the remaining toys in Andy 's room . He is still Woody 's horse in the opening sequence and saves him when he falls off the train by One - Eyed Betty . Bullseye 's fast speed helps Woody catch the train and rescue the orphans . Bullseye is really sad when Andy would n't play with them anymore . After Andy 's mother thought the bag that the toys were in was trash , Bullseye and the toys manage to safely hide in a recycling bin . The toys are donated to Sunnyside Daycare . At Sunnyside , he proves his loyalty to Woody when he makes clear he wants to stay with him . He only stays when Woody tells him to since Woody does n't want him to be alone in the attic . Bullseye is roughly tumbled over by a screaming toddler with a rolling wheel toy . After the toddler play session , Bullseye is covered with paint and has a blue sticker in his snout , which is removed by Jessie . When Lotso is revealed to be evil , he locks the toys up and shows them Woody 's hat , making Bullseye miss Woody and sad he 's gone . Bullseye is extremely happy when Woody comes back to Sunnyside and gives him back his hat . The toys then plan an escape . Bullseye helps by going through the playground , carrying the aliens on his back . He goes with Woody and is almost caught by Big Baby when Bullseye jumps and accidentally makes an alien fall and squeak . But they hide inside a pail safely . The toys then go to the garbage dump , and Bullseye is the most desperate to escape from the incinerator . They are rescued by the three aliens . At the end , Bullseye is donated to Bonnie , along with the rest of the toys . In Bonnie 's room Bullseye changes the channel of a radio to a Spanish channel causing Buzz and Jessie to dance to the Spanish version of `` You 've got a friend in me . '' Bullseye acts like a dog in many ways . Unlike most of the other toys , Bullseye can not communicate in clear speech but sounds like an actual horse and uses body language to speak . According to a character interview that used to be on the Toy Story website , Bullseye communicated with Jessie while in storage by tapping his hooves to yes or no questions . Bullseye reappears in the short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , and Partysaurus Rex . Squeeze Toy aliens / Little Green Men ( edit ) Voiced by : Jeff Pidgeon ( 1995 -- present ) Debi Derryberry -- Toy Story Patrick Warburton -- Buzz Lightyear of Star Command and Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins The Squeeze Toy Aliens , also known as Little Green Men ( or `` LGMs '' ) in the Buzz Lightyear of Star Command television series , are a series of green , three - eyed squeaky toy aliens . They appear in all three films , and some were among Andy 's toys after the events of Toy Story 2 . Similar to Buzz , they think they 're real aliens . Though it is not certain whether they are male or female at first glance , they are identified in the third film by Mr. Potato Head as `` ( his ) boys , '' implying that all three are male . In Toy Story , Buzz and Woody climb inside a giant rocket - shaped claw game at Pizza Planet . Inside the claw game are hundreds of squeeze toy aliens . When Buzz asks who is in charge , the Little Green Men say `` the claw '' , which belongs in the machine ; the Little Green Men say that the claw will `` decide who will go and who will stay '' . Sid spots Buzz inside the claw game and tries to win him . Woody attempts to save Buzz and escape through the claw game 's maintenance hatch , but the Little Green Men stop him and say that they must not fight the claw . Woody , Buzz , and a Little Green Man get taken to Sid 's house . Sid gives the Little Green Man to his dog , Scud , who violently chews it as Woody and Buzz watch in horror . Near the end of the movie , the same Little Green Man is seen to be intact , and it helps Woody try to scare Sid by getting out of Scud 's food bowl and walking like a zombie toward Sid . In Toy Story 2 , a trio of them are hanging above the dashboard in the Pizza Planet truck . Buzz groans when he sees them , remembering them from the claw game in the first film . When the toys are having trouble getting the truck to move , they tell Mr. Potato Head to `` use the wand of power '' ( the truck 's gear lever ) , which they mistook for the control lever of the giant claw game . They nearly fall out of the window , due to the sharp turns from Buzz trying to catch Al in his car . Fortunately , Mr. Potato Head saves them . The Little Green Men are thankful and hand him his ear . Throughout the rest of the movie they frequently say `` You have saved our lives , we are eternally grateful , '' much to Potato Head 's dismay . The Little Green Men join the quest to save Woody and mistake the entrance to the baggage area for the `` Mystic Portal '' . They chase after the luggage with Rex , Hamm , and Potato Head , only to find cameras . Back home , the trio , along with Bullseye and Jessie , end up becoming some of Andy 's toys . They say their gratefulness to Mr. Potato Head , and Mrs. Potato Head is so happy that he saved their lives , so she suggests that they adopt them , with the Little Green Men calling Potato Head `` daddy '' . They reappear in Toy Story 3 as the `` henchmen '' under One - Eyed Bart and One - Eyed Betty , and serve as the getaway drivers during the western opening sequence and drive Barbie 's corvette . The car is destroyed by Buzz 's laser and they are transported to Dr. Porkchop 's aircraft . In the present time , the same trio continues to express their gratefulness to Mr. Potato Head . When Andy 's mother mistakes the trash bag containing them as trash , she puts the toys on the curb , but they manage to escape the garbage bag . They are donated to Sunnyside along with the rest of Andy 's toys . In Sunnyside , the Little Green Men find a toy crane , which reminds them of the claw game in Pizza Planet . The Little Green Men get sat on and bounced on during a rough playtime with the toddlers . The toys plan to escape Sunnyside . The Little Green Men have to go through the playground with Woody and ride on Bullseye . They almost get caught by Big Baby because one of the Little Green Men falls off Bullseye and squeaks , but manage to hide inside a pail . Later when Andy 's toys escape , one of the Little Green Men 's feet gets stuck in the lid of the bin at the bottom of the chute , possibly after being pulled by Lotso , who had been thrown in the bin by Big Baby . Woody goes in to help , but after he helps the Little Green Man , Lotso grabs Woody 's feet and pulls him into the bin just as the refuse truck arrives . The toys are collected by the truck and subsequently sent to landfill . The Little Green Men are separated from the others by a bulldozer when they wander off , having spotted a crane . Woody and Mrs. Potato Head yell and try to warn them , but they are presumed to be dead after being crushed by the bulldozer . In the end , however , they are revealed to have avoided the conveyor belt and later rescue everyone from an incinerator with a giant claw crane for which the Potato Heads finally acknowledges them as his children , reciting their repetitive line , `` You have saved our lives and we are eternally grateful . '' The trio are later delivered to Bonnie along with Andy 's other toys . The Aliens reappear in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry and Partysaurus Rex . Barbie ( edit ) Voiced by Jodi Benson -- ( 1999 -- present ) In Toy Story 2 , when the toys discover Barbie dolls in an aisle while searching for Woody , Tour Guide Barbie volunteers to help them . During the end credits she is a cinema usherette and is seen giving out instructions to the audience . After a while she asks if everyone has gone and promptly stops smiling and complains that it hurts her face . She then leaves for her break . In Toy Story 3 , a Barbie appears to be one of the toys that Andy 's sister , Molly , owns . In Sunnyside , she falls in love with Ken , but after Lotso 's minions reset Buzz 's personality , and reveal that they want to sacrifice Andy 's old toys in order to protect themselves , she ingratiates herself with Ken in order to obtain the Buzz Lightyear manual that lets her friends reset Buzz to his original form . When she stands up to Lotso by saying that being treated fairly is better than living under his rule , Ken switches his allegiance to her and her friends . In the end credits of the film , they get back together and change Sunnyside , becoming its co-leaders , after Lotso is defeated . Barbie appears with Ken in Hawaiian Vacation . They sneak out of the daycare and stowaway in Bonnie 's backpack to go to Hawaii but Ken is disappointed to find out that Bonnie did n't take her backpack on her family vacation . The gang creates their own Hawaiian paradise to cheer Ken and Barbie up . They share their first kiss outside and then get trapped in the snow . Sarge and the Bucket O ' soldiers ( edit ) Voiced by R. Lee Ermey ( Sarge ) Sarge ( also known as Army Sarge and Sergeant ) is the gung - ho commander of an army of plastic toy soldiers from Bucket O Soldiers and loosely based on his voice actor 's role as Gunnery Sergeant Hartman in the 1987 film Full Metal Jacket . In Toy Story , he and the Bucket O ' Soldiers are set in particular positions . They are highly disciplined with a `` Leave no man behind '' policy and are masters of reconnaissance . Woody describes them as `` professionals . '' The soldiers venture out of Andy 's room with one of Andy 's baby monitors ( while the other monitor resides in Andy 's room with Woody operating it ) and hide in an indoor plant to report Andy 's birthday presents to the toys and one of his comrades was injured after Mrs. Davis accidentally steps on one of them . They announced the first few presents to the other toys in Andy 's room through the monitors , but did n't get to tell them that Andy got a Buzz Lightyear action figure after Rex accidentally breaks the monitor . However , they were able to warn them that Andy and his friends are coming upstairs upon Woody fixing the monitor . Sarge and his soldiers thought Woody was a murderer when he knocked Buzz off the window , so they `` frag '' him and each one of them attack Woody , along with the other toys . In the moving van , the soldiers attack Woody when he pushed RC off the van , making Sarge and the toys think he 's murdering him now . However , Sarge sees that Woody knocking Buzz out the window was an accident , attempts to helps him on the van with the other toys , and is proud to work under Woody once again as shown at the end of the film when they hide in a Christmas tree and Christmas lights with the baby monitor to report to the toys what Andy and Molly are getting for Christmas . In Toy Story 2 , the role of Sarge is very minor . He first orders the soldiers to keep looking for Woody 's hat in the toy box . When Buster was about to come to the room , Sarge and his army held back the door ( with help from Rocky ) to prevent Buster 's entry , but Buster bursts open the door , causing the soldiers to go flying everywhere . When Woody alerts the toys about the yard sale occurring outside the house , he signals Sarge for an `` emergency roll call '' and Sarge orders the toys to line up in a single - file line . At the end , Sarge and his soldiers watch Wheezy sing `` You 've Got a Friend in Me . '' In Toy Story 3 , several years after Toy Story 2 , only Sarge and two paratroopers are seen . Woody orders Sarge and his men to retrieve Andy 's cellphone . That plan , however , fails , and knowing that Andy is going to get out the garbage bag , Sarge and his last two men leave Andy 's room to find a better life . Buzz believes they are going AWOL , but Sarge claims that their mission is complete , and that when trash bags come out , the Army men are always the first to be thrown away ( it 's likely that the rest of the soldiers had either left prior to that day , or were sold in a yard sale ) . They appear again at the end of the film where they land in Sunnyside , and possibly recognizing Barbie , begin a happy new life under Barbie and Ken 's leadership . Bo Peep ( edit ) Voiced by : Annie Potts ( 1995 -- present ) Rebecca Wink ( Toy Story Racer ) Bo Peep is a porcelain figurine attached to Molly 's bedside lamp inspired by the heroine of the famed nursery rhyme ; a beautiful , sweet - natured shepherdess accompanied by a single figure merged to resemble three sheep , who serves as Woody 's romantic interest of the films . In spite of her status as one of Molly 's toys , like Mrs. Potato Head she may fall under the category of Andy 's toy . In Andy 's games of imaginative play she is used as the damsel - in - distress of the stories , and she is depicted as gentle , ladylike , and kindhearted . In the first film , after Woody 's exclusion from the group when Buzz Lightyear started to attract more attention , she remained loyal to him rather than taunting him because of Buzz 's rise in popularity . After Woody accidentally knocked Buzz out the window , she was one of the only toys who did not antagonize him . She continued to show her attraction to Woody in Toy Story 2 , flirting with him while playing a minor role . However , she did not return in Toy Story 3 , except in flashback footage , as , over the years , she had apparently been sold , much to Woody 's distress , like a few of the other characters . The particular reason for her disappearance was never disclosed officially , though Woody shows grief over her loss . In August 2015 , however , it was revealed that Bo Peep will have a major role in Toy Story 4 . The fourth film will focus on her relationship with Woody , along with Woody and Buzz trying to find and bring her back . RC ( edit ) RC is Andy 's remote controlled buggy . He has a green body with blue splash decals on the front . RC `` speaks '' with revving sounds , although Mr. Potato Head and the other toys can understand him regardless . RC is a playable character in Toy Story Racer . In Toy Story , RC was fascinated with Buzz 's features . When Woody becomes really jealous , he calls out to Buzz that there is a toy ( a magic 8 - ball ) trapped underneath the desk . Woody sneaks over to RC , starts him up , and tried to hit Buzz but misses . However , RC hits a board instead , causing thumbtacks on the board to fall and a globe to roll . Buzz falls out a window when the globe hits a red lamp and swings around and hits him . RC says to the other toys that Woody accidentally knocked Buzz out the window . RC then turns on Woody and thinks that he murdered Buzz . When Woody went to the moving van , he got RC out of the box and pushes him into the street and controlled him to rescue Buzz during the moving scene at the end of the film . After the toys mistakenly think that Woody is trying to get rid of RC , they toss Woody out of the moving truck into the street . RC finds Buzz hiding under the car in the streets and is thrilled to see him alive and well . Buzz controlled RC to catch Woody . Woody switched the remote to turbo mode to catch up with the truck , but RC 's batteries deplete , causing him to slow down and finally stop . When Woody lights the rocket taped onto Buzz 's back , Woody and Buzz hold onto RC as they rocket toward the truck , but the force of the rocket lifts Woody up from RC . Nevertheless , Woody manages to toss RC back into the truck ( knocking Mr. Potato Head apart in the process ) before he and Buzz go skyrocketing into the air . In Toy Story 2 , RC has a very minor role . He was used when Andy played with his toys . With Buzz riding him , he crashed into Evil Dr. Porkchop and knocked him down . He is not seen again until the end of the film , when he watched Wheezy sing `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' . RC does not directly appear in Toy Story 3 , having seemingly been sold in a yard sale alongside a number of other toys . Instead , he only appears via archival footage . Wheezy ( edit ) Voiced by : Joe Ranft ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Robert Goulet ( singing voice ) Phil LaMarr ( Toy Story 3 : The Video Game ) Wheezy ( also known as Wheezy the Penguin ) is a squeeze toy penguin with a red bow tie . In Toy Story 2 , Wheezy is introduced when Woody finds him on the shelf . Wheezy was one of Andy 's favourite toys until one day his squeaker broke . Andy 's mom then put him on the shelf , intending to fix his broken squeaker later , but she forgot about him . He is about to be sold at the yard sale , and in saving him , Woody ends up falling so that he is stuck at the yard sale himself and subsequently stolen by Al . At the end of the film , he gets a new `` squeaker '' and sings `` You 've Got a Friend in Me , '' the ending theme of the movie . During the outtakes , he describes himself as `` not a good catcher '' as he fails to catch Mike 's microphone thus hurting himself several times . Wheezy does not directly appear in Toy Story 3 as he was sold in a yard sale after Toy Story 2 , as mentioned by Woody , but he does appear in footage of Andy as a boy ( Toy Story 3 ) . Wheezy appears in the Toy Story 3 video game , where he is voiced by Phil LaMarr in toy box mode along with Bo Peep . Etch ( edit ) Etch is an Etch A Sketch magic screen by Ohio Art Company . Etch can draw quickly and accurately . Such sketches include guns , portraits of Buzz , Woody and Al , and even semi-complicated maps . This is his form of communication as he is unable to talk . In Toy Story , Woody compliments Etch 's art by saying that he has the fastest knobs in the west . He was also seen in the background many times , such as during the staff meetings and during Andy 's birthday and Christmas gift opening scenes . He became fascinated with Buzz during the middle of the film when he sketched a portrait of him . Angered by this , Woody erased it . He apparently , like most of the toys , temporarily believes Woody deliberately knocked Buzz out of the window ; he helps Mr. Potato Head threaten Woody by sketching a hangman 's noose . In Toy Story 2 , Etch was seen helping Hamm , Mr. Potato Head and the gang to identify Woody 's kidnapper , Al . Later on , when the toys were surfing channels to find the location on how to find Al 's Toy Barn , Etch is seen in the back as he was ready to draw a map for Buzz . Near the end of the movie , sometime before Andy comes back from cowboy camp , Etch , as well as the rest of the toys ( then including Jessie , Bullseye , and the Aliens ) , were aligned to welcome Andy home , with a `` Welcome Home , Andy '' sign written on Etch . Etch was sold in yard sale years after the second Toy Story , was mentioned by Woody , and only appeared in the archive footage of Andy as a kid in Toy Story 3 . Mr. Spell ( edit ) Voiced by Jeff Pidgeon Mr. Spell is based on a popular 1970s Speak & Spell toy by Texas Instruments . He frequently holds or has held seminars on a variety of topics such as `` plastic corrosion awareness '' and `` what to do if you or part of you is swallowed . '' He also reveals the words he is saying . When Andy 's friends came to his birthday party , the toys panicked in thinking that they might be replaced with new toys and Mr. Spell , along with basically everyone else aside from Woody , ran to the window in panic to see the size of the presents . Then later , when Andy 's friends were running up to his room , Woody told everyone to go back to their places and the toys began to scatter and Mr. Spell can be seen in the overhead shot running in fright and then again behind Mr. Potato Head . In Toy Story 2 , when Buster finds Woody , Mr. Spell displays 13.5 , the amount of time in seconds it has elapsed for Buster to find Woody , setting a new record . Later , after Woody is stolen from a yard sale , Buzz uses Mr. Spell to help Andy 's toys figure out who has stolen Woody . Mr. Spell does not appear in Toy Story 3 . He was sold in a yard sale along with Bo Peep , her sheep , RC , Wheezy , Etch , Rocky Gibraltar , Lenny , Snake , Robot , Mr. Shark , Mr. Mike , Roly Poly Clown , See ' n Say , the Troikas , Troll and Toddle Tots Fire Truck . Rocky Gibraltar ( edit ) Voiced by : Jack Angel ( Toy Story ) Pat Fraley ( Toy Story Racer ) Rocky Gibraltar , more simply referred to as Rocky , is a figure of a heavyweight wrestler . He is the second strongest toy in Andy 's room , after Buzz Lightyear . In the first movie , he is seen lifting weights ( Tinker Toys ) with Snake , Troll , Buzz , Mr. Potato Head , and Rex . Rocky lifts the heaviest weights out of all of Andy 's toys . Rocky is silent and plays a minor role in the movies , but he can speak in the Disney Adventures comics and in the Toy Story Animated Storybook and Toy Story Activity Center CD - ROM games from Disney Interactive . In the Activity Center computer game , he can be seen on the top shelf playing cards with Hamm and speaks in third - person , saying , `` Rocky needs to work on brain muscles . '' He is one of the toys who turn against Woody , who accidentally knocked Buzz off a window . After Woody throws RC off the moving truck , Rocky , under Mr. Potato Head 's orders , spins Woody in the air and later tosses him off the truck personally . But when the toys realize that Woody 's only use of RC is to help Buzz onto the truck , Bo Peep calls Rocky who then redeems himself by lowering the truck 's ramp for them . In Toy Story 2 , Rocky , along with Sarge 's toy soldiers , tries to hold back the door to prevent Buster from entering , but Buster rams the door open , causing Rocky and the soldiers to go flying . Rocky is also seen holding Wheezy as Wheezy begs Buzz to rescue Woody and when waving Buzz and his rescue squad goodbye as they leave on their mission . At the end of the movie , Rocky is seen enjoying Wheezy 's rendition of `` You 've Got a Friend in Me . '' He only appears in the third film via archive footage of Andy as a child . Rocky 's name and a logo on his championship belt are references to the Rock of Gibraltar . Rocky is a playable character in the Toy Story Racer video game . Lenny ( edit ) Voiced by Joe Ranft Lenny ( often known as Lenny the Binoculars ) is a pair of wind up binoculars . He is used as binoculars by the other toys in various situations and is talkative when he warns the toys what he sees on his watch and has a major role in Toy Story . Lenny does not speak in Toy Story 2 , unlike the first film , and his role is more minor ; Buzz uses Lenny to keep watch on Woody during the events at the yard sale until Al McWhiggin of Al 's Toy Barn steals Woody . Lenny appears in Toy Story 3 through archive footage from when Andy was young . Lenny was sold , possibly at a yard sale , before the events of Toy Story 3 . Lenny is a playable character in the Toy Story Racer video game . Snake ( edit ) Voiced by : Jack Angel Snake is a green and purple jointed rattlesnake toy who is best friends with Robot , as they are often seen together . He has a major role in the first film . He is unable to talk , but he communicates through hissing . When Buzz was accidentally knocked out the window , he sided with Mr. Potato Head against Woody . Later , at the end of the film , he and the other toys try to help Woody , Buzz and RC get back onto the moving van when they realized their mistake . In Toy Story 2 , Snake has a very minor role in the film . He is first seen when Hamm , Mr. Potato Head , Etch and everyone else try to figure out who stole Woody . He is n't seen again until the end of the movie where he watches Wheezy sing `` You Got a Friend in Me '' . He was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 along with Robot , Bo Peep , Etch , Lenny , Mr. Shark and the other toys , but he made two cameos in the home videos at the start of the film . Robot ( edit ) Voiced by : Jeff Pidgeon Robot is an educational robot toy from Playskool . Unlike his best pal Snake , he speaks English . He is shown to be good with building blocks . In Toy Story , he stands on his head for Buzz to run on his treads like a treadmill and also repairs his ship . He is also one of the toys who turn against Woody when Buzz was accidentally knocked out the window . He and Rocky later throw Woody out of the moving truck , but then try to help Woody , Buzz and RC when the toys realized that they made a big mistake . In Toy Story 2 , he assists Buzz in the yard sale role call and is n't seen again until later at the end of the film where he watches Wheezy sing `` You Got a Friend in Me '' . Robot does not appear in Toy Story 3 . He was sold at yard sale along with Snake and the others , but he made a cameo in the home videos at the beginning of the film . Mr. Shark ( edit ) Voiced by : Jack Angel Mr. Shark is a blue rubber , squeaky shark toy who appears in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 . The back of him is never seen because he spends most of his time in the toy box . In the first film , he steals Woody 's hat and imitates him before he takes his hat back . In Toy Story 2 , he is used as one of the death traps during Andy 's playtime . At the end of the film , he repairs Wheezy by finding him an extra squeaker . He was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 . Mr. Mike ( edit ) Mr. Mike , also known as Microphone , is a toy tape recorder who helps Woody amplify his voice during staff meetings with his attached microphone . In Toy Story 2 , Wheezy uses him as a karaoke machine . He was sold at a yard sale prior to the events of Toy Story 3 . See ' n Say ( edit ) See ' n Say is an educational animal toy that appeared in Toy Story . Whenever he feels strong emotions , his central arrow wheel spins rapidly . This is his form of communication as he is unable to talk and just like Etch , Mr. Spell and Mike , he gets around by waddling on his stand . See ' n say did not appear in Toy Story 2 . He was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 . However , a different See ' n Say was seen when Ken , Twitch , Sparks , Chunk and Stretch were seen gambling inside a vending machine . Roly Poly Clown ( edit ) Roly Poly Clown is a rocking , chiming clown toy with a painted jacket and hands and a party hat seen in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 . While not being able to talk , he mainly communicates through facial expressions . He also must rely on rolling around to get places since he does n't have feet . When not out , Roly Poly Clown resides in the toy box . He was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 , along with Bo Peep , her sheep , RC , Wheezy , Etch , Lenny , Mr. Spell , See ' n Say , Robot , Snake , Mr. Mike , Rocky Gibraltar , Mr. Shark , the Troikas , and Toddle Tots Fire Truck . Troikas ( edit ) The Troikas are a set of five non-talking egg - shaped toys that appear in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 . They are in the style of the Russian doll with a picture of five animals : a dog ( largest ) , a cat ( second largest ) , a duck ( medium ) , a fish ( smallest ) , and a ladybug ( second smallest ) . They were sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 , along with Bo Peep , her sheep , RC , Wheezy , Etch , Mr. Spell , See ' n Say , Lenny , Mr. Mike , Rocky Gibraltar , Robot , Snake , Mr. Shark , Roly Poly Clown , Troll and Toddle Tots Fire Truck . Troll ( edit ) Troll is a Troll doll with pink hair and a blue bathing suit that appear in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 . In the first film it became fascinated with Buzz and is seen lifting weights ( Tinker dolls ) with Rocky , Rex , Mr. Potatoe Head , Robot and Snake . In Toy Story 2 it is seen alongside with Bo Peep to help for searching Woody 's hat before Andy is about to go to the summer camp . It was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 , along with RC , Bo Peep , her sheep , Wheezy , Etch , Mr. Spell , See ' n Say , Lenny , Mr. Mike , Rocky Gibraltar , Robot , Snake , Mr. Shark , Roly Poly Clown , the Troikas and Toddle Tots Fire Truck . Toddle Tots Fire truck ( edit ) The Toddle Tots Fire Truck is a fire truck toy directly taken from the Little Tikes company that appears in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 . It is piloted by the Fireman Toddle Tots . It was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 , along with RC , Bo Peep , her sheep , Wheezy , Etch , Mr. Spell , See ' n Say , Lenny , Mr. Mike , Rocky Gibraltar , Robot , Snake , Mr. Shark , Roly Poly Clown , the Troikas and Troll . Magic 8 - ball ( edit ) The Magic 8 - Ball is a magic 8 - ball that appeared in Toy Story , Toy Story 2 , and Toy Story 3 . Woody asked him if Andy would pick him instead of Buzz Lightyear , but the ball 's reply was `` Do n't Count On It ! '' , and Woody got rid of him . Hockey Puck ( edit ) The Hockey Puck appeared very briefly in Toy Story , right before the toys had a staff meeting . He is not seen at the staff meeting , or anywhere else in the movie . Bonnie 's toys ( edit ) These characters are the toys owned by Bonnie in Toy Story 3 and the short films . Chuckles ( edit ) Voiced by : Bud Luckey ( 2010 -- 2011 ) TBA ( 2019 - present ) Chuckles is a brokenhearted toy clown who was once owned by Daisy ( along with Lotso and Big Baby ) , and is later owned by Bonnie . He is first seen mournfully looking out the kitchen window in Bonnie 's house , where he tells Woody about Lotso 's past , stating that Lotso used to be a good friend . Chuckles explains that he , Lotso , and Big Baby were accidentally left behind on a trip with Daisy 's family , and when they finally made it back to Daisy 's house , both him and Lotso discovered that Lotso had been replaced , which caused Lotso to snap . Chuckles objected when Lotso claimed all three had been replaced , but Lotso silenced him , and lied to Big Baby , saying that Daisy did not love him anymore . After the three found their way to Sunnyside and Lotso took over , running it like a prison , Chuckles was damaged and Bonnie found him and took him home . He still feels sorry for what happened to Lotso , but knows that what Lotso is doing at Sunnyside is wrong . He gives Woody a pendant ( which formerly belonged to Big Baby ) that says My heart belongs to Daisy , which later leads Big Baby to discover Lotso 's deception and rebel against him . In one of the end credits sequences , Chuckles sees a crayon - drawn picture of him , and Dolly says that `` Bonnie really got your smile , '' making Chuckles happy again , for the first time in many years . Chuckles returns in the short film Hawaiian Vacation and he sings a Hawaiian love song while playing a ukulele when Barbie and Ken get their recreated Hawaiian adventures . He also appears in Small Fry . Dolly ( edit ) Voiced by Bonnie Hunt Dolly is a soft dress - up rag doll with purple hair , googly - eyes , an orange dress with buttons sewn on , and gently blushing cheeks . She helps Woody get back to Sunnyside Daycare Center with the rest of Andy 's toys . In the Toy Story 3 video game , she is seen as a witch . It 's indicated that she is the leader of Bonnie 's toys . Dolly appears in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , and Partysaurus Rex . Mr. Pricklepants ( edit ) Voiced by Timothy Dalton Mr. Pricklepants is a stuffed hedgehog . He wears lederhosen and a Tyrolean hat , and views himself as a thespian . Mr. Pricklepants was made in Germany ( although he speaks with an English accent and actor 's diction ) and is from the Waldfreunde ( Forest Friends ) collection of premium imported plush toys . Throughout Toy Story 3 , he expresses great interest in theater arts and in the same respect , takes the art of role playing as a child 's toy very seriously . Buttercup refers to him sarcastically as `` Baron von Shush '' due to his habit of `` shushing '' the other toys when they break character . During the credits , he plays Romeo , with one of the aliens playing Juliet . Mr. Pricklepants reappears in the short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , and Partysaurus Rex , and appeared in the TV specials Toy Story of Terror ! and Toy Story That Time Forgot . Trixie ( edit ) Voiced by Kristen Schaal Trixie is a blue toy Triceratops . She chats online with `` a dinosaur toy down the street '' who goes by the name `` Velocistar237 . '' She becomes best friends with Rex during the credits , playing cooperatively on a computer . Trixie reappears in the short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , and Partysaurus Rex , and appears in the TV specials Toy Story of Terror ! and Toy Story That Time Forgot . Buttercup ( edit ) Voiced by Jeff Garlin Buttercup is a white unicorn with a yellow mane and a pink nose . Despite his appearance , he has a very gruff voice and sarcastic personality . He is the first to introduce himself to Woody when Bonnie brings him home . He later appears at the end of the movie , now very close friends with Hamm . He also appears in Small Fry , Hawaiian Vacation , and Partysaurus Rex . Peas - in - a-Pod ( edit ) Voiced by Charlie Bright , Amber Kroner , and Brianna Maiwand in Toy Story 3 Zoe Levin in Hawaiian Vacation and Small Fry Peas - in - a-Pod are three soft , plush green balls in a green zip - up case that looks like a pea pod . They have the personalities of small children , and their names are Peaty , Peatrice , and Peanelope . The Peas - in - a-Pod reappear in the short film Hawaiian Vacation . They also appear in Small Fry . Angel Kitty ( edit ) Voiced by Emma Hudak Angel Kitty is a Christmas ornament that only appears in Toy Story That Time Forgot . A running gag in the film is Angel Kitty giving a moral about Christmas much to other toys ' ( mostly Trixie ) dismay and joy . She is mostly seen with a trumpet giving morals . She was last seen in Toy Story That Time Forgot giving one last moral and `` vanishes '' . Totoro ( edit ) Totoro , the title character from My Neighbor Totoro , who is also the mascot of Studio Ghibli , appears as one of Bonnie 's toys . He is a big plush toy and does not speak at all during the film , nor is he spoken to by anyone by his name . He does however display his famous grin during the credit scenes , and at the end of the film , he is seen juggling the alien triplets , while Mr. and Mrs. Potato Head watch . According to the tie - in book , The Art of Toy Story 3 , Totoro 's appearance in the film was intended as a tribute to Hayao Miyazaki , who is a close friend of Pixar executive John Lasseter . In addition to Lasseter 's relationship to Miyazaki , another factor that contributed to Totoro 's appearance was Disney 's role in dubbing Studio Ghibli films for their English - language releases . Sid and Hannah 's toys ( edit ) The following toys are only seen in the first film . Combat Carl ( edit ) Combat Carl is a G.I. Joe - type toy character . He first appears as a toy of Sid 's that Sid blows up with an M - 80 explosive in his first scene in Toy Story . Pieces of him are later seen coming to life during Woody 's plan to frighten Sid into altering his behavior near the end of the film . A different character with the same name appears in Toy Story of Terror ! Hannah 's dolls ( edit ) For Janie , see `` Janie and Pterodactyl '' under `` Mutant toys . '' Sally -- Sally is Hannah 's replacement doll for Janie . Sally has brown hair and a yellow dress . After Sid is attacked by the toys , Sid sees Sally , then runs off in fright , thinking that Sally will come to life . Marie Antoinette and her little sister -- Marie Antoinette and her little sister are a company of two headless dolls from Hannah 's tea party . One is Barbie without her original legs ( she has spare legs from a rag doll body ) , and the second is rag doll in violet bloom dress . A dark brown headless teddy bear is also seen with the dolls . It is because Sid tortured Hannah 's toys . Yet , she is able to play with them . `` Marie Antoinette '' is probably a nickname ( given by Buzz ) , based on their headlessness rather than the actual name of one of the toys . Mutant toys ( edit ) The Mutant Toys are mutilated toys who live their unhappy lives in the darkest corners of Sid 's room . They are assembled by Sid from mixed pieces of several toys that belong to him and Hannah ( hence the baby doll 's parts ) . They do not speak , though it is revealed they know Morse Code . Woody and Buzz initially think that they are cannibals who are going to eat them , before they learn that the toys are actually friendly and compassionate . They fix Buzz 's broken arm , Janie and the Pterodactyl , and also help Woody implement his plan to save Buzz from Sid . They close in on Sid as Woody tells Sid how much they hate being mutilated , and they all rejoice in victory after Woody frightens Sid away with his own voice . In Toy Story Treats , the Mutant Toys appear in Andy 's house . Baby Face -- The leader of the mutant toys , he is a one - eyed baby doll head staked on top of a spider - like body with crab - like pincers made of Erector set pieces . Baby Face lives in the shadows under Sid 's bed . One way Baby Face communicates with the other toys is by banging in Morse code on the side of Sid 's metal bedpost with his big claw . This method is used when he signals the other mutant toys to gather around to listen to Woody as he formulates his plan to rescue Buzz from Sid . When the mutant toys gain on Sid , Baby Face , suspended by Legs , lands on Sid 's head , scaring him . Baby Face is a playable character in the Toy Story Racer video game . Legs -- A toy fishing rod with Barbie doll legs . She is shown to be very strong , being able to hold Ducky 's and Baby Face 's weight . When Woody formulates his plan to save Buzz from Sid , he assigns Legs to partner up with Ducky . Legs opens the vent grating so she and Ducky can go to the front porch , where Legs lowers Ducky through the hole Ducky created so Ducky can swing toward the doorbell . After Ducky catches the Frog , Legs pulls both toys up to safety . Later , when the mutant toys advance on Sid , Legs lowers Baby Face onto Sid 's head , scaring him . Hand - in - the - Box -- Hand - in - the - box is based on the character Thing from the 1960s TV horror spoof The Addams Family . A green rubber arm that emerges from a black box , it appears to be based on the electro - mechanical coin - bank that was marketed as part of the show 's merchandising . During Woody 's plan to save Buzz from Sid , Hand - in - the - box , held by Rockmobile mounted on Babyface 's head , extends its hand to the doorknob , ready to open the door when the signal comes . After the Frog is let out the room to distract Scud , Hand - in - the - box mounts Roller Bob ( held by Rockmobile ) and extends its hand to pull Jingle Joe ( carrying Janie and the Pterodactyl ) when Woody motions the other mutant toys to go down to Sid 's backyard . The Hand also grabs Sid 's leg when the mutant toys surround him . Roller Bob -- A jet pilot action figure , whose torso has been attached to an old - school mini-skateboard . After the Frog is let out of Sid 's room to distract Scud , Roller Bob ferries Woody and the other mutant toys outside the house to Sid 's yard . The Frog -- The speediest toy of all . A tin wind - up frog with two different wheels ( left is from an erector set and right is from a monster truck ) instead of back legs . The Frog is missing his left front foot . As part of Woody 's plot to rescue Buzz from Sid , Woody orders , `` Wind the Frog ! '' , and the Walking Car twists the wind - up key on the Frog 's back to provide energy . When Ducky rings the doorbell , the Frog is let out of Sid 's room , allowing Scud to chase him down the stairs and out to the front porch , where he is caught by Ducky , and Legs reels both toys up to safety . Jingle Joe -- The result of a triple toy combination . He is a Combat Carl head staked on top of a Melody Push Chime toddler toy with an arm which is missing from a Mickey Mouse figure . He appears at the part when he turns Woody 's flashlight off by pressing the button . He helps in the plan to save Buzz by supplying motion for Janie and the Pterodactyl when there is no room on Roller Bob . Ducky -- Another triple toy combination : a duck - headed Pez dispenser with a baby doll torso and plunger base . Other than Rockmobile , he is the only one of Sid 's toys that can communicate orally . He and Legs go to the front porch via the vent , and Ducky , suspended from the porch ceiling by Legs , swings toward the doorbell until he finally activates it , giving Woody the signal to release the Frog . Ducky catches the Frog as Legs reels both toys up to safety . Rockmobile -- A figure with an insect 's head who sits in a headless upper torso of Rocky Gibraltar , in which is a steering wheel from a toy car . Rockmobile also walks on the Rocky doll 's hands . Walking Car -- A yellow 1957 Austin - Healey 3000 car with small baby doll arms . He can run and climb very quickly . As part of Woody 's plot to save Buzz from Sid , when Woody orders to wind the Frog , the Walking Car twists the screw on the Frog 's back , giving the Frog enough energy to speed from Sid 's room to the porch . Janie and Pterodactyl -- Hannah 's beloved rag doll , Janie , and Sid 's creepy toy , a small plastic Pterodactyl , are the subjects of Sid 's last `` operation '' , called a `` double bypass brain transplant '' ( he ripped off their heads and replaced Janie 's head with a pterodactyl 's ) . The mutant toys later put their heads on the correct bodies . After the Frog is released from Sid 's room for Scud to chase after , Janie and the Pterodactyl ride Jingle Joe ( since Roller Bob has run out of capacity ) as Woody motions the toys to go down to Sid 's back yard . Janie has yellow hair and a striped dress . Red Pickup Truck -- a toy Toyota Hilux . It is a broken red pickup truck with crooked parts , missing ear windows and is covered in sand because it was abused and buried in the sandbox . It helps Woody and the other mutant toys rescue Buzz Lightyear from being blown up with a rocket by emerging from the sandbox along with Burned Rag Doll and Walking Car . Burned Rag Doll -- a one eyed rag doll that was possibly burnt in an explosion or fire . It repeatedly utters `` Mama ! '' , which signifies that it talks . It helps Woody and the mutant toys rescue Buzz Lightyear by coming out of the sandbox along with Walking Car and Red Pickup Truck . Mason 's toys ( edit ) Appearing in Toy Story That Time Forgot , these are the toys of Bonnie 's best friend Mason . Battlesaurs -- A group of mostly humanoid dinosaur toys who initially believe themselves to be real beings rather than playthings ( like Buzz in the first and third films , and Buzz 2 in the second film ) . This illusion is encouraged by Mason 's greater interest in a new videogame system that he received for Christmas , and they become hostile to Mason 's other toys and to Bonnie 's when they are brought over for a playdate . However , Trixie is eventually able to convince them that being played with brings its own joy , and they happily embrace their life as toys . Reptillus Maximus ( voiced by Kevin McKidd ) -- The Carcharodontosaurus - like Champion of the Battlesaurs , who is fascinated by Trixie after meeting her . Initially , Reptillus is resistant to the idea of being a plaything , feeling that to submit to the will of his child would be surrender and dishonorable . However , Trixie later helps him to see that being there for Mason is honorable , and he helps her divert Mason 's attention to his new toys . Near at the end of Toy Story That Time Forgot it 's implied that he has a crush on Trixie . The Cleric ( voiced by Steve Purcell ) -- An anthropomorphic Ludodactylus and the `` spiritual '' leader of the Battlesaurs . The Cleric is the first Battlesaur shown to be aware of their status as toys , but conceals it from the others so that he can rule over them and Mason 's other toys . However , his plans are thwarted when Reptillus sides with Trixie ; he is later shown apparently enjoying his new role as Mason 's plaything . Ray - Gon ( voiced by Jonathan Kydd ) -- A Scelidosaurus who serves as the armorer of the Battlesaurs , his main contribution is providing Trixie and Rex with battle armor , with the latter featuring remote - control arms that the Cleric uses to manipulate Rex . Goliathon -- An Erythrosuchus that is kept as a pet by the other Battlesaurs and used to imprison their enemies in its belly . Guards -- Various guards are part of the Battlesaur collections , with raptor - like males and Parasaurolophus - like females amongst others . Toy characters by location ( edit ) Al 's Toy Barn and apartment ( edit ) Shown in a Buzz Lightyear commercial in Toy Story , this section contains characters from Toy Story 2 . Al 's Toy Barn appears in Toy Story 3 : The Video Game . Stinky Pete the Prospector ( edit ) Voiced by : Kelsey Grammer ( Toy Story 2 ) Stephen Stanton ( Toy Story 3 : The Video Game ) Stinky Pete , also known as Prospector , is a prospector doll and the primary antagonist of Toy Story 2 . He is a toy modeled after a character on the fictional television show , Woody 's Roundup , where the characters consists of Sheriff Woody , Jessie , Stinky Pete , and Bullseye . The Prospector doll seen in the film had never been opened and was still `` Mint in the Box '' making him sought after by thousands of collectors . In contrast to the character on the show , Stinky Pete is quite intelligent , manipulative , and well - spoken and , when he first appears , he seems to be a grandfather figure and mentor . However , he becomes embittered because he has never been sold or played with until Al McWhiggin eventually found him . Stinky Pete makes no secret of his hatred for space toys like Buzz Lightyear , whom he blames for causing the show to be canceled after the launch of Sputnik , causing children all over America to lose their interest in cowboy toys , shifting their interest to space adventures instead . Years after being purchased , Stinky Pete would spend years in storage while Al bought more toys and advertisements from Woody 's Roundup . After Al had stolen Woody , Stinky Pete and Jessie were excited because now they could go to the Konishi Toy Museum in Japan , where they will be treated with respect . Woody reveals that he has an owner named Andy Davis , which infuriates Jessie and leads the Prospector to become determined to make sure Woody does n't go back to Andy at any cost , despite the fact that he is now aware that Al actually has stolen Woody because he still belongs to Andy . When Al accidentally rips off Woody 's arm , Stinky Pete secretly leaves his box and he sabotages Woody 's attempt to recover his arm and return to Andy by turning on the TV . He then frames Jessie for this by putting the TV remote near her before returning to his box and pretending that he `` does n't know '' how the TV turned on after Woody falls for his trick . He later convinces Woody to wait until his arm is supposed to be fixed in the morning , which is done after Al calls in a cleaner . After Woody 's arm is fixed , Stinky Pete convinces Woody after a story that Jessie tells him about her old owner , that Andy wo n't play with him anymore by the time he goes to college , but in Japan , Woody will be treasured forever . Woody agrees to stay with them instead of going back to Andy , much to Stinky Pete , Jessie and Bullseye 's delight . However , Woody 's friends arrive during a celebration of going to Japan and they demand that Woody returns to Andy , but Woody angrily refuses , resulting in the toys sadly saying goodbye and leaving without him . However , before leaving , Buzz says an upset goodbye to Woody by saying that he 'll be staying behind glass forever and not being loved again if he chooses to go to Japan , leaving Woody to think over his choice . However , Woody has a change of heart and tells Buzz that he is coming with them , and invites his friends to come with him to Andy 's house . However , Stinky Pete is very angry with Woody for attempting to leave with Jessie and Bullseye back to Andy 's house , and once again he sabotages Woody 's attempt to escape by tightening the bolt to the vent ( as well as revealing to the others that he can actually get out of his box whenever he wants ) and uses his pick axe to turn off the TV , causing Woody to realize that it was the Prospector who foiled his escape the previous night by turning on the TV and framing Jessie for it . He sees unpopular toys like him and the Roundup Gang doomed to either always ending up in storage or `` spending a lifetime on a dime store shelf watching every other toy be sold , '' similar to his fate before Al found him , and does not want Woody , Jessie , and Bullseye to suffer the same fate . He also sees children as destroyers of toys whose ultimate fate will be `` spending eternity rotting in some landfill '' . This makes him all the more determined to go to the Tokyo museum and become an exhibit for the rest of his life , unlike Woody and Jessie . When Slinky attempts to get Woody out of Al 's suitcase , Stinky Pete quickly stops them and yanks Woody back in . When an angry Stinky Pete punches Buzz off the ramp at the airport to prevent Woody 's rescue , Woody confronts and fights Stinky Pete for harming his friend . Stinky Pete manages to overpower him , ripping his right arm in the process . He then attempts to finish Woody off after he refuses to get back in the case as told , assuring him that he will be fixed again in Japan while saying that going home will eventually end up with him being in pieces . The other toys blind and stun Stinky Pete with flash cameras that the toys found after they confused and mistook another green luggage case for Woody 's . Buzz , surviving the fall , captures Stinky Pete and Woody instructs Buzz and the other toys to dump Stinky Pete into a Barbie doll backpack that belongs to a little girl named Amy ( voiced by Debi Derryberry ) , who enjoys decorating her dolls ' faces with tattoos , as punishment and revenge for his betrayal , knowing it will make him learn the true meaning of playtime . Upon learning of Amy 's occupations of decorating her dolls , Stinky Pete starts to weep as he is taken to his new owner 's home . Ironically , this fate is a rectification of a past injustice done to Stinky Pete . Since much of his anger came from never being sold , opened or played with ; now he is finally being owned by a child after waiting 50 years . However , after the film 's release , the film 's website featured interviews with the characters . In Stinky Pete 's interview , he has reformed and said that he has become accustomed to Amy decorating him , as well of being fond of Amy herself . Despite his appearance , Stinky Pete does not appear in the third film , because he was no longer mentioned , though he seems to accurately predict the events of Toy Story 3 ( as what he had said after his defeat started to come true in the film ) . He asks Woody if Andy will take him to college , and later tells the rest of the toys that children destroy toys , which occurs in the Sunnyside Daycare , and that they will be forgotten and end up in a landfill permanently , where the toys are narrowly rescued from the incinerator after an escape attempt and return to Andy 's . The last part of his prediction did not come true . According to his box , Stinky Pete had a total of 9 sayings . In one outtake , Stinky Pete is seen talking to two Barbie dolls in the box , promising them a role in the third film . In another outtake , Stinky Pete gives Woody a choice to go back to Andy 's home or stay , until he suffers a bout of flatulence , which he later implies is the reason for his nickname . Despite the fact that he does not appear in the third film , Stinky Pete does appear in the Toy Box Mode of Toy Story 3 : The Video Game . According to the DVD commentary , the Pixar team had deliberated for a while what the proper comeuppance for the Prospector would be before it was decided for him to be placed in a Barbie bag with a face - painted Barbie . Utility Belt Buzz Lightyear ( edit ) Voiced by Tim Allen When searching for Woody at Al 's Toy Barn , Buzz comes across the Buzz Lightyear aisle , causing him to stare in awe . While looking around , Buzz notices that there is a display case labeled `` New Utility Belt . '' Buzz then climbs up the display case to find a newer Buzz Lightyear with a Utility Belt . When Buzz tries to take the belt , the newer Buzz ( who thinks he is a real Space Ranger , similar to Andy 's Buzz in the original film ) springs to life and grabs him , believing him to be an AWOL Space Ranger . Buzz finds himself wondering out loud if he was this deluded , which Utility Belt Buzz mistakes for talking back and threatens to use his laser on him . Buzz tries to prove to him that he is not an actual Space Ranger by showing him that his laser is actually a light bulb . This does n't work however and Utility Belt Buzz jumps out of the way and tells him that he could 've killed him . Buzz then decides that he 's had enough and tries to leave , only for Utility Belt Buzz to jump out and attack him . After trapping Buzz in a box similar to the one he came in , he is mistaken for the original Buzz by the gang . When Rex mentions that he knows how to defeat Emperor Zurg -- having recently acquired a walkthrough guide for the Buzz Lightyear video game that he 's been stuck on , Utility Belt Buzz quickly decides to tag along thinking that the toys are trying to find Zurg . While the gang search Al 's Toy Barn and through the vents of Al 's apartment with Utility Belt Buzz , they become increasingly suspicious of his cocky attitude ( `` I 'm Buzz Lightyear ! I 'm always sure ! '' ) and strange actions ( such as thinking that he is flying up the elevator shift and is unaware that he 's standing on the elevator , which is helping him fly ) until they are finally reunited with Andy 's Buzz , who defuses his counterpart 's confusion by claiming that the situation is a ' Code 546 ' ( Precisely what this involves is unknown , but it prompted Utility Belt Buzz to refer to Woody as `` Your Majesty '' ) . Heading to the elevator on the way down , they encounter a savage Emperor Zurg toy and Utility Belt Buzz engages him in battle . When Utility Belt Buzz claims Zurg killed his father , Zurg responds he is his father , causing Utility Belt Buzz to scream in dismay ( a parody of The Empire Strikes Back ) . Rex defeats Zurg by accident , sending him falling off the elevator to his apparent doom by knocking him off - balance with his tail when he turns away as Zurg prepares to shoot Utility Belt Buzz , upsetting him . He is last seen playing catch with his `` father , '' the Zurg toy , whose attitude towards Utility Belt Buzz has changed after the fall . Evil Emperor Zurg ( edit ) Voiced by : Andrew Stanton ( 1999 -- present ) Wayne Knight ( Buzz Lightyear of Star Command and Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins ) Jess Harnell ( mini counterpart ) James Patrick Stuart ( Disney Magic Kingdoms ) Evil Emperor Zurg is a space villain action figure and Buzz Lightyear 's archenemy . He has red evil eyes with neon gritting teeth , silver horns on his head , a purple tunic with a black cape on it and his weapon , a gun ( which has a power control that , as a homage to This is Spinal Tap , goes to 11 ) . In some cases , he does not have a gun but a hand like the one on his other arm . In the first film , Zurg is a referenced character , and does not appear at all . However , Zurg is first seen in the opening sequence of the second film when Buzz is trying to take his main power away from him ( Zurg 's main power is from an AA battery which is actually revealed to be a hologram ) . In the ensuing battle , Zurg vaporizes the top half of Buzz Lightyear 's body with his gun , killing him . The sequence then cuts showing that the opening sequence was actually a video game played by Rex . As the story progresses , a Zurg toy in Al 's Toy Barn bursts out from its box and follows Andy 's Buzz Lightyear , who is on the way to rescue Woody from Al McWhiggin . Zurg is deluded , similar to Andy 's Buzz in the first film . In the second film , another copy of Buzz Lightyear , deluded in the same way as Andy 's Buzz in the first film , escapes from Al 's Toy Barn and battles with Zurg on top of an elevator . In a reference to the relationship of Luke Skywalker and Darth Vader , the principal hero and villain respectively of the original Star Wars trilogy , Evil Emperor Zurg claims he is in fact the father of Buzz , in an almost word - for - word parody of the scene in The Empire Strikes Back . As Zurg attempts to finish off Buzz at point - blank range , Rex accidentally hits Zurg with his large tail and sends him falling down the elevator shaft . The second Buzz looks down the shaft in despair , thinking he has lost his father , while Rex is excited that he has finally managed to defeat Zurg in real life . Near the end of the film , Zurg is seen to have survived his fall with a bent horn and is now playing catch with the second Buzz . He supposedly bumped his head so hard that he forgot he was Buzz Lightyear 's worst enemy . In the novelisation , however , Zurg is killed by the fall , and Buzz finds him and takes him back to Al 's Toy Barn to bury him . Zurg is mentioned in the third film by Buzz in his bad guy character after Lotso resets him to Demo mode . Zurg appears briefly during a sequence in the end credits , where he is donated to Sunnyside Daycare center and greeted by the resident toys . Zurg also appears as in Buzz Lightyear of Star Command and its direct - to - video movie Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins . Zurg says he is Lightyear 's father during a fight in order to shock Lightyear , before regaining the advantage during the fight and then denying the truth of that previous claim . Whether or not this is actually true , Buzz definitely does not know who his father is . This version of Zurg is also severely lightened up , going from the movie 's Darth Vader-esque version to a far less intimidating one ; in the TV series Zurg is a flamboyant villain who is just as much a comic relief character as he is a formidable opponent , similar to Skeletor . This Zurg is known for videotaping Buzz 's speeches , maintaining a troll doll collection , and various other comedic habits . He is shown to have a bit of a British accent throughout the series . It is revealed in the first episode that there is a Nana Zurg , but she is never seen at all ( although he claims that she 's `` plenty evil '' ) . Zurg would appear to be a cyborg of some description , also much like Darth Vader . However , it has also been discussed amongst fans that his `` cybernetic '' traits could also very well be because of advanced technology . There is yet to be a clear answer . In the TV series , he is the warlord - like ruler of an evil empire and is in command of an army of Hornet robots , as well of a minion workforce consisting of Grubs and Brainpods . The seat of which is the hellish Planet Z ( standing for Xrghthung ) . In various media surrounding the film , his planet is said to be called Xrghthung . However , because this is unpronounceable in the TV series it is changed to simply `` Z . '' It is unknown whether Zurg rules over any other worlds , but , if he does , they have not been revealed . Planet Z evidently possesses vast resources and forces enabling Zurg to be a serious threat to the Galactic Alliance . Despite being frequently gullible and bungling , Zurg is evidently highly intelligent , able to concoct sound military tactics and Machiavellian evil schemes . Additionally , he occasionally references stereotypes of typical evil villains and intentionally violates them , showing how aware he is of his similarity to them . For example , when designing a vast prison on Planet Z , he declines building an execution arena , for it simply `` gives the captives more time to get away . '' When he was designing a schematic for a new base , he expressly forbade for air vents that allow `` hero - sized objects '' into the control room . `` And , may I remind you , no giant trash compactor ! When heroes fall in , they always have enough time to figure a way out . Make it -- an incinerator ! '' Despite his camp nature , he is just as fearsome and ruthless as his movie counterpart . Zurg is frequently mentioned to be the most evil villain in the galaxy and appears to possess authority over all other villains . In fact , he would appear to be a physical manifestation of pure evil . He is particularly proud of this and frequently brags of how `` evil '' he is . He is a parody of Darth Vader on Star Wars , Darkseid on DC Comics , Ming the Merciless on Flash Gordon , Megatron on Transformers , Doctor Doom on Marvel Comics as well as The Six Million Dollar Man . Zurg appears as a playable character in Toy Story 3 : The Video Game on the PlayStation 3 in Toy Box Mode after completing several missions . He also has a convertible ( the ZurgsMobile ) that matches his personality . His mini counterpart is featured in the short Small Fry . Zurg appears in the 2015 live - action Disney movie , Tomorrowland . Tour guide Barbie ( edit ) Voiced by Jodi Benson Tour Guide Barbie is a Barbie doll initially from Al 's Toy Barn in Toy Story 2 . When Hamm , Slinky Dog , Rex and Mr. Potato Head come upon the Barbie aisle at Al 's Toy Barn while searching for Woody , Tour Guide Barbie hops into the toy car they are driving . She gives the toys a tour in the toy barn and helps them locate Buzz Lightyear ( they actually find a different , ' limited - edition ' Buzz ) . After the outtakes of the film , Tour Guide Barbie waves goodbye to the audience until her face hurts from smiling . She then leaves for a break . Sunnyside Daycare ( edit ) These characters live at Sunnyside Daycare Centre . All appear in Toy Story 3 only . Lots - O ' - Huggin ' bear ( edit ) Voiced by Ned Beatty Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear ( Lotso for short ) is a plush , hot pink teddy bear with a big plum nose , a sweet strawberry scent and a southern accent , who uses a wooden toy mallet as an assistive cane ( although he is still able to walk even without it ) . He is the self - proclaimed leader of the toys at the Sunnyside Daycare Center . He initially acts like a kind - hearted and wise caretaker , but is eventually revealed to be a ruthless prison warden , although his backstory makes him more of a tragic villain . In Toy Story 3 , he welcomes Andy 's toys to Sunnyside and assigns them to the Caterpillar Room . Woody tries to escape from Sunnyside so he could go back to Andy , but is instead found and taken by a little girl named Bonnie . Woody learns from Chuckles , one of Bonnie 's toys , that Lotso was once owned and loved by a girl named Daisy , having become Daisy 's favorite toy when she obtained it for Christmas . Lotso became friends with Chuckles and Big Baby . One day , Daisy and her family had a picnic in the countryside . When she fell asleep , her parents drove her home , inadvertently leaving the toys behind . Not wanting to give up , Lotso led his two friends on a long trek back to Daisy 's house , only to discover that Daisy had gotten another Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear . Lotso became embittered and convinced Big Baby that they had been replaced , leaving Daisy 's home with Chuckles . Lotso eventually discovered Sunnyside Daycare Center and turned it into an internment camp for toys . Big Baby took on the role of Lotso 's enforcer , while Chuckles was broken , and was discovered by Bonnie and taken home . Meanwhile , Lotso realizes that Buzz is actually requesting a transfer of himself and the rest of Andy 's toys to the Butterfly Room . Thinking of Buzz to be useful to him , Lotso only approves the transfer to him . When Buzz refuses Lotso 's offer to stay in the Caterpillar Room , Lotso reverses Buzz to demo mode and manipulates him into imprisoning Andy 's other toys . When Woody and Andy 's toys attempt to flee from the daycare center . Lotso catches the group and once again offers them to stay at Sunnyside when a garbage truck arrives , but the toys refuse and Lotso instructs Stretch to push the toys into the dumpster . Woody argues with Lotso over his wrongdoings and reveals to him what he knows about Daisy and tosses Daisy 's ownership tag to him ; Lotso destroys it and says that toys are supposed to be discarded . His henchmen then turn on him and Big Baby throws him into the dumpster . As the toys attempt to flee , a vengeful Lotso pulls Woody into the dumpster just as the truck collects it to get the other toys to be sent to the dump . At the landfill , the toys end up on a conveyor belt leading to a shredder . Finding Lotso stuck under a large golf bag , Woody and Buzz rescue him and escape the shredder , only to realize that it leads to an incinerator . As they are about to reach the incinerator , Lotso sees an emergency stop button , and with Woody and Buzz 's help , manages to reach it . However , instead of pushing the button , he chooses to leave them behind , as he is still evil and selfish on the inside and still believes that all toys are meant to be at the dump . When Woody and the toys are rescued by the aliens , Hamm and Slinky want to get back at Lotso for leaving them to die , but Woody talks them out of it , claiming that `` he 's not worth it '' and that the dump is the right place for him . Lotso ( who is unaware the Andy 's toys are still alive ) is eventually found by a garbage man who recalls that he once had a Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear as a child , and straps Lotso to the grill of a garbage truck with three other toys before driving away . Lotso was intended to be in the first film ( originally for a sequel to Tin Toy ) , but the technology to design the fur to the proper consistency had yet to exist until Monsters , Inc. in 2001 , so he was saved for the third film . However , an early version of Lotso can be seen in the first film when Woody says `` Everybody hear me ? Up on the shelf , can you hear me ? Great ! '' and can be seen in the second film during the first Al 's Toy Barn Commercial . Test audiences who had sympathized with Lotso for his backstory had wanted him to push the button in the incinerator scene to redeem himself . However , according to the DVD commentary , director Lee Unkrich explained that Lotso not pushing the button to save the toys was intended for the audience to really care about the characters after three films of getting to know them when it looked like it was the end for them in the incinerator . The Pixar team took note of the people 's concerns and made Lotso to be an outright , selfish liar . Lotso also makes a cameo appearance in Pixar 's 2009 movie Up in a little girl 's room in the city where Mr. Fredricksen 's house goes by in the bottom left corner in the shadow of the bed . Ned Beatty was nominated for an MTV Movie Award for Best Villain for his performance as Lotso , and Pixar and he received widespread praise for the character 's back story and Beatty 's performance . IGN named Lotso the best villain of the summer of 2010 . Ken ( edit ) Voiced by Michael Keaton Ken is a smooth - talking doll who falls in love with Barbie . He first appears wearing light blue pleated and cuffed shorts , and a tucked - in leopard - print shirt with short sleeves . His accessories include matching ascot , sensible loafers and a fashion - forward gold belt . He lives in Ken 's Dreamhouse , a big yellow doll house with three stories , a large wardrobe room , and an elevator . Barbie originally breaks up with Ken when she finds him , Lotso , his other henchmen , and a reset Buzz Lightyear locking up her friends and discovering their ulterior motive . Piqued , Ken orders her locked up as well . However , as part of a plan to escape , she pretends to forgive Ken , gaining access to his dream house . Barbie then ties Ken hostage to try to get him to reveal how to reset Buzz back to normal . As a provocation , she entangles him in an ironing board and rips his clothing apart . Ken reveals the truth after she begins to sabotage his prized Nehru jacket . He is not seen again until Lotso has the toys cornered at the dumpster , where he is the first to turn on Lotso . Ken comes to Barbie 's help by trying to stop Lotso , having realized Barbie through her understanding of civics . Lotso tells Ken `` there 's 100,000,000 just like her '' , but Ken insists that for him , there is no one else like her , and wins back her affections . In the end credits of the film , he and Barbie are seen greeting new toys at Sunnyside as Barbie becomes his girlfriend again , and with Lotso gone , they both take charge of the Sunnyside toys as the new leaders . He resembles a real doll from 1988 called Animal Lovin ' Ken . Due to being called a `` girl 's toy , '' it is often joked about his femininity : such as his large selection and obsession with clothes , him wearing Barbie 's scarf , his rather feminine boxer - shorts , Bookworm not being suspicious seeing who he believed being Ken ( Barbie in a spacesuit outfit ) in high heels , as well as at the end Buzz believing Barbie wrote them the fancy note , only to discover Ken 's signature at the end . Ken , along with Barbie , appears in the theatrical short , Hawaiian Vacation , in which the two embark on a journey to Hawaii , but ends up in Bonnie 's room , where Woody and the other toys reenact various Hawaiian scenes . Big Baby ( edit ) Voiced by Woody Smith ( 2010 -- present ) Big Baby is a Bitty Baby doll with a lazy eye who carries around a bottle and is adorned with childlike scribbling that resembles ferocious tattoos . He normally does not speak , instead communicating through baby sounds , with the exception of one spoken line after the toys escape Sunnyside . Big Baby was once one of Daisy 's toys before he , Lotso , and Chuckles were lost at a rest area . After returning home , Lotso lied to Big Baby , claiming that Daisy replaced and no longer loved them . They eventually took over Sunnyside Daycare , where Big Baby became Lotso 's third - in - command . Eventually , Woody reveals to Lotso that Daisy still cared about them and gives Big Baby his pendant , sparking his memory of his former owner , whom he called `` Mama '' . Lotso derides Big Baby for his attachment to Daisy and smashes the pendant with his mallet . Big Baby turns against Lotso and throws him in the dumpster ( a parody of a scene from Return of the Jedi ) , blows him a raspberry , and helps Woody and his friends escape Sunnyside . In the credits , Big Baby is much happier at Sunnyside under Barbie and Ken 's care , and even wears gold diapers to match their outfits at a party at the daycare . The baby who provided the voice for Big Baby is named `` Woody , '' according to Lee Unkrich 's Twitter account , and the film 's credits confirm it as being Woody Smith ( listed under Additional voices ) . Twitch ( edit ) Voiced by John Cygan Twitch is a green `` insectaloid warrior '' action figure with a bug 's head , orange eyes with ferocious chomping mandibles , wings , and two muscular arms . He is one of the toy thugs working for Lotso . He helps to reprogram Buzz , and later apprehends Andy 's other toys . He keeps a search light working in the playground . He and Sparks `` break '' the Chatter telephone before he is convinced of Lotso 's evil by Woody and Ken . Because of how Lotso abused Big Baby , Twitch turns on Lotso , along with the other gang members . During the credits , he is seen living in a happier Sunnyside and is shown taking a turn to endure playtime with the young children in the Caterpillar Room , switching with Chunk so he can rest . Twitch is reminiscent of the 1980s `` He - Man and the Masters of the Universe '' toy line , and other similar lines . Stretch ( edit ) Voiced by Whoopi Goldberg Stretch is a toy rubber octopus with sticky suckers on her eight long arms and a glittery , purple body . She is the sole female member of Lotso 's gang , and at first welcomes the toys , but later helps capture them with her elastic tentacles . With her cohorts , she later catches Woody and his friends , and was eager to push them into the dumpster , should they not admit defeat . However , Stretch was also seen to be the first toy to doubt Lotso 's leadership and motives , as she was seen to visibly cringe at Lotso 's true character being revealed . After Lotso destroys Big Baby 's locket , he angrily orders Stretch to push Woody and his friends into the dumpster , which Stretch is now reluctant to do , causing Lotso to reveal his true feelings about all toys . Eventually , Lotso is thrown into the dumpster by Big Baby for his lies and treachery , and Stretch immediately leaves the area , shocked at what had happened but relieved . In the credits , she welcomes new toys happily without Lotso and is later seen sneaking a message to Woody and the gang in Bonnie 's backpack . She is based on a purple Wacky WallWalker toy from the 1980s . Chunk ( edit ) Voiced by Jack Angel Chunk is an orange muscular rock monster toy . He has two red eyes when fierce , blue eyes when he 's friendly , huge fists , and a face that you can change by rolling it up or down to a different facial expression or pressing a button at the top of his head . He welcomes the toys to Sunnyside , but later helps Lotso and Buzz imprison them . He is then convinced of Lotso 's deception when he abuses Big Baby , and is seen helping Woody and his friends climb to safety . In the credits , he is seen taking the abuse of the younger children , later taking a rest while Twitch takes his place . He is based on the short lived Rock Lords toyline . Chunk has a very low level of intelligence : During a gambling scene , he describes Buzz as `` He ai n't the sharpest knife in the ... place ... where they ... keep the knives '' . He enjoys teasing Ken during the gambling scene since he called him a `` girl 's toy . '' Sparks ( edit ) Voiced by Jan Rabson Sparks is a robot toy at Sunnyside Daycare . He has shown to be both blunt and sarcastic . Sparks ' retro design has flashing red LED eyes and a blaster cavity in his chest that spits out real sparks when he 's rolling around on his wheels , but is completely safe for children . He sports telescoping arms with working pincers and he can also elevate his body to make himself taller . He starts out as one of Lotso 's henchmen , but in the dumpster scene , when Ken states that Lotso put all of the toys in Sunnyside Daycare into a pyramid and placed himself on the top , he and Twitch ( and likely Chunk as well ) start to doubt Lotso 's leadership as both of them look at each other . Both of them are also in shock when Lotso shows his true colors and pokes Big Baby angrily in the stomach . They also witness Big Baby who retaliates by throwing Lotso into the dumpster , and he and the rest of his fellow henchmen let Andy 's toys escape . In the end , he and the rest of Lotso 's former henchmen reform for the better and become nicer . Sparks has only one line , when he points out Chunk 's low intelligence , he says , `` Neither are you , Chunk '' after Chunk gives his opinion on Buzz . Chatter Telephone ( edit ) Voiced by Teddy Newton Chatter Telephone is a character based on the real - life toy of the same name . He can only speak when his receiver is lifted from its cradle . He lives in the Caterpillar Room . He is the oldest toy at Sunnyside , and becomes an ally to Woody . When Woody returns to Sunnyside , he immediately says that coming back was a mistake because Lotso had rigged his security after he left and that the best action would be to just lay low . He reluctantly gives him instructions on how to escape Sunnyside . For this , he is later brutally beaten and broken for helping Woody and his group escape , and eventually rats Woody out when convinced that Woody and the other toys had already escaped , but are caught just before they can do so . He sadly apologizes to Woody who fortunately shows sympathy for the broken toy . In the credits , he has been repaired and now lives a happier life there at Sunnyside Daycare without Lotso , having been invited into the Butterfly Room . When Woody talked to him , he called him Ol ' Timer . Bookworm ( edit ) Voiced by Richard Kind The Bookworm is a green toy worm with a built - in flashlight who wears glasses . He is a genius who loves reading books . He keeps a library of instruction manuals in a closet at Sunnyside , and gives Lotso the instruction manual for Buzz Lightyear . He later gives the same manual to Barbie ( who he thinks is Ken since she is disguised in his spacesuit outfit ) . It is unknown if he is in allegiance with Lotso but is most likely not , since he is never seen with him very often . In the credits , he is happy without Lotso , and is seen using his flashlight to light a disco ball during a party at Sunnyside . He is based on the Glo Worm toys from the 1980s . He only has two lines in the film . Cymbal - banging monkey ( edit ) The cymbal - banging monkey is a monkey toy based on the Musical Jolly Chimp toy from the 1960s. he monitors the Sunnyside Daycare security cameras at night , and can alert Lotso and the gang of any toys attempting to escape by screeching into a microphone to broadcast over the intercom . Chatter Telephone tells Woody that he must get rid of the monkey before he and his friends can escape . Woody and Slinky manage to succeed in taking him down by wrapping him up in Scotch Tape and shutting him in a filing cabinet . In the credits , he is seen in a much happier situation , gently playing his clash cymbals while wearing star - shaped sunglasses . Toys in other projects ( edit ) The following toy characters were seen in other Toy Story projects : Discarded Fun Meal Toys ( edit ) Appearing in Small Fry , the Discarded Fun Meal Toys are toys that were discarded by children and have formed a support group in a storage room at Poultry Palace . Buzz Lightyear came across them at the time when he was replaced by the Fun Meal Toy version of Buzz . Among the Fun Meal Toys are : Queen Neptuna ( voiced by Jane Lynch ) -- Queen Neptuna is a mermaid toy who is leader of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . She was from the `` Mermaid Battle Squadron '' line where the Mermaid Battle Squadron 's duties are to protect the oceans from pollution and exploitation . T - Bone ( voiced by Angus MacLane ) -- T - Bone is a steak - like Transformer who is Queen Neptuna 's second - in - command of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He was from the `` Steak Force '' line where they fight the Vegetenarians . DJ Blu - Jay ( voiced by Bret Parker ) -- DJ Blu - Jay is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a small blue jay toy wearing a set of headphones with a disco player with a tree trunk to stand it up . Lizard Wizard ( voiced by Josh Cooley ) -- Lizard Wizard is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a small lime green lizard toy with a beard , a violet wizard hat and a wizard robe . Bozu the Ninja Clown -- Bozu is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a circus clown by day , 15th century ninja from Feudal Japan by night . Vlad the Engineer ( voiced by Jess Harnell in a Transylvanian accent ) -- Vlad the Engineer is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . Vlad is a vampire in a conductor 's hat that rides in a purple steam engine . Vlad got discarded because `` nobody wanted to board the Vampire Express . '' Gary Grappling Hook ( voiced by Angus MacLane ) -- Gary Grappling Hook is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a green toy gun with hands and legs and a blue grappling hook for a face . Buzz uses him to escape the toy psychotherapy meeting when he was paired up with Lizard Wizard . Tae - Kwon Doe ( voiced by Lori Alan ) -- Tae - Kwon Doe is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . She is an anthropomorphic karate deer toy that can chop through the boards that are part of her toy . At one point , Queen Neptuna sees her hand up and thinks she is raising her hand . When Neptuna calls on her , Tae - Kwon Doe explains that it 's simply her play feature at which point her left hoof goes down hitting the plastic boards and `` breaking '' it . Her name is a play on `` Taekwondo '' . Super Pirate ( voiced by Angus MacLane ) -- Super Pirate is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a pirate - themed superhero with an eyepatch on his left eye and a peg leg in place of the lower part of the left leg . Beef Stewardess -- Beef Stewardess is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . She is an anthropomorphic cow that is dressed as a stewardess . Nervous Sys - Tim ( voiced by Kitt Hiraski ) -- Nervous Sys - Tim is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a clear plastic human that shows many body parts such as the brain , the eyes , and the nervous system . Nervous Sys - Tim mentioned that nobody wanted him because he is an accurate depiction of the human nervous system and that would seem gross when kids were eating . Ghost Burger ( voiced by Jason Topolski ) -- Ghost Burger is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a normal hamburger dressed in a ghost sheet . Koala Kopter ( voiced by Carlos Alazraqui in an Australian accent ) -- Koala Kopter is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a plastic koala on a helicopter that has a propeller on the top of his hat that is part of the `` Down Undermals '' set . Koala Kopter stated that he was switched out for a Kangaroo Kanoe . Roxy Boxy ( voiced by Emily Forbes ) -- Roxy Boxy is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . She is a boxing - themed turtle . Roxy Boxy mentioned that she was recalled because her boxing glove hands will come out and could hurt kids . This has happened during the meeting where it hit Lizard Wizard twice . Recycle Bin ( voiced by Peter Sohn ) -- Recycle Bin is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a blue recycling bin with arms . Recycle Ben claimed that `` he was recycled . '' Funky Monk ( voiced by Angus MacLane ) -- Funky Monk is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a monk with sunglasses and a gold chain with his initials around his neck . Condorman ( voiced by Bob Bergen ) -- Condorman is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a condor - themed superhero in his vehicle . Condorman is an allusion to the live - action 1981 Disney film of the same name . Franklin ( voiced by Jim Ward ) -- Franklin is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a bald eagle sitting on a rolled - up version of the constitution that supports a feather pen on the back of it and the wheels are made up of quarters . Franklin did n't understand why kids disliked him because `` he is history , but on wheels . '' Pizza - Bot ( voiced by Jason Topolski ) -- Pizza - Bot is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a blue pizza box - headed robot whose right hand holds a pizza and his left hand is a pizza cutter . It reads PIZZABOT5000 on his chest . His chest is possibly a pizza - carrying chest , such as the ones that you see when someone brings you pizza or the boxes that carry the pizzas at baseball games . Kids do not like Pizza - Bot for some reason which makes him sad . Sleep well toys ( edit ) A set of toys who were stolen from their owners during their stay at the Sleep Well roadside motel by Manager Ron 's pet iguana , Mr. Jones , so that Ron could sell them online . They appear in Toy Story of Terror ! , where they are held along with Bonnie 's toys while Ron auctions them off on the Internet . They eventually escape with help from Jessie , and depart the Sleep Well on a mail truck . Combat Carl ( voiced by Carl Weathers ) -- A G.I. Joe-esque action figure . He is African - American in appearance , unlike the Caucasian character of the same name who briefly appeared in the first film . He is encountered by Jessie after all of her friends have been captured , having eluded Mr. Jones though losing a hand in the process . Carl is extremely paranoid and refers to himself in the third person , but later helps Jessie overcome her fears to save everyone . He was owned by a boy named Billy , to whom he is determined to return . Combat Carl Jr. ( voiced by Carl Weathers in a high - pitched voice ) -- A miniature version of Combat Carl who has a close relationship with his larger self . Pocketeer ( voiced by Ken Marino ) -- Part of an action figure line known as the `` Fastener Four , '' the Pocketeer has an outfit covered in pockets in which he keeps various helpful items . His fellows Zipper Man , Snaps , and Speed Lacer were sold by Ron prior to the capture of Bonnie 's toys . Pez Cat ( voiced by Kate McKinnon ) -- a Pez dispenser whose head is that of a cat wearing glasses , and who serves as the lookout for the trapped toys in the Sleep Well motel . Transitron ( voiced by Peter Sohn ) -- a Transformers-esque transforming robot who splits into five vehicle components . Jessie freed Transitron from a box he was to be shipped in and then had him seal her inside so she could rescue Woody ; Transitron later joined up with the other stolen toys and departed the Sleep Well . Non-toy characters ( edit ) Humans ( edit ) Andy Davis ( edit ) Voiced by : John Morris -- Toy Story , Toy Story 2 , Toy Story 3 Charlie Bright -- Toy Story 3 ( young ) Andrew `` Andy '' Davis Jr. is the owner of Woody , Buzz and the other toys in each of the three films . He lived with his mother and sister Molly , but left to go to college when he was 17 . However , his father is never seen or mentioned in the films . Toy Story 2 implies that Woody might be a hand - me - down toy , and when introducing the 2009 set of Toy Story collectibles , John Lasseter said `` We always imagined he was a hand - me - down to Andy from his father . '' In Toy Story , Andy receives a Buzz Lightyear action figure for his 6th birthday party . Tension erupts between Buzz and Woody , who has always prided himself on being Andy 's favorite . Andy initially spends much more time with his new toy , but still has a special place in his heart for Woody . Thus , he becomes concerned when both toys go missing for a time , fearing they would be lost during his family 's move to a new house . In Toy Story 2 , Andy is only seen in the beginning and for a short while in the ending . During his appearances , it is clear that he still loves his toys very much . At the end of the film , Andy is pleased to have five new toys -- Jessie , Bullseye , and the three Squeeze Toy Aliens -- added into his collection . He marks them , as he has all his toys , with his name on the soles of their feet , or in Bullseye 's case , one letter of his name on each hoof . In Toy Story 3 , Andy is 17 and preparing to go off to college , intending to put most of his toys in the attic except for Woody , whom he initially plans to take with him . While he apparently has not played with his toys for some years and has given many of them away , he is still resistant to his mother 's suggestion to either donate or sell his remaining toys , referring to them as `` junk '' ( which the toys believe is what he truly thinks ) . When they go missing , however , he becomes upset and confused when he can not find them . Before he goes to college , Woody secretly puts the address of Bonnie ( the young daughter of a family friend ) on the box with the toys in it , causing Andy to come around to the idea of donating them . He passes them on to young Bonnie , who he realizes will look after his childhood playthings and gives them each their own introduction , stating the qualities that make each of them special . When Bonnie finds Woody in the box as well , Andy shows great reluctance to pass on his favorite toy , but ultimately relents , allowing the toys to stay together in an environment where they will be loved and played with . He spends time with Bonnie and the toys one last time before departing for college , and is noticeably sad when Bonnie has Woody `` wave '' to him . He then responds with a quiet `` Thanks , guys '' . According to Toy Story producer Ralph Guggenheim in a December 1995 Animation Magazine article , John Lasseter and the story team for Toy Story reviewed the names of Pixar employees ' children , looking for the right name for Woody 's owner . Davis was ultimately named after and based on Andy Luckey , the son of legendary animator Bud Luckey , Pixar 's fifth employee and the creator of Woody . Luckey has declined to publicly comment on the connection . In the DVD feature for Toy Story 3 on the voice cast , the Pixar crew remark that they were n't sure if Morris would want to do it or would sound right , and were ecstatic when they heard his voice on an answering machine , Morris was perfect for teenage Andy . Bonnie Anderson ( edit ) Voiced by Emily Hahn Bonnie Anderson appears in Toy Story 3 as one of the children who goes to Sunnyside Daycare . She becomes the owner of Woody , Buzz and the other toys at the end of the film . Although she has an active imagination and boisterous manner when playing with her toys , she is shy and withdrawn when she is around adults , but she quickly warms up to Andy , when he donates his toys to her . She finds Woody , who was trying to escape Sunnyside , takes him home , and plays with him . Woody is impressed by what he sees at her house and ultimately gets himself ( and all of Andy 's other toys ) donated to her . Andy briefly plays with her after handing over his toys , and tells her he needs someone `` very special '' to take care of them for him . In the short film Hawaiian Vacation , Bonnie goes on a vacation to Hawaii and leaves Barbie and Ken in her room . Molly Davis ( edit ) Voiced by : Hannah Unkrich -- Toy Story , Toy Story 2 Bea Miller -- Toy Story 3 Molly Davis is Andy 's younger sister , seen as an infant in the first film , a toddler in the second film , and as a preteen in the third film . Andy uses her crib as the town jail during playtime at the beginning of the first film , implying they are sharing a room . When the family moves later in the film , Andy and Molly get separate rooms , though Molly has plans to move into Andy 's presumably larger room once he leaves for college . In the first film , she slobbers on Mr. Potato Head and throws him from the crib , causing his parts to scatter and earning her the nickname `` Princess Drool '' from him . At the end of the film , she receives a Mrs. Potato Head toy for Christmas . In Toy Story 3 , she also owned a Barbie doll , which she donates to the daycare center as she was less interested in dolls and toys by that time and is now a preteen . Mrs. Davis ( edit ) Voiced by Laurie Metcalf ( 1995 -- present ) Mrs. Davis is Andy and Molly 's single mother . In the first film , she has brown hair and ties it in a ponytail . In the other two films , her physical appearance is noticeably different and instead of brown , she has blonde hair and leaves it down . Though presented as a loving mother to Andy and Molly , Mrs. Davis is actually a major ( though indirect ) threat to the toys , as she frequently asks Andy to throw out the toys he no longer wants . Mrs. Davis ' actions regarding the toys sets the plot in motion in all three films , though they are not malicious . In the first film , she purchases a Buzz Lightyear toy for Andy on his birthday , prompting the rivalry between Buzz and Woody which leads to them being lost and forced to find their way home . In the second film , she puts Wheezy up for sale at a yard sale ( due to a broken squeaker ) , prompting Woody 's rescue attempt where he is subsequently stolen by Al . In the third film , she orders Andy to clean out his room before going to college and mistakenly throws away the bag of toys Andy was putting in the attic , causing them to be donated to a daycare center . Despite this , in the second film , she is overly protective of Woody , describing him as an old family toy . At the end of the third film , she breaks down and weeps at the departure of her first son , but Andy reassures her that she will always be with him even if they are apart . This moment between mother and son plays a major factor in Woody deciding to have Andy donate his toys to Bonnie , thus giving them a new lease on their lives . Some 2014 articles explore the possibility that Mrs. Davis is Jessie 's original owner , Emily from her flashback memories . The evidence cited references the flashbacks of Jessie and Emily from Toy Story 2 . The flashback sequence shows Emily as a child in the 1960s , which is when she would have been a child . The sequence also shows that the cowboy hat that Emily had is very similar to Andy 's hat but with an additional white lace area , and Emily 's hair was brown , just like Mrs. Davis 's hair in the first film . Sid Phillips ( edit ) Voiced by Erik von Detten Sid Phillips is Andy 's neighbor until Andy moves , but it is unknown if he and Andy know each other . Sid is known for torturing and destroying toys . Many of his toys are either destroyed , have missing pieces , or replaced with parts from other toys , even Sid `` torturing '' Woody by burning his forehead with a magnifying glass . He is also shown tormenting his sister and destroying her toys by certain methods such as exploding , burning , and decapitating them . He also enjoys skateboarding , and his shirt depicts the logo for Zero Skateboards . The toys mention that he was consistently kicked out of summer camp ; and in the audio commentary on the tenth anniversary DVD , the directors mention that he is a bully but also the `` most creative character in the movie '' . It is also implied that he does not have the best home life . His parents do not make any major appearances : his mother 's voice is only heard briefly several times in the film , and his father is only seen briefly asleep on a chair in front of the TV in the living room . He also seems to be the only human depicted in the film to observe toys actually coming to life . At the end of the first film , Woody and Sid 's mutant toys decide to rescue Buzz by scaring Sid , which causes him to become very frightened of toys . The last straw is Woody coming alive and telling him to take good care of his toys or else . This causes Sid to panic and run back into his house screaming , and then to his room when his sister scares him with her toy doll . Sid does not appear in the second film , although he is mentioned once by Buzz during the toys ' mission to rescue Woody from the greedy toy collector Al McWhiggin . Sid also appears in the four - issue Monsters , Inc. comic mini-series produced by Boom ! Comics . In the third film , Sid ( now an adult ) makes brief appearances in two scenes once again voiced by Erik von Detten . He is shown to be a garbageman with a small beard , recognizable by his characteristic T - shirt . His only dialogue in this movie involves humming guitar riffs , and he is depicted listening to heavy metal music through a pair of large headphones . Hannah Phillips ( edit ) Voiced by Sarah Freeman Hannah Phillips is Sid 's sweet - natured , younger sister who appears a few times in the first film . In Toy Story , Hannah has adjusted to her toys being mutilated by Sid . Most of her dolls either have different heads or altered body parts , and at the end of the film she finds enjoyment in scaring her brother after he has been horrified by Woody and the other toys . She spends most of the time during the movie playing with her altered dolls . Al McWhiggin ( edit ) Voiced by Wayne Knight Al McWhiggin -- nicknamed `` The Chicken Man '' by Andy 's toys -- is the owner of a chain of local toy stores and also an obsessive collector of all things related to the old Woody 's Roundup TV series . He steals Woody from a yard sale held by Andy 's mother in hopes of selling him to a toy museum in Tokyo , Japan . He is unscrupulously obsessive , overweight , very impatient , and lazy , as he complains of having to `` drive all the way to work on a Saturday '' , despite his apartment only being across the street from the store . He is partially inspired by his voice actor Wayne Knight ; during the production of Toy Story 2 , Knight had a goatee like Al in the movie . Cartoonist and animator Scott Shaw has also been acknowledged as another model and inspiration for Al , while the film 's director John Lasseter said that Al is inspired by himself . Al is the owner of a large toy store called `` Al 's Toy Barn '' . The store is mentioned in the first Toy Story in an advertisement for Buzz Lightyear toys , but Al did not appear . He is first seen in Toy Story 2 during an advertisement on TV in which he is dressed up in a chicken suit of which Hamm remarks `` I despise that chicken '' after turning off the TV . He later is seen trying to buy Woody in a yard sale held by Andy 's mom . After Andy 's mother refuses to hand over the doll and locks him in a box , Al steals Woody with the intent of selling him , along with the rest of his collection of Woody 's Roundup toys and memorabilia , to a Japanese toy museum for a large sum of money . Andy 's toys arrived at his apartment to rescue Woody but Stinky Pete 's interference allow Al to leave for the airport with the Roundup Gang . Andy 's toys follow him there on a stolen pizza planet truck . ( In the original script , Andy 's toys steal Al 's car and Al steals the pizza planet truck and gives chase ) As Al 's plane is about to fly off to Japan with the Roundup Gang packed in the luggage , Andy 's toys are able to save Woody , Jessie and Bullseye , getting Jessie off of the plane at the last second , while the Prospector is placed in a little girl 's backpack for his betrayal . During his latest commercial soon after , Al is unable to control himself from hysterically sobbing over his losses as a result , which Hamm responded to by saying `` Well , I guess crime does n't pay . '' Al was originally conceived to appear in the first Toy Story film , but was cut in the final screenplay . However , Al 's Toy Barn makes an appearance in the first film during a television advertisement for Buzz Lightyear toys . Al 's last name was revealed on the nameplate on his office desk ; also , when he is done taking pictures , he answers his cellphone and Mr. Konishi can be heard saying his full name . According to Disney Adventures magazine , Al was not permitted to play with his toys when he was a kid , which led to his toy - collecting niche . It is implied that Al 's full name is actually Carl McWhiggin since Mr. Konishi is heard calling him that on the phone . His car 's license plate reads LZTYBRN , which is `` Al 's Toy Barn '' ( minus the vowel letters ) . It is also the actual license plate of Ash Brannon , co-director of Toy Story 2 , according to the Toy Story 2 : Special Edition commentary . Mrs. Anderson ( edit ) Voiced by Lori Alan Mrs. Anderson is the mother of Bonnie . She wears purple glasses . In Toy Story 3 , she is the receptionist at Sunnyside Daycare . When Andy comes to return his toys to Bonnie , Mrs. Anderson is amazed to see a grown - up college student donating his childhood toys to her daughter . During the credits scene , she carries another box of donation toys into the Butterfly Room at Sunnyside that contains Emperor Zurg . In Toy Story of Terror , she and Bonnie are driving in the countryside at nighttime when the car tire punctures . In the morning , the curtain behind the manager 's desk fell down revealing all her missing toys . Mrs. Anderson calls the police to arrest the manager who stole the toys . Geri the cleaner ( edit ) Voiced by Jonathan Harris Geri , an elderly specialist in toy restoration and repair with a fully loaded toy repair kit , comes to Al 's apartment in Toy Story 2 to fix Woody up in preparation for his trip to Japan . He insists that Al let him take his time with the work and views it as more than a simple job , asserting , `` You ca n't rush art . '' Geri previously appeared in Pixar 's 1997 short , Geri 's Game , where he plays a chess game against himself . In that short , he is voiced by Bob Peterson . One of the drawers in his carrying case contains chess pieces , a reference to the short . Emily ( edit ) Emily was the name of Jessie 's former owner and is mentioned by her in the second film . She appears in a flashback musical sequence while `` When She Loved Me '' by Sarah McLachlan is played . During this sequence , Jessie tells Woody of her first experience with an owner who was Emily and why she resented being a child 's toy . As a young child she was a fan of the Wild West and horses , along with the Woody 's Roundup TV show , apparent through her love of Jessie . As she became a teenager , her interest began to shift towards makeup , pop culture of the time and gossip with her friends which led to Jessie being neglected then thrown away through a donation box . She is mentioned by Jessie for the second time in the third film , when she fears of being thrown away by Andy , saying `` I should 've seen this coming ! It 's Emily all over again ! '' . Daisy ( edit ) Daisy is a little girl who appears in flashbacks in Toy Story 3 . She owned Lotso , Big Baby and Chuckles in the beginning , but accidentally left them behind at a rest area along the road . In order to pacify her , Daisy 's parents bought her another Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear rather than finding Lotso and the rest of her toys , which made Lotso think he had been replaced and forgotten about , and changed him into a sinister , ruthless toy . Ron ( edit ) Voiced by Stephen Tobolowsky Ron is the greedy manager of the Sleep Well Motel , appearing in Toy Story of Terror . He has a habit of stealing toys from customers in his motel and selling them on the Internet , with the help from his pet iguana , Mr. Jones . When Bonnie and her mother went to Sleep Well after their car got a flat tire , Mr. Jones steals a number of Bonnie 's toys , including Woody , Buzz , and Jessie . Ron then takes pictures of the toys and puts them on his bidding sale , awaiting buyers . Jessie manages to trick Mr. Jones into tearing off the curtain , revealing the toys ' location and Ron 's scheme to Bonnie and her mother , who then calls the police . Two police officers later arrive to question Ron , who attempts to escape by stealing their car but is forced to flee on foot after immediately crashing it into the motel sign . The police officers initiate a manhunt for him . Mason ( edit ) Voiced by R.C. Cope Mason is Bonnie 's best friend , and a post-Christmas playdate between the pair serves as the setting for Toy Story That Time Forgot . Mason receives an entire Battlesaurs collection for Christmas but is distracted from them by a new video game system . However , due to Trixie and Reptillus ' efforts he abandons the video game and plays with his new toys . He is later shown to write his name on his toys in similar fashion to Andy and Bonnie . Animals ( edit ) Scud ( edit ) Voiced by Frank Welker Scud is Sid 's aggressive Bull Terrier . His viciousness is first demonstrated when Sid sets a Squeeze Toy Alien on his nose and commands him to maul it mercilessly . Scud serves as an obstacle for Woody and Buzz as they try to escape Sid 's house . First , as Woody tries to run off when Sid leaves the bedroom door open he encounters Scud sleeping and accidentally wakes him , forcing him and Buzz to hide . When Sid takes Buzz to the backyard to blow him up with a rocket , Woody tries to save him but Scud traps him in Sid 's room . The mutant toys help Woody distract Scud so they can rescue Buzz . Scud later spots Woody and Buzz trying to escape on the moving van and pursues them , but is eluded when he runs after them into the middle of a traffic intersection and is trapped by the cars as they crash while trying to avoid him . Buster ( edit ) Voiced by Frank Welker Buster is Andy 's pet dachshund , whom he receives at the end of Toy Story . Buster appears in Toy Story 2 and Toy Story 3 . In Toy Story 2 , he is depicted as being very energetic . Buster is considered to be nice to the toys in Andy 's room and is the only one in Andy 's house who knows that the toys are alive , and is fiercely loyal to Woody , obeying all commands given to him by Woody : when Wheezy is taken by Andy 's mother to be sold at a yard sale , Woody is able to command Buster to carry him down to the yard sale so he can rescue Wheezy . However , he does not respond to commands from Andy whatsoever . Slinky is also able to communicate with him due to the fact they are both dogs . At the beginning of Toy Story 2 , Buster finds Woody in a record of 13.5 seconds . In Toy Story 3 , Buster is now older and looks very aged , with mixed brown and gray fur , a gray - white snout , overweight , and too old to help Woody save the other toys ( in a direct parody of the rescue scene from Toy Story 2 ) , although he remains nice and loyal to them . He tends to fall asleep as well . Crazy Critters ( edit ) Crazy Critters are a bunch of 2 - dimensional animal puppets from the Woody 's Roundup show including an armadillo , bat , bear , beaver , bird , deer , vulture , bear cub , porcupine , flying squirrel , rabbit , skunk , snake , fox , raccoon , tortoise and bobcat . They come quickly when Jessie calls them , with the tortoise falling slightly behind the others . Woody understands them in the Woody 's Roundup show . The Crazy Critters make cameo appearances as prizes determined by the score of players in Toy Story Midway Mania ! , and in the Toy Story 2 video game on the Nintendo 64 . Mr. Jones ( edit ) Voiced by Dee Bradley Baker Mr. Jones is an iguana appearing in Toy Story of Terror ! , owned by the manager of Sleep Well Motel , Ron . He is loyal to his master and is trained to secretly steal toys from customers so that his master can sell the toys off the Internet . During the majority of the special , he is seen snatching most of Bonnie 's toys away in a flash through the air shafts and ventilation systems . Eventually , he accidentally swallowed Mr. Potato Head 's left arm and Combat Carl 's right hand . However , he is forced to regurgitate them out after Jessie tricks him into ripping off the curtain , revealing Ron 's scheme to Bonnie and her mother . It is unknown what happens to him afterwards , although it is implied that he will be sent to Animal Control . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Don Rickles Had n't Recorded Mr. Potato Head in Toy Story 4 Before Death '' . Screen Rant. April 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Don Rickles Had Not Recorded His Role in ' Toy Story 4 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter. April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` Toy Story 4 plot details emerge '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Toy Story 4 ′ Finds Buzz and Woody on the Search for Bo Peep '' . Collider . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Totoro Makes Cameo in Pixar 's 3rd Toy Story 3 Trailer . '' Anime News Network . February 11 , 2010 . Retrieved on September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Christopher . `` Pixar Chief Discusses Totoro Cameo In ' Toy Story 3 ' Trailer . '' MTV . February 17 , 2010 . Retrieved on September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Magic Kingdoms ( Video Game 2016 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Favorite Villain -- Lotso ( Ned Beatty ) , Toy Story 3 '' . IGN . Summer 2010 . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Toy Story 3 Easter Eggs '' . Slashfilm.com. 2010 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Unkrich , Lee ( @ leeunkrich ) ( June 22 , 2010 ) . `` Big Baby says one line in Toy Story 3 . And the name of the baby actor who supplied the voice ? Woody . Truth '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 20 , 2010 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Medina , Joseph ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Toy Story : Woody 's Odd Case Of Amnesia Finally Explained ! '' . Latino Review Media . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Patricia ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` A Bonkers Theory on The True Identity of Andy 's Mom In Toy Story '' . Kotaku . Jump up ^ Negroni , Jon ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` Toy Story : The True Identity of Andy 's Mom Makes The Movie More Epic '' . Moviepilot . Toy Story Films Toy Story Toy Story 2 Toy Story 3 Toy Story 4 Characters Sheriff Woody Buzz Lightyear Jessie Television Buzz Lightyear of Star Command The Adventure Begins Toy Story of Terror ! Toy Story That Time Forgot Video games Toy Story Disney 's Animated Storybook : Toy Story Toy Story 2 : Buzz Lightyear to the Rescue Toy Story Racer Buzz Lightyear of Star Command Toy Story Mania ! Toy Story 3 : The Video Game Toy Story : Smash It ! Disney Infinity Kingdom Hearts III Shorts Toy Story Treats Toy Story Toons Hawaiian Vacation Small Fry Partysaurus Rex Attractions Buzz Lightyear Jessie 's Critter Carousel RC Racer Slinky Dog Dash Slinky Dog Zigzag Spin Toy Story Midway Mania ! Toy Soldiers Parachute Drop Toy Story Land Woody 's All - American Roundup & Big Thunder Ranch Barbecue Woody 's Roundup Village Music `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' `` When She Loved Me '' `` We Belong Together '' Woody 's Roundup : A Rootin ' Tootin ' Collection of Woody 's Favorite Songs Miscellaneous Toy Story : The Musical Lego Toy Story Tiny Toy Stories Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Toy_Story_characters&oldid=857142659 '' Categories : Lists of Disney characters Toy Story characters Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano ქართული 日本語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 20 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what's the dog's name from toy story	[ "Buster is Andy's pet dachshund, whom he receives at the end of Toy Story. Buster appears in Toy Story 2 and Toy Story 3. In Toy Story 2, he is depicted as being very energetic. Buster is considered to be nice to the toys in Andy's room and is the only one in Andy's house who knows that the toys are alive, and is fiercely loyal to Woody, obeying all commands given to him by Woody: when Wheezy is taken by Andy's mother to be sold at a yard sale, Woody is able to command Buster to carry him down to the yard sale so he can rescue Wheezy. However, he does not respond to commands from Andy whatsoever. Slinky is also able to communicate with him due to the fact they are both dogs. At the beginning of Toy Story 2, Buster finds Woody in a record of 13.5 seconds.\n" ]	[ "Buster" ]
-8852872707769371859	My Little Pony: The Movie (2017 film)	My Little Pony : the Movie ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia My Little Pony : the Movie ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search My Little Pony : The Movie Theatrical release poster Directed by Jayson Thiessen Produced by Brian Goldner Stephen Davis Marcia Gwendolyn Jones Haven Alexander Screenplay by Meghan McCarthy Rita Hsiao Michael Vogel Story by Meghan McCarthy Joe Ballarini Based on My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic by Lauren Faust Starring Uzo Aduba Ashleigh Ball Emily Blunt Kristin Chenoweth Taye Diggs Andrea Libman Michael Peña Zoe Saldana Liev Schreiber Sia Tabitha St. Germain Tara Strong Cathy Weseluck Music by Daniel Ingram Cinematography Anthony Di Ninno Edited by Braden Oberson Production company Allspark Pictures DHX Media Distributed by Lionsgate Release date September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) ( New York City ) October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) ( United States and Canada ) Running time 99 minutes Country United States Canada Language English Box office $60.3 million My Little Pony : The Movie is a 2017 animated musical fantasy film based on the television series My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic , which was developed as part of the 2010 re-launch of the My Little Pony franchise by Hasbro . The film was directed by Jayson Thiessen and based on a story and screenplay co-written by Meghan McCarthy , both Friendship Is Magic veterans . The plot follows the `` alicorn '' ( winged unicorn ) Twilight Sparkle and her five pony friends -- collectively known as the `` Mane 6 '' -- embarking on a quest to save their home of Equestria from an evil conqueror , gaining new friends in the process . In addition to the show 's regular voice cast reprising their roles , the film also features the voices of Emily Blunt , Kristin Chenoweth , Liev Schreiber , Michael Peña , Sia , Taye Diggs , Uzo Aduba , and Zoe Saldana as new characters . The film was produced by Allspark Pictures and DHX Media , using traditional animation created with Toon Boom Harmony . It premiered in New York City on September 24 , 2017 , and was released on October 6 , 2017 in the United States and Canada through Lionsgate . The film received mixed reviews from critics and has grossed over $60 million worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Animation 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) The ponies of Equestria prepare for their first Friendship Festival , which is overseen by Princess Twilight Sparkle in Canterlot . The festivities are interrupted by an invasion of monsters commanded by the broken - horned unicorn Tempest Shadow , who uses magical obsidian orbs to petrify Twilight 's fellow princesses ; Princess Celestia unsuccessfully urges Princess Luna to seek help from `` the queen of the hippo '' before being interrupted . Twilight flees the city alongside her five pony friends -- Pinkie Pie , Rainbow Dash , Rarity , Applejack , and Fluttershy -- and her assistant dragon , Spike . Tempest gives pursuit under orders from her superior , the Storm King , to gather all of Equestria 's princesses for him to harness their magic through his mystical staff , with the promise of having her horn restored in exchange . Twilight 's group travel to the desert city of Klugetown in search of the aforementioned `` hippos '' . A feline con artist named Capper offers to escort the group , secretly intending to sell them to settle a debt . However , he develops a genuine friendship with them after Rarity generously mends his coat . Twilight discovers an atlas that reveals the `` hippos '' to be hippogriffs , exposing Capper 's treachery . After the group evade Tempest aboard a delivery airship , Tempest brings Capper to guide her to them , but he deliberately misdirects her to atone for deceiving the group . The airship 's birdlike Captain Celaeno and her crew reluctantly allow the group passage during a lunch break , revealing themselves to be former pirates that have been forced into the Storm King 's service . Rainbow Dash persuades the pirates to defy orders and take her group to the hippogriffs ' kingdom on Mount Aris . In celebration , she performs a Sonic Rainboom that inadvertently gives their location away to Tempest , forcing the group to escape in a makeshift hot air balloon before Tempest destroys the ship with the pirates and Capper on board . The group reach Mount Aris to find it deserted . They explore the ruins and become trapped in an underwater cavern , where they are saved from drowning by the seapony Princess Skystar and led to her undersea home of Seaquestria . Skystar identifies her kind as the hippogriffs , transformed by a magic pearl used by her mother , Queen Novo , to hide from the Storm King ; Novo demonstrates by turning the ponies into seaponies and Spike into a pufferfish . When Novo denies them the pearl to use against the Storm King , Twilight desperately attempts to steal it while letting her friends unknowingly distract the seaponies . Pinkie Pie nearly changes Novo 's mind until Twilight is caught , prompting the outraged queen to banish the entire group to the surface . Abandoned by her friends over her actions , Twilight is abducted by Tempest and brought before the Storm King in Canterlot to have her magic absorbed ; Tempest gains Twilight 's sympathy when she divulges how she lost her horn in a monster attack as a filly , which caused her own friends to shun her for her dangerously unstable magic . Meanwhile , after Spike alerts Twilight 's friends to her capture , Capper , the pirates , and the hippogriff Skystar return to help them infiltrate Canterlot and mount a rescue . The Storm King retaliates by conjuring a tornado in the city with his newly empowered staff , betraying Tempest as well . Twilight saves Tempest from the tornado and reconciles with her friends , successfully working together with them to take the staff . The Storm King hurls an obsidian orb at the group to reclaim the staff , but Tempest jumps in his way , petrifying them both . The Storm King 's body falls and shatters , while the group use the staff 's magic to revive Tempest , who returns the stolen magic to restore the princesses and repair the damaged city . The Friendship Festival resumes , and the ponies celebrate with all of the allies Twilight 's group have made on their adventure . Tempest is disheartened by her still broken horn until she is convinced by Twilight to join the party by producing a fireworks display with her magic , happily accepting the group 's friendship . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic characters Tara Strong as Twilight Sparkle , a highly magical and intelligent alicorn who is Equestria 's Princess of Friendship , responsible for spreading friendship and harmony across the kingdom . She is also the leader of the `` Mane 6 '' ponies . Rebecca Shoichet performs Twilight Sparkle 's singing voice . Ashleigh Ball as Rainbow Dash and Applejack , two of the `` Mane 6 '' ; Rainbow Dash is a loyal pegasus with an adventurous spirit , and Applejack is an honest apple farmer pony . Andrea Libman as Pinkie Pie and Fluttershy , two of the `` Mane 6 '' ; Pinkie Pie is a party - obsessed pony filled with joy and laughter , and Fluttershy is a kind yet timid pegasus who cares for animals . Shannon Chan - Kent performs Pinkie Pie 's singing voice . Tabitha St. Germain as Rarity , a generous fashion designer unicorn and one of the `` Mane 6 '' . Kazumi Evans performs Rarity 's singing voice . Cathy Weseluck as Spike , a baby dragon who is Twilight Sparkle 's faithful assistant . Emily Blunt as Tempest Shadow , an embittered unicorn once known as Fizzlepop Berrytwist who serves as the Storm King 's second - in - command in order to repair her broken horn . On the development of the character , screenwriter Meghan McCarthy said , `` We just arrived at this idea of a character who had come from Equestria , and had not had the positive experience that Twilight ( Sparkle ) and her friends had . It felt like a good counterpart to our heroes was to have a villain who did n't just not get friendship , but had a reason that she did n't understand it . '' McCarthy also called Blunt 's performance `` a big influence '' on how the character was animated in the film . Michael Peña as Grubber , a wisecracking hedgehog creature and Tempest Shadow 's cohort . McCarthy said that Grubber `` needed to be goofy '' to counterpoint the `` very straight - laced , hardcore '' Tempest . Peña ad - libbed much of the character 's dialogue , with McCarthy saying , `` You get Michael Peña in a recording booth , and you just are like , ' Please just go and say funny things . ' He will be there for hours , just giving you all kinds of really great material that was not something that we had originally scripted ! '' Liev Schreiber as the Storm King , the despotic , satyr - like leader of the storm creatures who conquers lands in search of powerful magic to control the weather . On his acceptance of the role , Schreiber said that he wanted something child - friendly for his kids to watch , noting his repertoire of violent , adult - oriented films . Comparing his character to Basil Rathbone , Schreiber said the Storm King `` is prone to temper tantrums , and he 's a little crazy . He has a wide range of behaviors . '' He considers the character to be `` one of the more intense roles ( he 's ) played '' . Taye Diggs as Capper , a humanoid alley cat who is a cunning yet good - hearted con artist . Diggs , who was excited to appear in an animated film , says , `` I 'm very movement - oriented , so just looking at the way Capper is positioned , the expressions on his face , all enhances my performance . It 's really cool . '' Zoe Saldana as Captain Celaeno , a humanoid parrot and jaded pirate captain who is relegated to the Storm King 's delivery service . Saldana says Celaeno `` cares for her crew '' , adding , `` She 's a responsible , thoughtful , and empathetic leader . That 's a terrific , very poignant message to give to children about leadership -- that it 's okay for you to want to be a leader as long as you know that the responsibilities that come along with it . '' Kristin Chenoweth as Princess Skystar , an excitable seapony and magically transformed hippogriff princess . Chenoweth said of her character , `` Let 's just say she 's been locked up for a while and is longing for friends . '' She joked that she dabbled in method acting for the role , making sure her hair was `` on point for every recording session '' . Uzo Aduba as Queen Novo , the benevolent ruler of the hippogriffs - turned - seaponies , and Princess Skystar 's mother . The character is described by Chenoweth as `` loving but also a little too strict and stern '' . Detailing her role , Aduba says , `` She ( wants ) to protect her group to the best of her ability , and ( wants ) to create a life of peace and stability . She does n't take any nonsense , and will do everything in her power to protect her family . '' Sia as Songbird Serenade , a pegasus and famous pop star in Equestria . The character 's design is modeled after Sia 's likeness . Nicole Oliver , St. Germain , and Britt McKillip reprise their respective roles from Friendship Is Magic as alicorns Princess Celestia , Princess Luna , and Princess Cadance . St. Germain also voices Granny Smith , Applejack 's grandmother , and Muffins , a cross-eyed pegasus alternatively known as `` Derpy '' in the series . Michelle Creber and Peter New voice Apple Bloom and Big McIntosh , Applejack 's younger sister and older brother , respectively . Michael Dobson voices Bulk Biceps , a muscular pegasus . Samuel Vincent voices Party Favor , a balloonist unicorn . Adam Bengis voices Code Red , one of the Canterlot ponies . Brian Dobson voices Verko , a mole - rat crime boss in Klugetown . Max Martini , Mark Oliver , and Nicole Oliver respectively perform as three of Captain Celaeno 's parrot - like crew : Boyle , first mate Mullet , and Lix Spittle . Michael Dobson , Andrew McNee , Tegan Moss , Sabrina Pitre , Rhona Rees , and Vincent all feature as assorted citizens of Canterlot . Richard Ian Cox , Michael Dobson , McNee , New , and Nicole Oliver also perform as denizens of Klugetown . Additional voices are provided by Alistair Abell , Caitlyn Bairstow , Julia Benson , Christine Chatelain , Brian Dobson , Paul Dobson , Rondel Reynoldson , Jason Simpson , Sarah Troyer , and Siobhan Williams . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) At San Diego Comic - Con International in 2012 , Friendship Is Magic head writer Meghan McCarthy commented on the possibility of a feature film based on the series , saying that it was not in her control whether or not the film would be made . The film was announced on October 20 , 2014 , with Joe Ballarini attached as screenwriter and McCarthy as co-executive producer . Hasbro Studios president Stephan Davis said of the film that `` I think it gives us an opportunity to tell a bigger story , that maybe we ( ca n't ) tell on television '' and that `` ( it 's ) also an opportunity to broaden the franchise '' . The film is one of the first being produced through Hasbro Studios ' self - financing film label Allspark Pictures , which also produced the live - action adaptation of Jem and the Holograms . During PonyCon AU on February 22 , 2015 , McCarthy said that the movie would be unrelated to the Equestria Girls spin - off franchise , and that the crew was `` going all out on it , to make sure it does n't just feel like an extended episode '' . Series director Jayson Thiessen and McCarthy were both confirmed as the film 's director and screenwriter , respectively ; Michael Vogel was also signed on as co-executive producer alongside McCarthy , with Hasbro executives Brian Goldner and Stephen Davis as producers . Rita Hsiao and Vogel were later announced as co-writers alongside McCarthy . On April 30 , 2016 , concept artwork and other information was officially revealed at PonyRadioCon in Moscow ; the panel included additional plot details such as the main characters ' transformation into `` sea ponies '' for a portion of the film . While Hasbro has not released any production costs to date , Cartoon Brew 's Amid Amidi estimated that the film had a budget between $5 to $8 million , based on budgets for films with similar styles as well as accounting for the work being done primarily in - house at Hasbro to reduce costs . Casting ( edit ) The initial Lionsgate announcement listed the principal voice cast of Friendship Is Magic -- Tara Strong , Ashleigh Ball , Andrea Libman , Tabitha St. Germain , and Cathy Weseluck -- reprising their roles alongside actress Kristin Chenoweth as a new character . On February 12 , 2016 , it was announced that Emily Blunt joined the voice cast . By April 27 , 2016 , actors Michael Peña and Uzo Aduba were in negotiations to join the cast . On May 16 , Liev Schreiber and Taye Diggs were confirmed additions to the cast . On June 20 , Ashleigh Ball stated through Twitter that she had begun recording for the film 's songs . At San Diego Comic - Con in July 2016 , singer Sia was announced to be portraying a new `` pop star pony '' character called Songbird Serenade . On January 11 , 2017 , it was reported by Variety that Zoe Saldana had joined the cast . Friendship Is Magic voice actress Nicole Oliver confirmed via Twitter on January 23 that she would also be a part of the film 's cast , reprising her role as Princess Celestia . Animation ( edit ) Michel Gagné joined the film as an effects animator on April 2 , 2016 , taking an eight - month hiatus from Spider - Man : Into the Spider - Verse made by Sony Pictures Animation . In early October 2016 , Gagné reported that Nik Gipe was hired onto the film 's staff as his assistant . He also mentioned that the film was being animated using Toon Boom Harmony instead of the usual animation software Adobe Flash that is used in the television series . According to art director Rebecca Dart , they wanted to keep to the look and feel of the television show , and the use of Toon Boom Harmony enabled them to add `` simple yet impactful changes '' to the designs for the big screen , such as depth and shadows for their eyes and ears , and the impression of heart - shaped indentations on the bottom of their hooves . The production of the film ended by July 29 , 2017 . The production crew used simple 3D modeling in Autodesk Maya as to determine camera locations , lens , and angles , rough lighting , character and prop placement , and which way the characters would be looking and expressing . The pre-visualization crew were able to use the 3D backdrops that became more detailed throughout the film 's development to integrate the simple 3D character models , and then were able to test the Toon Boom animations on top of these scenes using the placement established by Maya , helping to speed up the production . Music ( edit ) Main articles : List of songs in My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic § My Little Pony : The Movie ( 2017 ) , and My Little Pony : The Movie ( soundtrack ) The film 's official soundtrack was released on September 22 , 2017 by RCA Records . The film 's songs and score were composed by Friendship Is Magic songwriter Daniel Ingram , who first announced at GalaCon 2015 that he would be collaborating with a live studio orchestra for the film . On his songwriting for the film , Ingram said , `` I had to challenge myself to push beyond what had been done in the TV show ; to write bigger , more epic . '' It was stated through the PonyRadioCon panel that the film would have a total of eight original songs . At Hasbro 's Toy Fair investor presentation on February 17 , 2017 , it was announced that there would be seven songs . Around 5,800 pages of sheet music were created for all orchestral parts of the score . Recording for the score began on June 5 , 2017 , and finished on June 11 . Sia contributed an original song to the film , `` Rainbow '' , which was released as a single on September 15 , 2017 . A music video for the song later released by Entertainment Weekly on September 19 . The video was directed by Daniel Askill and features a dance performance by Maddie Ziegler , a previous collaborator with Sia , intercut to scenes from the film . Danish band Lukas Graham also contributed an original song for the film titled `` Off to See the World '' , which was used in the film 's first trailer . Other artists included in the album are DNCE and CL . Release ( edit ) On August 7 , 2015 , Lionsgate announced that they would distribute and market the film worldwide except in China . The film was showcased at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival on May 10 along with eight other Lionsgate features to help sell the film to international distributors . My Little Pony : The Movie was originally scheduled for release in the United States on November 3 , 2017 , but it was subsequently moved up to October 6 , 2017 . Theatrically , the film was accompanied by a 5 - minute animated short from Hasbro Studios ' web series Hanazuki : Full of Treasures . A private premiere screening was held in New York City on September 24 , 2017 , twelve days prior to the nationwide release date . Marketing ( edit ) Main article : My Little Pony ( 2010 toyline ) Numerous toys based on characters , sets , and props from the film were made by Hasbro , and a vast majority of the products was released on August 1 , 2017 . The 2016 PonyRadioCon panel included a brief preview for some of the planned merchandise being developed for the film , including T - shirts and graphics . On July 27 , 2016 , the My Little Pony Collectible Card Game hinted on Twitter about a new set of cards based on the film . Hasbro 's toyline for the film was shown and promoted at Toy Fair 2017 and various other toy conventions . Several books and comics related to the film have been announced : My Little Pony : Annual 2018 , which contains `` exclusive content from the My Little Pony movie '' was released on August 10 , 2017 ; and a `` prequel '' story released on August 1 . On January 23 , 2017 , Hachette Book Group listed five different books for the film , all released on August 29 , 2017 . Books based on the film have been showcased at BookCon 2017 on June 4 , with guest appearances by Andrea Libman and Ashleigh Ball . IDW Publishing released a four - issue comic book miniseries titled My Little Pony : The Movie Prequel , with the first issue released on June 28 , 2017 . Viz Media released an art book for the film on August 29 , 2017 . A comic adaptation based on the film by IDW was released on September 27 , 2017 . A teaser trailer for the film was released online on April 6 , 2017 , and in theaters alongside Smurfs : The Lost Village the following day . The first full trailer debuted online on June 28 , 2017 , and was released with Despicable Me 3 two days later . Another trailer was released by USA Today online on September 12 , 2017 . The same day , the official My Little Pony Facebook page hosted a live Q&A stream with two of the movie 's characters , Pinkie Pie ( voiced by Andrea Libman ) and Twilight Sparkle ( voiced by Tara Strong ) . Another trailer was played during the season 12 finale of America 's Got Talent on September 20 , 2017 . On September 27 , 2017 , the official My Little Pony Facebook page hosted a live Q&A stream with art director Rebecca Dart , who drew a custom artwork of Rainbow Dash ( voiced by Ashleigh Ball ) . On September 30 , 2017 , a special titled The Making of My Little Pony : The Movie aired on Discovery Family , a joint venture between Discovery Communications and Hasbro . It was watched by 18,000 viewers . Home Media ( edit ) My Little Pony : The Movie was released on December 19 , 2017 for digital downloads and was later released on January 9 , 2018 for DVD , Blu - ray , and On Demand . Its special features includes a deleted scene , a music video for the song `` I 'm the Friend You Need '' , three featurettes starring the Mane Six , an exclusive Equestria Girls animated short , and the Hanazuki : Full of Treasures short bundled with the film 's theatrical release . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) My Little Pony : The Movie has grossed $21.8 million in the United States and Canada , and $38.5 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $60.3 million . In the United States and Canada , the film was expected to gross between $10 million and $17 million from 2,528 theaters in its opening weekend . It made $3 million on its first day , including $290,000 from Thursday night previews . It ended up opening to $8.9 million finishing 4th at the box office behind Blade Runner 2049 , The Mountain Between Us and It . Amid Amidi of Cartoon Brew stated that , despite the opening being considered a disappointment , any reasonable return from the film would be seen as positive by Hasbro because it is tied to the toy line . The film dropped 54 % in its second weekend , making $4.1 million and falling to 9th . Its biggest markets outside North America are China with $7.3 million , the UK with $4.9 million , Russia with $2.3 million , and Germany with $2.3 million . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 47 % based on 58 reviews , with an average rating of 5.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Charming and sweet , My Little Pony : The Movie will please its dedicated fanbase , even if it 's unlikely to encourage non-devotees to gallop along for the ride . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 39 out of 100 , based on 13 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A − '' on an A+ to F scale . Katie Walsh of the Los Angeles Times wrote , `` Truthfully , this film feels like four episodes of a cartoon strung together , and there are times , especially during some of the latter musical numbers , where it truly drags . '' She also remarked on the film 's animation , saying it `` embraces the flat , colorful , Saturday - morning cartoon look and feel '' . Christy Lenore of RogerEbert.com gave the film 1.5 stars out of 4 , criticizing the narrative as being `` all over the place '' and having `` a multitude of underdeveloped , crammed - in characters '' , while commending the film for retaining the Friendship Is Magic television series cast and staff . Josh Terry of Deseret News criticized the film , saying parents should `` put their money into some new My Little Pony toys '' rather than go see the movie . Gwen Ihnat of The A.V. Club gave the film a `` C '' grade , favoring the improved animation over the television series , but adding `` you have to wonder to what use it 's being put '' . Elizabeth Weitzman of TheWrap wrote positively of the film , saying , `` Like its television predecessor , is all dressed up in bubbles and cupcakes and rainbows . But it 's so jam - packed with rousing girl power , it passes the Bechdel Test with ( literally ) flying colors . '' Amy Nicholson of Variety called the film `` at once clichéd and exceptional '' , praising its female characters and calling the story `` emotionally wise '' . Accolades ( edit ) Award Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Davey Awards Best Home Page Website My Little Pony : The Movie Won Muse Creative Awards Platinum Winner - Website Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` MY LITTLE PONY THE MOVIE Production Notes FINAL '' ( PDF ) . Lionsgate Press . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 1 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` My Little Pony : The Movie ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' My Little Pony ' Movie Debuts Logo '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Coggan , Devan ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Liev Schreiber , Taye Diggs join My Little Pony Movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Greaser , Marc ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' My Little Pony ' Movie in the Works at Hasbro Studios ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Animation movies to watch out for in 2017 '' . The Daily Star . January 3 , 2017 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . My Little Pony : The Movie is a Canadian -- American animated musical fantasy film produced and financed by Hasbro Studios ' film label Allspark Pictures and animated through DHX Media . ^ Jump up to : Michel Gagné ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` Bellingham 's Nik Gipe Joins Me on MLP Movie '' . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The KS1075 Morning Show Wants To Send You To The Premiere of MY LITTLE PONY in NYC ! ! '' . KS1075 . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' My Little Pony ' Trots Up To October 2017 ; ' Cafe Society ' Changes To Platform Release '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ My Little Pony Movie Official Twitter ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ( Announcement of Tempest Shadow ) '' . Twitter . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Erin ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` 5 brony - tastic moments from ' My Little Pony : The Movie ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The Illustrious Q ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` HASCON Interview : Meghan McCarthy on Writing for My Little Pony : The Movie '' . Equestria Daily . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ My Little Pony Movie Official Twitter ( February 12 , 2017 ) . `` ( Announcement of Grubber ) '' . Twitter . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schreiber , Liev ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ( Announcement of Storm King ) '' . Twitter . ( Self - published ) . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Liev Schreiber 's not a bad guy , he just plays one in ' My Little Pony ' '' . Take Two . July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Liev Schreiber talks about playing a real - life Rocky in new film ' Chuck ' '' . Today . May 1 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Diggs , Taye ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ( Announcement of Capper ) '' . Twitter . ( Self - published ) . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saldana , Zoe ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ( Announcement of Captain Celaeno ) '' . Facebook . ( Self - published ) . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chenoweth , Kristin ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ( Announcement of Princess Skystar ) '' . Twitter . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Meghan ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ( Meghan McCarthy confirming sea ponies ) '' . Twitter . ( Self - published ) . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Russian , Ale ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Dive Into My Little Pony : The Movie 's Colorful Underwater World in This Exclusive First Look '' . People . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Aduba , Uzo ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ( Announcement of Queen Novo ) '' . Twitter . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Sia Joins the Voice Cast of ' My Little Pony : The Movie ' '' . Variety . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ginsberg , Gabriella ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sia Recorded A Song For The ' My Little Pony ' Movie Soundtrack & It 's Actually Amazing '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sims , Chris ( July 15 , 2012 ) . `` ' We Love The Bronies ' : The Cast And Writer Of ' My Little Pony ' On MLP And Its Fans '' . ComicsAlliance . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Noonan , Kevin ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Hasbro Studios President Talks the ' My Little Pony ' Movie , Expanding the Brands '' . Variety . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PonyCon Au 2015 Writers Panel ( Meghan McCarthy and G.M. Berrow ) Panel '' . YouTube . February 28 , 2015 . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The magic of friendship comes to the big screen in a new My Little Pony movie from Hasbro 's Allspark Pictures and Lionsgate '' . PR Newswire . August 7 , 2015 . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Orange , B. Alan ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` My Little Pony : The Movie Trailer Has Arrived '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The_acz ( April 30 , 2016 ) . `` New Concept Slides & Info For The 2017 ' My Little Pony ' Movie ! '' . Geekscape . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Amidi , Amid ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' My Little Pony : The Movie ' Opens In 4th ; ' Despicable Me ' Passes ' Zootopia ' In Global Box Office '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lieberman , David ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` Lionsgate Plans ' My Little Pony ' With Kristin Chenoweth , VR For ' John Wick ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Emily Blunt Joins ' My Little Pony ' Movie '' . Variety . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Galuppo , Mia ( April 27 , 2016 ) . `` Michael Pena , Uzo Aduba in Talks to Join ' My Little Pony ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ball , Ashleigh ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Ashleigh Ball on recording film songs '' . Twitter . ( Self - published ) . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNarry , Dave ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Zoe Saldana Joins the Voice Cast of ' My Little Pony : The Movie ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Nicole ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` ( Nicole Oliver confirming her casting in the film ) '' . Twitter . Self - published . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Nicole ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` ( Oliver confirming her reprisal role as Princess Celestia in the film ) '' . Twitter . Self - published . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michel Gagné ( April 30 , 2016 ) . `` Had Fun at TAAFI , Now Back to Work '' . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michel Gagné ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` Working with Jayson Again '' . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michel Gagné ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Spider - Man VFX Phase One '' . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michel Gagné ( February 28 , 2016 ) . `` A Time for Change '' . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Kawasaki and Joel Enos , eds. ( 2017 ) . The Art of My Little Pony : The Movie . Viz Media . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 1421596488 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Thiessen , Jayson ( 2017 - 07 - 29 ) . `` Guys , I think we might have a finished movie on our hooves ! # MLPMovie '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Jennifer ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Lights , Camera , Action : The Cinematography of ' My Little Pony : The Movie ' '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` My Little Pony : The Movie - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` GalaCon 2015 - Daniel Ingram & Monique Creber Panel '' . YouTube . October 3 , 2015 . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Furminger , Sabrina ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Daniel Ingram is the maestro of ' toon tunes '' . Westender . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Corvoda , Chevistian ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` ( Toy Fair 2017 confirmation of songs and global theatrical release ) '' . Twitter . ( Self - published ) . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ingram , Daniel ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` ( 5,800 Pages for the Orchestra ) '' . Twitter . ( Self - published ) . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ingram , Daniel ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` ( 2nd Day of Scoring ) '' . Twitter . ( Self - published ) . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ingram , Daniel ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` ( Scoring Finishing ) '' . Twitter . ( Self - published ) . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Becky ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` My Little Pony : The Movie Teaser & Poster Spotlight The All - Star Cast '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` My Little Pony : The Movie - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . iTunes Store . September 15 , 2017 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Sia 's latest video with Maddie Ziegler ... for My Little Pony : The Movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . September 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harper , Blake ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` The Danish Anarchist Behind the Awesome Song In The ' My Little Pony ' Trailer '' . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` My Little Pony : The Movie ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Herman , Tamar ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` K - Pop Star CL Bringing No Better Feelin ' to My Little Pony ' Movie Soundtrack '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Cannes : Lionsgate Selling ' Now You See Me 3 , ' ' My Little Pony ' '' . Variety . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' My Little Pony ' Movie Gets Release Date '' . Variety . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McAleer , Joseph ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Movie Review : My Little Pony : The Movie '' . Catholic News Service . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hasbro First Quarter 2017 '' ( PDF ) . p. 5 . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MLP : CCG ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` MLP : CCG hinting on future card set '' . Twitter . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( 2017 ) . `` My Little Pony the Movie Toys Unveiled at Toy Fair '' . ComicBook . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NEW 2017 My Little Pony Toys ! MLP Movie , Sea Ponies , Magical Princess Twilight Sparkle ! '' . YouTube . Bins Toy Bin . February 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( Pony at TTPM ) '' . Twitter . Hasbro . April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sethisto ( October 23 , 2016 ) . `` 2018 MLP Annual Listed on Amazon With Movie Tie - In '' . Equestria Daily . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Little , Brown and Company Books for Young Readers : Spring Summer 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Hatchette Book Group . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hachette My Little Pony Book Listings ( 8x8 ) '' . Hachette Book Group . January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hachette My Little Pony Book Listings ( Jacketed Picture Book ) '' . Hachette Book Group . January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hachette My Little Pony Book Listings ( Sticker Book ) '' . Hachette Book Group . January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hachette My Little Pony Book Listings ( Reader ) '' . Hachette Book Group . January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hachette My Little Pony Book Listings ( The Deluxe Junior Novel ) '' . Hachette Book Group . January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ponies on the Page : My Little Pony The Movie Prequel Stories '' . BookCon . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` My Little Pony : The Movie Prequel # 1 '' . IDW Publishing . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Milligan , Mercedes ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` VIZ Expands Library with Studio Ghibli , ' MLP ' Movie Art Books '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` My Little Pony : The Movie Adaptation -- IDW Publishing '' . Amazon.com . September 23 , 2017 . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Becky ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` My Little Pony : The Movie Teaser & Poster Spotlight The All - Star Cast '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Discover a Different Breed of Hero in the Exclusive My Little Pony Poster ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Volkov , Anton ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` CONFIRMED : New ' My Little Pony ' Trailer This Week '' . Trailer - Track . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` Emily Blunt breaks bad as villainous unicorn in exclusive new ' My Little Pony ' trailer '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` My Little Pony : The Movie -- Live Q&A Stream with Pinkie Pie and Twilight Sparkle '' . Facebook . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calpain ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent Special MLP Movie Sneak Peak '' . Equestria Daily . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` My Little Pony : The Movie -- Live Q&A Stream with Rebecca Dart '' . Facebook . September 27 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery Family : September 2017 Programming Highlights '' ( PDF ) . Discovery Family Press . September 21 , 2017 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 1 , 2017 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.30. 2017 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` My Little Pony : The Movie '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` My Little Pony the Movie_FS_Final '' . Lionsgate . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Kicks Off October Box Office as Clear Favorite '' . TheWrap . October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Poised To Fly Around The World With Estimated $100 M Bow '' . Deadline.com . October 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flying Car Fizzles : Why ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Is Hitting Turbulence With $32 M+ Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blade Runner 2049 ' Dulls - 11 % On Saturday ; Weekend Opening Now At $31 M+ : Sunday Postmortem '' . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro . `` Blumhouse Has Plenty To Smile About As ' Happy Death Day ' Scares Up $26 M+ Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` My Little Pony : The Movie ( 2017 ) - International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` My Little Pony : The Movie ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` My Little Pony : The Movie reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Katie ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' My Little Pony : The Movie ' is a pastel treat for those who like that sort of thing '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lenore , Christy ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` My Little Pony : The Movie Movie Review '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Terry , Josh ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Movie review : ' My Little Pony : The Movie ' pales next to superior animated fare '' . Deseret News . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ihnat , Gwen ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` My Little Pony 's big movie release needs more sparkle '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weitzman , Elizabeth ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' My Little Pony : The Movie ' Review : Friendship Is Magic , and So Is This Equestrian Adventure '' . TheWrap . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Amy ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' My Little Pony : The Movie ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davey Awards . April 9 , 2018 https://www.daveyawards.com/winners/gallery/list/?search=My+Little+Pony&event=1016&award=1 . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Muse Creativr Awards . April 9 , 2018 https://museaward.com/winners/5/561/1654 . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Official website My Little Pony : The Movie on IMDb My Little Pony : The Movie at Rotten Tomatoes My Little Pony : The Movie at Box Office Mojo My Little Pony : The Movie at AllMovie My Little Pony : The Movie at Metacritic Film portal Cartoon portal My Little Pony ( 2010 -- present ; including Friendship Is Magic television series ) Media Animation Friendship Is Magic characters episodes songs setting My Little Pony : The Movie ( 2017 ) soundtrack `` Rainbow '' `` Off to See the World '' Software Twilight Sparkle , Teacher for a Day Gameloft video game Other IDW comics Issues Collectible card game TV episodes Season 1 ( 2010 -- 2011 ) `` The Cutie Mark Chronicles '' Season 2 ( 2011 -- 2012 ) `` The Return of Harmony '' `` Hearts and Hooves Day '' `` A Canterlot Wedding '' Season 3 ( 2012 -- 2013 ) `` The Crystal Empire '' `` Magical Mystery Cure '' Season 4 ( 2013 -- 2014 ) `` Pinkie Pride '' `` Twilight 's Kingdom '' Season 5 ( 2015 ) `` The Cutie Map '' `` Slice of Life '' Season 6 ( 2016 ) `` A Hearth 's Warming Tail '' Season 7 ( 2017 ) Season 8 ( 2018 ) Fandom BronyCon Equestria Daily Bronies ( documentary film ) A Brony Tale Them 's Fightin ' Herds See also Discography Overall history of the franchise My Little Pony : Equestria Girls ( a spin - off franchise ) Films Equestria Girls ( 2013 ) Rainbow Rocks ( 2014 ) Friendship Games ( 2015 ) Legend of Everfree ( 2016 ) Other Miniseries ( 2017 ) Summertime Shorts ( 2017 ) songs Category Book Project Works by Hasbro Studios Animated Television series The Adventures of Chuck and Friends Blazing Team G.I. Joe : Renegades Kaijudo Littlest Pet Shop Littlest Pet Shop : A World of Our Own My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic Pound Puppies Transformers : Prime Transformers : Rescue Bots Transformers : Robots in Disguise Transformers : Cyberverse Micronauts Television films Equestria Girls Beast Hunters : Predacons Rising Equestria Girls -- Rainbow Rocks Equestria Girls -- Friendship Games Equestria Girls -- Legend of Everfree Equestria Girls -- Magical Movie Night Equestria Girls -- Forgotten Friendship Web series Transformers : Combiner Wars Hanazuki : Full of Treasures Transformers : Titans Return Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters Transformers : Power of the Primes Live - action Game shows Family Game Night The Game of Life Scrabble Showdown Monopoly Millionaires ' Club Films Ouija Other Hubworld Clue Taylor Swift : Journey to Fearless Allspark Pictures films Animated My Little Pony : The Movie Live action Jem and the Holograms Ouija : Origin of Evil Bumblebee : The Movie See also Hasbro Boulder Media Limited Claster Television Films Television programs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Little_Pony:_The_Movie_(2017_film)&oldid=835667920 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 animated films 2010s fantasy films 2010s musical films 2010s American animated films American animated films American children 's animated adventure films American children 's animated fantasy films American fantasy adventure films American films American musical fantasy films Animated films about friendship Animated films based on animated series Animated musical films Canadian adventure films Canadian animated fantasy films Canadian animated films Canadian fantasy films Canadian films Canadian musical films DHX Media films Films directed by Jayson Thiessen Hasbro brands Hasbro Studios films Lions Gate Entertainment animated films Lions Gate Entertainment films My Little Pony films My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles needing more detailed references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Íslenska Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Scots Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 01 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the singer in the my little pony movie	[ "Sia as Songbird Serenade, a pegasus and famous pop star in Equestria.[23] The character's design is modeled after Sia's likeness.[24]" ]	[ "Sia" ]
-7171066599062437749	Frankie & Alice	Frankie & Alice - Wikipedia Frankie & Alice Jump to : navigation , search Frankie & Alice Theatrical release poster Directed by Geoffrey Sax Produced by Halle Berry Vince Cirrincione Simon DeKaric Hassain Zaidi Screenplay by Cheryl Edwards Marko King Mary King Jonathan Watters Joe Shrapnel Anna Waterhouse Story by Oscar Janiger Philip Goldberg Cheryl Edwards Starring Halle Berry Stellan Skarsgård Music by Andrew Lockington Cinematography Newton Thomas Sigel Edited by David M. Richardson Production company Access Motion Pictures Distributed by CodeBlack Films Lions Gate Entertainment ( US 2014 ) Release date May 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 17 ) ( Cannes ) December 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 10 ) Country Canada Language English Box office $706,546 ( Lifetime Gross ) Frankie & Alice is a 2010 Canadian drama film directed by Geoffrey Sax starring Halle Berry . Filming began in Vancouver , British Columbia , in November 2008 and ended in January 2009 . To qualify for awards season , the film opened in a limited release on December 10 , 2010 . It is based on a true story about a popular go - go dancer / stripper in the 1970s who suffers from dissociative identity disorder . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Release 4 Reception 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) This article needs an improved plot summary . ( October 2015 ) The film primarily takes place in Los Angeles in 1973 . Frankie , a black female gogo dancer , unknowingly suffers from dissociative identity disorder , caused by a traumatic incident from her childhood ( the death of a white man she was in love with , and her mother murdering her newborn when she realized the child 's father was her white lover ) , which she has repressed . The film begins with Frankie performing at a local strip club . She is one of the best strippers at the club , and often demands the attention of wealthy Wall Street businessmen . One night the club 's female employees go out for a `` Girls Night '' . As the girls observe all the men at the bar , Frankie gets the attention of a well - known bartender . She agrees to go to his home for casual sex . Before the two can engage in any sexual activity , Frankie switches to an alter ego and cracks the man 's head open with a picture frame . Word of Frankie 's violent activity spreads to the strip club quickly , and Frankie is fired from the needed job . The same manic episodes occur while Frankie is at the laundromat and a wedding . During a session with the psychiatrist Frankie learns that she has two alters : Genius , a seven - year - old child ; and Alice , a Southern white racist woman , whom Frankie struggles to overcome . Through regular psychiatric sessions with her doctor , she begins to recall the traumatic events that led to her split personality . She realizes that a white man with whom she was in love died in a car accident while they were on the road . In the same session , she also uncovers the memory of the birth of her child . Moments after the birth , her mother realizes that the child is half - white and takes it away to kill it , thus triggering her personality to split . After she watches the taped sessions and puts everything together , she begins the healing process , taking control of her life and semi-integrating the personalities that Dr. Oz assures her will always be present . Cast ( edit ) Halle Berry as Frankie / Genius / Alice Vanessa Morgan as 16 - year - old Frankie Michayla McKenzie as 8 - year - old Frankie Stellan Skarsgård as Dr. Oz Matt Frewer as Dr. Strassfield Phylicia Rashad as Edna Murdoch Chandra Wilson as Maxine Murdoch Katharine Isabelle as Paige Prescott Emily Tennant as 16 - year - old Paige Megan Charpentier as 8 - year - old Paige Kira Clavell as Wanda Andrew Francis as Cop Joanne Baron as Nurse Susan Shaw Scott Lyster as Pete Prescott Brian Markinson as Dr. Backman Release ( edit ) It had a limited release in the United States on December 10 , 2010 to qualify for awards . The film had a wide theatrical release on April 4 , 2014 . Reception ( edit ) Frankie and Alice received negative reviews from critics . It currently holds a 21 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes with the consensus : `` Halle Berry gives it her all ( and then some ) , but Frankie & Alice is ultimately too narratively strained and clumsily assembled to do her performance justice . '' There were positive responses . Following a screening at the Cannes Film Festival , The Hollywood Reporter described the film as `` a well - wrought psychological drama that delves into the dark side of one woman 's psyche '' . The review also said Halle Berry was `` spellbinding '' as Frankie , with `` rock - solid '' supporting performances . Awards and nominations ( edit ) African - American Film Critics Association Nominee , Best Picture Winner , Best Actress : Halle Berry Golden Globes Nominee , Best Actress in a Motion Picture Drama : Halle Berry NAACP Image Awards Winner , Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture : Halle Berry Winner , Outstanding Independent Motion Picture : Frankie and Alice References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=frankiealice.htm Jump up ^ http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=frankiealice2014.htm Jump up ^ Byrge , Duane . `` Frankie & Alice -- Film Review '' , The Hollywood Reporter . October 15 , 2010 External links ( edit ) Official website Frankie & Alice at AllMovie Frankie & Alice at Box Office Mojo Frankie & Alice on IMDb Frankie and Alice at Metacritic Frankie & Alice at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Films directed by Geoffrey Sax Circle of Deceit ( 1993 ) Doctor Who ( 1996 ) Othello ( 2001 ) Tipping the Velvet ( 2002 ) Margery and Gladys ( 2003 ) White Noise ( 2005 ) Stormbreaker ( 2006 ) Frankie & Alice ( 2010 ) Christopher and His Kind ( 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frankie_%26_Alice&oldid=796954829 '' Categories : 2010 films English - language films Dissociative identity disorder in films Films shot in Vancouver Canadian films Canadian drama films Canadian independent films Films about psychiatry Films set in 1973 Lions Gate Entertainment films Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from October 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles using small message boxes Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2017 , at 02 : 27 . About Wikipedia	who was the movie frankie and alice based on	[ "Frankie & Alice is a 2010 Canadian drama film directed by Geoffrey Sax starring Halle Berry. Filming began in Vancouver, British Columbia, in November 2008 and ended in January 2009. To qualify for awards season, the film opened in a limited release on December 10, 2010. It is based on a true story about a popular go-go dancer/stripper in the 1970s who suffers from dissociative identity disorder." ]	[ "a popular go-go dancer/stripper in the 1970s who suffers from dissociative identity disorder" ]
-8806568483716688466	Port St. Lucie, Florida	Port St. Lucie , Florida - wikipedia Port St. Lucie , Florida Jump to : navigation , search City in Florida , United States Port St. Lucie City City of Port St. Lucie PGA Golf Club in Port St. Lucie Motto ( s ) : A City for All Ages Location in St. Lucie County and the state of Florida U.S. Census Map Coordinates : 27 ° 16 ′ 33 '' N 80 ° 21 ′ 18 '' W / 27.27583 ° N 80.35500 ° W / 27.27583 ; - 80.35500 Coordinates : 27 ° 16 ′ 33 '' N 80 ° 21 ′ 18 '' W / 27.27583 ° N 80.35500 ° W / 27.27583 ; - 80.35500 Country United States State Florida County St. Lucie Incorporated April 27 , 1903 Government Mayor Greg Oravec Area City 120.51 sq mi ( 312.11 km ) Land 118.89 sq mi ( 307.92 km ) Water 1.62 sq mi ( 4.19 km ) Elevation 16 ft ( 5 m ) Population ( 2010 ) City 164,603 Estimate ( 2016 ) 185,132 Rank US : 142nd Density 1,557.18 / sq mi ( 601.23 / km ) Urban 376,047 ( US : 101st ) Metro 438,095 ( US : 116th ) Time zone Eastern ( EST ) ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) FIPS code 12 - 58715 GNIS feature ID 0308089 Website City of Port St. Lucie Port St. Lucie is a city in St. Lucie County , Florida , United States . It is the most populous municipality in the county with a population of 164,603 at the 2010 census due to its rapid growth during the 2000s . In 2013 , the state of Florida estimated the city 's population at 171,016. Port St. Lucie forms part of a metropolitan area called the Port St. Lucie , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area that in 2013 was estimated to have 438,095 residents . As of 2015 , the city had 179,413 residents , surpassing Fort Lauderdale in population . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Demographics 2.1 Languages 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 4 Transportation 4.1 Major highways 5 Sports 6 Education 7 Government 8 Notable people 9 Sister cities 10 In popular culture 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) Port St. Lucie was a largely uninhabited tract of land south of White City in the 1950s , composed of a fishing camp , a few farms and businesses near U.S. 1 . In 1958 , with a budget of $5 , the General Development Corporation ( GDC ) purchased the River Park development and 40,000 acres ( 160 km ) along the North Fork of the St. Lucie River . In 1959 , the GDC opened its first bridge over the St. Lucie River , allowing for direct automobile access to Port St. Lucie . By February 25 , 1961 there were 250 homes in the new city . GDC requested the state legislature to incorporate 70 miles ( 110 km ) , along with the River Park settlement , into the City of Port St. Lucie . River Park did not incorporate into the city at the request of its residents . Port St. Lucie became a city on April 27 , 1961 with the passage of House Bill No. 953 , proposed by State Representative Rupert Smith and approved by Florida Governor C. Farris Bryant . In the early 1990s , Core Communities ( CC ) , acquired and began planning what would become St. Lucie West . Originally , St. Lucie West was to have contained about 14,000 homes over a 20 - year period on 7 square miles ( 18 km ) . But after realizing the community 's strategic position , they began developing it into more than just a residential area . CC began building business sectors and places of entertainment and leisure . That resulted in 7,000 jobs being brought to the small town , helping it into its boom during most of the early 2000s . In 2006 , CC started development of its newest community , Tradition . The community , which sits west of the Interstate 95 intersection of Gatlin Blvd. , was a large cattle ranch before CC began to develop it . There they built around 13,000,000 square feet ( 1,200,000 m ) of commercial area , and room for over 18,000 residences . According to CC 's website , Tradition is the largest fully entitled residential development area from the tip of Interstate 95 to the Canada -- U.S. border . It is modeled after a 1950s - era town . According to its website , Tradition Square , the town center of the community , holds festivities year - round . It was also chosen as the site of HGTV 's Green Home 2009 , and one of America 's best 100 communities . In 2007 , the housing market began to collapse and unemployment started to rise . As of February 2009 , unemployment was at 101⁄2 percent and in 2008 , nearly 11,000 homes went into foreclosure . This prompted the county government to consider declaring itself a disaster area . Doing so would have given county administrators access to $17 million in county emergency reserve funds . That money , combined with a transportation fund and other accounts , would give St. Lucie $20 -- $30 million to spend on building projects : research parks , highways and other infrastructure improvements . In 2008 , Tradition and Core Communities welcomed the Florida Center of Innovation , a research laboratory and campus , which has a building in Tradition for two biotech and life science companies , the Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies and the Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute . This campus alone is projected to bring more than 30,000 jobs to the city of Port St. Lucie . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1970 330 -- 1980 14,690 4,351.5 % 55,866 280.3 % 2000 88,769 58.9 % 164,603 85.4 % Est. 2016 185,132 12.5 % U.S. Decennial Census Port St. Lucie Demographics 2010 Census Port St. Lucie St. Lucie County Florida Total population 164,603 277,789 18,801,310 Population , percent change , 2000 to 2010 + 85.4 % + 44.2 % + 17.6 % Population density 1,444.5 / sq mi 485.7 / sq mi 350.6 / sq mi White or Caucasian ( including White Hispanic ) 74.3 % 71.8 % 75.0 % ( Non-Hispanic White or Caucasian ) 61.6 % 61.2 % 57.9 % Black or African - American 16.3 % 19.1 % 16.0 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 18.4 % 16.6 % 22.5 % Asian 2.0 % 1.6 % 2.4 % Native American or Native Alaskan 0.4 % 0.4 % 0.4 % Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian 0.1 % 0.1 % 0.1 % Two or more races ( Multiracial ) 3.0 % 2.6 % 2.5 % Some Other Race 3.9 % 4.4 % 3.6 % As of 2000 , 31.6 % of households had children under the age of 18 living with them , 61.8 % were married couples living together , 10.0 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 24.1 % were non-families. 18.2 % of all households were made up of individuals and 8.9 % had someone living alone who was aged 65 or older . The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 2.94 . As of the 2010 census the population was 61.6 % non-Hispanic white , 15.6 % non-Hispanic black , 0.8 % Hispanic black , 0.4 % Native American , 0.5 % Asian Indian , 1.5 % other Asian , 0.1 % Pacific Island , 0.4 % non-Hispanics reporting some other race alone , 3.0 % from two or more races , and 17.6 % non-black Hispanics . In 2000 , the city 's population was spread out with 24.3 % under the age of 18 , 5.9 % from 18 to 24 , 28.1 % from 25 to 44 , 22.8 % from 45 to 64 , and 18.8 % who were 65 or older . The median age was 40 years . For every 100 females , there were 94.5 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 91.4 males . In 2000 , the median income for a household in the city was $40,509 , and the median income for a family was $44,162 . Males had a median income of $18,730 versus $16,702 for females . The per capita income for the city was $18,059 . About 15.7 % of families and 17.9 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 11.1 % of those under age 18 and 9.8 % of those age 65 or over . Languages ( edit ) As of 2000 , 88.05 % of residents spoke English as their first language , while 6.59 % spoke Spanish , 1.34 % spoke Italian , 1.00 % spoke French , 0.60 % spoke German , and 0.50 % spoke Haitian Creole as their mother tongue . In total , 11.94 % of the total population spoke languages other than English . Geography ( edit ) According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 76.7 sq mi ( 198.6 km ) , of which 75.5 sq mi ( 195.6 km ) is land and 1.2 sq mi ( 3.0 km ) ( 1.50 % ) is water . Climate ( edit ) Port St. Lucie features a warm humid subtropical climate , falling just short of having a true tropical climate . Summers are usually hot , with high temperatures averaging in the low 90s . Winters are usually mild to warm , with average high temperatures in the 70s . The average yearly precipitation is around 53.5 in . Port St. Lucie was hit directly by Hurricane Frances ( as a Category 2 hurricane ) on September 4 , 2004 , and by Hurricane Jeanne ( as a Category 3 hurricane ) on September 26 , 2004 . On October 24 , 2005 Port St. Lucie was hit directly by Hurricane Wilma ( as a Category 3 hurricane ) . ( hide ) Climate data for Port Saint Lucie , Florida Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 89 ( 32 ) 90 ( 32 ) 92 ( 33 ) 97 ( 36 ) 98 ( 37 ) 101 ( 38 ) 101 ( 38 ) 98 ( 37 ) 99 ( 37 ) 96 ( 36 ) 92 ( 33 ) 89 ( 32 ) 101 ( 38 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 73 ( 23 ) 75 ( 24 ) 79 ( 26 ) 82 ( 28 ) 86 ( 30 ) 90 ( 32 ) 92 ( 33 ) 91 ( 33 ) 90 ( 32 ) 86 ( 30 ) 81 ( 27 ) 76 ( 24 ) 83 ( 28 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 51 ( 11 ) 52 ( 11 ) 56 ( 13 ) 61 ( 16 ) 67 ( 19 ) 71 ( 22 ) 72 ( 22 ) 72 ( 22 ) 72 ( 22 ) 67 ( 19 ) 60 ( 16 ) 54 ( 12 ) 63 ( 17 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 23 ( − 5 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 33 ( 1 ) 45 ( 7 ) 56 ( 13 ) 64 ( 18 ) 61 ( 16 ) 60 ( 16 ) 42 ( 6 ) 31 ( − 1 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 23 ( − 5 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 2.7 ( 69 ) 2.9 ( 76 ) 3.3 ( 83 ) 2.8 ( 70 ) 4.4 ( 111 ) 5.8 ( 148 ) 5.8 ( 147 ) 6.4 ( 161 ) 7.8 ( 198 ) 5.8 ( 148 ) 3.5 ( 89 ) 2.3 ( 58 ) 53.5 ( 1,359 ) Source : Weather Channel Transportation ( edit ) Port St. Lucie is served by the St. Lucie Transportation Planning Organization ( TPO ) . The TPO is a Metropolitan Planning Organization ( MPO ) , a federally mandated and federally funded transportation policy - making organization responsible for transportation planning , programming , and financing of State and Federal Transportation Funds for the City of Port St. Lucie . The TPO is governed by a TPO Board , which is composed of elected officials , representatives from the St. Lucie County School Board , and representatives from Community Transit , a division of The Council on Aging of St. Lucie , Inc . The original bus system started out as a demand response service bus in the 1990s , it only served St. Lucie County . Soon it expanded to a fixed route system , going to predetermined locations along a route . On June 3 , 2002 , the Florida Department of Transportation ( FDOT ) approved funding , expanding the bus service to Martin County , and became the Treasure Coast Connector . Major highways ( edit ) Florida 's Turnpike ( State Road 91 ) is the only toll road in St. Lucie County , which is the northernmost place where the Turnpike and Interstate 95 run close to each other . The Turnpike has 2 exits within Port St. Lucie 's city limits : Port St. Lucie Boulevard ( SR 716 ) and Becker Road . For most of its route through St. Lucie County , the Turnpike is east of I - 95 . The Turnpike provides access to Orlando to the north , and Miami to the southeast . Interstate 95 ( State Road 9 ) is in the western portion of the city . It is 6 lanes wide ( 3 in each direction ) , and provides access to Miami and Jacksonville . Exits include exit 126 ( Midway Road ) , exit 121 ( St. Lucie West Blvd . ) , exit 120 ( Crosstown Parkway ) , exit 118 ( Gatlin Blvd. / Tradition Pkwy . ) , and exit 114 ( Becker Rd . ) . U.S. 1 ( State Road 5 ) almost runs parallel to Interstate 95 , and runs from Key West to Jacksonville , where it crosses into Georgia at Folkston . Its route through the city extends from Lennard Road to Midway Road . Sports ( edit ) PGA Village golf complex The city is home to New York Mets spring training , the St. Lucie Mets Florida State League team and the Gulf Coast League Mets rookie level team in the Gulf Coast League . All three play at First Data Field . The city also has two soccer clubs , Mako Soccer Club and Port St. Lucie Soccer Club , that field both competitive and recreational teams at several age levels . The PGA Village golf complex includes 54 holes of golf as well as a learning center and a historical center . The city also hosted the Ginn sur Mer Classic at Tesoro , the city 's first ever PGA Tour event , in 2007 . Port St. Lucie is also the home of the 2009 & 2011 National Champions in Pop Warner football . The 2009 Jr . Midget team went 16 - 0 en route to winning the Pop Warner National Championship at Disney 's Wide World of Sports Complex . The 2011 Jr . Peewee team went 17 - 0 in winning the National Championship . Education ( edit ) Port St. Lucie is served by St. Lucie County Public Schools , which is a school district which serves the rest of St. Lucie County , FL . In Port St. Lucie , there are six elementary schools , seven K -- 8 schools , three high schools , and three post-secondary institutions . The three public high schools in Port St. Lucie are Port St. Lucie High School , St. Lucie West Centennial High School , and Treasure Coast High School . The three post-secondary institutions operated in Port St. Lucie are Indian River State College , Barry University , and Keiser University . Government ( edit ) City Council Mayor Gregory J. Oravec Vice Mayor Shannon Martin - District 3 Councilwoman Stephanie Morgan - District 1 Councilman John Carvelli - District 2 Councilwoman Jolien Caraballo - District 4 City Manager Russ Blackburn Notable people ( edit ) Rick Ankiel , professional baseball player Mario Bencastro , Salvadorian novelist Michael Brantley , professional baseball player Megan Fox , American actress Ace Hood , hip hop artist Vanilla Ice , hip hop artist Larry Sanders ( basketball ) , professional basketball player Fabrizio Scaccia , professional football player Din Thomas , UFC fighter Mickey Wright , LPGA Hall of Fame Sister cities ( edit ) Putuo , Zhoushan , Zhejiang , China In popular culture ( edit ) A fictional version of Port St. Lucie is the setting for JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure Part 6 : Stone Ocean . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nicole Rodriguez . `` Greg Oravec wins Port St. Lucie mayor 's race - TC Palm '' . TCP . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved Jul 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Population Estimates '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://www.portstluciehistoricalsociety.org/pslhistory2.htm Archived October 5 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.portstluciehistoricalsociety.org Archived 2008 - 10 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Hard - Hit Boomtown Considers Emergency Measures '' . NPR.org. 18 February 2009 . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Modern Language Association Data Center Results of Port Saint Lucie , FL Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Average Weather for Port Saint Lucie , FL - Temperature and Precipitation Jump up ^ `` Average Weather for Port Saint Lucie , FL - Temperature and Precipitation '' . Retrieved 8 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` St Lucie TPO '' . stlucietpo.org . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` COASL : Our Services - Transportation '' . coasl.com . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Florida Department of Transportation - Home Archived 2011 - 07 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Treasure Coast Connector : Home '' . treasurecoastconnector.com . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Laurie K. Blandford . `` Becker Road interchange should make things easier for Port St. Lucie residents '' . TCP . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ PGATOUR.COM - Ginn Resorts to host PGA TOUR event Archived October 31 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.popwarner.com/09superbowl/pop.asp Jump up ^ http://www.popwarner.com/11superbowl/jrpeeweebrackets.asp External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Port St. Lucie . City of Port St. Lucie St. Lucie County Chamber of Commerce Places adjacent to Port St. Lucie , Florida Unincorporated St. Lucie County White City , River Park Fort Pierce Okeechobee Port St. Lucie St. Lucie Inlet Indiantown Palm City , St. Lucie River Jensen Beach , Rio Municipalities and communities of St. Lucie County , Florida , United States County seat : Fort Pierce Cities Fort Pierce Port St. Lucie Towns St. Lucie Village CDPs Fort Pierce North Fort Pierce South Hutchinson Island South Indian River Estates Lakewood Park River Park White City Unincorporated community Viking Port St. Lucie metropolitan area Largest city Port St. Lucie Counties ( by population ) St. Lucie Martin Cities and towns 10k - 250k Fort Pierce Port St. Lucie Stuart Other incorporated places Indiantown Jupiter Island Ocean Breeze Sewall 's Point St. Lucie Village Major census - designated places Hobe Sound Jensen Beach Palm City Port Salerno See also : Hutchinson Island Indian River Jupiter Jupiter Island Lake Okeechobee Miami metropolitan area Okeechobee St. Lucie Inlet St. Lucie River Tequesta Vero Beach West Palm Beach Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in Florida Lenny Curry ( R ) ( Jacksonville ) Francis Suarez ( R ) ( Miami ) Bob Buckhorn ( D ) ( Tampa ) Buddy Dyer ( D ) ( Orlando ) Rick Kriseman ( D ) ( St. Petersburg ) Carlos Hernández ( R ) ( Hialeah ) Andrew Gillum ( D ) ( Tallahassee ) Jack Seiler ( D ) ( Fort Lauderdale ) Gregory J. Oravec ( D ) ( Port St. Lucie ) Marni Sawicki ( D ) ( Cape Coral ) Frank C. Ortis ( D ) ( Pembroke Pines ) Peter Bober ( D ) ( Hollywood ) Wayne M. Messam ( D ) ( Miramar ) Lauren Poe ( D ) ( Gainesville ) Vincent Boccard ( R ) ( Coral Springs ) Oliver Gilbert III ( D ) ( Miami Gardens ) George Cretekos ( R ) ( Clearwater ) Guillermo `` William '' Capote ( D ) ( Palm Bay ) Lamar Fisher ( D ) ( Pompano Beach ) Jeri Muoio ( D ) ( West Palm Beach ) Howard Wiggs ( R ) ( Lakeland ) State of Florida Tallahassee ( capital ) Topics Climate Congressional districts Cingressional delegations Education Environment Geology Government Hurricanes Law Media Newspapers Radio TV Symbols Flag Seal Tourist attractions Transportation Seal of Florida History Timeline Spanish Florida British Rule East Florida West Florida Florida Territory Seminole Wars Slavery Plantations of Leon County Civil War Florida East Coast Railway Florida land boom of the 1920s Kennedy Space Center Disney World Geography Everglades ( Drainage and development ) Florida Keys Lake Okeechobee Sinkholes State forests State parks Society Floridians Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Indigenous peoples Politics Sports Regions Big Bend Central Florida Emerald Coast First Coast Florida Heartland Florida Keys Florida Panhandle Forgotten Coast Glades Gold Coast Halifax area Nature Coast North Central Florida North Florida South Florida Southwest Florida Space Coast Suncoast Tampa Bay Area Treasure Coast Metro areas Cape Coral -- Fort Myers Deltona -- Daytona Beach -- Ormond Beach Fort Walton Beach -- Crestview -- Destin Gainesville Jacksonville Lakeland -- Winter Haven Miami -- Fort Lauderdale -- Pompano Beach Naples -- Marco Island North Port -- Bradenton -- Sarasota Ocala Orlando -- Kissimmee -- Sanford Palm Bay -- Melbourne -- Titusville Panama City -- Lynn Haven -- Panama City Beach Pensacola -- Ferry Pass -- Brent Port St. Lucie Punta Gorda Sebastian -- Vero Beach Tallahassee Tampa - St. Petersburg -- Clearwater West Palm Beach - Boca Raton Largest cities Jacksonville Miami Tampa Orlando St. Petersburg Hialeah Tallahassee Port St. Lucie Fort Lauderdale West Palm Beach Cape Coral Pembroke Pines Hollywood Counties Alachua Baker Bay Bradford Brevard Broward Calhoun Charlotte Citrus Clay Collier Columbia DeSoto Dixie Duval Escambia Flagler Franklin Gadsden Gilchrist Glades Gulf Hamilton Hardee Hendry Hernando Highlands Hillsborough Holmes Indian River Jackson Jefferson Lafayette Lake Lee Leon Levy Liberty Madison Manatee Marion Martin Miami ‐ Dade Monroe Mosquito ( former county ) Nassau Okaloosa Okeechobee Orange Osceola Palm Beach Pasco Pinellas Polk Putnam Santa Rosa Sarasota Seminole St. Johns St. Lucie Sumter Suwannee Taylor Union Volusia Wakulla Walton Washington Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Port_St._Lucie,_Florida&oldid=839812257 '' Categories : Port St. Lucie , Florida Cities in St. Lucie County , Florida Port St. Lucie metropolitan area Populated places on the Intracoastal Waterway in Florida Populated places established in 1958 1958 establishments in Florida Cities in Florida Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Cebuano Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Malagasy Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 May 2018 , at 20 : 57 . About Wikipedia	where is port st lucie in florida located	[ "\n\nPort St. Lucie\n\n\nCity\n\n\nCity of Port St. Lucie\n\n\n\nPGA Golf Club in Port St. Lucie\n\n\n\nMotto(s): A City for All Ages\n\n\n\nLocation in St. Lucie County and the state of Florida\n\n\n\nU.S. Census Map\n\n\nCoordinates: 27°16′33″N 80°21′18″W / 27.27583°N 80.35500°W / 27.27583; -80.35500Coordinates: 27°16′33″N 80°21′18″W / 27.27583°N 80.35500°W / 27.27583; -80.35500\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nState\nFlorida\n\n\nCounty\nSt. Lucie\n\n\nIncorporated\nApril 27, 1903\n\n\nGovernment\n\n\n • Mayor\nGreg Oravec[1]\n\n\nArea[2]\n\n\n • City\n120.51 sq mi (312.11 km2)\n\n\n • Land\n118.89 sq mi (307.92 km2)\n\n\n • Water\n1.62 sq mi (4.19 km2)\n\n\nElevation\n16 ft (5 m)\n\n\nPopulation (2010)[3]\n\n\n • City\n164,603\n\n\n • Estimate (2016)[4]\n185,132\n\n\n • Rank\nUS: 142nd\n\n\n • Density\n1,557.18/sq mi (601.23/km2)\n\n\n • Urban\n376,047 (US: 101st)\n\n\n • Metro\n438,095 (US: 116th)\n\n\nTime zone\nEastern (EST) (UTC-5)\n\n\n • Summer (DST)\nEDT (UTC-4)\n\n\nFIPS code\n12-58715\n\n\nGNIS feature ID\n0308089[5]\n\n\nWebsite\nCity of Port St. Lucie\n\n" ]	[ "27°16′33″N 80°21′18″W / 27.27583°N 80.35500°W" ]
4434170099700926382	Gold mining in the United States	Gold mining in the United States - wikipedia Gold mining in the United States US annual gold production , 1840 - 2012 . Gold mining in the United States has taken place continually since the discovery of gold at the Reed farm in North Carolina in 1799 . The first documented occurrence of gold was in Virginia in 1782 . Some minor gold production took place in North Carolina as early as 1793 , but created no excitement . The discovery on the Reed farm in 1799 which was identified as gold in 1802 and subsequently mined marked the first commercial production . The large scale production of gold started with the California Gold Rush in 1848 . The closure of gold mines during World War II by the War Production Board Limitation Order No. 208 in autumn 1942 was a major impact on the production until the end of the war . US gold production greatly increased during the 1980s , due to high gold prices and the use of heap leaching to recover gold from disseminated low - grade deposits in Nevada and other states . In 2016 the United States produced 209 tonnes of gold , worth about US $8.5 billion , and 6.7 % of world production , making it the fourth - largest gold - producing nation , behind China , Australia and Russia . Most gold produced today in the US comes from large open - pit heap leach mines in the state of Nevada . The US is a net exporter of gold . Contents 1 Gold mining by state 1.1 Alabama 1.2 Alaska 1.3 Arizona 1.4 California 1.5 Colorado 1.6 Florida 1.7 Georgia 1.8 Idaho 1.9 Maryland 1.10 Michigan 1.11 Montana 1.12 Nevada 1.13 New Mexico 1.14 North Carolina 1.15 Oregon 1.16 Pennsylvania 1.17 South Carolina 1.18 South Dakota 1.19 Tennessee 1.20 Texas 1.21 Utah 1.22 Virginia 1.23 Washington 1.24 Wyoming 1.25 Moraine gold 2 Taxes and royalties 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Gold mining by state ( edit ) Alabama ( edit ) Gold was discovered in Alabama about 1830 , shortly following the Georgia Gold Rush . The principal districts were the Arbacoochee district in Cleburne County , mostly from placer deposits , and the Hog Mountain district in Tallapoosa County , which produced 24,000 troy ounces ( 750 kg ) from veins in schist . Alaska ( edit ) Main article : Gold mining in Alaska Russian explorers discovered placer gold in the Kenai River in 1848 , but no gold was produced . Gold mining started in 1870 from placers southeast of Juneau . Alaska produced a total of 40,300,000 troy ounces ( 1,250,000 kg ) of gold from 1880 through the end of 2007 . In 2015 Alaskan mines produced 873,984 troy ounces ( 27,183.9 kg ) of gold , 12.7 % of US production . The largest gold producer is the Fort Knox mine , a large open pit and cyanide leaching operation in the Fairbanks mining district . Fort Knox produced 401,553 troy ounces ( 12,489.7 kg ) of gold in 2015 . The Pogo mine ( 283,000 ounces ) and Kensington mine ( 128,865 ounces ) gold mines and the Greens Creek polymetallic mine ( 60,566 ounces ) accounted for the remainder of 2015 gold production . Arizona ( edit ) Arizona has produced more than 16 million troy ounces ( 498 tonnes ) of gold . Gold mining in Arizona reportedly began in 1774 when Spanish priest Manuel Lopez directed Papago Indians to wash gold from gravel on the flanks of the Quijotoa Mountains , Pima County . Gold mining continued there until 1849 , when the Mexican miners were lured away by the California Gold Rush . Other gold mining under Spanish and Mexican rule took place in the Oro Blanco district of Santa Cruz County , and the Arivaca district , Pima County . Mountain man Pauline Weaver discovered placer gold on the east side of the Colorado River in 1862 . Weaver 's discovery started the Colorado River Gold Rush to the now ghost town of La Paz , Arizona and other locations along the river in the ensuing years . Gold Road mine , Oatman , Arizona . The most prominent of these were those of the San Francisco district , which includes the towns of Oatman , Bullhead City and Katherine in Mohave County was discovered in 1863 or 1864 , but saw little activity until a rush to the district occurred in 1902 . The district produced 2.0 million ounces of gold through 1959 . The gold - bearing quartz veins of the Vulture Mine , southwest of Wickenburg , in Maricopa County were discovered in 1863 . The mine produced 366,000 troy ounces ( 11,400 kg ) of gold through 1959 . The last gold mine to operate in Arizona was the Gold Road mine at Oatman , which shut down in 1998 . Patriot Gold is exploration drilling at the Moss mine at Oatman . In 2006 , all of Arizona 's gold production came as a byproduct of copper mining . California ( edit ) Main article : Gold in California Spanish prospectors found gold in the Potholes district between 1775 and 1780 , along the Colorado River , in present Imperial County , California , about ten miles northeast from Yuma , Arizona . The gold was recovered from dry placers . Other placer deposits on the west bank of the Colorado River were quickly found , including the Picacho and Cargo Muchacho districts . Placer gold deposits were found at San Ysidro in San Diego County in 1828 , San Francisquito Canyon and Placerita Canyon in Los Angeles County in 1835 and 1842 , respectively Gold miners excavate a gold - bearing bluff with jets of water at a placer mine in Dutch Flat , California sometime between 1857 and 1870 . Major gold mining in California began during the California Gold Rush . Gold was found by James Marshall at Sutters Mill , property of John Sutter , in present - day Coloma . In 1849 , people started hearing about the gold and after just a few years San Francisco 's population increased to thousands . Gold production in California peaked in 1852 , at 3.9 million troy ounces ( 121 tonnes ) produced in that year . But the placer deposits worked in the early years were quickly exhausted , and production crashed . Hardrock mining ( in California called quartz mining ) began in 1849 , and placer mining by hydraulic mining began in 1852 . Despite the new mining methods , by 1865 production was 867,000 troy ounces ( 27,000 kg ) , less than one - quarter of peak production . Production sank to 412,000 troy ounces ( 12,800 kg ) in 1929 , but then soared to more than 1,400,000 troy ounces ( 44,000 kg ) for each year 1939 through 1941 , after the price was raised from $20.67 to $35 per ounce . However , the federal government , in War Production Board Order L - 208 , ordered gold mines closed , to free up resources for the war effort during World War II , and production fell to 148,000 troy ounces ( 4,600 kg ) in 1943 . Post-war gold production never reached the peak of the early 1940s , as inflation and the fixed price of gold eroded its value . The largest gold - mining district in California is the famous Mother Lode of the Sierra Nevada . Found in the early 1850s , the lode is a zone one to four miles wide and running 120 miles northwest - southeast from El Dorado County in the north , through Amador , Calaveras , and Tuolumne counties , to Mariposa County in the south . The gold of the Mother Lode is in quartz veins within phyllite , schist , slate , and greenstone . Through 1959 , the Mother Lode produced about 13.3 million troy ounces ( 414 tonnes ) of gold . The second - largest gold - mining district in California was Grass Valley - Nevada City district in Nevada County . Gold in Holocene gravels was found in 1850 , followed a few years later by hydraulic mining of Tertiary gravels . By 1880 , most of the mining had shifted to lode deposits , such as the Empire Mine . Through 1959 , the district produced 10.4 million troy ounces ( 323 tonnes ) of lode gold , and 2.2 million troy ounces ( 68.4 tonnes ) of placer gold . The rich placer deposits of the Columbia Basin - Jamestown - Sonora district were found in 1853 . Almost all the gold was found at the base of Quaternary gravels , but some drift mines were worked in Tertiary gravels . Total production was about 5.9 million troy ounces ( 183 tonnes ) of gold . In 2007 , California produced 9,400 troy ounces ( 290 kg ) of gold from two mines . The Mesquite mine in Imperial County restarted active mining in 2007 , having been inactive since 2001 ; now owned by New Gold , it produces more than 100,000 troy ounces ( 3,100 kg ) of gold per year . The only other gold producer in the state , the Briggs mine in Inyo County stopped mining in 2004 , but continues to produce small amounts of gold from the leach pads , from previously mined ore . See also : Argonaut Mine , Gold in California , and Kennedy Mine Colorado ( edit ) Main article : Gold mining in Colorado Gold was discovered in 1858 during the Pike 's Peak Gold Rush in the vicinity of present - day Denver in 1858 , but the deposits were small . The first important gold discoveries in Colorado were in the Central City - Idaho Springs district in January 1859 . Only one Colorado mine continues to produce gold , the Cripple Creek & Victor Gold Mine at Victor near Colorado Springs , an open - pit heap leach operation owned by Newmont Mining Corporation , which produced ~ 350,000 troy ounces ( 11,000 kg ) of gold in 2016 . Florida ( edit ) Small amounts of gold were mined commercially in North Eastern Florida during the late 19th Century , at the site where Mike Roess Gold Head Branch State Park is located today . No records are extant on the amount of gold produced , but the find was insufficient to keep the operation running commercially , and the small amount of pay dirt was depleted within a matter of months . Georgia ( edit ) Main articles : Georgia Gold Rush and Georgia Gold Belt Georgia is credited with a total historical production of 871,000 troy ounces ( 27,100 kg ) of gold from 1830 through 1959 . Although historically important , the state is not currently a gold producer . See also : Battle Branch Mine Calhoun Mine Consolidated Mine Crisson Mine Franklin - Crieghton Mine Free Jim Mine Loud Mine Sixes mine Idaho ( edit ) Gold was first discovered in Idaho in 1860 , in Pierce at the juncture where Canal Creek meets Orofino Creek . The leading historical gold - producing district is the Boise Basin in Boise County , which was discovered in 1862 and produced 2.9 million troy ounces ( 90.2 tonnes ) , mostly from placers . The French Creek - Florence district in Idaho County began in the 1860s , and has produced about 1 million troy ounces ( 31 tonnes ) from placers . The Silver City district in Owyhee County began producing in 1863 , and made over 1 million troy ounces ( 31 tonnes ) , mostly from lode deposits . The Coeur d'Alene district in Shoshone County has made 44,000 troy ounces ( 1,400 kg ) of gold as byproduct to silver mining . In 2006 , active gold mines in Idaho included the Silver Strand mine and the Bond mine . Maryland ( edit ) Gold was reported in Maryland as early as 1830 , but no production resulted . Placer gold was discovered at Great Falls near Washington , DC in 1861 during the American Civil War by Union soldiers from California . After the war a number of mines were opened on gold - bearing quartz veins in Montgomery County . No gold production has been reported since 1951 . Total production was about 6,000 troy ounces ( 190 kg ) . Michigan ( edit ) Approximately 29,000 troy ounces ( 900 kg ) of gold were produced from the Ropes gold mine northeast of Ishpeming in Marquette County , Michigan . The underground mine , originally operated from 1880 to 1897 , and reopened from 1983 -- 1989 , extracted gold from quartz veins in peridotite . Montana ( edit ) Swedish gold panners in 1860s Montana . Gold was first discovered in Montana in 1852 , but mining did not begin until 1862 , when gold placers were discovered at Bannack , Montana in 1862 . The resulting gold rush resulted in more placer discoveries , including those at Virginia City in 1863 , and at Helena and Butte in 1864 . In 1867 , the Atlantic Cable Quartz Lode was located . The Butte district , although mined primarily for copper , produced 2.9 million ounces ( 91 tones ) of gold through 1990 , almost all as a byproduct of copper production . Current active hardrock gold mines include the Montana Tunnels mine , and the Golden Sunlight mine . Active gold placers include the Browns Gulch placer and the Confederate Gulch placer . Gold is also produced from three platinum mines in the Stillwater igneous complex : the Stillwater mine , the Lodestar mine , and the East Boulder Project . Nevada ( edit ) Main article : Gold mining in Nevada Nevada is the leading gold - producing state in the nation , in 2016 producing 5,467,646 troy ounces ( 170.06 tonnes ) , representing 81 % of US gold and 5.5 % of the world 's production . Much of the gold in Nevada comes from large open pit mining and with heap leaching recovery . Some of the world 's major mining companies , including Newmont Mining , Barrick Gold and Kinross Gold , operate gold mines in the state . Active major mines include Cortez , Twin Creeks , Betz - Post , Meikle , Marigold , Round Mountain , Jerritt Canyon and Getchell . Newmont and Barrick operate the largest mining operations , on the prolific Carlin Trend , one of the world 's richest mining districts . New Mexico ( edit ) Gold was first discovered in New Mexico in 1828 in the `` Old Placers '' district in the Ortiz Mountains , Santa Fe County , New Mexico . The placer gold discovery was followed by discovery of a nearby lode deposit . In 1877 , two prospectors collected float in the area of the future Opportunity Mine near Hillsboro , New Mexico , which was assayed at $160 per ton in gold and silver . Soon , ore was discovered at the nearby Rattlesnake vein and a placer deposit of gold was found in November at the Rattlesnake and Wicks gulches . Total production prior to 1904 was about $6,750,000 . In 2007 all gold production in New Mexico ( 13,000 troy ounces ( 400 kg ) ) came as a byproduct of copper mining from two large open pit mines in Grant County . However , two primary gold mines are being readied for production : the Northstar mine in Rio Arriba County , and the San Lorenzo Claims mine in Socorro County . North Carolina ( edit ) Main article : Carolina Gold Rush North Carolina was the site of the first gold rush in the United States , following the discovery of a 17 - pound ( 7.7 kg ) gold nugget by 12 - year - old Conrad Reed in a creek at his father 's farm in 1799 . The Reed Gold Mine , southwest of Georgeville in Cabarrus County , North Carolina produced about 50,000 troy ounces ( 1,600 kg ) of gold from lode and placer deposits . Gold was produced from 15 districts , almost all in the Piedmont region of the state . Total gold production is estimated at 1.2 million troy ounces ( 37.3 tonnes ) . Oregon ( edit ) Although gold mines are spread over much of Oregon , almost all of the gold produced has come from two principal areas : the Klamath Mountains in southwest Oregon , including Coos , Curry , Douglas , Jackson and Josephine counties ; and the Blue Mountains in northeast Oregon , mostly in Baker and Grant counties . Prospectors from Illinois discovered placer gold in the Klamath Mountains of southwest Oregon in 1850 , starting a rush to the area . Lode gold deposits were also discovered . Travellers along the Oregon Trail bound for the Willamette Valley are said to have discovered gold in northeastern Oregon in 1845 , but mining in earnest did not begin until 1861 . Pennsylvania ( edit ) About 37,000 troy ounces ( 1,200 kg ) of gold was produced from the Cornwall iron mine five miles south of Lebanon , Lebanon County , Pennsylvania . Although the deposit produced iron since 1742 , no gold was reported from the mine until 1878 . South Carolina ( edit ) Gold mines in the Carolina Slate Belt - USGS . South Carolina had a number of lode gold mines along the Carolina Slate Belt . The Haile deposit was discovered in Lancaster County in 1827 , and at least 257,000 troy ounces ( 8,000 kg ) of gold were extracted intermittently between then and 1942 , when the gold mine was ordered closed as nonessential to the war effort . Beginning in 1951 , the deposit was mined for associated sericite , which was used as a white filler . Gold is associated with silicic , kaolinitic , and pyritic alteration of greenschist - grade felsic metavolcanics . The mine was reopened as an open pit in the 1980s , and operated until 1992 . Kinross Gold Corporation 's reclamation of the Haile site was nominated for a US Bureau of Land Management `` Hardrock Mineral Environmental Award . '' OceanGold Corp. restarted mining at the Haile deposit 2016 . The company expects to produce an average of 126,700 ounces of gold per year for 13.25 years . The Brewer mine operated from 1828 to 1995 , and is now a federal Superfund site . Kennecott Minerals operated the Ridgeway open - pit gold mine from 1988 to 1999 , and the land is now being reclaimed by Kennecott . The Barite Hill mine operated from 1990 to 1994 . South Dakota ( edit ) Main article : Black Hills Gold Rush The only operating gold mine in South Dakota is the Wharf mine , at Lead , an open pit heap leach operation operated by Coeur Mining that produced 109,000 ounces of gold in 2016 . See also : Homestake Mine ( South Dakota ) Tennessee ( edit ) Placer gold was discovered on Coker Creek in Monroe County , Tennessee in 1827 . The district produced about 9,000 troy ounces ( 280 kg ) . About 15,000 troy ounces ( 470 kg ) of gold was recovered from the massive sulfide copper ores at Ducktown , Tennessee . Texas ( edit ) Some prospects have been excavated for gold on the Llano Uplift of central Texas . Gold prospects include the Heath mine and the Babyhead district , both in Llano County , and the Central Texas mine in Gillespie County . Gold production , if any , is not known . Historically , the Lost Nigger Gold Mine may be in Texas . Utah ( edit ) Most gold produced in Utah today is a byproduct of the huge Bingham Canyon copper mine , southwest of Salt Lake City . In 2013 , the Bingham Canyon mine produced 192,300 troy ounces ( 5,980 kg ) of gold . Over its life , Bingham Canyon has produced more than 23 million ounces ( 715 tonnes ) of gold , making it one of the largest gold producers in the US . The Barneys Canyon mine in Salt Lake County , the last primary gold mine to operate in Utah , stopped mining in 2001 , but is still recovering gold from its heap leaching pads . Utah gold production was 460,000 troy ounces ( 14,000 kg ) in 2006 . Virginia ( edit ) Main article : Gold mining in Virginia Washington ( edit ) Gold was first discovered in Washington in 1853 , as placer deposits in the Yakima Valley . Production from the state never exceeded 50,000 troy ounces per year until the mid-1930s , when large hard rock deposits were developed near the Chelan Lake and Wenatchee deposits in Chelan County , and the Republic deposit in Ferry County . Production through 1965 is estimated to be 2.3 million ounces . Wyoming ( edit ) Gold was discovered at the South Pass - Atlantic City - Sweetwater district in present Fremont County in 1842 . The placers were worked intermittently until 1867 , when the first important gold vein was discovered , and prospectors and miners rushed to the area ... The towns of South Pass City , Atlantic City , and Miner 's Delight catered to the miners . The district was nearly deserted by 1875 , and was worked only intermittently afterward . Total gold production was about 300,000 troy ounces ( 9,300 kg ) . In 1962 , the district became the site of a major iron mine . Moraine gold ( edit ) Several states ( e.g. , Illinois , Indiana , Ohio , Pennsylvania ) have placer gold deposits , despite having no hard rock gold deposits . This placer gold is found north of , or near the terminus of , Pleistocene , or earlier , moraines left by Ice Age glaciers that pushed gold - rich dirt down from Canada , where hard rock gold deposits do exist , and which were scoured by glaciers . Small commercial operations have existed at various times , to mine this gold , with various degrees of limited success . The southernmost limit of these moraines , Pleistocene and older , is approximately at the Ohio River for Illinois , Indiana , and Ohio . The moraines in Pennsylvania are in the northwestern and northeastern portions of the Commonwealth . Taxes and royalties ( edit ) A mineral royalty is a payment to the mineral owner of a portion of the value of an extracted mineral . Royalties are paid on minerals extracted from state land ( as specified by state law ) and private land ( as negotiated with the mineral owner ) . Much of the gold mined in the western US is extracted from federal land , for which the federal government collects no royalty . However , a 2009 report by the US Government Accountability office ( GAO ) characterizes certain state taxes on mineral production as `` functional royalties , '' in that they take a share of mineral production , including gold production , fr the public benefit . State taxes narrowly targeting mineral production include severance taxes , mining license taxes , and extraction excise taxes . Extraction taxes on gold mining 12 of the major western gold - mining states ( in descending order of gold production ) are : Nevada - 5 % net Alaska - 7 % net Utah - 2.6 % gross Colorado - 2.25 % gross California - $5 per ounce produced Washington - 0.48 % gross South Dakota - 4 % net Montana - 1.6 % net Idaho - 1 % gross In 2015 Nevada and Alaska together accounted for 90.3 % of US gold production . See also ( edit ) Gold rush References ( edit ) Jump up ^ A.H. Koschmann and Bergendahl , 1968 , Principal Gold - Producing Districts of the United States , US Geological Survey , Professional Paper 610 , p. 253 . Jump up ^ A.H. Koschmann and Bergendahl , 1968 , Principal Gold - Producing Districts of the United States , US Geological Survey , Professional Paper 610 , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Craig , James R ; Rimstidt , J. Donald ( 1998 ) . `` Gold production history of the United States '' . Ore Geology Reviews . 13 ( 6 ) : 407 . doi : 10.1016 / S0169 - 1368 ( 98 ) 00009 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : George , Micheal W. ( 19 January 2017 ) . `` Mineral Commodity Summaries 2017 '' ( pdf ) . Reston , Virginia : U.S. Geological Survey . p. 73 . Jump up ^ Mining review , Mining Engineering , May 2007 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ A.H. Koschman and M.H. Bergendahl ( 1968 ) Principal Gold - Producing Districts of the United States , U.S. Geological Survey , Professional Paper 610 , p. 6 - 8 . Jump up ^ A.H. Koschman and M.H. Bergendahl ( 1968 ) Principal Gold - Producing Districts of the United States , U.S. Geological Survey , Professional Paper 610 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Athey , Jennifer E. ; Werdon , Melanie B. ; Twelker , Evan ; Henning , Mitch W. ( 2016 ) . `` Alaska 's Mineral Industry 2015 '' ( pdf ) . Fairbanks , AK : Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Survey . Retrieved 10 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Maureen G. Johnson , 1972 , ' ' Gold Placer Deposits of Arizona , US Geological Survey , Bulletin 1355 . Jump up ^ A.H. Koschmann and M.H. Bergendahl , Principal Gold - Producing Districts of the United States , US Geological Survey , Professional Paper 610 , p. 40 - 41 . Jump up ^ A.H. Koschmann and M.H. Bergendahl , Principal Gold - Producing Districts of the United States , US Geological Survey , Professional Paper 610 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ http://www.admmr.state.az.us/Publications/ofr07-24.pdf Jump up ^ William B. Clark ( 1970 ) Gold districts of California , California Division of Mines and Geology , Bulletin 193 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ A.H. Koschmann and M.H. Bergendahl ( 1968 ) Principal Gold - Producing Districts of the United States , US Geological Survey , Professional Paper 610 , p. 55 - 56 . Jump up ^ A.H. Koschmann and M.H. Bergendahl ( 1968 ) Principal Gold - Producing Districts of the United States , US Geological Survey , Professional Paper 610 , p. 70 - 71 . Jump up ^ A.H. Koschmann and M.H. Bergendahl ( 1968 ) Principal Gold - Producing Districts of the United States , US Geological Survey , Professional Paper 610 , p. 82 - 83 . Jump up ^ `` First Bucyrus branded MT3700 goes into service at the New Gold Mesquite Mine in California , '' Mining Engineering , October 2010 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ S. Kohler , California , Mining Engineering , May 2008 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ `` Operation facts '' . Newmont . Newmont Mining Corporation . Jump up ^ Placard at Mike Roess Gold Head Branch State Park . Jump up ^ A.H. Koschmann and M.H. Bergendahl , 1968 , Principal Gold - Producing Districts of the United States , US Geological Survey , Professional paper 610 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ A.H. Koschman and M.H. Bergendahl ( 1968 ) Principal Gold - Producing Districts of the United States , US Geological Survey , Professional Paper 610 , p. 124 - 125 . Jump up ^ M.H. Bergendahl ( 1964 ) Gold , in Mineral and Water Resources of Idaho , Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology , Special Report No. 1 , p. 93 - 101 . Jump up ^ V.S. Gillerman and others , Idaho , Mining Engineering , May 2007 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Emery T. Cleaves ( 1964 ) Mineral resources of Montgomery and Howard Counties , in Howard and Montgomery Counties , Maryland Geological Survey , p. 264 - 266 . Jump up ^ Ropes Mine , Ishpeming , Marquette Co. , Michigan , USA , mindat.org , 2010 , accessed 2010 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ A.H. Koschman and M.H. Bergendahl ( 1968 ) Principal Gold - Producing Districts of the United States , U.S. Geological Survey , Professional Paper 610 , p. 141 - 142 . Jump up ^ A.H. Koschman and M.H. Bergendahl ( 1968 ) Principal gold - Producing Districts of the United States , US Geological Survey , Professional Paper 610 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Edwin W. Tooker , 1990 , `` Gold in the Butte district , Montana , '' in Gold in Porphyry Copper Systems , US Geological Survey , Bulletin 1857 - E , p. E19 Jump up ^ R. McCullough , Montana , Mining Engineering , May 2007 , p. 95 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Rick ; Visher , Mike ( 1 November 2017 ) . `` Major Mines of Nevada 2016 '' ( pdf ) . Nevada Division of Minerals . Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Fayette Jones ( 1905 ) New Mexico Mines and Minerals , reprinted as Old Gold Mines and Ghost Camps of New Mexico , Fort Davis , Tex. : Frontier Book Co. , p. 21 - 23 . Jump up ^ Harley , George Townsend , The Geology and Ore Deposits of Sierra County , New Mexico , New Mexico State Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Bulletin 10 , 1934 , pp 139 - 140 Jump up ^ S.A. Lucas Kamat , `` New Mexico , '' Mining Engineering , May 2008 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ A.H. Koschman and M.H. Bergendahl ( 1968 ) Principal Gold - Producing Districts of the United States , U.S. Geological Survey , Professional Paper 610 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Howard C. Brooks and Len Ramp ( 1968 ) Gold and Silver in Oregon , Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries , Bulletin 61 . Jump up ^ A.H. Koschman and M.H. Bergendahl ( 1968 ) Principal Gold - Producing Districts of the United States , U.S. Geological Survey , Professional Paper 610 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ US Geological Survey : Carolina Slate Belt Gold Deposits Jump up ^ Jeffrey C. Wynn and Robert W. Luce , Geophysical methods as mapping tools in a strata - bound gold deposit : Haile mine , Carolina slate belt , Economic Geology , March April 1984 , p. 383 - 388 . Jump up ^ W.H. Spence and others , Origin of the gold mineralization at the Haile mine , Lancaster County , South Carolina , Mining Engineering , January 1980 , p. 70 - 73 . Jump up ^ `` OceanGold pours first gold at Haile mine in South Carolina , '' Engineering & Mining Journal , Feb. 2017 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Brewer Gold Mine NPL Site Summary - Land Cleanup and Wastes Region 4 US EPA Jump up ^ `` 2016 Fourth quarter and full - year earnings '' ( PDF ) . Coeur Mining . 9 February 2017 . p. 21 . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ A.H. Koschman and M.H. Bergendahl ( 1968 ) Principal Gold - Producing Districts of the United States , U.S. Geological Survey , Professional Paper 610 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Edgar B. Heylman , Gold in Texas , International California Mining Journal , October 2001 . Jump up ^ Els , Frik ( 11 November 2014 ) . `` Bingham Canyon rebuilds after landslide '' . MINING.com . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . Jump up ^ R.L. Bon and K.A. Krahulec , Utah , Mining Engineering , May 2007 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ A.H. Koschman and M.H. Bergendahl ( 1968 ) Principal Gold - Producing Districts of the United States , U.S. Geological Survey , Professional Paper 610 , p. 254 - 255 . Jump up ^ Richard W. Bayley ( 1969 ) Ore deposits of the Atlantic City District , Fremont County , Wyoming , in Ore Deposits of the United States , 1933 - 1967 , v. 1 , New York : American Institute of Mining Engineers , p. 589 - 604 . Jump up ^ J.E. Lamar , Gold and Diamond Possibilities in Illinois , June 1968 , http://www.isgs.uiuc.edu/education/pdf-files/gold-poss.pdf Jump up ^ Geofacts # 9 , Gold in Ohio , November 1995 , http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Portals/10/pdf/GeoFacts/geof09.pdf Jump up ^ Glacial Map of Ohio http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/portals/10/pdf/glacial.pdf Jump up ^ Glacial Map of Pennsylvania http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/topogeo/maps/map59.pdf ^ Jump up to : Nazzaro , Robin M. ( 2010 ) . Hardrock Mining : Information on State Royalties and the Number of Abandoned Mine Sites and Hazards : Congressional Testimony . Collingdale , PA : DIANE Publishing . pp. 9 -- 27 . ISBN 9781437919134 . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gold production by state '' ( pdf ) . National Mining Association . Spokane , WA. 2012 . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Understanding Nevada 's Net Proceeds of Minerals Tax ( PDF ) . Carson City , NV : NevadaTaxpayers Association . 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 - 2014 Net Proceeds of Minerals Bulletin '' ( pdf ) . Nevada Department of Taxation . Carson City , NV : Division of Local Government Services . 8 July 2014 . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mining License Tax '' . Alaska Department of Revenue - Tax Division . State of Alaska . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Severance Tax on Oil , Gas , and Mining '' . Utah Code . Salt Lake City , UT : Utah State Legislature . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` House Bill 99 - 1249 '' . General Assembly of the State of Colorado . Denver , CO. 1999 . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Stinson , Thomas F. ( 1977 ) . State taxation of mineral deposits and production , Volume 1 . United States . Environmental Protection Agency . p. 40 . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . External links ( edit ) California California Department of Mines and Geology : Map of Historic Gold Mines California Department of Mines and Geology : Map of California Active Gold Mines 2000 - 2001 California Department of Mines and Geology : The Discovery of Gold in California Maryland Maryland Geological Survey : Gold in Maryland Texas Handbook of Texas Online : Gold mining Utah Utah History to Go : Minor gold rushes , major gold production National Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining_in_the_United_States&oldid=856116679 '' Categories : Gold mining in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 00 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was the most gold found in the united states	[ "In 2016 the United States produced 209 tonnes of gold, worth about US$8.5 billion, and 6.7% of world production, making it the fourth-largest gold-producing nation, behind China, Australia and Russia. Most gold produced today in the US comes from large open-pit heap leach mines in the state of Nevada. The US is a net exporter of gold.[4][5]\n" ]	[ "Nevada" ]
8002617992781937962	Dawn Lyn	Dawn Lyn - wikipedia Dawn Lyn This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dawn Lyn Lyn in 2006 Dawn Lyn Nervik ( 1963 - 01 - 11 ) January 11 , 1963 ( age 55 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 1967 - 1978 Spouse ( s ) Michael Whitby ( m . 1990 ; div. 2001 ) W. John Reese ( m . 2006 ) Dawn Lyn Nervik ( born January 11 , 1963 ) is a retired American actress best known for her role as Dodie Douglas during the last three seasons of the long - running family comedy television series My Three Sons . Her brother , Leif Garrett , is a singer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Career 2.1 Child actress 2.2 Later career 3 Notes 4 External links Personal life ( edit ) Dawn Lyn Nervik was born in Los Angeles , California , to Carolyn Stellar and Rik Nervik . Her father was absent for most of her life . She and her older brother Leif Garrett began performing as child actors within a year or two of each other . She financially supported her mother and brother from 1969 until when her brother 's fame eclipsed hers . Career ( edit ) Child actress ( edit ) Dawn Lyn started her entertainment career at age five . She first appeared as an American Indian child in the 1967 B - grade western Cry Blood , Apache at age 4 . In 1969 , Lyn played the character Prudence Everett in the pilot for the ABC series Nanny and the Professor , but when the television pilot did not initially sell , she was released from her contract with ABC . She was cast as Dodie Douglas on the long - running family comedy television series My Three Sons . ABC sued unsuccessfully to get Lyn to perform in Nanny and the Professor after she had already been cast for My Three Sons . After ABC 's lawsuit against Lyn failed , Kim Richards was cast as Prudence Everett , although Lyn was a brunette and Richards was a blonde . Lyn remained on My Three Sons until it ended three seasons later . Later , Lyn worked steadily in her youth on many popular series like Adam - 12 , Emergency ! , Marcus Welby , M.D. and Gunsmoke . In 1971 Lyn had a major role in the western Shoot Out as Gregory Peck 's character 's daughter . She also appeared in movies such as the Walking Tall trilogy . ( Her brother was also among the cast . ) In 1973 Lyn auditioned for the role of Regan in The Exorcist , but was considered too young for the subject matter . She had a recurring role as Reagan in the 1974 NBC series Born Free . She also had a recurring role in the 1977 series The Red Hand Gang . In 1974 , Lyn appeared in the cult classic Devil Times Five , where Lyn 's character Moe dumps a bucket of piranhas into a bathtub to creatively kill the character Lovely , played by Lyn 's mother . ( In Cry Blood Apache , the cowboy played by Lyn 's father murdered the character played by her mother . ) As of December 2015 her last onscreen acting credit was in a 1978 episode of Wonder Woman which starred her brother as a character similar to himself , a teen pop star , and in which Lyn played a devoted fan . Later career ( edit ) Like many petite child actors , Lyn 's 4 ft 10 in ( 1.47 m ) height began to work against her when in her teen years . She made a few appearances with Nickelodeon when the network revived the syndicated My Three Sons series . During a 1990 appearance in New York City for Nickelodeon , she was invited for an in - studio radio broadcast of The Howard Stern Show along with actress Erin Murphy ( of Bewitched fame ) . Lyn and Murphy discussed international politics while egged on by Stern . It was Lyn 's second appearance on Stern 's program . While living in Avalon on Catalina Island from 1997 to 2006 , Lyn performed live voice acting with the Avalon Community Theater Radio Troupe . Actor Tony Dow ( of Leave It To Beaver fame ) participated in an in - studio show and later appeared with Lyn at an island charity fundraiser along with his TV brother Jerry Mathers and TV mother Barbara Billingsley . Actor Johnny Whitaker , a childhood friend of Lyn 's when Family Affair was being shot on the same studio lot as My Three Sons , joined her in a live broadcast of the troupe 's satire of the film Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew , Episode 4.7 , VH1 , 29 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Leif Garrett on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman : Season 3 , Episode 1 : `` My Teenage Idol Is Missing '' ( 22 Sep. 1978 ) `` . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 31 December 2014 . External links ( edit ) Dawn Lyn on IMDb Whatever Happened To : Dawn Lyn Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dawn_Lyn&oldid=844271553 '' Categories : American expatriates in Germany American film actresses American television actresses Actresses from Los Angeles American people of Norwegian descent Living people 1963 births American child actresses People from Avalon , California Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from December 2014 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 June 2018 , at 21 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	girl who played dodie on my three sons	[ "Dawn Lyn Nervik (born January 11, 1963) is a retired American actress best known for her role as Dodie Douglas during the last three seasons of the long-running family comedy television series My Three Sons. Her brother, Leif Garrett, is a singer." ]	[ "Dawn Lyn Nervik" ]
-2324642232875582651	Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives)	Ben Weston ( Days of Our Lives ) - wikipedia Ben Weston ( Days of Our Lives ) Jump to : navigation , search Ben Weston Robert Scott Wilson as Ben Weston Days of Our Lives character Portrayed by Justin Gaston ( 2014 ) Robert Scott Wilson ( 2014 -- 17 ) Duration 2014 -- 17 First appearance February 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 26 ) Last appearance November 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 30 ) Created by Gary Tomlin and Christopher Whitesell Introduced by Ken Corday , Lisa de Cazotte and Greg Meng Classification Former ; recurring Profile Other names Oliver `` Ollie '' Weston ( birth name ) Benjamin Rogers Kevin Reynolds Necktie Killer Occupation Bartender ( show ) Family Father Clyde Weston Half - sisters Jordan Ridgeway Ben Weston , also known as Ben Rogers , is a fictional character from Days of Our Lives , an American soap opera on the NBC network , currently portrayed by Robert Scott Wilson . Created by head writers Gary Tomlin and Christopher Whitesell , the character was introduced by co-executive producers Lisa de Cazotte and Greg Meng in February 2014 as the estranged brother of Jordan Ridgeway ( Chrishell Stause ) . Actor Justin Gaston originated the role and was quickly replaced by Wilson in April 2014 . Ben 's arrival upsets Jordan 's new life in Salem . The character 's most significant storylines include his romance with Abigail Deveraux ( Kate Mansi ) , trying to live down his secret past threatened by the arrival of his abusive father Clyde Weston ( James Read ) , and his feud with Chad DiMera ( Billy Flynn ) . Ben is mostly known for being a serial killer known as the `` Necktie Killer '' and claiming four victims , most notably gay legacy character Will Horton ( Guy Wilson ) . While killing off the character of Will proved to be quite controversial , Robert Scott Wilson received critical acclaim for his portrayal of Ben 's descent into an obsessive and crazed psycho killer . Soap blog , Soap Shows christened the character with the nickname `` Batty Ben '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 2.2. 1 Personality 2.2. 2 Backstory 2.3 Relationship with Abigail 2.4 The Necktie killer ( 2015 ) 2.4. 1 Victims 2.4. 2 Motives and psychosis 2.5 Departure ( 2016 ) 2.6 Return ( 2017 ) 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) Ben ( Justin Gaston ) comes to Salem in 2014 where he lands a job as a waiter at Club TBD . It is later revealed that he is Jordan Ridgeway 's ( Chrishell Stause ) estranged younger brother . Ben is immediately smitten with Abigail Deveraux ( Kate Mansi ) and comes to her defense against her deranged cousin Nick Fallon ( Blake Berris ) . Jordan tries to chase Ben out of town fearing someone will uncover their past but he calms her fears . Ben comforts Abby after they witness Nick 's murder together and they later share their first kiss . Ben ( Robert Scott Wilson ) accompanies Abigail to the wedding of EJ DiMera ( James Scott ) and Sami Brady ( Alison Sweeney ) where EJ is arrested . A distraught Sami tells Ben about EJ and Abby 's affair . However , Ben does n't hold Abby 's past against her . Ben and Jordan are horrified when his abusive father Clyde Weston ( James Read ) comes to town demanding money they stole from him . Ben is surprised when Clyde changes his tune and gives Jordan back her life 's savings . Meanwhile , Ben grows closer to Abby despite her ex-boyfriend Chad DiMera 's ( Billy Flynn ) attempts to sabotage Ben as he moves into a new apartment . Ben gets himself arrested when he attacks Chad in public after Chad throws his sexual relationships with Abby and Jordan in his face . Clyde offers to pay for Ben 's legal defense but Abigail manages to get Chad to drop the charges . Ben 's past rears its ugly head when the FBI comes looking for him forcing him to come clean about his involvement in a Florida gambling ring . Though Ben was not directly involved , he facilitated the operation in exchange for payment . Clyde later reveals that EJ and Stefano DiMera ( Joseph Mascolo ) -- Chad 's father -- had been digging into Ben 's past and bribed the casino manager to testify against Ben . Fortunately , the charges are dropped when the witness ends up dead . Ben grows suspicious of Chad 's good deeds when he helps Abigail get her job back at the hospital and to keep her close , Ben convinces Abby to move in with him . In the summer of 2015 , Ben follows Abby to the DiMera mansion where he finds Chad and Abby have slept together . Instead of confronting Abby , Ben is just relieved that she has chosen to be with him . In July 2015 , Clyde presents his son with an engagement ring worn by Ben 's late mother and he proposes to Abigail . Though she hesitates , Abigail later accepts and Ben is ecstatic . Ben is even more excited to learn that Abby is pregnant . Ben and Abby start wedding plans and Clyde offers to buy them a house as a wedding gift . Ben warns Abigail to keep her distance from Chad when he is implicated the murders of Serena Mason ( Melissa Archer ) and Paige Larson ( True O'Brien ) . Ben quickly realizes that Abigail ca n't stay away from Chad and convinces her to start their married life away from Salem . When the killer then attacks Doctor Marlena Evans ( Deidre Hall ) and Chad `` interrupts '' the confrontation . With Chad on the run from the police , Ben suddenly changes his mind about moving . On September 24 , 2015 , Ben is revealed to be `` The Necktie Killer '' when he is shown dumping evidence into the river . Next , Ben ask Abigail 's cousin Will Horton ( Guy Wilson ) to be the best man at their wedding and Will happily agrees . Meanwhile , Ben is furious when his future brother - in - law JJ Deveraux ( Casey Moss ) gets Clyde arrested for drug trafficking and they nearly come to blows . In October 2015 , Ben claims another victim when he strangles Will to death as Will has discovered Ben is the killer . Ben once again , frames Chad for the murder . Chad realizes Ben is the killer and comes out of hiding to confront him . Ben overpowers Chad and beats him into a coma . Ben lies , claiming that Chad broke in and attacked him because he is obsessed with Abby . Ben then confesses to Clyde as he is extradited to Florida with Clyde promising to keep the secret . To keep Abby away from Chad , Ben takes her to secluded cabin in the woods where he she goes into premature labor . Ben calls a midwife Wendy ( Denice Duff ) , to help Abigail deliver the baby . After the birth , Ben shoots Wendy and buries her in the woods . Chad comes to rescue Abby but Ben ties them up together and sets the cabin on fire and runs off with the baby whom Ben has named Colin to a motel . However , Ben is caught by JJ and his police partner Lani Price ( Sal Stowers ) and sent back to Salem . Chad and Abigail are rescued and they confront Ben who has seemingly lost his grip with reality . Despite his condition , Ben tells Abby where he left the baby and he is then put on a 24 - hour suicide watch and taken to jail . A blood test later reveals that Chad and not Ben is the baby 's father . In March 2016 , news spreads that Ben has escaped the mental hospital and everyone suspects he is coming back to Salem as he still believes Colin , now called Thomas is his son . Abigail is horrified when she sees Ben on her wedding day . Abby sees Ben again , and he tries to run off with Thomas . Chad and JJ realize Abby is hallucinating because they do n't see Ben and the baby is safe . In April 2016 , Ben breaks into the DiMera mansion to claim `` his '' son and professes his love for her . To protect Thomas , Abby seduces Ben long enough to stab him and knock him out . Ben awakens to find that Abby has tied him to the bed and she sets him on fire . Chad arrives just in time to put the fire out but Ben 's legs are severely burned . Chad keeps Ben from escaping as the police to take him into custody . After district attorney Justin Kiriakis ( Wally Kurth ) concludes that Ben was sane enough to escape the hospital , Ben is sentenced to prison . Despite Ben being sent back to prison , Abigail continues seeing him in hallucinations which leads to her being institutionalized . In September 2017 , having escaped a mental hospital , Ben crashes Chad and Abigail 's double wedding with Sonny Kiriakis ( Freddie Smith ) and Paul Narita ( Christopher Sean ) . He shocks everyone when he announces that Sonny 's late husband Will is still alive and is then arrested . Ben eventually confides in Marlena that Clyde told him Will is alive . Sami Brady gets Ben released temporarily and convinces him to reenact Will 's murder in hopes that the event can bring back his memory . Unfortunately , it does n't work and Sami has Ben locked away again . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) Justin Gaston originated the role of Ben Rogers on February 26 , 2014 . In the summer of 2013 Soap Opera Digest reported that the soap had put out two separate casting calls , one of which was for the role of Ben . In February 2014 , it was reported that actor and country singer Justin Gaston , known for his appearance on the television series , Nashville Star had been cast in the contract role of Ben . Gaston filmed his first scenes in October 2013 and was slated to make his first appearance on February 26 , 2014 . During the week of April 7 , 2014 , rumors circulated that Gaston had been replaced by actor Robert Scott Wilson , with neither actor nor the show commented on the speculation . On April 14 , 2014 , Soap Opera Digest confirmed the rumor and reported that Gaston was indeed replaced by Wilson , known for being the first male model on The Price Is Right and his portrayal of Peter Cortlandt in the short - lived online reboot of the ABC soap , All My Children . Wilson commented on the news that he would soon depart from the game show , and thanked fans . The following day , Wilson confirmed his final appearance on The Price is Right as April 15 , and assured fans that he was not leaving on bad terms but did not comment on his new gig at Days of Our Lives . Wilson made his debut on May 22 , 2014 , in scenes opposite Kate Mansi as Abigail and Days veteran Kristian Alfonso as Hope Brady . At the time , Wilson was testing for another project on Fox . When the project fell through , Wilson returned to Boston to visit his family for Christmas which is when he learned he got the job . `` It came at a time when I did n't expect , '' Wilson told Soap Opera Digest . Ironically , Wilson had just purchased a brand new Mercedes Benz the week before booking the gig . `` Fortune favors the bold '' he said of his luck . He started filming on January 8 , 2014 , and had filmed twelve episodes by the end of February . Wilson accredited his landing the role to his time on All My Children and one of his former costars , Jill Larson who played his mother , Opal . Wilson also found common ground with former AMC alum , Chrishell Stause who played Ben 's sister , Jordan Ridgeway and said Stause and ( Kate ) Mansi helped him make the transition . After landing the gig , Wilson learned he would also be working opposite ( Kristian ) Alfonso , another Boston native . Characterization ( edit ) Personality ( edit ) The original casting call described Ben as being in his early to mid 20s , a `` gorgeous , Caucasian , country boy . '' He is supposed to be Midwestern or Southern . The casting notice also described Ben as `` utterly charming '' due to his `` honest sincere approach to life and love . '' The producers looked for actors with a musical background . According to Soap Central , musical talent was not a requirement for those auditioning for the role . Ben was also said to have a `` slight southern accent . '' He 's kind of a loner . He 's traveled and can read people very well . '' However , Ben can be a bit unpredictable , and according to Wilson , `` he 's a loose cannon . '' Ben has a lot of rage because he comes from a `` messed - up home . '' Wilson described Ben as a `` good guy '' who is n't afraid to `` put somebody in line if he has to . '' Unlike his former role as Pete , `` With Ben , I 'm playing more of a hungry person . '' Wilson further described Ben as `` very street - smart '' and the typical `` nice guy . '' However , he can be a protective of his loved ones . In an interview with On - Air On - Soaps , Wilson explained that Ben has a `` temper '' that can get him into trouble . Ben has a `` protective nature '' because of his past . Backstory ( edit ) Wilson later admitted that he did n't know much about the character when he assumed the role of Ben . `` ( The producers ) really only gave me what I needed to know to make it real and understandable to me . '' Wilson revealed that the producers gave him a lot `` creative control '' when it came to his character 's backstory . Wilson revealed that he and Ben share a similar background because he too comes `` from humble beginnings . '' Wilson stated , `` Ben has pretty much always been broke '' and he 's never experienced any real `` stability in his life . '' `` I had to come up with my own backstory for things to work for me as the story went further '' the actor explained . Wilson said of his character that `` Ben has lived a crazy life . Ben hopes to make a home for himself by settling in the same town as his sister Jordan Ridgeway ( Stause ) . Though Ben is the younger of the siblings , he has `` stepped up '' for Jordan and tries to be a father figure for her and protect her as payback for her raising him . However , Ben 's plans are threatened by the arrival of his father , Clyde Weston ( Read ) . Ben `` very wary of Clyde '' because he only has bad memories of him . While Clyde and Ben want the same thing , to build a father - son relationship , Clyde 's schemes constantly undermines any progress they make . Relationship with Abigail ( edit ) The character is paired with Abigail Deveraux ( Mansi ) in a romantic storyline . Wilson explained that Abigail is the first girl to make Ben want to `` settle down '' and have a stable relationship . `` It 's all really new to him . '' Ben 's secret past jeopardizes his budding romance with Abigail because `` He 's not yet ready to tell her ... but if everything is good at the end of the tunnel '' Ben will come clean . Wilson formed a close bond with his costar Mansi which he said helped with their onscreen chemistry . Ben does n't hold Abigail 's past against her because `` Everybody 's got baggage '' Wilson said . Ben can understand and identity with Abby having a trouble past `` because he 's far from perfect himself . '' Abby and Ben 's new romance is also threatened by return of her ex-boyfriend Chad DiMera ( Flynn ) . Abigail is forced to choose between staying faithful to Ben and protecting him from a potential prison stint when he gets arrested for assaulting Chad . After an affair with Chad , which Ben witnesses , Abigail ends up pregnant and is unsure of her baby 's paternity . Ben is so desperate to make a better life for himself that he willingly overlooks Abigail 's cheating . `` That 's always in the back of Ben 's head '' Wilson stated . So , Ben is faced with the task of burying those feelings and staying focused on `` his ultimate goal of having a family and becoming stable . '' He continued , `` Abigail is the puzzle piece that will make all of that possible . '' Wilson further stated that this is the first relationship where Ben has `` found something to invest in '' and he is afraid to lose that so when he learns she is pregnant , Ben holds on tighter . However , `` it 's eating him alive '' Wilson said of Abigail seemingly being drawn to Chad . But , he finds comfort in Abby 's reassurances which keep him grounded in the `` reality that he knows . '' Wilson said he 'd advise his character to leave Abigail and the town of Salem behind but admitted `` Love makes you do wild stuff . '' The Necktie killer ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Wilson on killer Ben I ran with it because I got what I wanted : a chance to play Ben in a total arc , taking him from one set of character traits to a completely different type of person . From an acting standpoint it was very rewarding . It was great to have some real , tangible information about Ben 's backstory , and seeing the character given more depth , no matter what direction it took . `` '' Robert Scott Wilson , Soap Opera Digest ( 2015 ) In April 2015 , during an interview for Soapcentral.com , Wilson said that viewers will `` learn more about Ben in the next six months . '' The actor continued , `` It 's a whole other side of Ben , and I 'm really excited to kind of unravel it . '' Wilson welcomed the shift in the direction of his character . `` I was getting bored out of my mind . So thank God . It 's time for the cycle to change . '' Wilson admitted that Ben develops `` more of a wild streak than ever . '' In the summer of 2015 , Entertainment Weekly reported that the series would launch a Murder mystery plot in late August as the show was to celebrate its 50th anniversary . The plot would feature several characters , including some fan favorites as victims . The story was slated to climax during the week of November 8 , 2015 , the official anniversary date . On the episode which aired on September 24 , 2015 , the episode culminates with the revelation that Wilson 's Ben is the mysterious Necktie Killer when he is shown going over the evidence . Wilson was invited to a meeting with executive producer Albert Alarr and then headwriter Josh Griffith where they informed him of the plans for Ben . Wilson was immediately excited about the story . However , Wilson also experienced a little bit of apprehension about the decision . `` They either want me to fail ... or they trust me . '' But the producers quickly assured the actor it was the latter . And once he got into it , Wilson felt the changes allowed for him to play the role more `` honestly . '' Wilson admitted that the way he worked changed `` Because they were writing for me . They wrote me an amazing story , which ended up being the threat of the entire show . They trusted me with it . '' In an interview with Soapcentral.com , Wilson said `` I got to really know Ben and attack him and play it out to its fullest . I 'm grateful they wrote as much as they did and really took the time on the story . They put a lot of care into it , and we all stepped up . '' Wilson described the plot twist as `` some of the most fulfilling work of my career . '' He said of the character change , `` It 's really night and day '' from the Ben viewers had come to know . Wilson relished in portraying the `` bad guy . '' The was very grateful because `` they really did write for Ben '' and that allowed him to take a lot of `` chances and risks . '' He continued , `` I played things that I had never done . '' In an interview with Michael Fairman from On - Air On - Soaps , Wilson revealed that when the story started filming , even he was not aware that Ben was the killer . Ben dumps the evidence in the river believing he has covered his tracks . The scenes were filmed in one take and Wilson later revealed that he wanted to re-shoot the scenes because he knew the fans would n't miss a beat and would notice that there was air in the bag -- which would keep it from sinking . Ben is able to `` keep his game face on '' in public , until he is alone and `` can kind of revel in what has happened . '' In private , Ben takes `` deep breathes , and try to regain his composure . '' Victims ( edit ) The killer 's first victim is Melissa Archer 's Serena Mason , who is strangled to death . Chad ( Billy Flynn ) is implicated as a suspect because of their drunken confrontation the night before . Less than a month later , the killer claims another victim when Paige Larson ( True O'Brien ) is strangled to death with a red necktie . Chad once again appears to be the prime suspect as he had been harassing Paige who had witnessed the altercation with Serena . Following Paige 's murder , there was immediate speculation that Ben was framing Chad or that Clyde had framed Chad on Ben 's behalf . On the episode that aired on September 24 , 2015 , the killer tries and fails to kill one of the show 's most iconic characters , Doctor Marlena Evans , portrayed by veteran actress Deidre Hall . Wilson later admitted that he was n't too enthused about Ben 's choice of victims , specifically True O'Brien 's character . `` That one got me the most because True is so young '' Wilson explained . During the interview with Fairman , Wilson confirmed that Ben would take more lives . `` There is a lot more to this story '' he teased . `` The body count will rise '' he declared . On the episode which aired on October 9 , 2015 , Ben would claim a third , and most significant victim -- Will Horton ( Guy Wilson ) as he discovers Ben is the killer . Until Will , Ben is `` somebody who does n't know what he 's doing . '' It is Will 's death that forces Ben to face the reality of his actions . Before the episode aired , Wilson identified Will 's murder as the turning point for Ben : `` That 's the full change for him . When that happens , then he will be aware of everything that is happening in real time , rather than playing this game where he is thinking he is doing something right , when it 's not . '' Motives and psychosis ( edit ) The reveal episode also featured scenes in which Ben changes his mind about leaving town with Abigail when he learns there is an APB out for Chad . Ben feels a sense of `` closure '' hinting at his motives . According to Wilson , Ben 's actions stem from love , `` as tragic as it all is . It 's done out of love , but unfortunately he is going insane . '' Ben `` constantly '' buries his feelings about Abigail 's betrayal Ben has reached the end of his rope . Dealing with Abigail 's betrayal is such a new experience for Ben because he 's never really had anything to lose . `` Everything Ben does is to set Chad up '' Wilson stated . Ben never intends to hurt anyone . Ben sees his victims as `` chess pieces '' in a much bigger game -- they will help him hold onto the life he has made for himself . As far as Ben is concerned , he is doing the `` right thing . '' The writers took it a step further in the development of the story by portraying Ben as having suffered some sort of psychological break creating two distinct personalities for himself . The Ben viewers meet in 2014 is the `` nice guy '' who is just a bartender and Abigail 's boyfriend . He `` takes the hand of the little princess ( Abigail ) of Salem . '' But then , there is `` Benjamin '' who experiences `` blackouts '' and blames Chad for his behavior . From Ben 's perspective , Chad is responsible for the murders . Though Wilson insisted that Ben does not have a split personality , `` Benjamin is another part of Ben 's personality that acted as his protector . '' To help prepare for his portrayal of Ben , Wilson did some research with similar characters . He studied Anthony Perkins portrayal of Norman Bates in the 1960 film Psycho as well as Edward Norton 's character in the 1996 film Primal Fear -- who deals with a split personality . Wilson also watched several documentaries about the lives of serial killers . `` If somebody were to see my Netflix queue during that time they probably would have asked , ' What 's up with this guy ? ' '' he said jokingly . However , in his research , Wilson recognized that Ben becoming a killer was entirely possible . `` The writers tapped into Ben 's childhood , when he suffered abuse . That was the place where a lot of evil was rooted . '' Tapping into that part of his psyche , `` worked for me as an actor '' Wilson explained . `` It is truly a great experience to go through as an actor , and weird at the same time . '' Departure ( 2016 ) ( edit ) While he was initially excited about the storyline , Wilson knew there was a strong possibility that once the story wrapped , he could be out of a job . As the serial killer story was set to climax in the fall , Soaps SheKnows reported that Wilson would likely vacate the role of Ben Weston when the story wrapped . However , neither Wilson nor the producers would comment on the actor 's status with the series . Wilson intentionally played coy during another interview in November 2015 . When asked if he was coming or going , the actor `` It 's a little bit of both . Maybe he 's gone and then he 's back and then he 's gone . Maybe he 's just among us . Maybe he 's something that you ca n't get rid of . '' Wilson seemingly vacated the role on December 8 , 2015 , when Ben goes to prison . By the time of his departure , Wilson felt that Ben had completed his arc . Despite reports that Wilson was done with the series , the actor continued posting pictures on social media of himself on the set . In January 2016 it was announced that Wilson would reprise his role as Ben . The actor reappeared onscreen on March 11 . Wilson revealed that producer Albert Alarr informed him toward the end of his first arc of the plans to bring the character back . However , this is a `` new chapter '' for Ben . `` This is now a fresh arc for myself and what I make for Ben . '' According to Wilson , Ben returns because he misses Salem , having found a home for himself there and `` because he wants to know what 's going on '' and he somehow sees beyond what he has done . As Abigail prepares to marry Chad , it is reported that Ben has escaped the mental hospital . However , when Abby sees Ben at her wedding , he appears to be a figment of her imagination . Chad and JJ orchestrate a plan to lure Ben out of hiding , using Abigail as bait . However , Abigail 's hallucinations get worse as the possibility that Ben is looming becomes even more real . During the week of April 11 , 2016 , Ben and Abigail come face to face . `` It 's the real deal and not a figment of Abigail 's imagination '' Wilson confirmed . At that point , it is a game of cat and mouse . The confrontation culminates with Ben to a bed and Abigail setting him on fire , as he had previously done to her and Chad . Wilson 's costar Kate Mansi opened up to Soap Opera Digest about filming the scenes . `` From the minute we arrived on set , Robert and I felt the weight of that encounter '' the actress explained . The actors did n't even rehearse together as usual . The taping was delayed due to a lighting problem so they took advantage of the downtime and `` We did n't take our eyes off each other '' allowing for the tension to build . The actors then utilized the remainder of the time to run through their scenes , without any dialogue . When the lighting situation was fixed , `` Robert and I just let ourselves get out of the way and went for the ride without any hesitation . '' Wilson concluded his run with the series on June 24 , 2016 . The return also helped facilitate Kate Mansi 's departure from the series . `` I 'm so grateful to have been a part of her last episode '' Wilson said . Return ( 2017 ) ( edit ) In September 2017 , it was announced the Wilson was set to reprise his role in late September . Wilson expressed his excitement in a statement to Soap Opera Digest . `` I could n't have asked for a better entrance back to Salem -- when no one sees it coming . '' Just about everyone in town has converged on the church for a double wedding `` and then I got to swing the church doors open and drop a bomb . '' Ben announces to a packed room that Will Horton is alive upsetting the event . For Ben , this is `` great news . '' Ben considered Will to be a friend so `` Ben is trying to clear his conscience , and hopefully , clear his name as well . '' However , Ben has more than one agenda and sees it as a chance to stick it to those who have wronged him , because he blames the people of Salem for turning him into what he has become . Ben takes pleasure in taunting everyone about Will being alive , which upsets Will 's closest relatives . However , Ben can not produce Will . `` That 's part of the mystery . He 's hoping Will can be found . '' Wilson was contacted in the spring of 2017 about returning to the series . The producers told him a little bit about the story . `` It sounded like really great stuff , and they were correct . I had a blast . '' While he was welcomed back , a lot had changed with the series . `` In a short amount of time , they really spread Ben out , and he interacts with a lot of different characters . '' Wilson said he was definitely open to another return in the future . Wilson wrapped his stint on November 30 , 2017 when Ben is sent back to the mental institution . Reception ( edit ) In response to the original casting call looking for attractive actors , Luke Kerr said , `` Finding beautiful actors is all well and good , but please make sure they can act before letting them sign on the dotted line . '' On - Air On - Soaps said `` Gaston fits the bill perfectly '' considering his musical background . In response to the recast , Omar Nobles of TV Source Magazine said , `` I am THRILLED with this news . '' He continued and praised Wilson for his charm and charisma . Nobles stated , `` I rank this recast as an instant UPGRADE . '' Wilson ranked at # 10 on Daytime Confidential 's list of the `` 10 Best Soap Newbies of 2013 '' having recently wrapped short lived stint on All My Children . Wilson 's appearance on the list was only days after he had secretly booked the role of Ben . Wilson also ranked at # 3 on the soap blog 's list of the `` 10 Daytime Soap Opera Hunks We 'd Love to Take Underwear Shopping . '' Jamey Giddens said , `` Is it any wonder CBS Daytime decided to make Robert Scott Wilson the first - ever male model on The Price is Right ? Since then , the gorgeous hunk has proven to have impressive chops on two daytime soaps . '' Despite Wilson being a popular casting choice , the writing for his character was very poorly received . Daytime Confidential listed the exploration of the character 's backstory at # 2 in its list of the `` 10 Worst Soap Opera Storylines of 2014 . '' The blog admitted that had the actors ( including Wilson 's costars Chrishell Stause and James Read ) been cast in a more established roles , `` we doubt they 'd be on on a worst list . '' The site specifically said he should have been cast in the role of Andrew Donovan , son of supercouple Shane and Kimberly ( Charles Shaughnessy and Patsy Pease ) and brother to Theresa Donovan ( Jen Lilley ) . Giddens later commented on the character 's love triangle with Abigail and Chad DiMera ( Billy Flynn ) `` is n't exactly compelling '' and Giddens also reiterated that the character of Andrew Donovan would 've been better for story purposes . `` DAYS Decimates Will Horton ! Should Ben Have Brutally Murdered This Once Legacy Character ? '' On - Air On - Soaps headline addressing Ben 's murder of Will Horton . Jamey Giddens of Daytime Confidential initially praised the serial killer storyline and said `` The latest in a long line of DAYS serial killers is giving the show back its life '' by getting rid of the `` nonessential characters '' like Serena and Paige . `` Praise Soap Jesus '' Giddens exclaimed . Ironically , Giddens hoped the killer 's next victims would be Ben and Clyde Weston . Michael Fairman of On - Air On - Soaps praised the scenes in which Ben was revealed to be the serial killer . However , Ben 's third victim in Will Horton would stir up quite a bit of controversy with many questioning the decision to kill off such an important character . Michael Fairman described the fans as having `` mixed - emotions '' on social media . Days superstar Alison Sweeney who played Will 's mother Sami Brady even voiced her own anger over the decision to kill the character . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sami 's Twisted Scheme '' . Hot Plot Preview ! . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 42 ( 49 ) : 15 . December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` DAYS Casting Two New Roles '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . June 5 , 2013 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Errol ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` Country Music Singer / Actor Justin Gaston Joins ' Days of our Lives ' In Contract Role '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Errol ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Price is Right ' for Former ' AMC ' Star Robert Scott Wilson ; Actor Joins ' DAYS ' Cast '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE ! DAYS NEWCOMER REPLACED '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . April 14 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AMC Hunk Takes Over At DAYS ! '' . ABC Soaps In Depth. April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Scott Wilson Messages Fans Regarding New ' DAYS ' Role , His Final ' The Price Is Right ' Episodes and Boston Marathon Bombing '' . Soap Opera Network . April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Errol ( May 4 , 2014 ) . `` Robert Scott Wilson 's ' DAYS ' Debut Revealed '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMC Alum On New Days Gig '' . Late - breaking news . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 39 ( 22 ) : 4 -- 5 . June 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron , Robert ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Big Ben '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 39 ( 27 ) : 54 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` Days of our Lives casting : Ben and Sabrina '' . Soap Central . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` DAYS Rob Scott Wilson On Taking On The Role Of Ben , Chrishell Stause & Missing His AMC Peeps ! '' . On - Air On - Soaps . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Clifford , Kambra ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` CENTER STAGE : ' DAYS Robert Scott Wilson Opens Up About Ben 's Explosive Past ! '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Larson , Kelli M ; Moro Parkerton , Michelle ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` Secrets & Lies '' . ABC Soaps in Depth . Bauer Media Group : 74 -- 77 . ^ Jump up to : Larson , Kelli M ; Moro Parkerton , Michelle ( August 25 , 2014 ) . `` Mystery Man '' . Days of our Lives Bonus Section . CBS Soaps in Depth . Bauer Media Group : 84 -- 87 . ^ Jump up to : Larson , Kelli M ; Moror Parkerton , Michelle ( September 7 , 2015 ) . `` Fork In the Road '' . Days of Our Lives Bonus Section . CBS Soaps in Depth . Bauer Media Group : 74 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Luke ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` Chad Proves EJ Was n't The Only DiMera Capable of Making Indecent Proposals on Days of Our Lives ( VIDEO ) '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Luke ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` Is Abby Pregnant on Days of Our Lives ? ( PROMO ) '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Days of Our Lives SPOILERS : Eve Plays Nasty Mind Games on Jennifer ! '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Luke ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Who is The Horton Harlot 's Baby Daddy on Days of Our Lives ? ( PROMO ) '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Luke ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` How Far Along is Abby on Days of Our Lives ? ( PROMO ) '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Scott Wilson On DAYS 's Killer Reveal '' . Late - breaking news . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 40 ( 40 ) : 5 . October 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Clifford , Kambra ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Robert Scott Wilson on the future of DAYS : `` It 's time for the cycle to change '' `` . Soapcentral.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Days of Our Lives exclusive : 50th anniversary celebration to feature a killer twist '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . August 1 , 2015 . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fairman , Michael ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` DAYS Reveals The Identify Of The Necktie Killer ! '' . On - Air On - Soaps . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fairman , Michael ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` DAYS Rob Scott Wilson Dishes On `` Killer Ben '' , The Reveal & The Opportunity Of A Soap Lifetime ! `` . On - Air On - Soaps . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Michael ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Day of ' Days ' Interview : Robert Scott Wilson on Being Ben Weston '' . Serial Scoop . United States : Blogger ( Google ) . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Clifford , Kambra ( November 27 , 2015 ) . `` INTERVIEW : Kate Mansi and Robert Scott Wilson discuss DAYS ' dark turn and the future of Abigail and Ben '' . Soapcentral.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Errol ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` First Serial Killer Victim Revealed ! Melissa Archer Talks ' DAYS ' Exit '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Comings and Goings '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc. 40 ( 37 ) : 11 . September 21 , 2015 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` DAYS OF OUR LIVES : Aiden Works For Stefano ! Paige Is Murdered ! Who 's Got Bo ? '' . On - Air On - Soaps . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Who 's Framing Chad DiMera For The Necktie Murders On DAYS ? '' . On - Air On - Soaps . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fairman , Michael ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` DAYS Decimates Will Horton ! Should Ben Have Brutally Murdered This Once Legacy Character ? '' . On - Air On - Soaps . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crazy Train '' . Features . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 41 ( 12 ) : 44 -- 47 . March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Days of Our Lives Comings and Goings '' . Soaps SheKnows . United States : SheKnows Media . September 30 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2015 . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Scott Wilson ( Ben Weston ) '' . Comings and Goings . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 40 ( 50 ) : 11 . December 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Days : Robert Scott Wilson Returns '' . Late - breaking News . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 41 ( 10 ) : 4 -- 5 . March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clifford , Kambra ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Confirmed : Robert Scott Wilson has more DAYS ahead '' . soapcentral.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Waldron , Robert ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Wedding Crasher '' . On the Cover . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 41 ( 12 ) : 28 -- 31 . Jump up ^ `` Days : Abigail Sees Ben - Or Does She ? '' . Late - breaking News . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 41 ( 14 ) : 7 . April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Days : Abigail and Ben Showdown '' . Late - breaking News . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 41 ( 15 ) : 7 . April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fully Committed '' . Scene & Heard . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 41 ( 17 ) : 52 . April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ROBERT SCOTT WILSON CONCLUDES HIS DAYS RUN '' . Comings and Goings . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 41 ( 26 ) : 10 -- 11 . June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Michael ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` Kate Mansi Leaving Days of our Lives '' . Serial Scoop . United States : Blogger ( Google ) . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ROBERT SCOTT WILSON BACK TO DAYS : `` HONORED AND EXCITED . '' `` . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Scott Wilson on Days Comeback '' . Late - breaking News . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 42 ( 41 ) : 4 -- 5 . October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Days : Ben Reveals that Will is Alive ! '' . Late - breaking News . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 42 ( 41 ) : 6 -- 7 . October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Going '' . Comings and Goings . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 42 ( 49 ) : 12 -- 13 . December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Luke ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` Days of Our Lives Puts Out `` Gorgeous '' Casting Calls `` . Daytime Confidential . Zap2it . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Justin Gaston Cast As Jordan 's Brother Ben On Days Of Our Lives ! '' . On - Air On - Soaps . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nobles , Omar ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' Days of our Lives ' Recast : Rob Scott Wilson In ; Justin Gaston Out '' . TV Source Magazine . SoSource Media LLC . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . / Jump up ^ `` 10 Best Soap Opera Newbies of 2013 '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . December 31 , 2013 . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` 10 Daytime Soap Opera Hunks We 'd Love to Take Underwear Shopping '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Worst Soap Opera Storylines of 2014 '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . December 29 , 2014 . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` What 's Up With Days of Our Lives ' Younger Set ? '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` Why The # DAYS50 Serial Killer Should Get The Key to Salem '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) `` Ben Weston '' . About DAYS : Who 's Who in Salem . Soapcentral.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Eades , Chris ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` Who is Ben on DAYS OF OUR LIVES ? -- Here 's Everything You Need to Know ! '' . Soaps In Depth . Bauer Media Group . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ( hide ) Days of Our Lives characters ( hide ) Present and future characters Brady Black John Black Tate Black Belle Brady Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux André DiMera Chad DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Anne Milbauer Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Hattie Adams Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Bart Beiderbecke Peter Blake Eugene Bradford Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Kristen DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Calliope Jones Bradford Alexander Kiriakis Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Ben Weston Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ben_Weston_(Days_of_Our_Lives)&oldid=815244593 '' Categories : Days of Our Lives characters Fictional serial killers Fictional characters introduced in 2014 Fictional criminals Fictional bartenders Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 17 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played ben on days of our lives	[ "Ben Weston, also known as Ben Rogers, is a fictional character from Days of Our Lives, an American soap opera on the NBC network, currently portrayed by Robert Scott Wilson." ]	[ "Robert Scott Wilson" ]
-1227070257502917253	The Last of the Mohicans (1992 film)	The Last of the Mohicans ( 1992 film ) - wikipedia The Last of the Mohicans ( 1992 film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Last of the Mohicans Theatrical release poster Directed by Michael Mann Produced by Michael Mann Hunt Lowry Screenplay by Michael Mann Christopher Crowe Story by John L. Balderston Paul Perez Daniel Moore Based on The Last of the Mohicans by James Fenimore Cooper The Last of the Mohicans by Philip Dunne Starring Daniel Day - Lewis Madeleine Stowe Jodhi May Music by Trevor Jones Randy Edelman Cinematography Dante Spinotti Edited by Dov Hoenig Arthur Schmidt Production company Morgan Creek Productions Distributed by 20th Century Fox ( USA & Canada ) Warner Bros . ( International ) Release date August 26 , 1992 ( 1992 - 08 - 26 ) ( France ) September 25 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 25 ) ( United States ) Running time 112 minutes Country United States Language English French Mohawk Huron Budget $40 million Box office $75.5 million ( North America ) The Last of the Mohicans is a 1992 American epic historical drama , set in 1757 during the French and Indian War . It was directed by Michael Mann , based on James Fenimore Cooper 's eponymous 1826 novel and George B. Seitz 's 1936 film adaptation , owing more to the latter than the novel . The film stars Daniel Day - Lewis , Madeleine Stowe , and Jodhi May , with Russell Means , Wes Studi , Eric Schweig , and Steven Waddington in supporting roles . It was produced by Morgan Creek Pictures . The soundtrack features music by Trevor Jones and Randy Edelman , and the song `` I Will Find You '' by Clannad . The main theme of the film is taken from the tune `` The Gael '' by Scottish singer - songwriter Dougie MacLean . Released on September 25 , 1992 in the United States , The Last of the Mohicans was met with nearly universal praise from critics and commercial success during its box - office run . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 4 Props 5 Locations 6 Reception and honors 6.1 Box office 7 Alternate versions 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) The story takes place in 1757 , during the French and Indian War in the Adirondack Mountains , in the British colony of New York . British Army Major Duncan Heyward arrives in Albany . He has been sent to serve under Colonel Edmund Munro , the commander of Fort William Henry . Heyward is given the task of escorting the colonel 's two daughters , Cora and Alice , to their father . He is a family friend and in love with Cora , to whom he proposes before they leave , but she does not give him an answer . Major Heyward , the two women , and a troop of British soldiers march through the rugged countryside , guided by Magua , a Huron warrior . Magua leads the party into an ambush . All of the soldiers are killed or wounded , but Heyward and the women are rescued by the timely intervention of the Mohican chief Chingachgook , his son Uncas , and his white , adopted son `` Hawkeye '' , who kill all of the ambushers except Magua , who escapes . The rescuers agree to take the women and Heyward to the fort . During the fight , Hawkeye noticed that Magua attempted to kill Cora and asks Duncan if he knows why . During the trek , Cora and Hawkeye are attracted to each other , as are Uncas and Alice . When the party nears the fort , they find it under siege by the French and their Huron allies . The party manages to sneak in and are greeted by Colonel Munro , who asks Major Heyward about the requested , desperately needed reinforcements . While there , Cora and Hawkeye share a passionate kiss , and Heyward becomes jealous . In response , Cora finally tells him she will not marry him . When Munro refuses to allow the militiamen to sneak away to defend their own families and homes , as he had earlier promised , Hawkeye arranges it anyway . He stays , however , and is condemned to death . Before that happens , during a parlay , French general Louis - Joseph de Montcalm shows Munro an intercepted message which states that no reinforcements have been sent . Montcalm offers to allow the British to evacuate the fort with honor , keeping their weapons . Munro has little choice but to accept . However , Magua , a French ally , is furious at this arrangement . He harbors great hatred for Munro , blaming him for past wrongs done to him and his family . The following day , Colonel Munro , his soldiers , and their women and children leave the fort . Magua and his Huron warriors ambush them . Magua personally kills Munro . Hawkeye and the Mohicans fight their way out , leading Cora , Alice , and Heyward to temporary safety . Later , however , Magua captures the major and the women . Magua takes his prisoners to a Huron settlement and addresses its sachem . He is interrupted by Hawkeye , who comes in alone to plead for their lives . The sachem rules that Heyward be returned to the British , Alice given to Magua , and Cora burned alive . Hawkeye , for his great bravery , may leave unharmed . Hawkeye tells Heyward , who is serving as translator , to beg the sachem to let Hawkeye take Cora 's place . Instead , Heyward trades his own life for Cora 's . Once Cora and Hawkeye are far enough away , Hawkeye shoots Heyward to end his suffering . Chingachgook , Uncas , and Hawkeye then set out after Magua 's party to free Alice . Uncas races ahead and engages Magua in personal combat , but is killed . Alice chooses to step off the cliff to her death rather than go to the beckoning Magua . While Hawkeye holds Magua 's remaining men at bay , Chingachgook duels Magua and avenges his son . Chingachgook prays to the Great Spirit to receive Uncas , calling himself `` the last of the Mohicans '' . Cast ( edit ) Daniel Day - Lewis as Hawkeye / Nathaniel Poe Madeleine Stowe as Cora Munro Russell Means as Chingachgook Eric Schweig as Uncas Jodhi May as Alice Munro Steven Waddington as Maj . Duncan Heyward Wes Studi as Magua Maurice Roëves as Col. Edmund Munro Patrice Chéreau as Gen. Louis - Joseph de Montcalm Edward Blatchford as Jack Winthrop Tracey Ellis as Alexandra Cameron Terry Kinney as John Cameron Sebastian Roché as Martin Justin M. Rice as James Cameron Dennis Banks as Ongewasgone Pete Postlethwaite as Capt . Beams Colm Meaney as Maj . Ambrose Mac Andrews as Gen. Daniel Webb Benton Jennings as Scottish Officer Jared Harris as British Lieutenant Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Last of the Mohicans ( soundtrack ) Props ( edit ) Much care was taken with recreating accurate costumes and props . American Bladesmith Society master bladesmith Daniel Winkler made the tomahawks used in the film and knifemaker Randall King made the knives . Wayne Watson is the maker of Hawkeye 's `` Killdeer '' rifle used in the film . The gunstock war club made for Chingachgook was created by Jim Yellow Eagle . Magua 's tomahawk was made by Fred A. Mitchell of Odin Forge & Fabrication . Costumes were originally designed by multiple Academy Award winner James Acheson , but he left the film and had his name removed because of artistic differences with Mann . Designer Elsa Zamparelli was brought in to finish . Locations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Despite the film taking place in upstate New York , according to the film credits , it was filmed mostly in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina . Locations used include Lake James , Chimney Rock Park and The Biltmore Estate . Some of the waterfalls that were used in the movie include Hooker Falls , Triple Falls , Bridal Veil Falls , and High Falls , all located in the DuPont State Recreational Forest . Another of these falls was Linville Falls , in the mountains of North Carolina . Scenes of Albany were shot in Asheville , NC at The Manor on Charlotte St . Reception and honors ( edit ) The Last of the Mohicans opened to general acclaim , with critics praising the film for its cinematography and music . Critic Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film three stars and called it `` quite an improvement on Cooper 's all but unreadable book , and a worthy successor to the Randolph Scott version , '' going on to say that `` The Last of the Mohicans is not as authentic and uncompromised as it claims to be -- more of a matinee fantasy than it wants to admit -- but it is probably more entertaining as a result . '' Desson Howe of The Washington Post classified the film as `` glam - opera '' and `` the MTV version of gothic romance '' . Rita Kempley of the Post recognized the `` heavy drama , '' writing that the film `` sets new standards when it comes to pent - up passion '' , but commented positively on the `` spectacular scenery '' . The Last of the Mohicans is certified `` Fresh '' at the film site Rotten Tomatoes , with a positive rating of 94 % ( 34 reviews out of 35 counted fresh ) . The film won the Academy Award for Best Sound ( Chris Jenkins , Doug Hemphill , Mark Smith , Simon Kaye ) . American Film Institute recognition : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : Hawkeye - Nominated Hero Box Office ( edit ) The film opened in the United States on September 25 , 1992 , in 1,856 theaters . It was the number 1 movie on its opening weekend . By the end of its first weekend , The Last of the Mohicans had generated $10,976,661 , and by the end of its domestic run , the film had made $75,505,856 . It was ranked the 17th highest - grossing film of 1992 in the United States . Alternate versions ( edit ) The film was released theatrically in 1992 at a length of 112 minutes . It was released at this length on VHS in the U.S. It was re-edited to a length of 117 minutes for its U.S. DVD release on November 23 , 1999 , which was billed as the `` Director 's Expanded Edition '' . It was again re-edited for its U.S. Blu - ray release on October 5 , 2010 , this time billed as the `` Director 's Definitive Cut '' , with a length of 114 mins . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Last of the Mohicans '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last of the Mohicans ( 1992 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Haskew , Mike ( 2006 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Star - Spangled Hawks Take Wing '' . 33 ( 9 ) . Blade Magazine . pp. 30 -- 37 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( September 25 , 1992 ) . `` The Last of The Mohicans '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Desson Howe ( September 25 , 1992 ) . `` The Last of The Mohicans '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Rita Kempley ( September 25 , 1992 ) . `` The Last of The Mohicans '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Rotten Tomatoes ( March 18 , 2007 ) . `` Freshness count '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The 65th Academy Awards ( 1993 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains Nominees Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office '' . The Los Angeles Times . 1992 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Fox , David J. ( 1992 - 10 - 06 ) . `` Box Office Has n't Seen the Last of ' Mohicans '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 Yearly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Gerald Wurm ( 2010 - 04 - 07 ) . `` Last Of The Mohicans , The ( Comparison : Theatrical Version - Director 's Expanded Edition ) '' . Movie-Censorship.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Last of the Mohicans ( Director 's Expanded Edition ) : Daniel Day - Lewis , Madeleine Stowe , Russell Means , Eric Schweig , Jodhi May , Steven Waddington , Wes Studi , Maurice RoÃ `` ves , Patrice ChÃ © reau , Edward Blatchford , Terry Kinney , Tracey Ellis , Michael Mann , Christopher Crowe , Daniel Moore , James Fenimore Cooper , John L. Balderston , Paul Perez , Philip Dunne : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Last of the Mohicans Blu - ray : Director 's Definitive Cut '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Gerald Wurm ( 2010 - 10 - 29 ) . `` Last of the Mohicans , The ( Comparison : Theatrical Version - Director 's Definitive Cut ) '' . Movie-Censorship.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Last of the Mohicans ( 1992 film ) Kristopher Tapley : Michael Mann looks back on ' The Last of the Mohicans ' 20 years later at hitfix.com The Last of the Mohicans on IMDb The Last of the Mohicans at the TCM Movie Database The Last of the Mohicans at AllMovie The Last of the Mohicans at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Michael Mann The Jericho Mile ( 1979 ) Thief ( 1981 ) The Keep ( 1983 ) Manhunter ( 1986 ) L.A. Takedown ( 1989 ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1992 ) Heat ( 1995 ) The Insider ( 1999 ) Ali ( 2001 ) Collateral ( 2004 ) Miami Vice ( 2006 ) Public Enemies ( 2009 ) Blackhat ( 2015 ) James Fenimore Cooper 's The Last of the Mohicans Fictional characters Magua Chingachgook Natty Bumppo Historical characters Colonel Munro Daniel Webb Marquis de Montcalm Tamenund Films The Last of the Mohicans ( 1920 American ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1920 German ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1932 ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1936 ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1968 ) Last of the Redmen ( 1947 ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1971 ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1992 ) Related Hawkeye and the Last of the Mohicans Leatherstocking Tales The Last of the Mohicans ( soundtrack ) VIAF : 177610562 LCCN : no94041546 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_of_the_Mohicans_(1992_film)&oldid=801890223 '' Categories : 1992 films 1757 in fiction 1990s drama films 1990s historical films 1990s war films 20th Century Fox films American drama films American epic films American films American historical films American war films English - language films Films about Native Americans Films based on The Last of the Mohicans Films directed by Michael Mann Films set in the Thirteen Colonies Films shot in North Carolina Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award French - language films Mohawk - language films Morgan Creek Productions films War epic films Warner Bros. films Film scores by Randy Edelman Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles needing additional references from September 2012 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 15 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was last of the mohicans filmed north carolina	[ "Despite the film taking place in upstate New York, according to the film credits, it was filmed mostly in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. Locations used include Lake James, Chimney Rock Park and The Biltmore Estate. Some of the waterfalls that were used in the movie include Hooker Falls, Triple Falls, Bridal Veil Falls, and High Falls, all located in the DuPont State Recreational Forest. Another of these falls was Linville Falls, in the mountains of North Carolina. Scenes of Albany were shot in Asheville, NC at The Manor on Charlotte St." ]	[ "Blue Ridge Mountains" ]
4461398490444223570	The Magicians (U.S. TV series)	The Magicians ( US tv series ) - wikipedia The Magicians ( US tv series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the American television series . For the novel written by Lev Grossman , see The Magicians ( Grossman novel ) . The Magicians Genre Fantasy Created by Sera Gamble John McNamara Based on The Magicians by Lev Grossman Starring Jason Ralph Stella Maeve Olivia Taylor Dudley Hale Appleman Arjun Gupta Summer Bishil Rick Worthy Jade Tailor Composer ( s ) Will Bates Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 26 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Mike Cahill Michael London Janice Williams Scott Smith John McNamara Sera Gamble Henry Alonso Myers Producer ( s ) Mitch Engel Location ( s ) New Orleans , Louisiana ( pilot ) Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography Vanja Cernjul Elie Smokin Editor ( s ) Sue Blanely Jason Courson Mats Abbott Rita K. Sanders Running time 41 -- 52 minutes Production company ( s ) McNamara Moving Company Man Sewing Dinosaur Groundswell Productions Universal Cable Productions Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network Syfy Original release December 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 16 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website www.syfy.com/themagicians The Magicians is an American fantasy television series that airs on Syfy and is based on the novel of the same name by Lev Grossman . Michael London , Janice Williams , John McNamara , and Sera Gamble serve as executive producers . A 13 - episode order was placed for the first season in May 2015 , and the series premiered on December 16 , 2015 , as a special preview . In February 2016 , the series was renewed for a second season consisting of 13 episodes , which aired between January 25 and April 19 , 2017 . In April 2017 , the series was renewed for a third season of 13 episodes to premiere in 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 4 Production 4.1 Development 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.1. 1 Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 5.1. 2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 6 Awards and nominations 7 Home media release 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) Quentin Coldwater enrolls at Brakebills University for Magical Pedagogy to be trained as a magician , where he discovers that the magical world from his favorite childhood books is real and poses a danger to humanity . Meanwhile , the life of his childhood friend Julia is derailed when she is denied entry , and she searches for magic elsewhere . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of The Magicians characters Main ( edit ) Jason Ralph as Quentin Coldwater , a graduate student . He enrolls at Brakebills University for Magical Pedagogy to be trained as a magician . A lifelong fan of the Fillory and Further series , he discovers that they are in fact based in truth and pose a danger to his world . Stella Maeve as Julia Wicker , Quentin 's childhood friend , an Ivy League student who is not admitted to Brakebills , and is recruited by a secret magical society . Olivia Taylor Dudley as Alice Quinn , a magician and Quentin 's love interest whose parents are magicians and who comes from a neglected home life . Hale Appleman as Eliot Waugh , a student at Brakebills and senior to Quentin . He is a heavy drinker and frustrating ally to Quentin . Arjun Gupta as Penny Adiyodi , Quentin 's roommate and peer , deliberately intimidating and edgy . Summer Bishil as Margo Hanson , equivalent to Janet from the novels . Her name was changed to avoid confusion with other names beginning with `` J '' . Rick Worthy as Henry Fogg ( season 2 ; recurring season 1 ) , the Dean of Brakebills . Jade Tailor as Kady Orloff - Diaz ( season 2 ; recurring season 1 ) , a tough , rebellious and sexy Brakebills student who attracts Penny 's attention in and out of the classroom . After she flees Brakebills , she joins a group of magicians led by Richard and befriends Julia . Recurring ( edit ) David Call as Pete ( season 1 ) , one of the confidants who welcome Julia into a clandestine underworld to develop her latent skills . Michael Cassidy as James ( season 1 ) , Julia 's boyfriend . Esmé Bianco as Eliza ( season 1 ) , a paramedic who has a hand in initiating Quentin 's journey into real magic . Rose Liston as Jane Chatwin ( season 1 ) , a character from the Fillory and Further novels who also appears to Quentin , helping to guide him on his magical journey . Anne Dudek as Pearl Sunderland , a teacher at Brakebills and Penny 's mentor . Kacey Rohl as Marina Andrieski ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) , one of the confidants who welcome Julia into a clandestine underworld to develop her latent skills . Marina was expelled from Brakebills three months before graduation , and uses Julia to help her regain her memories of what she learned . Charles Mesure as The Beast , a master magician with six fingers who has taken over Fillory and breaks through to Earth . His head is usually magically obscured by a swarm of moths . Mackenzie Astin as Richard , the leader of a group of magicians that Julia joins . He is a counsellor when Julia is in rehab , and teaches her more magic . Following his death , Reynard took control of his body . Keegan Connor Tracy as Professor Lipson , a teacher at Brakebills specializing in magical healing . She works in the school 's infirmary . Katie Findlay as Eve ( season 1 ) Garcelle Beauvais as Persephone , better known as Our Lady Underground , a goddess from Julia 's dreams . Trevor Einhorn as Josh Hoberman ( season 2 ; guest season 1 ) , a former Brakebills student who was one of the members of a group that went missing . Adam DiMarco as Todd ( season 2 ; guest season 1 ) , a student at Brakebills . Brittany Curran ( season 2 ) as Fen , Eliot 's Fillorian wife . Rizwan Manji as Tick Pickwick ( season 2 ) , a royal advisor . Arlen Escarpeta as Prince Ess ( season 2 ) , a handsome , rugged , pelt - clad man , with a sort of frat bro air of entitlement and the ruler of Loria . Christopher Gorham as John Gaines ( season 2 ) , a senator who discovers he 's in possession of unusual abilities . Harvey Guillen as Benedict Pickwick ( season 2 ) Imogen Tear as Shade Julia ( season 2 ) , a shade version of Julia 's younger self . Leonard Roberts as Idri ( season 2 ) , the King of Loria Mageina Tovah as The Librarian ( season 2 ; guest season 1 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 December 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 16 ) April 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 11 ) 13 January 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 25 ) April 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 19 ) Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Unauthorized Magic '' Mike Cahill Sera Gamble & John McNamara December 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 16 ) 0.92 Quentin and Julia are invited to a test of their magical skills . Quentin passes and is accepted to Brakebills University . Julia fails the test and they attempt to wipe her memory about Brakebills and the test , but she manages to leave herself a clue to remember . Refusing to accept that she can not learn magic , she is later contacted by Pete , who offers to teach her . In his dreams , Quentin meets Jane Chatwin from the `` Fillory and Further '' novels , who warns him about the Beast and leaves him with a sigil burned into his hand . Alice recognizes the sigil and sees it as an opportunity to know how her brother died . She and Quentin , together with Penny and Kady try to contact her dead brother , Charlie . Instead they accidentally summon the Beast who appears in the school the next day , attacking a teacher and the dean . `` The Source of Magic '' Scott Smith Sera Gamble January 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 25 ) 1.11 Professor Pearl investigates the Beast incident at Brakebills and Quentin , Alice , Penny , and Kady face disciplinary action for their involvement in the Beast 's attack . But Eliza , who is called in as specialist , lets them go on probation . Julia meets Marina when she has to pass a test to join the hedge witches . Kady is secretly working for Marina . `` Consequences of Advanced Spellcasting '' Scott Smith Henry Alonso Myers February 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 01 ) 0.90 Alice and Quentin find out that her brother , Charlie , was consumed by magic and turned into a niffin five years ago . When they find him , he attacks Alice and Quentin . Quentin binds him , despite Alice 's belief that she can get through to him . Devastated about what happened to her brother , Alice leaves Brakebills . Julia struggles to balance learning magic with maintaining her previous life . Eliot searches for the book that Kady stole for Marina , which leads him and Quentin to Marina 's hedge witches safe house , where Quentin finds and confronts Julia . Penny , after being assigned incorrectly to the psychic discipline , discovers he is a `` Traveler , '' who has the ability to teleport anywhere , even between worlds . `` The World in the Walls '' James L. Conway John McNamara February 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 08 ) 0.75 Quentin wakes up in the mental hospital he admitted himself to in the first episode , where his memories of Brakebills and magic are treated as delusions . It is revealed that Julia and Marina made Quentin 's elaborate hallucination , and the only way to get him out involves summoning a demon bug . Dean Fogg lowers the Brakebills school 's security spell , allowing Marina and Julia to sneak in , where they steal Marina 's memories of her time at Brakebills before she was expelled . Quentin , with the help of Penny and his visions of Jane Chatwin , is able to escape the hallucination . Marina , after being reunited with her memories , cuts off Julia from her hedge witch safe house because Julia tried to help Dean Fogg save Quentin . 5 5 `` Mendings , Major and Minor '' Bill Eagles David Reed February 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 15 ) 0.75 Quentin visits home after finding out that his father has been diagnosed with brain cancer . He struggles with accepting that magic can not save his father , and eventually opens up to his father about magic . After being cut off by Marina , Julia tries to find other hedge witch safe houses in New York with the help of Pete , but nobody else has nearly as many spells . Marina erases James ' memory of Julia to prevent her from telling him about magic . Alice returns to Brakebills and Eliot and Margo try to use her connections to get a mentor . Penny practices astral projection and discovers a woman , Victoria , chained in a dungeon by the Beast . Based on the crest on the doors , Quentin surmises that Penny has traveled to Fillory . 6 6 `` Impractical Applications '' John Stuart Scott Leah Fong February 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 22 ) 0.65 The first - years must pass a set of challenges called `` the trials '' devised by the third years . While doing the trials , Quentin and Penny reconcile , Alice and Quentin share secrets and Kady confesses to Penny that she is using him to steal things from Brakebills . As each of the first years passes the trials , they each turn into a goose . Meanwhile , in an attempt to steal spells from Marina , Julia teams up with an older hedge witch who also has connections with Marina . The older hedge witch turns out to be Kady 's mother and dies in the process of stealing the cabinet of spells from Marina 's safe house . Kady had been working for Marina in payment of a debt related to her mother . Kady does not know yet that her mother died . 7 7 `` The Mayakovsky Circumstance '' Guy Norman Bee Story by : Mike Moore Teleplay by : John McNamara February 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 29 ) 0.70 While in the form of geese , Quentin and his peers fly to Brakebills South Antarctica to study with Professor Mayakovsky , who puts them through several challenges . Eliot and Margo prepare to travel to Ibiza , and with the help of newly - met Todd and Mike , summon a Djinn as a gift for the organizers of the party . When Eliot starts sleeping with Mike , he chooses to stay behind and Todd goes with Margo . Julia 's sister picks her up from the police station following the death of Kady 's mother , and insists on helping Julia to avoid their mother from knowing what happened . Mayakovsky engineers Alice and Quentin into a relationship . He also tells Kady that her mother died and she is no longer welcome at Brakebills , encouraging her to immediately leave and not to go back to the main school lest they take her memories of her time at the school . 8 8 `` The Strangled Heart '' Jan Eliasberg David Reed March 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 07 ) 0.67 Eliot and Mike grow closer , while Quentin and Alice spend time apart to make assessments about their feelings for each other . Mike , while attacking Quentin , stabs Penny with a cursed blade . Recognizing a similar event in the Fillory and Further books , Quentin and Alice are able to save him . Mike pretends to remember nothing until Eliza confronts him , at which point he recognizes her as Jane Chatwin and kills her . He also attempts to attack Dean Fogg but before doing so he is killed by Eliot . In rehab , Julia meets a counselor named Richard who was trained at Brakebills and introduces her to religious magic . 9 9 `` The Writing Room '' James L. Conway Sera Gamble March 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) 0.71 Quentin discovers that Penny destroyed the manuscript given to him by Eliza in the first episode . Penny relates that it is a book about Fillory written by Jane Chatwin and not by Christopher Plover , in which Jane wanted to clarify the discrepancies . Quentin , Penny , Alice , and Eliot travel to the Plover estate to search for the button which according to Jane in the book is the key to the door to Fillory . They find that the mansion is haunted by the ghosts of Plover 's housekeeper 's children , whom Plover 's sister had drugged and killed to prevent them from disturbing Plover 's work . Quentin discovers that Plover was learning magic and was molesting Martin Chatwin . Plover disappeared , rather than dying , leading Quentin to believe that he is the Beast . The four of them find the button with the children 's corpses . Meanwhile , Julia helps Richard by entering the mind of a paralyzed mute woman . 10 10 `` Homecoming '' Joshua Butler Henry Alonso Myers March 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 21 ) 0.78 Penny has been trapped in the Neitherlands , the space between other worlds . He contacts Quentin and discovers that , while it 's only been 6 hours for him , it 's been 6 weeks back on Earth . To help Penny , Alice and Quentin travel to her parents ' house to ask for help from a family friend , who is also a Traveler . Penny meets a librarian in the Neitherlands who gives him information about how to fight the Beast . Quentin and Alice must resolve relationship issues to be able to cast a beacon spell which will help Penny find his way back to Earth . Eliot and Margo discover that an ex-boyfriend of hers had constructed a living Golem in her image . Julia hosts other magicians whom she knows through Richard , including Kady . Julia and Kady together learn some spells before joining their friends on a project , and then Richard explains to them that they are trying to summon a god to provide them with enough magical power to rewrite the past . 11 11 `` Remedial Battle Magic '' Amanda Tapping Leah Fong March 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 28 ) 0.72 Quentin , Alice , Penny , Eliot and Margo use probability magic to determine their best chance to kill the beast and survive ; the only option that does n't end in all of them dead is for them to travel to Fillory to kill the Beast . Because of time constraints , they prepare by learning the dangerous battle magic used by hedge witches . The Beast is driving Penny and other Travelers insane , leading some of them to kill themselves , including Penny 's mentor Stanley . Penny uses drugs to try blocking out the Beast 's voice , leading to an overdose . Professor Pearl Sunderland helps him shut the voices out . Mastering the battle spells leaves Quentin , Eliot , and Margo emotionally high and disoriented . Quentin has sex with Margo and Eliot , and when he wakes up he finds Alice at the foot of the bed . Kady and Julia search for clues to help them summon a god , and someone visits Julia in her dreams . 12 12 `` Thirty - Nine Graves '' Guy Norman Bee Leah Fong & Henry Alonso Myers April 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 04 ) 0.75 Alice and Quentin fight following his infidelity , and she sleeps with Penny as revenge . Quentin , Alice , Penny , Eliot , and Margo travel to the Neitherlands , where they are ambushed and Quentin falls back to Earth . The others hide in the Neitherland 's library , until Eliot burns a book and gets them kicked out . They find Josh Hoberman , one of the missing class students from Brakebills . Two years ago , he and a classmate - a Traveler named Victoria - led their class to Fillory . Meanwhile on Earth , Quentin talks to Dean Fogg , who reveals that Eliza is Jane Chatwin . She had been using an enchanted watch , given to her by a god named Ember , to create a time loop so she can try different methods of killing the Beast . After 39 failures , in which Quentin always died , she changed the starting circumstances by having Julia rejected from Brakebills so that she would learn magic by herself . Quentin reconciles with Julia to tell her the truth . Together , they find their way into Fillory by traveling back to 1942 and following young Jane Chatwin through a door to Fillory . 13 13 `` Have You Brought Me Little Cakes '' Scott Smith Sera Gamble & John McNamara & David Reed April 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 11 ) 0.68 Travelling to Fillory , Julia and Quentin discover they 've been followed by Martin Chatwin , whom they promise to help find Jane . They commission a blade to help them kill the Beast , and meet the Watcherwoman , a future Jane Chatwin . She says her farewell to them and helps them go back to the present time . As they arrive at the present time , Quentin and Julia receive the enchanted letter and map leading to Penny , Eliot and Margo . They get the blade , but Eliot has to marry the blade maker 's daughter , as he was revealed via a second magic blade to be the future High King . Quentin and Julia look for Ember , who can give them enough power to hold the blade . Ember unlocks Julia 's memories , revealing that she and her friends , instead of summoning a god , had been tricked to summon a trickster god called Reynard the Fox , who raped Julia and killed her friends . After , she asked Marina 's help to erase and alter her memories of the incident . Penny , Alice , Eliot and Margo rescued the Beast 's prisoners , Victoria and Christopher Plover , who reveal that the Beast is Martin Chatwin . Josh and Victoria leave the group and return to Earth , while the rest travel to the source of Fillory 's magic , to ambush the Beast . There , the Beast overpowers them . Julia gets the blade from Alice , and holds the empowered knife to the Beast 's throat . Julia makes a deal with the Beast to kill Reynard , and they leave , with Quentin the only one left standing . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14 `` Knight of Crowns '' Chris Fisher Sera Gamble January 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 25 ) 1.29 Quentin flees the wellspring seeking help and comes across a witch in a gingerbread house , who agrees to help at the cost of a vial of his blood . Alice emerges from the witches cottage , explaining that she still has the power of a god , and has already patched up her companions . They discover the Beast has drained the wellspring . Penny uses a magic river to restore his injured hands , but offends the keeper of the river who curses them . The companions meet the Knight of Crowns , Eliot and Quentin are crowned Kings and Alice and Margo Queens of Fillory , but they soon discover the kingdom is in a severe state of decline . 15 `` Hotel Spa Potions '' Chris Fisher John McNamara February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) 0.94 16 `` Divine Elimination '' John Scott Henry Alonso Myers February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) 0.91 17 `` The Flying Forest '' Carol Banker David Reed February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) 0.78 18 5 `` Cheat Day '' Joshua Butler Mike Moore February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 0.88 19 6 `` The Cock Barrens '' Kate Woods Noga Landau March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) 0.78 20 7 `` Plan B '' Chris Fisher Christina Strain March 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) 0.63 21 8 `` Word as Bond '' James L. Conway Sera Gamble March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) 0.71 22 9 `` Lesser Evils '' Rebecca Johnson Elle Lipson & John McNamara March 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 22 ) 0.61 23 10 `` The Girl Who Told Time '' Joshua Butler Noga Landau & Henry Alonso Myers March 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) 0.72 24 11 `` The Rattening '' James L. Conway Mike Moore April 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 05 ) 0.65 25 12 `` Ramifications '' Chris Fisher David Reed & Christina Strain April 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 12 ) 0.67 26 13 `` We Have Brought You Little Cakes '' Chris Fisher Sera Gamble & John McNamara April 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 19 ) 0.67 Ember wants to destroy Fillory because it got boring . Margo gets the helps of the fairies and bakes cakes which attract Ember . Meanwhile Umber is tricked to Fillory , where he is killed by Ember . Quentin kills Ember . But killing a god has consequences . The parents of the gods close all magic down in all worlds , leaving worlds without magic , except for gods and other higher - level magical creatures . At the end , the fairies are invading Fillory . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Michael London first optioned the books in 2011 , intending to develop the show at Fox . X-Men : First Class co-writers Ashley Miller and Zack Stentz wrote the pilot , but did not get the green light . London then redeveloped the pilot with McNamara and Gamble taking over writing duties , and took the script to Syfy , which ordered a pilot . The pilot , directed by Mike Cahill , was filmed in New Orleans in late 2014 and wrapped in December . Syfy picked up the show for a 13 - episode first season , to be aired in 2016 . McNamara and Gamble became executive producers . Series production began on August 4 , 2015 , in Vancouver , and it was announced that Olivia Taylor Dudley had replaced Sosie Bacon as Alice Quinn . It was also announced that Rick Worthy had been cast as Dean Fogg , Anne Dudek as Professor Sunderland , with Esmé Bianco also cast . Syfy aired an advance commercial - free screening of the first episode on December 16 , 2015 ahead of its January 25 , 2016 premiere , when it was shown along with the second episode . The show was renewed for a second season in February 2016 , and the second season premiered on January 25 , 2017 . On April 12 , 2017 , the series was renewed for a third season of 13 episodes . Reception ( edit ) The first season received mixed to positive reviews . On Metacritic , it holds a rating of 60 / 100 , based on 24 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 70 % approval rating , based on 37 reviews , with an average rating of 6.4 / 10 . The site 's critics ' consensus reads : `` The Magicians ' impressive special effects and creative storytelling help compensate for a derivative premise and occasionally sluggish pace . '' The second season received positive reviews . On Metacritic , it holds a rating of 74 / 100 , based on 5 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has an 88 % approval rating , based on 17 reviews , with an average rating of 7.9 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads : `` A clearer sense of purpose and extra helpings of cynicism and danger lead The Magicians to a higher level of engagement . '' Some critics and fans criticized the show for its brutal depiction of Julia being raped and that the rape gave her extra magical powers . The incident was also criticized because , after Julia remembered the assault , she betrayed her friends by forming an alliance with , and literally embracing , a murderer -- who is also a rape survivor . As Lisa Weidenfeld of the AV Club put it : `` the show has now suggested that the two victims of sexual assault are its villains '' . Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Unauthorized Magic '' December 16 , 2015 0.2 0.92 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` The Source of Magic '' January 25 , 2016 0.4 1.11 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Consequences of Advanced Spellcasting '' February 1 , 2016 0.4 0.90 0.3 0.89 0.7 1.79 `` The World in the Walls '' February 8 , 2016 0.3 0.75 0.3 0.80 0.6 1.54 5 `` Mendings , Major and Minor '' February 15 , 2016 0.3 0.75 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` Impractical Applications '' February 22 , 2016 0.3 0.65 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` The Mayakovsky Circumstance '' February 29 , 2016 0.3 0.70 0.3 0.85 0.6 1.55 8 `` The Strangled Heart '' March 7 , 2016 0.3 0.67 0.3 0.81 0.6 1.49 9 `` The Writing Room '' March 14 , 2016 0.3 0.71 0.3 0.76 0.6 1.47 10 `` Homecoming '' March 21 , 2016 0.3 0.78 N / A N / A N / A N / A 11 `` Remedial Battle Magic '' March 28 , 2016 0.3 0.72 0.3 0.78 0.6 1.50 12 `` Thirty - Nine Graves '' April 4 , 2016 0.3 0.75 0.3 0.73 0.6 1.48 13 `` Have You Brought Me Little Cakes '' April 11 , 2016 0.3 0.68 0.3 0.76 0.6 1.43 Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Knight of Crowns '' January 25 , 2017 0.5 1.29 0.5 1.17 1.0 2.46 `` Hotel Spa Potions '' February 1 , 2017 0.4 0.94 0.4 0.83 0.8 1.77 `` Divine Elimination '' February 8 , 2017 0.4 0.91 0.4 0.81 0.7 1.72 `` The Flying Forest '' February 15 , 2017 0.3 0.78 0.4 0.97 0.7 1.75 5 `` Cheat Day '' February 22 , 2017 0.4 0.88 0.4 0.87 0.8 1.75 6 `` The Cock Barrens '' March 1 , 2017 0.3 0.78 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` Plan B '' March 8 , 2017 0.2 0.63 0.5 0.84 0.7 1.47 8 `` Word as Bond '' March 15 , 2017 0.3 0.71 0.4 0.90 0.7 1.61 9 `` Lesser Evils '' March 22 , 2017 0.3 0.61 0.3 0.81 0.6 1.42 10 `` The Girl Who Told Time '' March 29 , 2017 0.3 0.72 0.4 0.85 0.7 1.57 11 `` The Rattening '' April 5 , 2017 0.2 0.65 0.4 0.70 0.6 1.35 12 `` Ramifications '' April 12 , 2017 0.3 0.67 0.3 0.76 0.6 1.43 13 `` We Have Brought You Little Cakes '' April 19 , 2017 0.3 0.67 0.3 0.75 0.6 1.42 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Awards Nominee Result 2016 Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Television Series The Magicians Nominated 2017 Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Television Series The Magicians Nominated Home media release ( edit ) The first season of The Magicians was released on DVD and Blu - Ray on July 19 , 2016 , in Region 1 . The release included all thirteen episodes , as well as multiple special features , including Deleted Scenes , Gag Reel , The World of The Magicians , and UltraViolet Digital Copies . The first season was made available to stream on Netflix on December 26 , 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gupta , Arjun ( @ ArjunGuptaBK ) ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` First read through . Folks get excited ! # TheMagicians w / @ serathegamble @ _mikecahill @ HaleAppleman @ StellaMaeve14 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` The Magicians on Syfy '' . Syfy . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lev Grossman 's ' The Magicians ' Trilogy Coming To Syfy Channel This Spring With Pilot Episode '' . Design & Trend . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` Jason Ralph & Sosie Bacon To Star In ' The Magicians ' On Syfy '' . Deadline.com . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Stella Maeve , Hale Appleman & Arjun Gupta Cast A Spell On ' The Magicians ' '' . Deadline.com . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Olivia Taylor Dudley , Rick Worthy , & More join cast of Syfy 's The Magicians '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 11 Things To Know About Syfy 's `` The Magicians '' Series `` . BuzzFeed . Jump up ^ Noonan , Kevin ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` SyFy 's ' The Magicians ' Adds ' Towelhead ' Star Summer Bishil '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : Prudom , Laura ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Magicians ' Renewed for Season 2 on Syfy '' . Variety . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Magicians Season 2 Preview : ' Major ' Deaths and Musical Numbers '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nudsbaum , Danielle ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Syfy 's Magicians casts a spell on Michael Cassidy '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaytra Parkman ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Spotlight Interview : Young Talent ' The Magicians ' Rose Liston '' . Ms. In The Biz . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Wookiee Life Debt : The Magicians , `` The Strangled Heart '' `` . Tor.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sneaky Pete ' Casts Virginia Kull ; Brittany Curran Joins ' The Magicians ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Kyanna Simone Simpson Joins ' Henrietta Lacks ' ; Rizwan Manji In ' The Magicians ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Vince Curatola Returns To ' Law & Order : SVU ' ; Arlen Escarpeta Joins ' The Magicians ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Magicians ' Casts Christopher Gorham ; ' Outcast ' Adds C. Thomas Howell '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 12.16. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.25. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.1. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.8. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.15. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.22. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.29. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.7. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.14. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.21. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.28. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.4. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.11. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` Fox To Adapt Fantasy Novel ' The Magicians Test ' To Series With ' X-Men : First Class ' Scribes '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` The Magicians Picked Up To Series By Syfy '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` A visit to the New Orleans pilot shoot for Syfy 's ' The Magicians ' '' . NOLA.com . Jump up ^ `` New Syfy and Universal Cable Productions Drama `` The Magicians '' Premieres on Monday , January 25 `` . The Futon Critic . November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Syfy airing special early showing of The Magicians pilot '' . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Roshanian , Arya ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` TV News Roundup : New Trailers for ' The Magicians ' and ' The Expanse ' Season 2 '' . Variety . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Syfy has renewed The Magicians for a third season '' . The Verge . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Magicians ( 2016 ) - Season 1 Reviews at Metacritic Jump up ^ The Magicians : Season 1 at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ The Magicians ( 2016 ) - Season 2 Reviews at Metacritic Jump up ^ The Magicians : Season 2 at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ Greenwood , Carl . `` The Magicians showrunner defends brutal rape scene after viewer backlash to season finale '' . Mirror . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dowling , Amber . `` ' The Magicians ' Showrunner Discusses Controversial Finale Scene , Season 2 Plans '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murray , Katherine . `` Everything That 's Wrong ( And a Few Things That Are Right ) with ' The Magicians ' '' . Bitch Flicks . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weidenfeld , Lisa . `` The Magicians leaves itself a whole mess of problems to fix in season 2 '' . A.V. Club . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' premiere leads for Feb. 1 - 7 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' and ' Shannara ' lead the week of Feb. 8 - 14 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , Feb. 29 - March 6 : ' The Walking Dead , ' ' It 's Always Sunny ' make biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , March 7 -- 13 : ' Walking Dead ' leads , 3 shows triple in 18 - 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , March 14 -- 20 : Nearly 50 shows double in adults 18 - 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , March 28 - April 3 : ' Walking Dead ' finale jumps '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , April 4 -- 10 : ' People v. O.J. Simpson ' finale outgains ' Fear the Walking Dead ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , April 11 -- 17 : ' Orphan Black ' premiere triples '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Vikings , ' ' The New Edition Story ' lead the cable Live + 7 ratings for Jan. 23 - 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Taboo ' puts up more big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Jan. 30 - Feb. 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Legion ' premiere scores strong gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Feb. 6 - 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Taboo ' triples in adults 18 - 49 : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Feb. 13 - 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' makes its lead even bigger in cable Live + 7 ratings for Feb. 20 - 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Americans ' premiere triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 6 -- 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' makes up for losses in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 13 -- 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Major Crimes ' makes major gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 20 -- 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Underground ' makes a big leap in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 27 - April 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Archer ' premiere doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 3 -- 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' makes big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fargo ' premiere makes solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Mad Max , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Labert , David ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` The Magicians - Universal Magically Announces ' Season 1 ' for DVD , Blu - ray '' . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Releases on Netflix US ( Dec. 26 , 2016 ) - Whats On Netflix '' . Whats On Netflix. 26 December 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Magicians on IMDb ( hide ) Syfy original programming Former 1990s debuts Farscape ( 1999 -- 2003 ) First Wave ( 1998 -- 2001 ) FTL Newsfeed ( 1992 -- 96 ) Good vs. Evil ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Mission Genesis ( 1997 ) Mystery Science Theater 3000 ( 1997 -- 2004 ) Poltergeist : The Legacy ( 1999 ) Sightings ( 1996 -- 98 ) Sliders ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Welcome to Paradox ( 1998 ) 2000s debuts Andromeda ( 2000 -- 05 ) Battlestar Galactica ( 2003 -- 09 ) Black Scorpion ( 2001 ) Cha $ e ( 2008 ) The Chronicle ( 2001 -- 02 ) Destination Truth ( 2007 -- 12 ) Doctor Who ( 2006 -- 09 ) The Dresden Files ( 2007 ) ECW ( 2006 -- 10 ) Estate of Panic ( 2008 ) Eureka ( 2006 -- 12 ) Exposure ( 2000 -- 02 ) Flash Gordon ( 2007 -- 08 ) Ghost Hunters ( 2004 - 2016 ) Ghost Hunters Academy ( 2009 -- 10 ) Ghost Hunters International ( 2008 -- 12 ) The Invisible Man ( 2000 -- 02 ) Mad Mad House ( 2004 ) The Outer Limits ( 2001 -- 02 ) Painkiller Jane ( 2007 ) Proof Positive ( 2004 ) Sanctuary ( 2008 -- 11 ) Scare Tactics ( 2003 -- 13 ) The Secret Adventures of Jules Verne ( 2000 ) Stargate SG - 1 ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Stargate Atlantis ( 2004 -- 09 ) Stargate Universe ( 2009 -- 11 ) Tremors ( 2003 ) Tripping the Rift ( 2004 -- 05 ) Warehouse 13 ( 2009 -- 14 ) WCG Ultimate Gamer ( 2009 -- 10 ) Who Wants to Be a Superhero ? 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( 2017 ) Krypton ( 2018 ) The Purge ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Magicians_(U.S._TV_series)&oldid=804130812 '' Categories : 2010s American television series 2015 American television series debuts American drama television series American fantasy television series American horror fiction television series American mystery television series English - language television programs Magic in television Syfy original programs Television programs based on American novels Television series produced in Vancouver Television shows set in Louisiana Television series by Universal Television Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2017 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Polski Português Русский Svenska ไทย Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 23 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the second season of magicians come out on netflix	[ "In February 2016, the series was renewed for a second season consisting of 13 episodes, which aired between January 25 and April 19, 2017. In April 2017, the series was renewed for a third season of 13 episodes to premiere in 2018." ]	[ "aired between January 25 and April 19, 2017" ]
-8125558423744512917	Baby I'm-a Want You	Baby I 'm - a Want You - Wikipedia Baby I 'm - a Want You Jump to : navigation , search Baby I 'm - a Want You Studio album by Bread Released January 1972 Recorded 1971 Genre Rock , soft rock Length 34 : 52 Label Elektra , re-released on Rhino in 1995 Producer David Gates Bread chronology Manna ( 1971 ) Manna 1971 Baby I 'm - a Want You ( 1972 ) Guitar Man ( 1972 ) Guitar Man 1972 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Rolling Stone ( not rated ) Baby I 'm - a Want You is the fourth album by Bread , released in 1972 . Its singles included the title cut ( which reached # 3 on the Billboard Top 100 ) , `` Everything I Own '' ( # 5 ) , `` Mother Freedom '' ( # 37 ) , and `` Diary '' ( # 15 ) . This was the first Bread album to feature keyboards player Larry Knechtel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Personnel 3 Charts 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 3.3 Certifications 4 References Track listing ( edit ) Side one `` Mother Freedom '' ( David Gates ) -- 2 : 35 `` Baby I 'm - a Want You '' ( Gates ) -- 2 : 31 `` Down on My Knees '' ( Gates , James Griffin ) -- 2 : 44 `` Everything I Own '' ( Gates ) -- 3 : 07 `` Nobody Like You '' ( Gates , Griffin , Larry Knechtel ) -- 3 : 14 `` Diary '' ( Gates ) -- 3 : 09 Side two `` Dream Lady '' ( Griffin , Robb Royer ) -- 3 : 22 `` Daughter '' ( Gates ) -- 3 : 23 `` Games of Magic '' ( Griffin , Royer ) -- 3 : 10 `` This Is n't What the Governmeant '' ( Gates ) -- 2 : 27 `` Just Like Yesterday '' ( Griffin ) -- 2 : 15 `` I Do n't Love You '' ( Griffin ) -- 2 : 49 Personnel ( edit ) David Gates - vocals , guitars , bass , Moog , violin James Griffin - vocals , guitars , piano Larry Knechtel - piano , bass , Hammond organ , harmonica , guitars , miscellaneous keyboards Mike Botts - drums , percussion Robb Royer - bass on `` Mother Freedom '' Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Position Canadian RPM Albums Chart 9 UK Albums Chart 9 U.S. Billboard 200 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Position US Billboard 200 13 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification United States ( RIAA ) Gold References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Baby I 'm - a Want You at AllMusic Jump up ^ Rolling Stone Review Jump up ^ http://www.goldminemag.com/articles/get-an-exclusive-sneak-peek-at-the-first-ever-biography-of-bread Jump up ^ `` Top Albums / CDs - Volume 17 , No. 9 '' ( PHP ) . RPM. 1971 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Bread > Artists > Official Charts '' . UK Albums Chart . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Allmusic : Baby I 'm - a Want You : Charts & Awards : Billboard Albums '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.BIZ Top Pop Albums of 1972 '' . billboard.biz . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Bread -- Baby I 'm - a Want You '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH ( hide ) Bread David Gates Jimmy Griffin Robb Royer Mike Botts Larry Knechtel Studio albums Bread On the Waters Manna Baby I 'm - a Want You Guitar Man Lost Without Your Love Compilation albums The Best of Bread The Best of Bread , Volume 2 The Sound of Bread Anthology of Bread Hit singles `` Make It with You '' `` It Do n't Matter to Me '' `` If '' `` Baby I 'm - a Want You '' `` Everything I Own '' `` The Guitar Man '' `` Sweet Surrender '' `` Aubrey '' `` Lost Without Your Love '' Related articles Discography Elektra Records Rhino Records Warner Music Group Book : Bread This 1970s album - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baby_I%27m-a_Want_You&oldid=807009361 '' Categories : 1972 albums Bread ( band ) albums Elektra Records albums 1970s album stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for United States All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Italiano Norsk nynorsk Português Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 10 : 56 . About Wikipedia	who sings baby i'm a want you	[ "\n\"Mother Freedom\" (David Gates) – 2:35\n\"Baby I'm-a Want You\" (Gates) – 2:31\n\"Down on My Knees\" (Gates, James Griffin) – 2:44\n\"Everything I Own\" (Gates) – 3:07\n\"Nobody Like You\" (Gates, Griffin, Larry Knechtel) – 3:14\n\"Diary\" (Gates) – 3:09\n" ]	[ "David Gates" ]
-7477316762754952373	It Ain't Me	It Ai n't Me - wikipedia It Ai n't Me Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Kygo and Selena Gomez song . For the Bob Dylan song , see It Ai n't Me , Babe . `` It Ai n't Me '' Single by Kygo and Selena Gomez Released February 16 , 2017 Format Digital download Recorded 2016 Genre Dance - pop tropical house Length 3 : 40 Label Sony Ultra Songwriter ( s ) Kyrre Gørvell - Dahll Selena Gomez Andrew Wotman Brian Lee Ali Tamposi Producer ( s ) Kygo Andrew Watt Ben Rice Louis Bell Kygo singles chronology `` Carry Me '' ( 2016 ) `` It Ai n't Me '' ( 2017 ) `` First Time '' ( 2017 ) `` Carry Me '' ( 2016 ) `` It Ai n't Me '' ( 2017 ) `` First Time '' ( 2017 ) Selena Gomez singles chronology `` Trust Nobody '' ( 2016 ) Trust Nobody 2016 `` It Ai n't Me '' ( 2017 ) It Ai n't Me2017 `` Bad Liar '' ( 2017 ) Bad Liar 2017 Music video `` It Ai n't Me '' on YouTube `` It Ai n't Me '' is a song by Norwegian DJ Kygo and American singer Selena Gomez . It was released by Sony and Ultra on 17 February 2017 as the lead single from Kygo 's upcoming second studio album . The song was written by Kygo , Gomez , Andrew Watt , Brian Lee and Ali Tamposi . It was produced by Kygo , Watt , Ben Rice and Louis Bell . A dance - pop and tropical house song , `` It Ai n't Me '' comprises an acoustic guitar line , and a build - drop arrangement in its chorus featuring pulsing piano notes , bass , synthesizers , finger - snap claps and pan flute melodies . Gomez sings the track in a husky tone , while in the chorus her vocals are reduced to recurring syllables . The lyrics are nostalgic and narrate a past relationship ruined by alcoholism and partying too often . In addition to debuting at number one in Norway , the song attained a top five peak in Australia , Austria , Belgium , Canada , the Czech Republic , Denmark , Finland , Germany , Greece , Hungary , Ireland , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Poland , Portugal , Slovakia , Sweden and Switzerland . It also reached the top 10 in France , Italy , Spain , the United Kingdom and the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing and recording 2 Music and lyrics 3 Release 4 Critical reception 5 Chart performance 6 Music video 7 Usage in media 8 Track listing 9 Credits and personnel 10 Charts 11 Certifications 12 Release history 13 References 14 External links Writing and recording ( edit ) The lyrics of `` It Ai n't Me '' were written by Andrew Watt , Brian Lee and Ali Tamposi . With Watt previously working with Kygo , the DJ 's manager Myles Shear contacted Watt for a session with Kygo which Watt also facilitated for Lee and Tamposi . During their session for `` It Ai n't Me '' , they initially found the track very poor , but were trying to salvage it . Kygo and Shear suggested that they continue working on the song . After Kygo and Shear had left , Tamposi told Watt and Lee to play guitar and `` Fleetwood Mac it '' , spawning a 45 - minute jam session as well as the demo of `` It Ai n't Me '' , a simple acoustic guitar recording with Tamposi on vocals . Watt , Lee and Tamposi then asked Kygo to return to their studio to hear `` It Ai n't Me '' for a second time . Tamposi recalled , `` When they pushed the space bar to play the song , ( Kygo ) went from this very sweet , polite , charming young man to this super-human producer guy . I was watching his eyes go back , left and right , just mapping out how he envisioned the production of the song . He was extremely excited '' . Lee and Tamposi then left for Kygo and Watt to work on the production where they followed the melodies and message of the demo . According to Tamposi , the producers brought the song to life . The three songwriters would usually spend several months pitching their songs to different singers , but with `` It Ai n't Me '' Gomez heard it about a month afterward and recorded it a few days later . Tamposi was called back for the vocal sessions with Gomez where they shared a similar emotional vision for `` It Ai n't Me '' , basing it on their own personal experiences . Recalling the sessions , Tamposi said she was impressed with Gomez 's involvement and the ideas she came up with for the song . Music and lyrics ( edit ) A dance - pop and tropical house song , `` It Ai n't Me '' is composed in the key of A minor and is set in the time signature of alla breve at a tempo of 100 beats per minute . Gomez 's vocal range spawns from the low note G to the high note E , while the music follows the chord progression of Am -- C -- F -- C -- F -- C -- G . The song carries a calm tone and a drop common in tropical house music , but is complimented by an equal measure of electronic and pop rock elements . The track starts with a folk - like acoustic guitar riff . It is followed immediately by Gomez singing the first verse in a husky tone . As the song develops , a steady bass and synthesizers are heard . The production is subtle and varied with finger snaps sometimes being louder than the kick drum , and the guitar riff and piano notes alternating in and out . In the pre-chorus , Gomez is accompanied by background vocals that pertain to the sound of a choir . `` It Ai n't Me '' A 19 - seconds sound sample from `` It Ai n't Me '' featuring the pre-chorus to the start of the chorus which Gomez sings accompanied by backing vocals , piano notes , guitar riff and vocal effects . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The chorus has a new melodic arrangement and a crescendo . It is ensued by chord - buoyed builds and drops comprising finger snaps and pan flute melodies . The same synthesizers from the verses are repeated with a piano in the background . Gomez 's vocals in the drop are reduced to syllables from her verses such as a recurring `` whiskey neat '' and are accompanied by percussion instruments . `` It Ai n't Me '' is a breakup song with a theme of nostalgia . The lyrics are about standing up for yourself in the face of a toxic relationship . Gomez narrates the regret of a previous relationship ruined by her former lover 's habits of drinking and partying too often . The lyrics specifically address alcohol abuse , a type of alcoholism . Tamposi explained that `` It Ai n't Me '' is about a woman finding the strength to walk away from a toxic relationship despite the pressure she receives from society to stand by her man . Although the lyrics are sombre , the song has a distinctly uplifting and empowering sound . Release ( edit ) In early February 2017 , `` It Ai n't Me '' was registered on the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) database . Gomez first teased the single with two Instagram stories on 3 February 2017 . The first teaser showed a half - profile of the singer with a black `` X '' over her mouth as a 10 - second snippet plays with the lyrics , `` I had a dream / we were back to 17 / summer nights and liberties / never growing up , '' while the second teaser was a snippet of the song 's beat . Gomez later revealed the single 's cover art and release date on Instagram on 13 February 2017 , and shared three teasers of the song on Snapchat the following day . `` It Ai n't Me '' was released for digital download by Sony and Ultra Music on 17 February 2017 as the first single from Kygo 's upcoming second studio album . A remix of the song featuring actor Vin Diesel was released on Facebook on 18 February 2017 . `` It Ai n't Me '' was sent to contemporary hit radio in the US on 28 February 2017 . Critical reception ( edit ) `` It Ai n't Me '' received positive reviews from music critics . Matt Medved of Billboard magazine regarded it as one of Gomez 's most mature - sounding releases and appreciated Kygo 's usage of her vocals , adding that the song showed both collaborators ' `` best sides '' . Similarly , Alexia Hernandez of Entertainment Weekly deemed it `` perhaps her most mature tune to date '' . In The New York Times , Jon Pareles described the track as a `` righteous kiss - off '' , complimenting the subtle and varied production . Pedro Pincay of Vibe magazine said Kygo and Gomez `` cooked up something special '' . Kat Bein of Billboard magazine placed `` It Ai n't Me '' at number one in her list of ten best Kygo songs writing that Gomez 's `` powerful and strong '' vocals took `` Kygo 's collaborative vocal game to a whole new level '' and the chorus arrangement brought `` a certain edginess new to Kygo 's catalogue '' , concluding that the song showed growth and `` maybe heralds a new era of Kygo 's sound '' . Chart performance ( edit ) In the US , `` It Ai n't Me '' debuted at number 93 on the Billboard Hot 100 , selling 19,000 copies and accumulating 1.7 million streams in its first day . Following its first full week of tracking , the song climbed to number 12 , aided by sales of 67,000 copies , 15.5 million streams and a 19 million airplay audience . `` It Ai n't Me '' became Kygo 's highest - charting single in the US , surpassing the number 92 peak of his 2014 single `` Firestone '' , and marked Gomez 's eighth top 20 entry in less than four years , continuing her `` chart hot streak '' according to Gary Trust of Billboard magazine . As of May 2017 , the song has sold 484,000 copies in the United States . It peaked at number 10 making it Kygo 's first top 10 and Gomez 's seventh top 10 overall . `` It Ai n't Me '' debuted at number nine on the UK Singles Chart with first - week sales of 31,380 units , giving Kygo his second top 10 single in the UK and Gomez her third . It rose to number seven in its second week , selling 33,466 units . In Australia , `` It Ai n't Me '' debuted at number nine on the ARIA Singles Chart becoming both Kygo and Gomez 's first top 10 debut and highest - charting single in the country , as well as Kygo 's second top 10 entry after `` Firestone '' and Gomez 's third following `` Good for You '' and `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' . Music Video ( edit ) A music video , directed by Philip R. Lopez , was released on 24 April 2017 on Kygo 's official Vevo channel . The video revolves around a couple involved in a motorcycle accident . The boyfriend ( played by Nathan Mitchell ) is rendered comatose while the girlfriend ( played by Georgia Fowler ) sits in the hospital room , watching over him . In his comatose state , the boyfriend imagines walking through a forest and coming across his lover in a dress . At various points , she is seen handling butterflies . The two slowly break into dance in the dream world , which coincides with the girlfriend dancing around the hospital room in reality . Eventually the boyfriend awakens from his coma , only to find that he is alone in his hospital room . A butterfly is seen perched on his cheek . Usage in media ( edit ) The song is featured in tenth episode of the television series The Bold Type . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download `` It Ai n't Me '' -- 3 : 40 Digital download -- Tiësto 's AFTR : HRS Remix `` It Ai n't Me '' ( Tiësto 's AFTR : HRS Remix ) -- 3 : 12 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from Qobuz . Kygo -- composer , producer Selena Gomez -- composer , vocals Andrew Watt -- guitar , producer , vocal producer , composer , songwriter Brian Lee -- composer , songwriter Ali Tamposi -- composer , songwriter Tom Coyne -- mastering engineer Serban Ghenea -- mixing engineer Ben Rice -- vocal producer Louis Bell -- vocal producer Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 6 Colombia ( National - Report ) 38 Colombia Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) Croatia ( HRT ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Denmark Airplay ( Tracklisten ) 12 Ecuador ( National - Report ) 20 Ecuador Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) 6 Euro Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 5 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) Finnish Airplay ( Radiosoittolista ) France ( SNEP ) 5 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) 29 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 5 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 10 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest TV Airplay ) 7 Italy ( FIMI ) 8 Latvia ( Latvijas Top 40 ) 6 Lebanon ( The Official Lebanese Top 20 ) Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Malaysia ( RIM ) Mexico ( AMPROFON ) 16 Mexico Airplay ( Billboard ) 6 Mexico Ingles Airplay ( Billboard ) Mexico ( Monitor Latino ) 11 Mexico Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Mega Top 50 ) 24 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Panama Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) 13 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 27 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 5 Poland ( Dance Top 50 ) 29 Poland ( Polish TV Airplay Chart ) Portugal ( AFP ) Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) 22 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 9 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 7 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) Switzerland ( Romandie ) 13 Turkey ( Number One Top 40 ) 34 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 7 UK Dance ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 10 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 18 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 6 US Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 7 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 17 Venezuela English ( Record Report ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 30,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 4 × Platinum 320,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 60,000 France ( SNEP ) Diamond 250,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 30,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 2 × Platinum 80,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Version Format Label Ref . Italy 16 February 2017 Original Contemporary hit radio Sony Worldwide 17 February 2017 Single Digital download Sony Ultra United Kingdom 17 March 2017 Original Contemporary hit radio United States Rhythmic contemporary Ultra Worldwide 7 April 2017 Tiësto 's AFTR : HRS Remix Digital download Sony Ultra References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bein , Kat ( 23 February 2017 ) . `` Selena Gomez Is ' an Old Soul With a Beautiful Baby Face , ' Says ' It Ai n't Me ' Songwriter '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Meadow , Matthew ( 26 February 2017 ) . `` Your EDM Interview With Ali Tamposi , Co-Writer On Selena Gomez & Kygo 's ' It Ai n't Me ' '' . Your EDM . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Johnsen , Frank ( 16 February 2017 ) . `` Selena Gomez elsket låten '' . Bergens Tidende ( in Norwegian ) . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Teams Up With Gucci Mane For New Single ' Fetish ' '' . Forbes . July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( 1 March 2017 ) . `` Hot 100 Chart Moves : Selena Gomez & Kygo Soar With ' It Ai n't Me ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kygo & Selena Gomez ' It Ai n't Me ' Sheet Music In A Minor '' . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pan , Kevin ( 16 February 2017 ) . `` Kygo releases first new single in months '' . The Post . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ DeVille , Chris ( 16 February 2017 ) . `` Bebe Rexha Is One More Hit Away From Becoming A Household Name '' . Stereogum . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Parles , Jon ; Caramanica , Jon ( 17 February 2017 ) . `` The Playlist : Selena Gomez Chides an Ex , and Remy Ma Stomps on a Foe '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Bein , Kat ( 9 February 2017 ) . `` Kygo Teases Selena Gomez Collab in New Instagram Video : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bein , Kat ( 16 February 2017 ) . `` The 10 Best Kygo Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Medved , Matt ( 16 February 2017 ) . `` Kygo & Selena Gomez 's New Song ' It Ai n't Me ' : Listen '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pincay , Pedro ( 16 February 2017 ) . `` Selena Gomez Kicks Love to the Curb on Kygo 's ' It Ai n't Me ' '' . Vibe . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Bein , Kat ( 21 February 2017 ) . `` The 10 Best Selena Gomez Songs : Critic 's Picks '' . Billboard . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Linkin Park , Future & More Are Spotify Editors ' Picks for New Music Friday '' . Billboard. 17 February 2017 . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Colin ( 3 February 2017 ) . `` Selena Gomez Teases New Music on Instagram -- Is This Her Kygo Collaboration ? '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Slead , Evan ( 4 February 2017 ) . `` Selena Gomez teases new music '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( 13 February 2017 ) . `` Selena Gomez & Kygo 's Sleek ' It Ai n't Me ' Cover '' . Idolator . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Mei , Gina ( 14 February 2017 ) . `` Selena Gomez Gives Fans a Sneak Peek at Her New Single '' . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( 18 February 2017 ) . `` Vin Diesel : Selena Gomez 's It Ai n't Me becomes duet '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FMQB : Radio Industry News , Music Industry Updates , Nielsen Ratings , Music News and more ! '' . FMQB. 28 February 2017 . Archived from the original on 16 February 2017 . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Sundar , Priyanka ( 17 February 2017 ) . `` It Ai n't Me : Selena Gomez and Kygo 's new song is all about love , with a twist '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Alexia ( 16 February 2017 ) . `` Selena Gomez and Kygo release It Ai n't Me '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Murray , Gordon ( 23 February 2017 ) . `` Kygo & Selena Gomez 's ' It Ai n't Me ' Debuts in Hot Dance / Electronic Songs Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 27 February 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Shape of You ' Leads Hot 100 for Fifth Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Selena Gomez 's Career Album & Song Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( 24 February 2017 ) . `` Official Charts Analysis : Ed Sheeran still No. 1 '' . Music Week . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( 3 March 2017 ) . `` Official Charts Analysis : Ed Sheeran makes it eight weeks at No. 1 with Shape Of You '' . Music Week . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 27 February 2017 ) . `` Australian Charts : Ed Sheeran Scores Trifecta On Singles Chart '' . Noise11 . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SELENA GOMEZ AND KYGO RELEASE THE OFFICIAL MUSIC VIDEO FOR ' IT AIN 'T ME ' '' . edmsauce.com. 24 April 2017 . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kygo & Selena Gomez Drop Breathtaking Music Video For ' It Ai n't Me ' '' . hollywoodlife.com. 24 April 2017 . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Bold Type Official Music Guide Season 1 '' . Freeform . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` It Ai n't Me -- Single by Kygo & Selena Gomez on Apple Music '' . iTunes , Apple Music . February 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` It Ai n't Me ( Tiësto 's AFTR : HRS Remix ) -- Single by Kygo & Selena Gomez on Apple Music '' . iTunes , Apple Music . April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It Ai n't Me '' ( in French ) . Qobuz . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 : The Week of March 11 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada CHR / Top 40 for Selena Gomez . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada Hot AC for Selena Gomez . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Colombia -- Semana 22 del 2017 -- Del 26 / 05 / 2017 al 1 / 06 / 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . National - Report . 2 June 2017 . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo del 17 al 23 de Abril , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . Jump up ^ `` STRANA -- Top do topa ( 25.03. 2017 . ) '' . HRT . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201725 into search . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201715 into search . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me Hitlisten.nu '' ( in Danish ) . Tracklisten . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Monitor Latino -- Top 20 General -- Ecuador -- del 03 de junio al 07 de Julio del 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . monitorlatino.com . Archived from the original on 12 July 2017 . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Ecuador '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 10 July 2017 . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez -- Chart history '' . Billboard Euro Digital Songs for Selena Gomez . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez , Kygo : It Ai n't Me '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kygo & Selena Gomez : It Ai n't Me '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles -- SNEP ( Week 16 , 2017 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez -- Chart history '' . Billboard Greece Digital Songs for Selena Gomez . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Dance Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- It Ai n't Me '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . Jump up ^ http://mediaforest.biz/WeeklyCharts/#/international_tab3 Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latvijas Top 40 '' . Latvijas Radio . April 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 -- Selena Gomez '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez -- Chart history '' . Billboard Luxembourg Digital Songs for Selena Gomez . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Streaming ( del 20 de Enero al 26 de Enero ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Archived from the original on 13 March 2017 . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Airplay : March 18 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Mexico Ingles Airplay : April 8 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 General '' . Monitor Latino . 24 April 2017 . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo '' . Monitor Latino . 24 April 2017 . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 11 , 2017 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Lijst van 01 - 07 - 2017 - MEGA TOP 50 '' ( in Dutch ) . Mega Top 50 Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Panama '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 19 June 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . 26 June 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Dance Top 50 . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Video Chart '' . 19 May 2017 . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Russia Top 100 Airplay Chart ( week 24 ) '' . Tophit . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2017 - 03 - 31 '' . Scottish Singles Top 40 . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201723 into search . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201708 into search . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kygo & Selena Gomez no . 13 en Suisse romande '' . lescharts.ch . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 -- Number1 FM / TV '' ( in Turkish ) . Number One . Archived from the original on 10 July 2017 . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2017 - 03 - 03 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2017 - 02 - 24 '' UK Dance Chart . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ http://headlineplanet.com/home/2017/05/01/hot-100-kygo-selena-gomez-aint-enters-top-10/ Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 : The Week of April 29 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary : The Week of July 8 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Pop Songs : The Week of June 24 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dance / Electronic Songs : The Week of May 13 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kygo -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs for Kygo . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs : The Week of June 24 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rhythmic Songs : The Week of June 3 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anglo '' ( in Spanish ) . Record Report . 29 April 2017 . Archived from the original on 29 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Watch # 431 '' . auspOp. 29 July 2017 . Retrieved 29 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Kygo & Selena Gomez in the field Interpret . Enter It Ai n't Me in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2017 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' . Music Canada . Retrieved July , 31 2017 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Kygo / Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter ' in the field `` Year '' . Select ' in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Kygo & Selena Gomez ; ' It Ai n't Me ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Enter It Ai n't Me in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Kygo & Selena Gomez - It Ai n't Me RadioDate '' . Radioairplay.fm. 16 February 2017 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Radio 1 - Playlist '' . BBC Radio 1 . 17 March 2017 . Archived from the original on 18 March 2017 . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FMQB : Available for Airplay '' . FMQB . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Kygo Discography Studio albums Cloud Nine ( 2016 ) Singles Cloud Nine `` Firestone '' `` Stole the Show '' `` Nothing Left '' `` Stay '' `` Fragile '' `` Raging '' `` Carry Me '' TBA `` It Ai n't Me '' `` First Time '' Non-album singles `` ID '' `` Coming Over '' `` Here for You '' Remixes `` Cut Your Teeth '' `` Sexual Healing '' `` Take On Me '' Soundtracks Fifty Shades Darker : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 2017 ) Selena Gomez songs Discography Stars Dance `` Birthday '' `` Slow Down '' `` Stars Dance '' `` Like a Champion '' `` Come & Get It '' `` Forget Forever '' For You `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' Revival `` Revival '' `` Kill Em with Kindness '' `` Hands to Myself '' `` Same Old Love '' `` Sober '' `` Good for You '' `` Me & the Rhythm '' `` Me & My Girls '' Collaborations `` Whoa Oh ! '' ( remix ) `` One and the Same '' `` Send It On '' `` I Want You to Know '' `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' `` Hands '' `` Trust Nobody '' `` It Ai n't Me '' Other songs `` Bad Liar '' `` Fetish '' `` Magic '' `` Only You '' `` Shake It Up '' `` Tell Me Something I Do n't Know '' Template WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_Ain%27t_Me&oldid=801262521 '' Categories : 2017 singles 2017 songs Kygo songs Selena Gomez songs Sony Music Entertainment singles Songs written by Kygo Songs written by Selena Gomez Songs written by Ali Tamposi Ultra Music singles Number - one singles in Norway Songs written by Andrew Watt ( musician ) Songs written by Brian Lee ( songwriter ) Songs about alcohol Tropical house songs Hidden categories : CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 errors : dates CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use dmy dates from February 2017 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Denmark Airplay Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Finnishairplay Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarydance Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Polishdance Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKdance Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 17 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	selena gomez it ain't me music video meaning	[ "\"It Ain't Me\" is a song by Norwegian DJ Kygo and American singer Selena Gomez. It was released by Sony and Ultra on 17 February 2017 as the lead single from Kygo's upcoming second studio album. The song was written by Kygo, Gomez, Andrew Watt, Brian Lee and Ali Tamposi. It was produced by Kygo, Watt, Ben Rice and Louis Bell. A dance-pop and tropical house song, \"It Ain't Me\" comprises an acoustic guitar line, and a build-drop arrangement in its chorus featuring pulsing piano notes, bass, synthesizers, finger-snap claps and pan flute melodies. Gomez sings the track in a husky tone, while in the chorus her vocals are reduced to recurring syllables. The lyrics are nostalgic and narrate a past relationship ruined by alcoholism and partying too often." ]	[ "nostalgic and narrate a past relationship ruined by alcoholism and partying too often" ]
-956596933127945460	List of massacres in Australia	List of massacres in Australia - Wikipedia List of massacres in Australia Jump to : navigation , search This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . The following is a list of massacres and mass murders that have occurred in Australia and its predecessors ( numbers may be approximate ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Massacres 2 Murders over an extended period of time 3 Miscellaneous 4 See also 5 References Massacres ( edit ) Name Date Location Deaths Injuries Notes Shipwreck of the Batavia 1628 Houtman Abrolhos ( Western Australia ) 0110 ! 110 Many Dutch shipwreck survivors are murdered by a break - away group of survivors Cape Grim massacre 10 February 1828 Cape Grim , Van Diemen 's Land ( Tasmania ) 0030 ! 30 Unknown Massacre of Indigenous Australians by four shepherds Convincing Ground massacre 1833 -- 34 Portland , Victoria 0200 ! 60 -- 200 Unknown Massacre of Indigenous Australians after a heated dispute between whalers and Aboriginal tribes Pinjarra massacre 28 October 1834 Pinjarra , Western Australia 0040 ! 14 -- 40 Massacre by British colonists led by Governor Stirling against the Pinjarup people Waterloo Creek massacre / Slaughterhouse Creek massacre January 1838 Waterloo Creek , NSW 0041 ! 40 -- 70 Unknown Massacre of Indigenous Australians as part of a clash between mounted police and Indigenous Australians Myall Creek massacre 10 June 1838 Myall Creek , NSW 0030 ! 27 - 30 Unknown Massacre of Indigenous Australians . The attack was racially motivated , and subsequently the colonists who carried out the attack were hanged Murdering Gully massacre 1839 Mount Emu Creek , near Camperdown , Victoria 0040 ! 35 -- 40 Unknown Massacre of Indigenous Australians undertaken by Frederick Taylor apparently in retaliation to Aborigines having killed the colonists ' sheep Campaspe Plains massacre June 1839 Campaspe Creek , Central Victoria 0040 ! up to 40 Unknown Massacre of Indigenous Australians led by commander Charles Hutton as a reprisal raid against Aboriginal resistance to the invasion and occupation of their lands Shipwreck survivors of the Maria massacred 1840 Coorong , SA 0025 ! 25 13 people survived Ship travelling from Port Adelaide to Hobart was shipwrecked on the SE coast of South Australia , with all surviving the wreck . The survivors were being guided to safety by the local Narrindjeri people , but were massacred when they breached local law . Gippsland massacres 1840 - 1850 Gippsland , VIC 0450 ! 300 - 1000 Unknown Massacre of Indigenous Australians , combined with the introduction of diseases by the British Colonists which also contributed to the heavy losses of the Aborigines . The technical superiority of the Europeans ' weapons gave the Europeans an absolute advantage over the Aborigines and , as a result , very few white settlers died during the course of the massacres . Cullin - La - Ringo massacre 17 October 1861 Central Queensland 0019 ! 19 0000 ! 0 Massacre of white settlers by Indigenous Australians Flying Foam massacre February -- May 1868 Flying Foam Passage , WA 0150 ! 20 -- 150 Unknown Massacre of Indigenous Australians after a series of confrontations between white settlers and Aboriginal people near the Flying Foam Passage Palmer massacre August 1878 Palmer River , Queensland 0150 ! 20 -- 150 Unknown Massacre by Cantonese and Pekinese against each other . Ching family murders 16 November 1911 Alligator Creek , Mackay , Queensland 0006 ! 6 0000 ! 0 George David Silva murdered six members of the Ching family by shooting and bashing . Silva was hanged at Boggo Road Gaol in Brisbane on 10 June 1912 . Battle of Broken Hill 1 January 1915 Broken Hill , New South Wales 0004 ! 4 0007 ! 7 Spree shooting by two Ghans gunmen - Terror attack - by modern definition Mowla Bluff massacre 1916 Kimberley , Western Australia 0400 ! Up to 12 0000 ! 0 Massacre of Indigenous Australians . Aboriginal Men , women and children were rounded up and subsequently shot and their bodies burned Forrest River massacre May -- July 1926 Kimberley Region of Western Australia 0011 ! 11 Unknown Massacre of Indigenous Australians by law enforcement . Coniston massacre 14 August -- 18 October 1928 Coniston , Northern Territory 0170 ! 60 -- 170 Unknown Probably the last known massacre of Indigenous Australians Hope Forest massacre 6 September 1971 Hope Forest , SA 0010 ! 10 0000 ! 0 Rampage killing by Clifford Bartholomew , who shot dead ten members of his family Whiskey Au Go Go nightclub fire 8 March 1973 Fortitude Valley , Queensland 0015 ! 15 Unknown Arson attack that killed 15 people and injured many more at a nightclub Campsie murders 24 September 1981 Campsie , New South Wales 0005 ! 5 0000 ! 0 Rampage killing by Fouad Daoud , who shot dead five members of his family before killing himself Wahroonga murders 1 June 1984 Wahroonga , New South Wales 0005 ! 5 0000 ! 0 Rampage killing by John Brandon , who shot dead five members of his family before killing himself . Milperra massacre 2 September 1984 Milperra , New South Wales 0007 ! 7 0028 ! 28 Shootout between two rival motorcycle gangs . 1 bystander was among those killed in the incident Top End Shootings June 1987 Top End , Northern Territory 0005 ! 5 Spree killing by Joseph Schwab over a five - day period . Shot dead by police Hoddle Street massacre 9 August 1987 Clifton Hill , Victoria 0007 ! 7 A Spree shooting by Julian Knight Canley Vale Huynh family murders 10 October 1987 Canley Vale , New South Wales 0005 ! 5 Rampage killing by John Tran , who shot dead 5 members of a family Queen Street massacre 8 December 1987 Melbourne , Victoria 0008 ! 8 A spree shooting / murder -- suicide by Frank Vitkovic Oenpelli shootings 25 September 1988 Oenpelli , Northern Territory 0006 ! 6 0000 ! 0 Rampage killing by Dennis Rostron , six members of his family at a remote Arnhem Land outstation in Oenpelli Surry Hills shootings 30 August 1990 Surry Hills , New South Wales 0005 ! 5 0007 ! 7 A spree shooting by Paul Anthony Evers who killed 5 people and injured 7 with a 12 gauge pump - action shotgun at a public housing precinct in Surry Hills before surrendering to police . Strathfield massacre 17 August 1991 Strathfield , New South Wales 0007 ! 7 A spree shooting / murder -- suicide by Wade Frankum Central Coast massacre 27 October 1992 Terrigal , New South Wales 0006 ! 6 A spree shooting by Malcolm George Baker 1993 Cangai siege March 1993 Cangai , New South Wales 0005 ! 5 0000 ! 0 Leonard Leabeater , Robert Steele and Raymond Bassett went on a nine - day rampage resulting in their taking hostages in a siege in a farmhouse at Hanging Rock Station in Cangai Hillcrest murders 25 January 1996 Hillcrest , Queensland 0006 ! 6 0000 ! 0 Rampage killing by Peter May , who shot dead six members of his family before killing himself Port Arthur massacre 28 April 1996 Port Arthur , Tasmania 0035 ! 35 0024 ! 24 A spree shooting by Martin Bryant Murder Suicide 28 June 1997 Richmond , Tasmania 005 ! 5 Peter Shoobridge cut the throat of his 4 daughters whilst they slept then took his own life with a rifle after cutting off one of his hands with an axe . Wright St Bikie Murders 8 October 1999 Adelaide , Australia 0003 ! 3 000 ! 0 Hell 's Angels feud Childers Palace Backpackers Hostel fire 23 June 2000 Childers , Queensland 0015 ! 15 unknown Arson attack by Robert Paul Long , which killed 15 international backpackers Monash University shooting 21 October 2002 Melbourne , Victoria 002 ! 2 005 ! 5 Mass shooting attack by Huan Yun `` Allen '' Xiang Churchill Fire 7 February 2009 Churchill , Victoria 0010 ! 10 unknown Arson attack by Brendan Sokaluk that killed 10 people , during the Black Saturday bushfires period Lin family murders 18 July 2009 North Epping , New South Wales 0005 ! 5 unknown Blunt instrument attack that killed 5 members of the Lin family Quakers Hill nursing home fire 18 November 2011 Sydney , NSW 0011 ! 11 Arson attack by Roger Kingsley Dean , a nurse , which killed 11 people Rozelle fire murders 4 September 2014 Rozelle , New South Wales 0003 ! 3 0002 ! 2 Arson attack by Adeel Khan which killed 3 and injured another 2 . Hunt family murders 9 September 2014 Lockhart , New South Wales 0005 ! 5 0000 ! 0 A Mass shooting and Familicide by Geoff Hunt who killed his wife and three children before turning the gun on himself Sydney Siege 15 - 16 December 2014 Sydney , NSW 0008 ! 3 0001 ! 4 Siege . A lone gunman , Man Haron Monis , held hostage ten customers and eight employees of a Lindt chocolate café located at Martin Place in Sydney , Australia . The NSW Police Tactical Operations Unit shot Monis dead , after he executed a hostage . In the exchange five others were hit by Police bullet fragments , causing accidental death to one of them . Cairns child killings 19 December 2014 Cairns , Queensland 0008 ! 8 0001 ! 1 ( self - inflicted by perpetrator ) Stabbing attack . 8 children aged 18 months to 15 years killed . Thirty - seven - year - old woman also found injured . The woman , Raina Mersane Ina Thaiday , was later charged with the murder of the children , 7 of whom were hers , plus her niece . 2017 Melbourne car attack 20 January 2017 Melbourne , Victoria 0006 ! 6 0030 ! 30 Vehicular attack . Dimitrious Gargasoulas drove a Holden Commodore into Bourke St Mall , resulting in the deaths of 6 people and injuring 30 + others . Murders over an extended period of time ( edit ) Main article : List of serial killers by country § Australia Eric Edgar Cooke murdered 8 people between 1959 and 1963 . Backpacker murders -- Ivan Milat killed seven international backpackers in the early 1990s , and is widely suspected of killing 30 more young adults . Melbourne gangland killings -- 36 underworld figures murdered so far in gang related violence between 1998 and 2010 . Snowtown murders -- 12 murders committed from 1992 until 1999 . John Wayne Glover -- murders of six elderly women on Sydney 's North Shore over a fourteen - month period in 1989 -- 90 . Truro murders -- murders of seven women from 1976 until 1977 . William Fraser - murders of at least 100 men , women and children between 1857 - 1867 Miscellaneous ( edit ) Douglas Crabbe -- Truck driver deliberately crashed his truck into a hotel , killing five and badly wounding 16 . Russell Street Bombing -- 23 wounded when a car bomb ignites outside a Police Building . One of the wounded , a female police officer , died later of injuries from the explosion . Sydney Hilton bombing -- Two garbage men were killed and 12 passers - by were injured by a bomb planted in a garbage bin outside the Sydney Hilton Hotel in 1978 . A police officer who was wounded died later . 2014 Sydney hostage crisis -- Two hostages and hostage - taker Man Haron Monis were killed , during a 16 - hour siege inside a Lindt cafe in Martin Place , Sydney , with six other people injured . See also ( edit ) List of massacres of Indigenous Australians Timeline of major crimes in Australia Crime in Australia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Manning Clark , A History of Australia . Vol IV , p 353 Jump up ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Broken_Hill Jump up ^ Stephens , Tony ( 20 May 2002 ) . `` Closing the circle on a bloody chapter '' , The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 6 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Father charged after 10 killed '' . The Age . 7 September 1971 . Jump up ^ `` Thrown out of house three days before family was killed Daoud got gun licence from Campsie police '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 7 October 1981 . Jump up ^ `` Man killed his family to spare them ' disgrace ' '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 26 June 1984 . Jump up ^ Dillon , Meagan ( 31 January 2013 ) . `` Killer 's Release Possible '' . ntnews . Jump up ^ `` Recent random mass shootings in Australia '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 21 October 2002 . Retrieved 17 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Young , Lisa `` Victory for Brisbane women 's services '' greenleft.org.au Jump up ^ http://www.news.com.au/national/crime/poet-antique-dealer-mass-murderer-peter-shoobridge-cut-the-throats-of-his-four-daughters/news-story/c067ad94747a6ba1282fe8374be0b5a2 Jump up ^ http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/adelaide-bikie-violence-four-unsolved-highprofile-murder-cases/news-story/e73eabd2b168c18beb99f73b8a97fc06 Jump up ^ `` Convenience store owner Adeel Khan jailed for Rozelle fire deaths '' . news . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Australia Cairns : Mother charged with eight murders '' . BBC News . 21 December 2014 . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . ( hide ) Lists of massacres List of events named massacres List of massacres at sea By country or territory Afghanistan Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Belarus Belgium Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Burundi Canada Chile China Colombia Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Dominican Republic East Timor Egypt El Salvador Finland France Germany Greece Great Britain Guatemala Guinea Guyana Haiti Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Kenya Latvia Lebanon Libya Lithuania Macedonia Malaysia Mexico Myanmar Nepal New Zealand Nigeria North Korea Ottoman Syria Pakistan Mandatory Palestine Palestinian territories Peru Philippines Poland Romania Russia Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Serbia Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands South Africa South Korea South Sudan Soviet Union Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Syria Taiwan Thailand Turkey Ukraine United States Venezuela Vietnam Yugoslavia By war World War I World War II Yugoslavia 1948 Palestine War Eritrean War Nagorno - Karabakh War Croatian War Bosnian War Algerian Civil War Kosovo War Syrian Civil War Massacres Massacres by country Massacres by year Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Australia&oldid=809072435 '' Categories : Lists of massacres by country Australia history - related lists Massacres in Australia Lists of disasters in Australia Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2011 Use Australian English from July 2011 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Incomplete lists from May 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 23 : 37 . 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About Wikipedia	when was the last time there was a mass shooting in australia	[ "\n\nName\nDate\nLocation\nDeaths\nInjuries\nNotes\n\n\nShipwreck of the Batavia\n1628\nHoutman Abrolhos (Western Australia)\n0110 !110\nMany\nDutch shipwreck survivors are murdered by a break-away group of survivors\n\n\nCape Grim massacre\n10 February 1828\nCape Grim, Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania)\n0030 !30\nUnknown\nMassacre of Indigenous Australians by four shepherds\n\n\nConvincing Ground massacre\n1833–34\nPortland, Victoria\n0200 !60–200\nUnknown\nMassacre of Indigenous Australians after a heated dispute between whalers and Aboriginal tribes\n\n\nPinjarra massacre\n28 October 1834\nPinjarra, Western Australia\n0040 !14–40\n\nMassacre by British colonists led by Governor Stirling against the Pinjarup people\n\n\nWaterloo Creek massacre/Slaughterhouse Creek massacre\nJanuary 1838\nWaterloo Creek, NSW\n0041 !40–70\nUnknown\nMassacre of Indigenous Australians as part of a clash between mounted police and Indigenous Australians\n\n\nMyall Creek massacre\n10 June 1838\nMyall Creek, NSW\n0030 !27-30\nUnknown\nMassacre of Indigenous Australians. The attack was racially motivated, and subsequently the colonists who carried out the attack were hanged\n\n\nMurdering Gully massacre\n1839\nMount Emu Creek, near Camperdown, Victoria\n0040 !35–40\nUnknown\nMassacre of Indigenous Australians undertaken by Frederick Taylor apparently in retaliation to Aborigines having killed the colonists' sheep\n\n\nCampaspe Plains massacre\nJune 1839\nCampaspe Creek, Central Victoria\n0040 !up to 40\nUnknown\nMassacre of Indigenous Australians led by commander Charles Hutton as a reprisal raid against Aboriginal resistance to the invasion and occupation of their lands\n\n\nShipwreck survivors of the Maria massacred\n1840\nCoorong, SA\n0025 !25\n13 people survived\nShip travelling from Port Adelaide to Hobart was shipwrecked on the SE coast of South Australia, with all surviving the wreck. The survivors were being guided to safety by the local Narrindjeri people, but were massacred when they breached local law.\n\n\nGippsland massacres\n1840-1850\nGippsland, VIC\n0450 !300-1000\nUnknown\nMassacre of Indigenous Australians, combined with the introduction of diseases by the British Colonists which also contributed to the heavy losses of the Aborigines. The technical superiority of the Europeans' weapons gave the Europeans an absolute advantage over the Aborigines and, as a result, very few white settlers died during the course of the massacres.\n\n\nCullin-La-Ringo massacre\n17 October 1861\nCentral Queensland\n0019 !19\n0000 !0\nMassacre of white settlers by Indigenous Australians\n\n\nFlying Foam massacre\nFebruary–May 1868\nFlying Foam Passage, WA\n0150 !20–150\nUnknown\nMassacre of Indigenous Australians after a series of confrontations between white settlers and Aboriginal people near the Flying Foam Passage\n\n\nPalmer massacre\nAugust 1878\nPalmer River, Queensland\n0150 !20–150\nUnknown\nMassacre by Cantonese and Pekinese against each other.[1]\n\n\nChing family murders\n16 November 1911\nAlligator Creek, Mackay, Queensland\n0006 !6\n0000 !0\nGeorge David Silva murdered six members of the Ching family by shooting and bashing. Silva was hanged at Boggo Road Gaol in Brisbane on 10 June 1912.\n\n\nBattle of Broken Hill\n1 January 1915\nBroken Hill, New South Wales\n0004 !4\n0007 !7\nSpree shooting by two Ghans gunmen - Terror attack - by modern definition[2]\n\n\nMowla Bluff massacre\n1916\nKimberley, Western Australia\n0400 !Up to 12[3]\n0000 !0\nMassacre of Indigenous Australians. Aboriginal Men, women and children were rounded up and subsequently shot and their bodies burned\n\n\nForrest River massacre\nMay–July 1926\nKimberley Region of Western Australia\n0011 !11\nUnknown\nMassacre of Indigenous Australians by law enforcement.\n\n\nConiston massacre\n14 August – 18 October 1928\nConiston, Northern Territory\n0170 !60–170\nUnknown\nProbably the last known massacre of Indigenous Australians\n\n\nHope Forest massacre\n6 September 1971\nHope Forest, SA\n0010 !10\n0000 !0\nRampage killing by Clifford Bartholomew, who shot dead ten members of his family[4]\n\n\nWhiskey Au Go Go nightclub fire\n8 March 1973\nFortitude Valley, Queensland\n0015 !15\nUnknown\nArson attack that killed 15 people and injured many more at a nightclub\n\n\nCampsie murders\n24 September 1981\nCampsie, New South Wales\n0005 !5\n0000 !0\nRampage killing by Fouad Daoud, who shot dead five members of his family before killing himself[5]\n\n\nWahroonga murders\n1 June 1984\nWahroonga, New South Wales\n0005 !5\n0000 !0\nRampage killing by John Brandon, who shot dead five members of his family before killing himself.[6]\n\n\nMilperra massacre\n2 September 1984\nMilperra, New South Wales\n0007 !7\n0028 !28\nShootout between two rival motorcycle gangs. 1 bystander was among those killed in the incident\n\n\nTop End Shootings\nJune 1987\nTop End, Northern Territory\n0005 !5\n\nSpree killing by Joseph Schwab over a five-day period. Shot dead by police\n\n\nHoddle Street massacre\n9 August 1987\nClifton Hill, Victoria\n0007 !7\n\nA Spree shooting by Julian Knight\n\n\nCanley Vale Huynh family murders\n10 October 1987\nCanley Vale, New South Wales\n0005 !5\n\nRampage killing by John Tran, who shot dead 5 members of a family\n\n\nQueen Street massacre\n8 December 1987\nMelbourne, Victoria\n0008 !8\n\nA spree shooting/murder–suicide by Frank Vitkovic\n\n\nOenpelli shootings\n25 September 1988\nOenpelli, Northern Territory\n0006 !6\n0000 !0\nRampage killing by Dennis Rostron, six members of his family at a remote Arnhem Land outstation in Oenpelli[7]\n\n\nSurry Hills shootings\n30 August 1990\nSurry Hills, New South Wales\n0005 !5\n0007 !7\nA spree shooting by Paul Anthony Evers who killed 5 people and injured 7 with a 12 gauge pump-action shotgun at a public housing precinct in Surry Hills before surrendering to police.[8]\n\n\nStrathfield massacre\n17 August 1991\nStrathfield, New South Wales\n0007 !7\n\nA spree shooting/murder–suicide by Wade Frankum\n\n\nCentral Coast massacre\n27 October 1992\nTerrigal, New South Wales\n0006 !6\n\nA spree shooting by Malcolm George Baker\n\n\n1993 Cangai siege\nMarch 1993\nCangai, New South Wales\n0005 !5\n0000 !0\nLeonard Leabeater, Robert Steele and Raymond Bassett went on a nine-day rampage resulting in their taking hostages in a siege in a farmhouse at Hanging Rock Station in Cangai\n\n\nHillcrest murders\n25 January 1996\nHillcrest, Queensland\n0006 !6\n0000 !0\nRampage killing by Peter May, who shot dead six members of his family before killing himself[9]\n\n\nPort Arthur massacre\n28 April 1996\nPort Arthur, Tasmania\n0035 !35\n0024 !24\nA spree shooting by Martin Bryant\n\n\nMurder Suicide\n28 June 1997\nRichmond, Tasmania\n005 !5\n\nPeter Shoobridge cut the throat of his 4 daughters whilst they slept then took his own life with a rifle after cutting off one of his hands with an axe.\n[10]\n\n\n\nWright St Bikie Murders\n8 October 1999\nAdelaide, Australia\n0003 !3\n000 !0\nHell's Angels feud[11]\n\n\nChilders Palace Backpackers Hostel fire\n23 June 2000\nChilders, Queensland\n0015 !15\nunknown\nArson attack by Robert Paul Long, which killed 15 international backpackers\n\n\nMonash University shooting\n21 October 2002\nMelbourne, Victoria\n002 !2\n005 !5\nMass shooting attack by Huan Yun \"Allen\" Xiang\n\n\nChurchill Fire\n7 February 2009\nChurchill, Victoria\n0010 !10\nunknown\nArson attack by Brendan Sokaluk that killed 10 people, during the Black Saturday bushfires period\n\n\nLin family murders\n18 July 2009\nNorth Epping, New South Wales\n0005 !5\nunknown\nBlunt instrument attack that killed 5 members of the Lin family\n\n\nQuakers Hill nursing home fire\n18 November 2011\nSydney, NSW\n0011 !11\n\nArson attack by Roger Kingsley Dean, a nurse, which killed 11 people\n\n\nRozelle fire murders\n4 September 2014\nRozelle, New South Wales\n0003 !3\n0002 !2\nArson attack by Adeel Khan which killed 3 and injured another 2.[12]\n\n\nHunt family murders\n9 September 2014\nLockhart, New South Wales\n0005 !5\n0000 !0\nA Mass shooting and Familicide by Geoff Hunt who killed his wife and three children before turning the gun on himself\n\n\nSydney Siege\n15 - 16 December 2014\nSydney, NSW\n0008 !3\n0001 !4\nSiege. A lone gunman, Man Haron Monis, held hostage ten customers and eight employees of a Lindt chocolate café located at Martin Place in Sydney, Australia. The NSW Police Tactical Operations Unit shot Monis dead, after he executed a hostage. In the exchange five others were hit by Police bullet fragments, causing accidental death to one of them.\n\n\nCairns child killings\n19 December 2014\nCairns, Queensland\n0008 !8\n0001 !1 (self-inflicted by perpetrator)\nStabbing attack. 8 children aged 18 months to 15 years killed. Thirty-seven-year-old woman also found injured. The woman, Raina Mersane Ina Thaiday, was later charged with the murder of the children, 7 of whom were hers, plus her niece.[13]\n\n\n2017 Melbourne car attack\n20 January 2017\nMelbourne, Victoria\n0006 !6\n0030 !30\nVehicular attack. Dimitrious Gargasoulas drove a Holden Commodore into Bourke St Mall, resulting in the deaths of 6 people and injuring 30+ others.\n\n" ]	[ "9 September 2014" ]
7282110736437033142	McDonald's Monopoly	McDonald 's Monopoly - wikipedia McDonald 's Monopoly Jump to : navigation , search This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Obesity Game The promotion has used other names , such as Monopoly : Pick Your Prize ! ( 2001 ) , Monopoly Best Chance Game ( 2003 -- 2005 ) , Monopoly / Millionaire Game , Prize Vault ( 2013 - 2014 ) , Money Monopoly ( 2016 - ) , Coast To Coast ( 2015 - ) in Canada , Golden Chances in the UK ( 2015 - ) , Prize Choice in the UK ( 2016 - ) , Win Win in the UK ( 2017 - ) and Wiiiin ! ! in the UK ( 2018 - ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Fraud 2 Gameplay 2.1 Coupon pieces 2.2 Products with game pieces 2.3 Rare pieces in US / Canada 2.3. 1 Germany 2.4 Online games 2.5 Restrictions 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) The promotion has been offered in the United States , Canada , Australia , Austria , France , Germany , Hong Kong , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Poland , Portugal , Romania , Russia , Singapore , South Africa , Spain , Switzerland , Taiwan , and United Kingdom since 1987 . Argentina and Brazil were included in 2013 as well as Ireland in 2016 . From 2003 - 2009 , Best Buy was involved in the U.S. version , and later in the Canadian version . Like many merchants , McDonald 's offered sweepstakes to draw customers into its restaurants . Laws generally forbid a company from administering its own contests , in order to prevent fraud and to ensure that all prizes are given away . McDonald 's had a relationship with Simon Worldwide Inc. , which was responsible for the distribution of the contest pieces and the awarding of major prizes . In 2015 , the Monopoly game was replaced in the US by `` Game Time Gold '' , using an NFL theme . In 2016 , the Monopoly game returned , but has not since . Fraud ( edit ) In 2000 , the U.S. promotion was halted after fraud was uncovered . A subcontracting company called Simon Marketing ( a then - subsidiary of Cyrk ) , which had been hired by McDonald 's to organize and promote the game , failed to recognize a flaw in its procedures . Chief of security Jerome P. Jacobson was able to remove the most expensive game pieces , which he then passed to associates who would redeem them and share the proceeds . The associates won almost all of the top prizes between 1995 and 2000 , including McDonald 's giveaways that did not have the Monopoly theme . The associates netted over $24 million . While the fraud appeared to have been perpetrated by only one key employee of the promotion company , and not by the company 's management , eight people were originally arrested , leading to a total of 21 indicted individuals . The relationship between McDonald 's and Simon Marketing broke down in a pair of lawsuits over breach of contract , eventually settled out of court , with McDonald 's ' claim being thrown out and Simon receiving $16.6 million . Due to a constitutional violation , four of those convicted of the fraud were later released as they were not initially charged with the offense . In 1995 , St. Jude Children 's Hospital in Memphis , Tennessee received an anonymous letter postmarked Dallas , Texas which contained a $1 million winning game piece . Although game rules prohibited the transfer of prizes , McDonald 's waived the rule and made its last $50,000 annuity payment in 2014 . Investigations later indicated that Jacobson had admitted to sending the winning piece to the hospital . Gameplay ( edit ) Example of a variety of tokens from the UK version of the game , 2014 ( serial numbers censored ) The promotion mimics the game Monopoly . Originally , customers received a set of two tokens with every purchase , but now tokens come only with certain menu items . Tokens correspond to a property space on the Monopoly board ( with the exception of the Golden Avenue / Arches Avenue `` properties '' , which were added in the 2008 edition ; and Electric Company / Water Works utilities added in 2014 ) . When combined into color - matched properties , the tokens may be redeemed for money . Historically , the grand prize ( $1 million , annuity only ) has been the combination of the two most costly properties , Park Place and Boardwalk , but in the 2006 -- 2007 games the top prize ( $5 million , with the traditional $1 million prize for Boardwalk / Park Place ) was awarded for collecting the four railroads . There are also `` instant win '' tokens the recipient can redeem for McDonald 's food ( typically small menu items , such as a free small McFlurry or medium fries ) but never for any food item that has game pieces , money , or other prizes . The 2001 edition was titled `` Pick Your Prize ! '' , in which winners could choose which of three ways they wanted their prize awarded to them ( i.e. they could choose if they wanted their $1 million in gold , diamonds , or $50,000 per year for 20 years ) . In 2016 , the game changed where all available prizes were cash , including the $1 million for Park Place and Boardwalk , and was titled `` Money Monopoly '' . Coupon pieces ( edit ) Additionally , in the 2005 edition , certain foods always came with one coupon which could be used at either Best Buy , Toys R Us , or Foot Locker ( including online stores ) . The value of each coupon was random , with Toys R Us coupons ranging from $1 to $5 ; up to $5 in coupons could be used in a single transaction . In 2008 , these coupons were redeemed for up to 25 % off any Foot Locker item ( s ) . Since 2009 , the promotion has not featured any coupons . Products with game pieces ( edit ) As of 2017 ( Canada ) and 2016 ( US ) , the following products contained game pieces : Canada USA Big Mac ( Single / Double ) Big Mac Chicken McNuggets ( 10 / 20 pc . ) McChicken Sandwich Angus sandwiches ( Bacon Cheddar / Mighty / Smokehouse ) Filet - O - Fish Medium French Fries Medium & Large Hot McCafe Beverages Medium & Large Soft Drink Cups / Milkshakes Medium Soft Drink Cups Coffee ( Medium / Large / X-Large ) Muffin McMuffin Sandwiches ( except Sausage McMuffin ) Hashbrowns Quarter Pounder with Cheese / BLT sandwiches ( Single / Double ) Signature McWraps Regular McFlurry Breakfast McWraps Biscuit Sandwiches ( except Sausage Biscuit ) Canadian and US laws require that game pieces be available upon request with no purchase necessary ( Alternative Method of Entry , `` AMOE '' ) , and can be requested by the mailing of a handwritten , self - addressed stamped envelope . Rare pieces in Us / Canada ( edit ) The rare collectible pieces that dictate the odds of winning are as follows : Property 2017 Canadian Name * * * * * 2017 code 2017 prize 2016 code 2016 prize 2014 code 2014 prize 2013 code 2013 prize 2012 code 2012 prize 2011 code 2011 prize 2010 code 2010 prize 2009 code 2009 prize 2008 code 2008 prize 2007 code 2007 prize Mediterranean Avenue Rideau Canal 801 CN $150,000 601 $50 ( $100 in Canada ) 501 $50 ( Paid in McDonald 's Gift Cards in Canada ) 431 / 461 $1,000 ( $25 McDonald 's Gift Card in Canada ) 925 $50 ( Paid in McDonald 's Gift Cards in Canada ) 321 $50 ( Paid in McDonald 's Gift Cards in Canada ) 750 $50 ( Paid in McDonald 's Gift Cards in Canada ) 101 $50 ( Paid in McDonald 's Gift Cards in Canada ) 251 $100 801 $50 Vermont Avenue Mackenzie River 804 2 Yamaha SnoScoot Snowmobiles & two 250 Yamabucks gift cards 604 $1,000 ( Berkley Family Equipment Package in Canada ) 504 Shell fuel for 1 Year ( $2,500 in Canada ) 434 / 464 $5,000 ( $50 McDonald 's Gift Card in Canada ) 928 $5,000 324 $100 753 104 254 804 Virginia Avenue Percé Rock 806 CN $10,000 608 $2,000 ( $10,000 in Canada ) 508 $5,000 438 / 468 $10,000 ( $20,000 in Canada ) 932 Beach Resort Vacation 328 $200 Spa Certificate 757 108 258 808 Tennessee Avenue Tunnels of Moose Jaw 811 Cineplex Premiere Card for winner & guest for 1 year 610 $5,000 ( Cineplex Premiére Card in Canada ) 510 Softcard Mobile Wallet Prize + $2,500 for wireless service ( $5,000 Wal - Mart Gift Card in Canada ) 440 / 470 EA Sports Super Bowl XLVIII trip for 2 ( $5,000 Wal - Mart Gift Card in Canada ) 934 $10,000 330 Beach Resort Vacation 759 $1,000 110 $5,000 260 $5,000 810 $5,000 Kentucky Avenue Confederation Bridge 812 CN $5,000 in Prepaid MasterCard Gift Card 612 $10,000 ( $5,000 in Vanilla Prepaid Gift Cards in Canada ) 512 Any Delta Air Lines Vacations Destination for 2 442 / 472 Any Delta Air Lines Destination for 2 936 Any Delta Air Lines Destination for 2 332 $50,000 761 Beaches Resorts Vacation 112 $10,000 262 $10,000 812 $10,000 Ventnor Avenue Whistler 817 Cabela 's Camping Package 616 $25,000 ( Polaris Snowmobile in Canada ) 516 Beaches Resorts Vacation 446 / 476 $20,000 ( $10,000 in Canada ) 940 $20,000 336 $100,000 765 $25,000 116 $25,000 266 $25,000 816 $25,000 Pennsylvania Avenue Portage and Memorial 820 CN $2,000 Hudson 's Bay Gift Card 620 $50,000 ( $2,000 Hudson 's Bay Gift Card in Canada ) 520 Cessna Private Jet Trip 450 / 480 2014 Fiat 500L ( 2013 Fiat POP in Canada ) 944 2013 Fiat 500 Sport Hatchback 340 2012 Nissan Leaf or 2012 Nissan 370z 769 $50,000 120 $50,000 270 $50,000 820 $50,000 Boardwalk Le Château Frontenac 821 2018 Volkswagen Atlas SUV 622 $1,000,000 ( annuity , 2017 Volkswagen Golf SportsWagen in Canada ) 522 $1,000,000 ( annuity ) 452 / 482 $1,000,000 ( annuity , $100,000 for Canada ) 946 $1,000,000 ( annuity ) 342 $1,000,000 ( annuity ) 771 $1,000,000 ( annuity ) 122 $1,000,000 ( annuity ) 274 $1,000,000 ( annuity ) 822 $1,000,000 ( annuity ) Short Line Vancouver International Airport 826 3,000 WestJet Dollars 626 $500 ( A `` dream vacation '' in Canada ) 526 $5,000 Target Shopping Experience on Black Friday ( $1,000 in Canada ) 456 / 486 Shell Fuel for 1 Year ( $5,000 in Canada ) 950 EA SPORTS Fan Trip Championship Get - A-Way 346 EA SPORTS Trip 775 EA SPORTS Trip 126 $500 278 $500 826 $5,000,000 ( annuity ) Reading Railroad Route Transcan Highway 828 Shell `` Fuel for a Year '' Water Works * * * 527 $10,000 Golden Avenue * * 271 $100,000 Free Parking * * * * ? ? ? $100,000 Note that the rare piece is alphabetically the last property in each group , except for Boardwalk . In 2013 , McDonald 's allowed two Boardwalk pieces to be produced , previously there was only one produced . ( * ) Until 2007 , Mediterranean and Baltic Avenues were dark purple properties on the traditional Monopoly board ; since 2008 , it has been brown . ( * * ) McDonald 's added Golden Avenue and Arches Avenue for 2008 only ; obtaining both won $100,000 . ( * * * ) Electric Company & Water Works were added for 2014 ; obtaining both won $10,000 . ( * * * * ) One Free Parking $100,000 prize was seeded on each of the following in only the US Territory : Bacon Clubhouse ( 1 in 9,836,000 ) , Filet - O - Fish ( 1 in 19,585,000 ) , Big Mac ( 1 in 45,000,000 ) and Large Fries ( 1 in 150,254,000 ) ( * * * * * ) In 2016 , the Canadian version replaced all properties with Canadian landmarks ( such as replacing Boardwalk with Le Château Frontenac , and swapping Kentucky Avenue with the Confederation Bridge ) and replaced all train stations with well - known Canadian airports , including Toronto Pearson International Airport and Vancouver International Airport . Germany ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The German version of the rare piece list is as follows : Property 2009 code 2009 prize 2009 number awarded Jackpot ? ? ? 1 each of the below + 1 each of the instant win prizes . 1x 0 property 1 instant Turmstraße 902 Monopoly Game set . 1000x 340 property 660 instant Elisenstraße & Poststraße 904 & 905 € 1,000 Prepaid Visa Card 1000x 950 property 50 instant Hafenstraße 907 LG Netbook 500x 170 property 330 instant Wiener Straße & Berliner Straße 910 & 911 Audi A3 Cabriolet 100x 90 property 10 instant Museumstraße 913 Nintendo Wii with Avatar the game 777x 259 property 518 instant Schillerstraße 916 MSC cruise for two 5x 2 property 3 instant Hauptstraße 919 ETI dream vacation to Egypt 100x 34 property 66 instant Parkstraße 921 Hercules Mountain Bike 100x 34 property 66 instant Südbahnhof & Westbahnhof 932 & 924 € 100,000 from Visa 10x 10 property 0 instant In addition to the property pieces , there are also Instant Win pieces for a Samsung MP3 player , a LG Touchscreen cellphone , € 150 gift certificates to S. Oliver , a JBL iPod dock , a Funai Flatscreen television , Nikon digital camera , Noxon internet radio , and SnowTrex one - week ski vacation for two . Online games ( edit ) In 2005 , McDonald 's introduced an online counterpart to its traditional game . In addition to the traditional `` sticker '' game , participants can play online . Each game piece lists a code which can be entered online , to a maximum of 10 entries per 24 hours , a day starts at midnight EDT . Up to 2014 , each code entered grants the user one roll on a virtual Monopoly game board , identical to the board game 's board . Rolling `` doubles '' ( two dice sharing the same number ) , as with the real board game , allows the user to move again . Landing on Electric Company , Income Tax , Jail / Just Visiting , Go to Jail , Water Works , or Luxury Tax does not count towards any prize . If a player lands on an unowned property ( not landed upon by the player in a previous turn ) , the user will `` collect '' that property . When all properties of a colored set are collected , the user wins a prize , with prize values similar to those of the sticker game . In addition to collecting property sets , users can also win by landing on certain `` instant win '' spaces , including Go , Chance , Community Chest , and Free Parking . Landing on Go ( but not simply passing it ) gives the player a code worth one free hour of WiFi access at participating McDonald 's restaurants . Landing on Chance is worth money to spend at Foot Locker . Landing on Community Chest allows the user to be given a code worth 25 My Coke Rewards points . Landing on Free Parking is a prize of a $50 refillable gas card from Shell , or alternatively 25 complimentary apple pies . In 2007 , landing on Community Chest won game downloads . In 2009 , the prizes became two hours of Wi - Fi and a $25 Arch Card for landing on Go , an entry into an online roll for $1,000,000 ( annuity ) for landing on Chance , 25 My Coke Rewards points for landing on Community Chest , and a $50 refillable Shell gift card for landing on Free Parking . The values of the dice are not random . As stated in the contest rules , one property in each set is `` rare , '' similar to the sticker game . These rare properties are landed on only when the game server `` seeds '' a winning roll . Winning rolls are seeded at specific times on specific dates , and the first user to roll the dice once a win has been seeded will land on a winning piece . This allows McDonald 's to declare the odds of winning certain prizes , a legal requirement for contests in most jurisdictions . In 2010 , the online game was changed , removing the dice and the game board , presenting only 3 Chance cards from which to pick . One has a prize , starting at 30 My Coke Rewards points , but may be ( non-randomly ) seeded with a higher - valued prize . Player chooses one card , is asked if that is the choice the player wants to make , and the card is flipped . If it is the pre-selected winning card , the player wins the pre-selected prize . In 2011 , the game was changed again -- the mascot , Rich Uncle Pennybags ( aka `` Mr. Monopoly '' ) , is shown attempting to throw a Chance card into a top hat . If the card lands in the hat , the player can claim a prize . Players must choose a `` throwing style '' , which only changes the animations used -- it does nothing to affect one 's odds of winning . In 2012 , the game was changed once more . Players must click on `` Spin '' first , and if it landed on `` GO ! '' , the player wins the online prize shown . The next year , players had to click on `` Play '' ; a win resulted in the prize shown onscreen ; regardless of the outcome , players received an entry to win a 2013 Fiat 500 Cabrio . For the 2014 game , players must click on `` GO ! '' , and if it results in a win , the online prize is shown onscreen ; regardless of the outcome , the participant receives an entry to win $50,000 . In 2016 , players can enter up to ten codes daily in order to win weekly sweepstakes with a $50,000 grand prize . Restrictions ( edit ) For all versions of the online game , players are restricted to a set number of online entries per day . In the UK , this is restricted to 24 entries . In USA , Guam , Puerto Rico , and Saipan , the limit is 10 . Players in the UK must be aged 16 years or older . Note that the official rules state : `` The purchase , sale , trading , or barter of Game Pieces , Game Stamps , FREE Codes or Game Codes via Online or live auctions , or any other methods , does not constitute Legitimate Channels and is expressly prohibited . '' This includes eBay.com , where it is also a violation of that site 's lottery policy . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Business Insider '' . Business Insider . October 24 , 2011 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McDonald 's Plays on Love for NFL Teams in New Giveaway Game November 2015 Jump up ^ Stout , David ( August 22 , 2001 ) . `` Eight Charged With Rigging McDonald 's Prize Contests '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Twenty - one indicted in McDonald 's scam , St. Petersburg Times , September 11 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's to Pay Simon $16.6 Million Settlement '' . New York Times . August 20 , 2003 . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` USA Today '' . USA Today . July 20 , 2004 . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Donor Turns Fast Food Into Big Bucks For Hospital , The New York Times . Jump up ^ St. Judes ' Mystery Million Came From Embezzler , CNN transcript , September 11 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Official Rules '' . McDonald 's Monopoly Sweepstakes . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Money MONOPOLY Game at McDonald 's Online Game '' . Playatmcd.com . March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://mcdpromotion.ca/en-ca/OfficialRules Jump up ^ http://news.mcdonalds.com/getattachment/75e01167-bc36-46e9-9ce0-29b5a249659f Jump up ^ `` Monopoly at McDonalds '' . Bizzia.com . October 9 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Rules '' . McDonald 's Monopoly . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) McDonalds Monopoly UK 2015 at the Wayback Machine ( archived October 29 , 2015 ) McDonald 's History Advertising ad programs Countries with franchises Legal cases Product list International availability People Richard and Maurice McDonald Ray Kroc Joan Kroc Ralph Alvarez Charlie Bell Al Bernardin Jim Cantalupo George Cohon Dan Coudreaut Steve Easterbrook Janice L. Fields Den Fujita Don Gorske Jack M. Greenberg Eikō Harada June Martino Herb Peterson Michael R. Quinlan Ed Rensi Willard Scott James A. Skinner Donald N. Smith Harry J. Sonneborn Don Thompson Fred L. Turner Company Hamburger University Leaps and Bounds McBarge McCafé McDonald 's # 1 Store Museum McDonald 's ( Will Rogers Turnpike ) Oldest McDonald 's restaurant Rock N Roll McDonald 's Ronald McDonald House Charities Products Beef Big Mac Big N ' Tasty Deluxe line Kiwiburger Quarter Pounder ( McRoyal ) Chicken Chicken McNuggets Buttermilk Crispy Tenders McChicken Snack Wrap Other Deli Choices Filet - O - Fish Georgie Pie Happy Meal McArabia McFlurry McGriddles McMuffin McRib Premium line Shamrock Shake Former Arch Deluxe Fruit and Walnut Salad McAfrika Advertising Campaigns Changeables Global Gladiators Golden Arches Mac Tonight McDonaldland McDonald 's Monopoly McDonald 's Treasure Land Adventure M.C. Kids McKids Ronald McDonald Teenie Beanies The Wacky Adventures of Ronald McDonald Sponsorships Kyle Larson ( NASCAR ) Jamie McMurray ( NASCAR ) Graham Rahal ( IndyCar Series ) McDonald 's All - American Game McDonald 's Championship McDonald 's Championship ( golf ) McDonald 's Cycle Center McDonald 's Gospelfest McDonald 's Olympic Swim Stadium Related Burger wars Donald Land Fast food advertising Mac and Me ( 1988 film ) McDonald 's sign ( Pine Bluff , Arkansas ) Supersize Branches Canada Israel New Zealand Criticism Fast Food Nation ( film ) McDonaldization McDonald 's Video Game McJob McRefugee McLibel Maxime , McDuff & McDo Super Size Me Do n't Eat This Book Legal cases Liebeck v. McDonald 's Restaurants Magee v. McDonald 's McDonald 's Restaurants v. Morris & Steel Sid & Marty Krofft Television Productions Inc. v. McDonald 's Corp . Related McDelivery Big Mac Index Bill Elliott McDonald 's Young Entertainers McWords San Ysidro McDonald 's massacre `` Seriously McDonalds '' Sydney River McDonald 's murders Taiwan McDonald 's bombings Urban legends Boom , Like That The Founder ( 2016 film ) Monopoly History History of Monopoly Chance and Community Chest cards Game designers and early publishers Elizabeth `` Lizzie '' Magie Scott Nearing Charles Darrow Related games Anti-Monopoly The Landlord 's Game Easy Money Finance Hasbro Monopoly and licensees Monopoly Parker Brothers Milton Bradley Hasbro Waddingtons Winning Moves Get Out of Jail Free card Rich Uncle Pennybags Monopoly money Modern variants Licensed and localized editions My Monopoly Monopoly : The Mega Edition Monopoly City Spin - off games Board / dice games Monopoly Junior Advance to Boardwalk Do n't Go to Jail ( Monopoly Express ) Card games Free Parking Waterworks Monopoly : The Card Game Express Monopoly Monopoly Deal Monopoly on television 1990 game show Monopoly Millionaires ' Club Family Game Night Monopoly metaphors and idioms `` Do not pass Go . Do not collect $200 . '' `` Get Out of Jail Free card '' `` Monopoly money '' See also Ralph Anspach McDonald 's Monopoly Late for the Sky Pinball game Monopoly Tycoon Monopoly Party Video games London Monopoly locations Monopoly City Streets The Mad Magazine Game Monopoly Millionaires ' Club Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McDonald%27s_Monopoly&oldid=843609818 '' Categories : McDonald 's advertising Monopoly ( game ) Games and sports introduced in 1987 Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from March 2016 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from March 2016 All articles that are excessively detailed All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles needing additional references from April 2012 All articles needing additional references Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 07 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did mcdonald's start the monopoly game	[ "The promotion has been offered in the United States, Canada,[1] Australia, Austria, France, Germany, Hong Kong, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Taiwan, and United Kingdom since 1987. Argentina and Brazil were included in 2013 as well as Ireland in 2016. From 2003-2009, Best Buy was involved in the U.S. version, and later in the Canadian version." ]	[ "1987" ]
-3493149383069720439	World energy consumption	World energy consumption - Wikipedia World energy consumption Jump to : navigation , search See also : World energy resources and Worldwide energy supply This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( October 2014 ) The world 's energy consumption ( 2015 data ) Total primary consumption in the world , by fuel ( 2015 ) . World energy consumption is the total energy used by the entire human civilization . Typically measured per year , it involves all energy harnessed from every energy source applied towards humanity 's endeavours across every single industrial and technological sector , across every country . It does not include energy from food , and the extent to which direct biomass burning has been accounted for is poorly documented . Being the power source metric of civilization , World Energy Consumption has deep implications for humanity 's socio - economic - political sphere . Institutions such as the International Energy Agency ( IEA ) , the U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) , and the European Environment Agency record and publish energy data periodically . Improved data and understanding of World Energy Consumption may reveal systemic trends and patterns , which could help frame current energy issues and encourage movement towards collectively useful solutions . Closely related to energy consumption is the concept of total primary energy supply ( TPES ) , which - on a global level - is the sum of energy production minus storage changes . Since changes of energy storage over the year are minor , TPES values can be used as an estimator for energy consumption . However , TPES ignores conversion efficiency , overstating forms of energy with poor conversion efficiency ( e.g. coal , gas and nuclear ) and understating forms already accounted for in converted forms ( e.g. photovoltaic or hydroelectricity ) . The IEA estimates that , in 2013 , total primary energy supply ( TPES ) was 1.575 × 10 Wh ( = 157.5 PWh , 5.67 × 10 joules , or 13,541 Mtoe ) . From 2000 -- 2012 coal was the source of energy with the largest growth . The use of oil and natural gas also had considerable growth , followed by hydropower and renewable energy . Renewable energy grew at a rate faster than any other time in history during this period . The demand for nuclear energy decreased , in part due to nuclear disasters ( e.g. Three Mile Island 1979 , Chernobyl 1986 , and Fukushima 2011 ) . In 2011 , expenditures on energy totalled over 6 trillion USD , or about 10 % of the world gross domestic product ( GDP ) . Europe spends close to one - quarter of the world 's energy expenditures , North America close to 20 % , and Japan 6 % . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Energy supply , consumption and electricity 1.2 Trends 1.3 Emissions 2 By source 2.1 Fossil fuels 2.1. 1 Coal 2.1. 2 Oil 2.1. 3 Natural Gas 2.2 Nuclear power 2.3 Renewable energy 2.3. 1 Hydro 2.3. 2 Marine energy 2.3. 3 Wind 2.3. 4 Solar 2.3. 5 Geothermal 2.3. 6 Bio energy 3 By country 3.1 Oil 3.2 Coal 3.3 Natural gas 3.4 Wind power 4 By sector 4.1 European Union 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) Further information : Total primary energy supply and List of countries by total primary energy consumption and production Energy supply , consumption and electricity ( edit ) Key figures ( TWh ) Year Primary energy supply ( TPES ) Final energy consumption Electricity generation Ref 1973 71,013 ( Mtoe 6,106 ) 54,335 ( Mtoe 4,672 ) 6,129 1990 102,569 -- 11,821 -- 2000 117,687 -- 15,395 -- 147,899 ( Mtoe 12,717 ) 100,914 ( Mtoe 8,677 ) 21,431 2011 152,504 ( Mtoe 13,113 ) 103,716 ( Mtoe 8,918 ) 22,126 2012 155,505 ( Mtoe 13,371 ) 104,426 ( Mtoe 8,979 ) 22,668 2013 157,482 ( Mtoe 13,541 ) 108,171 ( Mtoe 9,301 ) 23,322 2014 155,481 ( Mtoe 13,369 ) 109,613 ( Mtoe 9,425 ) 23,816 2015 168,519 ( Quad BTU 575 ) converted from Mtoe into TWh ( 1 Mtoe = 11.63 TWh ) and from Quad BTU into TWh ( 1 Quad BTU = 293.07 TWh ) World total primary energy supply ( TPES ) , or `` primary energy '' differs from the world final energy consumption because much of the energy that is acquired by humans is lost as other forms of energy during the process of its refinement into usable forms of energy and its transport from its initial place of supply to consumers . For instance , when oil is extracted from the ground it must be refined into gasoline , so that it can be used in a car , and transported over long distances to gas stations where it can be used by consumers . World final energy consumption refers to the fraction of the world 's primary energy that is used in its final form by humanity . In 2014 , world primary energy supply amounted to 155,481 terawatt - hour ( TWh ) or 13,541 Mtoe , while the world final energy consumption was 109,613 TWh or about 29.5 % less than the total supply . World final energy consumption includes products as lubricants , asphalt and petrochemicals which have chemical energy content but are not used as fuel . This non-energy use amounted to 9,404 TWh ( 809 Mtoe ) in 2012 . By the end of 2014 , the total installed global power generating capacity is nearly 6.142 TW ( million MW ) which does not include the DG sets not connected to local electricity grids . In 2014 , world energy consumption for electricity generation was coal 40.8 % , natural gas 21.6 % , nuclear 10.6 % , hydro 16.4 % , ' others ' ( solar , wind , geothermal , biomass , etc . ) 6.3 % and oil 4.3 % . Coal and natural gas were the most popular energy fuels for generating electricity . The world 's electricity consumption was 18,608 TWh in 2012 . This figure is about 18 % smaller than the generated electricity , due to grid losses , storage losses , and self - consumption from power plants ( gross generation ) . Cogeneration ( CHP ) power stations use some of the energy that is otherwise wasted for heating buildings or in industrial processes . 2014 World electricity generation ( 23,816 TWh ) by source ( IEA , 2016 ) Coal / Peat ( 40.8 % ) Natural Gas ( 21.6 % ) Hydro ( 16.4 % ) Nuclear ( 10.6 % ) Oil ( 4.3 % ) Others ( Renew . ) ( 6.3 % ) The United States Energy Information Administration regularly publishes a report on world consumption for most types of primary energy resources . For 2013 , estimated world energy consumption was 5.67 × 10 joules , or 157,481 TWh . According to the IEA the total world energy consumption was 143,851 TWh in 2008 , 133,602 TWh in 2005 , 117,687 TWh in 2000 , and 102,569 TWh in 1990 . Total world electricity consumption was 19,504 TWh in 2013 , 16,503 TWh in 2008 , 15,105 TWh in 2005 , and 12,116 TWh in 2000 . In 2012 approximately 22 % of world energy was consumed in North America , 5 % was consumed South and Central America , 23 % was consumed in Europe and Eurasia , 3 % was consumed in Africa , and 40 % was consumed in the Asia Pacific region . Recently there has been a large increase in international agreements and national Energy Action Plans , such as the EU 2009 Renewable Energy Directive , to increase the use of renewable energy due to the growing concerns about pollution from energy sources that come from fossil fuels such as oil , coal , and natural gas . One such initiative was the United Nations Development Programme 's World Energy Assessment in 2000 that highlighted many challenges humanity would have to overcome in order to shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources . From 2000 -- 2012 renewable energy grew at a rate higher than any other point in history , with a consumption increase of 176.5 million tonnes of oil . During this period , oil , coal , and natural gas continued to grow and had increases that were much higher than the increase in renewable energy . The following figures illustrate the growth in consumption of fossil fuels such as oil , coal , and natural gas as well as renewable sources of energy during this period . Trends ( edit ) World primary energy consumption in quadrillion Btu Energy intensity of different economies : The graph shows the ratio between energy usage and GDP for selected countries . GDP is based on 2004 purchasing power parity and 2000 dollars adjusted for inflation . GDP and energy consumption in Japan , 1958 -- 2000 : The data shows the correlation between GDP and energy use ; however , it also shows that this link can be broken . After the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 the energy use stagnated while Japan 's GDP continued to grow , after 1985 , under the influence of the then much cheaper oil , energy use resumed its historical relation to GDP . The energy consumption growth in the G20 slowed down to 2 % in 2011 , after the strong increase of 2010 . The economic crisis is largely responsible for this slow growth . For several years now , the world energy demand is characterized by the bullish Chinese and Indian markets , while developed countries struggle with stagnant economies , high oil prices , resulting in stable or decreasing energy consumption . According to IEA data from 1990 to 2008 , the average energy use per person increased 10 % while world population increased 27 % . Regional energy use also grew from 1990 to 2008 : the Middle East increased by 170 % , China by 146 % , India by 91 % , Africa by 70 % , Latin America by 66 % , the USA by 20 % , the EU - 27 block by 7 % , and world overall grew by 39 % . In 2008 , total worldwide primary energy consumption was 132,000 terawatt - hours ( TWh ) or 474 exajoules ( EJ ) . In 2012 , primary energy demand increased to 158,000 TWh ( 567 EJ ) . Energy consumption in the G20 increased by more than 5 % in 2010 after a slight decline of 2009 . In 2009 , world energy consumption decreased for the first time in 30 years by 1.1 % , or about 130 million tonnes of oil equivalent ( Mtoe ) , as a result of the financial and economic crisis , which reduced world GDP by 0.6 % in 2009 . This evolution is the result of two contrasting trends : Energy consumption growth remained vigorous in several developing countries , specifically in Asia ( + 4 % ) . Conversely , in OECD , consumption was severely cut by 4.7 % in 2009 and was thus almost down to its 2000 levels . In North America , Europe and the CIS , consumptions shrank by 4.5 % , 5 % and 8.5 % respectively due to the slowdown in economic activity . China became the world 's largest energy consumer ( 18 % of the total ) since its consumption surged by 8 % during 2009 ( up from 4 % in 2008 ) . Oil remained the largest energy source ( 33 % ) despite the fact that its share has been decreasing over time . Coal posted a growing role in the world 's energy consumption : in 2009 , it accounted for 27 % of the total . Most energy is used in the country of origin , since it is cheaper to transport final products than raw materials . In 2008 , the share export of the total energy production by fuel was : oil 50 % ( 1,952 / 3,941 Mt ) , gas 25 % ( 800 / 3,149 bcm ) and hard coal 14 % ( 793 / 5,845 Mt ) . Most of the world 's high energy resources are from the conversion of the sun 's rays to other energy forms after being incident upon the planet . Some of that energy has been preserved as fossil energy , some is directly or indirectly usable ; for example , via solar PV / thermal , wind , hydro - or wave power . The total solar irradiance is measured by satellite to be roughly 1361 watts per square meter ( see solar constant ) , though it fluctuates by about 6.9 % during the year due to the Earth 's varying distance from the sun . This value , after multiplication by the cross-sectional area intercepted by the Earth , is the total rate of solar energy received by the planet ; about half , 89,000 TW , reaches the Earth 's surface . The estimates of remaining non-renewable worldwide energy resources vary , with the remaining fossil fuels totaling an estimated 0.4 yottajoule ( YJ ) or 4 × 10 joules , and the available nuclear fuel such as uranium exceeding 2.5 YJ . Fossil fuels range from 0.6 to 3 YJ if estimates of reserves of methane clathrates are accurate and become technically extractable . The total power flux from the sun intercepting the Earth is 5.5 YJ per year , though not all of this is available for human consumption . The IEA estimates for the world to meet global energy demand for the two decades from 2015 to 2035 it will require investment of $48 trillion and `` credible policy frameworks . '' According to IEA ( 2012 ) the goal of limiting warming to 2 ° C is becoming more difficult and costly with each year that passes . If action is not taken before 2017 , CO emissions would be locked - in by energy infrastructure existing in 2017 . Fossil fuels are dominant in the global energy mix , supported by $523 billion subsidies in 2011 , up almost 30 % on 2010 and six times more than subsidies to renewables . Regional energy use ( kWh / capita & TWh ) and growth 1990 -- 2008 ( % ) kWh / capita Population ( million ) Energy use ( 1,000 TWh ) Region 1990 2008 Growth 1990 2008 Growth 1990 2008 Growth USA 89,021 87,216 − 2 % 250 305 22 % 22.3 26.6 20 % EU - 28 40,240 40,821 1 % 473 499 5 % 19.0 20.4 7 % Middle East 19,422 34,774 79 % 132 199 51 % 2.6 6.9 170 % China 8,839 18,608 111 % 1,141 1,333 17 % 10.1 24.8 146 % Latin America 11,281 14,421 28 % 355 462 30 % 4.0 6.7 66 % Africa 7,094 7,792 10 % 634 984 55 % 4.5 7.7 70 % India 4,419 6,280 42 % 850 1,140 34 % 3.8 7.2 91 % Others * 25,217 23,871 nd 1,430 1,766 23 % 36.1 42.2 17 % The World 19,422 21,283 10 % 5,265 6,688 27 % 102.3 142.3 39 % Source : IEA / OECD , Population OECD / World Bank Energy use = kWh / capita * Mrd . capita ( population ) = 1000 TWh Others : Mathematically calculated , includes e.g. countries in Asia and Australia . The use of energy varies between the `` other countries '' : E.g. in Australia , Japan , or Canada energy is used more per capita than in Bangladesh or Burma . Emissions ( edit ) Global warming emissions resulting from energy production are an environmental problem . Efforts to resolve this include the Kyoto Protocol , which is a UN agreement aiming to reduce harmful climate impacts , which a number of nations have signed . Limiting global temperature increase to 2 degrees Celsius , thought to be a risk by the SEI , is now doubtful . To limit global temperature to a hypothetical 2 degrees Celsius rise would demand a 75 % decline in carbon emissions in industrial countries by 2050 , if the population is 10 billion in 2050 . Across 40 years , this averages to a 2 % decrease every year . In 2011 , the emissions of energy production continued rising regardless of the consensus of the basic problem . Hypothetically , according to Robert Engelman ( Worldwatch institute ) , in order to prevent collapse , human civilization would have to stop increasing emissions within a decade regardless of the economy or population ( 2009 ) . Greenhouse gases are not the only emissions of energy production and consumption . Large amounts of pollutants such as sulphurous oxides ( SO ) , nitrous oxides ( NO ) , and particulate matter ( PM ) are produced from the combustion of fossil fuels and biomass ; the World Health Organisation estimates that 7 million premature deaths are caused each year by air pollution . Biomass combustion is a major contributor . In addition to producing air pollution like fossil fuel combustion , most biomass has high CO emissions . By source ( edit ) Total primary energy supply of 13,699 mega-toe by source in 2014 ( IEA , 2016 ) Oil ( 31.3 % ) Coal / Peat / Shale ( 28.6 % ) Natural Gas ( 21.2 % ) Biofuels and waste ( 10.3 % ) Hydro Electricity ( 2.4 % ) Others ( Renew . ) ( 1.4 % ) Nuclear ( 4.8 % ) Fossil fuels ( edit ) Main article : Fossil fuel The twentieth century saw a rapid twenty-fold increase in the use of fossil fuels . Between 1980 and 2006 , the worldwide annual growth rate was 2 % . According to the US Energy Information Administration 's 2006 estimate , the estimated 471.8 EJ total consumption in 2004 , was divided as given in the table above , with fossil fuels supplying 86 % of the world 's energy : Coal ( edit ) Main articles : Coal and List of countries by coal production In 2000 , China accounted for 28 % of world coal consumption , other Asia consumed 19 % , North America 25 % and the EU 14 % . The single greatest coal - consuming country is China . Its share of the world coal production was 28 % in 2000 and rose to 48 % in 2009 . In contrast to China 's ~ 70 % increase in coal consumption , world coal use increased 48 % from 2000 to 2009 . In practice , the majority of this growth occurred in China and the rest in other Asia . China 's energy consumption is mostly driven by the industry sector , the majority of which comes from coal consumption . World annual coal production increased 1,905 Mt or 32 % in 6 years in 2011 compared to 2005 , of which over 70 % was in China and 8 % in India . Coal production was in 2011 7,783 Mt , and 2009 6,903 Mt , equal to 12.7 % production increase in two years . If production and consumption of coal continue at the rate as in 2008 , proven and economically recoverable world reserves of coal would last for about 150 years . This is much more than needed for an irreversible climate catastrophe . Coal is the largest source of carbon dioxide emissions in the world . According to James Hansen the single most important action needed to tackle the climate crisis is to reduce CO emissions from coal . Indonesia and Australia exported together 57.1 % of the world coal export in 2011 . China , Japan , South Korea , India and Taiwan had 65 % share of all the world coal import in 2011 . Regional coal supply ( TWh ) , share 2010 ( % ) and share of change 2000 -- 2010 Region 2000 2008 2009 * 2010 * % * Change 2000 -- 2009 * North America 6,654 6,740 6,375 6,470 16 % − 1.2 % Asia excl . China 5,013 7,485 7,370 7,806 19 % 18.9 % China 7,318 16,437 18,449 19,928 48 % 85.5 % EU 3,700 3,499 3,135 3,137 8 % − 3.8 % Africa 1,049 1,213 1,288 1,109 3 % 0.4 % Russia 1,387 1,359 994 1,091 3 % − 2.0 % Others 1,485 1,763 1,727 1,812 4 % 2.2 % Total 26,607 38,497 39,340 41,354 100 % 47.9 % Source : IEA , * in 2009 , 2010 BP * Change 2000 -- 2009 : Region 's share of the world change + 12,733 TWh from 2000 to 2009 Top 10 coal exporters ( Mt ) Rank Nation 2011 Share % 2011 2012 Indonesia 162 309 29.7 % 383 Australia 298 285 27.4 % 302 Russia 89 99 9.5 % 103 US 57 85 8.2 % 106 5 Colombia 68 76 7.3 % 82 6 South Africa 68 70 6.7 % 72 7 Kazakhstan 33 34 3.3 % 32 8 Canada 24 24 2.3 % 25 9 Vietnam 21 23 2.2 % 18 10 Mongolia 17 22 2.1 % 22 x Others 19 14 1.3 % Total ( Mt ) 856 1,041 1,168 Top ten 97.8 % 98.7 % Oil ( edit ) Main articles : Petroleum , List of countries by oil production , and List of countries by oil consumption Coal fueled the industrial revolution in the 18th and 19th century . With the advent of the automobile , aeroplanes and the spreading use of electricity , oil became the dominant fuel during the twentieth century . The growth of oil as the largest fossil fuel was further enabled by steadily dropping prices from 1920 until 1973 . After the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 , during which the price of oil increased from 5 to 45 US dollars per barrel , there was a shift away from oil . Coal , natural gas , and nuclear became the fuels of choice for electricity generation and conservation measures increased energy efficiency . In the U.S. the average car more than doubled the number of miles per gallon . Japan , which bore the brunt of the oil shocks , made spectacular improvements and now has the highest energy efficiency in the world . From 1965 to 2008 , the use of fossil fuels has continued to grow and their share of the energy supply has increased . From 2003 to 2008 , coal was the fastest growing fossil fuel . It is estimated that between 100 and 135 billion tonnes of oil has been consumed between 1850 and the present . Natural gas ( edit ) Main articles : Natural Gas , List of countries by natural gas production , and List of countries by natural gas consumption In 2009 , the world use of natural gas grew 31 % compared to 2000 . 66 % of this growth was outside EU , North America , Latin America , and Russia . Others include the Middle East , Asia , and Africa . The gas supply increased also in the previous regions : 8.6 % in the EU and 16 % in the North America 2000 -- 2009 . Regional gas supply ( TWh ) and share 2010 ( % ) Land 2000 2008 2009 % North America 7,621 7,779 8,839 8,925 27 % Asia excl . China 2,744 4,074 4,348 4,799 14 % China 270 825 1,015 1,141 3 % EU 4,574 5,107 4,967 5,155 16 % Africa 612 974 1,455 1,099 3 % Russia 3,709 4,259 4,209 4,335 13 % Latin America 1,008 1,357 958 nd nd Others 3,774 5,745 6,047 7,785 23 % Total 24,312 30,134 31,837 33,240 100 % Source : IEA , in 2009 , 2010 BP Nuclear power ( edit ) Main article : Nuclear Power As of 1 July 2016 , the world had 444 operable grid - electric nuclear power reactors with 62 others under construction . Since commercial nuclear energy began in the mid 1950s , 2008 was the first year that no new nuclear power plant was connected to the grid , although two were connected in 2009 . Annual generation of nuclear power has been on a slight downward trend since 2007 , decreasing 1.8 % in 2009 to 2558 TWh , and another 1.6 % in 2011 to 2518 TWh , despite increases in production from most countries worldwide , because those increases were more than offset by decreases in Germany and Japan . Nuclear power met 11.7 % of the world 's electricity demand in 2011 . Source : IEA / OECD Renewable energy ( edit ) Main articles : Renewable energy , List of renewable energy topics by country , and Renewable energy commercialization Strong public support for renewables worldwide in 2011 Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources that are not significantly depleted by their use , such as sunlight , wind , rain , tides , waves and geothermal heat . Renewable energy is gradually replacing conventional fuels in four distinct areas : electricity generation , hot water / space heating , motor fuels , and rural ( off - grid ) energy services . Based on REN21 's 2014 report , renewables contributed 19 percent to our energy consumption and 22 percent to our electricity generation in 2012 and 2013 , respectively . This energy consumption is divided as 9 % coming from traditional biomass , 4.2 % as heat energy ( non-biomass ) , 3.8 % hydro electricity and 2 % electricity from wind , solar , geothermal , and biomass . Worldwide investments in renewable technologies amounted to more than US $214 billion in 2013 , with countries like China and the United States heavily investing in wind , hydro , solar and biofuels . Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas , in contrast to other energy sources , which are concentrated in a limited number of countries . Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency is resulting in significant energy security , climate change mitigation , and economic benefits . In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power . At the national level , at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply . National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond . The following table shows increasing nameplate capacity , and has capacity factors that range from 11 % for solar , to 40 % for hydropower . Selected renewable energy global indicators 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Investment in new renewable capacity ( annual ) ( 10 USD ) 182 178 237 279 256 232 270 285 Renewables power capacity ( existing ) ( GWe ) 1,140 1,230 1,320 1,360 1,470 1,578 1,712 1,849 Hydropower capacity ( existing ) ( GWe ) 885 915 945 970 990 1,018 1,055 1,064 Wind power capacity ( existing ) ( GWe ) 121 159 198 238 283 319 370 433 Solar PV capacity ( grid - connected ) ( GWe ) 16 23 40 70 100 138 177 227 Solar hot water capacity ( existing ) ( GWth ) 130 160 185 232 255 373 406 435 Ethanol production ( annual ) ( 10 litres ) 67 76 86 86 83 87 94 98 Biodiesel production ( annual ) ( 10 litres ) 12 17.8 18.5 21.4 22.5 26 29.7 30 Countries with policy targets for renewable energy use 79 89 98 118 138 144 164 173 Source : The Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century ( REN21 ) -- Global Status Report Renewable energy 2000 - 2013 ( TWh ) 2000 2013 North - America 1,973 2,237 2,443 EU 1,204 2,093 2,428 Russia 245 239 271 China 2,613 3,374 3,847 Asia ( - China ) 4,147 4,996 5,361 Africa 2,966 3,930 4,304 Latin America 1 502 2,127 2,242 Other 567 670 738 Total renewable 15,237 19,711 21,685 Total energy 116,958 148,736 157,485 Share 13.0 % 13.3 % 13.8 % Total nonrenewable 101,721 129,025 135,800 From 2000 to 2013 the total renewable energy use has increased 6,450 TWh and total energy use 40,500 TWh . Hydro ( edit ) Main articles : Hydroelectricity and Hydropower Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower ; the production of electrical power through the use of the kinetic energy of falling or flowing water . In 2015 hydropower generated 16.6 % of the world 's total electricity and 70 % of all renewable electricity , which continues the rapid rate of increase experienced between 2003 and 2009 . Hydropower is produced in 150 countries , with the Asia - Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010 . China is the largest hydroelectricity producer , with 2,600 PJ ( 721 TWh ) of production in 2010 , representing around 17 % of domestic electricity use . There are now three hydroelectricity plants larger than 10 GW : the Three Gorges Dam in China , Itaipu Dam in Brazil , and Guri Dam in Venezuela . Nine of the worlds top 10 renewable electricity producers are primarily hydroelectric , one is wind . Marine energy ( edit ) Main article : Ocean energy Marine energy , also known as ocean energy and marine and hydrokinetic energy ( MHK ) includes tidal and wave power and is a relatively new sector of renewable energy , with most projects still in the pilot phase , but the theoretical potential is equivalent to 4 -- 18 million tonne of oil equivalent ( toe ) . MHK development in U.S. and international waters includes projects using devices such as , wave energy converters in open coastal areas with significant waves , tidal turbines placed in coastal and estuarine areas , in - stream turbines in fast - moving rivers , ocean current turbines in areas of strong marine currents , and ocean thermal energy converters in deep tropical waters . Wind ( edit ) Main articles : Wind power and Wind power by country Wind power is growing at the rate of 17 % annually , with a worldwide installed capacity of 432,883 megawatts ( MW ) at the end of 2015 , and is widely used in Europe , Asia , and the United States . Several countries have achieved relatively high levels of wind power penetration , such as 21 % of stationary electricity production in Denmark , 18 % in Portugal , 16 % in Spain , 14 % in Ireland and 9 % in Germany in 2010 . As of 2011 , 83 countries around the world are using wind power on a commercial basis . Continuing strong growth , by 2016 wind generated 3 % of global power annually . Solar ( edit ) Main articles : Solar energy , Solar power , and Solar power by country Solar energy , radiant light and heat from the sun , has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever - evolving technologies . Solar energy technologies include solar heating , solar photovoltaics , concentrated solar power and solar architecture , which can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces . The International Energy Agency projected that solar power could provide `` a third of the global final energy demand after 2060 , while CO emissions would be reduced to very low levels . '' Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture , convert and distribute solar energy . Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy . Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun , selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties , and designing spaces that naturally circulate air . From 2012 to 2016 solar capacity tripled and now provides 1.3 % of global energy . Geothermal ( edit ) Main articles : Geothermal energy and Geothermal power Geothermal energy is used commercially in over 70 countries . In 2004 , 200 petajoules ( 56 TWh ) of electricity was generated from geothermal resources , and an additional 270 petajoules ( 75 TWh ) of geothermal energy was used directly , mostly for space heating . In 2007 , the world had a global capacity for 7010100000000000000 ♠ 10 GW of electricity generation and an additional 7010280000000000000 ♠ 28 GW of direct heating , including extraction by geothermal heat pumps . Heat pumps are small and widely distributed , so estimates of their total capacity are uncertain and range up to 7011100000000000000 ♠ 100 GW . Bio energy ( edit ) Main articles : Biomass , Biogas , and Biofuel Until the beginning of the nineteenth century biomass was the predominant fuel , today it has only a small share of the overall energy supply . Electricity produced from biomass sources was estimated at 44 GW for 2005 . Biomass electricity generation increased by over 100 % in Germany , Hungary , the Netherlands , Poland , and Spain . A further 220 GW was used for heating ( in 2004 ) , bringing the total energy consumed from biomass to around 264 GW . The use of biomass fires for cooking is excluded . World production of bioethanol increased by 8 % in 2005 to reach 33 gigalitres ( 8.7 × 10 US gal ) , with most of the increase in the United States , bringing it level to the levels of consumption in Brazil . Biodiesel increased by 85 % to 3.9 gigalitres ( 1.0 × 10 US gal ) , making it the fastest growing renewable energy source in 2005 . Over 50 % is produced in Germany . By country ( edit ) Main article : List of renewable energy topics by country See also : Energy by country , Worldwide energy supply , and List of countries by energy consumption per capita World total final consumption of 13,699 Mtoe by region in 2014 ( IEA , 2016 ) OECD ( 38.4 % ) Middle East ( 5.3 % ) Non-OECD Eurasia ( 8.2 % ) China ( 22.4 % ) Rest of Asia ( 12.7 % ) Non-OECD Americas ( 4.7 % ) Africa ( 5.6 % ) Bunkers ( 2.7 % ) Energy consumption is loosely correlated with gross national product and climate , but there is a large difference even between the most highly developed countries , such as Japan and Germany with an energy consumption rate of 6 kW per person and the United States with an energy consumption rate of 11.4 kW per person . In developing countries , particularly those that are sub-tropical or tropical such as India , the per person energy use rate is closer to 0.7 kW . Bangladesh has the lowest consumption rate with 0.2 kW per person . The US consumes 25 % of the world 's energy with a share of global GDP at 22 % and a share of the world population at 4.59 % . The most significant growth of energy consumption is currently taking place in China , which has been growing at 5.5 % per year over the last 25 years . Its population of 1.3 billion people ( 19.6 % of the world population ) is consuming energy at a rate of 1.6 kW per person . One measurement of efficiency is energy intensity . This is a measure of the amount of energy it takes a country to produce a dollar of gross domestic product . The World Bank : Kilograms of oil equivalent ( 2011 ) The World Bank : PPP $ per kg of oil equivalent ( 2011 ) Oil ( edit ) Main article : Petroleum Saudi Arabia , Russia and the United States accounted for 34 % of oil production in 2011 . Saudi Arabia , Russia and Nigeria accounted for 36 % of oil export in 2011 . Top 10 oil producers ( Mt ) Rank Nation 2005 2008 2009 2011 Share % 2011 2012 Saudi Arabia 519 509 452 471 517 12.9 % 544 Russia 470 485 494 502 510 12.7 % 520 United States 307 300 320 336 346 8.6 % 387 Iran 205 214 206 227 215 5.4 % 186 5 China 183 190 194 200 203 5.1 % 206 6 Canada 143 155 152 159 169 4.2 % 182 7 UAE nd 136 120 129 149 3.7 % 163 8 Venezuela 162 137 126 149 148 3.7 % 162 9 Mexico 188 159 146 144 144 3.6 % nd 10 Nigeria 133 nd nd 130 139 3.5 % nd x Kuwait nd 145 124 nd nd nd 152 x Iraq nd nd 114 140 nd nd 148 x Norway 139 nd nd nd nd nd nd Total 3,923 3,941 3,843 3,973 4,011 100 % Top ten 62 % 62 % 61 % 62 % 63 % Top 10 oil exporters ( Mt ) Rank Nation 2011 Share % 2011 2012 Saudi Arabia 333 17.0 % Russia 246 12.5 % Nigeria 129 6.6 % Iran 126 6.4 % 5 UAE 105 5.4 % 6 Iraq 94 4.8 % 7 Venezuela 87 4.4 % 8 Angola 84 4.3 % 9 Norway 78 4.0 % 10 Mexico 71 3.6 % x Others 609 31.0 % Total ( Mt ) 1,962 Coal ( edit ) Main article : Coal Top 10 coal producers ( Mt ) Rank Nation 2005 2008 2009 2011 Share % 2011 2012 China 2,226 2,761 2,971 3,162 3,576 46 % 3,549 US 1,028 1,076 985 997 1,004 13 % 935 India 430 521 561 571 586 8 % 595 Australia 372 397 399 420 414 5 % 421 5 Indonesia 318 284 301 336 376 5 % 443 6 Russia 222 323 297 324 334 4 % 354 7 South Africa 315 236 247 255 253 3 % 259 8 Germany nd nd nd nd 189 2 % 197 9 Poland 160 144 135 134 139 2 % 144 10 Kazakhstan 79 108 101 111 117 2 % 126 11 Colombia 65 79 73 74 1 % nd nd Total 5,878 6,796 6,903 7,229 7,783 100 % 7,831 Top ten 89 % 87 % 88 % 88 % nd 90 % * include hard coal and brown coal Top 10 coal importers ( Mt ) Rank Nation 2005 2008 2009 2011 China 25 nd 114 157 177 Japan 178 186 165 187 175 South Korea 77 100 103 119 129 India 37 58 66 88 101 5 Taiwan 61 66 60 63 66 6 Germany 38 46 38 45 41 7 UK 44 43 38 26 32 8 Turkey nd 19 20 27 24 9 Italy 24 25 19 22 23 10 Malaysia nd nd nd 19 21 x Spain 25 19 16 nd nd x France nd 21 nd nd nd x US 28 nd nd nd nd Total 778 778 819 949 1,002 Top ten 69 % 75 % 78 % 79 % 79 % Import of production 16 % 13 % 14 % 15 % 13 % * 2005 -- 2010 hard coal Natural gas ( edit ) Main article : Natural gas Top 10 natural gas producers ( bcm ) Rank Nation 2005 2008 2009 2011 Share % 2011 Russia 627 657 589 637 677 20.0 % US 517 583 594 613 651 19.2 % Canada 187 175 159 160 160 4.7 % Qatar nd 79 89 121 151 4.5 % 5 Iran 84 121 144 145 149 4.4 % 6 Norway 90 103 106 107 106 3.1 % 7 China nd 76 90 97 103 3.0 % 8 Saudi Arabia 70 nd nd 82 92 2.7 % 9 Indonesia 77 77 76 88 92 2.7 % 10 Netherlands 79 85 79 89 81 2.4 % x Algeria 93 82 81 nd nd nd x UK 93 nd nd nd nd nd Total 2,872 3,149 3,101 3,282 100 % 3,388 Top ten 67 % 65 % 65 % 65 % 67 % bcm = billion cubic meters Top 10 natural gas importers ( bcm ) Rank Nation 2005 2008 2009 2011 Share % 2011 Japan 81 95 93 99 116 13.9 % Italy 73 77 69 75 70 8.4 % Germany 91 79 83 83 68 8.2 % US 121 84 76 74 55 6.6 % 5 South Korea 29 36 33 43 47 5.6 % 6 Ukraine 62 53 38 37 44 5.3 % 7 Turkey 27 36 35 37 43 5.2 % 8 France 47 44 45 46 41 4.9 % 9 UK nd 26 29 37 37 4.4 % 10 Spain 33 39 34 36 34 4.1 % x Netherlands 23 nd nd nd nd nd Total 838 783 749 820 834 100 % Top ten 70 % 73 % 71 % 69 % 67 % Import of production 29 % 25 % 24 % 25 % 25 % bcm = billion cubic meters Wind power ( edit ) Top 10 countries by nameplate windpower capacity ( 2011 year - end ) Country Windpower capacity ( MW ) provisional % world total China 62,733 26.3 United States 46,919 19.7 Germany 29,060 12.2 Spain 21,674 9.1 India 16,084 6.7 France 6,800 2.8 Italy 6,747 2.8 United Kingdom 6,540 2.7 Canada 5,265 2.2 Portugal 4,083 1.7 ( rest of world ) 32,446 13.8 World total 238,351 MW 100 % Top 10 countries by windpower electricity production ( 2010 totals ) Country Windpower production ( TWh ) % world total United States 95.2 27.6 China 55.5 15.9 Spain 43.7 12.7 Germany 36.5 10.6 India 20.6 6.0 United Kingdom 10.2 3.0 France 9.7 2.8 Portugal 9.1 2.6 Italy 8.4 2.5 Canada 8.0 2.3 ( rest of world ) 48.5 14.1 World total 344.8 TWh 100 % By sector ( edit ) World energy use by sector , 2012 Sector 10 Btu Petawatt - hours percentage Residential 53.0 15.5 13 Commercial 29.3 8.6 7 Industrial 222.3 65.1 54 Transportation 104.2 30.5 26 Total * 408.9 119.8 100 Source : US DOE . PWh from 0.293 times Btu column . Numbers are the end use of energy The table to the right shows the amounts of energy consumed worldwide in 2012 by four sectors , according to the Energy Information Administration of the US Department of Energy : Residential ( heating , lighting , and appliances ) Commercial ( lighting , heating and cooling of commercial buildings , and provision of water and sewer services ) Industrial users ( agriculture , mining , manufacturing , and construction ) Transportation ( passenger , freight , and pipeline ) Of the total 120 PWh ( 7020432000000000000 ♠ 120 × 10 Wh ) consumed , 19.4 were in the form of electricity , but this electricity required 61.7 PWh to produce . Thus the total energy consumption was around 160 PWh ( ca 7020580280718941000 ♠ 550 × 10 Btu ) . The efficiency of a typical existing power plant is around 38 % . The new generation of gas - fired plants reaches a substantially higher efficiency of 55 % . Coal is the most common fuel for the world 's electricity plants . Another report gives different values for the sectors , apparently due to different definitions . According to this , total world energy use per sector in 2008 was industry 28 % , transport 27 % and residential and service 36 % . Division was about the same in the year 2000 . World energy use per sector Year 2000 2008 2000 2008 Sector TWh % * Industry 21,733 27,273 26.5 27.8 Transport 22,563 26,742 27.5 27.3 Residential and service 30,555 35,319 37.3 36.0 Non-energy use 7,119 8,688 8.7 8.9 Total * 81,970 98,022 100 100 Source : IEA 2010 , Total is calculated from the given sectors Numbers are the end use of energy Total world energy supply ( 2008 ) 143,851 TWh European Union ( edit ) The European Environmental Agency ( EEA ) measures final energy consumption ( does not include energy used in production and lost in transportation ) and finds that the transport sector is responsible for 31.8 % of final energy consumption , households 26.2 % , industry 25.6 % , services 13.5 % and agriculture 2.9 % in 2012 . The use of energy is responsible for the majority of greenhouse gas emissions ( 79 % ) , with the energy sector representing 31 % , transport 19 % , industry 13 % , households 9 % and others 7 % . While efficient energy use and resource efficiency are growing as public policy issues , more than 70 % of coal plants in the European Union are more than 20 years old and operate at an efficiency level of between 32 -- 40 % . Technological developments in the 1990s have allowed efficiencies in the range of 40 -- 45 % at newer plants . However , according to an impact assessment by the European Commission , this is still below the best available technological ( BAT ) efficiency levels of 46 -- 49 % . With gas - fired power plants the average efficiency is 52 % compared to 58 -- 59 % with best available technology ( BAT ) , and gas and oil boiler plants operate at average 36 % efficiency ( BAT delivers 47 % ) . According to that same impact assessment by the European Commission , raising the efficiency of all new plants and the majority of existing plants , through the setting of authorisation and permit conditions , to an average generation efficiency of 51.5 % in 2020 would lead to a reduction in annual consumption of 15 km ( 3.6 cu mi ) of natural gas and 25 Mt ( 25,000,000 long tons ; 28,000,000 short tons ) of coal . See also ( edit ) Renewable energy portal Energy portal Sustainable development portal Comparisons of life - cycle greenhouse gas emissions Cubic mile of oil Domestic Energy Consumption Earth 's energy budget Electricity generation Electric energy consumption Energy development Energy intensity Energy policy Environmental impact of aviation Energy security and renewable technology Environmental tariff Feed - in Tariff Kardashev scale Peak oil Renewable energy commercialization Renewable energy by country Sustainable energy The End of Energy Obesity ( book ) A Thousand Barrels a Second : The Coming Oil Break Point and the Challenges Facing an Energy Dependent World ( book ) Regional Energy by country European countries by fossil fuel use ( % of total energy ) European countries by electricity consumption per person Energy use and conservation in the United Kingdom Energy use in the United States Asian brown cloud Making Sweden an Oil - Free Society Lists List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions List of countries by electricity consumption List of countries by electricity production List of countries by energy consumption and production List of countries by energy consumption per capita List of countries by energy intensity List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions List of countries by renewable electricity production References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : BP : Statistical Review of World Energy , Workbook ( xlsx ) , London , 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` IEA - Key world energy statistics , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . 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Jump up ^ REN21 ( 2013 ) . `` Renewables global futures report 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Electricity generation : very different capacity factors ! '' . 21 September 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/GSR2015_Figure25.jpg Jump up ^ REN21 ( 2011 ) . `` Renewables 2011 : Global Status Report '' ( PDF ) . p. 15 . Jump up ^ REN21 ( 2012 ) . Renewables Global Status Report 2012 p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` REN21 2013 Renewables Global Status Report '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ REN21 . `` Renewables 2014 : Global Status Report '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 4 September 2014 . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . 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February 2011 . Retrieved 30 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Renewables '' . eirgrid.com . Retrieved 22 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : REN21 ( 2011 ) . `` Renewables 2011 : Global Status Report '' ( PDF ) . p. 11 . Jump up ^ http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/renewable-energy/wind-energy.html Jump up ^ http://www.iea.org/Textbase/npsum/solar2011SUM.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/renewable-energy/solar-energy.html ^ Jump up to : `` The Future of Geothermal Energy '' ( PDF ) . MIT . Retrieved 7 February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Renewables , Global Status Report 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st century . 2006 . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Fridleifsson , , Ingvar B. ; Bertani , Ruggero ; Huenges , Ernst ; Lund , John W. ; Ragnarsson , Arni ; Rybach , Ladislaus ( 11 February 2008 ) . O. Hohmeyer and T. Trittin , ed . `` The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change '' ( pdf ) . Luebeck , Germany : 59 -- 80 . Retrieved 6 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects '' . United Nations . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2012 , 2011 , 2010 , 2009 , 2006 IEA October , crude oil p. 11 , coal p. 13 gas p. 15 Jump up ^ IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2011 , 2010 , 2009 , 2006 IEA October , crude oil p. 11 , coal p. 13 , gas p. 15 Jump up ^ `` GWEC Global Wind Statistics 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Global Wind Energy Commission . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Electricity Production From Renewable Energy Sources : Stats and Figures Series : Thirteenth Inventory -- Edition 2011 '' ( PDF ) . 2.2 Electricity Production From Wind Sources : Main Wind Power Producing Countries -- 2010 ( text & table ) : Observ'ER . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Table F1 of `` International Energy Outlook 2016 '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Energy , Washington , DC . Archived from the original on Jul 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Energy efficiency measures and technological improvements . '' . e8.org . Retrieved 21 January 2007 . Article by group of ten leading electricity companies Jump up ^ `` Coal Facts 2006 Edition '' ( PDF ) . World Coal Institute . September 2006 . Retrieved 8 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Table 56 , Total world energy use per sector 1990 -- 2008 ( pp. 48 - 49 ) , in `` Energy in Sweden -- facts and figures 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Swedish Energy Agency . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on Oct 14 , 2013 . ( see also Energy in Sweden 2011 ) , data from IEA Energy Balances of Non-OECD countries 2010 . Jump up ^ European Environmental Agency . `` Final energy consumption by sector and fuel ( CSI 027 / ENER 016 ) - Assessment published Jan 2015 '' . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Eva Hoos European Commission 2011 . A new Directive on Energy Efficiency . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : European Commission 2011 . Impact Assessment Accompanying the document Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on energy efficiency and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2004 / 8 / EC and 2006 / 32 / EC . p. 106 . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what percentage of the world's electricity is supplied by coal	[ "By the end of 2014, the total installed global power generating capacity is nearly 6.142 TW (million MW) which does not include the DG sets not connected to local electricity grids.[12] In 2014, world energy consumption for electricity generation was coal 40.8%, natural gas 21.6%, nuclear 10.6%, hydro 16.4%, 'others' (solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, etc.) 6.3% and oil 4.3%. Coal and natural gas were the most popular energy fuels for generating electricity. The world's electricity consumption was 18,608 TWh[citation needed] in 2012. This figure is about 18% smaller than the generated electricity, due to grid losses, storage losses, and self-consumption from power plants (gross generation). Cogeneration (CHP) power stations use some of the energy that is otherwise wasted for heating buildings or in industrial processes." ]	[ "40.8%" ]
-4595551817427145401	Good Witch (TV series)	Good Witch ( TV series ) - wikipedia Good Witch ( TV series ) Good Witch Genre Dramedy Fantasy Based on Characters created by Rod Spence Developed by Craig Pryce Sue Tenney Starring Catherine Bell Bailee Madison James Denton Rhys Matthew Bond Catherine Disher Anthony Lemke Peter MacNeill Kylee Evans Composer ( s ) Jack Lenz Country of origin Canada United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 41 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Catherine Bell Orly Adelson Jonathan Eskenas Frank Siracusa Craig Pryce Sue Tenney Production location ( s ) Hamilton , Ontario , Canada Camera setup Single - camera Running time 48 minutes Production company ( s ) Whizbang Films Distributor ITV Studios Release Original network Hallmark Channel Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release February 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 28 ) -- present Chronology Related shows The Good Witch ( TV movie series ) External links Hallmark website Good Witch is an American / Canadian fantasy comedy - drama television series that is based on the made - for - TV movie series of the same name , produced by Whizbang Films in association with ITV Studios and the Hallmark Channel . Catherine Bell , who played Cassie Nightingale , the `` Good Witch '' in the movie series , both co-produces and stars in the series . Good Witch premiered on February 28 , 2015 , and was consecutively renewed through a fourth season , which aired from April 29 to July 1 , 2018 . Immediately following the fourth season 's finale , Hallmark aired a teaser for a two - hour Halloween special to air in October 2018 . On July 26 , 2018 , the series was renewed for a fifth season . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 4 Home media 5 References 6 External links Series overview ( edit ) Further information : List of Good Witch episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 8 February 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 28 ) April 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 18 ) Halloween / Something Wicked October 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 24 ) 10 April 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 17 ) June 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 19 ) Secrets of Grey House October 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 22 ) 10 April 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 30 ) July 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 02 ) Spellbound October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 10 April 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 29 ) July 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 01 ) As with the previous seven TV movies , the series continues the spirited life of newly widowed Cassie Nightingale , the good - hearted enchantress of Middleton , United States , with her now - teenage daughter Grace . When new neighbors , the Radfords , move in next door , they become suspicious of Cassie and her daughter . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Catherine Bell as Cassandra `` Cassie '' Nightingale : She is the owner of a shop called Bell , Book & Candle and runs a bed and breakfast at Grey House . In the first season , Cassie develops a friendship with Middleton 's newest resident and neighbor , Sam Radford , and tries to move on from the loss of Jake with her long time friend , Ryan Elliot . However , both Cassie and Sam slowly begin to realize their romantic feelings for each other . Eventually , Cassie and Sam become a couple and by the end of the third season , they are engaged . Bailee Madison as Grace Russell : Cassie 's teenage daughter who has her own `` intuitive charm '' . Grace meets Nick Radford , a new resident that has arrived in Middleton . She initially tries to ignore him but gradually becomes his friend , even though , occasionally , he gets her into trouble . In the second season , she tries to gain her driver 's license and has Sam teach her , while she is struggling to move on from the loss of her father . In the third season , Grace briefly questions her true feelings for Nick , but later forms a relationship with his friend , Noah while she is struggling to accept the newfound romantic relationship between Cassie and Sam . James Denton as Dr. Sam Radford : Cassie 's handsome neighbor and the town 's new doctor . He is fairly wealthy from his experiences as a New York trauma surgeon , owner of his own private practice , on multiple hospital boards , and other activities . He has a hard time adjusting to Middleton in the beginning , but slowly opens up to the town while also beginning a close friendship with Cassie . In the first season , he dates Stephanie , but they eventually break up as he slowly begins to realize his true feelings towards Cassie . Sam admits his feelings at the start of the second season and begins to pursue Cassie , but faces trouble due to Linda 's interference and the arrival of Cassie 's old friend John . In the beginning of the third season , Sam and Cassie become a couple and later become engaged after he proposes in the third - season finale . Recurring ( edit ) Rhys Matthew Bond as Nick Radford : Sam 's troublesome son . Upon arriving in Middleton , he refuses to accept his new home and constantly wishes to go back to New York . In the first season , he repeatedly gets into trouble such as stealing a school statue or lying to his father . Eventually , Nick slowly begins to realize his mistakes while trying to form a friendship with Grace . In the second season , he becomes a nicer person and does n't get into any trouble anymore , but still faces some problems within his family . In the third season , Nick begins a romantic relationship with Grace 's friend , Courtney until in the season finale , he reveals his decision to break up , resulting in a falling out between him and Grace . Dan Jeannotte as Brandon Russell : Cassie 's stepson , who married Tara in the seventh movie and is a police officer like his father . Noah Cappe as Derek Sanders : Middleton 's chief of police , whom Mayor Martha Tinsdale appointed after Cassie 's husband died . Catherine Disher as Martha Tinsdale : The Mayor of Middleton . Since the previous Good Witch movie , Martha has been the Mayor of Middleton and is always making certain that parties and festivals are going exactly according to plan and turn out perfectly . Martha 's goal is to help Middleton grow and not to be overlooked by the rival town of Blairsville . Despite their rocky upstart , Martha is also close and good friends with Cassie , always appreciating everything Cassie has done for the town . Peter MacNeill as George O'Hanrahan : the father - in - law of Cassie 's late husband and grandfather of Brandon and Lori ; Grace refers to him as `` Grandpa '' as well . Kylee Evans as Stephanie Borden : the owner of a local bistro and a close friend of Cassie . She never wants to be single and becomes attracted to new men that arrive in town . In the first season , she is smitten with the new doctor , Sam and starts to pursue him . They briefly form a relationship , but eventually break up due to their differences and the slight interference of Abigail . In the second season , Stephanie works on starting a catering business while also beginning a new romantic relationship with local handyman Ben . Stephanie is also known to have a bad habit of making assumptions regarding romantic relationships such as believing that Cassie had romantic feelings for Ryan and John and later when she assumed that Nick had feelings for Grace . Jefferson Brown as Ben who has a construction business and dates Stephanie . Gabrielle Miller as Linda Wallace : Sam 's ex-wife and Nick 's mother . Linda moves to Middleton to be closer to Nick as she tries to get her family back together , including trying to reconcile with Sam . However , Linda begins to interfere in Sam 's life and quickly becomes jealous of his close and growing relationship with Cassie and starts to come between them . She tries to have everything her own way and never seems to listen to others or accept responsibilities for her own mistakes or true motives . Eventually , Linda moves back to New York for her career and to give Nick more space to grow . Sarah Power as Abigail Pershing : Cassie 's cousin . She has her own magical touch similar to Cassie , but uses it in her own way . Abigail is known to cause a bit of trouble to others , but they eventually help in the least expected way . Abigail originally worked for an Ad Agency in New York , but decided to leave to be closer to the family . Upon returning to Middleton , Abigail causes some problems such as helping Grace rebel and interfering in Stephanie and Sam 's relationship . She begins working for Stephanie in the bistro , but in the beginning of the second season , she opens her own flower shop . In the third season , Abigail becomes jealous of Cassie and tries to learn of her own purpose of what she can bring to the community of Middleton . Dan Payne as John Dover : Cassie 's former college friend . He arrives in Middleton , during the second season , for a teaching job and renews his interest in dating her . Paul Miller as Tom Tinsdale : Martha 's husband . He was previously mayor of Middleton . Hannah Endicott - Douglas as Lori Russell : Cassie 's stepdaughter , who is now a writer . Anthony Lemke as Ryan Elliot : a realtor and Cassie 's friend , although he secretly harbors romantic feelings for her . Prior to the beginning of show , he was engaged , but his fiancée Annie instead married his former best friend , resulting in Ryan being deeply hurt and betrayed . Eventually , Ryan admits his feelings for Cassie and tries to begin a romantic relationship . They form a brief relationship but they break up as Ryan moves away to Chicago to begin a new job he received while Cassie begins to realize her true feelings for Sam . Season 1 only . Shane Harte as Anthony : Grace 's best friend ( season 1 ) Art Hindle as Arthur : Abigail 's estranged father ( season 4 ) Sebastian Pigott as Phil Sturgis : a Grey House guest and creator of a high - tech dating app , who begins dating Abigail ( season 4 ) Production ( edit ) The series is filmed in Toronto , Ontario primarily at Cinespace Film Studios ' Kipling Avenue facility . As producer Orly Adelson was president of ITV Studios America in 2014 , ITV agreed to become the franchise 's TV series distributor outside of North America . Home Media ( edit ) On October 13 , 2015 , Hallmark released the first season of Good Witch on DVD . Its packaging contains two discs . On October 11 , 2016 , Hallmark released the second season of Good Witch on DVD . Its packaging contains three discs , including the Halloween special , `` Good Witch Halloween '' . The series is available internationally on Netflix . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Hallmark Channel 's ' Good Witch ' Movies To Spawn Drama Series Starring Catherine Bell '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Witch ' Renewed For Season 4 By Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Good Witch Magical Adventures Return to Hallmark Channel for 4th Season , 4 / 29 '' . broadwayworld . January 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 26 , 2018 ) . `` Good Witch Renewed for Season 5 , When Calls the Heart Gets Spinoff '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` Good Witch - Cover Art is Conjured Up for ' Season 1 ' on DVD '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Good Witch -- Package Cover Art , Extras for ' Season 2 ' on DVD ! '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Good Witch on IMDb The Good Witch Films The Good Witch ( 2008 ) The Good Witch 's Garden ( 2009 ) The Good Witch 's Gift ( 2010 ) The Good Witch 's Family ( 2011 ) The Good Witch 's Charm ( 2012 ) The Good Witch 's Destiny ( 2013 ) The Good Witch 's Wonder ( 2014 ) Television Good Witch ( episodes ) Hallmark Channel original programming Current Home and Family ( since 2012 ) When Calls the Heart ( since 2014 ) Good Witch ( since 2015 ) Chesapeake Shores ( since 2016 ) Meet the Peetes ( since 2018 ) Former Cedar Cove ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Signed , Sealed , Delivered ( 2014 ) Movies List of Hallmark Channel Original Movies Hallmark Hall of Fame movie list Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Good_Witch_(TV_series)&oldid=852238506 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy - drama television series 2010s Canadian comedy - drama television series 2015 American television series debuts 2015 Canadian television series debuts American fantasy television series Canadian fantasy television series Hallmark Channel shows Television programs based on books Television series by ITV Studios Television shows set in the United States Television series produced in Hamilton , Ontario Magic in television Witchcraft in television Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 27 July 2018 , at 14 : 58 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who stars in the good witch tv series	[ "Good Witch\nGenre\n\nDramedy\nFantasy\nBased on\nCharacters createdby Rod SpenceDeveloped by\n\nCraig Pryce\nSue Tenney\nStarring\n\nCatherine Bell\nBailee Madison\nJames Denton\nRhys Matthew Bond\nCatherine Disher\nAnthony Lemke\nPeter MacNeill\nKylee Evans\nComposer(s)\nJack LenzCountry of origin\n\nCanada\nUnited States\nOriginal language(s)\nEnglishNo. of seasons\n4No. of episodes\n41 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producer(s)\n\nCatherine Bell\nOrly Adelson\nJonathan Eskenas\nFrank Siracusa\nCraig Pryce\nSue Tenney\nProduction location(s)\nHamilton, Ontario, CanadaCamera setup\nSingle-cameraRunning time\n48 minutesProduction company(s)\nWhizbang FilmsDistributor\nITV StudiosReleaseOriginal network\nHallmark ChannelPicture format\n\n480i (SDTV)\n1080i (HDTV)\nOriginal release\nFebruary 28, 2015 (2015-02-28) – presentChronologyRelated shows\nThe Good Witch (TV movie series)External links\nHallmark website", "Good Witch\nGenre\n\nDramedy\nFantasy\nBased on\nCharacters createdby Rod SpenceDeveloped by\n\nCraig Pryce\nSue Tenney\nStarring\n\nCatherine Bell\nBailee Madison\nJames Denton\nRhys Matthew Bond\nCatherine Disher\nAnthony Lemke\nPeter MacNeill\nKylee Evans\nComposer(s)\nJack LenzCountry of origin\n\nCanada\nUnited States\nOriginal language(s)\nEnglishNo. of seasons\n4No. of episodes\n41 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producer(s)\n\nCatherine Bell\nOrly Adelson\nJonathan Eskenas\nFrank Siracusa\nCraig Pryce\nSue Tenney\nProduction location(s)\nHamilton, Ontario, CanadaCamera setup\nSingle-cameraRunning time\n48 minutesProduction company(s)\nWhizbang FilmsDistributor\nITV StudiosReleaseOriginal network\nHallmark ChannelPicture format\n\n480i (SDTV)\n1080i (HDTV)\nOriginal release\nFebruary 28, 2015 (2015-02-28) – presentChronologyRelated shows\nThe Good Witch (TV movie series)External links\nHallmark website", "Good Witch\nGenre\n\nDramedy\nFantasy\nBased on\nCharacters createdby Rod SpenceDeveloped by\n\nCraig Pryce\nSue Tenney\nStarring\n\nCatherine Bell\nBailee Madison\nJames Denton\nRhys Matthew Bond\nCatherine Disher\nAnthony Lemke\nPeter MacNeill\nKylee Evans\nComposer(s)\nJack LenzCountry of origin\n\nCanada\nUnited States\nOriginal language(s)\nEnglishNo. of seasons\n4No. of episodes\n41 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producer(s)\n\nCatherine Bell\nOrly Adelson\nJonathan Eskenas\nFrank Siracusa\nCraig Pryce\nSue Tenney\nProduction location(s)\nHamilton, Ontario, CanadaCamera setup\nSingle-cameraRunning time\n48 minutesProduction company(s)\nWhizbang FilmsDistributor\nITV StudiosReleaseOriginal network\nHallmark ChannelPicture format\n\n480i (SDTV)\n1080i (HDTV)\nOriginal release\nFebruary 28, 2015 (2015-02-28) – presentChronologyRelated shows\nThe Good Witch (TV movie series)External links\nHallmark website", "Good Witch\nGenre\n\nDramedy\nFantasy\nBased on\nCharacters createdby Rod SpenceDeveloped by\n\nCraig Pryce\nSue Tenney\nStarring\n\nCatherine Bell\nBailee Madison\nJames Denton\nRhys Matthew Bond\nCatherine Disher\nAnthony Lemke\nPeter MacNeill\nKylee Evans\nComposer(s)\nJack LenzCountry of origin\n\nCanada\nUnited States\nOriginal language(s)\nEnglishNo. of seasons\n4No. of episodes\n41 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producer(s)\n\nCatherine Bell\nOrly Adelson\nJonathan Eskenas\nFrank Siracusa\nCraig Pryce\nSue Tenney\nProduction location(s)\nHamilton, Ontario, CanadaCamera setup\nSingle-cameraRunning time\n48 minutesProduction company(s)\nWhizbang FilmsDistributor\nITV StudiosReleaseOriginal network\nHallmark ChannelPicture format\n\n480i (SDTV)\n1080i (HDTV)\nOriginal release\nFebruary 28, 2015 (2015-02-28) – presentChronologyRelated shows\nThe Good Witch (TV movie series)External links\nHallmark website", "Good Witch\nGenre\n\nDramedy\nFantasy\nBased on\nCharacters createdby Rod SpenceDeveloped by\n\nCraig Pryce\nSue Tenney\nStarring\n\nCatherine Bell\nBailee Madison\nJames Denton\nRhys Matthew Bond\nCatherine Disher\nAnthony Lemke\nPeter MacNeill\nKylee Evans\nComposer(s)\nJack LenzCountry of origin\n\nCanada\nUnited States\nOriginal language(s)\nEnglishNo. of seasons\n4No. of episodes\n41 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producer(s)\n\nCatherine Bell\nOrly Adelson\nJonathan Eskenas\nFrank Siracusa\nCraig Pryce\nSue Tenney\nProduction location(s)\nHamilton, Ontario, CanadaCamera setup\nSingle-cameraRunning time\n48 minutesProduction company(s)\nWhizbang FilmsDistributor\nITV StudiosReleaseOriginal network\nHallmark ChannelPicture format\n\n480i (SDTV)\n1080i (HDTV)\nOriginal release\nFebruary 28, 2015 (2015-02-28) – presentChronologyRelated shows\nThe Good Witch (TV movie series)External links\nHallmark website", "Good Witch\nGenre\n\nDramedy\nFantasy\nBased on\nCharacters createdby Rod SpenceDeveloped by\n\nCraig Pryce\nSue Tenney\nStarring\n\nCatherine Bell\nBailee Madison\nJames Denton\nRhys Matthew Bond\nCatherine Disher\nAnthony Lemke\nPeter MacNeill\nKylee Evans\nComposer(s)\nJack LenzCountry of origin\n\nCanada\nUnited States\nOriginal language(s)\nEnglishNo. of seasons\n4No. of episodes\n41 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producer(s)\n\nCatherine Bell\nOrly Adelson\nJonathan Eskenas\nFrank Siracusa\nCraig Pryce\nSue Tenney\nProduction location(s)\nHamilton, Ontario, CanadaCamera setup\nSingle-cameraRunning time\n48 minutesProduction company(s)\nWhizbang FilmsDistributor\nITV StudiosReleaseOriginal network\nHallmark ChannelPicture format\n\n480i (SDTV)\n1080i (HDTV)\nOriginal release\nFebruary 28, 2015 (2015-02-28) – presentChronologyRelated shows\nThe Good Witch (TV movie series)External links\nHallmark website", "Good Witch\nGenre\n\nDramedy\nFantasy\nBased on\nCharacters createdby Rod SpenceDeveloped by\n\nCraig Pryce\nSue Tenney\nStarring\n\nCatherine Bell\nBailee Madison\nJames Denton\nRhys Matthew Bond\nCatherine Disher\nAnthony Lemke\nPeter MacNeill\nKylee Evans\nComposer(s)\nJack LenzCountry of origin\n\nCanada\nUnited States\nOriginal language(s)\nEnglishNo. of seasons\n4No. of episodes\n41 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producer(s)\n\nCatherine Bell\nOrly Adelson\nJonathan Eskenas\nFrank Siracusa\nCraig Pryce\nSue Tenney\nProduction location(s)\nHamilton, Ontario, CanadaCamera setup\nSingle-cameraRunning time\n48 minutesProduction company(s)\nWhizbang FilmsDistributor\nITV StudiosReleaseOriginal network\nHallmark ChannelPicture format\n\n480i (SDTV)\n1080i (HDTV)\nOriginal release\nFebruary 28, 2015 (2015-02-28) – presentChronologyRelated shows\nThe Good Witch (TV movie series)External links\nHallmark website", "Good Witch\nGenre\n\nDramedy\nFantasy\nBased on\nCharacters createdby Rod SpenceDeveloped by\n\nCraig Pryce\nSue Tenney\nStarring\n\nCatherine Bell\nBailee Madison\nJames Denton\nRhys Matthew Bond\nCatherine Disher\nAnthony Lemke\nPeter MacNeill\nKylee Evans\nComposer(s)\nJack LenzCountry of origin\n\nCanada\nUnited States\nOriginal language(s)\nEnglishNo. of seasons\n4No. of episodes\n41 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producer(s)\n\nCatherine Bell\nOrly Adelson\nJonathan Eskenas\nFrank Siracusa\nCraig Pryce\nSue Tenney\nProduction location(s)\nHamilton, Ontario, CanadaCamera setup\nSingle-cameraRunning time\n48 minutesProduction company(s)\nWhizbang FilmsDistributor\nITV StudiosReleaseOriginal network\nHallmark ChannelPicture format\n\n480i (SDTV)\n1080i (HDTV)\nOriginal release\nFebruary 28, 2015 (2015-02-28) – presentChronologyRelated shows\nThe Good Witch (TV movie series)External links\nHallmark website" ]	[ "Catherine Bell", "Bailee Madison", "James Denton", "Rhys Matthew Bond", "Catherine Disher", "Anthony Lemke", "Peter MacNeill", "Kylee Evans" ]
-7047012657705440125	Moses Malone	Moses Malone - wikipedia Moses Malone Jump to : navigation , search Moses Malone Malone in 2009 ( 1955 - 03 - 23 ) March 23 , 1955 Petersburg , Virginia September 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 13 ) ( aged 60 ) Norfolk , Virginia Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) Listed weight 260 lb ( 118 kg ) Career information High school Petersburg ( Petersburg , Virginia ) ABA draft 1974 / Round : 3 Playing career 1974 -- 1995 Position Center Number 22 , 13 , 20 , 21 , 24 , 2 , 4 , 8 Career history 1974 -- 1975 Utah Stars 1975 -- 1976 Spirits of St. Louis 1976 Buffalo Braves 1976 -- 1982 Houston Rockets 1982 -- 1986 Philadelphia 76ers 1986 -- 1988 Washington Bullets 1988 -- 1991 Atlanta Hawks 1991 -- 1993 Milwaukee Bucks 1993 -- 1994 Philadelphia 76ers 1994 -- 1995 San Antonio Spurs Career highlights and awards NBA champion ( 1983 ) NBA Finals MVP ( 1983 ) 3 × NBA Most Valuable Player ( 1979 , 1982 , 1983 ) 12 × NBA All - Star ( 1978 -- 1989 ) ABA All - Star ( 1975 ) 4 × All - NBA First Team ( 1979 , 1982 , 1983 , 1985 ) 4 × All - NBA Second Team ( 1980 , 1981 , 1984 , 1987 ) NBA All - Defensive First Team ( 1983 ) NBA All - Defensive Second Team ( 1979 ) ABA All - Rookie Team ( 1975 ) 6 × NBA rebounding leader ( 1979 , 1981 -- 1985 ) NBA 's 50th Anniversary All - Time Team ABA All - Time Team No. 24 retired by Houston Rockets Career ABA & NBA statistics Points 29,580 ( 20.6 ppg ) Rebounds 17,834 ( 12.2 rpg ) Assists 1,936 ( 1.4 apg ) Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Basketball Hall of Fame as player Moses Eugene Malone ( March 23 , 1955 -- September 13 , 2015 ) was an American basketball player who played in both the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) and the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) from 1974 through 1995 . The center was named the NBA Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) three times and was a 12 - time NBA All - Star and an eight - time All - NBA selection . Malone won his only NBA championship in 1983 , when he was both the league and Finals MVP with the Philadelphia 76ers . He was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility in 2001 . Malone began his pro career out of high school after he was selected in the third round of the 1974 ABA Draft by the Utah Stars . He was named an ABA All - Star as a rookie and played two seasons in the league until it merged with the NBA in 1976 . He landed in the NBA with the Buffalo Braves , who traded him after two games to the Houston Rockets . Malone became a five - time All - Star in six seasons with the Rockets . After leading the NBA in rebounding in 1979 , he was named league MVP for the first time . He led the Rockets to the NBA Finals in 1981 , and won his second MVP award in 1982 . Malone was traded to Philadelphia the following season , when he repeated as MVP and led the 76ers to a championship in his first year . In his first of two stints with Philadelphia , he was an All - Star in each of his four seasons . Following another trade , Malone was an All - Star in his only two seasons with the Washington Bullets ( known later as the Wizards ) . He signed as a free agent with the Atlanta Hawks , earning his 12th straight and final All - Star selection in his first season . In his later years , he played with the Milwaukee Bucks before returning to the 76ers and completing his career with the San Antonio Spurs . Malone led the NBA in rebounding six times , including a then - record five straight seasons ( 1981 -- 1985 ) . He finished his career as the all - time leader in offensive rebounds after leading both the ABA and NBA in the category a combined nine times . Malone was nicknamed `` Chairman of the Boards '' for his rebounding prowess . Combining his ABA and NBA statistics , he ranks seventh all - time in career points ( 29,580 ) and third in total rebounds ( 17,834 ) . He was named to both the ABA All - Time Team and the NBA 's 50th Anniversary All - Time Team . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 ABA career 2.1 Utah Stars 2.2 Spirits of St. Louis 3 NBA career 3.1 Draft 3.2 Buffalo Braves 3.3 Houston Rockets 3.4 Philadelphia 76ers 3.5 Washington Bullets 3.6 Atlanta Hawks 3.7 Milwaukee Bucks 3.8 Return to the 76ers 3.9 San Antonio Spurs 4 Player profile 5 Awards and honors 6 Personal life 6.1 Death 7 NBA career statistics 7.1 Regular season 7.2 Playoffs 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Early life ( edit ) Malone was born in Petersburg , Virginia . He was an only child , raised alone by his mother , Mary , who had dropped out of school after finishing the fifth grade . When Malone was two years old , Mary kicked her husband out due to his alcohol use . Malone 's father then moved to Texas . Malone attended Petersburg High School , where he played basketball . Petersburg went undefeated in his final two years , winning 50 games and the Virginia state championship in both years . Malone signed a letter of intent to play college basketball for the Terrapins at the University of Maryland . However , when the Utah Stars of the ABA selected him in the third round of the 1974 ABA Draft , Malone decided to become a professional . ABA career ( edit ) Utah Stars ( edit ) Malone began his professional career with Utah in the 1974 -- 75 season after signing a five - year contract worth $1 million . The New York Times called him `` the first high schooler in modern basketball to go directly to the pros '' , joining the few players who had made the transition in an era before him . He was 6 feet 10 inches ( 2.08 m ) and a somewhat skinny 215 pounds ( 98 kg ) at the time and began his career playing at forward until he bulked up enough to handle the rigors at center . As a rookie , he was named an ABA All - Star and earned ABA All - Rookie honors . Spirits of St. Louis ( edit ) The Stars folded 16 games into the 1975 -- 76 season , and Malone was sold to the ABA 's Spirits of St. Louis to help pay down the Stars ' debts . Malone played for the Spirits in the 1975 -- 76 season . In two seasons in the ABA , Malone averaged 17.2 points and 12.9 rebounds per game . NBA career ( edit ) Draft ( edit ) The ABA -- NBA merger occurred after the 1975 -- 76 season , but the Spirits of St. Louis were not among the ABA teams chosen to join the NBA . Malone had already been selected by the NBA 's New Orleans Jazz in a December 1975 pre-merger draft for ABA players of undergraduate age . However , the NBA let them place Malone into the 1976 ABA Dispersal Draft pool in exchange for the return of their first - round draft pick in 1977 , which they used to trade for Gail Goodrich . In the 1976 dispersal draft , held for the remaining ABA players , Malone was selected by the Portland Trail Blazers with the fifth overall pick in the draft . However , he never appeared in a regular - season game for the Blazers . The Blazers had also acquired power forward Maurice Lucas in the draft and believed they had acquired two players with similar skill sets . Concerns over the team 's salary costs compelled them to choose one and release the other . Buffalo Braves ( edit ) Portland chose to keep Lucas and traded Malone to the Buffalo Braves prior to the first game of the 1976 -- 77 season for a first - round draft choice in the 1978 NBA draft and $232,000 . Malone played in two games with Buffalo . Because they could not meet Malone 's demands for playing time , they then traded him to the Houston Rockets in exchange for two first - round draft picks , one in each of the 1977 and 1978 drafts . Houston Rockets ( edit ) With the Rockets , Malone played forward opposite Rudy Tomjanovich . He appeared in 82 games overall for both Buffalo and Houston and finished the season averaging 13.2 points per game ( ppg ) with 13.1 rebounds per game ( rpg ) , ranking third in rpg . Malone set a then - NBA record with 437 offensive rebounds in a season , though he surpassed that mark two years later . Malone also blocked 2.21 shots per game , the seventh-most in the league . In the second game of the Eastern Conference Semifinals against the Washington Bullets , Malone recorded 15 offensive rebounds in the overtime win , setting an NBA playoff record . The Rockets reached the Eastern Conference Finals , where they lost 4 -- 2 to the Philadelphia 76ers . During his second season in the NBA , Malone was diagnosed with a stress fracture in his right foot , which caused him to miss the final 23 games of the season . Despite the time missed to injury , Malone led the NBA with 380 total offensive rebounds and finished second with 15.0 rpg . Malone made his first appearance in an NBA All - Star Game in 1978 . His scoring improved to 19.4 ppg . During the 1978 -- 79 season , Malone emerged as one of the top centers in the league after gaining 15 pounds ( 6.8 kg ) in the offseason . He averaged 24.8 points with a career - best . 540 shooting percentage and established another career - high with a league - leading 17.6 rpg while winning the NBA Most Valuable Player Award . He again led the league in offensive rebounds , setting an all - time single - season record with 587 offensive rebounds . He was voted to the All - NBA First Team and the All - Defensive Second Team . He was also voted by fans to start for the East at center in the 1979 NBA All - Star Game . On February 9 , he grabbed a career - high 37 rebounds versus the New Orleans Jazz . Although the Rockets qualified for the playoffs , they were eliminated by the Atlanta Hawks in a first - round sweep . Malone averaged 24.5 points and 20.5 rebounds in the two games . In 1979 -- 80 , Malone averaged 25.8 points , fifth - best in the NBA , and 14.5 rebounds , second - best in the league . He was named an All - Star for a third straight season and was also named to the All - NBA Second Team . In the opening round of the playoffs , Houston defeated the San Antonio Spurs in a best - of - three series . Malone registered 37 points and 20 rebounds in the deciding third game , leading the Rockets to a 141 -- 120 victory . In the conference semifinals , the Rockets lost in a sweep to the Boston Celtics . The following season in 1980 -- 81 season , Malone led the league with 14.8 rpg in 80 games and was again an All - Star as well as a member of the All - NBA Second Team . He finished second in scoring ( 28.8 ) to Adrian Dantley ( 30.7 ) . On March 11 , Malone scored 51 points against the Golden State Warriors . In their first season in the Midwest Division , Houston and the Kansas City Kings tied for second place with identical 40 -- 42 records . The Rockets , with Malone 's 26.8 ppg and 14.5 rpg during the playoffs , reached the 1981 NBA Finals , but lost 4 -- 2 to the Celtics . During the season , Malone averaged 31.1 points with 14.7 rebounds the following year and won his second MVP award . He repeated as the NBA leader in rebounds and was the runner - up for the league 's scoring title to George Gervin ( 32.3 ) . He was also the league leader in offensive rebounds ( 558 ) and minutes played ( 3,398 , 42.0 per game ) . At the end of the season , Malone earned his second placement on the All - NBA First Team . He set a career high in scoring average and also set a single - game career high with 53 points on February 2 against the San Diego Clippers . Days later on February 11 against the Seattle SuperSonics , Malone eclipsed his own league record with 21 offensive rebounds . In Malone 's last season in Houston , the Rockets followed their NBA Finals appearance in 1981 with a first - round exit in the 1982 playoffs . Though he averaged 24.0 points with 17.0 rebounds , Seattle swept Houston 3 -- 0 . Philadelphia 76ers ( edit ) Malone became a restricted free agent after the 1981 -- 82 season . He signed an offer sheet of six - years for $13.2 million with Philadelphia on September 2 , 1982 . The 76ers were coming off a 4 -- 2 loss in the Finals to the Los Angeles Lakers , whose center , Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , dominated their big - man duo of Darryl Dawkins and Caldwell Jones . The Rockets were changing ownership and decided that Malone 's $2 million annual salary did not fit their plans . Houston matched the offer and agreed to trade Malone to the 76ers for Jones and their first - round pick in the 1983 NBA draft on September 15 . With Julius Erving , Maurice Cheeks , Andrew Toney , and Bobby Jones , the Sixers won the NBA championship . Malone was named the league MVP for the second straight year , becoming the only NBA player ever to win the award in consecutive seasons with two different teams , a feat matched only by Barry Bonds ( 1992 -- 1993 ) in the four major American sports leagues . That year , Malone averaged 15.3 rebounds per game , which led the league for the third consecutive year , and also averaged 24.5 points , which was fifth - best in the NBA . He was an All - Star for the sixth consecutive season and earned first - team honors on both the All - NBA and All - Defensive teams . The 76ers lost only one game in the postseason as they won the league championship , defeating the Lakers in a 4 -- 0 sweep in the 1983 NBA Finals . In 13 playoff games , Malone averaged 26.0 points with 15.8 rebounds . He was named the Finals MVP , having outrebounded Abdul - Jabbar 72 -- 30 in the series . It was also around this time that Malone began to tutor Hakeem Olajuwon , passing on the torch to the future Rockets superstar . His head coach Billy Cunningham said , `` Let 's not make believe . The difference from last year was Moses . '' Before the playoffs began , Malone predicted in Southern vernacular that Philadelphia would go fo fo fo that meant the team needed to win four games in each of the three rounds . His prediction ( and its formulation ) became famous : the New York Times called it `` an enduring quotation '' and `` an unforgettable line , '' and Comcast SportsNet called it `` one of the greatest rallying cries ever uttered . '' As it turned out , the Sixers only lost one playoff game ( Game 4 of the Eastern Conference Finals to the Bucks ) en route to making Malone a world champion for the first time , sweeping the Knicks in the first round and the Lakers in the finals . This led some to rephrase Malone 's prediction as `` fo , fi , fo '' ( four , five , four ) . The inside of that year 's championship ring was inscribed with `` fo ' fi ' fo . '' The 76ers ' 12 -- 1 cruise through the 1983 playoffs was at the time , the most dominant playoff run in NBA history . In the 1983 -- 84 season , Malone led the league in rebounding with 13.4 rpg . He was limited to 71 games that season due to ankle injuries , his lowest since the 1977 -- 78 season . Malone scored 22.7 ppg in his second season with Philadelphia and was named to the All - NBA Second Team . Malone was selected again for the All - Star Game , but he was unable to play because of an ankle injury . During the season , he averaged 21.4 points with 13.8 rebounds in five games in the playoffs , but Philadelphia lost in a first - round upset against the New Jersey Nets . The Sixers selected Charles Barkley in the 1984 NBA draft . When he reported to training camp at 300 pounds ( 140 kg ) , Malone began to mentor him , encouraging him to get in better shape . Barkley got down to 255 pounds ( 116 kg ) and made the NBA All - Rookie Team . In the 1984 -- 85 season , Malone recorded 13.1 rpg , leading the NBA in rebounding for a record - setting fifth straight season ( since surpassed by Dennis Rodman with seven consecutive seasons ) . He was voted by a fan ballot to the All - Star team for the eighth time and finished the season with 24.6 ppg , which ranked ninth - best in the league . He received his fourth All - NBA First Team honor and finished third in the NBA Most Valuable Player Award balloting ; the award was won by Larry Bird . Malone scored his 15,000 th NBA point on November 28 and grabbed his 10,000 th NBA rebound on March 29 . He scored 51 points against the Detroit Pistons on November 14 . The 76ers reached the Eastern Conference Finals in 1985 but were defeated 4 -- 1 by the Celtics . Malone 's 1985 -- 86 season ended when he suffered an orbital fracture in his right eye in a March 28 game against the Milwaukee Bucks . Despite hopes that he might return during the playoffs , he was ruled out for the postseason . In the Eastern Conference Semifinals , Philadelphia lost 4 -- 3 to the Bucks . Malone averaged 23.8 points with 11.8 rebounds in 74 appearances that season . He ranked seventh in the league in scoring and fourth in rebounding , ending his five season streak as the NBA rebounding champion . Malone was named an All - Star , but he was not named to the All - NBA Team , the first time he was not selected since 1978 . Washington Bullets ( edit ) Shortly after the 1985 -- 86 season , Philadelphia traded Malone , Terry Catledge , and two first - round draft picks to the Washington Bullets in exchange for Jeff Ruland and Clifford T. Robinson . Malone bounced back from an injury - shortened 1985 -- 86 campaign , averaging 24.1 points with 11.3 rebounds . He was named to his 10th consecutive All - Star Game and again was named to the All - NBA Second Team . Malone was the only player to finish in the top 10 in both ppg and rpg ; he placed ninth in both categories . Malone scored his 20,000 th NBA point on April 12 against the Detroit Pistons . He scored 50 points versus the New Jersey Nets on April 8 , joining Earl Monroe ( 56 ) and Phil Chenier ( 52 ) as the only Bullets players ever to score 50 points in a game . Washington appeared in the postseason but was swept by the Pistons in the first round . During the season , Malone averaged 20.7 points with 12.7 rebounds in the series . In his 12th NBA season , Malone ranked eighth in the NBA in rebounding ( 11.2 ) and 19th in scoring ( 20.3 ) . Malone was named to his 11th consecutive All - Star Game in 1988 . Malone scored in double figures in 76 of 79 games and recorded 55 double - doubles for the year . The Bullets reached the 1988 NBA Playoffs , but Detroit defeated the Bullets 3 - 2 in their first - round series . Malone averaged 18.6 points with 11.2 rebounds in the series . Atlanta Hawks ( edit ) Before the 1988 -- 89 season , Malone agreed to a three - year deal to play with Atlanta . The Hawks , featuring Dominique Wilkins , had won at least 50 games the prior three season and believed the free agent center was a missing piece to a championship . During the season , Malone averaged 20.2 points with 11.8 rebounds , becoming the first and only player in professional history to average 20 points and 10 rebounds for four different teams . He was voted by a fan ballot to the 1989 NBA All - Star Game , which was his 12th straight and final appearance . Malone reached double figures in points in 75 of his 81 games and recorded double figures in rebounds 55 times . On February 4 , 1989 , he scored a season - high 37 points against the Phoenix Suns . The Hawks were eliminated in the first round of the playoffs by Milwaukee . In the series , Malone scored 21.0 ppg and had 12.0 rpg . The following season , Malone finished with 18.9 ppg and 10.0 rpg , ending a string of 11 consecutive 20 -- 10 campaigns . Malone led the NBA with 364 offensive rebounds and tied for eighth in rpg . In Mike Fratello 's final year as head coach , Atlanta finished with a 41 -- 41 record , failing to qualify for the playoffs . Malone began the 1990 -- 91 season as the Hawks ' starting center , but after 15 games , Atlanta 's new coach , Bob Weiss , made Jon Koncak the starter and Malone his backup for the final 67 contests . During the season , Malone averaged 10.6 points with 8.1 rebounds while playing 23.3 minutes per game -- all career lows at that point . On November 3 , against the Indiana Pacers , Malone became the NBA career leader in free throws made with 7,695 , besting the previous record set by Oscar Robertson . On November 21 , against the Bucks , Malone scored his 25,000 th career point . On March 15 , he recorded his 15,000 th career rebound against the Dallas Mavericks . Malone surpassed Wilt Chamberlain 's mark of consecutive games without fouling out with his 1,046 th straight game against the Detroit Pistons on April 19 . The Hawks returned to the playoffs but were eliminated in the first round by Detroit , 4 -- 1 . In the series , Malone averaged just 4.2 points with 6.2 rebounds . Milwaukee Bucks ( edit ) A free agent after the 1990 -- 91 season , Malone signed with the Bucks , who named him their starting center for the 1991 -- 92 season . Malone played in all 82 games that season and averaged 15.6 points with 9.1 rebounds . He led the Bucks in rebounding and finished second on the team in scoring . He scored a season - high 30 points twice and grabbed 19 rebounds against the Seattle SuperSonics on March 27 . Milwaukee finished with a 31 -- 51 record , tied for last place of the Central Division with the Charlotte Hornets . After one practice in training camp in October 1992 , Malone was sidelined due to a herniated disc in his back . After trying to play through the pain , he decided to have surgery in November . Recovery from the surgery caused Malone to miss the majority of the 1992 -- 93 season . He returned to the Bucks on March 27 , appearing in 11 games during the remainder of the season . Struggling with the younger players on their roster , the Bucks finished 28 -- 54 and last in the Central Division . Return to the 76ers ( edit ) The Sixers signed Malone as a free agent in August , so that he could back up 7 - foot - 6 - inch ( 2.29 m ) rookie Shawn Bradley and aid in Bradley 's development . Malone appeared in 55 games as a reserve for the 76ers , averaging 5.3 points with 4.1 rebounds . 76ers will retire his No. 2 posthumously in the 2016 -- 17 season . San Antonio Spurs ( edit ) In 1994 , Malone signed with the Spurs , where he was used as a back - up center to superstar David Robinson . The 1994 -- 95 NBA season was his last in the NBA , and at that time , he was the only remaining active former ABA player . During the final game of his NBA career , against the Charlotte Hornets , he hit a buzzer - beating three - point shot from the opposing free throw line , eighty feet away from the goal . It was only the eighth three - pointer of his career . He played 17 games for the Spurs . Player profile ( edit ) Malone stood 6 feet 10 inches ( 2.08 m ) and weighed 260 pounds ( 120 kg ) . He finished his career with the most combined ABA and NBA offensive rebounds ( 7,382 ) , 35 percent over runner - up Artis Gilmore . Nine times he led his respective league in offensive rebounds , and five other times he finished in the top - 3 . He also holds NBA records for the most offensive rebounds in a career ( 6,731 ) , season ( 587 ) , and game ( 21 ) . He was a 13 - time All - Star , and earned eight All - NBA selections , ranking seventh all - time with 29,580 points , and third with 17,834 rebounds . He also ranks second all - time in free throws made ( 9,018 ) and attempted ( 11,864 ) . Malone is one of just eight players who have been named NBA MVP three or more times . He led the league in rebounds six times , including five straight from 1980 through 1985 . He was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility in 2001 . Malone would often rebound his own misses . He would rush shots close to the basket knowing that he had the strength and quickness to recover the ball before his opponents . Some of his peers contended that he intentionally missed shots to pad his rebounding statistics . Malone wore down his opponents with his relentless effort and physical play . He was not a very good passer . When Carroll Dawson , an assistant coach with the Rockets , suggested that Malone needed to improve his passing , he replied that `` they ai n't paying me to pass . '' Awards and honors ( edit ) 1983 NBA Champion 1983 NBA Finals MVP Three - time NBA MVP 13 - time All - Star ( 1 ABA , 12 NBA ) Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame ( class of 2001 ) . Number 24 retired by the Houston Rockets Personal life ( edit ) Malone and his wife , Alfreda Gill , had two sons , Moses Eugene , Jr. ( b . 1979 ) and Michael Malone . Alfreda sued for divorce in September 1991 , on the grounds of irreconcilable differences , cruelty and adultery . She got a restraining order in June 1992 , ordering Malone to refrain from contact with her during the course of the lawsuit . At that time , Malone denied the abuse and threats to kill his wife ( claims that had been made by the lawyer for Malone 's wife ) . The divorce was granted in October 1992 . In January 1993 , Malone was arrested driving in Galveston , Texas , across Galveston Bay from his wife 's home , for having violated a peace bond Alfreda had obtained . Her affidavit for its issuance alleged that Malone had stalked her , illegally entered her home in League City , Texas , damaged her property and threatened to kill her . Malone posted bail and was released . At the time of his death , Malone was `` together '' with his girlfriend , Leah Nash , whom he had met in 2006 , though they did not marry nor live together . They had a six - year - old son , Micah Francois Malone . Death ( edit ) Malone died in his sleep at the age of 60 , on the morning of September 13 , 2015 , at a hotel in Norfolk , Virginia . He had been scheduled to play in a charity golf tournament that day and was found unresponsive in his room when he did not appear for breakfast or answer his phone . The Office of the Chief Medical Examiner for Virginia listed the cause of death as hypertensive and atherosclerotic heart disease . Malone had previously complained of an irregular heartbeat and was reported to have been wearing a heart monitor when he died . Malone is buried at Memorial Oaks Cemetery in Houston , Texas . NBA career statistics ( edit ) Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high † Denotes seasons in which Malone 's team won an NBA championship Led the league Bold Denotes career highs Regular season ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1974 -- 75 Utah ( ABA ) 83 - 38.6 . 571 . 000 . 635 14.6 1.0 1.0 1.5 18.8 1975 -- 76 St. Louis ( ABA ) 43 - 27.2 . 512 . 000 . 612 9.6 1.3 0.6 0.7 14.3 1976 -- 77 Buffalo - 3.0 . 000 . 000 . 000 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1976 -- 77 Houston 80 - 31.3 . 480 . 000 . 693 13.4 1.1 0.8 2.3 13.5 1977 -- 78 Houston 59 - 35.7 . 499 . 330 . 718 15.0 0.5 0.8 1.3 19.4 1978 -- 79 Houston 82 * - 41.3 * . 540 - . 739 17.6 * 1.8 1.0 1.5 24.8 1979 -- 80 Houston 82 - 38.3 . 502 . 000 . 719 14.5 1.8 1.0 1.3 25.8 1980 -- 81 Houston 80 - 40.6 . 522 . 333 . 757 14.8 * 1.8 1.0 1.9 27.8 1981 -- 82 Houston 81 81 42.0 . 519 . 000 . 762 14.7 * 1.8 0.9 1.5 31.1 1982 -- 83 † Philadelphia 78 78 37.5 . 501 . 000 . 761 15.3 * 1.3 1.1 2.0 24.5 1983 -- 84 Philadelphia 71 71 36.8 . 483 . 000 . 750 13.4 * 1.4 1.0 1.5 22.7 1984 -- 85 Philadelphia 79 79 37.4 . 469 . 000 . 815 13.1 * 1.6 0.8 1.6 24.6 1985 -- 86 Philadelphia 74 74 36.6 . 458 . 000 . 787 11.8 1.2 0.9 1.0 23.8 1986 -- 87 Washington 73 70 34.1 . 454 . 000 . 824 11.3 1.6 0.8 1.3 24.1 1987 -- 88 Washington 79 78 34.1 . 487 . 286 . 788 11.2 1.4 0.7 0.9 20.3 1988 -- 89 Atlanta 81 80 35.5 . 491 . 000 . 789 11.8 1.4 1.0 1.2 20.2 1989 -- 90 Atlanta 81 81 33.8 . 480 . 111 . 781 10.0 1.6 0.6 1.0 18.9 1990 -- 91 Atlanta 82 15 23.3 . 468 . 000 . 831 8.1 0.8 0.4 0.9 10.6 1991 -- 92 Milwaukee 82 77 30.6 . 474 . 375 . 786 9.1 1.1 0.9 0.8 15.6 1992 -- 93 Milwaukee 11 0 9.5 . 310 . 000 . 774 4.2 0.6 0.1 0.7 4.5 1993 -- 94 Philadelphia 55 0 11.2 . 440 . 000 . 769 4.1 0.6 0.2 0.3 5.3 1994 -- 95 San Antonio 17 0 8.8 . 371 . 500 . 688 2.7 0.4 0.1 0.2 2.9 Career 1455 784 34.0 . 495 . 096 . 760 12.3 1.3 0.8 1.3 20.3 Playoffs ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG Utah ( ABA ) 6 - 39.2 . 638 - . 667 17.5 1.5 0.0 1.5 22.7 1977 Houston 12 - 43.2 . 500 - . 692 16.9 0.6 1.1 1.8 18.8 1979 Houston - 39.0 . 528 - . 722 20.5 1.0 0.5 4.0 24.5 1980 Houston 7 - 39.3 . 536 . 000 . 767 13.9 1.0 0.6 2.3 25.9 1981 Houston 21 - 45.5 . 479 . 000 . 712 14.5 1.7 0.6 1.6 26.8 1982 Houston - 45.3 . 433 - . 933 17.0 3.3 0.7 0.7 24.0 1983 † Philadelphia 13 - 40.3 . 536 . 000 . 717 15.8 1.5 1.5 1.9 26.0 1984 Philadelphia 5 - 42.4 . 458 - . 969 13.8 1.4 0.6 2.2 21.4 1985 Philadelphia 13 13 38.8 . 425 . 000 . 796 10.6 1.8 1.3 1.7 20.2 Washington 38.0 . 447 - . 952 12.7 1.7 0.0 1.0 20.7 1988 Washington 5 5 39.6 . 462 . 000 . 825 11.2 1.4 0.6 0.8 18.6 1989 Atlanta 5 5 39.4 . 500 1.000 . 784 12.0 1.8 1.4 0.8 21.0 1991 Atlanta 5 0 16.8 . 200 . 000 . 929 6.2 0.6 0.4 0.2 4.2 Career 100 26 40.3 . 487 . 143 . 756 14.0 1.5 0.8 1.6 22.1 See also ( edit ) Biography portal National Basketball Association portal Virginia portal List of National Basketball Association players with 1000 games played List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association career blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association career turnovers leaders List of National Basketball Association career free throw scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career minutes played leaders List of National Basketball Association annual rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association players with most rebounds in a game List of National Basketball Association annual minutes leaders List of National Basketball Association seasons played leaders References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Three - time NBA MVP Moses Malone dies at age 60 '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Deford , Frank ( February 19 , 1979 ) . `` Bounding Into Prominence Moses Malone jumped from high school to the pros , where he has become the game 's top rebounder '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Goldstein , Richard ( September 13 , 2015 ) . `` Moses Malone , 76ers ' ' Chairman of the Boards , ' Dies at 60 '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mose Malone Will Drive Luxury Car to Maryland '' . The Day . June 21 , 1974 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 -- via Google News archive . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA History : Moses Malone Bio '' . National Basketball Association . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( via Google News archive ) : `` Moses malone : From Scared Prep PlayerTo A Confident Pro '' . Lakeland Ledger . March 30 , 1975 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` High School Players to enter NBA '' . infoplease.com . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( via Google News archive ) : `` ABA folds Utah Stars ; Spirits buy four stars '' . Bangor Daily News . December 3 , 1975 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , Broderick ( September 13 , 2015 ) . `` NBA Hall of Famer Moses Malone dies '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Abrams ( July 31 , 2006 ) . `` The TV Deal the NBA Wishes It Had Not Made '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bill Simmons ( 2010 ) . The Book of Basketball . ESPN Books . p. 1999 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 52010 - 4 . Jump up ^ ( via Google News archive ) : `` Moses Malone Traded to Buffalo '' . Daytona Beach Morning Journal . October 20 , 1976 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( via Google News archive ) : `` His 5th trade Malone travels '' . The Morning Record . October 26 , 1976 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Single Season Leaders and Records for Offensive Rebounds '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1976 -- 77 NBA Leaders '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Morales , Valerie ( September 13 , 2015 ) . `` Moses Malone , the Best Offensive Rebounder in NBA History '' . the Committed Generation . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 NBA Eastern Conference Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( via Google News archive ) : `` Malone plays young '' . The Milwaukee Sentinel . October 12 , 1991 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( via Google News archive ) : `` Malone Named most Valuable Player '' . Ludington Daily News . May 22 , 1979 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Moses Malone , basketball player who excelled at the offensive rebound , dies at 60 '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . September 13 , 2015 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA & ABA All - League Teams '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA & ABA All - Defensive Teams '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( via Google News archive ) : `` ' Rookie ' Malone Grabe 37Rebounds '' . The Dispatch . February 10 , 1979 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1980 NBA Eastern Conference Semifinals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1980 -- 81 NBA Leaders '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( via Google News archive ) : `` Malone'a 51points fuel Rockets ' romp '' . The Milwaukee Sentinel . March 12 , 1981 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA -- Moses Malone was NBA 's most underappreciated great player '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 NBA Western Conference First Round '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Penner , Mark ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` The Sixers trade for Moses Malone '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( via Google News archive ) : `` Mose Malone Traded '' . Observer - Reporter . September 16 , 1982 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Moses Malone , R.I.P. '' . The American Spectator . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Aschburner , Steve ( September 13 , 2015 ) . `` Moses Malone , dead at 60 , was an NBA elite '' . National Basketball Association . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Blount , Terry ( May 22 , 1994 ) . `` Hakeem : For the record / '' Kunta Kinte ' image was way off `` . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Araton , Harvey ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Moses Malone Was Easy to Overlook but Undeniably Great '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jones , Gordie ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Moses Malone : The ultimate hard hat and 1980s NBA icon '' . csnphilly.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Ring 's The Thing : Dr. J '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McMullen , Jackie ( September 13 , 2015 ) . `` How Moses Malone mentored a young Charles Barkley '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( via Google News archive ) : `` Sixersbreeze past Pacer '' . The Lewiston Daily Sun . November 27 , 1984 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( via Google News archive ) : `` Celtices hold off Sixer rally '' . Ellensburg Daily Record . March 30 , 1985 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 NBA Eastern Conference Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( via Google News archive ) : `` Sixers ' Malone ruled out of playoff '' . The Gainesville Sun . April 26 , 1986 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 NBA Eastern Conference Semifinals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 -- 86 Philadelphia 76ers '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 -- 86 NBA Leaders '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( via Google News archive ) : The Telegraph https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&dat=19860617&id=OrorAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SPwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6759,4955728&hl=en . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 -- via Google News Archive Search . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 1986 -- 87 NBA Leaders '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( via Google News archive ) : Pittsburgh Post-Gazette https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19870413&id=_65RAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5m0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=2862,4665806&hl=en . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 -- via Google News Archive Search . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ The Milwaukee Journal https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19870409&id=tmcaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hioEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6902,559913&hl=en . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 -- via Google News Archive Search . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 1987 NBA Eastern Conference First Round '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( via Google News archive ) : Ocala Star - Banner https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1356&dat=19880817&id=asVOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ww4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=2488,266888&hl=en . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 -- via Google News Archive Search . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 1989 NBA Eastern Conference First Round '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( via Google News archive ) : The Telegraph https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&dat=19901218&id=-pFKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=V5QMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6874,4091326&hl=en . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 -- via Google News Archive Search . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ ( via Google News archive ) : Rome News - Tribune https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=348&dat=19910118&id=mAFNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mDUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2946,2565444&hl=en . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 -- via Google News Archive Search . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ ( via Google News archive ) : The Daily Courier https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=894&dat=19960315&id=ch0OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=j30DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6831,1788037&hl=en . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 -- via Google News Archive Search . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ ( via Google News archive ) : Eugene Register - Guard https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1310&dat=19910420&id=QLVYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1esDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6841,4349229&hl=en . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 -- via Google News Archive Search . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 1991 NBA Eastern Conference First Round '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( via Google News archive ) : The Tuscaloosa News https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19910711&id=MDgdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xKUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6747,2117196&hl=en . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 -- via Google News Archive Search . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 1991 -- 92 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Malone has herniated disc '' . The Daily Gazette . October 15 , 1992 . p . C3 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 -- via Google News Archive Search . Jump up ^ Moscow - Pullman Daily News https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2026&dat=19921105&id=2L0jAAAAIBAJ&sjid=u9AFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3486,4041318&hl=en . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 -- via Google News Archive Search . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ ( via Google News archive ) : The Free Lance - Star https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=19921107&id=MeFLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fosDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5426,1035340&hl=en . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 -- via Google News Archive Search . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ ( via Google News archive ) : Reading Eagle https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19930812&id=hAIiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hKIFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5176,6734505&hl=en . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 -- via Google News Archive Search . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 1992 -- 93 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( via Google News archive ) : The Times - News https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1665&dat=19930813&id=QTIaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=UyUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6816,3068241&hl=en . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 -- via Google News Archive Search . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ ( via Google News archive ) : Moscow - Pullman Daily News https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2026&dat=19930817&id=ag0kAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_tAFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4771,4261638&hl=en . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 -- via Google News Archive Search . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 1993 -- 94 Philadelphia 76ers '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq Now Among Small Group Of Athletes Whose Numbers Have Been Retired By Multiple Teams '' . Shaq . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ ( via Google News archive ) : Herald - Journal https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1876&dat=19940826&id=GTIfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Ks8EAAAAIBAJ&pg=4007,3042448&hl=en . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 -- via Google News Archive Search . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` NBA legend , former Spur Moses Malone dies at 60 '' . Spurs Nation . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lyon , Bill ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Bill Lyon : Moses Malone a force like no other on the boards '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt ( September 13 , 2015 ) . `` Hall of Famer Moses Malone dies at age 60 '' . NBCSports.com . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rafferty , Scott ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` Andre Drummond channeling Moses Malone is scary for NBA centers '' . Sporting News . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Gracie ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Moses Malone : The ultimate hard hat and 1980s NBA icon '' . CSNPhilly.com . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The unwritten rules of sports -- in writing '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . January 11 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Watts , Slick ; Hughes , Frank ( 2005 ) . Slick Watts 's Tales from the Seattle SuperSonics . Sports Publishing . p. 123 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58261 - 904 - 0 . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cotton , Anthony ( December 10 , 1986 ) . `` Moses Malone Likes to Pound Opponents Into Submission '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Bill ( 2009 ) . The Book of Basketball . ESPN Books . p. 544 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 51176 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Kolenich , Eric ( 14 September 2015 ) . `` Moses Malone saw doctor , got heart monitor a week before death '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . BH Media Group Holdings , Inc . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Restraining order targets Malone '' . Gadsden Times . June 4 , 1992 . p . D3 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Judge puts restrictions on Malone '' . Lawrence Journal - World . June 4 , 1992 . p. 2D . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Moses Malone Divorce Case Settled '' . Chicago Tribune . October 11 , 1992 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Malone arrested on complaint from his ex-wife '' . The Milwaukee Journal . January 30 , 1993 . p . A 12 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Moses Eugene Malone ( 1955 - 2015 ) '' . Findagrave.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Heisler , Mark ( 2003 ) . Giants : The 25 Greatest Centers of All Time . Chicago : Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 57243 - 577 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Career statistics and player information from Basketball-Reference.com Malone 's Biography on the official NBA site Links to related articles Mr. Basketball USA winners 1955 : Chamberlain 1956 : Robertson 1957 : Lucas 1958 : Lucas 1959 : Raftery 1960 : Hawkins 1961 : Bradley 1962 : Russell 1963 : Lacy 1964 : Alcindor 1965 : Alcindor 1966 : Murphy 1967 : Haywood 1968 : Westphal 1969 : McGinnis 1970 : McMillen 1971 : Lucas 1972 : Buckner 1973 : Dantley 1974 : Malone 1975 : Cartwright 1976 : Griffith 1977 : King 1978 : Aguirre 1979 : Kellogg 1980 : Rivers 1981 : Ewing 1982 : Tisdale 1983 : R. Williams 1984 : J. Williams 1985 : Ferry 1986 : Reid 1987 : Johnson 1988 : Mourning 1989 : Anderson 1990 : Bailey 1991 : Webber 1992 : Kidd 1993 : Wallace 1994 : Lopez 1995 : Garnett 1996 : Bibby 1997 : McGrady 1998 : Lewis 1999 : Bender 2000 : Miles 2001 : Wagner 2002 : James 2003 : James 2004 : Telfair 2005 : Ellis 2006 : Oden 2007 : Mayo 2008 : Jennings 2009 : Favors 2010 : Barnes 2011 : Kidd - Gilchrist 2012 : Muhammad 2013 : Wiggins 2014 : Alexander 2015 : Simmons 2016 : Ball Philadelphia 76ers 1982 -- 83 NBA champions 2 Moses Malone ( Finals MVP ) 4 Clint Richardson 6 Julius Erving 8 Marc Iavaroni 10 Maurice Cheeks 14 Franklin Edwards 22 Andrew Toney 24 Bobby Jones 25 Earl Cureton 31 Mark McNamara 33 Reggie Johnson 45 Clemon Johnson Head coach Billy Cunningham Assistant coaches Matt Guokas Jack McMahon Regular season Playoffs Houston Rockets Founded in 1967 Played in San Diego ( 1967 -- 1971 ) Based in Houston , Texas Franchise Franchise History Expansion Draft All - time roster Seasons Records Draft history Head coaches Current season Arenas San Diego Sports Arena Hofheinz Pavilion HemisFair Arena The Summit / Compaq Center Toyota Center Culture and lore Red Rowdies Clutch City Clutch the Rockets Bear The Clock Incident 13 points in 35 seconds The Kiss of Death The Dream Shake 22 in a row Arrest of O.J. 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Buford Head coach Gregg Popovich Current roster G League affiliate Austin Spurs Rivalries Houston Rockets Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Media TV KENS KMYS Fox Sports Southwest Radio KCOR ( Spanish ) WOAI ( English ) Announcers Bill Land Sean Elliott Bill Schoening Paul Castro Culture and lore The Coyote The Twin Towers The Big Three Memorial Day Miracle Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Class of 2001 Players Moses Malone Coach John Chaney Mike Krzyzewski Members of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Players Guards Archibald Beckman Belov Bing Blazejowski Borgmann Brennan Cervi Cooper - Dyke Cousy Dampier Davies Drexler Dumars Edwards Frazier Friedman Galis Gervin Goodrich Greer Guerin Hanson Haynes Holman Hyatt Isaacs Iverson Jeannette D. Johnson E. Johnson K. Jones S. Jones Jordan Lieberman Maravich Marcari Marčiulionis Martin McDermott McGrady McGuire Meyers R. Miller Monroe Murphy Page Payton Petrović Phillip Posey Richmond Robertson Rodgers Roosma Russell Schommer Sedran Sharman Staley Steinmetz Stockton Swoopes Thomas Thompson Vandivier Wanzer West J. White Wilkens Woodard Wooden Forwards Arizin Barkley Barry Baylor Bird Bradley R. Brown Cunningham Curry Dalipagić Dantley DeBusschere Dehnert Endacott English Erving Foster Fulks Gale Gates Gola Hagan Havlicek Hawkins Hayes Haywood Heinsohn Howell G. Johnson King Lucas Luisetti K. Malone McClain B. McCracken J. McCracken McHale Mikkelsen C. Miller Mullin Pettit Pippen Pollard Ramsey Rodman Schayes E. Schmidt O. Schmidt Stokes Thompson Twyman Walker N. White Wilkes Wilkins Worthy Yardley Centers Abdul - Jabbar Barlow Beaty Bellamy Chamberlain Ćosić Cowens Crawford Daniels DeBernardi Donovan Ewing Gallatin Gilmore Gruenig Harris - Stewart Houbregs Issel W. Johnson Johnston Krause Kurland Lanier Leslie Lovellette Lapchick Macauley M. Malone McAdoo Meneghin Mikan Mourning Murphy Mutombo Olajuwon O'Neal Parish Pereira Reed Risen Robinson Russell Sabonis Sampson Semjonova Thurmond Unseld Wachter Walton Yao Coaches Alexeeva Allen Anderson Auerbach Auriemma Barmore Barry Blood Boeheim Brown Calhoun Calipari Cann Carlson Carnesecca Carnevale Carril Case Chancellor Chaney Conradt Crum Daly Dean Díaz - Miguel Diddle Drake Ferrándiz Gaines Gamba Gardner Gaze Gill Gomelsky Gunter Hannum Harshman Haskins Hatchell Heinsohn Hickey Hobson Holzman Hurley Iba Izzo Jackson Julian Keaney Keogan Knight Krzyzewski Kundla Lambert Leonard Lewis Litwack Loeffler Lonborg Magee McCutchan A. McGuire F. McGuire McLendon Meanwell Meyer Miller Moore Nelson Nikolić Novosel Olson Pitino Ramsay Richardson Riley Rubini Rupp Rush Sachs Sharman Shelton Sloan Smith Stringer Summitt Tarkanian Taylor Teague Thompson VanDerveer Wade Watts Wilkens G. Williams R. Williams Wooden Woolpert Wootten Yow Contributors Abbott Barksdale Bee Biasone H. Brown W. Brown Bunn Buss Clifton Colangelo Cooper Davidson Douglas Duer Embry Fagan Fisher Fleisher Gavitt Gottlieb Granik Gulick Harrison Hearn Henderson Hepp Hickox Hinkle Irish Jones Kennedy Knight Lemon Liston Lloyd McLendon Mokray Morgan Morgenweck Naismith Newell Newton J. O'Brien L. O'Brien Olsen Podoloff Porter Raveling Reid Reinsdorf Ripley Sanders Saperstein Schabinger St. John Stagg Stanković Steitz Stern Taylor Tower Trester Vitale Wells Wilke Winter Zollner Referees Bavetta Enright Garretson Hepbron Hoyt Kennedy Leith Mihalik Nichols Nucatola Quigley Rudolph Shirley Strom Tobey Walsh Teams 1960 United States Olympic Team 1992 United States Olympic Team All - American Red Heads Buffalo Germans The First Team Harlem Globetrotters Immaculata College New York Renaissance Original Celtics Texas Western National Basketball Association 's 50 Greatest Players in NBA History Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Nate Archibald Paul Arizin Charles Barkley Rick Barry Elgin Baylor Dave Bing Larry Bird Wilt Chamberlain Bob Cousy Dave Cowens Billy Cunningham Dave DeBusschere Clyde Drexler Julius Erving Patrick Ewing Walt Frazier George Gervin Hal Greer John Havlicek Elvin Hayes Magic Johnson Sam Jones Michael Jordan Jerry Lucas Karl Malone Moses Malone Pete Maravich Kevin McHale George Mikan Earl Monroe Hakeem Olajuwon Shaquille O'Neal Robert Parish Bob Pettit Scottie Pippen Willis Reed Oscar Robertson David Robinson Bill Russell Dolph Schayes Bill Sharman John Stockton Isiah Thomas Nate Thurmond Wes Unseld Bill Walton Jerry West Lenny Wilkens James Worthy ABA All - Time Team Marvin Barnes Rick Barry Zelmo Beaty Ron Boone Roger Brown Mack Calvin Darel Carrier Billy Cunningham Louie Dampier Mel Daniels Julius Erving Donnie Freeman George Gervin Artis Gilmore Connie Hawkins Spencer Haywood Dan Issel Warren Jabali Jimmy Jones Freddie Lewis Maurice Lucas Moses Malone George McGinnis Doug Moe Bob Netolicky Billy Paultz Charlie Scott James Silas David Thompson Willie Wise Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award 1969 : West 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Chamberlain 1973 : Reed 1974 : Havlicek 1975 : Barry 1976 : White 1977 : Walton 1978 : Unseld 1979 : D. Johnson 1980 : E. Johnson 1981 : Maxwell 1982 : E. Johnson 1983 : Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Bird 1987 : E. Johnson 1988 : Worthy 1989 : Dumars 1990 : Thomas 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Olajuwon 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Duncan 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : O'Neal 2002 : O'Neal 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Billups 2005 : Duncan 2006 : Wade 2007 : Parker 2008 : Pierce 2009 : Bryant 2010 : Bryant 2011 : Nowitzki 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Leonard 2015 : Iguodala 2016 : James 2017 : Durant NBA Most Valuable Player Award 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Russell 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Russell 1962 : Russell 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Russell 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Chamberlain 1968 : Chamberlain 1969 : Unseld 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Abdul - Jabbar 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : Abdul - Jabbar 1977 : Abdul - Jabbar 1978 : Walton 1979 : M. Malone 1980 : Abdul - Jabbar 1981 : Erving 1982 : M. Malone 1983 : M. Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Bird 1986 : Bird 1987 : Johnson 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Johnson 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Barkley 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Robinson 1996 : Jordan 1997 : K. Malone 1998 : Jordan 1999 : K. Malone 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Duncan 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Garnett 2005 : Nash 2006 : Nash 2007 : Nowitzki 2008 : Bryant 2009 : James 2010 : James 2011 : Rose 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook NBA season rebounding leaders 1951 : Schayes 1952 : Foust and Hutchins 1953 : Mikan 1954 : Gallatin 1955 : Johnston 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Stokes 1958 : Russell 1959 : Russell 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Chamberlain 1962 : Chamberlain 1963 : Chamberlain 1964 : Russell 1965 : Russell 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Chamberlain 1968 : Chamberlain 1969 : Chamberlain 1970 : Hayes 1971 : Chamberlain 1972 : Chamberlain 1973 : Chamberlain 1974 : Hayes 1975 : Unseld 1976 : Abdul - Jabbar 1977 : Walton 1978 : T. Robinson 1979 : Malone 1980 : Nater 1981 : Malone 1982 : Malone 1983 : Malone 1984 : Malone 1985 : Malone 1986 : Laimbeer 1987 : Barkley 1988 : Cage 1989 : Olajuwon 1990 : Olajuwon 1991 : D. Robinson 1992 : Rodman 1993 : Rodman 1994 : Rodman 1995 : Rodman 1996 : Rodman 1997 : Rodman 1998 : Rodman 1999 : Webber 2000 : Mutombo 2001 : Mutombo 2002 : Wallace 2003 : Wallace 2004 : Garnett 2005 : Garnett 2006 : Garnett 2007 : Garnett 2008 : Howard 2009 : Howard 2010 : Howard 2011 : Love 2012 : Howard 2013 : Howard 2014 : Jordan 2015 : Jordan 2016 : Drummond 2017 : Whiteside VIAF : 35808301 LCCN : n82146147 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moses_Malone&oldid=799163428 '' Categories : 1955 births 2015 deaths African - American basketball players American men 's basketball players Atlanta Hawks players Basketball players from Virginia Buffalo Braves players Centers ( basketball ) Houston Rockets players Milwaukee Bucks players Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees National Basketball Association All - Stars National Basketball Association broadcasters National Basketball Association players with retired numbers Parade High School All - Americans ( boys ' basketball ) Sportspeople from Petersburg , Virginia Philadelphia 76ers players San Antonio Spurs players Spirits of St. Louis players Utah Stars draft picks Utah Stars players Washington Bullets players Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use mdy dates from September 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Malagasy Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Volapük 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 September 2017 , at 01 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many years did moses malone lead the league in rebounds	[ "Malone led the NBA in rebounding six times, including a then-record five straight seasons (1981–1985). He finished his career as the all-time leader in offensive rebounds after leading both the ABA and NBA in the category a combined nine times. Malone was nicknamed \"Chairman of the Boards\" for his rebounding prowess.[1] Combining his ABA and NBA statistics, he ranks seventh all-time in career points (29,580) and third in total rebounds (17,834). He was named to both the ABA All-Time Team and the NBA's 50th Anniversary All-Time Team." ]	[ "six" ]
528173374352375584	History of the Brooklyn Dodgers	History of the Brooklyn Dodgers - wikipedia History of the Brooklyn Dodgers Jump to : navigation , search `` Brooklyn Dodgers '' redirects here . For other teams named Brooklyn Dodgers , see Brooklyn Dodgers ( disambiguation ) . For the history of the team from 1958 onward , see History of the Los Angeles Dodgers . For information on the franchise in general , see Los Angeles Dodgers . Brooklyn Dodgers Team Photograph , 1913 The Brooklyn Dodgers was an American Major League baseball team , active primarily in the National League from 1884 until 1957 , after which the club moved to Los Angeles , where it continues its history as the Los Angeles Dodgers . The team 's name derived from the reputed skill of Brooklyn residents at evading the city 's trolley streetcar network . The Dodgers played in two stadiums in South Brooklyn , each named Washington Park , and at Eastern Park in the neighborhood of Brownsville before moving to Ebbets Field in the neighborhood of Flatbush in 1913 . The team is noted for signing Jackie Robinson in 1947 as the first black player in the modern major leagues . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early Brooklyn baseball 1.1 The origin of the Dodgers 1.2 Nicknames 2 Rivalry with the Giants 2.1 `` Uncle Robbie '' and the `` Daffiness Boys '' 3 Breaking the color barrier 4 `` Wait ' til next year ! '' 5 Move to California 6 References 7 Other reading Early Brooklyn baseball ( edit ) The 1865 Atlantics were one of the first dynasties in organized baseball Brooklyn was home to numerous baseball clubs in the mid-1850s . Eight of 16 participants in the first convention were from Brooklyn , including the Atlantic , Eckford , and Excelsior clubs that combined to dominate play for most of the 1860s . Brooklyn helped make baseball commercial , as the locale of the first paid admission games , a series of three all star contests matching New York and Brooklyn in 1858 . Brooklyn also featured the first two enclosed baseball grounds , the Union Grounds and the Capitoline Grounds ; enclosed , dedicated ballparks accelerated the evolution from amateurism to professionalism . Despite the early success of Brooklyn clubs in the National Association of Base Ball Players , officially amateur until 1869 , they fielded weak teams in the succeeding National Association of Professional Base Ball Players , the first professional league formed in 1871 . The Excelsiors no longer challenged for the amateur championship after the Civil War and never entered the professional NA . The Eckfords and Atlantics declined to join until 1872 and thereby lost their best players ; the Eckfords survived only one season and the Atlantics four , with losing teams . The National League replaced the NA in 1876 and granted exclusive territories to its eight members , excluding the Atlantics in favor of the New York Mutuals who had shared home grounds with the Atlantics . When the Mutuals were expelled by the league , the Hartford Dark Blues club moved in , changed its name to The Brooklyn Hartfords and played its home games at Union Grounds in 1877 before disbanding . The origin of the Dodgers ( edit ) The team currently known as the Dodgers was formed as the Brooklyn Grays in 1883 by real estate magnate and baseball enthusiast Charles Byrne , who convinced his brother - in - law Joseph Doyle and casino operator Ferdinand Abell to start the team with him . Byrne arranged to build a grandstand on a lot bounded by Third Street , Fourth Avenue , Fifth Street , and Fifth Avenue , and named it Washington Park in honor of George Washington . The Grays played in the minor Inter-State Association of Professional Baseball Clubs that first season . Doyle became the first team manager , and they drew 6,431 fans to their first home game on May 12 , 1883 against the Trenton team . The Grays won the league title after the Camden Merritt club disbanded on July 20 and Brooklyn picked up some of its better players . The Grays were invited to join the American Association for the 1884 season . After winning the American Association league championship in 1889 , the Grays ( by then nicknamed the `` Bridegrooms '' ) moved to the National League and won the 1890 NL Championship , the only Major League team to win consecutive championships in both professional `` base ball '' leagues . They lost the 1889 World Series to the New York Giants and tied the 1890 World Series with the Louisville Colonels . Their success during this period was partly attributed to their having absorbed skilled players from the defunct New York Metropolitans and Brooklyn Ward 's Wonders . In 1899 , most of the original Baltimore Orioles stars moved to the Grays ( Bridegrooms ) along with Orioles manager Ned Hanlon who became the club 's new manager under Charles Ebbets , who had by now accumulated an 80 % share of the club . The new combined team was dubbed the `` Superbas '' by the press and would become the champions of the National League in 1899 and again in 1900 . Nicknames ( edit ) Logo of the Brooklyn Dodgers / Superbas from 1910 through 1913 The team name , Brooklyn Trolley Dodgers , was coined in 1895 . The nickname was still new enough in September 1895 that a newspaper could report that `` ' Trolley Dodgers ' is the new name which eastern baseball cranks ( fans ) have given the Brooklyn club . '' In 1895 , Brooklyn played at Eastern Park , bounded by Eastern Parkway ( now Pitkin Avenue ) , Powell Street , Sutter Avenue , Van Sinderen Street , where they had moved early in the 1891 season when the second Washington Park burned down . Some sources erroneously report that the name `` Trolley Dodgers '' referred to pedestrians avoiding fast cars on street car tracks that bordered Eastern Park on two sides . However , Eastern Park was not bordered by street - level trolley lines that had to be `` dodged '' by pedestrians . The name `` Trolley Dodgers '' implied the dangers posed by trolley cars in Brooklyn generally , which in 1892 , began the switch from horse - power to electrical power , which made them much faster , and were hence regarded as more dangerous . The name was later shortened to Brooklyn Dodgers . The `` Trolley Dodgers '' name was later adopted by the team for the 1911 and 1912 seasons , and the `` Dodgers '' name was used in 1913 . Other team names used by the franchise that finally came to be called `` the Dodgers '' were the Atlantics ( 1884 , not directly related to the earlier Brooklyn Atlantics ) , Bridegrooms or Grooms ( 1888 - 1898 ) , Ward 's Wonders , the Superbas ( 1899 - 1910 ) , and the Robins ( 1914 - 1931 ) . All of these nicknames were used by fans and newspaper sports writers to describe the team , often concurrently , but not in any official capacity . The team 's legal name was the Brooklyn Base Ball Club . However , the `` Trolley Dodgers '' nickname was used throughout this period , along with other nicknames , by fans and sports writers of the day . The team did not use the name in a formal sense until 1932 , when the word `` Dodgers '' appeared on team jerseys . The `` conclusive shift '' came in 1933 , when both home and road jerseys for the team bore the name `` Dodgers '' . Examples of how the many popularized names of the team were used interchangeably are available from newspaper articles from the period before 1932 . A New York Times article describing a game the Dodgers played in 1916 starts out by referring to how `` Jimmy Callahan , pilot of the Pirates , did his best to wreck the hopes the Dodgers have of gaining the National League pennant '' , but then goes on to comment , `` the only thing that saved the Superbas from being toppled from first place was that the Phillies lost one of the two games played . '' Most baseball statistics sites and baseball historians generally now refer to the pennant - winning 1916 Brooklyn team as the Robins . A 1918 New York Times article used the nickname Robins in its title `` Buccaneers Take Last From Robins '' , but the subtitle of the article reads `` Subdue The Superbas By 11 To 4 , Making Series An Even Break '' . Another example of the interchangeability of different nicknames is found on the program issued at Ebbets Field for the 1920 World Series , which identifies the matchup in the series as `` Dodgers vs. Indians '' , despite the fact that the Robins nickname had been in consistent usage at this point for around six years . Rivalry with the Giants ( edit ) Main article : Dodgers -- Giants rivalry The historic and heated rivalry between the Dodgers and the Giants is more than a century old . It began when the Dodgers and Giants faced each other in the 1889 World Series , the ancestor of the Subway Series , and both played in separate cities ( the Dodgers in Brooklyn and the Giants in New York City Manhattan ) . When both franchises moved to California after the 1957 season , the rivalry was easily transplanted , as the cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco have long been rivals in economics , culture , and politics . `` Uncle Robbie '' and the `` Daffiness Boys '' ( edit ) Manager Wilbert Robinson , another former Oriole , popularly known as `` Uncle Robbie '' , restored the Brooklyn team to respectability . His `` Brooklyn Robins '' reached the 1916 and 1920 World Series , losing both , but contending perennially for several seasons . Charles Ebbets and Ed McKeever died within a week of each other in 1925 , and Robbie was named president while still field manager . Upon assuming the title of president , however , Robinson 's ability to focus on the field declined , and the teams of the late 1920s were often fondly referred to as the `` Daffiness Boys '' for their distracted , error - ridden style of play . Outfielder Babe Herman was the leader both in hitting and in zaniness . The signature Dodger play from this era occurred when three players -- Dazzy Vance , Chick Fewster , and Herman -- ended up at third base at the same time . ( The play is often remembered as Herman `` tripling into a triple play '' , though only two of the three players were declared out and Herman was credited with a double rather than a triple . ) Herman later complained that no one remembered that he drove in the winning run on the play . The incident led to the popular joke : `` The Dodgers have three men on base ! '' `` Oh , yeah ? Which base ? '' After his removal as club president , Robinson returned to managing , and the club 's performance rebounded somewhat . When Robinson retired in 1931 , he was replaced as manager by Max Carey . Although some suggested renaming the `` Robins '' the `` Brooklyn Canaries '' , after Carey , whose last name was originally `` Carnarius '' , the name `` Brooklyn Dodgers '' returned to stay following Robinson 's retirement . It was during this era that Willard Mullin , a noted sports cartoonist , fixed the Brooklyn team with the lovable nickname of `` Dem Bums '' . After hearing his cab driver ask , `` So how did those bums do today ? '' , Mullin decided to sketch an exaggerated version of famed circus clown Emmett Kelly to represent the Dodgers in his much - praised cartoons in the New York World - Telegram . Both image and nickname caught on , so much so that many a Dodger yearbook cover , from 1951 through 1957 , featured a Willard Mullin illustration of the Brooklyn Bum . Perhaps the highlight of the Daffiness Boys era came after Wilbert Robinson left the dugout . In 1934 , Giants player / manager Bill Terry was asked about the Dodgers ' chances in the coming pennant race and cracked infamously , `` Is Brooklyn still in the league ? '' Managed then by Casey Stengel , who played for the Dodgers in the 1910s and went on to greatness managing the New York Yankees , the 1934 Dodgers were determined to make their presence felt . As it happened , the season entered its final games with the Giants tied with the St. Louis Cardinals for the pennant , with the Giants ' remaining games against the Dodgers . Stengel led his Bums to the Polo Grounds for the showdown , and they beat the Giants twice to knock them out of the pennant race . The `` Gashouse Gang '' Cardinals nailed the pennant by beating the Cincinnati Reds those same two days . One key development during this era was the 1938 appointment of Leland `` Larry '' MacPhail as Dodgers ' general manager . MacPhail , who brought night games to Major League Baseball as general manager of the Reds , also started night baseball in Brooklyn and ordered the successful refurbishing of Ebbets Field . He also brought Reds voice Red Barber to Brooklyn as the Dodgers ' lead announcer in 1939 , just after MacPhail broke the New York baseball executives ' agreement to ban live baseball broadcasts , enacted because of the fear of the effect of radio calls on the home teams ' attendance . MacPhail remained with the Dodgers until 1942 , when he returned to the Armed Forces for World War II . He later became one of the Yankees ' co-owners , bidding unsuccessfully for Barber to join him in the Bronx as announcer . The first major - league baseball game to be televised was Brooklyn 's 6 -- 1 victory over Cincinnati at Ebbets Field on August 26 , 1939 . Batting helmets were introduced to Major League Baseball by the Dodgers in 1941 . Breaking the color barrier ( edit ) Jackie Robinson . For most of the first half of the 20th century , no Major League Baseball team employed a black player . A parallel system of Negro Leagues developed , but most of the Negro League players were denied a chance to prove their skill before a national audience . Jackie Robinson became the first African - American to play Major League baseball in the 20th Century when he played his first major league game on April 15 , 1947 as a member of the Brooklyn Dodgers . Robinson 's entry into the league was mainly due to General Manager Branch Rickey 's efforts . The deeply religious Rickey 's motivation appears to have been primarily moral , although business considerations were also present . Rickey was a member of the Methodist Church , the antecedent denomination to the United Methodist Church of today , which was a strong advocate for social justice and active later in the Civil Rights Movement . Besides selecting Robinson for his exceptional baseball skills , Rickey also considered Robinson 's outstanding personal character , his UCLA education and rank of captain in the U.S. Army in his decision , since he knew that boos , taunts , and criticism was going to be directed at Robinson , and that Robinson had to be tough enough to withstand abuse without attempting to retaliate . The inclusion of Robinson on the team also led the Dodgers to move its spring training site . Prior to 1946 , the Dodgers held their spring training in Jacksonville , Florida . However , the city 's stadium refused to host an exhibition game with the Montreal Royals -- the Dodgers ' own farm club -- on whose roster Robinson appeared at the time , citing segregation laws . Nearby Sanford similarly declined . Ultimately , City Island Ballpark in Daytona Beach agreed to host the game with Robinson on the field . The team traveled to Havana , Cuba for spring training in 1947 , this time with Robinson on the big club . Although the Dodgers ultimately built Dodgertown and its Holman Stadium further south in Vero Beach , and played there for 61 spring training seasons from 1948 through 2008 , Daytona Beach renamed City Island Ballpark to Jackie Robinson Ballpark in his honor . This event marked the continuation of the integration of professional sports in the United States , with professional football having led the way in 1946 , with the concomitant demise of the Negro Leagues , and is regarded as a key moment in the history of the American civil rights movement . Robinson was an exceptional player , a speedy runner who sparked the team with his intensity . He was the inaugural recipient of the Rookie of the Year award , which is now named the Jackie Robinson award in his honor . The Dodgers ' willingness to integrate , when most other teams refused to , was a key factor in their 1947 -- 1956 success . They won six pennants in those 10 years with the help of Robinson , three - time MVP Roy Campanella , Cy Young Award winner Don Newcombe , Jim Gilliam , and Joe Black . Robinson eventually became the first African - American elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962 . `` Wait ' til next year ! '' ( edit ) After the wilderness years of the 1920s and 1930s , the Dodgers were rebuilt into a contending club first by general manager Larry MacPhail and then the legendary Branch Rickey . Led by Jackie Robinson , Pee Wee Reese , and Gil Hodges in the infield , Duke Snider and Carl Furillo in the outfield , Roy Campanella behind the plate , and Don Newcombe , Carl Erskine , and Preacher Roe on the pitcher 's mound , the Dodgers won pennants in 1941 , 1947 , 1949 , 1952 , and 1953 , only to fall to the New York Yankees in all five of the subsequent World Series . The annual ritual of building excitement , followed in the end by disappointment , became a common pattern to the long suffering fans , and `` Wait ' til next year ! '' became an unofficial Dodger slogan . While the Dodgers generally enjoyed success during this period , in 1951 they fell victim to one of the largest collapses in the history of baseball . On August 11 , 1951 , Brooklyn led the National League by an enormous 131⁄2 games over their archrivals , the Giants . While the Dodgers went 26 -- 22 from that time until the end of the season , the Giants went on an absolute tear , winning an amazing 37 of their last 44 games , including their last seven in a row . At the end of the season the Dodgers and the Giants were tied for first place , forcing a three - game playoff for the pennant . The Giants took Game 1 by a score of 3 -- 1 before being shut out by the Dodgers ' Clem Labine in Game 2 , 10 -- 0 . It all came down to the final game , and Brooklyn seemed to have the pennant locked up , holding a 4 -- 2 lead in the bottom of the ninth inning . Giants outfielder Bobby Thomson , however , hit a stunning three - run walk - off home run off the Dodgers ' Ralph Branca to secure the NL Championship for New York . To this day Thomson 's home run is known as the Shot Heard ' Round The World . In 1955 , by which time the core of the Dodger team was beginning to age , `` next year '' finally came . The fabled `` Boys of Summer '' shot down the `` Bronx Bombers '' in seven games , led by the first - class pitching of young left - hander Johnny Podres , whose key pitch was a changeup known as `` pulling down the lampshade '' because of the arm motion used right when the ball was released . Podres won two Series games , including the deciding seventh . The turning point of Game 7 was a spectacular double play that began with left fielder Sandy Amorós running down Yogi Berra 's long fly ball , then throwing to shortstop Pee Wee Reese , who relayed to first baseman Gil Hodges to double up a surprised Gil McDougald to preserve the Dodger lead . Hank Bauer grounded out and the Dodgers won 2 -- 0 . Although the Dodgers lost the World Series to the Yankees in 1956 during which the Yankees pitcher Don Larsen pitched the only World Series perfect game in baseball history and the only post-season no - hitter for the next 54 years , it hardly seemed to matter . Brooklyn fans had their memory of triumph , and soon that was all they were left with -- a victory that was remembered decades later in the Billy Joel single `` We Did n't Start the Fire '' , which included the line , `` Brooklyn 's got a winning team . '' Move to California ( edit ) Real estate businessman Walter O'Malley had acquired majority ownership of the Dodgers in 1950 , when he bought the shares of team co-owners Branch Rickey and the estate of John L. Smith . Before long , O'Malley was working to buy new land in Brooklyn for a new , more accessible and better ballpark than Ebbets Field . Beloved as it was , Ebbets Field had grown old and was not well served by infrastructure , to the point where the Dodgers could not `` sell out '' the park to maximum capacity even in the heat of a pennant race , despite dominating the league from 1946 to 1957 . New York City Construction Coordinator Robert Moses , however , sought to force O'Malley into using a site in Flushing Meadows , Queens -- the eventual location of Shea Stadium , the home of the future New York Mets . Moses ' vision involved a city - built , city - owned park , which was greatly at odds with O'Malley's real - estate savvy . When O'Malley realized that he was not going to be allowed to buy a suitable parcel of land in Brooklyn , he began thinking of team relocation . O'Malley was free to purchase land of his own choosing but wanted Robert Moses to condemn one parcel of land along the Atlantic Railroad Yards in downtown Brooklyn under Title I authority , after O'Malley had bought the bulk of the land he had in mind . Title I gave the city municipality power to condemn land for the purpose of building what it calls `` public purpose '' projects . Moses ' interpretation of `` public purpose '' included public parks , public housing and public highways and bridges . What O'Malley wanted was for Moses to use Title I authority , rather than to pay market value for the land . With Title I the city via Robert Moses could have sold the land to O'Malley at a below market price . Moses refused to honor O'Malley's request and responded , `` If you want the land so bad , why do n't you purchase it with your own money ? '' Meanwhile , non-stop transcontinental airline travel had become routine during the years since the Second World War , and teams were no longer bound by much slower railroad timetables . Because of civil aviation advances , it became possible to locate teams farther apart -- as far west as California -- while maintaining the same busy game schedules . When Los Angeles officials attended the 1956 World Series looking to entice a team to move there , they were not even thinking of the Dodgers . Their original target had been the Washington Senators franchise , which moved to Bloomington , Minnesota to become the Minnesota Twins in 1961 . At the same time , O'Malley was looking for a contingency in case Moses and other New York politicians refused to let him build the Brooklyn stadium he wanted , and sent word to the Los Angeles officials that he was interested in talking . Los Angeles offered him what New York did not : a chance to buy land suitable for building a ballpark , and own that ballpark , giving him complete control over all its revenue streams . Meanwhile , Giants owner Horace Stoneham was having similar difficulty finding a replacement for his team 's antiquated home stadium , the Polo Grounds . Stoneham was considering moving the Giants to Minneapolis , but was persuaded instead to move them to San Francisco , ensuring that the Dodgers had a National League rival closer than St. Louis . So the two arch - rival teams , the Dodgers and Giants , moved out to the West Coast together after the 1957 season . The Brooklyn Dodgers played their final game at Ebbets Field on September 24 , 1957 , which the Dodgers won 2 -- 0 over the Pittsburgh Pirates . On April 18 , 1958 , the Los Angeles Dodgers played their first game in L.A. , defeating the former New York and newly relocated and renamed San Francisco Giants , 6 -- 5 , before 78,672 fans at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . Sadly , catcher Roy Campanella , left partially paralyzed in an off - season accident , was never able to play for Los Angeles . A 2007 HBO film , Brooklyn Dodgers : The Ghosts of Flatbush , is a documentary covering the Dodgers history from early days to the beginning of the Los Angeles era . In the film , the story is related that O'Malley was so hated by Brooklyn Dodger fans after the move to California , that it was said , `` If you asked a Brooklyn Dodger fan , if you had a gun with only two bullets in it and were in a room with Hitler , Stalin and O'Malley , who would you shoot ? The answer : O'Malley , twice ! '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jackson , Kenneth T . The Encyclopedia of New York City , Second Edition , 2010 . pp. 176 - 177 Jump up ^ `` 1877 Hartford Dark Blues -- Statistics and Roster '' . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Lowry , Philip J. ( 2006 ) . Green Cathedrals . New York , N.Y. : Walker and Company . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8027 - 1562 - 3 . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . Jump up ^ The Giants and the Dodgers : four ... -- Andrew Goldblatt -- Google Boeken Jump up ^ Okrent , Daniel ( 1988 ) . The Ultimate Baseball Book . Boston , USA : Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 352 . ISBN 0395361451 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Peter Jensen . `` The Grim Reality of the Trolley Dodgers '' . Early Sports ' n Pop - Culture Blog . Retrieved 13 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sports of All Sorts '' . The Roanoke Times . September 13 , 1895 . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Brown , Peter Jensen . `` Rail Service to Eastern Park Brooklyn '' . Early Sports ' n Pop - Culture Blog . Retrieved 13 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers Timeline '' . Los Angeles Dodgers . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Eight Straight Games '' . Brooklyn Eagle . 3 June 1888 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wants More About the Brooklyn Team and Less About Ward '' . Brooklyn Eagle . 21 April 1892 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hits from the Diamond '' . Brooklyn Eagle . 12 August 1899 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Braves Win in 13th '' . New York Times . 3 June 1914 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Ball Parks '' . BrooklynBallParks.com . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Dressed to the Nines Uniform Database '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bernado , Leonard ; Weiss , Jennifer ( 2006 ) . Brooklyn By Name : From Bedford - Stuyvesant to Flatbush Avenue , And From Ebbets Field To Williamsburg . New York : New York University Press . p. 81 . Jump up ^ `` Buccaneers Rout Sleepy Superbas '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . 1916 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Buccaneers Take Last From Robins '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . 1918 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/store/new-york-times-baseball-history-book-nsbb.html Jump up ^ File : 1920 World Series program. jpg -- Wikimedia Commons Jump up ^ `` Dodgers Timeline '' . Los Angeles Dodgers . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers Timeline '' . Los Angeles Dodgers . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dodgers Timeline '' . Los Angeles Dodgers . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Vidmer , Richards ( August 16 , 1926 ) . `` Robins in Form , Win Two in Day - Take Double - Header From the Braves by 4 to 2 and 11 to 3 Before Starting West - Vance Pitches the Opener - Jess Barnes Keeps Up Victory Pace In Second - Batsmen Rouse From Their Slump '' . New York Times . p. 11 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , H. Allen ; Smith , Ira L. ( 1951 ) . Three Men on Third . Halcottsville , New York : Breakaway Books . p. 17 . ISBN 1 - 891369 - 15 - 6 . Retrieved February 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Branch Rickey , 83 , Dies in Missouri '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard ( 1991 ) . Superstars and Screwballs : 100 Years of Brooklyn Baseball . New York : Dutton . Jump up ^ Silver , Nate ( 2007 - 09 - 27 ) . `` Lies , Damned Lies '' . Baseball Prospectus . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 1955 World Series : Rare , Never - Seen '' . LIFE.com . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Dodgers Baseball '' . 2006 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Neil J. The Dodgers Move West . Jump up ^ `` Giants 5 Dodgers 6 ( Boxscore ) '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 10 . Other reading ( edit ) D'Agostino , Dennis ; Crosby , Bonnie . Through a Blue Lens : The Brooklyn Dodgers Photographs of Barney Stein , 1937 -- 1957 . Triumph Books . Prince , Carl E. 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777275053667262805	Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)	Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Beauty and the Beast ( disambiguation ) . Beauty and the Beast Theatrical release poster Directed by Bill Condon Produced by David Hoberman Todd Lieberman Screenplay by Stephen Chbosky Evan Spiliotopoulos Based on Disney 's Beauty and the Beast by Linda Woolverton Beauty and the Beast by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont Starring Emma Watson Dan Stevens Luke Evans Kevin Kline Josh Gad Ewan McGregor Stanley Tucci Audra McDonald Gugu Mbatha - Raw Ian McKellen Emma Thompson Music by Alan Menken Cinematography Tobias A. Schliessler Edited by Virginia Katz Production company Walt Disney Pictures Mandeville Films Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) ( Spencer House ) March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 129 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $160 million Box office $1.263 billion Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon from a screenplay written by Stephen Chbosky and Evan Spiliotopoulos , and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films . The film is based on Disney 's 1991 animated film of the same name , itself an adaptation of Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's eighteenth - century fairy tale . The film features an ensemble cast that includes Emma Watson and Dan Stevens as the titular characters with Luke Evans , Kevin Kline , Josh Gad , Ewan McGregor , Stanley Tucci , Audra McDonald , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ian McKellen , and Emma Thompson in supporting roles . Principal photography began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England on May 18 , 2015 , and ended on August 21 . Beauty and the Beast premiered on February 23 , 2017 , at Spencer House in London , and was released in the United States on March 17 , 2017 , in standard , Disney Digital 3 - D , RealD 3D , IMAX and IMAX 3D formats , along with Dolby Cinema . The film received generally positive reviews from critics , with many praising Watson and Stevens ' performances as well as the ensemble cast , faithfulness to the original animated film alongside elements from the Broadway play , visual style , production merits , and musical score , though it received criticism for some of the character designs and its excessive similarity to the original . The film grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide , becoming the highest - grossing live - action musical film , and making it the highest - grossing film of 2017 and the 10th - highest - grossing film of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Cast notes 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 North America 5.1. 2 Outside North America 5.2 Critical response 6 Accolades 7 Controversies 7.1 Gay character 7.2 Belle and the Beast 's relationship 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In Rococo - era France , an enchantress disguised as a beggar arrives at a ball and offers the host , a coldhearted prince , a rose for shelter . When he refuses , she transforms him into a beast and his servants into household objects , and erases the castle from the memories of their loved ones . She casts a spell on the rose and warns the prince that the curse will never lift unless he learns to love another , and earn their love in return , before the last petal falls . Years later , in the village of Villeneuve , Belle dreams of adventure and brushes off advances from Gaston , an arrogant former soldier . Lost in the forest , Belle 's father Maurice seeks refuge in the Beast 's castle , but the Beast imprisons him for stealing a rose . Belle ventures out in search for him and finds him locked in the castle dungeon . The Beast agrees to let her take Maurice 's place . Belle befriends the castle 's servants , who treat her to a spectacular dinner . When she wanders into the forbidden west wing and finds the rose , the Beast , enraged , scares her into the woods . She is cornered by wolves , but the Beast rescues her and is injured in the process . A friendship develops as Belle nurses his wounds . The Beast shows Belle a gift from the enchantress , a book that transports readers wherever they want . Belle uses it to visit her childhood home in Paris , where she discovers a plague doctor mask . Belle realises that she and her father were forced to leave her mother 's deathbed as her mother succumbed to the plague . In Villeneuve , Gaston sees rescuing Belle as an opportunity to win her hand in marriage and agrees to help Maurice . When Maurice learns of his ulterior motive and rejects him , Gaston abandons him to the wolves . Maurice is rescued by the beggar Agathe , but when he tells the townsfolk of Gaston 's crime , Gaston convinces them to send Maurice to an insane asylum . After sharing a romantic dance with the Beast , Belle discovers her father 's predicament using a magic mirror . The Beast releases her to save Maurice , giving her the mirror to remember him with . At Villeneuve , Belle proves Maurice 's sanity by revealing the Beast in the mirror to the townsfolk . Realizing that Belle loves the Beast , Gaston has her thrown into the asylum carriage with her father and rallies the villagers to follow him to the castle to slay the Beast . Maurice and Belle escape and Belle rushes back to the castle . During the battle , Gaston abandons his companion LeFou , who then sides with the servants to fend off the villagers . Gaston attacks the Beast in his tower , who is too depressed to fight back , but regains his will upon seeing Belle return . He overpowers Gaston but spares his life before reuniting with Belle . However , Gaston fatally shoots the Beast from a bridge , but it collapses when the castle crumbles and he falls to his death . The Beast dies as the last petal falls and the servants become inanimate . When Belle tearfully professes her love to him , Agathe reveals herself as the enchantress and undoes the curse , repairing the crumbling castle and restoring the Beast 's and servants ' human forms and the villagers ' memories . The Prince and Belle host a ball for the kingdom , where they dance happily . Cast ( edit ) Emma Watson as Belle , a beautiful and benevolent bibliophile who develops feelings for the Beast and begins to see the humanity within him . Daisy Duczmal portrays an infant Belle . Dan Stevens as The Prince / Beast , a cold - hearted prince who is transformed into a hideous beast and forced to earn back his humanity by learning to truly love and be loved in return . Adam Mitchell portrays the younger version of the Prince . Luke Evans as Gaston , a narcissistic and arrogant hunter and veteran of the French Royal Army who is willing to go as far as it takes to have Belle as his trophy wife . Kevin Kline as Maurice , Belle 's protective widowed father . Jolyon Coy portrays the young Maurice . Josh Gad as LeFou , Gaston 's flamboyant and long - suffering sidekick who bolsters his friend 's ego but gets very little in return . Ewan McGregor as Lumière , the Beast 's charismatic bouteiller who has been transformed into a candelabra . Stanley Tucci as Maestro Cadenza , the neurotic court composer and Madame de Garderobe 's husband who has been transformed into a harpsichord . Audra McDonald as Madame de Garderobe , a world - renowned opera singer and Cadenza 's wife who has been transformed into a wardrobe . Gugu Mbatha - Raw as Plumette , one of the castle maids and Lumière 's lover who has been transformed into a feather duster . Ian McKellen as Cogsworth , the Beast 's gruff but loyal majordomo and the head of the household staff who has been transformed into a mantel clock . Emma Thompson as Mrs. Potts , the castle 's motherly head housekeeper who has been transformed into a teapot . Hattie Morahan as Agathe , an impoverished hermit and resident of Villeneuve who , in reality , is the Enchantress responsible for cursing the Prince . Morahan also narrates the prologue . Rita Davies portrays the Enchantress in her beggar woman form . Nathan Mack as Chip , Mrs. Potts ' plucky son who has been transformed into a teacup . Adrian Schiller as Monsieur D'Arque , the sly warden of the local asylum who is bribed by Gaston to have Maurice institutionalized . Gerard Horan as Monsieur Jean Potts , an absent - minded potter and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Mrs. Potts ' husband and Chip 's father . Haydn Gwynne as Clothilde , a fishmonger and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Cogsworth 's wife . Michael Jibson as the Tavern Keeper , the owner and keeper of Villeneuve 's local tavern where Gaston and the village residents drink . Ray Fearon as Père Robert , Villeneuve 's local chaplain who encourages Belle to borrow the books in the chapel 's meager library . Sophie Reid , Rafaëlle Cohen , and Carla Nella as the Village Lasses , a trio of women who fawn over Gaston and have a jealousy for Belle . Jimmy Johnston , Dean Street , and Alexis Loizon as Tom , Dick , and Stanley , a trio of men who serve as Gaston 's henchmen . Zoe Rainey as Belle 's mother , Maurice 's late wife who contracted the plague and died when Belle was an infant . Clive Rowe as Cuisinier , the castle 's head chef who has been transformed into a stove . Gizmo as Frou - Frou , Maestro Cadenza 's and Madame de Garderobe 's pet Yorkshire Terrier who has been transformed into a footstool . Thomas Padden as Chapeau , the Prince 's valet who has been transformed into a coat rack . Tom Turner as The King , the Prince 's father who , following his wife 's death , raised his son to be just as selfish and arrogant as he was . Harriet Jones as The Queen , the Prince 's mother who died of an illness when he was a child . Dale Branston as Baker , Villeneuve 's residential baker . Chris Andrew Mellon as Nasty Headmaster , the unnamed headmaster of an all boys school in Villeneuve that disapproves of Belle teaching a young girl how to read . Vivian Parry as the Village Lass ' Mother , an unnamed seamstress who is the mother of the Village Lasses . Cast notes ( edit ) ^ In the initial theatrical release , Mitchell was miscredited as Rudi Gooman in the cast , but listed under his real name in the soundtrack credits . ^ In the initial theatrical release , Turner is miscredited as Henry Garrett in the cast . Stephen Merchant also appeared in the film as Monsieur Toilette , a servant who was turned into a toilet . This character was cut from the film , but is featured in the deleted scenes . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Previously , Disney had begun work on a film adaptation of the 1994 Broadway musical . However , in a 2011 interview , composer Alan Menken stated the planned film version of the Beauty and the Beast stage musical `` was canned '' . By April 2014 , Walt Disney Pictures had already begun developing a new live - action version and remake of Beauty and the Beast after making other live - action fantasy films such as Alice in Wonderland , Maleficent , Cinderella and The Jungle Book . In June 2014 , Bill Condon was signed to direct the film from a script by Evan Spiliotopoulos . Later in September of that same year , Stephen Chbosky ( who had previously directed Watson in The Perks of Being a Wallflower ) was hired to re-write the script . Before Condon was hired to direct the film , Disney approached him with a proposal to remake the film in a more radical way as Universal Studios had remade Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) . Condon later explained that `` after Frozen opened , the studio saw that there was this big international audience for an old - school - musical approach . But initially , they said , ' We 're interested in a musical to a degree , but only half full of songs . ' My interest was taking that film and doing it in this new medium -- live - action -- as a full - on musical movie . So I backed out for a minute , and they came back and said , ' No , no , no , we get it , let 's pursue it that way . ' '' Walt Disney Pictures president of production Sean Bailey credited Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn with the decision to make the film as a musical : `` We worked on this for five or six years , and for 18 months to two years , Beauty was a serious dramatic project , and the scripts were written to reflect that . It was n't a musical at that time . But we just could n't get it to click and it was Alan Horn who championed the idea of owning the Disney of it all . We realized there was a competitive advantage in the songs . What is wrong with making adults feel like kids again ? '' Casting ( edit ) In January 2015 , Emma Watson announced that she would be starring as Belle , the female lead . Watson was the first choice of Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn , as he had previously overseen Warner Bros. which released the eight Harry Potter films that co-starred Watson as Hermione Granger . Two months later , Luke Evans and Dan Stevens were revealed to be in talks to play Gaston and the Beast respectively , and Watson confirmed their casting the following day through tweets . The rest of the principal cast , including Josh Gad , Emma Thompson , Kevin Kline , Audra McDonald , Ian McKellen , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ewan McGregor and Stanley Tucci were announced between March and April to play LeFou , Mrs. Potts , Maurice , Madame de Garderobe , Cogsworth , Plumette , Lumière and Cadenza , respectively . Susan Egan , who originated the role of Belle on Broadway , commented on the casting of Watson as `` perfect '' . Paige O'Hara , who voiced Belle in the original animated film and its sequels , offered to help Watson with her singing lessons . According to The Hollywood Reporter , Emma Watson was reportedly paid $3 million upfront , together with an agreement that her final take - home pay could rise as high as $15 million if the film generated gross box office income similar to Maleficent 's $759 million worldwide gross . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England , on May 18 , 2015 . Filming with the principal actors concluded on August 21 . Six days later , co-producer Jack Morrissey confirmed that the film had officially wrapped production . The Beast was portrayed with a `` more traditional motion capture puppeteering for the body and the physical orientation '' , where actor Dan Stevens was `` in a forty - pound gray suit on stilts for much of the film '' . The facial capture for the Beast was done separately in order to `` communicate the subtleties of the human face '' and `` ( capture the ) thought that occurs to him '' which gets `` through ( to ) the eyes , which are the last human element in the Beast . '' The castle servants who are transformed into household objects were created with CGI animation . Before the release of the film , Bill Condon refilmed one certain sequence in the `` Days of the Sun '' number , due to confusion among test audiences caused by actress Harriet Jones , who looked similar to Hattie Morahan , who portrayed Agathe . In the original version of the scene , it was Jones 's character , the Prince 's mother , who sings the first verse of the song , with Rudi Goodman playing the young Prince and Henry Garrett playing his father ; but in the reshot version of the scene , the singing part is given to the Prince ( now played by Adam Mitchell ) . The King was also recast to Tom Turner , although Harriet Jones was still the Queen , albeit with dark hair . Both Goodman and Garrett 's names were mistakenly featured in the original theatrical release 's credits , but was later corrected in home releases . Music ( edit ) Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 soundtrack ) When released in 1991 , Beauty and the Beast marked a turning point for Walt Disney Pictures by appealing to millions of fans with its Oscar - winning musical score by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken . In Bill Condon 's opinion , that original score was the key reason he agreed to direct a live - action version of the movie . `` That score had more to reveal '' , he says , `` You look at the songs and there 's not a clunker in the group . In fact , Frank Rich described it as the best Broadway musical of 1991 . The animated version was already darker and more modern than the previous Disney fairytales . Take that vision , put it into a new medium , make it a radical reinvention , something not just for the stage because it 's not just being literal , now other elements come into play . It 's not just having real actors do it '' . Condon initially prepared on only drawing inspiration from the original film , but he also planned to include most of the songs composed by Alan Menken , Howard Ashman and Tim Rice from the Broadway musical , with the intention of making the film as a `` straight - forward , live - action , large - budget movie musical '' . Menken returned to score the film 's music , which features songs from the original film by him and Howard Ashman , plus new material written by Menken and Tim Rice . Menken said the film will not include songs that were written for the Broadway musical and instead , created four new songs . However , an instrumental version of the song `` Home '' , which was written for the musical , is used during the scene where Belle first enters her room in the castle . On January 19 , 2017 , it was confirmed by both Disney and Céline Dion -- singer of the original 1991 Beauty and the Beast duet song , with singer Peabo Bryson -- that Dion would be performing one of the new original songs `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' to play over the end titles . She originally had doubts about whether or not to record the song due to the recent death of her husband and manager René Angélil , who had previously helped her secure the 1991 pop duet . While ultimately accepting the opportunity , she said : `` ( The ) first Beauty and the Beast decision was made with my husband . Now I 'm making decisions on my own . It 's a little bit harder . I could n't say yes right away , because I felt like I was kind of cheating in a way '' . She eventually felt compelled to record the song because of the impact Beauty and the Beast has had on her career . According to Dion , `` I was at the beginning of my career , it put me on the map , it put me where I am today '' . Also , Josh Groban was announced to be performing the new original song `` Evermore '' on January 26 , 2017 . The 2017 film features a remake of the 1991 original song Beauty and the Beast recorded as a duet by Ariana Grande and John Legend . Grande and Legend 's updated version of the Beauty and the Beast title song is faithful to the original , Grammy - winning duet , performed by Céline Dion and Peabo Bryson for the 1991 Disney film . Emma Thompson also performed a rendition of `` Beauty and the Beast '' , which was performed by Angela Lansbury in the original 1991 animated film release . Disney debuted the music video for Ariana Grande and John Legend 's interpretation of the title song `` Beauty and the Beast '' on Freeform television network on March 5 , 2017 , and it has since attained over 100 million video views on the Vevo video - hosting service . Release ( edit ) On March 16 , 2015 , Disney announced the film would be released in 3D on March 17 , 2017 . The first official presentation of the film took place at Disney 's three - day D23 Expo in August 2015 . The world premiere of Beauty and the Beast took place on February 23 , 2017 , at Spencer House in London , England ; and the film later premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood , California , on March 2 , 2017 . The stream was broadcast onto YouTube . A sing along version of the film released in over 1,200 US theaters nationwide on April 7 , 2017 . The United Kingdom received the same version on April 21 , 2017 . Marketing ( edit ) Disney spent around $140 million for marketing the film worldwide . Following an announcement on May 22 , 2016 , Disney premiered the first official teaser trailer on Good Morning America the next day . In its first 24 hours , the teaser trailer reached 91.8 million views , which topped the number of views seen in that amount of time in history , including for the teasers for other films distributed by Disney such as Avengers : Age of Ultron , Star Wars : The Force Awakens and Captain America : Civil War . This record has since been broken by Thor : Ragnarok and It . The first official teaser poster was released on July 7 , 2016 . On November 2 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly debuted the first official image on the cover of their magazine for the week along with nine new photos as well . One week later , Emma Watson and Disney debuted a new poster for the film . On November 14 , 2016 , the first theatrical trailer was released again on Good Morning America . The trailer reached 127.6 million views in its first 24 hours , setting a new record as the trailer with the most views in one day , beating out Fifty Shades Darker . This record has since been broken again by The Fate of the Furious . A TV spot with Watson singing was shown during the 74th Golden Globe Awards . Disney released the final trailer on January 30 , 2017 . Home Media ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast was released on Blu - ray , DVD and Digital HD on June 6 , 2017 . The film debuted at No. 1 on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart , with all other titles in the top 20 , collectively , selling only 40 % as many units as Beauty and the Beast . The movie regained the top spot on the national home video sales charts during its third week of release . The movie became available on Netflix on September 19 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Praised for her performance as Belle worldwide , Beauty and the Beast is Emma Watson 's second highest - grossing film , behind only the final Harry Potter film , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . Beauty and the Beast grossed $504 million in the United States and Canada and $758.6 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $1.262 billion . With a production budget of $160 million , it is the second-most expensive musical ever made ; only Hello , Dolly ! ( 1969 ) with a budget of $25 million ( $165 million in 2016 dollars ) cost more . In just ten days , it became the highest - grossing live - action musical of all time , beating the nine - year - old record held by Mamma Mia ! . It is currently the second - biggest musical ever overall , behind Disney 's Frozen ( 2013 ) . Worldwide , the film proved to be a global phenomenon , earning a total of $357 million over its four - day opening weekend from 56 markets . Critics said the film was playing like superhero movies amongst women . It was the second biggest March global opening , behind only Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , the thirteenth - biggest worldwide opening ever and the seventh - biggest for Disney . This includes $21 million from IMAX plays on 1,026 screens , a new record for an IMAX PG title . It surpassed the entire lifetime total of the original film in just six days . Beauty and the Beast is the 300th digitally remastered release in IMAX company 's history , which began with the re-release of Apollo 13 in 2002 . Its robust global debut helped push the company past $6 billion for the first time , and led to analysts believing that the film had a shot of passing $1 billion worldwide from theatrical earnings . On April 12 , it passed the $1 billion threshold , becoming the first film of 2017 , the fourteenth Disney film , and the twenty - ninth film overall to pass the mark . It became the first film since Rogue One ( also a Disney property ) in December 2016 to make over a billion dollars , and did so on its twenty - ninth day of release . It is currently the highest - grossing film of 2017 , the highest - grossing March release , the highest - grossing remake of all - time , and the fifth - biggest Disney film . Even after inflation adjusted , it is still ahead of the $425 million gross ( $760 million in 2017 dollars ) of the original film . North America ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , Beauty and the Beast topped Fandango 's pre-sales and became the fastest - selling family film in the company 's history , topping the studio 's own animated film Finding Dory released the previous year . Early tracking had the film grossing around $100 million in its opening weekend , with some publications predicting it could reach $130 million . By the time the film 's release was 10 days away , analysts raised projections to as high as $150 million . It earned $16.3 million from Thursday previews night , marking the biggest of 2017 ( breaking Logan 's record ) , the biggest ever for a Disney live - action film ( breaking Maleficent 's record ) , the second biggest ever for both a G or PG - rated film ( behind the sixth Harry Potter film Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince which also starred Watson ) , and the third biggest ever in the month of March ( behind Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice and The Hunger Games ) . An estimated 41 % of the gross came from IMAX , 3D and premium large format screenings which began at 6 pm , while the rest -- 59 % -- came from regular 2D shows which began at 7 p.m. The numbers were considered more impressive given that the film played during a school week . On its opening day , the film made $63.8 million from 4,210 theaters across 9,200 screens , marking the third biggest in the month of March , trailing behind Batman v Superman ( $81.5 million ) and The Hunger Games ( $67 million ) . It was also the biggest opening day ever for a film that was n't PG - 13 , displacing the $58 million opening Wednesday of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Its opening day alone ( which includes Thursday 's previews ) almost matched the entire opening weekend of previous Disney live - action films , Maleficent ( $69.4 million ) and Cinderella ( $67.9 million ) . Unlike all previous four Disney live - action films witnessing a hike on their second day , Saturday , Beauty and the Beast actually fell 2 % , but nevertheless , the dip was paltry , and the grosses are so much bigger compared to the other titles . Earning a total of $174.8 million on its opening weekend , it defied all expectations and went on to set numerous notable records . This includes the biggest opening of the year as well as the biggest for the month of March and pre-summer / spring opening , beating Batman v Superman , the biggest start ever for a PG title ( also for a family film ) , surpassing Finding Dory , the biggest debut of all time for a female - fueled film , ahead of The Hunger Games : Catching Fire , the biggest for a Disney live - action adaptation , ahead of Alice in Wonderland and the biggest musical debut ever , supplanting Pitch Perfect 2 . Furthermore , it is also Watson 's highest - opening , beating Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 same with Emma Thompson , director Bill Condon 's biggest debut ever ahead of The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 and the biggest outside of summer , save for Star Wars : The Force Awakens , not accounting for inflation . It became the forty - third film to debut with over $100 million and the fifteenth film to open above $150 million . Its three - day opening alone surpassed the entire original North American run of the first film ( $146 million ; before the 3D re-release ) , instantly becoming the second - biggest film of the year , behind Logan ( $184 million ) , and also the second - highest - grossing musical , behind Grease 's $188 million cumulative gross in 1978 . Seventy percent of the total ticket sales came from 2D showings signifying that people who do n't go to theaters frequently came out in bulk to watch the film . About 26 % of the remaining tickets were for 3D . IMAX accounted for 7 % ( $12.5 million ) of the total weekend 's gross , setting a new record for a PG title , ahead of Alice in Wonderland ( $12.1 million ) while PLF repped 11 % of the box office . Seventy percent of the film 's opening day demographic was female , dropping to 60 % through the weekend . According polling service PostTrak , about 84 percent of American parents who saw the film on its opening day said they would `` definitely '' recommend it for families . The film 's opening was credited to positive word of mouth from audiences , good reviews from critics , effective marketing which sold the title not just as a family film but also as a romantic drama , the cast 's star power ( especially Emma Watson ) , lack of competition , being the first family film since The Lego Batman Movie a month earlier , nostalgia , and the success and ubiquity of the first film and Disney 's brand . On Monday , its fourth day of release , the film fell precipitously by 72 % earning $13.5 million . The steep fall was due to a limited marketplace where only 11 % K - 12 and 15 % colleges were off per ComScore . Nevertheless , it is the second - biggest March Monday , behind Batman v Superman ( $15 million ) . This was followed by the biggest March and pre-summer Tuesday with $17.8 million , a 32 % increase from its previous day . The same day , the film passed $200 million in ticket sales . It earned $228.6 million in the first week of release , the sixth - biggest seven - day gross of all time . In its second weekend , the film continued to maintain the top positioning and fell gradually by 48 % earning another $90.4 million to register the fourth - biggest second weekend of all time , and the third - biggest for Disney . In terms of percentage drop , its 48 % decline is the third - smallest drop for any film opening above $125 million ( behind Finding Dory and The Force Awakens ) . The hold was notable considering how the film was able to fend off three new wide releases : Power Rangers , Life , and CHiPs . As a result , it passed the $300 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 the pass said mark . The film grossed $45.4 million in its third weekend , finally being overtaken for the top spot by newcomer The Boss Baby ( $50.2 million ) . On April 4 , 2017 , its nineteenth day of release , it passed the $400 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 to do so . By its fourth weekend , the film began was playing in 3,969 cinemas , a fall of 241 theaters from its previous weekend . Of those , approximately 1,200 cinemas were sing - along versions . It earned $26.3 million ( - 48 % ) and retained second place . By comparison , previous Disney films Moana ( − 8 % ) and Frozen ( − 2 % ) both witnessed mild percentage declines the weekend their sing - alone versions were released . Its seventh weekend of release was in contemporaneous with another Emma Watson - starring new film The Circle . That weekend , The Circle was number four , while Beauty and the Beast was at number six . By May 28 , the film had earned over $500 million in ticket sales becoming the first ( and currently only ) film of 2017 , the third female - fueled film ( after The Force Awakens and Rogue One : A Star Wars Story followed by Wonder Woman ) and the eighth overall film in cinematic history to pass the mark . It has already become the biggest March release , dethroning The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) , the biggest musical film ( both animated and live - action ) , as well as the biggest film of 2017 . Outside North America ( edit ) Internationally , the film began playing on Thursday , March 16 , 2017 . Through Sunday , March 19 , it had a total international opening of $182.3 million from 55 markets , 44 of which were major territories , far exceeding initial estimations of $100 million and opened at No. 1 in virtually all markets except Vietnam , Turkey , and India . Its launch is the second - biggest for the month of March , behind Batman v Superman ( $256.5 million ) . In IMAX , it recorded the biggest debut for a PG title ( although it carried varying certificate amongst different markets ) with $8.5 million from 649 screens , the second - biggest for a PG title behind The Jungle Book . In its second weekend , it fell just by 35 % earning another $120.6 million and maintaining its first position hold . It added major markets like France and Australia . It topped the international box office for three consecutive weekends before finally being dethroned by Ghost in the Shell and The Boss Baby in its fourth weekend . Despite the fall , the film helped Disney push past the $1 billion thresold internationally for the first time in 2017 . It scored the biggest opening day of the year in Hong Kong and the Philippines , the biggest March Thursday in Italy ( $1 million , also the biggest Disney Thursday debut ) , the biggest March opening day in Austria , and the second - biggest in Germany ( $1.1 million ) , Disney 's biggest March in Denmark , the biggest Disney live - action debut in China ( $12.6 million ) , the UK ( $6.2 million ) , Mexico ( $2.4 million ) and Brazil ( $1.8 million ) and the third - biggest in South Korea with $1.2 million , behind only Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End and Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides . In terms of opening weekend , the largest debut came from China ( $44.8 million ) , followed by the UK ( $24.3 million ) , Korea ( $11.8 million ) , Mexico ( $11.8 million ) , Australia ( $11.1 million ) , Brazil ( $11 million ) , Germany ( $10.7 million ) , France ( $8.4 million ) , Italy ( $7.6 million ) , Philippines ( $6.3 million ) , Russia ( $6 million ) and Spain ( $5.8 million ) . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , the film recorded the biggest opening ever for a PG - rated film , the biggest Disney live - action opening of all time , the biggest March opening weekend , the biggest opening for a musical ( ahead of 2012 's Les Misérables ) , the number one opening of 2017 to date and the fifth - biggest - ever overall with £ 19.7 million ( $24.5 million ) from 639 theatres and almost twice that of The Jungle Book ( £ 9.9 million ) . This included the second - biggest Saturday ever ( £ 7.9 million ) , only behind Star Wars : The Force Awakens . It witnessed a decline in its second weekend , earning £ 12.33 million ( $15.4 million ) . Though the film was falling at a faster rate than The Jungle Book , it had already surpassed the said film and its second weekend is the third - biggest ever ( behind the two James Bond films Skyfall ( 2012 ) and Spectre ) . In India , despite facing heavy competitions from four new Hindi releases , two Tamils films and a Malayalam and a Punjabi release , the film managed to take an occupancy of 15 % on its opening day , an impressive feat despite tremendous competitions . It earned around ₹ 1.5 crore ( US $230,000 ) nett on its opening day from an estimated 600 screens which is more than the three Hindi releases -- Machine , Trapped , and Aa Gaya Hero -- combined . Disney reported a total of ₹ 9.26 crore ( US $1.4 million ) gross for its opening weekend there . It was ahead of all new releases and second overall behind Bollywood film Badrinath Ki Dulhania . In Russia , despite receiving a restrictive 16 rating , the film managed to deliver a very successful opening with $6 million . In China , expectations were high for the film . The release date was announced on January 24 , giving Disney and local distributor China Film Group Corporation ample time -- around two months -- to market the film nationwide . The release date was strategically chosen to coincide with White Day . Preliminary reports suggested that it could open to $40 -- 60 million in its opening weekend . Largely driven by young women , its opening day pre-sales outpaced that of The Jungle Book . The original film was , however , never widely popular in the country . Although China has occasionally blocked gay - themed content from streaming video services , in this case , Chinese censors decided to leave the gay scene intact . According to local box office tracker Ent Group , the film grossed an estimated $12.1 million on its opening day ( Friday ) , representing 70 % of the total receipts . Including previews , it made a total of $14.5 million from 100,000 screenings , which is 43 % of all screenings in the country . It climbed to $18.5 million on Saturday ( 102,700 showings ) for a three - day total of $42.6 million , securing 60 % of the total marketplace . Disney on the other hand reported a different figure of $44.8 million . Either ways , it recorded the second - biggest opening for a Disney live - action film , with $3.4 million coming from 386 IMAX screens . Japan -- a huge Disney market -- served as the film 's final market and opened there on April 21 . It debuted with a better - than - expected $12.5 million on its opening weekend helping the film push past the $1.1 billion threshold . An estimated $1.1 million came from IMAX screenings , the fourth - biggest ever in the country . The two - day gross was $9.7 million , outstripping Frozen 's previous record of $9.5 million . Due to positive reviews , good word - of - mouth and benefitting from the Golden Week , the film saw a 9 % increase on its second weekend . The hold was strong enough to fend off newcomer The Fate of the Furious from securing the top spot . The total there is now over $98 million after seven weekends and is the biggest film release of the year and , overall , the eleventh - biggest of all time . It topped the box office there for eight consecutive weekends . The only markets where the film did not top the weekend charts were Vietnam ( behind Kong : Skull Island ) , Turkey ( with two local movies and Logan ahead ) and India ( where Badrinath Ki Dulhania retained No. 1 ) . It topped the box office for four straight weekends in Germany , Korea , Austria , Finland , Poland , Portugal , Brazil , Venezuela , Bolivia , Switzerland and the UK ( exclusive of previews ) . In the Philippines , it emerged as the most successful commercial film of all time -- both local and foreign -- with over $13.5 million . In just five weeks , the film became one of the top 10 highest - grossing film of all time in the United Kingdom and Ireland , ahead of all but one Harry Potter film ( Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ) and all three The Lord of the Rings movies ( which also starred Ian McKellen ) . It is currently the eighth - biggest grosser with £ 70.1 million ( $90 million ) , overtaking Mamma Mia ! to become the biggest musical production ever there . The biggest international earning markets following the UK are Japan ( $108 million ) , China ( $85.8 million ) , Brazil ( $41.5 million ) , Korea ( $37.5 million ) , and Australia ( $35 million ) . In Europe alone , the cumulative total is $267 million to become the second - highest - grossing film in the past year ( behind Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ) . Critical response ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast received generally positive reviews , with praise for the faithfulness to the original film with a few elements of the Broadway musical version , cast performances , visuals , Jacqueline Durran 's costume designs , Alan Menken 's musical score and songs , though the designs of the Beast and the servants ' household object forms received mixed reviews . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 71 % based on 294 reviews , with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` With an enchanting cast , beautifully crafted songs , and a painterly eye for detail , Beauty and the Beast offers a faithful yet fresh retelling that honors its beloved source material . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 65 out of 100 , based on 47 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Leslie Felperin of The Hollywood Reporter wrote : `` It 's a Michelin - triple - starred master class in patisserie skills that transforms the cinematic equivalent of a sugar rush into a kind of crystal - meth - like narcotic high that lasts about two hours . '' Felperin also praised the performances of Watson and Kline as well the special effects , costume designs and the sets while commended the inclusion of Gad 's character of LeFou as the first LGBT character in Disney . Owen Gleiberman of Variety , in his positive review of the film , wrote : `` It 's a lovingly crafted movie , and in many ways a good one , but before that it 's an enraptured piece of old - is - new nostalgia . '' Gleiberman compared Steven 's character of the Beast to a royal version of the titular character in The Elephant Man and the 1946 version of the Beast in Jean Cocteau 's original adaptation . A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised the performances of both Watson and Stevens , and wrote : `` It looks good , moves gracefully and leaves a clean and invigorating aftertaste . I almost did n't recognize the flavor : I think the name for it is joy . '' Likewise , The Washington Post 's Ann Hornaday complimented Watson 's performance , describing it as `` alert and solemn '' while noting her singing ability as `` serviceable enough to get the job done '' . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times awarded the film three and a half stars , lauded the performances of Watson and Thompson which he drew a comparison to Paige O'Hara 's and Angela Lansbury 's performances in the 1991 animated version while appreciating the performances of the other cast and also pointing out on its usage of the combination of motion capture and CGI technology as a big advantage which he stated : `` Almost overwhelmingly lavish , beautifully staged and performed with exquisite timing and grace by the outstanding cast '' . Mike Ryan of Uproxx praised the cast , production design and the new songs while noting the film does n't try anything different , saying : `` There 's certainly nothing that new about this version of Beauty and the Beast ( well , except it is n't a cartoon anymore ) , but it 's a good recreation of a classic animated film that should leave most die - hards satisfied . '' In her A - review , Nancy Churnin of The Dallas Morning News praised the film 's emotional and thematic depth , remarking : `` There 's an emotional authenticity in director Bill Condon 's live - action Beauty and the Beast film that helps you rediscover Disney 's beloved 1991 animated film and 1994 stage show in fresh , stirring ways . '' Brian Truitt of USA Today commended the performances of Evans , Gad , McGregor and Thompson alongside Condon 's affinity with musicals , the production design , visual effects featured in some of the song numbers including new songs made by the composers Alan Menken and Tim Rice , particularly Evermore which he described the new song with a potential for an Academy Award for Best Original Song . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone rated the film three out of four stars which he deemed it as an `` exhilarating gift '' while he remarked that `` Beauty and the Beast does justice to Disney 's animated classic , even if some of the magic is M.I.A ( Missing in Action ) . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine gave a positive review with a description as `` Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' as she wrote `` Nearly everything about Beauty and the Beast is larger than life , to the point that watching it can be a little overwhelming . '' and added that `` it 's loaded with feeling , almost like a brash interpretive dance expressing the passion and elation little girls ( and some boys , too ) must have felt upon seeing the earlier version . '' The San Francisco Chronicle 's Mick LaSalle struck an affirmative tone , calling it one of the joys of 2017 , stating that `` Beauty and the Beast creates an air of enchantment from its first moments , one that lingers and builds and takes on qualities of warmth and generosity as it goes along '' while referring the film as `` beautiful '' and also praised the film for its emotional and psychological tone as well Steven 's motion capture performance . Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph gave the film four stars out of five and wrote that `` It dazzles on this chocolate box of a picture that feels almost greedy yet to make this film work , down to a sugar - rush finale to grasp the nettle and make an out - an - out , bells - and - whistles musical '' while he praised the performances of Watson , McKellen , Thompson , McGregor , Evans and Gad . Mark Hughes of Forbes also similarly praised the film which he wrote that `` it could revive the story in a faithful but entirely new and unique way elevating the material beyond expectations , establishing itself as a cinematic equal to the original '' and also complimented the importance of undertaking a renowned yet problematic masterpiece as well addressing changes in the elements of the story while acknowledging the film 's effectiveness in resonating to the audiences . Several critics regarded the film as inferior to its 1991 animated predecessor . David Sims of The Atlantic wrote that the 2017 film `` feels particularly egregious , in part , because it 's so slavishly devoted to the original ; every time it falls short of its predecessor ( which is quite often ) , it 's hard not to notice '' . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune said that the 2017 film `` takes our knowledge and our interest in the material for granted . It zips from one number to another , throwing a ton of frenetically edited eye candy at the screen , charmlessly . '' Phillips wrote that the film featured some `` less conspicuously talented '' performers who are `` stuck doing karaoke , or motion - capture work of middling quality '' , though he praised Kline 's performance as the `` best , sweetest thing in the movie ; he brings a sense of calm , droll authority '' . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian praised Watson 's performance and wrote that the film was `` lit in that fascinatingly artificial honey - glow light , and it runs smoothly on rails -- the kind of rails that bring in and out the stage sets for the lucrative Broadway touring version . '' In the same newspaper , Wendy Ide criticized the film as `` ornate to the point of desperation '' in its attempt to emulate the animated film . Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B - , writing that while the film looks `` exceptionally great '' , he sensed that the new songs were `` not transporting '' . He felt the film needed more life and depth , but praised Watson 's and Steven 's performances as the `` film 's stronger elements '' . Dana Schwartz of The New York Observer felt that some of the characters , such as Gaston and the Beast , had been watered down from the 1991 film , and that the additional backstory elements failed to `` advance the plot or theme in any meaningful way '' while adding considerable bloat . Schwartz considered the singing of the cast to be adequate but felt that their voices should have been dubbed over , especially for the complex songs . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . MTV Movie & TV Awards May 7 , 2017 Movie of the Year Beauty and the Beast Won Best Actor in a Movie Emma Watson Best Kiss Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Nominated Best Duo Josh Gad and Luke Evans Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best Animation / Family Beauty and the Beast Best Original Score Best Animation / Family TV Spot Best Fantasy Adventure TV Spot Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Movie : Fantasy Won Choice Movie : Fantasy Actor Dan Stevens Nominated Choice Movie : Fantasy Actress Emma Watson Won Choice Movie Villain Luke Evans Choice Movie Ship Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Choice Liplock Choice Scene Stealer Josh Gad Nominated Choice Hissy Fit Luke Evans Dan Stevens Controversies ( edit ) Gay character ( edit ) Controversy erupted after director Bill Condon said there was a `` gay moment '' in the film , when LeFou briefly waltzes with Stanley , one of Gaston 's friends . Afterwards in an interview with Vulture.com , Condon stated , `` Can I just say , I 'm sort of sick of this . Because you 've seen the movie -- it 's such a tiny thing , and it 's been overblown . '' Condon also added that Beauty and the Beast features much more diversity than just the highly talked - about LeFou : `` That was so important . We have interracial couples -- this is a celebration of everybody 's individuality , and that 's what 's exciting about it . '' GLAAD president and CEO Sarah Kate Ellis praised the move stating , `` It is a small moment in the film , but it is a huge leap forward for the film industry . '' In Russia , Vitaly Milonov agitated the culture minister for banning the film , but instead it was given a 16 + rating ( children under the age of 16 can only be admitted to see it in theaters with accompanying adults ) . Additionally , a theater in Henagar , Alabama did not screen the film because of the subplot . In Malaysia , the Film Censorship Board insisted the `` gay moment '' scene be cut , prompting an indefinite postponement of its release by Disney , followed by their decision to withdraw it completely if it could not be released uncensored . The studio moved the release date to March 30 , to allow more time for Malaysia 's censor board to make a decision on whether or not to release the film without changes . The distributors and producers then submitted an appeal to the Film Appeal Committee of Malaysia , which allowed the film to be released without any cuts and a P13 rating on the grounds that the `` gay element '' was minor and did not affect the positive elements featured in the film . In Kuwait , the movie was withdrawn from cinemas by National Cinema Company which owns most of the cinemas in the country . A board member of the company stated that the Ministry of Information 's censorship department had requested it to stop its screening and edit it for things deemed offensive by it . There were also a number of boycotts against the film . A call to boycott on LifePetitions received over 129,000 signatures , while the American Family Association featured a petition to boycott with the film , asking the public to help crowdfund a CGI version of Pilgrim 's Progress instead . Belle and the Beast 's relationship ( edit ) Disney has sought to portray Belle as an empowered young woman , but a debate questioning whether it is possible to fall in love with someone who is holding you prisoner , and whether this is a problematic theme , has resulted . As was the case with the original animated film , one argument is that Belle suffers from Stockholm syndrome ( a condition that causes hostages to develop a psychological alliance with their captors as a survival strategy during captivity ) . Emma Watson studied whether Belle is trapped in an abusive relationship with the Beast before signing on and concluded that she does not think the criticism fits this version of the folk tale . Watson described Stockholm Syndrome as `` where a prisoner will take on the characteristics of and fall in love with the captor . Belle actively argues and disagrees with ( Beast ) constantly . She has none of the characteristics of someone with Stockholm Syndrome because she keeps her independence , she keeps that freedom of thought '' , also adding that Belle defiantly `` gives as good as she gets '' before forming a friendship and romance with the Beast . Psychiatrist Frank Ochberg , who coined the term `` Stockholm syndrome '' , said he does not think Belle exhibits the trauma symptoms of prisoners suffering from the syndrome because she does not go through a period of feeling that she is going to die . Some therapists , while acknowledging that the pairing 's relationship does not meet the clinical definition of Stockholm syndrome , argue that the relationship depicted is dysfunctional and abusive and does not model healthy romantic relationships for young viewers . Constance Grady of Vox writes that Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's Beauty and the Beast was a fairy tale originally written to prepare young girls in 18th - century France for arranged marriages , and that the power disparity is amplified in the Disney version . Anna Menta of Elite Daily argued that the Beast does not apologize to Belle for imprisoning , hurting , or manipulating her , and his treatment of Belle is not painted as wrong . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Beauty and the Beast at Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast remake : A traditional tale with a modern twist '' . University of New York . March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anne Thompson ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : How Bill Condon Built Hollywood 's Most Expensive Musical '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Teaser Tops ' Star Wars : Force Awakens ' in First Day '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erbland , Kate . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Is a Technological Marvel , But for Its Actors , the Challenge was Daunting '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Rosie ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast 2017 cast , trailer , release date and everything you need to know '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Ian ; Acuna , Kristin ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Disney announced all its movies coming in the next 4 years -- here 's what you have to look forward to '' . Tech Insider . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Could not be more happy that this man will be Beast ! ! ! Welcome aboard @ thatdanstevens # beautyandthebeast pic.twitter.com/F1ghG3pvcU '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Earnest , Karen . `` Dan Stevens to Star in ' The Man Who Invented Christmas ' '' . Movies.mxdwn.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Josh Gad Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Ewan McGregor to Play Lumiere in ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Stanley Tucci Rounds Out Cast of ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Audra McDonald Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Beyond the Lights ' Star Gugu Mbatha - Raw Joins ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Ian McKellen to Play Cogsworth in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast Release Date - 2017 '' . Releasedateportal.com . June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gavin , Michael ( August 27 , 2016 ) . `` PHOTO : First look at Dan Stevens Beast ( prince form ) from Disney 's live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' movie ! '' . Inside the Magic . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.slashfilm.com/beauty-and-the-beast-deleted-scene/ Jump up ^ http://ew.com/movies/2017/06/01/beauty-and-the-beast-deleted-scene-reveals-monsieur-toilette/ Jump up ^ Marmiroli , Adriana ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Alan Menken Adesso musicalanche in Italia '' ( Alan Menken musicals now in Itaty ) . La Stampa ( in Italian ) . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( July 1 , 2009 ) . `` Hollywood bets big on ' Beast , ' considers remake of ' My Fair Lady ' '' . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` Alan Menken interview : Tangled , movie scores , musicals , Enchanted 2 , Snow Queen and more '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Rumor : Could Bill Condon Direct Disney 's Live - Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ? '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Condon to Direct Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film for Disney '' . Variety . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Perks of Being a Wallflower ' author will adapt ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Director on How ' La La Land ' Is Bringing Musicals Back '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( 21 March 2017 ) . `` Sean Bailey On How Disney 's Live - Action Division Found Its ' Beauty And The Beast ' Mojo '' . Deadline.com . Los Angeles : Penske Business Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayden , Erik ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Cast in Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Luke Evans to Play Gaston in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Casting Dan Stevens as the Beast ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Bonjour Gaston ! ❤ ️ Welcome ! # BeautyAndTheBeast pic.twitter.com/oerhe1ilGs '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Thomlison , Adam . `` Q & A '' . TV Media . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Original Broadway ' Belle ' Susan Egan Comments on Emma Watson in BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . January 26 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paige O'Hara wants to teach Emma Watson '' . Emma Watson Updates . February 4 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tatiana Siegel ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Emma Watson and What Disney Pays Its Modern Princesses '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` Todd Lieberman Offers Updates on Allegiant and Disney 's Beauty and the Beast '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 5 / 18 / 15 : Emma Watson Starts ' Beauty and the Beast ' , Oliver Stone Wraps ' Snowden ' , Melissa Mccarthy Finishes ' Michelle Darnell ' & More '' . SSN Insider . May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( August 23 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Wraps ' Beauty and the Beast ' on ' Harry Potter ' Anniversary '' . Collider.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter Watch : Emma Watson & Luke Evans Wrap Filming on BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . August 24 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Live Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Officially Wraps Production ! '' . Broadway World . August 27 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tale as Old as Time : Bill Condon livens up Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film Journal International '' . Filmjournal.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Twilight ' director Bill Condon will translate Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' to live action ( UPDATED ) '' . HitFix . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Set for March 17 , 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Caryn ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Alan Menken Confirms 3 New Songs for BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Film ; Broadway Tunes Will Not Be Included '' . Broadway World . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Composer Alan Menken on Rediscovering Lost Lyrics and Why He 's `` Shutting Up '' About That Gay Character `` . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracy , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . Music . People . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dion , Céline ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` I am thrilled to announce that I 'll be performing an all - new original song , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever , '' for Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast . Being a part of the original film was such a magical experience in my life , and I 'm truly honored to be a part of this film again . / / Je suis ravie de vous annoncer que je chanterai la nouvelle chanson thème du film La Belle et la Bête , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' . Avoir fait partie du film original de Disney a été une expérience magique dans ma vie et je suis encore plus honorée de répéter cette expérience . -- Céline `` . Instagram . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracey , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . People . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Céline Dion To Perform Original Song `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' For Disney 's `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Josh Groban records new song Evermore '' . Ew.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grande , Ariana ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Ariana Grande on Instagram : `` 🥀 . '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nessif , Bruna ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` It Looks Like Ariana Grande and John Legend Are Teaming Up for a Beauty and the Beast Duet '' . E !. Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan . `` Watch Ariana Grande , John Legend Cover ' Beauty and the Beast ' Theme '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maane Khatchatourian . `` Beauty and the Beast Music Video : Ariana Grande John Legend Sing Theme '' . Variety . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ; Kit , Borys ( August 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Shows off ' Pirates 5 , ' ' Beauty and the Beast ' at D23 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Helena ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast '' premieres in London `` . Daily Mail . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ JeniLynn Knopp ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast Sing Along '' to hit theaters this Friday `` . Inside the Magic . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Disney 's $300 Million Gamble '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Simon . `` Disney 's Live Action Beauty & The Beast Trailer Debuts Tomorrow '' . WhatCulture.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer : Disney 's live - action remake debuts first teaser '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver . `` Beauty and the Beast teaser outpaces Star Wars , Marvel in first day '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Trailer Is Marvel and Disney 's Most Watched Ever in 24 Hours ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts new teaser poster with flower power '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` This Week 's Cover : Be our guest for an exclusive look at Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ EW Staff . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : See 9 Enchanting , Exclusive Photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Danielle Jackson . `` Emma Watson shares stunning new teaser poster for Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jessica Derschowitz . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts magical new trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer beats Fifty Shades , Star Wars for new record '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kofi Outlaw . `` Fate of the Furious Trailer Breaks Record for Most Views in 24 Hours '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson . `` Watch Emma Watson Sing ' Belle ' In Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' TV Spot '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast : Watch the final trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Thom ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Comes to Blu - ray , Digital HD and DVD on June 6 '' . The Kingdom Insider . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts Atop Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Regains Top Spot on Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emma Watson '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes Past $700 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Enchants With $350 M Global Bow ; $180 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Makes Room For $222 M Offshore , $429 M WW On Tuesday '' . March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Crosses $500 M At Worldwide Box Office '' . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Twirling To $174 M+ ; Beats ' Harry Potter ' & ' Batman V. Superman ' ; Can It Go Higher ? -- Sunday Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Clobbers Record With $170 Million Opening '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarah Whitten ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could be Disney 's first $1 billion film of 2017 '' . CNBC . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' Secret to Success : Female Power and Comfort '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nathan McAlonemar ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could make $1.5 billion at the box office , and it has big implications for Disney 's future '' . Business Insider . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Milestone : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltzing Past $1 B Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' to Cross $1 Billion at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Roars Past $1 B At Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Grater ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` How well do Hollywood remakes fare at the box office ? '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Roars on to Tracking , Looking to Shake Up March Records -- Box Office Projection '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Sets New Record for Advance Ticket Sales '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : Will ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltz to New Records ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Proof That ' Beauty And The Beast ' Will Tear Up March B.O. Records : Pre-Sales Are Through The Roof '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Beauty and the Beast ' will be the biggest box - office hit of the year so far '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brian Gallagher ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast Roars Loudly with $16.3 M at Thursday Box Office '' . Movie Web . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Gorgeous On Thursday With $16.3 M , Beats ' Furious 7 ' -- Friday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Monstreous $16.3 M Thursday '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Belts Out $64 Million on Friday '' . Variety . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Dazzling With $173 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes To Beastly $64 M Friday For Possible $170 M+ Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' Debut Topped ' Batman V Superman ' And ' Iron Man 3 ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY SEASON -- SPRING '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MPAA RATING '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Box Office : 5 Biggest Records Broken '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Record $170 M U.S. , $350 M Global Debut '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jake Coyle ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' roars to No. 1 with monstrous $170 M in box office '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : 5 Reasons the Disney Fantasy Scored at the Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : 5 Reasons the Disney Fantasy Scored at the Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Continues B.O. Dance With Second - Best Monday In March '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Hits A High Note With Best Pre-Summer Tuesday , Crosses $200 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Ends First Week Just Below $500 M '' . Jump up ^ `` TOP WEEKENDS : 2ND -- 12TH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BOX OFFICE TOP 20 : ' BEAUTY ' ADDS $90.4 MILLION IN WEEKEND 2 '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Joey Nolfi ( March 26 , 2017 ) . `` Box office report : Beauty and the Beast doubles Power Rangers ' weekend gross '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Boss Baby ' Cleans ' Beauty and the Beast 's Clock with $51 M+ Opening ; ' Ghost ' Shell - Shocked at $20 M + '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Enchants $900 M At WW Box Office ; Crosses $400 M Domestic '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Ends Week Three with $920 Million '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Emma Stefansky ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` How a Flashy Blockbuster and an Indian Fantasy Bested Emma Watson at the Box Office '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Latin Lover ' Sets $12 M Pantelion Record , ' Baahubali 2 ' Mighty With $10 M+ , ' Circle ' Is A Square As ' F8 ' Leads Listless Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Alien : Covenant ' Suffers Brutal 71 % Drop As ' Guardians 2 ' Tops ' Guardians ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Crosses $500 Million Milestone at Domestic Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Wonder Woman ' and ' Beauty and the Beast ' Should Lead to More Female - Centered Films '' . Variety . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Should Cross $1 Billion Today '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Musical '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' A $1 B Belle WW ? : Bow Enchants With Bigger $357 M Global , $182 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nears $700 M WW ; ' Kong ' Has Mighty $72 M China Bow , Tops $250 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( April 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty ' Is $876 M Beast WW ; ' Ghost In The Shell ' Sells $40 M Offshore ; ' Kong ' Sets WB China Record -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ghost In The Shell ' Rises To $93 M Offshore ; ' Beauty And The Beast ' Tops $977 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' A Monster With $52 M Offshore Through Friday , $115.6 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' continues box - office reign '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . 28 March 2017 . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast waltzes its way to the top of the UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( Press Release ) ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast smashes the box office in opening weekend '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast magic helps UK box office survive the spring sunshine '' . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Opens Better Than Aa Gaya Hero , Trapped , Machine & Mantra '' . Koimoi . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty And The Beast Opens Better Than Hindi Releases '' . Box Office India . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Rajkummar Rao Faces A Lone Battle For Survival In ' Trapped ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty And The Beast Beats Hindi Films Combined '' . Box Office India . March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Varun Dhawan and Alia Bhatt Outrun ' Beauty And The Beast ' To Reign Again In India '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' box - office collection first weekend '' . The Times of India . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Enjoys A Good 1st Weekend At The Box Office In India '' . Koimoi.com . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts to Magical $350 Million Globally '' . Variety . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` On Screen China : ' Beauty ' Looks Like a Beast '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Papish ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : First Place For ' Beauty ' Still Less Than Best '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strong in China With ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . Variety . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens to $45 M , With Gay Moment Uncut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty ' Dominates Weekend '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Fires Up $745 M Offshore , $908 M WW ; Tops ' Transformers ' In China -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mark Schilling ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strongly Ahead of Golden Week '' . Variety . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Russell Edwards ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Beast is Best in Japan ; Fast & Furious drives China , Korea '' . Asia Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol 2 ' Zooms With $101.2 M Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians 2 ' Notches $428 M Global , Lifts MCU Past $11 B ; ' Furious 8 ' Tops $950 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians 2 ' Snags $63 M Weekend For $631 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Yearly Box Office ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Leaps To $125 M Offshore , $228 M Global Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mummy ' Unearths $141 M Offshore , $172.3 M Global ; ' Wonder Woman ' Flies To $232 M At International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` The Boss Baby makes a dummy of UK box - office competition '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' smashes Philippines ' all - time box office records '' . The Philippine Star . April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Fast & Furious 8 barrels past Boss Baby to top of UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol 2 blows away UK box office with huge debut '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione and Anita Busch ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Smokes Records With $432.3 M Overseas Bow ; $532.5 M Worldwide -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' is still enchanting ( but the original is better ) '' . The Charlotte Observer . Robert W. Butler . 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Hunneysett ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Irresistible charm shows no one casts a spell quite like Disney '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast '' . CinemaScore on Twitter . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Dazzling With $169 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Felperin , Leslie ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Revels in Joy and Enchantment '' . The New York Times . A.O. Scott . 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Remake of ' Beauty and the Beast ' convincingly springs to life '' . The Washington Post . Ann Hornaday. 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Lavish ' Beauty and the Beast ' true as it can be to original '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The New ' Beauty And The Beast ' Should Satisfy Most Fans '' . Uproxx . March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Churnin , Nancy ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' brings fresh resonance to ' a tale as old as time ' '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Rousing new ' Beauty and the Beast ' is even better than the original '' . USA Today . Brian Truitt. 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Review : Live - Action Disney Classic Still Tale as Old as Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( March 4 , 2017 ) . `` REVIEW : The Reimagined Beauty and the Beast Is Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' . Time . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Enchanting ' Beauty and the Beast ' looks like a winner '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Emma Watson dazzles in Disney 's show - stopping chocolate box of a remake '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Magically Modernizes Classic Disney Fairy Tale '' . Forbes . Mark Hughes . 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' review : Animated Disney musical 's charms lost in translation '' . Chicago Tribune . March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review -- Emma Watson makes a perfect Belle in sugar - rush romance '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ide , Wendy ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review -- gilt complex '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Nashawaty ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations : See The Full List '' . MTV News . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : See the First Wave of Nominations '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Winners : ' Wonder Woman ' , ' Beauty And The Beast ' , ' Riverdale ' Among Honorees '' . Deadline . enske Business Media , LLC . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' gay moment ' may have been much ado about nothing '' . USA Today . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Condon on Beauty and the Beast , His Musical Influences , and Lindsay Lohan 's Plan for The Little Mermaid '' . Vulture . March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ned Ehrbar ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` GLAAD president : `` Beauty and the Beast '' foes are `` outliers '' `` . CBS News . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia May Ban Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Over Gay Character '' . Variety . March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia wo n't ban Beauty and the Beast -- but will have an age restriction '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Theater Wo n't Show ' Beauty And The Beast ' Because Of Gay Subplot '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cheang , Michael ( 13 March 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast release postponed for ' internal review ' '' . The Star Online . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Disney pulls Beauty and the Beast from cinemas in Malaysia ' until further notice ' '' . Digital Spy . March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney refuses to cut ' gay moment ' from ' Beauty and the Beast ' for Malaysia '' . Malay Mail Online . 15 March 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Mia Galuppo ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Defies Malaysia Censors , Wo n't Cut ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gay Moment '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Malaysia Clears Release of ' Beauty and the Beast , ' with ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film Appeal Committee 's decision to release Beauty and the Beast '' . The Star Online . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast pulled from cinemas in Kuwait '' . BBC . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SIGN THE BOYCOTT : Tell Disney ' NO ' to LGBT agenda in Beauty and the Beast - # BoycottDisney '' . Jump up ^ Say NO to Disney , Say YES to Pilgrim 's Progress ! Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Featurette Makes a Case for Feminist Belle '' . Yahoo Movies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Zoe ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : feminist or fraud '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Blasberg , Derek ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Cover Story : Emma Watson , Rebel Belle '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 27 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Emma Watson addresses questions over Beast relationship '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/movies/2017/02/16/beauty-and-the-beast-emma-watson-belle-beast-relationship/ Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle From ' Beauty and the Beast ' Suffer From Stockholm Syndrome ? We Asked an Expert . '' . Yahoo Movies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Durvasula , Ramani ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle from Beauty and The Beast Have Stockholm Syndrome ? '' . Screen Junkies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Simon , Rachel ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Beauty And The Beast ' Relationship Is n't `` Stockholm Syndrome , '' No Matter How Screwed Up It May Be `` . Bustle . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Grady , Constance ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Is Beauty and the Beast `` a tale as old as Stockholm syndrome '' ? Depends how you read it. `` . Vox . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Menta , Anna . `` The ' Beauty And The Beast ' Love Story Does n't Hold Up To Emma Watson 's Feminism '' . Elite Daily . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Disney portal Film in the United States portal 2010s portal Film portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) Official website Beauty and the Beast on IMDb Beauty and the Beast at Rotten Tomatoes Beauty and the Beast at Box Office Mojo Beauty and the Beast at AllMovie Beauty and the Beast Gabrielle - Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney Characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Disney Princess Snow White Cinderella Aurora Ariel Belle Jasmine Pocahontas Mulan Tiana Rapunzel Merida Films Featured Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Cinderella Sleeping Beauty The Little Mermaid Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Pocahontas Mulan The Princess and the Frog Tangled Brave Sequels The Return of Jafar Aladdin and the King of Thieves Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea Cinderella II : Dreams Come True Cinderella III : A Twist in Time Mulan II Tangled : Before Ever After Prequels Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning Shorts Tangled Ever After The Legend of Mor'du Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams ( DTV 2 shorts ) Live - action Maleficent Cinderella Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Television The Little Mermaid Aladdin Sing Me a Story with Belle Tangled : The Series Albums Disney 's Princess Favorites Disney Princess : The Ultimate Song Collection Disney Princess Tea Party Ultimate Disney Princess Related If You Can Dream Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Sofia the First Disney Princess : Enchanted Journey Kingdom Hearts Disney Princess : My Fairytale Adventure Once Upon a Time Disney 's Descendants Elena of Avalor The 7D Elena and the Secret of Avalor List of Disney Princess firsts Category Alan Menken Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Weird Romance ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) King David ( 1997 ) The Bellringer of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Sister Act ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Leap of Faith ( 2010 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz ( 2015 ) A Bronx Tale ( 2016 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Newsies ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Songs `` Part of Your World '' `` Under the Sea '' `` Kiss the Girl '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Friend Like Me '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Just Around the Riverbend '' `` Colors of the Wind '' `` If I Never Knew You '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` The Bells of Notre Dame '' `` Out There '' `` God Help the Outcasts '' `` Hellfire '' `` Someday '' `` Go the Distance '' `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' `` Happy Working Song '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` So Close '' `` Ever Ever After '' `` Mother Knows Best '' `` I See the Light '' Howard Ashman Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Smile ( 1986 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Related articles Alan Menken Howard Sings Ashman Films directed by Bill Condon Sister , Sister ( 1987 ) Murder 101 ( 1991 ) Deadly Relations ( 1993 ) Candyman : Farewell to the Flesh ( 1995 ) The Man Who Would n't Die ( 1995 ) Gods and Monsters ( 1998 ) Kinsey ( 2004 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) The Fifth Estate ( 2013 ) Mr. Holmes ( 2015 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Films by Stephen Chbosky Screenplay and directed The Four Corners of Nowhere ( 1995 ) The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) Wonder ( 2017 ) Screenplay only Rent ( 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) MTV Movie Award for Movie of the Year Best Movie Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) A Few Good Men ( 1993 ) Menace II Society ( 1994 ) Pulp Fiction ( 1995 ) Seven ( 1996 ) Scream ( 1997 ) Titanic ( 1998 ) There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) The Matrix ( 2000 ) Gladiator ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2005 ) Wedding Crashers ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2007 ) Transformers ( 2008 ) Twilight ( 2009 ) The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2010 ) The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Movie of the Year The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2012 ) The Avengers ( 2013 ) The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2014 ) The Fault in Our Stars ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast_(2017_film)&oldid=803840093 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 3D films 2010s fantasy films 2010s LGBT - related films 2010s musical films 2010s romance films 2010s romantic drama films American films American 3D films American fantasy films American LGBT - related films American fantasy adventure films American musical fantasy films American romantic drama films American romantic fantasy films American romantic musical films Disney film remakes Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Feminist films Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films about bibliophilia Films about classical music and musicians Films about composers Films about curses Films about narcissism Films about pianos and pianists Films about royalty Films about shapeshifting Films based on adaptations Films based on Beauty and the Beast Films based on fairy tales Films based on multiple works Films based on musicals based on films Film scores by Alan Menken Films directed by Bill Condon Films set in the 1770s Films set in the 18th century Films set in castles Films set in France Films set in Paris Films shot in London Films shot in Surrey Films using computer - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the actor who plays the beast in beauty and the beast	[ "Dan Stevens as The Prince / Beast, a cold-hearted prince who is transformed into a hideous beast and forced to earn back his humanity by learning to truly love and be loved in return.[9][10]\n\nAdam Mitchell[3] portrays the younger version of the Prince.\n\n" ]	[ "Dan Stevens" ]
8457690643598233461	Bristol Temple Meads railway station	Bristol Temple Meads Railway station - wikipedia Bristol Temple Meads Railway station Jump to : navigation , search Bristol Temple Meads Facade of the station Location Place Redcliffe Local authority City of Bristol Coordinates 51 ° 26 ′ 56 '' N 2 ° 34 ′ 48 '' W / 51.449 ° N 2.580 ° W / 51.449 ; - 2.580 Coordinates : 51 ° 26 ′ 56 '' N 2 ° 34 ′ 48 '' W / 51.449 ° N 2.580 ° W / 51.449 ; - 2.580 Grid reference ST597725 Operations Station code BRI Managed by Network Rail Number of platforms 13 DfT category Live arrivals / departures , station information and onward connections from National Rail Enquiries Annual rail passenger usage * 2012 / 13 9.099 million -- Interchange 1.387 million 2013 / 14 9.523 million -- Interchange 1.434 million 2014 / 15 10.100 million -- Interchange 1.475 million 2015 / 16 10.711 million -- Interchange 1.477 million 2016 / 17 11.337 million -- Interchange 1.513 million History Original company Great Western Railway 1840 Opened 1871 -- 1878 Extended 1930s Extended 1965 Original platforms closed Listed status Listed feature Temple Meads Station Listing grade Grade I listed Entry number 1282106 Added to list 1 November 1966 National Rail -- UK railway stations A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z * Annual estimated passenger usage based on sales of tickets in stated financial year ( s ) which end or originate at Bristol Temple Meads from Office of Rail and Road statistics . Methodology may vary year on year . UK Railways portal Bristol Temple Meads is the oldest and largest railway station in Bristol , England . It is an important transport hub for public transport in the city . In addition to the train services there are bus services to many parts of the city and surrounding districts , and a ferry to the city centre . Bristol 's other major station , Bristol Parkway , is on the northern outskirts of the conurbation . Temple Meads was opened on 31 August 1840 as the western terminus of the Great Western Railway from London Paddington , 116 miles 31 chains ( 187.3 km ) from Paddington . The railway ( including Temple Meads ) was the first one designed by the British engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel . Soon the station was also used by the Bristol and Exeter Railway , the Bristol and Gloucester Railway , the Bristol Harbour Railway and the Bristol and South Wales Union Railway . To accommodate the increasing number of trains , the station was expanded in the 1870s by Francis Fox and again between 1930 - 35 by Percy Emerson Culverhouse . Brunel 's terminus is no longer part of the operational station . The historical significance of the station has been noted , and most of the site is Grade I listed . The platforms are numbered 1 to 15 but passenger trains are confined to just eight tracks . Most platforms are numbered separately at each end , with odd numbers at the east end and even numbers at the west . Platform 2 is not signalled for passenger trains , and there is no platform 14 . Temple Meads is managed by Network Rail and the majority of services are operated by the present - day Great Western Railway . Other operators are CrossCountry and South Western Railway . In the 12 months to March 2014 , 9.5 million entries and exits were recorded at the station . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Brunel 's station 1.2 Bristol and Exeter Railway station 1.3 Goods stations 1.4 Effects of the change of gauge 1.5 1870s expansion 1.6 Twentieth century changes 1.7 Closure of lines 1.8 Enterprise zone and station redevelopment 2 Description 2.1 Approaches 2.2 Station 3 Passenger volume 4 Services 4.1 Rail 4.2 Bus 4.3 Ferry 5 Future 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) The name Temple Meads derives from the nearby Temple Church , which was gutted by bombing during World War II . The word `` meads '' is a derivation of `` mæd '' , an Old English variation of `` mædwe '' , meadow , referring to the water meadows alongside the River Avon that were part of Temple parish . As late as 1820 the site was undeveloped pasture outside the boundaries of the old city , some distance from the commercial centre . It lay between the Floating Harbour and the city 's cattle market , which was built in 1830 . Brunel 's station ( edit ) Engraving of interior of Brunel 's train - shed from c1843 , by John Cooke Bourne The original terminus was built in 1839 -- 41 for the Great Western Railway ( GWR ) , the first passenger railway in Bristol , and was designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel , the railway 's engineer . It was built to Brunel 's 7 ft ( 2,134 mm ) broad gauge . The station was on a viaduct to raise it above the level of the Floating Harbour and River Avon , the latter being crossed via the grade I listed Avon Bridge . The station was covered by a 200 - foot ( 60 m ) train shed , extended beyond the platforms by 155 feet ( 47 m ) into a storage area and engine shed , fronted by an office building in the Tudor style . Train services to Bath commenced on 31 August 1840 and were extended to Paddington on 30 June 1841 following the completion of Box Tunnel . Brunel 's original station as it appears today A few weeks before the start of the services to Paddington the Bristol and Exeter Railway ( B&ER ) had opened , on 14 June 1841 , its trains reversing in and out of the GWR station . The third railway at Temple Meads was the Bristol and Gloucester Railway , which opened on 8 July 1844 and was taken over by the Midland Railway ( MR ) on 1 July 1845 . This used the GWR platforms , diverging onto its own line on the far side of the bridge over the Floating Harbour . Both these new railways were engineered by Brunel and were initially broad gauge . Brunel also designed the Bristol and South Wales Union Railway , but this was not opened until 25 August 1863 , nearly four years after his death . It terminated at Temple Meads . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brunel 's Temple Meads railway station . Bristol and Exeter Railway station ( edit ) The Bristol and Exeter Railway headquarters In 1845 the B&ER built its own station at right angles to the GWR station and an `` express platform '' on the curve linking the two lines so that through trains no longer had to reverse . The wooden B&ER station was known locally as `` The Cowshed '' ; but a grand headquarters was built at street level on the west side of its station in 1852 -- 54 to the Jacobean designs of Samuel Fripp . The Bristol and Portishead Pier and Railway opened a branch off the Bristol and Exeter line west of the city on 18 April 1867 , the trains being operated by the B&ER and using its platforms at Temple Meads . In 1850 an engine shed had been opened on the south bank of the River Avon on the east side of the line to the B&ER station . Between 1859 and 1875 , 23 engines were built in the workshops attached to the shed , including several distinctive Bristol and Exeter Railway 4 - 2 - 4T locomotives . Goods stations ( edit ) A 1911 Railway Clearing House junction diagram showing railways around Bristol The GWR built a 326 - by - 138 - foot ( 99 m × 42 m ) goods shed on the north side of the station adjacent to the Floating Harbour , with a small dock for transhipment of goods to barges ( not seagoing ships , as the wharf was upstream of Bristol Bridge ) . Wagons had to be lowered 12 feet ( 4 m ) to the goods shed on hoists . On 11 March 1872 , a direct connection to the harbour was made in the form of the Bristol Harbour Railway , a joint operation of the three railways , which ran between the passenger station and the goods yard , across the street outside on a bridge , and descended into a tunnel under the churchyard of St. Mary Redcliffe on its way to a wharf downstream of Bristol Bridge . The B&ER had a goods depot at Pylle Hill ( south of the station ) from 1850 , and the MR had an independent yard at Avonside Wharf on the opposite side of the Floating Harbour from 1858 . Effects of the change of gauge ( edit ) On 29 May 1854 the Midland Railway laid a third rail along their line to Gloucester to provide mixed gauge so that it could operate 4 ft 8 ⁄ in ( 1,435 mm ) standard gauge passenger trains while broad gauge goods trains could still run to collieries north of Bristol . Sidings at South Wales Junction allowed traffic to be transhipped between wagons on the two different gauges . The GWR continued to operate its trains on the broad gauge , but on 3 September 1873 it opened the standard gauge Bristol and North Somerset Railway . This had a junction nearly ⁄ mile ( 800 m ) from the station on the London line and so mixed gauge was extended to that point . During the following year mixed gauge track was continued beyond Bath in connection with the conversion of the Wilts , Somerset and Weymouth Railway to standard gauge . Mixed gauge was laid through Box Tunnel on 16 May 1875 and so standard gauge trains could run to London , although broad gauge was retained west of Temple Meads and through trains from London to Penzance and other stations in Devon and Cornwall continued to be broad gauge . Goods traffic was transhipped between the two gauges in the B&ER yard at Pylle Hill . The B&ER converted the line to Taunton to mixed gauge by 1 June 1875 , but the remainder of the line to Exeter was not done until 1 March 1876 , three months after the B&ER had amalgamated with the GWR . The remainder of the lines beyond Exeter were converted to standard gauge on 21 May 1892 so the extra rails at Temple Meads fell into disuse and were removed to leave a purely standard gauge layout . This allowed the through station to be rebuilt with two additional platform faces . 1870s expansion ( edit ) The main entrance to the station built in the 1870s between the terminal and through platforms . The tower was topped by a spire until World War II . The additional railway routes put the two short 140 - yard ( 130 m ) platforms of Brunel 's terminus under pressure and a scheme was developed to extend the station . An enabling Act of Parliament was passed in 1865 and between 1871 and 1878 the station was extensively rebuilt . Brunel 's platforms were extended by 212 yards ( 194 m ) towards London and a new three - platform through station built on the site of the express platform , while the B&ER station was closed and the site used for a new carriage shed . This work is usually attributed to Brunel 's former associate Matthew Digby Wyatt , but there is no documentary evidence of his involvement in the Minutes of the Station Joint Committee . The only signature on the drawings is that of Francis Fox , the engineer of the B&ER . The curved wrought - iron train shed over the new through platforms was 500 feet ( 150 m ) long on the platform wall . The goods depot was rebuilt with the inconvenient wagon hoists replaced by a steep incline from the east end of Temple Meads , which meant that the sidings in the goods shed were at right angles to their original alignment and the barge dock was filled in . Trains on the Bristol and South Wales Union and the Midland routes operated from the terminal platforms while the GWR used the new through platforms . The capital costs of the new work were split 4 / 14 GWR / B&ER and 10 / 14 MR , operating costs were split GWR 3 / 8 , MR 3 / 8 and B&ER 2 / 8 . Hence when the GWR absorbed the B&ER in 1876 the split was GWR 5 / 8 and MR ( later LMS ) 3 / 8 , until nationalisation on 1 January 1948 . Twentieth century changes ( edit ) Original terminus in 1958 A Paignton to Leeds express stands at Platform 7 ( now Platform 5 ) in 1960 . A view looking northwards from Bath Road . The 1870s arched train shed is surrounded by the flatter canopies of the newer platforms opened in 1935 . In 1924 the goods depot was rebuilt with 15 platforms , each 575 feet ( 175 m ) long . Large warehousing and cellar space was provided to store goods , although by this time another city centre goods depot had been opened at Canons Marsh . Between 1930 and 1935 the through station was expanded under the direction of the GWR 's chief architect PE Culverhouse , in art deco style , both eastwards over the old cattle market and southwards on a new wider bridge across Cattle Market Road and the New Cut of the River Avon . This made room for the addition of five through - platform faces , while the removal of the narrow island platforms in the middle of the train shed allowed the main Up and Down platforms to be both widened and lengthened . All the routes approaching Temple Meads were widened to four tracks to allow more flexibility . As part of this work four manual signal boxes were replaced by three power signal boxes , and the semaphore signals and mechanical point linkages were replaced by colour light signals and point motors . The new Bristol Temple Meads East box was the largest on the GWR with 368 miniature levers operated by three signalmen assisted by a `` booking boy '' . The other two boxes were at Bristol Temple Meads West , and controlling the movements in and out of the new Bath Road Depot , which replaced the old B&ER locomotive works in 1934 . During World War II the station was bombed , which led to the destruction of the wooden spire of the clock tower above the ticket office on 3 January 1941 . Gas lighting was replaced by fluorescent electric lights in 1960 . Bristol Panel Signal Box was built on the site of the Platform 14 . When opened it controlled 280 multiple - aspect signals and 243 motor - worked points on 114 miles ( 183 km ) of route , the largest area controlled by a single signal box on British Rail at the time . The construction of this signal box , completed in 1970 , involved the demolition of almost half of the 1870s extension to Brunel 's terminus and completely blocked rail access to the Old Station A second main - line station serving the city , Bristol Parkway , opened in 1972 . It is on the northern outskirts of the conurbation close to the M32 motorway and was designed as a park and ride facility for long - distance travellers . In the late 1960s the Royal Mail built a mail conveyor at the northern end of the station , with significant aesthetic impact . This was out of use for many years following the transfer of Royal Mail 's activities to the West of England Mail Centre at Filton and the opening of the short - lived Railnet Hub next to Bristol Parkway station in May 2000 . It was finally dismantled in stages and removed between October and December 2014 . In 1990 / 91 , £ 2 million was spent by InterCity on a renovation of the main train shed and another £ 7 million on restoring some of the older areas of the station , including the refurbishment of the subway and construction of new retail outlets . The shorter of the two 1935 platform islands had been used only for parcels traffic since the 1960s but was temporarily brought back into passenger use during this work . It was fully restored for passenger use in 2001 . In August 1998 , a 15 - month , £ 7 million project commenced with work performed on the external facade , clocktower , roof and paving . As part of this work , the original quarry from which the dolomite stone had originally been extracted was reopened in Abbots Leigh . Preceding station Historical railways Following station St Anne 's Park Great Western Railway To London via Box Bedminster Lawrence Hill Great Western Railway To London via Badminton , To Cardiff and Pilning via Avonmouth Brislington Great Western Railway To Radstock Terminus Fishponds Bristol and Gloucester Railway ( later Midland Railway ) Terminus Closure of lines ( edit ) Passenger traffic on the old North Somerset line ceased on 2 November 1959 and many more closures followed after the publication of Dr Beeching 's The Reshaping of British Railways in 1963 . The connection to the Bristol Harbour Railway was closed on 6 January 1964 ; passenger trains to Portishead were withdrawn on 7 September 1964 ; and most local services in the north of the city were withdrawn on 23 November 1964 . The following year saw local services on the Midland route to Gloucester withdrawn and the Midland route to Bath Green Park via Mangotsfield was closed on 7 March 1966 . St Anne 's Park and Saltford on the line towards Bath survived until 5 January 1970 . On 12 September 1965 the terminal platforms were closed . This allowed the platforms to be renumbered with the order reversed ( see list below ) . The redundant train shed became a covered car park in February the following year , but from 1989 until 1999 the original ( Brunel ) part was an interactive science centre known as The Exploratory and an exhibition space . From 2002 to 2008 it housed the British Empire and Commonwealth Museum . As of 2016 the shed , now known as the Passenger Shed , is a venue for events such as conferences and weddings . This sign should read `` Platforms 1 to 12 '' but refers to the earlier numbering system when these platforms were numbers 1 and 2 . They are now 15 ( left ) and 13 ( right ) . Bristol Panel Signal Box , built on the old Platform 14 Old New Location 15 13 12 West end 11 East end 5 9 & 10 East and west ends numbered differently 6 7 & 8 East and west ends numbered differently 7 5 East end in the main train shed 8 6 West end beyond ( new ) platform 5 9 East end in the main train shed 10 West end beyond ( new ) platform 3 11 West end bay 12 East end of arrival platform 13 Closed West end of arrival platform 14 Closed East end of departure platform 15 Closed West end of departure platform ( hide ) Simplified diagram of Bristol Temple Meads platforms Legend Brunelian station Grey lines represent trainsheds 6 5 8 7 10 9 12 11 13 15 Enterprise zone and station redevelopment ( edit ) Bristol Temple Quarter Enterprise Zone , an enterprise zone with an area of 70 hectares ( 170 acres ) centred on Temple Meads , was announced in 2011 , and launched in 2012 . Network Rail is a partner in coordinating development in the zone . In November 2012 , Network Rail announced a £ 100 million redevelopment of the station , with two unused platforms to be opened up . Station Approach Road will be turned into a public square and the station 's main entrance moved to the north side . A large bridge above the tracks at the east end of the station which was erected in the 1970s for postal traffic was demolished at Christmas 2014 . In November 2016 , the University of Bristol announced that it plans to build a Temple Quarter Campus to the east of the station , replacing the derelict sorting office which was formerly connected to the station by the bridge . Bristol and Exeter House has been redeveloped by TCN UK as a business hub for small and medium - sized enterprises . Part of Brunel 's station has found a new use in a redevelopment by the City Council , the University of Bristol and the West of England Local Enterprise Partnership . Opened in 2013 as the Engine Shed , it hosts business incubators for startups . To the south of the station , the former site of the Bristol Bath Road Traction Maintenance Depot is being redeveloped into the 12,000 - capacity Bristol Arena . Description ( edit ) The station from the south . The main approach is from the left , behind the brown brick offices ( Collett House ) . The turrets behind these belong to Bristol & Exeter House , which hides Brunel 's building . Fox 's extension can be seen to the right of Bristol & Exeter House , linking Brunel 's station with the large arch of the main train shed . The flatter canopies belong to Culverhouse 's 1935 extensions , with platform 4 on the extreme left and Platform 15 partly hidden by the trees on the right . The lower modern buildings behind the station are the Temple Quay office complex , on the site of the old goods shed . The demolition rubble in the foreground is the remains of Bristol Bath Road TMD . Approaches ( edit ) The station approach looks straight towards Fox 's turreted 1870s station entrance . Part of Brunel 's original station on the left with Fox 's 1870s extension between that and the entrance ; the current station train shed is to the right of the entrance . Although it is now possible to reach the station through the Temple Quay office development ( on the site of the goods shed ) or from the Bristol Ferry Boat Company landing stage on the Floating Harbour , the traditional and main approach is from Temple Gate . Isambard Kingdom Brunel 's Tudor - style offices , later used by the former British Empire and Commonwealth Museum , face this road and are flanked on the north side by an archway that used to be the main station for departing passengers ; a matching arch on the other side was the arrivals gateway but was removed when the station was expanded in the 1870s . Opposite these offices are the Grosvenor Hotel and the derelict George Railway Hotel , which were built in the 1870s , on either side of the site of the Bristol Harbour Railway bridge . A modern pub named The Reckless Engineer as a tribute to Brunel faces the approach road to the station . Autumn sunset over Bristol Temple Meads station On the right of the Station Approach but at a lower level is the B&ER office building designed by Samuel Fripp ; the 1930s offices known as `` Collett House '' ( named after Charles Collett ) and a disused parcels depot lie beyond . On the left is Brunel 's original station building . The train shed is 72 feet ( 22 m ) wide with a wooden box - frame roof and cast iron columns disguised as hammerbeams above Tudor arches . It is believed to be the widest hammerbeam roof in England and , along with most of the station , is a Grade 1 listed building , and forms part of a proposed Great Western Railway World Heritage Site . At the top of the slope an entrance on the left to the covered car park marks the junction between the original terminus and Fox 's 1870s extension . Ahead is the turreted main station building , and to the right a flat area marks the site of the B&ER station . The tunnel beneath this area was the route for passengers to and from the Down platform from 1878 until the station was enlarged in 1935 . Station ( edit ) Entering the main building , the ticket office and ticket machines are immediately ahead , and the route from Temple Quay and the ferry is on the left ; a bookshop is on the right , next to the platform entrance . Customer Information System screens by the entrance show arrival and departure information for all platforms , as do displays on each of the platforms . All platforms are signalled for trains in either direction and the flexible layout means that trains on any route can use any part of the station . Platforms with odd numbers are at the east end , even numbers at the west end ( geographically the south , due to the curvature of the platforms ) . Platform 3 and the ticket gates that control entrance to the platforms Entrance to the platforms is controlled by automatic ticket gates on Platform 3 , which is used by many northbound CrossCountry trains and local services to Bristol Parkway and Gloucester . The main station restaurant and bar is on the left and the short Platform 1 , a bay , is beyond this . This is most frequently used by Severn Beach Line trains but is long enough to handle any four - car Diesel Multiple Unit ( DMU ) . Behind Platform 1 is a brick wall that forms part of the signal box and on this are some metal artworks created by artists with learning difficulties to celebrate Brunel 's 200th anniversary in 2006 ; an interpretation panel is nearby . The High Level Siding beyond Platform 1 is the rump of the Bristol Harbour Railway , and Barton Hill traction maintenance depot can be seen in the distance alongside Bristol East Junction ( formerly South Wales Junction ) where the lines to Bristol Parkway and Bath diverge . On the right of the entrance is the subway that links all the platforms , reached either by steps or lift ; it houses the main public toilets , automated teller machines ( ATM ) and several catering outlets ( there is catering on all platform islands except 13 -- 15 ) . A passenger information office and lounge are above the subway , the British Transport Police office and cycle racks are beyond , and at the western end is Platform 4 , used by only a few trains . Alongside this is Platform 2 , another bay platform but not signalled for passenger trains and used only for stabling empty trains , as is the former Motorail unloading bay alongside . At the far end of this track is the old Fish Dock , occasionally used for stabling engineers ' on - track equipment . Beyond the end of the platform the tracks swing to the right ( the west ) and pass out of sight beneath Bath Road Bridge , a girder bridge that carries the A4 out of the city . The first island platform comprises platforms 5 to 8 . Platform 5 is inside the main train shed while 6 is a southerly extension and 7 and 8 were added outside the supporting wall in the 1930s . Platform 5 is used by trains towards Cardiff and platform 7 to Portsmouth ; platforms 6 and 8 are the main platforms for Weston - super-Mare and stations to Penzance . Between platforms 5 and 7 are the two spur sidings that are long enough to stable a single Class 153 DMU . The third island platform comprises platforms 9 to 12 and also dates from the 1930s . It is longer than platforms 5 -- 8 but the rear of a High Speed Train on the west end platforms will block part of the east end platform . A wide variety of trains use these platforms , including to and from London Paddington and London Waterloo and Weymouth . The final island platform is shorter and only has east - end platforms 13 and 15 : 15 is used by most trains from Paddington that continue westwards to Weston - super-Mare or beyond . Platform 13 is a terminus platform and is used by many trains from Paddington , some local services and occasionally by CrossCountry . There is another siding beyond platform 15 that used to be the In / Out Road for Bath Road Traction Maintenance Depot . This depot has been demolished . Between platforms 3 / 4 and 5 / 6 are the Up Through line and the Middle Siding , the latter is often used to stable Mark 1 carriages between Torbay Express duties in the summer months . The Down Through line runs between platforms 11 / 12 and 13 . To the north of the station lies Arriva TrainCare 's Barton Hill train maintenance depot that services Class 220 / 221 Voyagers for CrossCountry Class 66 locomotives for DB Schenker and during summer months steam locomotives operating the Torbay Express . To the south - east of the station lies St Philip 's Marsh depot that services the Great Western Railway fleet . This is accessible from both ends of Temple Meads station . Other facilities include pay phones , public Wi - Fi , a post box , photo booth , and passenger assistance such as information points , waiting rooms , a lost property office , first aid room , and CCTV . Passenger volume ( edit ) Temple Meads is the busiest station in the Bristol area . Official statistics show it to have the 35th - largest number of people entering or leaving any national rail station , the 14th busiest outside London . Comparing the year from April 2009 with the year from April 2002 , estimated passenger numbers increased by 52 % . 2002 -- 03 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 Entries 2,590,543 2,823,258 3,039,104 3,279,898 3,541,946 3,914,814 3,937,843 4,204,670 4,442,313 4,549,684 4,761,420 Exits 2,586,575 2,818,114 3,027,136 3,268,961 3,540,152 3,914,814 3,937,843 4,204,670 4,442,313 4,549,684 4,761,420 Interchanges unknown 798,961 856,644 917,595 845,178 890,706 979,955 1,107,555 1,327,179 1,386,664 1,434,465 Total 5,177,118 6,440,333 6,922,883 7,466,454 7,927,276 8,720,334 8,855,641 9,516,895 10,211,805 10,486,032 10,957,305 The statistics cover twelve - month periods that start in April . Services ( edit ) Rail ( edit ) Customer Information System showing arrivals and departures The station is operated by Great Western Railway , along with main line services to London Paddington station , long distance services to Cardiff Central and the South Coast , local services to Weston - super-Mare , Taunton and Gloucester and a few services each day to / from Brighton . An alternative route , to London Waterloo , is provided by South Western Railway , while regular CrossCountry services run south to Paignton , Plymouth and Penzance , and north to Manchester , Leeds , Edinburgh , Glasgow and Aberdeen . Preceding station National Rail Following station Bristol Parkway CrossCountry Scotland -- South West England Weston - super-Mare or Taunton CrossCountry Manchester Piccadilly -- Bristol Terminus CrossCountry Manchester Piccadilly -- Cardiff Central ( limited service ) Filton Abbey Wood Bath Spa Great Western Railway London Paddington to Bristol Temple Meads Terminus Great Western Railway London Paddington to Weston - super-Mare Nailsea & Backwell or Weston - super-Mare Lawrence Hill or Filton Abbey Wood Great Western Railway Gloucester -- Westbury / Weymouth and Cardiff Central -- Portsmouth Keynsham or Bath Spa Great Western Railway Cardiff Central -- Taunton Nailsea & Backwell Great Western Railway Bristol Parkway -- Weston - super-Mare Bedminster Lawrence Hill or Stapleton Road Great Western Railway Severn Beach Line Terminus Terminus South Western Railway London Waterloo to Bristol Keynsham Bus ( edit ) The Bristol Airport Flyer picking up outside the station Temple Meads is served by many buses operated by First West of England including : A1 : to Bristol Airport 1 : to Broomhill and Cribbs Causeway 2 : to Stockwood and Cribbs Causeway 8 , 9 : circular routes to Clifton and Redland 39 / 349 / X39 : to Bath via Keynsham ( 39 / 349 ) , Saltford 70 : to University of the West of England , Frenchay 73 : to Cribbs Causeway via City Centre , Filton , Bradley Stoke , Patchway 178 : Radstock via Keynsham 376 : to Street via Wells Wessex Bus operate two routes via Temple Meads station : 51 : Hengrove to Bristol City Centre 506 : Southmead Hospital to Create Centre Ferry ( edit ) Harbour ferry services , operated by Bristol Ferry Boats and Number Seven Boat Trips , call at a landing stage in the Floating Harbour outside the station . The service links Bristol Bridge , St Augustine 's Reach in the City Centre , the SS Great Britain , and Hotwells . Future ( edit ) First Great Western exercised a break clause in the Greater Western franchise thus avoiding large premium payments to the Department for Transport . With the franchise to now conclude in March 2013 , it was put out to tender , but the process was scrapped as part of the fallout from the collapse of the InterCity West Coast franchise competition . Subsequently , a new contract until September 2015 was negotiated between First Great Western and the Department for Transport and subsequently extended until March 2019 . The coming years will see the High Speed Trains replaced with new Class 800 / 801 Intercity Express Trains , capacity enhancements and smart ticketing . The Great Western Main Line from London to Bristol is in the process of being electrified . However , because of cost overruns and delays , on 8 November 2016 the government announced that several elements of the programme would be deferred including electrification south west of Thingley Junction near Chippenham and Bristol Parkway . This will leave Temple Meads un-electrified but the new Hitachi Super Express trains are bi-mode so can operate as diesels around Bristol and can use electricity where the electrification work is complete . The electrification plans do not extend west of Bristol so local services will continue to be provided using diesel trains , with Class 165 / 166s cascaded from Thames Valley services scheduled to replace the 150 / 153 / 158s on local services . The Portishead Branch Line , which runs along the south side of the River Avon from a junction just beyond Parson Street is proposed to be reopened . There is an aspiration of two trains per hour between Portishead and Temple Meads in peak periods , possibly calling at Bedminster and Parson Street . The line was built in the 1860s , but closed to passenger traffic in 1964 , leaving Portishead as one of Britain 's largest towns without a railway station . The line was reopened for freight traffic to serve Royal Portbury Docks in 2001 , and the restoration of passenger traffic is considered part of the Greater Bristol Metro scheme , which was given the go - ahead in July 2012 as part of the City Deal , whereby local councils would be given greater control over money by the government . The Metro scheme could also see the reopening of the Henbury Loop Line to passengers , with the possibility of services from Temple Meads to Bristol Parkway via Clifton Down and Henbury . Plans for a loop were rejected by the West of England Joint Transport Board , however in July 2015 Bristol City Councillors voted to send the decision back to the board for further discussion . The station roof is to be refurbished as part of a scheme to transform the station over the next 25 years . On 1 April 2014 , Network Rail took over management of the station from First Great Western . See also ( edit ) Bristol Area Railway Map Legend Cross Country Route Thornbury Branch Line Yate South Wales Main Line New Passage Pier Westerleigh Junction New Passage Halt Cross Hands Halt South Wales Main Line Pilning Severn Beach Coalpit Heath Severn View Industrial Park Winterbourne Chittening Industrial Estate Bristol Parkway Patchway Smoke Lane Industrial Estate Ram Hill Colliery Chittening Platform Hallen Halt Avonmouth Docks Henbury St Andrews Road Charlton Halt Avonmouth ( BPRP ) North Filton Platform Filton Triangle Depot Avonmouth ( Royal Edward ) Westerleigh Goods Depot Avonmouth Docks Avonmouth Filton Junction Avonmouth Light Railway Filton Avonmouth Docks Filton Abbey Wood Shirehampton Horfield Sea Mills Ashley Hill Clifton Down Tunnel Mangotsfield ( 1845 -- 1869 ) Clifton Down Mangotsfield ( 1869 -- 1966 ) Redland Staple Hill Montpelier Fishponds Hotwells Halt Hotwells Narroways Hill Junction Stapleton Road sidings Grey line represents Stapleton Road boundary of Bristol Warmley unitary authority area Lawrence Hill Waste depot Oldland Common Bristol St Philip 's Barton Hill Depot St Mary Redcliffe tunnel Avon Valley Railway Bristol Temple Meads Bristol Temple Meads Bristol Harbour Railway St Philips Marsh T&RSMD Bedminster Parson Street Bristol Docks ( North ) Bristol Docks ( South ) South Liberty Lane Depot East Depot Bitton Ashton Gate St Anne 's Park Clifton Bridge Brislington Nightingale Valley Halt Long Ashton Ham Green Halt Avon Riverside Pill Keynsham Portbury shipyard Whitchurch Halt Royal Portbury Dock Kelston Portbury Shipyard Saltford Portbury Mangotsfield Branch Line ( 1954 -- 1964 ) Portishead Great Western Main Line Weston , Clevedon and Portishead Light Railway Bristol & North Somerset Rly ( 1879 -- 1954 ) Portishead Bristol to Exeter Line Portishead Pier Rail services in Bristol Commuter rail in the United Kingdom Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Annual estimated passenger usage based on sales of tickets in stated financial year ( s ) which end or originate at Patchway , from Office of Rail and Road statistics . Methodology may vary year on year . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Historic England , `` Temple Meads Station ( 1282106 ) '' , National Heritage List for England , retrieved 4 January 2017 Jump up ^ `` Trains to Bristol Temple Meads '' . Trainline . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Two more stations for NR '' Today 's Railways issue 150 June 2014 page 13 Jump up ^ `` Temple Church '' . Images of England . Archived from the original on 8 December 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Lobel , MD ( 1975 ) . The Atlas of Historic Towns , Volume 2 : Bristol , Cambridge , Coventry , Norwich . London : The Scolar Press in conjunction with The Historic Towns Trust . ISBN 0 - 85967 - 185 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Foyle , Andrew ( 2004 ) . Pevsner Architectural Guides : Bristol . New Haven and London : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 10442 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Binding , John ( 2001 ) . Brunel 's Bristol Temple Meads . Hersham : Oxford Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 86093 - 563 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : MacDermot , ET ( 1927 ) . History of the Great Western Railway , volume I 1833 -- 1863 . London : Great Western Railway . ^ Jump up to : MacDermot , ET ( 1931 ) . History of the Great Western Railway , volume II 1863 -- 1921 . London : Great Western Railway . Jump up ^ Awdry , Christopher ( 1990 ) . Encyclopaedia of British Railway Companies . Sparkford : Patrick Stephens Ltd . ISBN 1 - 8526 - 0049 - 7 . OCLC 19514063 . CN 8983 . , P 19 . Jump up ^ Lyons , E ; Mountford , E ( 1979 ) . Great Western Engine Sheds 1837 -- 1947 . Poole : Oxford Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 86093 - 019 - X . Jump up ^ Reed , P.J.T. ( February 1953 ) . White , D.E. , ed . The Locomotives of the Great Western Railway , Part 2 : Broad Gauge . Kenilworth : The Railway Correspondence and Travel Society . ISBN 0 - 901115 - 32 - 0 . OCLC 650490992 . ^ Jump up to : Maggs , Colin ( 1981 ) . Rail Centres : Bristol . Shepperton : Ian Allan . ISBN 0 - 7110 - 1153 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Oakley , Mike ( 2002 ) . Bristol Railway Stations 1840 -- 2005 . Wimbourne : The Dovecote Press . ISBN 1 - 904349 - 09 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Nichols , Gerry ( 2005 ) . `` Rebuilding Temple Meads Passenger Station 1870 to 1875 '' . Broadsheet . Broad Gauge Society ( 54 ) : 8 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Kichenside , GM ( 1973 ) . `` The Bristol resignalling scheme controls the crossroads of the West '' . Modern Railways . Ian Allan . 30 ( 292 ) : 10 -- 15 . Jump up ^ `` Bristol Powerbox '' . Bristol Railway Archive . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Butt , R.V.J. ( 1995 ) . The Directory of Railway Stations : details every public and private passenger station , halt , platform and stopping place , past and present ( 1st ed . ) . Sparkford : Patrick Stephens Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85260 - 508 - 7 . OCLC 60251199 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Mail terminal opens at Bristol Parkway '' Rail issue 384 31 May 2000 page 7 Jump up ^ `` Regional News '' Rail issue 776 10 June 2015 page 18 Jump up ^ `` Temple Meads loses out as work starts on new Parkway mail centre '' Rail issue 334 1 July 1998 page 16 Jump up ^ `` New look for Temple Meads '' Rail issue 338 26 August 1998 page 14 Jump up ^ `` Railtrack gets Bristol quarry site approval '' Rail issue 347 30 December 1998 page 12 ^ Jump up to : prepared by the County Planning Department ( 1983 ) . Railways in Avon , a short history of their development and decline 1832 -- 1982 . Bristol : Avon County Planning Department . ISBN 0 - 86063 - 184 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` News '' . British Empire and Commonwealth Museum . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Brunel 's Old Station '' . www.brunels-old-station.co.uk . Retrieved 8 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` An enterprising idea with a radically new approach '' . Bristol Post . 8 July 2013 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bristol enterprise zone looks to keep up the momentum '' . Bristol Post . 16 April 2014 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bristol Temple Meads station to get £ 100m investment '' . BBC News Online . 14 November 2012 . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The removal of the conveyor belt at Bristol Temple Meads station timelapse '' . YouTube . Network Rail . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Yong , Michael ( 29 November 2016 ) . `` Bristol University to take over old sorting office by Temple Meads for new £ 300m campus '' . Bristol Post . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why tech industries are thriving in the south - west of England '' . The Guardian . 10 February 2014 . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Council handed land for Bristol Arena by the government '' . BBC News Online . 27 March 2015 . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bristol Old Station , Temple Meads '' . Images of England . Archived from the original on 8 December 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Temple Meads Station '' . Images of England . Archived from the original on 31 October 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Western Railway : Paddington - Bristol ( selected parts ) '' . United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organisation. 1999 . Retrieved 22 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` BRI Network Rail Live Departures and Arrivals '' . National Rail Enquiries . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Jacobs , Gerald ( 2005 ) . Railway Track Diagrams Book 3 : Western . Bradford - on - Avon : Trackmaps . ISBN 0 - 9549866 - 1 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Station Facilities : Bristol Temple Meads '' . National Rail Enquiries . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Estimates of station usage '' . Office of Rail and Road . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Rail Timetable 125 ( Summer 2008 ) '' ( PDF ) . Network Rail . Jump up ^ `` National Rail Timetable 132 ( Summer 2008 ) '' ( PDF ) . Network Rail . Jump up ^ `` National Rail Timetable 123 ( Summer 2008 ) '' ( PDF ) . Network Rail . Jump up ^ `` National Rail Timetable 134 ( Summer 2008 ) '' ( PDF ) . Network Rail . Jump up ^ `` National Rail Timetable 160 ( Summer 2008 ) '' ( PDF ) . Network Rail . Jump up ^ `` National Rail Timetable 135 ( Summer 2008 ) '' ( PDF ) . Network Rail . Jump up ^ `` National Rail Timetable 51 ( Summer 2008 ) '' ( PDF ) . Network Rail . Jump up ^ `` Timetables ( To Bristol Airport ) '' . Bristol Airport . Archived from the original on 25 January 2013 . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1 '' ( PDF ) . First Group . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 51 '' ( PDF ) . First Group . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 8 / 9 '' ( PDF ) . First Group . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` X39 / 338 / 339 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 70 '' ( PDF ) . First Group . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 73 '' ( PDF ) . FirstGroup . Retrieved 10 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 178 '' ( PDF ) . FirstGroup . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` X75 / 375 / 376 / 377 '' ( PDF ) . First Group . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Route 506 timetable Wessex Bus Jump up ^ `` Timetables '' . Bristol Ferry Boats . Archived from the original on 23 July 2013 . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` First Great Western bids for longer rail franchise deal '' . BBC News . 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` First rejects Great Western extension but plans new bid '' Rail issue 670 18 May 2011 page 6 Jump up ^ `` FGW opts out of Great Western extension '' Modern Railways issue 753 June 2011 page 7 Jump up ^ Haigh , Philip ( 18 April 2012 ) . `` First leads a field of seven bidding for rail franchises '' . RAIL magazine . Peterborough : Bauer Media ( 694 ) : 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ `` Great Western franchise to be extended '' . Railnews. 19 July 2012 . Retrieved 19 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Great Western franchise to deliver new express trains '' ( Press release ) . Department for Transport . 27 July 2012 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Great Western London to south Wales rail contest scrapped '' . BBC News . BBC . 31 January 2013 . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` First celebrates last - minute Great Western deal '' . Railnews. 3 October 2013 . Retrieved 4 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` First Great Western retains Wales and west rail franchise '' . BBC News . BBC . 3 October 2013 . Retrieved 4 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` First Great Western offered new franchise deal '' . BBC News . BBC . 10 October 2014 . Retrieved 10 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FirstGroup wins Great Western contract extension '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . 10 October 2014 . Retrieved 10 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Updated franchise schedule signals GW extension '' . Railnews. 10 October 2014 . Retrieved 10 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weston - super-Mare to London rail re-franchise concerns '' . BBC News . BBC . 10 August 2012 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Modernising the Great Western '' ( PDF ) . Network Rail . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 April 2013 . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Great Western electrification : Intercity line work ' deferred ' '' . BBC News . 8 November 2016 . Retrieved 10 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Paul Maynard ( 8 November 2016 ) . `` Written statement to Parliament , Rail update : rail investment in the Great Western route '' . gov.uk . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bristol to London line to be electrified '' . This is Bristol . Northcliffe Media . 23 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2013 . Retrieved 5 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Clinnick , Richard ( 15 April 2015 ) . `` How the West will win with new trains '' . RAIL magazine . Peterborough : Bauer Media ( 772 ) : 58 -- 59 . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ribbeck , Michael ( 6 July 2012 ) . `` £ 100 million Bristol Metro train network by 2016 '' . The Post , Bristol . Northcliffe Media . Archived from the original on 8 July 2012 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Bristol Evening Post ( 18 June 2011 ) . `` New fight launched to reopen railway line '' . This is Bristol . Northcliffe Media . Archived from the original on 19 September 2012 . Retrieved 8 May 2012 . The aspiration is for a regular service on a reopened line with new stations at Ashton Gate , Pill and Portishead and stopping trains at Parson St and Bedminster . Jump up ^ Network Rail ( March 2010 ) . `` Great Western Route Utilisation Strategy '' ( PDF ) . pp. 41 , 51 , 60 , 63 , 128 , 165 , 210 , 211 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 September 2012 . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Portishead rail link plan is latest in long - running saga '' . This is Bristol . Northcliffe Media . 20 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 18 September 2012 . Retrieved 8 May 2012 . The most expensive option would see two trains an hour on the line at peak times and one in less busy periods , with trains calling at Pill , Ashton Gate , Bedminster and Parson Street , a passing loop and additional signals . Jump up ^ Broadbent , Steve ( 16 May 2012 ) . `` Ship - shape and Bristol fashion '' . RAIL magazine . Peterborough : Bauer Media ( 696 ) : 46 -- 53 . Jump up ^ `` Portishead rail link signals are encouraging , says North Somerset MP Liam Fox '' . Western Daily Press . Northcliffe Media . 19 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 13 September 2012 . Retrieved 28 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Transport chiefs drop Henbury Loop plan '' . BBC News . BBC . 17 July 2015 . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Huge majority back rethink on decision for Henbury Loop at a special meeting '' . Bristol Post . Local World . 28 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2015 . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bristol Temple Meads station roof to be replaced '' . BBC News . BBC . 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 19 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reading railway station to be managed by Network Rail '' . BBC News . BBC . 18 November 2013 . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . Further Reading ( edit ) Buchanan , RA ; Williams , M ( 1982 ) . Brunel 's Bristol . Bristol : Redcliffe Press . ISBN 0 - 905459 - 39 - 3 . Gomme , A ; Jenner , M ; Little , B ( 1979 ) . Bristol : an Architectural History . London : Lund Humphries . ISBN 0 - 85331 - 409 - 8 . Harris , Peter ( 1987 ) . Bristol 's Railway Mania 1862 -- 1864 . Bristol : Bristol Branch of the Historical Association . ISBN 0 - 901388 - 49 - 1 . Jowett , Alan ( 1993 ) . Jowett 's Atlas of Railway Centres : of Great Britain showing their development from the earliest times up to and including the 1990s - Volume 1 ( 1st ed . ) . Sparkford : Patrick Stephens Ltd . ISBN 1 - 8526 - 0420 - 4 . OCLC 30919645 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bristol Temple Meads railway station . Detailed historic record for Bristol Temple Meads railway station , English Heritage Bristol Temple Meads Station ( excerpts from original plans ) , Network Rail Archive Panoramic photograph inside the train shed Photographs of Bristol Temple Meads Railway stations served by Bristol area commuter services Taunton to Bristol and Cardiff Taunton Bridgwater Highbridge and Burnham Weston - super-Mare Weston Milton Worle Yatton Nailsea and Backwell Parson Street Bedminster Bristol Temple Meads Lawrence Hill Stapleton Road Filton Abbey Wood Patchway Pilning Severn Tunnel Junction Newport Cardiff Central Westbury and Bristol to Cheltenham Westbury Trowbridge Bradford - on - Avon Avoncliff Freshford Bath Spa Oldfield Park Keynsham Bristol Temple Meads Lawrence Hill Stapleton Road Filton Abbey Wood Bristol Parkway Yate Cam and Dursley Gloucester Cheltenham Spa Severn Beach line Bristol Temple Meads Lawrence Hill Stapleton Road Montpelier Redland Clifton Down Sea Mills Shirehampton Avonmouth St Andrews Road Severn Beach Major railway stations in Great Britain Managed by Network Rail Birmingham New Street Bristol Temple Meads Edinburgh Waverley Glasgow Central Leeds Liverpool Lime Street Manchester Piccadilly Reading Managed by train operator Aberdeen Birmingham Moor Street Brighton Cardiff Central Crewe Gatwick Airport Glasgow Queen Street Manchester Victoria Newcastle Nottingham Sheffield Southampton Central Swansea York London Managed by Network Rail ( termini ) Cannon Street Charing Cross Euston King 's Cross Liverpool Street London Bridge Paddington St Pancras Victoria Waterloo Managed by train operator Termini Fenchurch Street Marylebone Moorgate Through stations Blackfriars City Thameslink Clapham Junction Stratford Waterloo East Transport in Bristol Road Motorways M4 M5 M32 M49 Almondsbury Interchange European Routes European route E30 A roads A4 ( Portway ) A37 A38 A369 A370 A403 A420 A431 A432 A4018 A4174 A4032 Bus Buses in Bristol Bristol bus station Bristol park and ride First West of England Portway park and ride Wessex Bus Cycling National Cycle Route 3 National Cycle Route 4 ( Bristol & Bath Railway Path ) Rail Railway lines Bristol -- Exeter line Filton Bank Great Western main line Henbury Loop Line Portishead Railway South Wales Main Line Cross Country Route Severn Beach line Stations Avonmouth Bedminster Bristol Parkway Bristol Temple Meads Clifton Down Filton Abbey Wood Lawrence Hill Montpelier Parson Street Redland Sea Mills Severn Beach Shirehampton St Andrews Road Stapleton Road Other Clifton Rocks Railway Bristol Supertram Bristol Tramways Bristol Airport Rail Link Friends of Suburban Bristol Railways MetroWest Narroways Hill Junction Rail services in the West of England Severnside Community Rail Partnership Air Bristol Airport Water River Avon Bristol Harbour Cumberland Basin Netham Lock Bristol Ferry Boats Bristol Packet Boat Trips Bristol Marina Underfall Yard Kennet and Avon Canal Avonmouth Docks Port of Bristol Royal Portbury Dock Public transport Public transport in Bristol Bridges Avon Bridge Avonmouth Bridge Bristol Bridge Clifton Suspension Bridge Pero 's Bridge Prince Street Bridge South Western Railway routes Main line routes serving this station West of England line London Waterloo Clapham Junction Wimbledon Woking Basingstoke Overton Whitchurch Andover Grateley Salisbury Warminster Westbury Trowbridge Bradford - on - Avon Bath Spa Oldfield Park Keynsham Bristol Temple Meads Tisbury Gillingham Templecombe Sherborne Yeovil Junction Crewkerne Axminster Honiton Feniton Whimple Cranbrook Pinhoe Exeter Central Exeter St Davids Suburban and non-main line routes serving this station None Island Line Trains routes serving this station None Stations in italics are served on limited occasions , at peak hours or on Sundays only . South Western Railway - Island Line - National Rail - Southern - CrossCountry - Great Western Railway Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bristol_Temple_Meads_railway_station&oldid=813695375 '' Categories : DfT Category A stations Railway stations in Bristol Grade I listed buildings in Bristol Grade I listed railway stations Former Great Western Railway stations Bristol and Exeter Railway Former Midland Railway stations Railway stations opened in 1840 Buildings and structures in Bristol Great Western Main Line Isambard Kingdom Brunel railway stations Network Rail managed stations Railway stations served by CrossCountry Railway stations served by Great Western Railway Railway stations served by South Western Railway Bristol Harbourside Art Deco railway stations History of Bristol Severn Beach Line Art Deco architecture in England Hidden categories : Use British English from October 2012 Use dmy dates from October 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with OS grid coordinates Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 19 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the main train station in bristol	[ "Bristol Temple Meads is the oldest and largest railway station in Bristol, England. It is an important transport hub for public transport in the city. In addition to the train services there are bus services to many parts of the city and surrounding districts, and a ferry to the city centre. Bristol's other major station, Bristol Parkway, is on the northern outskirts of the conurbation." ]	[ "Bristol Temple Meads" ]
-5110677473958992001	Seattle–Bremerton ferry	Seattle -- Bremerton ferry - wikipedia Seattle -- Bremerton ferry Seattle -- Bremerton ferry Hyak boarding at Bremerton . Waterway Puget Sound Route Seattle -- Bremerton , Washington Carries SR 304 Authority Washington State Ferries ( 1951 -- present ) Kitsap Fast Ferries ( 2017 -- present ) System length 17 miles ( 27 km ) Travel time 60 minutes ( 2018 ) ; 45 minutes ( 1968 ) Connections at Bremerton Kitsap Foot Ferry Kitsap Transit , Mason Transit Authority SR 304 Connections at Seattle King County Water Taxi Pioneer Square station King County Metro , Sound Transit Express SR 519 The Seattle -- Bremerton ferry is a ferry route across Puget Sound between Seattle and Bremerton , Washington . Since 1951 , the route has primarily been operated by the state - run Washington State Ferries system , currently the largest ferry system in the United States . Kitsap Transit also runs passenger - only `` fast ferries '' service on the route . Contents 1 History 2 Current status 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References History ( edit ) Main article : Puget Sound Mosquito Fleet The Seattle -- Bremerton ferry route was once known as the `` Navy Yard route '' . Before ferry service , the route was served by steamships and steamboats , such as the Inland Flyer . The sternwheeler Bailey Gatzert , once considered one of the most prestigious vessels to operate on Puget Sound and the Columbia River , was converted to an automobile ferry and as such became the first ferry to run on the Seattle - Bremerton route . Another vessel to run on the route was the unique `` streamlined '' ferry Kalakala . From 1986 to 2002 , Washington State Ferries operated passenger - only service on the Bremerton route using specialized high - speed boats . After the service was cancelled , Kitsap Transit contracted with private companies to operate a similar service for several years , and later debuted its own service , Kitsap Fast Ferries , on July 10 , 2017 . Current status ( edit ) Aerial view of two Seattle -- Bremerton ferries crossing near Fort Ward and Country Club of Seattle on Bainbridge Island The route from Seattle departs from the Washington State Ferry Terminal on the central Seattle waterfront . Normally assigned to the route are the Super-class ferry Kaleetan and Olympic - class ferry Chimacum , with the Jumbo Class ferry Walla Walla filling in when maintenance needs allow . MV Chimacum , ferry on the Seattle -- Bremerton route , arriving at Colman Dock in Seattle See also ( edit ) Ferries in Washington State Washington State Ferries Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Newell , Gordon , R. , ed. , H.W. McCurdy Marine History of the Pacific Northwest , at 291 , Superior Publishing , Seattle , WA , 1966 Jump up ^ Gutman , David ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` Bremerton takes another crack at fast ferry service '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Demoro , Harre , The Evergreen Fleet -- A Pictorial History of Washington State Ferries , Golden West Books , San Marino , CA ( 1971 ) ISBN 0 - 87095 - 037 - 1 Kline , Mary S. , and Bayless , G.A. , Ferryboats -- A Legend on Puget Sound , Bayless Books , Seattle , WA ( 1983 ) ISBN 0 - 914515 - 00 - 4 Newell , Gordon , R. , ed. , H.W. McCurdy Marine History of the Pacific Northwest , Superior Publishing , Seattle , WA ( 1966 ) hide Washington State Ferries hide Routes Anacortes -- San Juan Islands Edmonds -- Kingston Fauntleroy -- Vashon -- Southworth Mukilteo -- Clinton Point Defiance -- Tahlequah Port Townsend -- Coupeville Seattle -- Bainbridge Seattle -- Bremerton Terminals Colman Dock ( Seattle ) Current fleet Jumbo Mark - II - class MV Tacoma MV Wenatchee MV Puyallup Jumbo - class MV Spokane MV Walla Walla Super-class MV Hyak MV Kaleetan MV Yakima MV Elwha Olympic - class MV Tokitae MV Samish MV Chimacum MV Suquamish ( under construction ) Issaquah 130 - class MV Cathlamet MV Chelan MV Issaquah MV Kitsap MV Kittitas Issaquah - class MV Sealth Evergreen State - class MV Tillikum Kwa - di Tabil - class MV Chetzemoka MV Salish MV Kennewick Retired fleet Steel Electric - class MV Enetai MV Illahee MV Klickitat MV Nisqually MV Quinault MV Willapa Wood Electric - class MV Chetzemoka ( 1927 ) MV Kehloken MV Klahanie Southern Pacific Class SS San Mateo SS Shasta Skansie Class MV Skansonia Anderson Class MV Kitsap ( 1925 ) MV Vashon Governor Class MV Olympic MV Rhododendron Evergreen State - class MV Evergreen State MV Klahowya Skagit Kalama - class MV Kalama MV Skagit Passenger - Only Fast Ferry - class MV Chinook MV Snohomish No Class MV Chippewa MV Crosline MV Hiyu MV Kalakala MV Kulshan MV Leschi MV Rosario MV Tyee Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seattle -- Bremerton_ferry&oldid = 838303539 '' Categories : Ferry routes in western Washington ( state ) Transportation in King County , Washington History of King County , Washington Transportation in Kitsap County , Washington History of Kitsap County , Washington Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 04 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how far is bremerton washington from seattle washington	[ "Seattle–Bremerton ferry\nHyak boarding at Bremerton.Waterway\nPuget SoundRoute\nSeattle – Bremerton, WashingtonCarries\n SR 304Authority\nWashington State Ferries (1951–present)Kitsap Fast Ferries (2017–present)System length\n17 miles (27 km)Travel time\n60 minutes (2018); 45 minutes (1968)\nConnections at Bremerton\nKitsap Foot Ferry\nKitsap Transit, Mason Transit Authority\n SR 304\n\nConnections at Seattle\nKing County Water Taxi\n Pioneer Square station\nKing County Metro, Sound Transit Express\n SR 519\n" ]	[ "17 miles (27 km)" ]
1644806866618587978	Majuli	Majuli - Wikipedia Majuli This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mājuli Doriya River of Majuli . Mājuli Geography Location Brahmaputra River 26 ° 57 ′ 0 '' N 94 ° 10 ′ 0 '' E / 26.95000 ° N 94.16667 ° E / 26.95000 ; 94.16667 Area 352 km ( 136 sq mi ) Highest elevation 84.5 m ( 277.2 ft ) Administration India State Assam District Majuli ( Formally Declared on 8 September 2016 ) Demographics Population 167,304 Approx ( 2011 ) Pop . density 300 / km ( 800 / sq mi ) Ethnic groups Mishing , Deori , Sonowal Kacharis , Ahom , Chutiya , Kalita , Brahmin , Keot , Sut Additional information Time zone IST ( UTC + 5 : 30 ) PIN 785102 , 785104 , 785105 , 785110 , 785106 Telephone code 03775 Vehicle registration AS - 03 Mājuli or Majoli ( pron : ˈmʌʤʊlɪ ) ) is a river island in the Brahmaputra River , Assam and in 2016 became the first island to be made a district in India . It had an area of 880 square kilometres ( 340 sq mi ) at the beginning of the 20th century , but having lost significantly to erosion it covers 352 square kilometres ( 136 sq mi ) as at 2014 . Majuli has shrunk as the river surrounding it has grown . Majuli is currently listed as world 's largest river island in Guinness book of world 's record . The island is formed by the Brahmaputra river in the south and the Kherkutia Xuti , an anabranch of the Brahmaputra , joined by the Subansiri River in the north . Mājuli island is accessible by ferries from the city of Jorhat . The island is about 300 -- 400 kilometres ( 186 -- 249 mi ) east from the state 's largest city -- Guwahati . It was formed due to course changes by the river Brahmaputra and its tributaries , mainly the Lohit . Mājuli is the abode of the Assamese neo-Vaishnavite culture . Contents 1 History 2 Economy 3 People 4 Culture 5 Neo-Vaishnavite Satras 6 Photo gallery 7 Ecosystem 8 Tourist interests 9 Birdwatching 10 Educational Institute 10.1 Colleges 10.2 Junior Colleges 10.3 Schools 10.4 Schools 11 Politics 12 See also 13 References 14 External links History ( edit ) Originally , the island was a long , narrow piece of land called Majoli ( land in the middle of two parallel rivers ) that had the Brahmaputra flowing in the north and the Burhidihing flowing in the south until they met at Lakhu . It was once known as Ratnapur and was the capital of the powerful Chutia kingdom . Frequent earthquakes in the period 1661 -- 1696 set the stage for a catastrophic flood in 1750 that continued for 15 days , which is mentioned in historical texts and reflected in folklore . As a result of this flood , part of the Brahmaputra discharged southward into what was the Burhidihing 's lower channel and Mājuli island was formed . The Burhidihing 's point of confluence moved 190 km east and the southern channel which was the Burhidihing became the Burhi Xuti . The northern channel , which was previously the Brahmaputra , became the Luit Xuti . In due course , the flow in the Luit Xuti decreased , and it came to be known as the Kerkota Xuti ; and the Burhi Xuti expanded via erosion to become the main Brahmaputra River . The locals speak in Assamese and Mising language mainly . A few speak in the Deori language as well . Mājuli has been the cultural capital of Assamese civilisation since the 16th century ; based on written records describing the visit of Srimanta Sankardeva -- a 16th - century social reformer . Sankardeva , a pioneer of the medieval - age neo-Vaishnavite movement , preached a monotheist form of Hinduism called Vaishnavism and established monasteries and hermitages known as satra on the islet . The island soon became the leading center of Vaishnavinism with the establishment of these satras . After the arrival of the British , Majuli was under the rule of the British until India gained independence in 1947 . It is as at 2016 the world 's biggest river island . Economy ( edit ) A household in Majuli The main industry is agriculture , with paddy being the chief crop . Mājuli has a rich and diverse agricultural tradition , with as many as 100 varieties of rice grown , all without pesticides or artificial fertilisers . Fishing is also among the main industry after agriculture . Among the fascinating arrays of rice produced are the Komal Saul , a unique type that can be eaten after immersing the grains in warm water for 15 minutes and usually eaten as a breakfast cereal ; the bao dhan , that grows under water and is harvested after ten months ; and the Bora saul , a sticky brown rice used to make the traditional cake with fish is known as pitha . Fishing , dairying , pottery , handloom and boat - making are other important economic activities . Jengraimukh Handloom is a major occupation among the distaff population of the villages . Although largely a non-commercial occupation , it keeps many of the inhabitants occupied . Weaving is exquisite and intricate with the use of a variety of colours and textures of cotton and silk , especially Muga silk . On November 4 , 2017 , Assam Chief Minister Sarbananda Sonowal launched 647 schemes with a total financial outlay of Rs. 24.57 crore to boost Majuli 's development . People ( edit ) A village in Majuli A Deori Community Women weaving Gamusa From Kamalabari Kamalabari Satra The population of Majuli comprises the tribals , non-tribals and the scheduled castes . The tribal communities include the Misings , the Deoris and the Sonowal Kacharis . The scheduled castes include the Kaivartas , the Brittial Banias etc . The non-tribal communities include Koch , Kalitas , Ahoms , Chutiyas , Keot , Yogis etc . The Mising community has the largest population in the island who immigrated from Arunachal Pradesh to Majuli centuries ago . Languages spoken are Mising , Assamese , and Deori . The island has 144 villages with a population of over 150,000 and a density of 300 individuals per square km . Ferry service which operates six times a day connects Majuli to Jorhat city . Night super buses ply between Guwahti to Majuli via Lakhimpur . Despite inherent drawbacks faced , modernism has touched this island , with the setting up of medical centers and educational institutions . Housing , too , has segued from traditional bamboo and mud construction to ones made of concrete . Culture ( edit ) Gayan Bayan in Majuli Raas leela in Majuli The festival of Ali aye ligang is celebrated during mid-February with great pomp and show . It is celebrated for five days starting from second Wednesday of February till the next week . Local dishes like purang apin ( rice wrapped in special leaves ) , apong ( rice beer ) and dishes made of pork , fish and chickens are served . Traditional Mising dance Gumrag Soman is performed in every village worshiping the almighty Donyi polo ( mother sun and father moon ) asking for good year of harvest . Other festivals like Christmas is celebrated by the majority Christians of Mising tribe in upper Majuli where Jengraimukh village is the epicentre of Christians . Majuli has been the cultural capital and the cradle of Assamese civilization for the past 500 years . The satras set up preserve antiques like weapons , utensils , jewellery and other items of cultural significance . Pottery is made in Mājuli from beaten clay and burnt in driftwood fired kilns in the same mode carried out by the peoples of the ancient Harrappan Civilisation . Sociologists have stressed the preservation of these unique peoples , whose culture and dance forms are untouched by modernism . The hand - loom work of these tribes is internationally famous . Virtually every person on the island is involved in the three - day long raas festival , depicting the life of Krishna . People from hundreds of kilometers away come to celebrate this festival including a number of expatriate members of community . The satras have honed certain art and craft traditions , which can now be found only here . In Natun Samuguri Satra for example , one can still find the craft of mask - making ; and in the Kamalabari Satra the finest boats are made . Neo-Vaishnavite satras ( edit ) The island has been the hub of Assamese neo-Vaishnavite culture , initiated around the 15th century by the revered Assamese saint Srimanta Sankardeva and his disciple Madhavdeva . Many Satras or monasteries constructed by the saint still survive and represent the colourful Assamese culture . The saint took refuge in Mājuli and spent a couple of months at Beloguri in West Mājuli , which was a place of grandeur for the historic and auspicious , ' Manikanchan Sanjog ' between Shankardeva and Madhavdeva , this was the first satra in Mājuli . After the `` Manikanchan Sanjog '' , sixty five satras were set up . However , today only twenty - two of the original sixty - five are operational . Sixty - five out of the six hundred and sixty - five original satras in Assam were situated in Mājuli . Mur nam Majuli The main surviving Satras ( Satra ) are : During Rass Mahotsav , artists perform Bhawna wearing masks . Dakhinpat Satra : Founded by Banamalidev , a supporter of Raasleela , which is now observed as one of the National Festivals of Assam . Garamurh Satra : This `` Satra '' was founded by Lakshmikantadeva . During the end of autumn , the traditional the Raasleela is enacted with pomp and celebrations . Ancient weapons called `` Bartop '' or cannons are preserved here . Auniati Satra : Founded by Niranjan Pathakdeva , the satra is famous for the `` Paalnaam '' and Apsara Dances and also its extensive assortment of ancient Assamese artefacts , utensils , jewellery and handicrafts . It also has a hundred and twenty five disciples and over seven hundred thousand followers worldwide . Kamalabari Satra : The Kamalabari Satra , founded by Bedulapadma Ata , is a centre of art , cultural , literature and classical studies on the island . Its branch the Uttar Kamalabari Satra has performed cultural programmes of the Satria Art all around the country and abroad . Narashingha Satra : ln the year of 1746 shri shri alengi narasingha satra was established by Ahom king Promottra singha . The founder person of the satra was NRISHING CHARAAN . The Narasingha satra is specially famous for sashi puthi , mask , THIO NAAM , ancient architec , Bor geet , satriya nritya , gupi nritya , sutradhar etc . Benegenaati Satra : It is a reliquary of antiques of cultural importance and an advance centre of performing art . Muraridev , the grandson of Sankaradeva 's stepmother was the founder of the Satra . The royal raiment belongs to the Ahom king Swargadeo Godadhar Singha , is made of gold . Also preserved is the royal umbrella made in gold . Shamaguri Satra : The satra is famous for the mask making in India . Bihimpur satra Satra : These satras are the treasure house of `` Borgeet '' Matiakhara , Satriya Dances ( Jumora Dance , Chali Dance , Notua Dance , Nande Vringee , Sutradhar , Ozapali , Apsara Dance , Satria Krishna Dance and Dasavater Dance ) , all promulgated by Srimanta Sankardeva . It has become a center for shuddhi in the Northeast of India , due to the efforts of Pitambar Deva Goswami . Photo gallery ( edit ) Kamalabari Satra Dakhinpat Satra Pooja at Dakhinpat Satra From one of the satras Aauniati satra gate Kamalabari Post Office Ecosystem ( edit ) Majuli wetland The island is shrinking due to erosion . A wetland , Mājuli is a hotspot for flora and fauna , harbouring many rare and endangered avifauna species including migratory birds that arrive in the winter season . Among the birds seen here are the greater adjutant stork , pelican , Siberian crane and the whistling teal . After dark wild geese and ducks fly in flocks to distant destinations . The island is almost pollution free owing to the lack of polluting industries and factories and also the chronic rainfall . The island is under threat due to the extensive soil erosion on its banks . The reason for this magnitude in erosion is the large embankments built in neighbouring towns upriver to prevent erosion during the monsoon season when the river distends its banks . The upshot is a backlash of the tempestuous Brahmaputra 's fury on the islet , eroding most of the area . According to reports , in 1853 , the total area of Mājuli was 1,150 km and about 33 % of this landmass has been eroded in the latter half of 20th century . Since 1991 , over 35 villages have been washed away . Surveys show that in 15 -- 20 years from now , Mājuli would cease to exist . To save the island , the Union Government of India has sanctioned ₹ 250 crores ( US $55 million ) for the protection of the island . The water resource department & The Brahmaputra Board are struggling to solve the erosion problem of this island for the last three decade but without much success . Recently it was suggested that a four - lane highway protected by concrete mat along the southern boundary of Majuli and excavation of river bed of the Brahmaputra River , only can solve the problem . The project also includes two flood gates for the Kherkatia suti which is a tributary of the Brahmaputra . The Brahmaputra River Restoration Project is yet to be implemented by the government . However , a nomination has been sent to the UNESCO for the declaration of Mājuli to be as a world heritage site . Local environmental activist Jadav Payeng has planted a 550 hectare forest , known as Molai Forest to combat erosion on the island . Much of the island was barren sandbars that were vulnerable to erosion , but thanks to Payeng 's afforestation , has become a lush forest . The forest has become habitat for animals including elephants , tigers , deer , and vultures . Tourist interests ( edit ) A view of Majuli FALGU RATH YATRA ( narasingha satra ) Majuli - A paradise for bird watchers Mājuli is 20 km from Jorhat . One can take the bus or a hired taxi to the Nimati Steamer Ghat from where ferry services ply . The distance takes over three hours to cover , with three bus rides and two ferry rides . On the north bank is the river Subansiri and on the south bank , the mighty Brahmaputra has excided the island from the main land . Lakhimpur town is to the north and Golaghat is to its southwest . The town of Sibsagar is on the southeast and Jorhat is to the south . On the extreme east is Dibrugarh District . The Vaishnava Satras founded by Sankardeva The colourful culture of the tribes Migratory birds The Ali - ai - ligang festival in Feb - March Pottery making Mask making Paal Namm festival in the end of winter Folgu utsaav ( holi ) Madhya Majuli Namoni Majuli Ujoni Majuli The sunset in winter Exotic homespun masks crafts The natural beauty Birdwatching ( edit ) The southern part of the island is a bird lover 's paradise . The best time to visit is between November to March as the weather and wildlife view is satisfactory . There are three locales for birdwatching : The southeast of the island The southwest of the island The northern part . Sakuli Beel , near Kamalabari ... Magurmari Beel , Dakhinpaat Satra ... Verki Beel , near Kamalabari . Educational institute ( edit ) Main article : List of educational institutes in Majuli Colleges ( edit ) Majuli College Kamalabari Jengraimukh College , Jengraimukh Ujoni Majuli Kherkotia Mahavidyalaya , Nayabazar Rangachahi College Pub Majuli College , Bongoan Garamur college , Garamur Junior Colleges ( edit ) Namoni Majuli Junior College Pitambar Deva Goswami College Majuli Janajati Jr . College . Utar Majuli Janajati Jr . College , ISLAND ACADEMY , Kamalabari Ratanpur Higher secondary , Nayabazar Rangachahi TN HS school , Rangachahi ecoland acedamy Schools ( edit ) Alimur Bamun Goan LP School Keshab Ram Borah High school Milita Ratanpur Doloni LP School Ratanpur Gabhorumelia LP school ( Founder Mr Bishwajit Sarmah ) Ratanpur Highschool Nikinikhowa LP school , Nikinikhowa Mohkhuti Gereki L.P. School Gereki Janajati M.E. School Island academy Jengraimukh High School Jengraimukh Girl 's High School St. Paul 's High School , Majuli Sri Lohit High School Majuli Auniati Hem Chandra High School Meragarh Narayan Dev Higher Secondary School Chamaguri Satra Rawanapar ( CSR ) Model Higher Secondary School ( estd. 1962 ) N.S. Greenwood English Medium High School Mekheligaon Janata Girls ' High School Karatipar High School , established 1940 Milonjyoti High School , Totoya Gaon Bapuji High school RangachahiTanuram Nath high school RangachahiTanuram Nath M.E. school 208 no Rangachahi Nimno Buniyadi Bidyaloy Madhya Majuli Parijat Higher secondary School , Kakotibari gaon . Jonaki Chamahiya Ati Higher Secondary School . Vivekananda Kendra Vidyalaya Majuli Phulani High School Phulani ME School No. 1 Phulani LP school Garamur Sri Sri Pitambor Dev High School Chiram High school Bhakatiduar Higher Secondary School Ratanpur Miri High School , Nayabazar Chiram Banamalidev Higher Secondary School Mudoibil Teliabari Senior basic School Major Deori Tribal High School Swarnasiri HS . Rangachahi Rupjyoti LPS . Jamudchuk Lahan HS 1 No. Kamalabari L.P 17 No. Bechamora L.P 2 No. Kamalabari L.P 68 No. Namkatoni L.P Kamalabari Academy , Dariya Kharjanpar Tribal High School Jonaki Jatiya Bidyalaya No. 48 Kakotibari LP school , Kakotibari 136 No . Prachin Chamaguri Satra L.P. School Schools ( edit ) 130 No Majarbari LP School Alimur Bamun Goan LP School Keshab Ram Borah High school Milita Ratanpur Doloni LP School Ratanpur Gabhorumelia LP school ( Founder Mr Bishwajit Sarmah ) Ratanpur Highschool Nikinikhowa LP school , Nikinikhowa Mohkhuti Gereki L.P. School Gereki Janajati M.E. School Island academy Jengraimukh High School Jengraimuk Girl 's High School St. Paul 's high School , majuli Sri Lohit High School Majuli Auniati Hem Chandra High School Meragarh Narayan Dev Higher Secondary School Chamaguri Satra Rawanapar ( CSR ) Model Higher Secondary School ( estd. 1962 ) N.S. Greenwood English Medium High School Mekheligaon Janata Girls ' High School Karatipar High School , established 1940 Milonjyoti High School , Totoya Gaon Bapuji High school RangachahiTanuram Nath high school RangachahiTanuram Nath M.E. school 208 no Rangachahi Nimno Buniyadi Bidyaloy Madhya Majuli Parijat Higher secondary School , Kakotibari gaon . Jonaki Chamahiya Ati Higher Secondary School . Vivekananda Kendra Vidyalaya Majuli Phulani High School Phulani ME School No. 1 Phulani LP school Garamur Sri Sri Pitambor Dev High School Chiram High school Bhakatiduar Higher Secondary School Ratanpur Miri High School Chiram Banamalidev Higher Secondary School Mudoibil Teliabari Senior basic School Major Deori Tribal High School Swarnasiri HS . Rangachahi Rupjyoti LPS . Jamudchuk Lahan HS 1 No. Kamalabari L.P 17 No. Bechamora L.P 2 No. Kamalabari L.P 68 No. Namkatoni L.P Kamalabari Academy , Dariya Kharjanpar Tribel High School Jonaki Jatiya Bidyalaya No. 48 Kakotibari LP school , Kakotibari 136 No . Prachin Chamaguri Satra L.P. School 110 No Guwalbari L.P. School 65 No Balichapori L.P. School Politics ( edit ) Majuli ( Vidhan Sabha constituency ) falls under the 99 constituency of legislative assembly of Assam . It is a reserved seat for the Scheduled tribes ( ST ) . It is under jurisdiction of Mising Autonomous Council having three constituencies . Rajiv Lochan Pegu ( 2001 - 2006 & 2006 - 2011 , 2011 - 2016 ) was MLA ( Member of legislative assembly ) from Mājuli in Assam Assembly until 2016 . He was bearing the portfolio of Minister of State ( Ind . ) , Water Resources Dev. , WPT & BC , in the Government of Assam . Sarbananda Sonowal won constituency in Assam Legislative Assembly election , 2016 and presently chief minister of assam . Mājuli is one of the 9 assembly segments of Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency . At present Sarbananda Sonowal ( 2014 - ) is the MP ( Member of Parliament ) from Bharatiya Janata Party . He is currently the Chief Minister of Assam . See also ( edit ) Tourism in Assam List of villages in Majuli References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Official Website ^ Jump up to : Majuli , District ( 8 September 2016 ) . `` World 's largest river island , Majuli , becomes India 's first island district '' . FP India . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sarma , J.N. ; Phukan , M.K. ( 2004 - 05 - 03 ) . `` Origin and some geomorphological changes of Majuli Island of the Brahmaputra River in Assam , India '' . Geomorphology. 60 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 1 -- 19 . doi : 10.1016 / j. geomorph. 2003.07. 013 . Jump up ^ Manogya Loiwal ( 18 February 2014 ) . `` Majuli , world 's largest river island is shrinking and sinking '' . India Today . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ ' A Capricious River , an Indian Island 's Lifeline , Now Eats Away at It ' , 14 April 2013 , New York Times Jump up ^ World Heritage Nominee , India-north-east.com Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Agrarian System of Medieval Assam , by Jahnabi Gogoi , pg 21 Jump up ^ Majuli , River Island . `` Largest river island '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 6 September 2016 . Jump up ^ The Only Govt Jobs updates website open from Majuli Archived 1 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=93119 Jump up ^ Kalita , Jitu . `` India Man Plants Forest Bigger Than Central Park to Save His Island '' . National Geographic . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Newsner . May 17 , 2017 . How one man save an island and brought its animals back . ( 2 ) Jump up ^ One more Govt Regn Computer education Centre at Majuli Jump up ^ `` List of Winning Candidates of Assam State in General Election 2014 '' . Election Commission of India . Nagchoudhury , Subrata ( 28 February 1997 ) . `` Majuli : Island On The Ebb '' . India Today . Archived from the original on 9 July 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 02 . Ribhaba Bharali - Future of Brahmaputra & Majuli Published in Amar Assam a daily news paper in Nov2012 . & Brahmaputra River Restoration Project Published in Assamese Pratidin & Amar Assam in October 2012 & Restoration of Majuli published on Assamese Pratidin in June 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Majuli . Majuli travel guide from Wikivoyage majuli.org maintained by Majuli Island Protection & Development Council ( MIPDC ) Hydrography of Northeast India Rivers Bhogdoi Siang / Dihang / Brahmaputra Dhansiri Dihing Diphlu Feni Gumti Haora Iril Kaladan Kameng or Jia Bhoreli Karnaphuli Khowai Kolong Lohit Manas / Drangme Chhu Manu Mora Dhansiri Muhuri Myntdu Mora Diphlu Sankosh or Puna Tsang Chhu Simsang or Someshwari Surma Surma - Meghna River System Thega River Tirap Lakes Kamalasagar Loktak Umiam Lake Waterfalls Bishop Kynrem Langshiang Nohkalikai Nohsngithiang Vantawng Fluvial islands Majuli Hydrography of surrounding areas Bhutan Bengal Mizoram Assam topics Capital : Dispur Topics Etymology Assam Valley Biodiversity Cuisine Culture Economy Education List of educational institutions in Assam Physical Geography Politics Tourism Assam Tea Assam Silk Assam Rifles Assam Regiment History Kamarupa Chutiya Kingdom Kamata Kingdom Ahom Kingdom Kachari Kingdom Colonial Assam Assam Province ( 1912 -- 1947 ) Legislature of Assam ( Since 1937 ) Assam Mail Assam Accord Assam History Timeline Administration Government Legislative Assembly Chief Ministers Governors High Court Police Political Party Golaghat Convention Districts and divisions North Assam Biswanath Darrang Sonitpur Udalguri Lower Assam Baksa Barpeta Bongaigaon Chirang Dhubri Kokrajhar Kamrup Kamrup Metro Goalpara Nalbari South Salmara - Mankachar Central Assam Dima Hasao Hojai Karbi Anglong Karbi Anglong ( West ) Morigaon Nagaon Upper Assam Charaideo Dibrugarh Dhemaji Golaghat Jorhat Lakhimpur Majuli Sibsagar Tinsukia Barak Valley Cachar Hailakandi Karimganj Geography Upper - Assam ( East Assam ) Lower - Assam ( West Assam ) Barak Valley ( South Assam ) The Brahmaputra Majuli Mora Dhansiri River Dhansiri Dihing Diphlu Halflong ( The Hill station of Assam ) Culture Assamese Assamese Script Assamese Jalpan Traditional crafts of Assam Bihu Folk dances of Assam Bagurumba Bihu Dance Ekasarana Dharma Borgeet Sattra Sattriya Dance Saraai Gamosa Textiles and dresses of Assam ( Muga and Eri ) Arts , literature , music and cinema Assamese literature Assamese poetry List of Assamese Poets List of Assamese writers Pen Names List of Assamese Periodicals The Arunodoi ( Orunodoi - 1846 ) The Hemkosh The Assam Tribune Assam Rhetorical Congress Buranji Kirtan Ghosa Dasham Namghosa Kotha Ramayana Jonaki Music of Assam Goalpariya Lokageet Tokari Geet Dihanaam Hiranaam Dhol Gogona Pepa Cinema of Assam Joymati , first Assamese motion picture Guwahati Theatre Festival People History Assamese people Ahom Assamese Brahmins Kalitas Koch Chutiya List of people from Assam Notable surnames Barua ( and its variations ) Borah Bharali Borbarua Borgohain Borpatrogohain Borphukan Burhagohain Chakraborty Choudhury ( and its variations ) Das Deka Dutta Gayen Gogoi Gohain Goswami Hazarika Kalita Saikia Sarma Chutia Sutradhar Urban areas Barpeta Bongaigaon Dhubri Dibrugarh Diphu Goalpara Golaghat Guwahati Jorhat Karimganj Nagaon North Lakhimpur Sivasagar Silchar Tezpur Tinsukia Fairs and Festivals Hindu Temples History Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Majuli&oldid=865161409 '' Categories : Islands of Assam Tourism in Assam Districts of Assam Majuli Islands of the River Brahmaputra Tourism in North East India Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from January 2017 Use Indian English from January 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles needing additional references from December 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles using infobox islands with deprecated params All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage অসমীয়া বাংলা Cebuano Deutsch Español Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी മലയാളം Norsk nynorsk Occitan Português Simple English Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2018 , at 04 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	world's largest riverine island formed by brahmaputra river	[ "Mājuli or Majoli (pron: ˈmʌʤʊlɪ))[1] is a river island in the Brahmaputra River, Assam and in 2016 became the first island to be made a district in India.[2] It had an area of 880 square kilometres (340 sq mi) at the beginning of the 20th century,[3] but having lost significantly to erosion it covers 352 square kilometres (136 sq mi) as at 2014.[4] Majuli has shrunk as the river surrounding it has grown.[5] Majuli is currently listed as world's largest river island in Guinness book of world's record. \n" ]	[ "Mājuli" ]
1189725783365567647	Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution	Twelfth Amendment to the United states Constitution - wikipedia Twelfth Amendment to the United states Constitution Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Twelfth Amendment ( Amendment XII ) to the United States Constitution provides the procedure for electing the President and Vice President . It replaced the procedure provided in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 , by which the Electoral College originally functioned . Problems with the original procedure arose in the elections of 1796 and 1800 . The Twelfth Amendment refined the process whereby a President and a Vice President are elected by the Electoral College . The amendment was proposed by the Congress on December 9 , 1803 , and was ratified by the requisite three - fourths of state legislatures on June 15 , 1804 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Background 3 Adoption 3.1 Journey to Congress 3.2 Congressional debate 3.3 Proposal and ratification 4 Electoral College under the Twelfth Amendment 5 Elections since 1804 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Text ( edit ) The Electors shall meet in their respective states , and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President , one of whom , at least , shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President , and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President , and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President , and all persons voted for as Vice-President and of the number of votes for each , which lists they shall sign and certify , and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States , directed to the President of the Senate ; The President of the Senate shall , in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives , open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted ; The person having the greatest number of votes for President , shall be the President , if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed ; and if no person have such majority , then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President , the House of Representatives shall choose immediately , by ballot , the President . But in choosing the President , the votes shall be taken by states , the representation from each state having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two - thirds of the states , and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice . And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them , before the fourth day of March next following , then the Vice-President shall act as President , as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President . The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President , shall be the Vice-President , if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed , and if no person have a majority , then from the two highest numbers on the list , the Senate shall choose the Vice-President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two - thirds of the whole number of Senators , and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice . But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States . Background ( edit ) Under the original procedure for the Electoral College , as provided in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 , each elector could vote for two persons . The two people chosen by the elector could not both inhabit the same state as that elector . This prohibition was designed to keep electors from voting for two `` favorite sons '' of their respective states . The person receiving the greatest number of votes , provided that number equaled a majority of the electors , was elected President . If there were more than one individual who received the same number of votes , and such number equaled a majority of the electors , the House of Representatives would choose one of them to be President . If no individual had a majority , then the House of Representatives would choose from the five individuals with the greatest number of electoral votes . In either case , a majority of state delegations in the House was necessary for a candidate to be chosen to be President . Selecting the Vice President was a simpler process . Whichever candidate received the second greatest number of votes became Vice President . The Vice President , unlike the President , was not required to receive votes from a majority of the electors . In the event of a tie for second place , the Senate would choose who would be Vice President from those tied , with each Senator casting one vote . It was not specified in the Constitution whether the sitting Vice President could cast a tie - breaking vote for Vice President under the original formula . George Washington 's decision not to seek a third term and the emergence of partisan political activity exposed problems with the original procedure . In the 1796 election , John Adams , the Federalist Party presidential candidate , received a majority of the electoral votes . However , the Federalist electors scattered their second votes , resulting in the Democratic - Republican Party presidential candidate , Thomas Jefferson , receiving the second highest number of electoral votes and thus being elected Vice President . It became apparent that if the Vice President was a defeated electoral opponent of the President the two might not work together effectively . By having the President and Vice President elected on a party ticket , this possibility would be eliminated but it raised a different flaw in the arrangements . On January 6 , 1797 , Representative William L. Smith of South Carolina responded to this result by presenting a resolution on the floor of the House of Representatives for an amendment to the Constitution requiring each elector to cast one vote for President and another for Vice President . However , no action was taken on his proposal , setting the stage for the deadlocked election of 1800 . The 1800 election exposed a defect in the original formula in that if each member of the Electoral College followed party tickets , there would be a tie between the two candidates from the most popular ticket . The Federalist states in the House of Representatives decided to give their votes to Aaron Burr for President when he and Jefferson tied in the Presidential election of 1800 . Their aim was to prevent Jefferson , who was influential and rich in new visions , from becoming President , at any cost . With help from Alexander Hamilton , the gridlock was finally broken on the thirty - sixth vote and Jefferson was elected President on February 17 , 1801 . The events in the House , combined with the increasing Democratic - Republican majorities in the House and Senate , prompted the Democratic - Republicans to call for a Constitutional amendment requiring separate votes for President and Vice President in the Electoral College . By doing this , the Democratic - Republicans could dash the Federalists ' hopes of having any impact on the Presidential election of 1804 . Adoption ( edit ) Journey to Congress ( edit ) In March 1801 , weeks after the election of 1800 was resolved , two amendments were proposed in the New York state legislature that would form the skeleton of the Twelfth Amendment . Governor John Jay submitted an amendment to the state legislature that would require a district election of electors in each state . Assemblyman Jedediah Peck submitted an amendment to adopt designations for the votes for President and Vice President . The two amendments were not considered until early 1802 because the state legislature took a break for the summer and winter . New York state senator DeWitt Clinton moved for the adoption of the amendment in January 1802 . Shortly thereafter , Clinton won a vacant seat in the U.S. Senate , where he was instrumental in bringing the designation amendment to Congress . The process continued in New York on February 15 when Representative Benjamin Walker of New York proposed the designation and district election amendments to the House . Debate on the amendments began in May . The Republicans wanted to decide on the amendment quickly , but the Federalists argued that the ideas needed more time than the current session allowed . Federalist Samuel W. Dana of Connecticut wanted to examine the necessity of a Vice President . The amendment ultimately failed in the New York State Senate , but DeWitt Clinton brought the amendment discussion to the House of Representatives . Congress was ready to debate the presented amendment , but the Democratic - Republicans decided to wait for the 8th Congress . The 8th Congress would allow the Democratic - Republicans a better chance of meeting the two - third vote requirement for submitting a proposed Constitutional amendment . Congressional debate ( edit ) On its first day , the 8th Congress considered the designation amendment . The first formulation of the amendment had the five highest electoral vote earners on the ballot in the House if no one candidate had a majority of the electoral votes . Republican John Clopton of Virginia , the largest state in the Union , argued that having five names on the list for a contingency election took the power from the people , so he proposed that there be only two names on the list . On October 20 , the House appointed a seventeen - member committee ( one Representative from each state ) to fine - tune the amendment . The original proposal starting in the New York state legislature was a dual - amendment that , along with designation , put forward the idea of district election of electors that Treasury Secretary Gallatin had supported . Shortly after the committee was formed , Federalist Benjamin Huger attempted to add a provision regarding district elections to the proposed amendment . The committee ignored him and district election disappeared . The committee then submitted an updated version of the designation amendment to the House on October 23 that changed the number of candidates in a contingency election from five to three and allowed the Senate to choose the Vice President if there were a tie in that race . Small Federalist states disliked the change from five to three , because it made it far less likely that a small - state candidate would make it to a contingency election . Huger and New York Federalist Gaylord Griswold argued that the Constitution was a compromise between large and small states and the method chosen by the Framers is supposed to check the influence of the larger states . Huger even asserted that the Constitution itself was not a union of people , but a union of large and small states in order to justify the original framework for electing the President . Designation , argued Griswold and Huger , would violate the spirit of the Constitution by taking away a check on the power of the large states . Next up for the Federalists was Seth Hastings of Massachusetts , who submitted the argument that the designation amendment rendered the Vice Presidency useless and advocated for the elimination of the three - fifths clause . John C. Smith asked the inflammatory question of whether or not the proposed amendment was to help the reelection of Jefferson . Speaker Nathaniel Macon called this inappropriate . After Matthew Lyon of Kentucky denounced any reference to the three - fifths clause as mere provocation , the House easily passed the resolution 88 - 39 on October 28 . By October 28 , the Senate had already been discussing the designation amendment . Republican DeWitt Clinton expected that the Senate , with a 24 - 9 Republican majority would quickly passing the amendment . Federalist Jonathan Dayton proposed that the office of the Vice President should be eliminated and his colleague , Uriah Tracy , seconded it . On the other side , Wilson Cary Nicholas was simply worried that Congress would not submit the amendment in time for the states to ratify it before the 1804 election . Despite Nicholas ' concern , the Senate would not seriously deal with the amendment again until November 23 . Much as it had in the House , debate centered around the number of candidates in a contingency election and the philosophical underpinnings of the Constitution . Again , small Federalist states vehemently argued that three candidates gave too much power to large states to pick presidents . Senator Pierce Butler of South Carolina argued that the issues with the election of 1800 were unlikely to happen again and he would not advocate changing the Constitution simply to stop a Federalist Vice President . John Quincy Adams argued that the change from five to three gave an advantage to the people that violated the federative principle of the Constitution . Rather than have the office of the President balanced between the states and the people , Adams felt designation of President and Vice President would tip that scale in favor of the people . Federalist Senators argued for retaining the original procedure for the Electoral College . Senator Samuel White of Delaware claimed that the original procedure had not been given `` a fair experiment '' and criticized the proposed amendment for entrenching the two - party system that had taken over presidential elections . In response , the Republicans appealed to democratic principles . Samuel Smith of Maryland argued that the presidency ought to be as closely accountable to the people as possible . As such , having three candidates in a contingency election is far better than having five , because it is possible to have the fifth best candidate become President otherwise . Also , designation itself would drastically cut down the number of elections that would reach the house , and the President is then much more likely to be the people 's choice . Another of Smith 's arguments was simply the election of 1800 . William Cocke of Tennessee took a different approach when he argued that the entire small state argument of the Federalists was simply out of self - interest . One last order of business for the amendment was to deal with the possibility that the House would fail to choose a President by March 4 . It was the least controversial portion of the Twelfth Amendment and John Taylor proposed that the Vice President would take over as President in that peculiar occurrence , `` as in case of the death or other Constitutional disability of the President . '' It seemed clear all along that the Republican dominance would render this a no - contest and the Republicans were just waiting for all of their votes to be present , but the Federalists had one last defense . A marathon session of debate , lasting from 11 A.M. to 10 P.M. , was the order of the day on December 2 , 1803 . Most notably , Uriah Tracy of Connecticut argued in a similar vein as Adams when he invoked the federative principle of the Constitution . Tracy claimed the original procedure was formulated to give the small states a chance to elect the Vice President , who would be a check on the President 's powers . In essence , the states balanced the power of the people . However , this only works if you make it partisan , as Georgia ( for example ) was a Republican small state . Proposal and ratification ( edit ) Twelfth Amendment in the National Archives The Twelfth Amendment was proposed by the 8th Congress on December 9 , 1803 , when it was approved by the House of Representatives by vote of 83 -- 42 , having been previously passed by the Senate , 22 -- 10 , on December 2 . The amendment was officially submitted to the states on December 12 , 1803 , and was ratified by the legislatures of the following states : North Carolina : December 21 , 1803 Maryland : December 24 , 1803 Kentucky : December 27 , 1803 Ohio : December 30 , 1803 Pennsylvania : January 5 , 1804 Vermont : January 30 , 1804 Virginia : February 3 , 1804 New York : February 10 , 1804 New Jersey : February 22 , 1804 Rhode Island : March 12 , 1804 South Carolina : May 15 , 1804 Georgia : May 19 , 1804 New Hampshire : June 15 , 1804 Having been ratified by the requisite three - fourths of the several states , there being 17 states in the Union at the time , the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment was completed . It was subsequently ratified by : 14 . Tennessee : July 27 , 1804 15 . Massachusetts : 1961 ( after rejection : February 3 , 1804 ) The amendment was rejected by : Delaware : January 18 , 1804 Connecticut : May 10 , 1804 On September 25 , 1804 , in a circular letter to the governors of the states , Secretary of State Madison declared the amendment ratified by three - fourths of the states . Electoral College under the Twelfth Amendment ( edit ) While the Twelfth Amendment did not change the composition of the Electoral College or the duties of the electors , it did change the process whereby a President and a Vice President are elected . The new electoral process was first used for the 1804 election . Each presidential election since has been conducted under the terms of the Twelfth Amendment . The Twelfth Amendment stipulates that each elector must cast distinct votes for President and Vice President , instead of two votes for President . Additionally , electors may not vote for presidential and vice-presidential candidates who both reside in the elector 's state -- at least one of them must be an inhabitant of another state . If no candidate for President has a majority of the total votes , the House of Representatives , voting by states and with the same quorum requirements as under the original procedure , chooses the President . The Twelfth Amendment requires the House to choose from the three highest receivers of electoral votes , compared to five under the original procedure . The Twelfth Amendment requires a person to receive a majority of the electoral votes for Vice President for that person to be elected Vice President by the Electoral College . If no candidate for Vice President has a majority of the total votes , the Senate , with each Senator having one vote , chooses the Vice President . The Twelfth Amendment requires the Senate to choose between the candidates with the `` two highest numbers '' of electoral votes . If multiple individuals are tied for second place , the Senate may consider all of them , in addition to the individual with the greatest number of votes . The Twelfth Amendment introduced a quorum requirement of two - thirds of the whole number of Senators for the conduct of balloting . Furthermore , the Twelfth Amendment requires the Senate to choose a Vice President by way of the affirmative votes of `` a majority of the whole number '' of Senators . To prevent deadlocks from keeping the nation leaderless , the Twelfth Amendment provided that if the House did not choose a President before March 4 ( then the first day of a Presidential term ) , the individual elected Vice President would `` act as President , as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President . '' The Twelfth Amendment did not state for how long the Vice President would act as President or if the House could still choose a President after March 4 . Section 3 of the Twentieth Amendment , adopted in 1933 , supersedes that provision of the Twelfth Amendment by changing the date upon which a new presidential term commences to January 20 , clarifying that the Vice President - elect would only `` act as President '' if the House has not chosen a President by January 20 , and permitting Congress to statutorily provide `` who shall then act as President , or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected '' if there is no President - elect or Vice President - elect by January 20 . It also clarifies that if there is no President - elect on January 20 , whoever acts as President does so until a person `` qualified '' to occupy the Presidency is elected to be President . The Twelfth Amendment explicitly states the constitutional requirements as provided for the President also apply to being Vice President . It is unclear whether a two - term president could later serve as Vice President . Some argue that the Twenty - second Amendment and Twelfth Amendment both bar any two - term president from later serving as Vice President as well as from succeeding to the presidency from any point in the United States presidential line of succession . Others contend that the Twelfth Amendment concerns qualification for service , while the Twenty - second Amendment concerns qualifications for election , and thus a former two - term president is still eligible to serve as Vice President . The applicability of this distinction has not been tested , as no former president has ever sought the vice presidency , and thus the courts have never been required to make a judgment regarding the matter . During Hillary Clinton 's 2016 candidacy , she said that she had considered naming Bill Clinton as her Vice President , but was advised it would be unconstitutional . Elections since 1804 ( edit ) Certificate for the electoral vote for Rutherford B. Hayes and William A. Wheeler for the State of Louisiana Starting with the election of 1804 , each Presidential election has been conducted under the Twelfth Amendment . Only once since then has the House of Representatives chosen the President : In 1824 , Andrew Jackson received 99 electoral votes , John Quincy Adams ( son of John Adams ) 84 , William H. Crawford 41 and Henry Clay 37 . All of the candidates were members of the Democratic - Republican Party ( though there were significant political differences among them ) , and each had fallen short of the 131 votes necessary to win . Because the House could only consider the top three candidates , Clay could not become President . Crawford 's poor health following a stroke made his election by the House unlikely . Andrew Jackson expected the House to vote for him , as he had won a plurality of the popular and electoral votes . Instead , the House elected Adams on the first ballot with thirteen states , followed by Jackson with seven and Crawford with four . Clay had endorsed Adams for the Presidency ; the endorsement carried additional weight because Clay was the Speaker of the House . When Adams later appointed Clay his Secretary of State , many -- particularly Jackson and his supporters -- accused the pair of making a `` Corrupt Bargain '' . In the less contested election for vice president , John C. Calhoun received 182 electoral votes and was elected outright . In 1836 , the Whig Party nominated different candidates in different regions in the hopes of splintering the electoral vote and denying Martin Van Buren , the Democratic candidate , a majority in the Electoral College , thereby throwing the election into the Whig - controlled House . However , this strategy failed with Van Buren winning majorities of both the popular and electoral vote . In that same election no candidate for Vice President secured a majority in the electoral college as Democratic Vice Presidential nominee Richard Mentor Johnson did not receive the electoral votes of Democratic electors from Virginia , because of his relationship with a former slave . As a result , Johnson received 147 electoral votes , one vote short of a majority ; to be followed by Francis Granger with 77 , John Tyler with 47 and William Smith with 23 . This caused the Senate to choose whether Johnson or Granger would be the new Vice President . Johnson won with 33 votes , with Granger receiving 16 . Since 1836 , no major U.S. party has nominated multiple regional presidential or vice presidential candidates in an election . However , since the Civil War there have been two serious attempts by Southern - based parties to run regional candidates in hopes of denying either of the two major candidates an electoral college majority . Both attempts ( in 1948 and 1968 ) failed , but not by much -- in both cases a shift in the result of two close states would have forced the respective elections into the House . In modern elections , a running mate is often selected in order to appeal to a different set of voters . A Habitation Clause issue arose during the 2000 presidential election contested by George W. Bush ( running - mate Dick Cheney ) and Al Gore ( running - mate Joe Lieberman ) , because it was alleged that Bush and Cheney were both inhabitants of Texas and that the Texas electors therefore violated the Twelfth Amendment in casting their ballots for both . Bush 's residency was unquestioned , as he was Governor of Texas at the time . Cheney and his wife had moved to Dallas five years earlier when he assumed the role of chief executive at Halliburton . Cheney grew up in Wyoming and had represented it in Congress . A few months before the election , he switched his voter registration and driver 's license to Wyoming and put his home in Dallas up for sale . Three Texas voters challenged the election in a federal court in Dallas and then appealed the decision to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit , where it was dismissed . See also ( edit ) Electoral College ( United States ) United States presidential eligibility legislation Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This sentence is superseded by Section 3 of the Twentieth Amendment Jump up ^ Ratification was completed on June 15 , 1804 , when the New Hampshire legislature ratified the amendment . The state 's governor , John Taylor Gilman , vetoed the resolution of ratification on June 20 , and the act failed to pass again by the two - thirds vote then required by the state constitution . However , Article V of the U.S. Constitution specifies that amendments shall become effective `` when ratified by the legislatures of three - fourths of the several States or by conventions in three - fourths thereof '' and so it has been generally believed that an approval or veto by a governor is without significance . Jump up ^ The popular vote in 1824 did not consist of all of the states , since many states chose their electors through their legislatures instead of by a vote of their people . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the United States : Amendments 11 - 27 '' . National Archives . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ The Electoral College -- Origin and History Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections Jump up ^ United States Congress ( 1797 ) . Annals of Congress . 4th Congress , 2nd Session . p. 1824 . Retrieved June 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Wood , Gordon ( 2009 ) . Empire of Liberty : A History of the Early Republic , 1789 - 1815 . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 285 . ^ Jump up to : Kuroda , Tadahisa ( 1999 ) . The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment : The Electoral College in the Early Republic . Westport , CN : Greenwood Press . Jump up ^ Kuroda , Tadahisa ( 1999 ) . The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment : The Electoral College in the Early Republic . Westport , CN : Greenwood Press . pp. 127 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Kuroda , Tadahisa ( 1999 ) . The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment : The Electoral College in the Early Republic . Westport , CN : Greenwood Press . p. 128 . Jump up ^ Kuroda , Tadahisa ( 1999 ) . The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment : The Electoral College in the Early Republic . Westport , CN : Greenwood Press . pp. 133 -- 136 . Jump up ^ Kuroda , Tadahisa ( 1999 ) . The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment : The Electoral College in the Early Republic . Westport , CN : Greenwood Press . pp. 136 -- 137 . Jump up ^ Alder , Carolyn ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` A Far Superior Method -- the Original Electoral College '' . Freedom Formula . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kuroda , Tadahisa ( 1999 ) . The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment : The Electoral College in the Early Republic . Westport , CN : Greenwood Press . p. 137 . Jump up ^ Kuroda , Tadahisa ( 1999 ) . The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment : The Electoral College in the Early Republic . Westport , CN : Greenwood Press . p. 139 . Jump up ^ Kuroda , Tadahisa ( 1999 ) . The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment : The Electoral College in the Early Republic . Westport , CN : Greenwood Press . pp. 140 -- 141 . Jump up ^ `` 13 Annals of Congress 775 ( 1805 ) '' . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 13 Annals of Congress 209 ( 1805 ) '' . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` THE CONSTITUTION of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA : ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION , Centennial Edition , INTERIM EDITION : ANALYSIS OF CASES DECIDED BY THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES TO JUNE 26 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . 2013 . p. 28 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matthew J. Franck ( July 31 , 2007 ) . `` Constitutional Sleight of Hand '' . National Review . Retrieved April 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott E. Gant ; Bruce G. Peabody ( 2006 - 06 - 13 ) . `` How to bring back Bill '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ 1339 GMT ( 2039 HKT ) September 15 , 2015 ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Hillary Clinton : Bill as VP has ' crossed her mind ' '' . Edition.cnn.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andrew Costly . `` BRIA 8 4 a The Election of 1824 - 25 : When the House Chose the President - Constitutional Rights Foundation '' . Jump up ^ McNamara , Robert . `` The Election of 1824 Was Decided in the House of Representatives '' . About.com . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Parsons , Lynn Hudson ( 2009 ) . The Birth of Modern Politics : Andrew Jackson , John Quincy Adams , and the Election of 1828 . Oxford University Press . p. 106 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 975424 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` VP Richard Mentor Johnson '' . 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Student Activity : Presidential Campaign of 1948 '' . Harry S. Truman Library & Museum . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Experience : George Wallace - 1968 Campaign '' . PBS . 2000 . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bravin , Jess . Obscure Texas Case Offers Peek Into Role Of Court Nominee , The Wall Street Journal , Oct. 7 , 2005 . . External links ( edit ) Constitution of the United States , via Wikisource CRS Annotated Constitution : Twelfth Amendment , via Cornell Law School Ellis , E.S. ( 1903 ) . Thomas Jefferson : A Character Sketch. , via Project Gutenberg U.S. Electoral College , via Office of the Federal Register Hawley , Joshua . `` The Transformative Twelfth Amendment '' . University of Missouri School of Law . ( hide ) United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 Reconstruction Amendments 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Congressional enforcement Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book LCCN : n97009338 VIAF : 1477147312815937970000 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=842712317 '' Categories : 1804 in American law Amendments to the United States Constitution Vice Presidency of the United States History of the United States ( 1789 -- 1849 ) 1804 in American politics 8th United States Congress Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Беларуская Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 עברית 日本語 Polski Русский Simple English Українська 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 05 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the electoral college mentioned in the constitution	[ "The Twelfth Amendment (Amendment XII) to the United States Constitution provides the procedure for electing the President and Vice President. It replaced the procedure provided in Article II, Section 1, Clause 3, by which the Electoral College originally functioned. Problems with the original procedure arose in the elections of 1796 and 1800. The Twelfth Amendment refined the process whereby a President and a Vice President are elected by the Electoral College. The amendment was proposed by the Congress on December 9, 1803, and was ratified by the requisite three-fourths of state legislatures on June 15, 1804.", "The Twelfth Amendment (Amendment XII) to the United States Constitution provides the procedure for electing the President and Vice President. It replaced the procedure provided in Article II, Section 1, Clause 3, by which the Electoral College originally functioned. Problems with the original procedure arose in the elections of 1796 and 1800. The Twelfth Amendment refined the process whereby a President and a Vice President are elected by the Electoral College. The amendment was proposed by the Congress on December 9, 1803, and was ratified by the requisite three-fourths of state legislatures on June 15, 1804." ]	[ "Article II, Section 1, Clause 3", "The Twelfth Amendment" ]
5999269918261568735	Education in Israel	Education in Israel - wikipedia Education in Israel Jump to : navigation , search Education in Israel Education Ministry Education Minister of Israel Naftali Bennett National education budget ( 2015 ) Budget 45.5 billion ₪ General details Primary languages Hebrew & Arabic System type State & Private Literacy ( 2014 ) Total 97.8 % Male 98.7 % Female 95.8 % Enrollment Total 1,445,555 Primary 828,732 Secondary 259,139 Post secondary 357,685 Attainment Secondary diploma 85 % Post-secondary diploma 49 % Education in Israel refers to the comprehensive education system of Israel . The education system consists of three tiers : primary education ( grades 1 - 6 , approx . ages 6 -- 12 ) , middle school ( grades 7 - 9 , approx . ages 12 -- 15 ) and high school ( grades 10 - 12 , approx . ages 15 -- 18 ) . Compulsory education takes place from kindergarten through to 12th grade . The school year begins on September 1 , ending for elementary school pupils on 30 June , and for middle school and high school pupils on 20 June . Education in Israel is highly valued in the national culture with its historical values dating back to Ancient Israel as education was viewed as one of the fundamental blocks of Ancient Israelite life and civilization . Israeli culture views higher education as the key to higher mobility and socioeconomic status in Israeli society . For millennia medieval European antisemitism often forbade the Jews from owning land and farming , which limited their career choices for making a decent living . This forced many Jews to place a much higher premium on education allowing them to seek alternative career options that involved entrepreneurial and white - collar professional pursuits such as merchant trading , science , medicine , law , accountancy , and moneylending as these professions required higher levels of verbal , mathematical , and scientific literacy . The emphasis of education within Israeli society has its modern roots at least since the Jewish diaspora from the Renaissance and Enlightenment Movement all the way to the roots of Zionism in the 1880s . Jewish communities in the Levant were the first to introduce compulsory education for which the organized community , not less than the parents , was responsible for the education of the next generation . With contemporary Jewish culture 's strong emphasis , promotion of scholarship and learning and the strong propensity to promote cultivation of intellectual pursuits as well as the nation 's high university educational attainment rate exemplifies how highly Israeli society values higher education . Israel 's populace is well educated and Israeli society highly values education . Education is a core value in Jewish culture and in Israeli society at large with many Israeli parents sacrificing their own personal comforts and financial resources to provide their children with the highest standards of education possible . Much of the Israeli Jewish population seek education as a passport to a decent job and a middle class paycheck in the country 's competitive high - tech economy . Jewish parents especially mothers take great responsibility to inculcate the value of education in their children at a young age . Striving for high academic achievement and educational success is stressed in many modern Jewish Israeli households as parents make sure that their children are well educated adequately in order to gain the necessary technological skills needed for employment success to compete in Israel 's modern high - tech job market . Israelis see competency with in demand job skills such as literacy in math and science as especially necessary for employment success in Israel 's competitive 21st - century high - tech economy . Israel 's Jewish population maintains a relatively high level of educational attainment where just under half of all Israeli Jews ( 46 % ) hold post-secondary degrees . This figure has remained stable in their already high levels of educational attainment over recent generations . Israeli Jews ( among those ages 25 and older ) have average of 11.6 years of schooling making them one of the most highly educated of all major religious groups in the world . In Arab , Christian and Druze schools , the exam on Biblical studies is replaced by an exam on Muslim , Christian or Druze heritage . Maariv described the Christian Arabs sectors as `` the most successful in education system '' , since Christians fared the best in terms of education in comparison to any other religion in Israel . Israeli children from Russian - speaking families have a higher bagrut pass rate at high - school level . Although amongst immigrant children born in the Former Soviet Union , the bagrut pass rate is highest amongst those families from European FSU states at 62.6 % , and lower amongst those from Central Asian and Caucasian FSU states . In 2014 , 61.5 % of all Israeli twelfth graders earned a matriculation certificate . As the Israeli economy is largely scientific and technological based , the labor market demands people who have achieved some form of higher education , particularly related to science and engineering in order to gain a competitive edge when searching for employment . In 2012 , the country ranked second among OECD countries ( tied with Japan and after Canada ) for the percentage of 25 to 64 - year - olds that have attained tertiary education with 46 percent compared with the OECD average of 32 percent . In addition , nearly twice as many Israelis aged 55 -- 64 held a higher education degree compared to other OECD countries , with 47 percent holding an academic degree compared with the OECD average of 25 % . It ranks fifth among OECD countries for the total expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP . In 2011 , the country spent 7.3 % of its GDP on all levels of education , comparatively more than the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development average of 6.3 % and as a result has fostered an education system that helped transform the country and rapidly grow its economy over the past 70 years . The Israeli education system has been praised for various reasons , including its high quality and its major role in spurring Israel 's economic development and technological boom . Many international business leaders and organizations such as Microsoft founder Bill Gates and the technology giant IBM have praised Israel for its high quality of education in helping spur Israel 's economic development . Contents ( hide ) 1 Educational tracks 2 Israeli Pupils ' Rights Law 3 Matriculation ( Bagrut ) 4 Higher education 5 Comparisons and rankings 6 Arab sector 7 Gender statistics 8 Status of teachers 9 Textbooks 10 Strikes 11 Awards and recognition 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Educational tracks ( edit ) Payis Eshkol center for arts and science , Ramat Gan Israeli schools are divided into four different tracks : state - secular ( Mamlachti ) , state - religious ( Mamlachti dati ) , independent religious ( חרדי Haredi or חינוך עצמאי Ḥinuch Atzmai ) , and Arab . There are also private schools which reflect the philosophies of specific groups of parents ( Democratic Schools ) , or that are based on the curriculum of a foreign country ( e.g. , The American International School in Israel ) . The majority of Israeli children attend state schools . State - religious schools , catering to youngsters from the Orthodox sector ( mainly Religious Zionist / Modern Orthodox ) , offer intensive Jewish studies programs , and emphasize tradition and observance . The Chinuch Atzmai schools focus almost entirely on Torah study and offer very little in terms of secular subjects . Schools in the Arab sector teach in Arabic , and offer a curriculum that emphasizes Arab history , religion , and culture . The proportions of pupils attending schools in the Haredi and Arab sectors are increasing ; according to a demographic study published in 2009 , Haredim and Arabs together will amount to 60 % of Israel 's elementary school population by 2030 . Haredim and Arab citizens are underrepresented in both the Israel Defense Forces and the workforce , since both groups are exempt from the otherwise compulsory military service , and in many Haredi sects men choose to focus only on religious studies throughout their life and rely financially on support from co-religionists , the State , etc . The Haredim 's lack of mainstream education , and consequent low participation in the workforce , are regarded by many in Israel as a social problem . The Council for Higher Education announced in 2012 that it was investing NIS 180 million over the following five years to establish appropriate frameworks for the education of Haredim , focusing on specific professions . Israel 's Ministry of Education 's statistics from 2014 show that only about 22 percent of Haredi students take matriculation exams , since Orthodox yeshivot mostly ignore core subjects . About 8 percent of Haredi students pass the exam . Miriam Ben - Peretz , professor emeritus of education at the University of Haifa , and winner of the 2006 Israel Prize notes : `` More and more Israeli students do n't have any foundation of knowledge , any basics -- not in math , not in English , not in general ... things have to change . '' Some Israelis who have been educated in Haredi yeshivas have established Leaving for Change ( LFC ) , an organization seeking to sue the government for alleged failure to enforce Israel 's law for compulsory education . In 1984 , the first integrated schools which had both Jewish and Arab students coexisting in a classroom were built by the residents of Neve Shalom -- Wāħat as - Salām , a cooperative village founded by Arab and Jewish citizens of Israel . Today , this school receives some support from the state . Two more integrated schools were opened in Jerusalem and Galilee ( Galil Jewish - Arab School ) in 1997 by Hand in Hand : Center for Jewish Arab Education in Israel . As of 2010 , there were five integrated schools in Israel , including Neve Shalom . Israeli pupils ' Rights law ( edit ) The Israeli Pupils ' Rights Law of 2000 prohibits discrimination of students for sectarian reasons in admission to or expulsion from an educational institution , in establishment of separate educational curricula or holding of separate classes in the same educational institution , and addresses rights and obligations of pupils . The law was fully supported by the Israeli Student and Youth Council However , discrimination still exists : in 2005 , the municipality of Lod refused to allow a three - year - old Arab child to register in a Jewish kindergarten . Matriculation ( bagrut ) ( edit ) Main article : Bagrut High schools in Israel prepare students for the Israeli matriculation exams ( bagrut ) . These are exams covering various academic disciplines , which are studied in units ( yehidot limud ) of one to five on an ascending scale of difficulty . Students with a passing mark on the mandatory matriculation subjects ( Hebrew language , English language , mathematics , scripture , history , state studies and literature ) , who have been tested on at least 21 units , and passed at least one 5 - unit exam , receive a full matriculation certificate . In 2006 / 7 , 74.4 % of Israeli 12th graders took the bagrut exams while only 46.3 % were eligible for a matriculation certificate . In the Arab and Druze sectors , the figures were 35.6 % and 43.7 % respectively . A Bagrut certificate and Bagrut scores often determine acceptance into elite military units , admission to academic institutions , and job prospects . Below is a table illustrating the percentage of matriculation certificate recipients in Israel 's largest cities , according to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics ( graduation year of 2002 ) . The Adva Center , a social issues think tank in Israel , says that about 15 % of the matriculation certificates issued do not qualify the recipient for admission to Israel 's universities . Christian Arabs tend to have had the highest rates of success in the matriculation examinations , both in comparison to the Muslims and the Druze and in comparison to all students in the Jewish education system . City Recipients ( % ) Jerusalem 36 Tel Aviv 60.3 Haifa 64.3 Rishon LeZion 59.2 Ashdod 55.9 Ashkelon 58.5 Bat Yam 49.5 Beersheba 51.5 Holon 55.3 Netanya 52 Petah Tikva 57 Ramat Gan 65.3 Higher education ( edit ) See also : List of universities and colleges in Israel and Academic ranks in Israel Computer science faculty building in the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology After secondary education , students are generally conscripted into the Israel Defense Forces ( IDF ) , but may request a postponement of the conscription date to study at a pre-service Mechina , undertake a voluntary service year , or study in a college or university . Those who study in a university at this stage generally do so under a program called atuda , where the tuition for their bachelor 's degree is paid for by the army . They are however obliged to sign a contract with the army extending their service by 2 -- 3 years . Universities generally require a certain amount of bagrut matriculation units ( as well as a certain grade average ) and a good grade in the Psychometric Entrance Test , which is similar in many respects to the American SAT . The Open University of Israel accepts all applicants regardless of their academic history , though it still maintains high academic standards . All of Israel 's nine public universities , and some of its colleges , are subsidized by the government , and students pay only a small part of the actual cost of tuition . Students who completed military service are entitled to a 90 % discount on their first - year tuition fees . Further financial assistance is provided by student loans , grants , and scholarships approved by the Ministry of Education . The Psychometric Entrance Test ( colloquially known in Hebrew simply as `` psychometry '' - psixometri , פסיכומטרי ) is a standardized test used as a higher education admission exam . The PET covers three areas : quantitative reasoning , verbal reasoning and the English language . It is administered by the Israeli National Institute for Testing and Evaluation ( NITE ) and is heavily weighed for university admissions. The test may be taken in Hebrew , Arabic , Russian , French , Spanish , or combined Hebrew / English . According to the OECD , the median age Israeli students complete their first degree is slightly above 27 . Comparisons and Rankings ( edit ) Interdisciplinary Center , Herzliya According to the Webometrics ranking , six of Israel 's universities place in the top 100 schools of Asia . Four universities place in the top 150 in the world according to the Shanghai Jiao Tong University Academic Ranking of World Universities , and three are in the Times Higher Education - QS World University Rankings ( i.e. amongst the `` Top 200 World Universities '' ) . Of note , the prestigious NYU , which enrolls the largest number of Jewish students of any public or private university in the United States , and is ranked in the top 34 globally in all major publications of university rankings , has a campus in Tel Aviv . In addition , Israeli universities are among 100 of the top world universities in science and engineering - related subjects , according to the QS World University Rankings : mathematics ( TAU , Hebrew University and Technion ) ; physics ( TAU , Hebrew University and Weizmann Institute of Science ) ; chemistry ( TAU , Hebrew University and Technion ) ; computer science ( TAU , Hebrew University , Weizmann Institute of Science , BIU and Technion ) ; engineering ( Technion ) ; life sciences ( Hebrew University ) . In the social sciences , TAU and the Hebrew University rank in the top 100 , and these universities are also ranked in the top 100 for economics ; Israel is ranked 23rd on RePEc 's Country and State Ranking for economics . In 2010 , Hebrew University reached 57th place in the global ranking list published by Shanghai Jiao Tong University in China . Despite strong post-secondary rankings , Israel spends less per student than countries like Norway and Mexico . Some officials have criticized the claim that the strong test scores prove Israel is a highly educated country , pointing out that scores from standardized tests exclude haredi and special education students , and thus are not an accurate reflection . Israeli teachers must contend with large classes , low wages and low morale . Despite this , Israel ranks second among OECD countries ( tied with Japan and just after Canada ) for the percentage of 25 - to 64 - year - olds that have achieved tertiary education : 46 % compared with an OECD average of 32 % . Inequality is a problem reflected in Israel 's performance on international tests . In the latest Pisa exams , in which half a million students from 65 countries participated , Israel ranked 33 in reading achievement and 40th in mathematics and science . Only Taiwan had larger gaps in the performance between the best and worst students . Arab sector ( edit ) Jewish and Arab teachers at Hand in Hand A student at the Galil Jewish - Arab School . Israel is a signatory of the Convention against Discrimination in Education , and ratified it in 1961 . The convention has the status of law in Israeli courts . Israel operates an Arab education system for the Israeli - Arab minority , teaching Arab students , in Arabic , about their history and culture . However , there have been claims that the Jewish education system gets more resources . According to the Follow - Up Committee for Arab Education , the Israeli government spends an average of $192 per year on each Arab student , and $1,100 per Jewish student . It also notes that drop - out rate for Israeli Arab citizens is twice as high as that of their Jewish counterparts ( 12 percent versus 6 percent ) . The same group also noted that in 2005 , there was a 5,000 - classroom shortage in the Arab sector . In 1999 , in attempt to close the gap between Arab and Jewish education sectors , the Israeli education minister , Yossi Sarid , announced an affirmative action policy , promising that Arabs would be granted 25 % of the education budget , more than their proportional share in the population ( 18 % ) . He also added that the ministry would support the creations of an Arab academic college . In 2001 , a Human Rights Watch report stated that students in government - run Arab schools received inferior education due to fewer teachers , inadequate school construction , and lack of libraries and recreational space . Jewish schools were found to be better equipped , some offering film editing studios and theater rooms . In 2009 , Sorel Cahan of Hebrew University 's School of Education claimed that the average per - student budget allocation for students with special needs at Arab junior high schools was five times lower . In 2007 , the Israeli Education Ministry announced a plan to increase funding for schools in Arab communities . According to a ministry official , `` At the end of the process , a lot of money will be directed toward schools with students from families with low education and income levels , mainly in the Arab sector . '' The Education Ministry prepared a five - year plan to close the gaps and raise the number of students eligible for high school matriculation . A 2009 report showed that obstacles to Arab students participating in higher education resulted in over 5,000 moving to study in nearby Jordan . The Association for Civil Rights in Israel and various scholars have criticized wide disparities in education access between Jewish Israelis and Arab Israelis , and underfunding of Arab schools . The Ministry of Education announced in April 2010 that the suggested curriculum for the coming school year would not include civics , democratic values , or Jewish - Arab coexistence , and focus more on Zionist and Jewish values . In 2010 , the number of computer science teachers in the Arab sector rose by 50 % . The Arab sector also saw a rise of 165 % in instructors teaching technology classes and a 171 % increase in the number teaching mathematics . The number of physics teachers in Arab schools grew by 25 % , those teaching chemistry by 44 % and in biology by 81.7 % . According to a 2012 report by the Higher Arab Monitoring Committee , there is a shortage of 6,100 classrooms and 4,000 teachers in Arab communities . Christian Arabs tend to have had the highest rates of success in the matriculation examinations , both in comparison to the Muslims and the Druze , and in comparison to all students in the Jewish education system . Arab Christians were also the vanguard in terms of eligibility for higher education , and they have attained a bachelor 's degree and academic degree more than the median Israeli population . The rate of students studying in the field of medicine was also higher among the Christian Arab students , compared with all the students from other sectors . The percentage of Arab Christian women who are higher education students is higher than other sectors . Gender Statistics ( edit ) The dropout rate in grades 8 - 12 is higher for males than females . In 2011 , the dropout rate declined , but was still higher among males , with 4.5 % of male and 1.7 % of female students dropping out of school . In addition , the passing rate of high school matriculation exams stood at 62 % for females and 51 % for males . The rate of women studying in universities and colleges is also higher ; in 2011 - 2012 , 56.7 % of students at academic institutions were female . In 2012 , women were also 59.3 % of candidates for Master 's degree programs and 52.4 % for doctorate programs . However , 81 % of Israeli professors are men . In addition , fields such as engineering , electricity , physics , mathematics , computer science , and natural sciences are overwhelmingly male - dominated , though there are a large number of women in certain fields of engineering , such as biomedical , industrial , and environmental engineering . Women tend to study more in human and social sciences , such as education and occupational therapy . Status of teachers ( edit ) Over the years , government budget cuts have taken their toll . Israel was amongst the top - ranked nations in international rankings for science and mathematics performance in the 1960s , but dropped to 33 out of 41 nations in the 2002 survey . Wages for Israeli teachers are low compared to other industrialized countries , especially due to the small amount of frontal teaching hours with respect to other developed countries ( the salary per hour is similar to that of the OECD standards ) , according to a survey of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development . The government - appointed Dovrat Commission , led by Shlomo Dovrat , concluded in 2004 , that the key to improving Israeli education is not more money but better - quality teaching . The recommendations included a reform giving school principals the right to fire teachers of poor quality , and reward better ones with higher pay . These moves have been blocked by Israel 's teachers ' unions , which have paralyzed schools with a series of long strikes , mostly blocking the proposed reforms . Textbooks ( edit ) According to a paper by Nurit Peled - Elhanan , a professor of language and education at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem , textbooks in Israel promote a negative image of Arabs . The Center for Monitoring the Impact of Peace , a schoolbook monitoring organization , disputed this finding , calling her claim heavily politicized and distorted . In a report published in 2000 , the Center for Monitoring the Impact of Peace stated that in textbooks of both the general state - run network and the religious state - run network , there was a genuine effort to remove stereotypes and to build a foundation for coexistence and mutual respect . According to a 2011 report by the Arab Cultural Association , Arabic textbooks provided to third to ninth grade students in Israeli schools were found to contain many mistakes . The report was based on a study of textbooks in all subjects . Dr. George Mansour , who examined the history textbooks , said they ignored the presence of Arab - Palestinians in Israel and minimized Arab culture . Strikes ( edit ) Israeli schools and universities have been subject to repeated strikes over the years by faculty , and , occasionally , by students . The 2007 Israeli student strike started in April 2007 in protest at the government decision to increase tuition fees and the failure to implement the 2001 Winograd Committee recommendation that they be reduced by 25 % . After three weeks , the universities threatened that all students who failed to return to their studies would have to retake the semester. Student leaders rejected a compromise which would have exempted students from the fee rises . Some students started a hunger strike . The strike ended on May 14 after student leaders accepted the implementation of the Shochat reforms . Middle and secondary school teachers were on strike for a month and a half . Their demands included an 8.5 % pay raise , reducing class sizes to a maximum of 30 students , and increasing the length of the school day . The school year was extended until July 10 , 2008 for all schools that participated in the strike . Awards and recognition ( edit ) Each year , municipalities may receive an award for outstanding education initiatives and accomplishments . The 2012 Education Prize of the Israeli Ministry of Education and Culture was awarded to the municipalities of Ariel , Ashdod , Yokneam , Ma'aleh Adumim , Safed and Kiryat Bialik . The educational networks of these cities were cited for their unique projects , effectiveness of immigrant absorption , student empowerment , educational leadership , top - quality teaching , encouragement of entrepreneurship and innovation , and promoting excellence in a diverse school population . See also ( edit ) Education Minister of Israel List of universities and colleges in Israel Science and technology in Israel First Step to Nobel Prize in Physics Academic grading in Israel References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Moti Bassok ( 8 October 2014 ) . `` Cabinet approves $88 billion budget for 2015 '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . Globalis.gvu.unu.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Key Facts For Israel '' . Keepeek . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Education OECD Better Life '' . OECD . Archived from the original on 31 May 2016 . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ynet חוק חינוך חובה - מעתה עד כיתות י '' ב - חדשות היום `` . Ynet.co.il. 1995 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Education in Ancient Israel '' . American Bible Society . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Sami Shalom Chetrit ( November 12 , 2009 ) . Intra-Jewish Conflict in Israel : White Jews , Black Jews . Routledge . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 0415778640 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jews at top of class in first - ever global study of religion and education '' . 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Moaz , Asher ( July 2007 ) . `` Religious Education in Israel '' . Tel Aviv University Law Faculty Papers . Jump up ^ Rachel Avraham ( 22 April 2013 ) . `` Israel is the Second Most Educated Country in the World '' . United with Israel . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Ruth Halperin - Kaddari ( 2003 ) . Women in Israel : A State of Their Own . University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3752 - 8 . Jump up ^ Euny Hong ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` How I made the leap from being Korean to being Jewish '' . Quartz . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . 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Street NW , Suite 800 , Washington DC 20036 USA ( 202 ) 419 - 4300 Main ( 202 ) 419 - 4349 Fax ( 202 ) 419 - 4372 Media Inquiries Jump up ^ `` 6 . Jewish educational attainment '' . 13 December 2016 . 1615 L. Street NW , Suite 800 , Washington DC 20036 USA ( 202 ) 419 - 4300 Main ( 202 ) 419 - 4349 Fax ( 202 ) 419 - 4372 Media Inquiries Jump up ^ `` How Religious Groups Differ in Educational Attainment '' . 13 December 2016 . 1615 L. Street NW , Suite 800 , Washington DC 20036 USA ( 202 ) 419 - 4300 Main ( 202 ) 419 - 4349 Fax ( 202 ) 419 - 4372 Media Inquiries Jump up ^ `` The Israeli Matriculation Certificate '' . United States - Israel Educational Foundation via the University of Szeged University Library . January 1996 . Retrieved 5 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` המגזר הערבי נוצרי הכי מצליח במערכת החינוך ) '' . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christians in Israel : Strong in education '' . ynet . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Konstantinov , Viacheslav ( 2015 ) . `` Patterns of Integration into Israeli Society among Immigrants from the Former Soviet Union over the Past Two Decades '' . Myers - JDC - Brookdale Institute . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` עולים מחבר העמים מצליחים יותר בבגרויות '' . וואלה ! חדשות . Jump up ^ `` Students in Grade 12 - Matriculation Examinees and Those Entitled to a Certificate '' . Israel Central Bureau of Statistics . 2016 . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreas Schleicher ( 2013 ) . `` ISRAEL - Education at a Glance 2013 '' ( PDF ) . OECD . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : LIDAR GRAVE - LAZI ( September 9 , 2014 ) . `` OECD report : Israel has large expenditure on education but lower spending per student '' . Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Silver , Stefan ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Israel 's educational tradition drives economic growth '' . Kehlia News Israel . 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The Jewish Journal , 4 February 2015 Jump up ^ Ex-haredim to sue state for depriving them of basic education The Jerusalem Post , 6 April 2015 Jump up ^ `` Third bilingual school for Israeli Jews and Arabs opens its doors 5 - Sep - 2004 '' . Mfa.gov.il. 2004 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` חוק זכויות התלמיד באנגלית - Pupils ' Rights Law '' . Cms.education.gov.il . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arab Sector : NIF Grantees Fight Discrimination in Arab Education '' . New Israel Fund . 2005 - 09 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Kashti , Or ( 2008 - 04 - 02 ) . `` Less than half of 17 - year - olds in Israel qualify for matriculation '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Fulbright '' . Fulbright . Jump up ^ http://www.cbs.gov.il/hodaot2005n/06_05_189b.pdf Jump up ^ `` מרכז אדוה - עמוד בית '' . Adva.org . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 10 . 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Jump up ^ `` Arlosoroff , Meirav ' Education revolution : Rich parents to pay for poor students ' schooling ; Until now , all attempts to repair educational inequality were shot down by political interests ' ( Nov 28 , 2014 ) Haaretz '' http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/.premium-1.628651 Jump up ^ Human Rights Watch , ' Second class : Discrimination against Palestinian Arab children in Israel 's schools , pp 13 - 16 Jump up ^ Middle East Contemporary Survey , Volume 23 ; By Bruce Maddy - Weitzman . p. 329 ; https://books.google.com/books?id=zs57d0logH8C&lpg=PA329 Jump up ^ `` Israeli Schools Separate , Not Equal '' . Human Rights Watch . Jump up ^ Kashti , Or ( 2008 - 04 - 02 ) . `` Israel aids its needy Jewish students more than Arab counterparts '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Kashti , Or ( 2007 - 03 - 06 ) . `` Israeli Arabs to get greater school funding , settlements less '' . Haaretz . 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Jump up ^ Student and Teacher Strikes Continue , No End in Sight Israel National News , 7 May 2007 Jump up ^ Tamir , students union announce cancellation of university strike Haaretz , 24 February 2007 Jump up ^ Students threaten to step up strike , ' seal off ' campuses Haaretz , 6 May 2007 Jump up ^ `` Student Leader : Compromise Presented by PMO Is ' Humiliating ' '' . Haaretz.com . Jump up ^ `` Haaretz - Israel News - Haaretz.com '' . haaretz.com . Jump up ^ `` Universities to Reopen Today as 41 - day Strike Ends '' . Haaretz.com . Jump up ^ `` חדשות , ידיעות מהארץ והעולם - עיתון הארץ '' . הארץ . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 6 cities across country win 2012 education prize '' . The Jerusalem Post - JPost.com . External links ( edit ) Publications on Education by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics ( hide ) Education in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Israel&oldid=802174742 '' Categories : Education in Israel Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from September 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Dansk فارسی 한국어 עברית മലയാളം 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 13 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the school year start in israel	[ "Education in Israel refers to the comprehensive education system of Israel. The education system consists of three tiers: primary education (grades 1-6, approx. ages 6–12), middle school (grades 7-9, approx. ages 12–15) and high school (grades 10-12, approx. ages 15–18). Compulsory education takes place from kindergarten through to 12th grade.[5] The school year begins on September 1, ending for elementary school pupils on 30 June, and for middle school and high school pupils on 20 June." ]	[ "September 1" ]
-4688422196511641071	Michael Jordan	Michael Jordan - wikipedia Michael Jordan Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Michael Jordan , see Michael Jordan ( disambiguation ) . Michael Jordan Michael Jordan receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama in 2016 at the White House in Washington , D.C. Charlotte Hornets Position Owner League NBA ( 1963 - 02 - 17 ) February 17 , 1963 ( age 55 ) Brooklyn , New York Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) Listed weight 216 lb ( 98 kg ) Career information High school Emsley A. Laney ( Wilmington , North Carolina ) College North Carolina ( 1981 -- 1984 ) NBA draft 1984 / Round : 1 / Pick : 3rd overall Selected by the Chicago Bulls Playing career 1984 -- 1993 , 1995 -- 1998 , 2001 -- 2003 Position Shooting guard Number 23 , 45 , 12 Career history 1984 -- 1993 , 1995 -- 1998 Chicago Bulls 2001 -- 2003 Washington Wizards Career highlights and awards 6 × NBA champion ( 1991 -- 1993 , 1996 -- 1998 ) 6 × NBA Finals MVP ( 1991 -- 1993 , 1996 -- 1998 ) 5 × NBA Most Valuable Player ( 1988 , 1991 , 1992 , 1996 , 1998 ) 14 × NBA All - Star ( 1985 -- 1993 , 1996 -- 1998 , 2002 , 2003 ) 3 × NBA All - Star Game MVP ( 1988 , 1996 , 1998 ) 10 × All - NBA First Team ( 1987 -- 1993 , 1996 -- 1998 ) All - NBA Second Team ( 1985 ) NBA Defensive Player of the Year ( 1988 ) 9 × NBA All - Defensive First Team ( 1988 -- 1993 , 1996 -- 1998 ) NBA Rookie of the Year ( 1985 ) NBA All - Rookie First Team ( 1985 ) 10 × NBA scoring champion ( 1987 -- 1993 , 1996 -- 1998 ) 3 × NBA steals leader ( 1988 , 1990 , 1993 ) 2 × NBA Slam Dunk Contest champion ( 1987 , 1988 ) No. 23 retired by Chicago Bulls No. 23 retired by Miami Heat 3 × AP Athlete of the Year ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 ) 2 × USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year ( 1983 , 1984 ) Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year ( 1991 ) NBA 's 50th Anniversary All - Time Team NCAA champion ( 1982 ) Consensus national college player of the year ( 1984 ) 2 × Consensus first - team All - American ( 1983 , 1984 ) ACC Player of the Year ( 1984 ) 2 × First - team All - ACC ( 1983 , 1984 ) ACC Rookie of the Year ( 1982 ) No. 23 retired by the University of North Carolina Career statistics Points 32,292 ( 30.1 ppg ) Rebounds 6,672 ( 6.2 rpg ) Assists 5,633 ( 5.3 apg ) Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Basketball Hall of Fame as player FIBA Hall of Fame as player Medals ( hide ) Men 's Basketball Representing the United States Olympic Games 1984 Los Angeles Men 's basketball 1992 Barcelona Men 's basketball FIBA Americas Championship 1992 Portland Men 's basketball Pan American Games 1983 Caracas Men 's basketball Michael Jeffrey Jordan ( born February 17 , 1963 ) , also known by his initials , MJ , is an American retired professional basketball player . Jordan played 15 seasons in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) for the Chicago Bulls and Washington Wizards . His biography on the NBA website states : `` By acclamation , Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time . '' Jordan was one of the most effectively marketed athletes of his generation and was considered instrumental in popularizing the NBA around the world in the 1980s and 1990s . He is currently the principal owner and chairman of the NBA 's Charlotte Hornets . Jordan played three seasons for coach Dean Smith at the University of North Carolina . As a freshman , he was a member of the Tar Heels ' national championship team in 1982 . Jordan joined the Bulls in 1984 as the third overall draft pick . He quickly emerged as a league star and entertained crowds with his prolific scoring . His leaping ability , demonstrated by performing slam dunks from the free throw line in slam dunk contests , earned him the nicknames Air Jordan and His Airness . He also gained a reputation for being one of the best defensive players in basketball . In 1991 , he won his first NBA championship with the Bulls , and followed that achievement with titles in 1992 and 1993 , securing a `` three - peat '' . Although Jordan abruptly retired from basketball before the beginning of the 1993 -- 94 NBA season and started a new career playing minor league baseball , he returned to the Bulls in March 1995 and led them to three additional championships in 1996 , 1997 , and 1998 , as well as a then - record 72 regular - season wins in the 1995 -- 96 NBA season . Jordan retired for a second time in January 1999 , but returned for two more NBA seasons from 2001 to 2003 as a member of the Wizards . Jordan 's individual accolades and accomplishments include five Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Awards , ten All - NBA First Team designations , nine All - Defensive First Team honors , fourteen NBA All - Star Game appearances , three All - Star Game MVP Awards , ten scoring titles , three steals titles , six NBA Finals MVP Awards , and the 1988 NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award . Among his numerous accomplishments , Jordan holds the NBA records for highest career regular season scoring average ( 30.12 points per game ) and highest career playoff scoring average ( 33.45 points per game ) . In 1999 , he was named the greatest North American athlete of the 20th century by ESPN , and was second to Babe Ruth on the Associated Press 's list of athletes of the century . Jordan is a two - time inductee into the Basketball Hall of Fame , having been enshrined in 2009 for his individual career , and again in 2010 as part of the group induction of the 1992 United States men 's Olympic basketball team ( `` The Dream Team '' ) . He became a member of the FIBA Hall of Fame in 2015 . Jordan is also known for his product endorsements . He fueled the success of Nike 's Air Jordan sneakers , which were introduced in 1985 and remain popular today . Jordan also starred as himself in the 1996 film Space Jam . In 2006 , he became part - owner and head of basketball operations for the Charlotte Bobcats ; he bought a controlling interest in 2010 . In 2015 , Jordan became the first billionaire player in NBA history as a result of the increase in value of NBA franchises . He is the third - richest African - American , behind Oprah Winfrey and Robert F. Smith . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 High school career 3 College career 4 Professional career 4.1 Early NBA years ( 1984 -- 1987 ) 4.2 Pistons roadblock ( 1987 -- 1990 ) 4.3 First three - peat ( 1991 -- 1993 ) 4.3. 1 Gambling controversy 4.4 First retirement and stint in minor league baseball ( 1993 -- 1994 ) 4.5 `` I 'm back '' : Return to the NBA ( 1995 ) 4.6 Second three - peat ( 1995 -- 1998 ) 4.7 Second retirement ( 1999 -- 2001 ) 4.8 Washington Wizards comeback ( 2001 -- 2003 ) 5 Olympic career 6 Post-retirement 6.1 Charlotte Bobcats / Hornets 7 Player profile 8 NBA career statistics 8.1 Regular season 8.2 Playoffs 9 Legacy 10 Personal life 11 Media figure and business interests 12 Awards and honors 12.1 College awards and honors 12.2 NBA awards and honors 12.3 Other awards and honors 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Bibliography 17 Further reading 18 External links Early years Jordan was born in Brooklyn , New York , to Deloris ( née Peoples ) , who worked in banking , and James R. Jordan Sr. , an equipment supervisor . His family moved to Wilmington , North Carolina , when he was a toddler . Jordan is the fourth of five children . He has two older brothers , Larry Jordan and James R. Jordan , Jr. , one older sister , Deloris , and one younger sister , Roslyn . Jordan 's brother James retired in 2006 as the Command Sergeant Major of the 35th Signal Brigade of the XVIII Airborne Corps in the U.S. Army . High School career Jordan going in for a slam - dunk for the Laney High School varsity basketball team , 1979 -- 80 . Jordan attended Emsley A. Laney High School in Wilmington , where he highlighted his athletic career by playing basketball , baseball , and football . He tried out for the varsity basketball team during his sophomore year , but at 5'11 '' ( 1.80 m ) , he was deemed too short to play at that level . His taller friend , Harvest Leroy Smith , was the only sophomore to make the team . Motivated to prove his worth , Jordan became the star of Laney 's junior varsity squad , and tallied several 40 - point games . The following summer , he grew four inches ( 10 cm ) and trained rigorously . Upon earning a spot on the varsity roster , Jordan averaged about 20 points per game over his final two seasons of high school play . As a senior , he was selected to the McDonald 's All - American Team after averaging a triple - double : 29.2 points , 11.6 rebounds , and 10.1 assists . Jordan was recruited by numerous college basketball programs , including Duke , North Carolina , South Carolina , Syracuse , and Virginia . In 1981 , Jordan accepted a basketball scholarship to North Carolina , where he majored in cultural geography . College career Jordan 's number 23 jersey among others in the rafters of The Dean Smith Center As a freshman in coach Dean Smith 's team - oriented system , he was named ACC Freshman of the Year after he averaged 13.4 points per game ( ppg ) on 53.4 % shooting ( field goal percentage ) . He made the game - winning jump shot in the 1982 NCAA Championship game against Georgetown , which was led by future NBA rival Patrick Ewing . Jordan later described this shot as the major turning point in his basketball career . During his three seasons at North Carolina , he averaged 17.7 ppg on 54.0 % shooting , and added 5.0 rebounds per game ( rpg ) . He was selected by consensus to the NCAA All - American First Team in both his sophomore ( 1983 ) and junior ( 1984 ) seasons . After winning the Naismith and the Wooden College Player of the Year awards in 1984 , Jordan left North Carolina one year before his scheduled graduation to enter the 1984 NBA draft . The Chicago Bulls selected Jordan with the third overall pick , after Hakeem Olajuwon ( Houston Rockets ) and Sam Bowie ( Portland Trail Blazers ) . One of the primary reasons why Jordan was not drafted sooner was because the first two teams were in need of a center . However , Trail Blazers general manager Stu Inman contended that it was not a matter of drafting a center , but more a matter of taking Sam Bowie over Jordan , in part because Portland already had Clyde Drexler , who was a guard with similar skills to Jordan . ESPN , citing Bowie 's injury - laden college career , named the Blazers ' choice of Bowie as the worst draft pick in North American professional sports history . Jordan returned to North Carolina to complete his degree in 1986 . Professional career Early NBA years ( 1984 -- 1987 ) During his rookie season with the Bulls , Jordan averaged 28.2 ppg on 51.5 % shooting . He quickly became a fan favorite even in opposing arenas , and appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated with the heading `` A Star Is Born '' just over a month into his professional career . The fans also voted in Jordan as an All - Star starter during his rookie season . Controversy arose before the All - Star game when word surfaced that several veteran players -- led by Isiah Thomas -- were upset by the amount of attention Jordan was receiving . This led to a so - called `` freeze - out '' on Jordan , where players refused to pass the ball to him throughout the game . The controversy left Jordan relatively unaffected when he returned to regular season play , and he would go on to be voted Rookie of the Year . The Bulls finished the season 38 -- 44 and lost to the Milwaukee Bucks in four games in the first round of the playoffs . Jordan 's second season was cut short when he broke his foot in the third game of the year , causing him to miss 64 games . Despite Jordan 's injury and a 30 -- 52 record ( at the time it was fifth worst record of any team to qualify for the playoffs in NBA history ) , the Bulls made the playoffs . Jordan recovered in time to participate in the playoffs and performed well upon his return . Against a 1985 -- 86 Boston Celtics team that is often considered one of the greatest in NBA history , Jordan set the still - unbroken record for points in a playoff game with 63 in Game 2 . The Celtics , however , managed to sweep the series . Jordan had completely recovered in time for the 1986 -- 87 season , and he had one of the most prolific scoring seasons in NBA history . He became the only player other than Wilt Chamberlain to score 3,000 points in a season , averaging a league high 37.1 points on 48.2 % shooting . In addition , Jordan demonstrated his defensive prowess , as he became the first player in NBA history to record 200 steals and 100 blocked shots in a season . Despite Jordan 's success , Magic Johnson won the league 's Most Valuable Player Award . The Bulls reached 40 wins , and advanced to the playoffs for the third consecutive year . However , they were again swept by the Celtics . Pistons roadblock ( 1987 -- 1990 ) Jordan ( center ) in 1987 Jordan again led the league in scoring during the 1987 -- 88 season , averaging 35.0 ppg on 53.5 % shooting and won his first league MVP Award . He was also named the Defensive Player of the Year , as he had averaged 1.6 blocks and a league high 3.16 steals per game . The Bulls finished 50 -- 32 , and made it out of the first round of the playoffs for the first time in Jordan 's career , as they defeated the Cleveland Cavaliers in five games . However , the Bulls then lost in five games to the more experienced Detroit Pistons , who were led by Isiah Thomas and a group of physical players known as the `` Bad Boys '' . In the 1988 -- 89 season , Jordan again led the league in scoring , averaging 32.5 ppg on 53.8 % shooting from the field , along with 8 rpg and 8 assists per game ( apg ) . The Bulls finished with a 47 -- 35 record , and advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals , defeating the Cavaliers and New York Knicks along the way . The Cavaliers series included a career highlight for Jordan when he hit The Shot over Craig Ehlo at the buzzer in the fifth and final game of the series . However , the Pistons again defeated the Bulls , this time in six games , by utilizing their `` Jordan Rules '' method of guarding Jordan , which consisted of double and triple teaming him every time he touched the ball . The Bulls entered the 1989 -- 90 season as a team on the rise , with their core group of Jordan and young improving players like Scottie Pippen and Horace Grant , and under the guidance of new coach Phil Jackson . Jordan averaged a league leading 33.6 ppg on 52.6 % shooting , to go with 6.9 rpg and 6.3 apg in leading the Bulls to a 55 -- 27 record . They again advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals after beating the Bucks and Philadelphia 76ers . However , despite pushing the series to seven games , the Bulls lost to the Pistons for the third consecutive season . First three - peat ( 1991 -- 1993 ) In the 1990 -- 91 season , Jordan won his second MVP award after averaging 31.5 ppg on 53.9 % shooting , 6.0 rpg , and 5.5 apg for the regular season . The Bulls finished in first place in their division for the first time in 16 years and set a franchise record with 61 wins in the regular season . With Scottie Pippen developing into an All - Star , the Bulls had elevated their play . The Bulls defeated the New York Knicks and the Philadelphia 76ers in the opening two rounds of the playoffs . They advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals where their rival , the Detroit Pistons , awaited them . However , this time the Bulls beat the Pistons in a four - game sweep . The Bulls advanced to the NBA Finals for the first time in franchise history to face the Los Angeles Lakers , who had Magic Johnson and James Worthy , two formidable opponents . The Bulls won the series four games to one , and compiled a 15 -- 2 playoff record along the way . Perhaps the best known moment of the series came in Game 2 when , attempting a dunk , Jordan avoided a potential Sam Perkins block by switching the ball from his right hand to his left in mid-air to lay the shot into the basket . In his first Finals appearance , Jordan posted per game averages of 31.2 points on 56 % shooting from the field , 11.4 assists , 6.6 rebounds , 2.8 steals , and 1.4 blocks . Jordan won his first NBA Finals MVP award , and he cried while holding the NBA Finals trophy . Jordan and the Bulls continued their dominance in the 1991 -- 92 season , establishing a 67 -- 15 record , topping their franchise record from 1990 -- 91 . Jordan won his second consecutive MVP award with averages of 30.1 points , 6.4 rebounds and 6.1 assists per game on 52 % shooting . After winning a physical 7 - game series over the New York Knicks in the second round of the playoffs and finishing off the Cleveland Cavaliers in the Conference Finals in 6 games , the Bulls met Clyde Drexler and the Portland Trail Blazers in the Finals . The media , hoping to recreate a Magic -- Bird rivalry , highlighted the similarities between `` Air '' Jordan and Clyde `` The Glide '' during the pre-Finals hype . In the first game , Jordan scored a Finals - record 35 points in the first half , including a record - setting six three - point field goals . After the sixth three - pointer , he jogged down the court shrugging as he looked courtside . Marv Albert , who broadcast the game , later stated that it was as if Jordan was saying , `` I ca n't believe I 'm doing this . '' The Bulls went on to win Game 1 , and defeat the Blazers in six games . Jordan was named Finals MVP for the second year in a row and finished the series averaging 35.8 ppg , 4.8 rpg , and 6.5 apg , while shooting 53 % from the floor . In the 1992 -- 93 season , despite a 32.6 ppg , 6.7 rpg , and 5.5 apg campaign , Jordan 's streak of consecutive MVP seasons ended as he lost the award to his friend Charles Barkley . Coincidentally , Jordan and the Bulls met Barkley and his Phoenix Suns in the 1993 NBA Finals . The Bulls won their third NBA championship on a game - winning shot by John Paxson and a last - second block by Horace Grant , but Jordan was once again Chicago 's leader . He averaged a Finals - record 41.0 ppg during the six - game series , and became the first player in NBA history to win three straight Finals MVP awards . He scored more than 30 points in every game of the series , including 40 or more points in 4 consecutive games . With his third Finals triumph , Jordan capped off a seven - year run where he attained seven scoring titles and three championships , but there were signs that Jordan was tiring of his massive celebrity and all of the non-basketball hassles in his life . Gambling controversy During the Bulls ' playoff run in 1993 , controversy arose when Jordan was seen gambling in Atlantic City , New Jersey , the night before a game against the New York Knicks . In that same year , he admitted that he had to cover $57,000 in gambling losses , and author Richard Esquinas wrote a book claiming he had won $1.25 million from Jordan on the golf course . In 2005 , Jordan talked to Ed Bradley of the CBS evening show 60 Minutes about his gambling and admitted that he made some reckless decisions . Jordan stated , `` Yeah , I 've gotten myself into situations where I would not walk away and I 've pushed the envelope . Is that compulsive ? Yeah , it depends on how you look at it . If you 're willing to jeopardize your livelihood and your family , then yeah . '' When Bradley asked him if his gambling ever got to the level where it jeopardized his livelihood or family , Jordan replied , `` No . '' First retirement and stint in minor league baseball ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Michael Jordan Birmingham Barons -- No. 45 & No. 35 Outfielder Batted : Right Threw : Right Professional debut Southern League : April 8 , 1994 , for the Birmingham Barons Arizona Fall League : 1994 , for the Scottsdale Scorpions Last Southern League appearance March 10 , 1995 , for the Birmingham Barons Southern League statistics ( through 1994 ) Batting average . 202 Home runs Runs batted in 51 Arizona Fall League statistics Batting average . 252 Teams Birmingham Barons ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Scottsdale Scorpions ( 1994 ) Jordan in training with the Scottsdale Scorpions On October 6 , 1993 , Jordan announced his retirement , citing a loss of desire to play the game . Jordan later stated that the death of his father three months earlier also shaped his decision . Jordan 's father was murdered on July 23 , 1993 , at a highway rest area in Lumberton , North Carolina , by two teenagers , Daniel Green and Larry Martin Demery , who carjacked his luxury Lexus bearing the license plate `` UNC 0023 '' . His body was dumped in a South Carolina swamp and was not discovered until August 3 . The assailants were traced from calls that they made on James Jordan 's cell phone . The two criminals were caught , convicted at trial , and sentenced to life in prison . Jordan was close to his father ; as a child he had imitated his father 's proclivity to stick out his tongue while absorbed in work . He later adopted it as his own signature , displaying it each time he drove to the basket . In 1996 , he founded a Chicago area Boys & Girls Club and dedicated it to his father . In his 1998 autobiography For the Love of the Game , Jordan wrote that he had been preparing for retirement as early as the summer of 1992 . The added exhaustion due to the Dream Team run in the 1992 Olympics solidified Jordan 's feelings about the game and his ever - growing celebrity status . Jordan 's announcement sent shock waves throughout the NBA and appeared on the front pages of newspapers around the world . Jordan then further surprised the sports world by signing a minor league baseball contract with the Chicago White Sox on February 7 , 1994 . He reported to spring training in Sarasota , Florida , and was assigned to the team 's minor league system on March 31 , 1994 . Jordan has stated this decision was made to pursue the dream of his late father , who had always envisioned his son as a Major League Baseball player . The White Sox were another team owned by Bulls owner Jerry Reinsdorf , who continued to honor Jordan 's basketball contract during the years he played baseball . In 1994 , Jordan played for the Birmingham Barons , a Double - A minor league affiliate of the Chicago White Sox , batting . 202 with three home runs , 51 runs batted in , 30 stolen bases , 114 strikeouts , 51 base on balls , and 11 errors . He also appeared for the Scottsdale Scorpions in the 1994 Arizona Fall League , batting . 252 against the top prospects in baseball . On November 1 , 1994 , his number 23 was retired by the Bulls in a ceremony that included the erection of a permanent sculpture known as The Spirit outside the new United Center . `` I 'm back '' : return to the NBA ( 1995 ) In the 1993 -- 94 season , the Bulls achieved a 55 -- 27 record without Jordan in the lineup , and lost to the New York Knicks in the second round of the playoffs . The 1994 -- 95 Bulls were a shell of the championship team of just two years earlier . Struggling at mid-season to ensure a spot in the playoffs , Chicago was 31 -- 31 at one point in mid-March . The team received help , however , when Jordan decided to return to the Bulls . In March 1995 , Jordan decided to quit baseball due to the ongoing Major League Baseball strike , as he wanted to avoid becoming a potential replacement player . On March 18 , 1995 , Jordan announced his return to the NBA through a two - word press release : `` I 'm back . '' The next day , Jordan took to the court with the Bulls to face the Indiana Pacers in Indianapolis , scoring 19 points . The game had the highest Nielsen rating of a regular season NBA game since 1975 . Although he could have opted to wear his normal number in spite of the Bulls having retired it , Jordan instead wore number 45 , as he had while playing baseball . Although he had not played an NBA game in a year and a half , Jordan played well upon his return , making a game - winning jump shot against Atlanta in his fourth game back . He then scored 55 points in the next game against the Knicks at Madison Square Garden on March 28 , 1995 . Boosted by Jordan 's comeback , the Bulls went 13 -- 4 to make the playoffs and advanced to the Eastern Conference Semifinals against the Orlando Magic . At the end of Game 1 , Orlando 's Nick Anderson stripped Jordan from behind , leading to the game - winning basket for the Magic ; he would later comment that Jordan `` did n't look like the old Michael Jordan '' and that `` No. 45 does n't explode like No. 23 used to . '' Jordan responded by scoring 38 points in the next game , which Chicago won . Before the game , Jordan decided that he would immediately resume wearing his former number , 23 . The Bulls were fined $25,000 for failing to report the impromptu number change to the NBA . Jordan was fined an additional $5,000 for opting to wear white sneakers when the rest of the Bulls wore black . He averaged 31 points per game in the series , but Orlando won the series in 6 games . Second three - peat ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Jordan was freshly motivated by the playoff defeat , and he trained aggressively for the 1995 -- 96 season . The Bulls were strengthened by the addition of rebound specialist Dennis Rodman , and the team dominated the league , starting the season at 41 -- 3 . The Bulls eventually finished with the then - best regular season record in NBA history , 72 -- 10 ; this record was later surpassed by the 2015 -- 16 Golden State Warriors . Jordan led the league in scoring with 30.4 ppg and won the league 's regular season and All - Star Game MVP awards . In the playoffs , the Bulls lost only three games in four series ( Miami Heat 3 -- 0 , New York Knicks 4 -- 1 , Orlando Magic 4 -- 0 ) . They defeated the Seattle SuperSonics 4 -- 2 in the NBA Finals to win their fourth championship . Jordan was named Finals MVP for a record fourth time , surpassing Magic Johnson 's three Finals MVP awards . He also achieved only the second sweep of the MVP Awards in the All - Star Game , regular season and NBA Finals , Willis Reed having achieved the first , during the 1969 -- 70 season . Because this was Jordan 's first championship since his father 's murder , and it was won on Father 's Day , Jordan reacted very emotionally upon winning the title , including a memorable scene of him crying on the locker room floor with the game ball . In the 1996 -- 97 season , the Bulls started out 69 -- 11 , but missed out on a second consecutive 70 - win season by losing their final two games to finish 69 -- 13 . However , this year Jordan was beaten for the NBA MVP Award by Karl Malone . The Bulls again advanced to the Finals , where they faced Malone and the Utah Jazz . The series against the Jazz featured two of the more memorable clutch moments of Jordan 's career . He won Game 1 for the Bulls with a buzzer - beating jump shot . In Game 5 , with the series tied at 2 , Jordan played despite being feverish and dehydrated from a stomach virus . In what is known as the `` Flu Game '' , Jordan scored 38 points , including the game - deciding 3 - pointer with 25 seconds remaining . The Bulls won 90 -- 88 and went on to win the series in six games . For the fifth time in as many Finals appearances , Jordan received the Finals MVP award . During the 1997 NBA All - Star Game , Jordan posted the first triple double in All - Star Game history in a victorious effort ; however , he did not receive the MVP award . Jordan with coach Phil Jackson , 1997 Jordan and the Bulls compiled a 62 -- 20 record in the 1997 -- 98 season . Jordan led the league with 28.7 points per game , securing his fifth regular - season MVP award , plus honors for All - NBA First Team , First Defensive Team and the All - Star Game MVP . The Bulls won the Eastern Conference Championship for a third straight season , including surviving a seven - game series with the Indiana Pacers in the Eastern Conference Finals ; it was the first time Jordan had played in a Game 7 since the 1992 Eastern Conference Semifinals with the Knicks . After winning , they moved on for a rematch with the Jazz in the Finals . The Bulls returned to the Delta Center for Game 6 on June 14 , 1998 , leading the series 3 -- 2 . Jordan executed a series of plays , considered to be one of the greatest clutch performances in NBA Finals history . With the Bulls trailing 86 -- 83 with 41.9 seconds remaining in the fourth quarter , Phil Jackson called a timeout . When play resumed , Jordan received the inbound pass , drove to the basket , and hit a shot over several Jazz defenders , cutting the Utah lead to 86 -- 85 . The Jazz brought the ball upcourt and passed the ball to forward Karl Malone , who was set up in the low post and was being guarded by Rodman . Malone jostled with Rodman and caught the pass , but Jordan cut behind him and took the ball out of his hands for a steal . Jordan then dribbled down the court and paused , eyeing his defender , Jazz guard Bryon Russell . With 10 seconds remaining , Jordan started to dribble right , then crossed over to his left , possibly pushing off Russell , although the officials did not call a foul . With 5.2 seconds left , Jordan gave Chicago an 87 -- 86 lead with a game - winning jumper , the climactic shot of his Bulls career . Afterwards , John Stockton missed a game - winning three - pointer . Jordan and the Bulls won their sixth NBA championship and second three - peat . Once again , Jordan was voted the Finals MVP , having led all scorers averaging 33.5 points per game , including 45 in the deciding Game 6 . Jordan 's six Finals MVPs is a record ; Shaquille O'Neal , Magic Johnson , LeBron James and Tim Duncan are tied for second place with three apiece . The 1998 Finals holds the highest television rating of any Finals series in history . Game 6 also holds the highest television rating of any game in NBA history . Second retirement ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Plaque at the United Center that chronicles Jordan 's career achievements . With Phil Jackson 's contract expiring , the pending departures of Scottie Pippen and Dennis Rodman looming , and being in the latter stages of an owner - induced lockout of NBA players , Jordan retired for the second time on January 13 , 1999 . On January 19 , 2000 , Jordan returned to the NBA not as a player , but as part owner and President of Basketball Operations for the Washington Wizards . Jordan 's responsibilities with the Wizards were comprehensive . He controlled all aspects of the Wizards ' basketball operations , and had the final say in all personnel matters . Opinions of Jordan as a basketball executive were mixed . He managed to purge the team of several highly paid , unpopular players ( such as forward Juwan Howard and point guard Rod Strickland ) , but used the first pick in the 2001 NBA draft to select high schooler Kwame Brown , who did not live up to expectations and was traded away after four seasons . Despite his January 1999 claim that he was `` 99.9 % certain '' that he would never play another NBA game , in the summer of 2001 Jordan expressed interest in making another comeback , this time with his new team . Inspired by the NHL comeback of his friend Mario Lemieux the previous winter , Jordan spent much of the spring and summer of 2001 in training , holding several invitation - only camps for NBA players in Chicago . In addition , Jordan hired his old Chicago Bulls head coach , Doug Collins , as Washington 's coach for the upcoming season , a decision that many saw as foreshadowing another Jordan return . Washington Wizards comeback ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Jordan as a member of the Washington Wizards , April 14 , 2003 On September 25 , 2001 , Jordan announced his return to the NBA to play for the Washington Wizards , indicating his intention to donate his salary as a player to a relief effort for the victims of the September 11 , 2001 attacks . In an injury - plagued 2001 -- 02 season , he led the team in scoring ( 22.9 ppg ) , assists ( 5.2 apg ) , and steals ( 1.42 spg ) . However , torn cartilage in his right knee ended Jordan 's season after only 60 games , the fewest he had played in a regular season since playing 17 games after returning from his first retirement during the 1994 -- 95 season . Jordan started 53 of his 60 games for the season , averaging 24.3 points , 5.4 assists , and 6.0 rebounds , and shooting 41.9 % from the field in his 53 starts . His last seven appearances were in a reserve role , in which he averaged just over 20 minutes per game . Playing in his 14th and final NBA All - Star Game in 2003 , Jordan passed Kareem Abdul - Jabbar as the all - time leading scorer in All - Star Game history ( a record since broken by Kobe Bryant ) . That year , Jordan was the only Washington player to play in all 82 games , starting in 67 of them . He averaged 20.0 points , 6.1 rebounds , 3.8 assists , and 1.5 steals per game . He also shot 45 % from the field , and 82 % from the free throw line . Even though he turned 40 during the season , he scored 20 or more points 42 times , 30 or more points nine times , and 40 or more points three times . On February 21 , 2003 , Jordan became the first 40 - year - old to tally 43 points in an NBA game . During his stint with the Wizards , all of Jordan 's home games at the MCI Center were sold out , and the Wizards were the second most - watched team in the NBA , averaging 20,172 fans a game at home and 19,311 on the road . However , neither of Jordan 's final two seasons resulted in a playoff appearance for the Wizards , and Jordan was often unsatisfied with the play of those around him . At several points he openly criticized his teammates to the media , citing their lack of focus and intensity , notably that of the number one draft pick in the 2001 NBA draft , Kwame Brown . With the recognition that 2002 -- 03 would be Jordan 's final season , tributes were paid to him throughout the NBA . In his final game at the United Center in Chicago , which was his old home court , Jordan received a four - minute standing ovation . The Miami Heat retired the number 23 jersey on April 11 , 2003 , even though Jordan never played for the team . At the 2003 All - Star Game , Jordan was offered a starting spot from Tracy McGrady and Allen Iverson , but refused both . In the end , he accepted the spot of Vince Carter , who decided to give it up under great public pressure . Jordan played in his final NBA game on April 16 , 2003 in Philadelphia . After scoring only 13 points in the game , Jordan went to the bench with 4 minutes and 13 seconds remaining in the third quarter and his team trailing the Philadelphia 76ers , 75 -- 56 . Just after the start of the fourth quarter , the First Union Center crowd began chanting `` We want Mike ! '' After much encouragement from coach Doug Collins , Jordan finally rose from the bench and re-entered the game , replacing Larry Hughes with 2 : 35 remaining . At 1 : 45 , Jordan was intentionally fouled by the 76ers ' Eric Snow , and stepped to the line to make both free throws . After the second foul shot , the 76ers in - bounded the ball to rookie John Salmons , who in turn was intentionally fouled by Bobby Simmons one second later , stopping time so that Jordan could return to the bench . Jordan received a three - minute standing ovation from his teammates , his opponents , the officials , and the crowd of 21,257 fans . Olympic career Jordan on the `` Dream Team '' in 1992 Jordan played on two Olympic gold medal - winning American basketball teams . He won a gold medal as a college player in the 1984 Summer Olympics . The team was coached by Bob Knight and featured players such as Patrick Ewing , Sam Perkins , Chris Mullin , Steve Alford , and Wayman Tisdale . Jordan led the team in scoring , averaging 17.1 ppg for the tournament . In the 1992 Summer Olympics , he was a member of the star - studded squad that included Magic Johnson , Larry Bird , and David Robinson and was dubbed the `` Dream Team '' . Jordan was the only player to start all 8 games in the Olympics . Playing limited minutes due to the frequent blowouts , Jordan averaged 14.9 ppg , finishing second on the team in scoring . Jordan and fellow Dream Team members Patrick Ewing and Chris Mullin are the only American men 's basketball players to win Olympic gold medals as amateurs and professionals . Post-retirement Jordan on a golf course in 2007 After his third retirement , Jordan assumed that he would be able to return to his front office position as Director of Basketball Operations with the Wizards . However , his previous tenure in the Wizards ' front office had produced the aforementioned mixed results and may have also influenced the trade of Richard `` Rip '' Hamilton for Jerry Stackhouse ( although Jordan was not technically Director of Basketball Operations in 2002 ) . On May 7 , 2003 , Wizards owner Abe Pollin fired Jordan as Washington 's President of Basketball Operations . Jordan later stated that he felt betrayed , and that if he had known he would be fired upon retiring he never would have come back to play for the Wizards . Jordan kept busy over the next few years . He stayed in shape , played golf in celebrity charity tournaments , and spent time with his family in Chicago . He also promoted his Jordan Brand clothing line and rode motorcycles . Since 2004 , Jordan has owned Michael Jordan Motorsports , a professional closed - course motorcycle road racing team that competed with two Suzukis in the premier Superbike championship sanctioned by the American Motorcyclist Association ( AMA ) until the end of the 2013 season . In 2006 , Jordan and his wife Juanita pledged $5 million to Chicago 's Hales Franciscan High School . The Jordan Brand has made donations to Habitat for Humanity and a Louisiana branch of the Boys & Girls Clubs of America . Charlotte Bobcats / Hornets On June 15 , 2006 , Jordan bought a minority stake in the Charlotte Bobcats , becoming the team 's second - largest shareholder behind majority owner Robert L. Johnson . As part of the deal , Jordan took full control over the basketball side of the operation , with the title `` Managing Member of Basketball Operations . '' Despite Jordan 's previous success as an endorser , he has made an effort not to be included in Charlotte 's marketing campaigns . A decade earlier , Jordan had made a bid to become part - owner of Charlotte 's original NBA team , the Charlotte Hornets , but talks collapsed when owner George Shinn refused to give Jordan complete control of basketball operations . In February 2010 , it was reported that Jordan was seeking majority ownership of the Bobcats . As February wore on , it became apparent that Jordan and former Houston Rockets president George Postolos were the leading contenders for ownership of the team . On February 27 , the Bobcats announced that Johnson had reached an agreement with Jordan and his group , MJ Basketball Holdings , to buy the team pending NBA approval . On March 17 , the NBA Board of Governors unanimously approved Jordan 's purchase , making him the first former player to become the majority owner of an NBA team . It also made him the league 's only African - American majority owner of an NBA team . During the 2011 NBA lockout , The New York Times wrote that Jordan led a group of 10 to 14 hardline owners who wanted to cap the players ' share of basketball - related income at 50 percent and as low as 47 . Journalists observed that , during the labor dispute in 1998 , Jordan had told Washington Wizards then - owner Abe Pollin , `` If you ca n't make a profit , you should sell your team . '' Jason Whitlock of FoxSports.com called Jordan a `` sellout '' wanting `` current players to pay for his incompetence . '' He cited Jordan 's executive decisions to draft disappointing players Kwame Brown and Adam Morrison . During the 2011 -- 12 NBA season that was shortened to 66 games by the lockout , the Bobcats posted a 7 -- 59 record . Their . 106 winning percentage was the worst in NBA history . `` I 'm not real happy about the record book scenario last year . It 's very , very frustrating '' , Jordan said later that year . Player profile Jordan goes to the basket for a score in 1987 . Jordan was a shooting guard who was also capable of playing as a small forward ( the position he would primarily play during his second return to professional basketball with the Washington Wizards ) , and as a point guard . Jordan was known throughout his career for being a strong clutch performer . With the Bulls , he decided 25 games with field goals or free throws in the last 30 seconds , including two NBA Finals games and five other playoff contests . His competitiveness was visible in his prolific trash - talk and well - known work ethic . As the Bulls organization built the franchise around Jordan , management had to trade away players who were not `` tough enough '' to compete with him in practice . To help improve his defense , he spent extra hours studying film of opponents . On offense , he relied more upon instinct and improvisation at game time . Noted as a durable player , Jordan did not miss four or more games while active for a full season from 1986 -- 87 to 2001 -- 02 , when he injured his right knee . He played all 82 games nine times . Jordan has frequently cited David Thompson , Walter Davis , and Jerry West as influences . Confirmed at the start of his career , and possibly later on , Jordan had a special `` Love of the Game Clause '' written into his contract ( unusual at the time ) which allowed him to play basketball against anyone at any time , anywhere . Jordan had a versatile offensive game . He was capable of aggressively driving to the basket , as well as drawing fouls from his opponents at a high rate ; his 8,772 free throw attempts are the ninth - highest total of all time . As his career progressed , Jordan also developed the ability to post up his opponents and score with his trademark fadeaway jump shot , using his leaping ability to `` fade away '' from block attempts . According to Hubie Brown , this move alone made him nearly unstoppable . Despite media criticism as a `` selfish '' player early in his career , Jordan 's 5.3 assists per game also indicate his willingness to defer to his teammates . After shooting under 30 % from three - point range in his first five seasons in the NBA , including a career - low 13 % in the 1987 -- 88 season , Jordan improved to a career - high 50 % in the 1994 -- 95 season . The three - point shot became more of a focus of his game from 1994 -- 95 to 1996 -- 97 , when the NBA shortened its three - point line to 22 ft ( 6.7 m ) ( from 23 ft 9 in ( 7.24 m ) ) . His three - point field - goal percentages ranged from 35 % to 43 % in seasons in which he attempted at least 230 three - pointers between 1989 -- 90 and 1996 -- 97 . For a guard , Jordan was also a good rebounder ( 6.2 per game ) . In 1988 , Jordan was honored with the NBA 's Defensive Player of the Year Award and became the first NBA player to win both the Defensive Player of the Year and MVP awards in a career ( since equaled by Hakeem Olajuwon , David Robinson , and Kevin Garnett ; Olajuwon is the only player other than Jordan to win both during the same season ) . In addition , he set both seasonal and career records for blocked shots by a guard , and combined this with his ball - thieving ability to become a standout defensive player . He ranks third in NBA history in total steals with 2,514 , trailing John Stockton and Jason Kidd . Jerry West often stated that he was more impressed with Jordan 's defensive contributions than his offensive ones . He was also known to have strong eyesight ; broadcaster Al Michaels said that he was able to read baseball box scores on a 27 - inch television clearly from about 50 feet away . NBA career statistics For a comprehensive listing of Jordan 's statistics , see List of career achievements by Michael Jordan . Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high † Denotes seasons in which Jordan won an NBA championship * Led the league NBA record Regular season Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1984 -- 85 Chicago 82 * 82 * 38.3 . 515 . 173 . 845 6.5 5.9 2.4 . 8 28.2 1985 -- 86 Chicago 18 7 25.1 . 457 . 167 . 840 3.6 2.9 2.1 22.7 1986 -- 87 Chicago 82 * 82 * 40.0 . 482 . 182 . 857 5.2 4.6 2.9 1.5 37.1 * 1987 -- 88 Chicago 82 82 * 40.4 * . 535 . 132 . 841 5.5 5.9 3.2 * 1.6 35.0 * 1988 -- 89 Chicago 81 81 40.2 * . 538 . 276 . 850 8.0 8.0 2.9 . 8 32.5 * 1989 -- 90 Chicago 82 * 82 * 39.0 . 526 . 376 . 848 6.9 6.3 2.8 * . 7 33.6 * 1990 -- 91 † Chicago 82 * 82 * 37.0 . 539 . 312 . 851 6.0 5.5 2.7 1.0 31.5 * 1991 -- 92 † Chicago 80 80 38.8 . 519 . 270 . 832 6.4 6.1 2.3 . 9 30.1 * 1992 -- 93 † Chicago 78 78 39.3 . 495 . 352 . 837 6.7 5.5 2.8 * . 8 32.6 * 1994 -- 95 Chicago 17 17 39.3 . 411 . 500 . 801 6.9 5.3 1.8 . 8 26.9 1995 -- 96 † Chicago 82 82 37.7 . 495 . 427 . 834 6.6 4.3 . 5 30.4 * 1996 -- 97 † Chicago 82 82 * 37.9 . 486 . 374 . 833 5.9 4.3 1.7 . 5 29.6 * 1997 -- 98 † Chicago 82 * 82 * 38.8 . 465 . 238 . 784 5.8 3.5 1.7 . 5 28.7 * 2001 -- 02 Washington 60 53 34.9 . 416 . 189 . 790 5.7 5.2 1.4 . 4 22.9 2002 -- 03 Washington 82 67 37.0 . 445 . 291 . 821 6.1 3.8 1.5 . 5 20.0 Career 1,072 1,039 38.3 . 497 . 327 . 835 6.2 5.3 2.3 . 8 30.1 All - Star 13 13 29.4 . 472 . 273 . 750 4.7 4.2 2.8 . 5 20.2 Playoffs Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1985 Chicago 42.8 . 436 . 125 . 828 5.8 8.5 2.8 1.0 29.3 1986 Chicago 45.0 . 505 1.000 . 872 6.3 5.7 2.3 1.3 43.7 Chicago 42.7 . 417 . 400 . 897 7.0 6.0 2.0 2.3 35.7 1988 Chicago 10 10 42.7 . 531 . 333 . 869 7.1 4.7 2.4 36.3 Chicago 17 17 42.2 . 510 . 286 . 799 7.0 7.6 2.5 . 8 34.8 1990 Chicago 16 16 42.1 . 514 . 320 . 836 7.2 6.8 2.8 . 9 36.7 1991 † Chicago 17 17 40.5 . 524 . 385 . 845 6.4 8.4 2.4 1.4 31.1 1992 † Chicago 22 22 41.8 . 499 . 386 . 857 6.2 5.8 2.0 . 7 34.5 1993 † Chicago 19 19 41.2 . 475 . 389 . 805 6.7 6.0 2.1 . 9 35.1 1995 Chicago 10 10 42.0 . 484 . 367 . 810 6.5 4.5 2.3 1.4 31.5 1996 † Chicago 18 18 40.7 . 459 . 403 . 818 4.9 4.1 1.8 . 3 30.7 1997 † Chicago 19 19 42.3 . 456 . 194 . 831 7.9 4.8 1.6 . 9 31.1 1998 † Chicago 21 21 41.5 . 462 . 302 . 812 5.1 3.5 1.5 . 6 32.4 Career 179 179 41.8 . 487 . 332 . 828 6.4 5.7 2.1 . 8 33.4 Legacy Jordan in 1997 Jordan 's marked talent was clear from his rookie season . In his first game in Madison Square Garden against the New York Knicks , Jordan received a prolonged standing ovation , a rarity for an opposing player . After Jordan scored a playoff record 63 points against the Boston Celtics on April 20 , 1986 , Celtics star Larry Bird described him as `` God disguised as Michael Jordan . '' Jordan led the NBA in scoring in 10 seasons ( NBA record ) and tied Wilt Chamberlain 's record of seven consecutive scoring titles . He was also a fixture on the NBA All - Defensive First Team , making the roster nine times ( NBA record shared with Gary Payton , Kevin Garnett and Kobe Bryant ) . Jordan also holds the top career regular season and playoff scoring averages of 30.1 and 33.4 points per game , respectively . By 1998 , the season of his Finals - winning shot against the Jazz , he was well known throughout the league as a clutch performer . In the regular season , Jordan was the Bulls ' primary threat in the final seconds of a close game and in the playoffs ; he would always ask for the ball at crunch time . Jordan 's total of 5,987 points in the playoffs is the second - highest in NBA history . He retired with 32,292 points in regular season play , placing him fourth on the NBA 's all - time scoring list behind Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Karl Malone , and Kobe Bryant . With five regular - season MVPs ( tied for second place with Bill Russell -- only Kareem Abdul - Jabbar has won more , with six ) , six Finals MVPs ( NBA record ) , and three All - Star Game MVPs , Jordan is the most decorated player in NBA history . Jordan finished among the top three in regular - season MVP voting 10 times , and was named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History in 1996 . He is one of only seven players in history to win an NCAA championship , an NBA championship , and an Olympic gold medal ( doing so twice with the 1984 and 1992 U.S. men 's basketball teams ) . Since 1976 , the year of the NBA 's merger with the American Basketball Association , Jordan and Pippen are the only two players to win six NBA Finals playing for one team . In the All - Star Game fan ballot , Jordan received the most votes nine times , more than any other player . `` There 's Michael Jordan and then there is the rest of us . '' -- Magic Johnson Many of Jordan 's contemporaries have said that Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time . In 1999 , an ESPN survey of journalists , athletes and other sports figures ranked Jordan the greatest North American athlete of the 20th century , above such luminaries as Babe Ruth and Muhammad Ali . Jordan placed second to Babe Ruth in the Associated Press 's December 1999 list of 20th century athletes . In addition , the Associated Press voted him the greatest basketball player of the 20th century . Jordan has also appeared on the front cover of Sports Illustrated a record 50 times . In the September 1996 issue of Sport , which was the publication 's 50th - anniversary issue , Jordan was named the greatest athlete of the past 50 years . Jordan 's athletic leaping ability , highlighted in his back - to - back slam dunk contest championships in 1987 and 1988 , is credited by many people with having influenced a generation of young players . Several current NBA players -- including LeBron James and Dwyane Wade -- have stated that they considered Jordan their role model while they were growing up . In addition , commentators have dubbed a number of next - generation players `` the next Michael Jordan '' upon their entry to the NBA , including Anfernee `` Penny '' Hardaway , Grant Hill , Allen Iverson , Kobe Bryant , LeBron James , Vince Carter , and Dwyane Wade . Although Jordan was a well - rounded player , his `` Air Jordan '' image is also often credited with inadvertently decreasing the jump shooting skills , defense , and fundamentals of young players , a fact Jordan himself has lamented . I think it was the exposure of Michael Jordan ; the marketing of Michael Jordan . Everything was marketed towards the things that people wanted to see , which was scoring and dunking . That Michael Jordan still played defense and an all - around game , but it was never really publicized . During his heyday , Jordan did much to increase the status of the game , but the popularity of the NBA in the U.S. appears to have declined since his last title . Television ratings in particular increased only during his time in the league , and Finals ratings have not returned to the level reached during his last championship - winning season . Jordan receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama at the White House . In August 2009 , the Basketball Hall of Fame in Springfield , Massachusetts , opened a Michael Jordan exhibit that contained items from his college and NBA careers , as well as from the 1992 `` Dream Team '' . The exhibit also has a batting glove to signify Jordan 's short career in minor league baseball . After Jordan received word of his acceptance into the Hall of Fame , he selected Class of 1996 member David Thompson to present him . As Jordan would later explain during his induction speech in September 2009 , when he was growing up in North Carolina , he was not a fan of the Tar Heels and greatly admired Thompson , who played at rival North Carolina State . In September , he was inducted into the Hall with several former Bulls teammates in attendance , including Scottie Pippen , Dennis Rodman , Charles Oakley , Ron Harper , Steve Kerr , and Toni Kukoč . Two of Jordan 's former coaches , Dean Smith and Doug Collins , were also among those present . His emotional reaction during his speech -- when he began to cry -- was captured by Associated Press photographer Stephan Savoia and would later go viral on social media as the Crying Jordan Internet meme . In 2016 , President Barack Obama honored Jordan with the Presidential Medal of Freedom . Personal life Jordan married Juanita Vanoy in September 1989 , and they had two sons , Jeffrey Michael and Marcus James , and a daughter , Jasmine . Jordan and Vanoy filed for divorce on January 4 , 2002 , citing irreconcilable differences , but reconciled shortly thereafter . They again filed for divorce and were granted a final decree of dissolution of marriage on December 29 , 2006 , commenting that the decision was made `` mutually and amicably '' . It is reported that Juanita received a $168 million settlement ( equivalent to $204 million in 2017 ) , making it the largest celebrity divorce settlement on public record at the time . In 1991 , Jordan purchased a lot in Highland Park , Illinois , to build a 56,000 square foot mansion , which was completed four years later . Jordan listed his Highland Park mansion for sale in 2012 . Both of his sons attended Loyola Academy , a private Roman Catholic high school located in Wilmette , Illinois . Jeffrey graduated as a member of the 2007 graduating class and played his first collegiate basketball game on November 11 , 2007 , for the University of Illinois . After two seasons , Jeffrey left the Illinois basketball team in 2009 . He later rejoined the team for a third season , then received a release to transfer to the University of Central Florida , where Marcus was attending . Marcus transferred to Whitney Young High School after his sophomore year at Loyola Academy and graduated in 2009 . He began attending UCF in the fall of 2009 , and played three seasons of basketball for the school . On July 21 , 2006 , a judge in Cook County , Illinois , determined that Jordan did not owe his alleged former lover Karla Knafel $5 million in a breach of contract claim . Jordan had allegedly paid Knafel $250,000 to keep their relationship a secret . Knafel claimed Jordan promised her $5 million for remaining silent and agreeing not to file a paternity suit after Knafel learned she was pregnant in 1991 . A DNA test showed Jordan was not the father of the child . He proposed to his longtime girlfriend , Cuban - American model Yvette Prieto , on Christmas 2011 , and they were married on April 27 , 2013 , at Bethesda - by - the - Sea Episcopal Church . It was announced on November 30 , 2013 , that the two were expecting their first child together . On February 11 , 2014 , Prieto gave birth to identical twin daughters named Victoria and Ysabel . Media figure and Business interests Michael Jordan in 2008 Jordan is one of the most marketed sports figures in history . He has been a major spokesman for such brands as Nike , Coca - Cola , Chevrolet , Gatorade , McDonald 's , Ball Park Franks , Rayovac , Wheaties , Hanes , and MCI . Jordan has had a long relationship with Gatorade , appearing in over 20 commercials for the company since 1991 , including the `` Be Like Mike '' commercials in which a song was sung by children wishing to be like Jordan . Nike created a signature shoe for him , called the Air Jordan . One of Jordan 's more popular commercials for the shoe involved Spike Lee playing the part of Mars Blackmon . In the commercials Lee , as Blackmon , attempted to find the source of Jordan 's abilities and became convinced that `` it 's got ta be the shoes '' . The hype and demand for the shoes even brought on a spate of `` shoe - jackings '' where people were robbed of their sneakers at gunpoint . Subsequently , Nike spun off the Jordan line into its own division named the `` Jordan Brand '' . The company features an impressive list of athletes and celebrities as endorsers . The brand has also sponsored college sports programs such as those of North Carolina , Cal , Georgetown , and Marquette . Jordan also has been associated with the Looney Tunes cartoon characters . A Nike commercial shown during 1992 's Super Bowl XXVI featured Jordan and Bugs Bunny playing basketball . The Super Bowl commercial inspired the 1996 live action / animated film Space Jam , which starred Jordan and Bugs in a fictional story set during the former 's first retirement from basketball . They have subsequently appeared together in several commercials for MCI . Jordan also made an appearance in the music video of Michael Jackson 's `` Jam '' ( 1992 ) . Jordan 's yearly income from the endorsements is estimated to be over forty million dollars . In addition , when Jordan 's power at the ticket gates was at its highest point , the Bulls regularly sold out both their home and road games . Due to this , Jordan set records in player salary by signing annual contracts worth in excess of US $30 million per season . An academic study found that Jordan 's first NBA comeback resulted in an increase in the market capitalization of his client firms of more than $1 billion . Most of Jordan 's endorsement deals , including his first deal with Nike , were engineered by his agent , David Falk . Jordan has described Falk as `` the best at what he does '' and that `` marketing-wise , he 's great . He 's the one who came up with the concept of ' Air Jordan . ' '' In June 2010 , Jordan was ranked by Forbes magazine as the 20th-most powerful celebrity in the world with $55 million earned between June 2009 and June 2010 . According to the Forbes article , Jordan Brand generates $1 billion in sales for Nike . In June 2014 , Jordan was named the first NBA player to become a billionaire , after he increased his stake in the Charlotte Hornets from 80 % to 89.5 % . On January 20 , 2015 , Jordan was honored with the Charlotte Business Journal 's Business Person of the Year for 2014 . In 2017 , he became a part owner of the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball . Forbes designated Jordan as the athlete with the highest career earnings in 2017 . From his Jordan Brand income and endorsements , Jordan 's 2015 income was an estimated $110 million , the most of any retired athlete . As of April 2017 , his current net worth is estimated at $1.31 billion by Forbes . Jordan is the third - richest African - American as of 2017 , behind Oprah Winfrey and Robert F. Smith . Awards and honors James Worthy , Jordan , and Dean Smith at a North Carolina Tar Heels men 's basketball game honoring the 1957 and 1982 men 's basketball teams . Main article : List of career achievements by Michael Jordan College awards and honors Two - time Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame class of 2009 -- individual class of 2010 -- as a member of the `` Dream Team '' NCAA national championship -- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill : 1981 -- 82 ACC Freshman of the Year -- 1981 -- 82 Two - time Consensus NCAA All - American First Team -- 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 ACC Men 's Basketball Player of the Year -- 1983 -- 84 USBWA College Player of the Year -- 1983 -- 84 Naismith College Player of the Year -- 1983 -- 84 Adolph Rupp Trophy -- 1983 -- 84 John R. Wooden Award -- 1983 -- 84 Number 23 retired by the North Carolina Tar Heels NBA awards and honors Six - time NBA champion Six - time NBA Finals MVP Five - time NBA MVP 10 - time NBA scoring leader ( 1987 -- 1993 , 1996 -- 1998 ) 14 - time NBA All - Star Three - time NBA All - Star Game MVP 11 - time All - NBA Nine - time NBA All - Defensive First Team Two - time NBA Slam Dunk Contest champion -- 1987 , 1988 NBA Rookie of the Year -- 1984 -- 85 IBM Award winner -- 1985 NBA Defensive Player of the Year -- 1987 -- 88 Named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History in 1996 Number 23 retired by the Chicago Bulls Number 23 retired by the Miami Heat Other awards and honors U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame -- class of 2009 ( as a member of the `` Dream Team '' ) FIBA Hall of Fame -- class of 2015 Two - time Olympic Gold Medal winner -- 1984 , 1992 `` Triple Crown of Basketball '' winner Three - time AP Athlete of the Year -- 1991 , 1992 , 1993 Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year -- 1991 Section of Madison Street in Chicago renamed Michael Jordan Drive -- 1994 Ranked No. 1 by SLAM Magazine 's Top 50 Players of All - Time Ranked No. 1 by ESPN SportsCentury 's Top North American Athletes of the 20th century North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame 1997 Marca Leyenda winner Seven - time ESPY Award winner ( in various categories ) Statue in front of the United Center 2016 Presidential Medal of Freedom Sources : See also African American portal Basketball portal National Basketball Association portal Michael Jordan Steakhouse Michael Jordan 's Restaurant Michael Jordan : Chaos in the Windy City Michael Jordan in Flight NBA 2K11 NBA 2K12 Notes Jump up ^ Jordan wore a nameless no . 12 jersey in a February 14 , 1990 game against the Orlando Magic because his no . 23 jersey had been stolen . Jordan scored 49 points , setting a franchise record for players wearing that jersey number . References Jump up ^ Strauss , Chris . `` The greatest No. 12 that no one is talking about '' , USA Today , December 12 , 2012 . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sam ( February 15 , 1990 ) . `` Magic has the Bulls ' number : Catledge leads rally ; Jordan scores 49 points '' , Chicago Tribune , pg . A1 . Jump up ^ Rein , Kotler and Shields , pg. 173 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan , National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Markovits and Rensman , pg. 89 . Jump up ^ Berkow , Ira . `` Sports of The Times ; Air Jordan And Just Plain Folks '' , The New York Times , June 15 , 1991 . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Skidmore , Sarah . `` 23 years later , Air Jordans maintain mystique '' , The Seattle Times , January 10 , 2008 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michael Jordan biography , 23jordan.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2007 . Sachare , pgs. 172 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Associated Press , `` Michael Jordan 's big brother ends Army career '' , charlotte.com , May 16 , 2006 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Halberstam , pgs. 20 -- 21 . ^ Jump up to : Poppel , Seth . `` Michael Jordan Did n't Make Varsity -- At First '' , Newsweek , October 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan , basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan : The Stats , infoplease.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Williams , Lena . PLUS : Basketball ; `` A McDonald 's Game For Girls , Too '' , The New York Times , December 7 , 2001 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ SportsCenter , ESPN , air date February 2 , 2007 . Lucas , Adam . Lucas : One Extraordinary Night , tarheelblue.cstv.com , February 10 , 2007 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Halberstam , pgs. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ LeFeber , pg. 32 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan , databaseBasketball.com , archived link , archive date February 11 , 2009 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ qtd. in Lazenby , Roland . `` Michaelangelo : Portrait of a Champion '' . Michael Jordan : The Ultimate Career Tribute . Bannockburn , Illinois : H&S Media , 1999 . pg. 128 . Jump up ^ DuPree , David ( November 26 , 1984 ) . `` Trail Blazers do n't regret bypassing Jordan '' . USA Today . p. 6C . Jump up ^ Sakamoto , Bob ( November 25 , 1984 ) . `` Portland GM is happy with Bowie '' . Chicago Tribune . p . B2 . Jump up ^ Schoenfield , David . The 100 worst draft picks ever , ESPN . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Morris , Mike . `` The Legend : A Highlight - Reel History of the NBA 's Greatest Player '' . Michael Jordan : The Ultimate Career Tribute . Bannockburn , Illinois : H&S Media , 1999 . pg. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Gross , Jane . `` Jordan Makes People Wonder : Is He the New Dr. J ? '' , The New York Times , October 21 , 1984 . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Goldaper , Sam . `` Jordan dazzles crowd at Garden '' , The New York Times , October 19 , 1984 . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Roy S. `` Jordan - Led Bulls Romp Before 19,252 '' , The New York Times , November 9 , 1984 . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ SI cover search December 10 , 1984 , Sports Illustrated . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chicago Bulls 1984 -- 85 Game Log and Scores , Archived June 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . databasebasketball.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan bio , National Basketball Association . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chicago Bulls ( 1966 -- ) , Archived October 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . databasebasketball.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Worst Records of Playoff Teams '' , The Sporting News ( April 28 , 1986 ) , pg. 46 . Jump up ^ Top 10 Teams in NBA History at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 6 , 2007 ) , National Basketball Association . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : God Disguised as Michael Jordan , National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Adds Most Valuable Player Award to Honors '' , The Washington Post ( May 26 , 1988 ) , pg . D8 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan statistics , National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chicago Bulls 1987 -- 88 Game Log and Scores , Archived June 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . databasebasketball.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Halberstam , pg. 235 . Jump up ^ Jordan Hits `` The Shot '' , National Basketball Association . Retrieved May 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Chicago Bulls 1990 -- 91 Game Log and Scores , Archived June 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . databasebasketball.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Clifton . Basketball ; Bulls Brush Aside Pistons for Eastern Title , The New York Times , May 28 , 1991 . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wilbon , Michael . Great Shot ! Jordan 's Best Amazingly Goes One Better , The Washington Post , pg . D01 , June 7 , 1991 . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 1991 Finals stats , National Basketball Association . Retrieved March 24 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Finals Most Valuable Player , National Basketball Association . Retrieved February 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Larry . Michael Jordan transcends hoops , ESPN . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sports Illustrated cover , May 11 , 1992 . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jordan Blazes Away From Long Range , National Basketball Association . Retrieved March 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ A Stroll Down Memory Lane , National Basketball Association . Retrieved February 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Paxson 's Trey Propels Bulls Into NBA History , National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ McCallum , Jack . `` ' The Desire Is n't There ' '' , Sports Illustrated , October 18 , 1993 . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave . `` Sports of The Times ; Jordan 's Atlantic City Caper '' , The New York Times , May 27 , 1993 . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Monifa . `` Jordan on gambling : ' Very embarrassing ' '' ( scroll down to see article ) , Chicago Sun - Times , available at winningstreak.com , October 21 , 2005 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan Still Flying High , CBS News , August 20 , 2006 . Retrieved January 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Berkow , Ira . `` A Humbled Jordan Learns New Truths '' , The New York Times , April 11 , 1994 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Martin , Andrew . `` ' I Believe We Killed Jordan 's Dad ' '' , Chicago Tribune , January 4 , 1996 . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Janofsky , Michael ( August 16 , 1993 ) . `` Two Men Are Charged With Murder Of Jordan '' , The New York Times . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Alison . The Nation ; `` So Many Criminals Trip Themselves Up '' , The New York Times , August 22 , 1993 . Retrieved March 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Edward . `` On the City 's West Side , Jordan 's Legacy Is Hope '' , The Washington Post , January 14 , 1998 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan , family attend groundbreaking ceremony for James Jordan Center '' . Jet . Johnson Publishing Company . 88 ( 14 ) : 51 -- 53 . August 14 , 1995 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . Jump up ^ Jordan , pg. 100 . Jump up ^ Thomsen , Ian ; Rodgers , Ted ( October 18 , 1993 ) . `` Europe loses a role model ; Even in countries where basketball is a minor pursuit , Jordan 's profile looms large -- includes related article on Jordan 's stature in Japan '' . The Sporting News . 216 ( 16 ) : 35 . ISSN 0038 - 805X . Jump up ^ The Sporting News Official NBA Register 1994 -- 95 , pg. 334 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan Chronology , Sports Illustrated , January 12 , 1999 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Jordan : A Tribute , Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Araton , Harvey . Basketball ; `` Jordan Keeping the Basketball World in Suspense '' , The New York Times , March 10 , 1995 . Retrieved March 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan Statue '' . United Center . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Artner , Alan G. ( November 2 , 1994 ) . `` Jordan Truly Larger Than Life : Sculpture Shows Spirit Of The Man , But Little More '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bye - bye , No. 23 : Buzz went to see Michael Jordan 's Chicago ... '' Chicago Tribune . November 8 , 1994 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Phil . `` What Goes Up ... Must Come Down , Or So It Seems '' , Sports Illustrated , March 20 , 1995 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lazenby , pgs. 513 -- 515 . Jump up ^ Lazenby , pgs. 511 -- 512 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jordan returns to Bulls in overtime loss to Indiana Pacers -- Chicago Bulls '' . Jet . Johnson Publishing Company . 87 ( 21 ) : 51 -- 53 . April 3 , 1995 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . Jump up ^ Hausman , Jerry A. and Gregory K. Leonard . `` Superstars in the National Basketball Association : Economic Value and Policy . '' Journal of Labor Economics , 15 ( 4 ) : 586 -- 624 ( 587 ) , 1997 . doi : 10.1086 / 209839 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Mitch . Memories of MJ 's first two acts , ESPN , September 10 , 2001 . Retrieved December 16 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Walks , Matt ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Flashback : 20 years ago today , Anderson forces MJ back to No. 23 '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Heisler , Mark . `` NBA Fines Jordan for Shoes , Bulls for No. 23 '' , Los Angeles Times , May 12 , 1995 . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Steve . The greatest team in history -- day four : Chicago Bulls , BBC . Retrieved March 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chicago Bulls 1995 -- 96 Game Log and Scores , Archived January 25 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . databasebasketball.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ NBA Team Regular Season Records for Wins , Basketball - Reference . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls , National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 15 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Chicago Bulls 1996 -- 97 Game Log and Scores , Archived January 25 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . databasebasketball.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burns , Marty . 23 to remember , Sports Illustrated , January 16 , 1999 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Belock , Joe ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` NBA All - Star Game 's most memorable moments '' , New York Daily News . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , pg. 119 . Jump up ^ Smith , Stephen A. ( May 30 , 1998 ) . `` Still In The Hunt : Pacers Hold Off Bulls To Force Game 7 '' , The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lazenby , pg. 596 . ^ Jump up to : Greatest Finals Moments , National Basketball Association . Retrieved February 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kerber , Fred . Former NBA Ref Blasts Officiating , New York Post , August 17 , 2007 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knott , Tom . `` Someone has to win Eastern Conference '' , The Washington Times , December 8 , 2006 . Retrieved November 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Deveney , Sean . Crying Foul , sportingnews.com , March 14 , 2005 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Jeff . History of the NBA Finals : Chicago Bulls vs. Utah Jazz -- 1998 , sportingnews.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Rachel . Lakers - Celtics should grab big TV ratings , charleston.net , June 5 , 2008 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Finals Game 6 nets ratings record for NBC '' . Jet . Johnson Publishing Company . 94 ( 6 ) : 47 . July 6 , 1998 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . Jump up ^ Kruger , pgs. 55 -- 56 , 59 . Jump up ^ Wise , Mike ( January 19 , 2002 ) . `` Pro Basketball ; It 's Bitter In Chicago For Jordan '' , The New York Times . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wise , Mike ( January 21 , 1999 ) . `` Pro Basketball ; The Business Of Basketball Now Begins In Earnest '' , The New York Times . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard . Jordan Sheds Uniform for Suit as a Wizards Owner , The New York Times , January 20 , 2000 . Retrieved March 24 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Pollin 's decision to cut ties leaves Jordan livid , ESPN , May 9 , 2003 . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brady , Erik . `` Wizards show Jordan the door '' , USA Today , May 7 , 2003 . Retrieved February 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Making his move , Sports Illustrated , February 22 , 2001 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Marcus . Losing never looked so good for Wizards , USA Today , March 1 , 2001 . Retrieved February 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wilbon , Michael . `` So Long , Kwame , Thanks for Nothing '' , The Washington Post , July 16 , 2005 . Retrieved February 23 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Araton , Harvey . `` Sports of The Times ; Old Coach Rejoins Old Warrior '' , The New York Times , October 2 , 2001 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : White , Joseph . `` Jordan comeback raises questions '' , cbc.ca , September 23 , 2001 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Jordan watched Lemieux 's comeback very closely , ESPN , October 2 , 2001 . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Penny outshines MJ at ' Comeback Camp ' , CNNSI.com , August 25 , 2001 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pollin Establishes Education Fund , National Basketball Association , September 9 , 2002 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ News Summary , The New York Times , September 26 , 2001 . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael Jordan 2001 -- 02 Splits , Basketball - Reference . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bryant , West hold on to win NBA All - Star game , National Basketball Association , February 26 , 2012 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jordan Pours in History - Making 43 , National Basketball Association , February 21 , 2003 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ NBA Attendance Report -- 2003 . ESPN . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Maaddi , Rob . Collins feels Jordan 's pain , Associated Press , USA Today , November 29 , 2001 . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press . Bad chemistry left MJ unable to win in Washington , Sports Illustrated , April 12 , 2003 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , K.C. Lengthy ovation moves Jordan , Chicago Tribune , January 25 , 2003 . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Heat retires first number , Sports Illustrated , April 11 , 2003 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Thanks , but no thanks : Jordan not interested in ceremonial starting role , Sports Illustrated , February 8 , 2003 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zeisberger , Mike . Vince 's wild ride , slam.canoe.ca , December 18 , 2004 . Retrieved April 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sixers Prevail in Jordan 's Final Game , National Basketball Association , April 16 , 2003 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Games of the XXIIIrd Olympiad -- 1984 , USA Basketball , Inc . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Games of the XXVth Olympiad -- 1992 , USA Basketball Inc . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hareas , John . 1992 Dream Team : By the Numbers , National Basketball Association . Retrieved March 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wise , Mike . `` Pro Basketball ; Jordan 's Strained Ties to Wizards May Be Cut '' , The New York Times , May 4 , 2003 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Grass , Ray ( June 22 , 2006 ) . `` Michael Jordan is now riding superbikes '' , Deseret News . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jordan Suzuki Previews The AMA Superbike Championship Finale At Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca , Roadracing World & Motorcycle Technology , September 11 , 2007 . Retrieved March 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Swarts , David . Michael Jordan Motorsports Suspending AMA Pro Road Racing Operations , Focusing On Move To International Competition , Roadracing World & Motorcycle Technology , October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Gregory . Jordans to pledge $5 M to Hales Franciscan H.S. , chicagobusiness.com , March 13 , 2006 . Retrieved July 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jordan Brand Donates $500,000 to Boys and Girls Club in Louisiana , Reuters , February 14 , 2008 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Jordan to Become Part Owner of the Charlotte Bobcats , National Basketball Association , June 15 , 2006 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Jordan writes state of Bobcats letter to fans , ESPN , June 15 , 2006 . Retrieved February 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Shinn says others interested in buying piece of Hornets , lubbockonline.com , May 10 , 1999 . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cox , Marty ( February 16 , 2010 ) . `` Michael Jordan & Charlotte Bobcats -- NBA Legend Wants to Buy Team , Report '' , National Ledger . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . MJ to buy controlling stake in Bobcats , ESPN , February 27 , 2010 . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Jordan purchase of Bobcats approved , ESPN , March 17 , 2010 . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rhoden , William C. `` Want to Make an Impact ? Join Jordan '' , The New York Times , April 27 , 2010 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( November 5 , 2011 ) . `` Hard - Line Factions Threaten Latest N.B.A. Negotiations '' . The New York Times . p . D7 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2011 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Whitlock , Jason ( November 5 , 2011 ) . `` MJ sells out players with hard - line stance '' . FoxSports.com . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Knicks earn No. 7 , Bobcats set dubious record '' . Fox News . April 27 , 2012 . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan committed to Bobcats '' . ESPN . November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Michael Jordan 's Game - Winners : How Many Has Michael Made ? . National Basketball Association . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DeCourcy , Mike . A suspension for talking trash ? Mamma mia ! , sportingnews.com , July 21 , 2006 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Phil . `` Michael and Me '' , Inside Stuff , June / July 1998 , available at nba.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , Sally B. `` Great Leapin ' Lizards ! Michael Jordan Ca n't Actually Fly , But '' , Time , January 9 , 1989 . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Condor , pgs . xviii -- xx . Jump up ^ Pro Basketball ; Jordan 's Knee Problems May Force Him to Sideline . The New York Times , February 26 , 2002 . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jordan , pg. 155 . Jump up ^ DuPree , David ( February 9 , 2003 ) . Jordan wears ' greatest ' crown , USA Today . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jordan , pg. 5 . Jump up ^ Career Leaders for Free Throw Attempts , basketball-reference.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brown , Hubie . Hubie Brown on Jordan , National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Ethan Sherwood ( August 13 , 2013 ) . Jordan 's forgotten advantage over LeBron , ESPN . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ladewski , Paul . What Does He Do for an Encore ? , Hoop Magazine , December 1987 , available at nba.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Career Leaders for Steals , basketball-reference.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan : A tribute : Praise from his peers , NBA 's 50 greatest sing MJ 's praises , Sports Illustrated , February 1 , 1999 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Bill ( June 19 , 2014 ) . B.S. Report : Al Michaels , Grantland , 1 : 29 -- 2 : 45 . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ NBA & ABA All - Defensive Teams , Basketball - Reference . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sachare , Alex . Go - Two Guys , Hoop Magazine , June 1996 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ NBA & ABA Career Playoff Leaders and Records for Points , Basketball - Reference . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : NBA History -- Points Leaders , espn.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gaines , Cork . Only 3 players in NBA history have won more trophies than LeBron James , Business Insider , June 20 , 2016 . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Basketball 's Triple Crown '' . The Post Game.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Malinowski , Erik . Four decades after NBA merger , ABA 's spirit stronger than ever , Fox Sports , June 17 , 2014 . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Most NBA Championships Won , basketball-reference.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moving Pictures : All - Star Ballot winners , National Basketball Association , January 21 , 2005 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Top N. American athletes of the century , ESPN . Retrieved May 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ruth , Didrikson Named Top Athletes '' , Los Angeles Times , December 12 , 1999 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ His Airness flies away with century 's best award , Archived June 21 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . lubbockonline.com , December 11 , 1999 . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Michael Jordan 's 50 SI Covers , Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Final Out : 1996 '' , Sport , volume 90 , issue 7 , July 1999 , pg. 96 . ^ Jump up to : Hubbard , Jan . Michael Jordan interview , Hoop Magazine , April 1997 , via nba.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Curry . `` In An Orbit All His Own '' , Sports Illustrated , November 9 , 1987 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . James says he 'll decide his future soon , Sports Illustrated , April 16 , 2003 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ginsbrug , Steve . `` Wade scoffs at Jordan comparisons '' , Reuters , June 21 , 2006 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stein , Mark . Kobe , Hill deal with being the next Michael , ESPN , October 29 , 2001 . Retrieved March 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Isidore , Chris . The next ' next Jordan ' , money.cnn.com , June 23 , 2006 . Retrieved March 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Araton , Harvey . `` Sports of The Times ; Will James Be the Next Jordan or the Next Carter ? '' , The New York Times , December 28 , 2005 . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Rovell , Darren . NBA could cash in if TV ratings soar with Jordan , ESPN , September 23 , 2001 . Retrieved March 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kent , Milton ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` NBA Finals TV ratings finish highest since Michael Jordan 's last title '' , The Washington Post . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hall opens a Jordan exhibit '' , The New York Times ( August 3 , 2009 ) , pg . D5 . Jump up ^ Spears , Marc J. `` Thompson to open Hall 's doors for Jordan '' , Yahoo ! Sports , September 7 , 2009 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sam . Jordan makes a Hall of Fame address , National Basketball Association , September 12 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Germano , Sara ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Michael Jordan Surges on Web as ' Crying Jordan ' '' , The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carson , Dan ( April 5 , 2016 ) . How Crying Jordan became the most divisive image on the Internet , Fox Sports . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` President Obama Names Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom '' , whitehouse.gov . The White House . November 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Jordan , wife end marriage ' mutually , amicably ' , ESPN , December 30 , 2006 . Retrieved January 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Michael Jordan , Wife to Divorce After 17 Years , People , December 30 , 2006 . Retrieved January 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Forbes : Jordan Divorce Most Costly Ever , The Washington Post , April 14 , 2007 . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tadena , Nathalie and Momo Zhou . Divorce Has a Hefty Price Tag for Celebrities , Billionaires , abcnews.go.com , August 20 , 2009 . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rodkin , Dennis . `` Michael Jordan Lists Highland Park Mansion for $29 Million '' , Chicago Magazine , February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Heir Jordan out to prove he can play like Mike , nbcsports.msnbc.com , July 9 , 2005 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Jeff Jordan prepares for life after hoops , ESPN , June 24 , 2009 . Retrieved August 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jordan Returns to Illini , Illinois Fighting Illini , October 16 , 2009 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Jordan 's Career at Illinois Ends , The New York Times , May 21 , 2010 . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Jordan lands at Central Florida , ESPN , June 1 , 2010 . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Weir , Tom . `` Second Jordan son headed to Division - I , at UCF '' , USA Today , April 7 , 2009 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Marcus Jordan leaving Central Florida 's program '' , SI.com , August 20 , 2012 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press . `` Judge says Jordan not obligated to pay ex-lover '' , USA Today , June 12 , 2003 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` Judge : Alleged deal between Jordan , ex-lover invalid '' , ESPN , July 22 , 2006 . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 , Jump up ^ Jordan 's former girlfriend should n't get another cent , USA Today , November 25 , 2002 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jordan 's Ex-Lover Counters With $5 Million Lawsuit , whiotv.com , November 19 , 2002 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Troop , Caleb . `` Bobcats owner Michael Jordan is engaged '' , WCNC - TV , December 29 , 2011 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Jennifer . `` Michael Jordan Marries Model Yvette Prieto '' , People , April 27 , 2013 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reuters . Michael Jordan marries longtime girlfriend , Chicago Tribune , April 27 , 2013 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Golliver , Ben . Reports : Michael Jordan , wife Yvette Prieto expecting first child , Sports Illustrated , November 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webber , Stephanie . Michael Jordan , Wife Yvette Prieto Expecting First Child Seven Months After Tying the Knot , Us Weekly , November 30 , 2013 . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Jordan , Yvette Prieto welcome twin girls , CBS News , February 12 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rovell , Darren . `` Jordan 's 10 greatest commercials ever '' , ESPN , February 17 , 2003 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Vancil , Mark . `` Michael Jordan : Phenomenon '' , Hoop Magazine , December 1991 . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan '' , Forbes . Retrieved February 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Team Jordan , nike.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jordan Brand Gearing Up For March Madness , nikeinc.com , March 14 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Horovitz , Bruce . ' Hare Jordan ' May Give Animation Ads a Lift , Los Angeles Times , January 28 , 1992 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , pg. 96 . Jump up ^ `` '' Jam '' ( 1992 ) -- Michael Jackson 's 20 Greatest Videos : The Stories Behind the Vision `` , Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Redenbach , Andrew . A Multiple Product Endorser can be a Credible Source , Cyber-Journal of Sport Marketing . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ # 18 Michael Jordan , Forbes . Retrieved February 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren . `` Cashing in on the ultimate cash cow '' , ESPN , April 15 , 2003 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan signs deal with Bulls worth more than $30 million '' . Jet . Johnson Publishing Company . 82 ( 17 ) : 51 . September 15 , 1997 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . Jump up ^ Mathur , Lynette Knowles , Ike Mathur and Nanda Rangan . `` The Wealth Effects Associated with a Celebrity Endorser : The Michael Jordan Phenomenon . '' Journal of Advertising Research , May , 67 -- 73 , 1997 . Jump up ^ Powell , Shaun ( March 29 , 1999 ) . `` Executive privilege '' . The Sporting News . 223 ( 13 ) : 10 . ISSN 0038 - 805X . Jump up ^ Benes , Alejandro . `` Fame Jam '' , Archived June 7 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . cigaraficionado.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # 20 Michael Jordan '' . Forbes , 2010 . Retrieved September 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Davis , Adam ( June 20 , 2014 ) . Michael Jordan Becomes First Billionaire NBA Player , Archived June 27 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Fox Business Network . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ozanian , Mike ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Jordan Is A Billionaire After Increasing Stake In Hornets '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Spanberg , Eric ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Michael Jordan in tears as he accepts Business Person of the Year honors '' , Charlotte Business Journal . Retrieved January 21 . 2015 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Barry ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Loria agrees to sell Miami Marlins to Sherman and Jeter , source says '' , Miami Herald . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Jordan named world 's highest - paid athlete ever , National Basketball Association , December 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Neuharth - Keusch , AJ ( March 31 , 2016 ) . Michael Jordan tops Forbes ' list of highest - paid retired athletes , USA Today . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 27 . 2017 . Jump up ^ Nsehe , Mfonobong ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Black Billionaires 2017 '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan to be inducted into FIBA Hall of Fame '' , ESPN , July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AP Athletes of the Year '' , Associated Press . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Robert ( March 1 , 1994 ) . `` Jordan to get his own street near stadium '' , Chicago Tribune . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The New Top 50 '' . SLAM Magazine . June 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jordan 's Streak Crashes and Burns at Indy , National Basketball Association , December 27 , 2001 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cover . Sports Illustrated , December 23 , 1991 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Bibliography External video Discussion with Halberstam on Playing for Keeps : Michael Jordan and the World He Made , February 22 , 1999 , C - SPAN Condor , Bob . Michael Jordan 's 50 Greatest Games . Carol Publishing Group , 1998 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8065 - 2030 - 8 . Halberstam , David . Playing for Keeps : Michael Jordan and the World He Made . Broadway Books , 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7679 - 0444 - 5 . Jordan , Michael . For the Love of the Game : My Story . New York City : Crown Publishers , 1998 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 609 - 60206 - 5 . Kruger , Mitchell . One Last Shot : The Story of Michael Jordan 's Comeback . New York City : St. Martin 's Paperbacks , 2003 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 99223 - 1 . Lazenby , Roland . Michael Jordan : The Life . New York City : Little , Brown and Company , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 19477 - 8 . LaFeber , Walter . Michael Jordan and the New Global Capitalism . W.W. Norton , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 32369 - 6 . Markovits , Andrei S. and Lars Rensman . Gaming the World : How Sports are Reshaping Global Politics and Culture . Princeton University Press , June 3 , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 13751 - 3 . Porter , David L. Michael Jordan : A Biography , Greenwood Publishing Group , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33767 - 3 . Rein , Irving J. ; Kotler , Philip ; Shields , Ben ( 2006 ) . The Elusive Fan : Reinventing Sports in a Crowded Marketplace . The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 149114 - 3 . Sachare , Alex . The Chicago Bulls Encyclopedia . Chicago : Contemporary Books , 1999 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8092 - 2515 - 6 . The Sporting News Official NBA Register 1994 -- 95 . The Sporting News , 1994 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89204 - 501 - 3 . Further reading Leahy , Michael ( 2004 ) , When Nothing Else Matters : Michael Jordan 's Last Comeback , Simon & Schuster , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7648 - 1 McGovern , Mike ( 2005 ) , Michael Jordan : basketball player , Ferguson , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 5876 - 1 External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Michael Jordan '' dated January 19 , 2013 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Find more aboutMichael Jordanat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Michael Jordan at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Michael Jordan biography at the Wayback Machine ( archived July 7 , 2006 ) at NBA Encyclopedia Career statistics and player information from Basketball-Reference.com Michael Jordan at the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Career statistics and player information from The Baseball Cube , or Baseball - Reference ( Minors ) Michael Jordan Career Retrospective on YouTube Michael Jordan on IMDb Michael Jordan articles in the archive of the Chicago Tribune Michael Jordan Main Career achievements The Shot Game 6 of the 1998 NBA Finals 1982 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship Game Air Jordan ( Jumpman ) Jordan Rules Family James R. Jordan Sr. ( father ) Jeffrey Jordan ( son ) Marcus Jordan ( son ) Films Space Jam Michael Jordan : An American Hero Michael Jordan to the Max Like Mike Video games Jordan vs. Bird : One on One Michael Jordan in Flight Michael Jordan : Chaos in the Windy City Space Jam NBA 2K11 NBA 2K12 Other Michael Jordan statue The Jordan Rules `` Jam '' Michael Jordan 's Restaurant Michael Jordan 's Steakhouse Crying Jordan Be Like Mike ProStars When Nothing Else Matters Current majority team owners in the National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Basketball Partners ( Boston Celtics ) Mikhail Prokhorov ( Brooklyn Nets ) The Madison Square Garden Company ( New York Knicks ) Joshua Harris ( Philadelphia 76ers ) Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment ( Toronto Raptors ) Central Jerry Reinsdorf ( Chicago Bulls ) Dan Gilbert ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) Tom Gores ( Detroit Pistons ) Herbert Simon ( Indiana Pacers ) Wesley Edens and Marc Lasry ( Milwaukee Bucks ) Southeast Tony Ressler ( Atlanta Hawks ) Michael Jordan ( Charlotte Hornets ) Micky Arison ( Miami Heat ) RDV Sports , Inc . 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Robinson 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : Ferry 1990 : Simmons 1991 : O'Neal 1992 : Jackson 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Allen John R. Wooden Men 's Player of the Year Award winners 1977 : M. Johnson 1978 : P. Ford 1979 : Bird 1980 : Griffith 1981 : Ainge 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Mullin 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Manning 1989 : Elliott 1990 : Simmons 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : O'Bannon 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : T.J. Ford 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Burke 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Hield 2017 : Mason III 2018 : Brunson Atlantic Coast Conference Men 's Basketball Player of the Year 1954 : Hemric 1955 : Hemric 1956 : Shavlik 1957 : Rosenbluth 1958 : Brennan 1959 : Pucillo 1960 : Shaffer 1961 : Chappell 1962 : Chappell 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Mullins 1965 : Cunningham 1966 : Vacendak 1967 : Miller 1968 : Miller 1969 : Roche 1970 : Roche 1971 : Davis 1972 : Parkhill 1973 : Thompson 1974 : Thompson 1975 : Thompson 1976 : Kupchak 1977 : Griffin 1978 : Ford 1979 : Gminski 1980 : King 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Bias 1986 : Bias 1987 : Grant 1988 : Ferry 1989 : Ferry 1990 : Scott 1991 : Monroe 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Rogers 1994 : Hill 1995 : J. Smith 1996 : Duncan 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Carrawell 2001 : Battier & Forte 2002 : Dixon 2003 : Howard 2004 : Hodge 2005 : Redick 2006 : Redick 2007 : Dudley 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Lawson 2010 : Vásquez 2011 : N. Smith 2012 : Zeller 2013 : Green & Larkin 2014 : Warren 2015 : Okafor 2016 : Brogdon 2017 : Jackson 2018 : Bagley ACC Athlete of the Year Athlete of the Year 1954 : Joel Shankle 1955 : Dickie Hemric 1956 : Dave Sime 1957 : Lennie Rosenbluth 1958 : Dick Christy 1959 : Lou Pucillo 1960 : Mike McGee 1961 : Roman Gabriel 1962 : Len Chappell 1963 : Art Heyman 1964 : Jeff Mullins 1965 : Brian Piccolo 1966 : Danny Talbott 1967 : Bobby Bryant 1968 : Larry Miller 1969 : Frank Quayle 1970 : Charlie Scott 1971 : Don McCauley 1972 : Barry Parkhill 1973 : David Thompson 1974 : Tony Waldrop 1975 : David Thompson 1976 : John Lucas 1977 : Phil Ford 1978 : Phil Ford 1979 : Renaldo Nehemiah 1980 : Julie Shea 1981 : Julie Shea 1982 : James Worthy 1983 : Ralph Sampson 1984 : Michael Jordan 1985 : B.J. Surhoff 1986 : Len Bias 1987 : Riccardo Ingram 1988 : Danny Ferry 1989 : Danny Ferry Male Athlete of the Year 1990 : Clarkston Hines 1991 : Christian Laettner 1992 : Christian Laettner 1993 : Charlie Ward 1994 : Charlie Ward 1995 : Randolph Childress 1996 : Kris Benson 1997 : Tim Duncan 1998 : Antawn Jamison 1999 : Elton Brand 2000 : Joe Hamilton 2001 : Shane Battier 2002 : Juan Dixon 2003 : Chris Rotelli 2004 : Philip Rivers 2005 : Sean May 2006 : J.J. Redick 2007 : Walter Dix 2008 : Tyler Hansbrough 2009 : Matt Hill 2010 : Ned Crotty 2011 : Ngoni Makusha 2012 : Luke Kuechly 2013 : Jarmere Jenkins 2014 : Jameis Winston 2015 : Laken Tomlinson 2016 : Deshaun Watson 2017 : Deshaun Watson Female Athlete of the Year 1990 : Shannon Higgins 1991 : Dawn Staley 1992 : Dawn Staley 1993 : Mia Hamm 1994 : Beverly Smith 1995 : Tisha Venturini 1996 : Kelly Amonte Hiller 1997 : Sarah Forbes 1998 : Vanessa Webb 1999 : Cindy Parlow 2000 : Jen Adams 2001 : Jen Adams 2002 : Bea Bielik 2003 : Alana Beard 2004 : Alana Beard 2005 : Kelly Dostal 2006 : Paula Infante 2007 : Lindsey Harding 2008 : Angela Tincher 2009 : Casey Nogueira 2010 : Whitney Engen 2011 : Katie O'Donnell 2012 : Rebecca Ward 2013 : Crystal Dunn 2014 : Alyssa Thomas 2015 : Morgan Brian 2016 : Molly Seidel 2017 : Kenzie Kent 1983 NCAA Men 's Basketball Consensus All - Americans First Team Dale Ellis Patrick Ewing Michael Jordan Keith Lee Sam Perkins Ralph Sampson Wayman Tisdale Second Team Clyde Drexler Sidney Green John Paxson Steve Stipanovich Jon Sundvold Darrell Walker Randy Wittman 1984 NCAA Men 's Basketball Consensus All - Americans First Team Patrick Ewing Michael Jordan Akeem Olajuwon Sam Perkins Wayman Tisdale Second Team Michael Cage Devin Durrant Keith Lee Chris Mullin Melvin Turpin Leon Wood North Carolina Tar Heels men 's basketball 1981 -- 82 NCAA champions 21 Jimmy Black 22 Buzz Peterson 23 Michael Jordan 32 John Brownlee 41 Sam Perkins 44 Matt Doherty 50 Cecil Exum 52 James Worthy ( MOP ) Head coach Dean Smith Assistant coaches Bill Guthridge Eddie Fogler Roy Williams 1984 NBA Draft First round Hakeem Olajuwon Sam Bowie Michael Jordan Sam Perkins Charles Barkley Melvin Turpin Alvin Robertson Lancaster Gordon Otis Thorpe Leon Wood Kevin Willis Tim McCormick Jay Humphries Michael Cage Terence Stansbury John Stockton Jeff Turner Vern Fleming Bernard Thompson Tony Campbell Kenny Fields Tom Sewell Earl Jones Michael Young Second round Devin Durrant Victor Fleming Ron Anderson Cory Blackwell Stuart Gray Steve Burtt Jay Murphy Eric Turner Steve Colter Tony Costner Othell Wilson Charles Jones Ben Coleman Charlie Sitton Danny Young Anthony Teachey Tom Sluby Willie White Greg Wiltjer Fred Reynolds Gary Plummer Jerome Kersey Ronnie Williams NBA Rookie of the Year Award 1953 : Meineke 1954 : Felix 1955 : Pettit 1956 : Stokes 1957 : Heinsohn 1958 : Sauldsberry 1959 : Baylor 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Robertson 1962 : Bellamy 1963 : Dischinger 1964 : Lucas 1965 : Reed 1966 : Barry 1967 : Bing 1968 : Monroe 1969 : Unseld 1970 : Alcindor 1971 : Cowens & Petrie 1972 : Wicks 1973 : McAdoo 1974 : DiGregorio 1975 : Wilkes 1976 : Adams 1977 : Dantley 1978 : Davis 1979 : Ford 1980 : Bird 1981 : Griffith 1982 : Williams 1983 : Cummings 1984 : Sampson 1985 : Jordan 1986 : Ewing 1987 : Person 1988 : Jackson 1989 : Richmond 1990 : Robinson 1991 : Coleman 1992 : Johnson 1993 : O'Neal 1994 : Webber 1995 : Hill & Kidd 1996 : Stoudamire 1997 : Iverson 1998 : Duncan 1999 : Carter 2000 : Brand & Francis 2001 : Miller 2002 : Gasol 2003 : Stoudemire 2004 : James 2005 : Okafor 2006 : Paul 2007 : Roy 2008 : Durant 2009 : Rose 2010 : Evans 2011 : Griffin 2012 : Irving 2013 : Lillard 2014 : Carter - Williams 2015 : Wiggins 2016 : Towns 2017 : Brogdon IBM Award 1984 : Johnson 1985 : Jordan 1986 : Barkley 1987 : Barkley 1988 : Barkley 1989 : Jordan 1990 : Robinson 1991 : Robinson 1992 : Rodman 1993 : Olajuwon 1994 : Robinson 1995 : Robinson 1996 : Robinson 1997 : Hill 1998 : K. Malone 1999 : Mutombo 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : O'Neal 2002 : Duncan NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award 1983 : Moncrief 1984 : Moncrief 1985 : Eaton 1986 : Robertson 1987 : Cooper 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Eaton 1990 : Rodman 1991 : Rodman 1992 : Robinson 1993 : Olajuwon 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Mutombo 1996 : Payton 1997 : Mutombo 1998 : Mutombo 1999 : Mourning 2000 : Mourning 2001 : Mutombo 2002 : Wallace 2003 : Wallace 2004 : Artest 2005 : Wallace 2006 : Wallace 2007 : Camby 2008 : Garnett 2009 : Howard 2010 : Howard 2011 : Howard 2012 : Chandler 2013 : Gasol 2014 : Noah 2015 : Leonard 2016 : Leonard 2017 : Green NBA Most Valuable Player Award 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Russell 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Russell 1962 : Russell 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Russell 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Chamberlain 1968 : Chamberlain 1969 : Unseld 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Abdul - Jabbar 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : Abdul - Jabbar 1977 : Abdul - Jabbar 1978 : Walton 1979 : M. Malone 1980 : Abdul - Jabbar 1981 : Erving 1982 : M. Malone 1983 : M. Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Bird 1986 : Bird 1987 : Johnson 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Johnson 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Barkley 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Robinson 1996 : Jordan 1997 : K. Malone 1998 : Jordan 1999 : K. Malone 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Duncan 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Garnett 2005 : Nash 2006 : Nash 2007 : Nowitzki 2008 : Bryant 2009 : James 2010 : James 2011 : Rose 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award 1951 : Macauley 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Mikan 1954 : Cousy 1955 : Sharman 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Pettit 1959 : Baylor & Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Robertson 1962 : Pettit 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Lucas 1966 : A. Smith 1967 : Barry 1968 : Greer 1969 : Robertson 1970 : Reed 1971 : Wilkens 1972 : West 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Lanier 1975 : Frazier 1976 : Bing 1977 : Erving 1978 : R. Smith 1979 : Thompson 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Archibald 1982 : Bird 1983 : Erving 1984 : Thomas 1985 : Sampson 1986 : Thomas 1987 : Chambers 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Malone 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Barkley 1992 : Johnson 1993 : Stockton & Malone 1994 : Pippen 1995 : Richmond 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Rice 1998 : Jordan 1999 : No game played 2000 : O'Neal & Duncan 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Bryant 2003 : Garnett 2004 : O'Neal 2005 : Iverson 2006 : James 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Bryant & O'Neal 2010 : Wade 2011 : Bryant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Paul 2014 : Irving 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Westbrook 2017 : Davis Slam Dunk Contest winners 1984 : Nance 1985 : Wilkins 1986 : Webb 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Walker 1990 : Wilkins 1991 : Brown 1992 : Ceballos 1993 : Miner 1994 : Rider 1995 : Miner 1996 : Barry 1997 : Bryant 2000 : Carter 2001 : Mason 2002 : Richardson 2003 : Richardson 2004 : Jones 2005 : Smith 2006 : Robinson 2007 : Green 2008 : Howard 2009 : Robinson 2010 : Robinson 2011 : Griffin 2012 : Evans 2013 : Ross 2014 : Wall 2015 : LaVine 2016 : LaVine 2017 : Robinson III 2018 : Mitchell Chicago Bulls 1990 -- 91 NBA champions 2 Hopson 5 Paxson 10 Armstrong 14 Hodges 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 24 Cartwright 32 Perdue 33 Pippen 34 King 42 Williams 53 Levingston 54 Grant Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Bach Cleamons Regular season Playoffs Chicago Bulls 1991 -- 92 NBA champions 5 Paxson 10 Armstrong 14 Hodges 20 Hansen 21 King 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 24 Cartwright 32 Perdue 33 Pippen 42 Williams 53 Levingston 54 Grant Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Bach Cleamons Regular season Playoffs Chicago Bulls 1992 -- 93 NBA champions 5 Paxson 6 Tucker 10 Armstrong 20 Walker 21 King 22 McCray 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 24 Cartwright 32 Perdue 33 Pippen 42 Williams 54 Grant Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Bach Cleamons Regular season Playoffs Chicago Bulls 1995 -- 96 NBA champions 0 Brown 7 Kukoč 9 Harper 13 Longley 22 Salley 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 25 Kerr 30 Buechler 33 Pippen 34 Wennington 53 Edwards 91 Rodman Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Rodgers Cleamons Paxson Regular season Playoffs Chicago Bulls 1996 -- 97 NBA champions 00 Parish 1 Brown 7 Kukoč 9 Harper 13 Longley 18 Dele 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 25 Kerr 30 Buechler 33 Pippen 34 Wennington 35 Caffey 91 Rodman Head coach Phil Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Cartwright Rodgers Hamblen Regular season Playoffs Chicago Bulls 1997 -- 98 NBA champions 1 Brown 7 Kukoč 8 Simpkins 9 Harper 13 Longley 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 24 Burrell 25 Kerr 30 Buechler 33 Pippen 34 Wennington 91 Rodman Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Cartwright Rodgers Hamblen Regular season Playoffs Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award 1969 : West 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Chamberlain 1973 : Reed 1974 : Havlicek 1975 : Barry 1976 : White 1977 : Walton 1978 : Unseld 1979 : D. Johnson 1980 : E. Johnson 1981 : Maxwell 1982 : E. Johnson 1983 : Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Bird 1987 : E. Johnson 1988 : Worthy 1989 : Dumars 1990 : Thomas 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Olajuwon 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Duncan 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : O'Neal 2002 : O'Neal 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Billups 2005 : Duncan 2006 : Wade 2007 : Parker 2008 : Pierce 2009 : Bryant 2010 : Bryant 2011 : Nowitzki 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Leonard 2015 : Iguodala 2016 : James 2017 : Durant NBA season scoring leaders 1947 : Fulks 1948 : Zaslofsky 1949 : Mikan 1950 : Mikan 1951 : Mikan 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Johnston 1954 : Johnston 1955 : Johnston 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Arizin 1958 : Yardley 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Chamberlain 1962 : Chamberlain 1963 : Chamberlain 1964 : Chamberlain 1965 : Chamberlain 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Barry 1968 : Bing 1969 : Hayes 1970 : West 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Archibald 1974 : McAdoo 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : McAdoo 1977 : Maravich 1978 : Gervin 1979 : Gervin 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Dantley 1982 : Gervin 1983 : English 1984 : Dantley 1985 : King 1986 : Wilkins 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Jordan 1990 : Jordan 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Robinson 1995 : O'Neal 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Iverson 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Iverson 2003 : McGrady 2004 : McGrady 2005 : Iverson 2006 : Bryant 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Wade 2010 : Durant 2011 : Durant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Anthony 2014 : Durant 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Harden NBA season steals leaders 1974 : Steele 1975 : Barry 1976 : Watts 1977 : Buse 1978 : Lee 1979 : Carr 1980 : Richardson 1981 : Johnson 1982 : Johnson 1983 : Richardson 1984 : Green 1985 : Richardson 1986 : Robertson 1987 : Robertson 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Stockton 1990 : Jordan 1991 : Robertson 1992 : Stockton 1993 : Jordan 1994 : McMillan 1995 : Pippen 1996 : Payton 1997 : Blaylock 1998 : Blaylock 1999 : Gill 2000 : Jones 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Iverson 2003 : Iverson 2004 : Davis 2005 : Hughes 2006 : Wallace 2007 : Davis 2008 : Paul 2009 : Paul 2010 : Rondo 2011 : Paul 2012 : Paul 2013 : Paul 2014 : Paul 2015 : Leonard 2016 : Curry 2017 : Green 2018 : Oladipo National Basketball Association 's 50 Greatest Players in NBA History Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Nate Archibald Paul Arizin Charles Barkley Rick Barry Elgin Baylor Dave Bing Larry Bird Wilt Chamberlain Bob Cousy Dave Cowens Billy Cunningham Dave DeBusschere Clyde Drexler Julius Erving Patrick Ewing Walt Frazier George Gervin Hal Greer John Havlicek Elvin Hayes Magic Johnson Sam Jones Michael Jordan Jerry Lucas Karl Malone Moses Malone Pete Maravich Kevin McHale George Mikan Earl Monroe Hakeem Olajuwon Shaquille O'Neal Robert Parish Bob Pettit Scottie Pippen Willis Reed Oscar Robertson David Robinson Bill Russell Dolph Schayes Bill Sharman John Stockton Isiah Thomas Nate Thurmond Wes Unseld Bill Walton Jerry West Lenny Wilkens James Worthy Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Class of 2009 Players Michael Jordan David Robinson John Stockton Coaches Jerry Sloan C. Vivian Stringer Members of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Players Guards R. Allen Archibald Beckman Belov Bing Blazejowski Borgmann Brennan Cervi Cheeks Clayton Cooper - Dyke Cousy Dampier Davies Drexler Dumars Edwards Frazier Friedman Galis Gervin Goodrich Greer Guerin Hanson Haynes Holman Hyatt Isaacs Iverson Jeannette D. Johnson E. Johnson K. Jones S. Jones Jordan Kidd Lieberman Maravich Marcari Marčiulionis Martin McDermott McGrady D. McGuire Meyers R. Miller Monroe C. Murphy Nash Page Payton Petrović Phillip Posey Richmond Robertson Rodgers Roosma J. Russell Schommer Scott Sedran Sharman K. Smith Staley Steinmetz Stockton Swoopes Thomas Thompson Vandivier Wanzer West J. White Wilkens Woodard Wooden Forwards Arizin Barkley Barry Baylor Bird Bradley R. Brown Cunningham Curry Dalipagić Dantley DeBusschere Dehnert Endacott English Erving Foster Fulks Gale Gates Gola Hagan Havlicek Hawkins Hayes Haywood Heinsohn Hill Howell G. Johnson King Lucas Luisetti K. Malone McClain B. McCracken J. McCracken McGinnis McHale Mikkelsen C. Miller Mullin Pettit Pippen Pollard Radja Ramsey Rodman Schayes E. Schmidt O. Schmidt Stokes C. Thompson T. Thompson Twyman Walker Washington N. White Wilkes Wilkins Worthy Yardley Centers Abdul - Jabbar Barlow Beaty Bellamy Chamberlain Ćosić Cowens Crawford Daniels DeBernardi Donovan Ewing Gallatin Gilmore Gruenig Harris - Stewart Houbregs Issel W. Johnson Johnston M. Krause Kurland Lanier Leslie Lovellette Lapchick Macauley M. Malone McAdoo Meneghin Mikan Mourning S. Murphy Mutombo Olajuwon O'Neal Parish Pereira Reed Risen Robinson B. Russell Sabonis Sampson Semjonova Thurmond Unseld Wachter Walton Yao Coaches Alexeeva P. Allen Anderson Auerbach Auriemma Barmore Barry Blood Boeheim L. Brown Calhoun Calipari Cann Carlson Carnesecca Carnevale Carril Case Chancellor Chaney Conradt Crum Daly Dean Díaz - Miguel Diddle Drake Driesell Ferrándiz Gaines Gamba Gardner Gaze Gill Gomelsky Gunter Hannum Harshman Haskins Hatchell Heinsohn Hickey Hobson Holzman Hughes Hurley Iba Izzo P. Jackson Julian Keaney Keogan Knight Krzyzewski Kundla Lambert Leonard Lewis Litwack Loeffler Lonborg Magee McCutchan McGraw A. McGuire F. McGuire McLendon Meanwell Meyer Miller Moore Nelson Nikolić Novosel Olson Pitino Ramsay Richardson Riley Rubini Rupp Rush Sachs Self Sharman Shelton Sloan D. Smith Stringer Summitt Tarkanian Taylor Teague J. Thompson VanDerveer Wade Watts Wilkens G. Williams R. Williams Wooden Woolpert Wootten Yow Contributors Abbott Barksdale Bee Biasone H. Brown W. Brown Bunn Buss Clifton Colangelo Cooper Davidson Douglas Duer Embry Fagan Fisher Fleisher Gavitt Gottlieb Granik Gulick Harrison Hearn Henderson Hepp Hickox Hinkle Irish M. Jackson Jernstedt Jones Kennedy Knight J. Krause Lemon Liston Lloyd McLendon Lobo Mokray Morgan Morgenweck Naismith Newell Newton J. O'Brien L. O'Brien Olsen Podoloff Porter Raveling Reid Reinsdorf Ripley Sanders Saperstein Schabinger St. John Stagg Stanković Steitz Stern Taylor Thorn Tower Trester Vitale Wells Welts Wilke Winter Zollner Referees Bavetta Enright Garretson Hepbron Hoyt Kennedy Leith Mihalik Nichols Nucatola Quigley Rudolph Shirley Strom Tobey Walsh Teams 1960 United States Olympic Team 1992 United States Olympic Team All - American Red Heads Buffalo Germans The First Team Harlem Globetrotters Immaculata College New York Renaissance Original Celtics Texas Western FIBA Hall of Fame inductees Coaches ( 22 ) Alexeyeva Canavesi Díaz - Miguel Donohue Ferrándiz A. Gomelsky E. Gomelsky Gaze Iba Ivković Kondrashin Newell Nikolić Novosel Primo Rubini Smith Soares Stirling Summitt Yow Žeravica Contributors ( 35 ) Airaldi Rivarola Ashry Atakol Bouffard Busnel Calvo Carneiro Dos Reis Greim Hepp Jones Killian Klieger Kozlowski López Martín Naismith Otto Pitzl Popović Ramsay Samaranch Šaper Saporta Scuri Seguro de Luna Semashko Seye Moreau Stanković Steitz Stern Ueda Vitale Wahby Yoon Players ( 55 ) A. Belov S. Belov Berkovich Cameron Chazalon Ćosić Cruz Dalipagić Daneu Delibašić Divac Donovan Edwards Epi Fasoulas Furlong Galis Gaze Gonçalves González Herrera Jean - Jacques Jordan Kićanović Korać Kukoč Maciel Marcari Marčiulionis Martín Marzorati Meneghin Meyers Miller Mujanović Olajuwon O'Neal Pasos Petrović Raga Rigaudeau Robertson Robinson Rodríguez Ronchetti Russell Sabonis Schmidt Semjonova Slavnić Timms Tkachenko Valters Voynova Zasulskaya Teams ( 1 ) 1992 United States Olympic Team ( `` The Dream Team '' ) Technical officials ( 14 ) Arabadjian Bain Belošević Blanchard Dimou Hopenhaym Kassai Kostin Lazarov Pfeuti Rae Reverberi Rigas Righetto United States men 's basketball squad -- 1983 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Cage Jordan Master Mullin Perkins Pinckney Price Reynolds Sitton Stokes Tisdale Wood Coach : Hartman United States men 's basketball squad -- 1984 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Alford 5 Turner 6 Ewing 7 Fleming 8 Robertson 9 Jordan 10 Kleine 11 Koncak 12 Mullin 13 Tisdale 14 Perkins 15 Wood Coach : Knight United States squad -- 1992 Tournament of the Americas -- Gold medal 4 Laettner 5 Robinson 6 Ewing 7 Bird 8 Pippen 9 Jordan 10 Drexler 11 Malone 12 Stockton 13 Mullin 14 Barkley 15 Johnson Coach : Daly United States men 's basketball squad -- 1992 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Laettner 5 Robinson 6 Ewing 7 Bird 8 Pippen 9 Jordan 10 Drexler 11 Malone 12 Stockton 13 Mullin 14 Barkley 15 Johnson Coach : Daly Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year 1954 : Roger Bannister 1955 : Johnny Podres 1956 : Bobby Morrow 1957 : Stan Musial 1958 : Rafer Johnson 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Arnold Palmer 1961 : Jerry Lucas 1962 : Terry Baker 1963 : Pete Rozelle 1964 : Ken Venturi 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Jim Ryun 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Bill Russell 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : Bobby Orr 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Billie Jean King & John Wooden 1973 : Jackie Stewart 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Pete Rose 1976 : Chris Evert 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Jack Nicklaus 1979 : Terry Bradshaw & Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : Sugar Ray Leonard 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Mary Decker 1984 : Edwin Moses & Mary Lou Retton 1985 : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Joe Paterno 1987 : Bob Bourne , Judi Brown King , Kipchoge Keino , Dale Murphy , Chip Rives , Patty Sheehan , Rory Sparrow , & Reggie Williams 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Greg LeMond 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Arthur Ashe 1993 : Don Shula 1994 : Bonnie Blair & Johann Olav Koss 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Tiger Woods 1997 : Dean Smith 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : U.S. Women 's Soccer Team 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Curt Schilling & Randy Johnson 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : David Robinson & Tim Duncan 2004 : Boston Red Sox 2005 : Tom Brady 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Brett Favre 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Derek Jeter 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Mike Krzyzewski & Pat Summitt 2012 : LeBron James 2013 : Peyton Manning 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Serena Williams 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve & J.J. Watt Sporting News Sportsman / Pro Athlete of the Year 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : John Wooden 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Charlie Finley 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Lou Brock 1975 : Archie Griffin 1976 : Larry O'Brien 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Ron Guidry 1979 : Willie Stargell 1980 : George Brett 1981 : Wayne Gretzky 1982 : Whitey Herzog 1983 : Bowie Kuhn 1984 : Peter Ueberroth 1985 : Pete Rose 1986 : Larry Bird 1987 : None 1988 : Jackie Joyner - Kersee 1989 : Joe Montana 1990 : Nolan Ryan 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Mike Krzyzewski 1993 : Cito Gaston & Pat Gillick 1994 : Emmitt Smith 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Joe Torre 1997 : Mark McGwire 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : New York Yankees 2000 : Marshall Faulk & Kurt Warner 2001 : Curt Schilling 2002 : Tyrone Willingham 2003 : Dick Vermeil & Jack McKeon 2004 : Tom Brady 2005 : Matt Leinart 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Tom Brady 2008 : Eli Manning 2009 : Mariano Rivera 2010 : Roy Halladay 2011 : Aaron Rodgers 2012 : LeBron James USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year 1980 : Thomas 1981 : Boyle 1982 : Rivers 1983 : Jordan 1984 : Jordan & Perkins 1985 : Person 1986 : Robinson 1987 : Manning 1988 : Majerle 1989 : Johnson 1990 : Mourning 1991 : Laettner 1992 : U.S. men 's national team 1993 : Finley 1994 : O'Neal 1995 : Allen 1996 : Pippen 1997 : Boykins 1998 : Brand 1999 : Payton 2000 : Mourning 2001 : Duhon 2002 : Miller 2003 : Duncan 2004 : May & Paul 2005 : Williams 2006 : Anthony 2007 : Kidd 2008 : U.S. men 's national team 2009 : McAdoo 2010 : Durant 2011 : Parker 2012 : James 2013 : Gordon 2014 : Irving 2015 : Brunson 2016 : Anthony & Durant 2017 : Warney Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year 1931 : Pepper Martin 1932 : Gene Sarazen 1933 : Carl Hubbell 1934 : Dizzy Dean 1935 : Joe Louis 1936 : Jesse Owens 1937 : Don Budge 1938 : Don Budge 1939 : Nile Kinnick 1940 : Tom Harmon 1941 : Joe DiMaggio 1942 : Frank Sinkwich 1943 : Gunder Hägg 1944 : Byron Nelson 1945 : Byron Nelson 1946 : Glenn Davis 1947 : Johnny Lujack 1948 : Lou Boudreau 1949 : Leon Hart 1950 : Jim Konstanty 1951 : Dick Kazmaier 1952 : Bob Mathias 1953 : Ben Hogan 1954 : Willie Mays 1955 : Howard Cassady 1956 : Mickey Mantle 1957 : Ted Williams 1958 : Herb Elliott 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Rafer Johnson 1961 : Roger Maris 1962 : Maury Wills 1963 : Sandy Koufax 1964 : Don Schollander 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Frank Robinson 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : George Blanda 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Mark Spitz 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Fred Lynn 1976 : Bruce Jenner 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Ron Guidry 1979 : Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : John McEnroe 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Carl Lewis 1984 : Carl Lewis 1985 : Dwight Gooden 1986 : Larry Bird 1987 : Ben Johnson 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Joe Montana 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Michael Jordan 1993 : Michael Jordan 1994 : George Foreman 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Michael Johnson 1997 : Tiger Woods 1998 : Mark McGwire 1999 : Tiger Woods 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Barry Bonds 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : Lance Armstrong 2004 : Lance Armstrong 2005 : Lance Armstrong 2006 : Tiger Woods 2007 : Tom Brady 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Jimmie Johnson 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Aaron Rodgers 2012 : Michael Phelps 2013 : LeBron James 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Stephen Curry 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve Best Male Athlete ESPY Award winners 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Bonds 1995 : Young 1996 : Ripken Jr . 1997 : Johnson 1998 : Woods / Griffey Jr . 1999 : McGwire 2000 : Woods 2001 : Woods 2002 : Woods 2003 : Armstrong 2004 : Armstrong 2005 : Armstrong 2006 : Armstrong 2007 : Tomlinson 2008 : Woods 2009 : Phelps 2010 : Brees 2011 : Nowitzki 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : James 2017 : Westbrook Chicago Bulls Founded in 1966 Based in Chicago , Illinois Franchise Franchise Expansion Draft All - time roster Draft history Seasons Records Broadcasters Head coaches Current season Arenas International Amphitheatre Chicago Stadium United Center Personnel Owner : Jerry Reinsdorf Vice president of basketball operations : John Paxson General manager : Gar Forman Head coach : Fred Hoiberg Culture Air Jordan Jumpman Tommy Edwards Benny the Bull `` Sirius '' Ray Clay Jordan Rules Triangle offense Ashland Green / Pink Line Station Tex Winter The Spirit ( Michael Jordan statue ) Lore Phantom Buzzer Game The Shot Championship riots Trent Tucker Rule Disputed foul against Scottie Pippen 72 -- 10 Michael Jordan 's last shot Rivals Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Miami Heat New York Knicks Retired numbers 10 23 33 Coach General Manager G League affiliate Windy City Bulls NBA Championships ( 6 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 Eastern Conference Championships ( 6 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 Division titles ( 9 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 2011 2012 Hall of Famers George Gervin Artis Gilmore Phil Jackson Michael Jordan Robert Parish Scottie Pippen Dennis Rodman Jerry Sloan Nate Thurmond Tex Winter Jerry Reinsdorf Media TV WGN ( through WGN Sports ) NBC Sports Chicago CN100 Radio WSCR Announcers Neil Funk Stacey King Chuck Swirsky Bill Wennington Charlotte Hornets Founded in 1988 Formerly the Charlotte Bobcats ( 2004 -- 2014 ) Based in Charlotte , North Carolina Franchise History Seasons 1988 Expansion Draft 2004 Expansion Draft Draft history All - time roster Head coaches Accomplishments Broadcasters Current season Arenas Charlotte Coliseum Spectrum Center Administration Owner Michael Jordan President of basketball operations / General manager Mitch Kupchak Head coach James Borrego General managers Scheer Bass Bickerstaff Higgins Cho Kupchak G League affiliate Greensboro Swarm Retired numbers 13 Hall of Famers Robert Parish Alonzo Mourning Dave Cowens Larry Brown Culture and lore Buzz City George Shinn Hugo Charlotte Honey Bees `` Grandmama '' `` Zo '' Patrick K. Doughty NBA Playoff appearances ( 10 ) 1993 1995 1997 1998 2000 2001 2002 2014 2016 Media TV Fox Sports Carolinas Fox Sports Southeast Radio WFNZ Announcers Eric Collins Dell Curry Stephanie Ready Steve Martin Miami Heat Founded in 1988 Based in Miami , Florida Franchise Franchise Team history Expansion Draft All - time roster Draft history Seasons Records Broadcasters Head coaches Current season Arenas Miami Arena American Airlines Arena G League affiliates Florida Flame Arkansas RimRockers Albuquerque Thunderbirds Sioux Falls Skyforce General managers Schaffel Wohl Pfund Riley Elisburg NBA Championships ( 3 ) 2006 2012 2013 Eastern Conference Championships ( 5 ) 2006 2011 2012 2013 2014 Culture and lore Micky Arison Pat Riley Michael Baiamonte Burnie `` The Heat Is On '' ( Glenn Frey song ) Shaq The Decision The Big Three 27 in a row The Shot Retired numbers 10 23 32 33 Rivals Chicago Bulls New York Knicks Media TV Fox Sports Sun Radio 790 The Ticket Announcers Eric Reid Tony Fiorentino Jason Jackson Mike Inglis BIBSYS : 26929 BNE : XX1017832 BNF : cb139910665 ( data ) GND : 119184486 ISNI : 0000 0001 1455 4934 LCCN : n86020198 NDL : 00514147 SNAC : w6pk1hw4 SUDOC : 032511205 VIAF : 114945073 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Jordan&oldid=843517751 '' Categories : Michael Jordan 1963 births Living people African - American basketball players African - American billionaires African - American investors African - American sportsmen African - American sports executives and administrators All - American college men 's basketball players American businesspeople in retailing American investors American sports executives and administrators Baseball players from New York ( state ) Baseball players from North Carolina Basketball players at the 1982 NCAA Men 's Division I Final Four Basketball players at the 1983 Pan American Games Basketball players at the 1984 Summer Olympics Basketball players at the 1992 Summer Olympics Basketball players from New York ( state ) Basketball players from North Carolina Birmingham Barons players Businesspeople from Illinois Businesspeople from New York City Businesspeople from North Carolina Charlotte Bobcats executives Charlotte Bobcats owners Charlotte Hornets executives Chicago Bulls draft picks Chicago Bulls players FIBA Hall of Fame inductees McDonald 's High School All - Americans Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees National Basketball Association All - Stars National Basketball Association players with retired numbers North Carolina Tar Heels men 's basketball players Olympic gold medalists for the United States in basketball Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States Pan American Games medalists in basketball Parade High School All - Americans ( boys ' basketball ) People from Highland Park , Illinois Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Scottsdale Scorpions players Shoe designers Shooting guards Sportspeople from Brooklyn Sportspeople from Wilmington , North Carolina United States men 's national basketball team players Washington Wizards executives Washington Wizards players Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from July 2016 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with Curlie links Featured articles Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛語 गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oromoo ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語中文 85 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 17 : 21 . 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About Wikipedia	what team did michael jordan play for when he came back	[ "In March 1995, Jordan decided to quit baseball due to the ongoing Major League Baseball strike, as he wanted to avoid becoming a potential replacement player.[70] On March 18, 1995, Jordan announced his return to the NBA through a two-word press release: \"I'm back.\"[4] The next day, Jordan took to the court with the Bulls to face the Indiana Pacers in Indianapolis, scoring 19 points.[71] The game had the highest Nielsen rating of a regular season NBA game since 1975.[72] Although he could have opted to wear his normal number in spite of the Bulls having retired it, Jordan instead wore number 45, as he had while playing baseball.[71]" ]	[ "the Bulls" ]
8045718659612598326	Capricorn (astrology)	Capricorn ( astrology ) - wikipedia Capricorn ( astrology ) Jump to : navigation , search For the constellation , see Capricornus . Capricorn Zodiac symbol Fish -- goat hybrid Duration ( tropical , western ) December 21 -- January 20 ( 2018 , UT1 ) Constellation Capricornus Zodiac element Earth Zodiac quality Cardinal Sign ruler Saturn Detriment Moon Exaltation Mars Fall Jupiter , Neptune Capricorn ( ♑ ) / ˈkæp. rɪˌkɔːrn / is the tenth astrological sign in the zodiac , originating from the constellation of Capricornus . It spans the 270 -- 300th degree of the zodiac , corresponding to celestial longitude . Under the tropical zodiac , the sun transits this area from December 22 to January 19 each year , and under the sidereal zodiac , the sun transits the constellation of Capricorn from approximately January 16 to February 16 . In astrology , Capricorn is considered an earth sign , negative sign , and one of the four cardinal signs . Capricorn is said to be ruled by the planet Saturn . Its symbol is based on the Sumerians ' primordial god of wisdom and waters , Enki , with the head and upper body of a goat and the lower body and tail of a fish . Later known as Ea in Akkadian and Babylonian mythology , Enki was the god of intelligence ( gestú , literally `` ear '' ) , creation , crafts ; magic ; water , seawater and lakewater ( a , aba , ab ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cultural significance 2 References 2.1 Citations 2.2 Sources 3 External links Cultural significance ( edit ) In India , the day when the Sun enters the sidereal zodiac sign of Capricorn is celebrated as the Makara Sankranti festival . The Indian astronomical calendar is not based on the Western Gregorian or Julian date keeping system but has a differential lag . Hence , the festival is celebrated on either of 14 or 15 January every year , when , as per the Indian astronomical calendar , the Sun enters the Capricorn sign . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Astronomical Applications Department 2011 . Jump up ^ Mayo 1979 , pp. 38 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Ciubotaru 2008 . Jump up ^ Enki n.d. Jump up ^ Adams 2014 Jump up ^ Augustin n.d. Jump up ^ Makar sankranti festival 2016 . Sources ( edit ) Astronomical Applications Department ( 2011 ) . Multiyear Computer Interactive Almanac. 2.2. 2 . Washington DC : US Naval Observatory . Longitude of Sun , apparent geocentric ecliptic of date , interpolated to find time of crossing 0 ° , 30 ° ... The year stated applies to the December date ; the year for the January date is one year greater . Adams , Leeuba Leshia ( 2014 ) . `` Astrology Vocation '' . Augustin , M. ( n.d. ) . `` Capricorn Mythology , what is it about ? '' . Ciubotaru , Dan ( February 1 , 2008 ) . `` Capricorn , Scorpio , Leo : In search of power '' . `` Enki '' . n.d. `` Makar sankranti festival '' . Mayo , Jeff ( 1979 ) . Teach Yourself Astrology . London : Hodder and Stoughton . External links ( edit ) The dictionary definition of Capricorn at Wiktionary Media related to Capricorn at Wikimedia Commons Warburg Institute Iconographic Database ( over 300 medieval and early modern images of Capricorn ) ( hide ) The Zodiac Astrological signs Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius Pisces Western astrology House Triplicity Mode Cardinal Fixed Mutable Binary Positive Negative Related Astronomy Axial precession Constellations of the Ecliptic Ecliptic coordinate system Planets in astrology Zodiacal light Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capricorn_(astrology)&oldid=826614252 '' Categories : Astrological signs Mythological caprids Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Interlingua Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Македонски Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Picard Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् සිංහල Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 02 : 50 . About Wikipedia	what are the birth dates for a capricorn	[ "\n\nCapricorn\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nZodiac symbol\nFish–goat hybrid\n\n\nDuration (tropical, western)\nDecember 21 – January 20 (2018, UT1)[1]\n\n\nConstellation\nCapricornus\n\n\nZodiac element\nEarth\n\n\nZodiac quality\nCardinal\n\n\nSign ruler\nSaturn\n\n\nDetriment\nMoon\n\n\nExaltation\nMars\n\n\nFall\nJupiter, Neptune\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "December 21 – January 20" ]
-645963476847544741	Puerto Rico	Puerto Rico - Wikipedia Puerto Rico Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. territory . For other uses , see Puerto Rico ( disambiguation ) . `` Porto Rico '' and `` Borinquen '' redirect here . For other uses , see Porto Rico ( disambiguation ) and Borinquen ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 18 ° 12 ′ N 66 ° 30 ′ W / 18.2 ° N 66.5 ° W / 18.2 ; - 66.5 Commonwealth of Puerto Rico Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico ( Spanish ) Flag Coat of arms Motto : `` Joannes est nomen ejus '' ( Latin ) `` John is his name '' Anthem : `` La Borinqueña '' `` The Borinquenian '' `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Great Seal Status Unincorporated territory Capital and largest city San Juan 18 ° 27 ′ N 66 ° 6 ′ W / 18.450 ° N 66.100 ° W / 18.450 ; - 66.100 Official languages Spanish English Common languages 94.7 % Spanish 5.3 % English Ethnic groups 75.8 % White 12.4 % Black 3.3 % Two or more races 0.5 % American Indian & Alaskan Native 0.2 % Asian < 0.1 % Pacific Islander 7.8 % Other Demonym Puerto Rican ( formal ) American ( since 1917 ) Boricua ( colloquial ) Government Commonwealth President Donald Trump ( R ) Governor Ricardo Rosselló ( NPP ) Delegate Resident Commissioner Jenniffer González ( NPP ) President of the Senate Thomas Rivera Schatz ( NPP ) Speaker of the House of Representatives Johnny Méndez ( NPP ) Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Maite Oronoz Rodríguez Legislature Legislative Assembly Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives Commonwealth within the United States Cession from Spain December 10 , 1898 Treaty of Paris ratified April 11 , 1899 U.S. citizenship granted March 2 , 1917 Constitution adopted July 25 , 1952 Area Total 9,104 km ( 3,515 sq mi ) Water ( % ) 1.6 Population 2017 estimate 3,337,177 ( 130th ) 2010 census 3,725,789 Density 375 / km ( 971.2 / sq mi ) ( 29th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2018 estimate Total $125.861 billion ( 75th ) Per capita $38,126 ( 29th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2018 estimate Total $103.676 billion ( 62th ) Per capita $30,586 ( 32nd ) Gini ( 2011 ) 53.1 high HDI ( 2015 ) 0.845 very high 40th Currency United States dollar ( USD ) Time zone Atlantic ( UTC − 4 ) Summer ( DST ) no longer observed ( UTC − 4 ) Drives on the right Calling code + 1 - 787 , + 1 - 939 ISO 3166 code PR Internet TLD . pr ^ `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' serves as the national anthem for the United States of America and its territories . ^ The term ' Commonwealth ' does not describe or provide for any specific political status or relationship . It has , for example , been applied to both states and territories . When used in connection with areas under U.S. sovereignty that are not states , the term broadly describes an area that has a constitution of its adoption . Puerto Rico ( Spanish for `` Rich Port '' ) , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , lit . `` Free Associated State of Puerto Rico '' ) and briefly called Porto Rico , is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea . An archipelago among the Greater Antilles , Puerto Rico includes the main island of Puerto Rico and a number of smaller ones , such as Mona , Culebra , and Vieques . The capital and most populous city is San Juan . Its official languages are Spanish and English , though Spanish predominates . The island 's population is approximately 3.4 million . Puerto Rico 's history , tropical climate , natural scenery , traditional cuisine , and tax incentives make it a destination for travelers from around the world . Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people , the island was claimed in 1493 by Christopher Columbus for Spain during his second voyage . Later it endured invasion attempts from the French , Dutch , and British . Four centuries of Spanish colonial government influenced the island 's cultural landscapes with waves of African slaves , Canarian , and Andalusian settlers . In the Spanish Empire , Puerto Rico played a secondary , but strategic role when compared to wealthier colonies like Peru and the mainland parts of New Spain . Spain 's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century , helping to produce a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined elements from the Native Americans , Africans , and Iberians . In 1898 , following the Spanish -- American War , the United States acquired Puerto Rico under the terms of the Treaty of Paris . The treaty took effect on April 11 , 1899 . Puerto Ricans are by law citizens of the United States and may move freely between the island and the mainland . As it is not a state , Puerto Rico does not have a vote in the United States Congress , which governs the territory with full jurisdiction under the Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1950 . However , Puerto Rico does have one non-voting member of the House called a Resident Commissioner . As residents of a U.S. territory , American citizens in Puerto Rico are disenfranchised at the national level and do not vote for president and vice president of the United States , and do not pay federal income tax on Puerto Rican income . Like other territories and the District of Columbia , Puerto Rico does not have U.S. senators . Congress approved a local constitution in 1952 , allowing U.S. citizens on the territory to elect a governor . A 2012 referendum showed a majority ( 54 % of those who voted ) disagreed with `` the present form of territorial status '' . A second question asking about a new model , had full statehood the preferred option among those who voted for a change of status , although a significant number of people did not answer the second question of the referendum . Another fifth referendum was held on June 11 , 2017 , with `` Statehood '' and `` Independence / Free Association '' initially as the only available choices . At the recommendation of the Department of Justice , an option for the `` current territorial status '' was added . The referendum showed an overwhelming support for statehood , with 97.18 % voting for it , although the voter turnout had a historically low figure of only 22.99 % of the registered voters casting their ballots . In early 2017 , the Puerto Rican government - debt crisis posed serious problems for the government . The outstanding bond debt had climbed to $70 billion at a time with 12.4 % unemployment . The debt had been increasing during a decade long recession . This was the second major financial crisis to affect the island after the Great Depression when the U.S. government , in 1935 , provided relief efforts through the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration . On May 3 , 2017 , Puerto Rico 's financial oversight board in the U.S. District Court for Puerto Rico filed the debt restructuring petition which was made under Title III of PROMESA . By early August 2017 , the debt was $72 billion with a 45 % poverty rate . In late September 2017 , the Category 5 Hurricane Maria hit Puerto Rico causing devastating damage . The island 's electrical grid was largely destroyed , with repairs expected to take months to complete , provoking the largest power outage in American history . Recovery efforts were somewhat slow in the first few months , and over 200,000 residents had moved to Florida alone by late November 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Pre-Columbian era 2.2 Spanish colony ( 1493 -- 1898 ) 2.2. 1 Conquest and early settlement 2.2. 2 Colonization , the Habsburgs 2.2. 3 Late colonial period 2.2. 4 Politics of liberalism 2.3 American era ( 1898 -- present ) 2.3. 1 United States unincorporated organized territory ( 1900 -- 1952 ) 2.3. 1.1 U.S. citizenship and Puerto Rican citizenship 2.3. 2 United States unincorporated organized territory with commonwealth constitution ( 1952 -- present ) 2.3. 3 Estado Libre Asociado 2.4 Referendums on statehood or independence 2.5 United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization 2.5. 1 International status 2.6 21st century 2.7 Political status 2.8 Hurricane Maria 2.8. 1 Rebuilding efforts 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 3.2 Biodiversity 4 Demographics 4.1 Population makeup 4.1. 1 Population genetics 4.2 Immigration and emigration 4.3 Population distribution 4.4 Languages 4.5 Religion 5 Government 5.1 Political parties and elections 5.2 Law 5.3 Political status 5.3. 1 Within the United States 5.4 Foreign and intergovernmental relations 5.5 Military 5.6 Administrative divisions 6 Economy 6.1 Heavy debt load 6.2 Public finances 6.3 Cost of living 7 Education 8 Public health and safety 8.1 Crime 9 Culture 9.1 Architecture 9.2 Arts 9.3 Literature 9.4 Media 9.5 Music 9.6 Cuisine 9.7 Philately 9.8 Sports 10 Infrastructure 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Etymology Puerto Rico means `` rich port '' in Spanish . Puerto Ricans often call the island Borinquén -- a derivation of Borikén , its indigenous Taíno name , which means `` Land of the Valiant Lord '' . The terms boricua and borincano derive from Borikén and Borinquen respectively , and are commonly used to identify someone of Puerto Rican heritage . The island is also popularly known in Spanish as la isla del encanto , meaning `` the island of enchantment '' . Columbus named the island San Juan Bautista , in honor of Saint John the Baptist , while the capital city was named Ciudad de Puerto Rico ( `` Rich Port City '' ) . Eventually traders and other maritime visitors came to refer to the entire island as Puerto Rico , while San Juan became the name used for the main trading / shipping port and the capital city . The island 's name was changed to `` Porto Rico '' by the United States after the Treaty of Paris of 1898 . The anglicized name was used by the U.S. government and private enterprises . The name was changed back to Puerto Rico by a joint resolution in Congress introduced by Félix Córdova Dávila in 1931 . The official name of the entity in Spanish is Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico ( `` free associated state of Puerto Rico '' ) , while its official English name is Commonwealth of Puerto Rico . History Main article : History of Puerto Rico Pre-columbian era A reconstructed Taíno village at the Tibes Ceremonial Center The ancient history of the archipelago which is now Puerto Rico is not well known . Unlike other indigenous cultures in the New World ( Aztec , Maya and Inca ) which left behind abundant archeological and physical evidence of their societies , scant artifacts and evidence remain of the Puerto Rico 's indigenous population . Scarce archaeological findings and early Spanish accounts from the colonial era constitute all that is known about them . The first comprehensive book on the history of Puerto Rico was written by Fray Íñigo Abbad y Lasierra in 1786 , nearly three centuries after the first Spaniards landed on the island . The first known settlers were the Ortoiroid people , an Archaic Period culture of Amerindian hunters and fishermen who migrated from the South American mainland . Some scholars suggest their settlement dates back about 4,000 years . An archeological dig in 1990 on the island of Vieques found the remains of a man , designated as the `` Puerto Ferro Man '' , which was dated to around 2000 BC . The Ortoiroid were displaced by the Saladoid , a culture from the same region that arrived on the island between 430 and 250 BC . The Igneri tribe migrated to Puerto Rico between 120 and 400 AD from the region of the Orinoco river in northern South America . The Arcaico and Igneri co-existed on the island between the 4th and 10th centuries . Between the 7th and 11th centuries , the Taíno culture developed on the island . By approximately 1000 AD , it had become dominant . At the time of Columbus ' arrival , an estimated 30,000 to 60,000 Taíno Amerindians , led by the cacique ( chief ) Agüeybaná , inhabited the island . They called it Boriken , meaning `` the great land of the valiant and noble Lord '' . The natives lived in small villages , each led by a cacique . They subsisted by hunting and fishing , done generally by men , as well as by the women 's gathering and processing of indigenous cassava root and fruit . This lasted until Columbus arrived in 1493 . Spanish colony ( 1493 -- 1898 ) Further information : Captaincy General of Puerto Rico Juan Ponce de León ( Santervás de Campos , Valladolid , Spain ) , Puerto Rico 's first governor Conquest and early settlement When Columbus arrived in Puerto Rico during his second voyage on November 19 , 1493 , the island was inhabited by the Taíno . They called it Borikén ( Borinquen in Spanish transliteration ) . Columbus named the island San Juan Bautista , in honor of St John the Baptist . Having reported the findings of his first travel , Columbus brought with him this time a letter from King Ferdinand empowered by a papal bull that authorized any course of action necessary for the expansion of the Spanish Empire and the Christian faith . Juan Ponce de León , a lieutenant under Columbus , founded the first Spanish settlement , Caparra , on August 8 , 1508 . He later served as the first governor of the island . Eventually , traders and other maritime visitors came to refer to the entire island as Puerto Rico , and San Juan became the name of the main trading / shipping port . At the beginning of the 16th century , the Spanish people began to colonize the island . Despite the Laws of Burgos of 1512 and other decrees for the protection of the indigenous population , some Taíno Indians were forced into an encomienda system of forced labor in the early years of colonization . The population suffered extremely high fatalities from epidemics of European infectious diseases . Colonization , the habsburgs In 1520 , King Charles I of Spain issued a royal decree collectively emancipating the remaining Taíno population . By that time , the Taíno people were few in number . Enslaved Africans had already begun to be imported to compensate for the native labor loss , but their numbers were proportionate to the diminished commercial interest Spain soon began to demonstrate for the island colony . Other nearby islands , like Cuba , Saint - Domingue , and Guadeloupe , attracted more of the slave trade than Puerto Rico , probably because of greater agricultural interests in those islands , on which colonists had developed large sugar plantations and had the capital to invest in the Atlantic slave trade . From the beginning of the country , the colonial administration relied heavily on the industry of enslaved Africans and creole blacks for public works and defenses , primarily in coastal ports and cities , where the tiny colonial population had hunkered down . With no significant industries or large - scale agricultural production as yet , enslaved and free communities lodged around the few littoral settlements , particularly around San Juan , also forming lasting Afro - creole communities . Meanwhile , in the island 's interior , there developed a mixed and independent peasantry that relied on a subsistence economy . This mostly unsupervised population supplied villages and settlements with foodstuffs and , in relative isolation , set the pattern for what later would be known as the Puerto Rican Jíbaro culture . By the end of the 16th century , the Spanish Empire was diminishing and , in the face of increasing raids from European competitors , the colonial administration throughout the Americas fell into a `` bunker mentality '' . Imperial strategists and urban planners redesigned port settlements into military posts with the objective of protecting Spanish territorial claims and ensuring the safe passing of the king 's silver - laden Atlantic Fleet to the Iberian Peninsula . San Juan served as an important port - of - call for ships driven across the Atlantic by its powerful trade winds . West Indies convoys linked Spain to the island , sailing between Cádiz and the Spanish West Indies . The colony 's seat of government was on the forested Islet of San Juan and for a time became one of the most heavily fortified settlements in the Spanish Caribbean earning the name of the `` Walled City '' . The islet is still dotted with the various forts and walls , such as La Fortaleza , Castillo San Felipe del Morro , and Castillo San Cristóbal , designed to protect the population and the strategic Port of San Juan from the raids of the Spanish European competitors . Hendricksz 1625 attack on San Juan , Puerto Rico In 1625 , in the Battle of San Juan , the Dutch commander Boudewijn Hendricksz tested the defenses ' limits like no one else before . Learning from Francis Drake 's previous failures here , he circumvented the cannons of the castle of San Felipe del Morro and quickly brought his 17 ships into the San Juan Bay . He then occupied the port and attacked the city while the population hurried for shelter behind the Morro 's moat and high battlements . Historians consider this event the worst attack on San Juan . Though the Dutch set the village on fire , they failed to conquer the Morro , and its batteries pounded their troops and ships until Hendricksz deemed the cause lost . Hendricksz 's expedition eventually helped propel a fortification frenzy . Constructions of defenses for the San Cristóbal Hill were soon ordered so as to prevent the landing of invaders out of reach of the Morro 's artillery . Urban planning responded to the needs of keeping the colony in Spanish hands . Late colonial period Hacienda La Fortuna . A sugar mill complex in Puerto Rico painted by Francisco Oller in 1885 ( Brooklyn Museum ) During the late 16th and early 17th centuries , Spain concentrated its colonial efforts on the more prosperous mainland North , Central , and South American colonies . With the advent of the lively Bourbon Dynasty in Spain in the 1700s , the island of Puerto Rico began a gradual shift to more imperial attention . More roads began connecting previously isolated inland settlements to coastal cities , and coastal settlements like Arecibo , Mayaguez , and Ponce began acquiring importance of their own , separate from San Juan . By the end of the 18th century , merchant ships from an array of nationalities threatened the tight regulations of the Mercantilist system , which turned each colony solely toward the European metropole and limited contact with other nations . U.S. ships came to surpass Spanish trade and with this also came the exploitation of the island 's natural resources . Slavers , which had made but few stops on the island before , began selling more enslaved Africans to growing sugar and coffee plantations . The increasing number of Atlantic wars in which the Caribbean islands played major roles , like the War of Jenkins ' Ear , the Seven Years ' War and the Atlantic Revolutions , ensured Puerto Rico 's growing esteem in Madrid 's eyes . On April 17 , 1797 , Sir Ralph Abercromby 's fleet invaded the island with a force of 6,000 -- 13,000 men , which included German soldiers and Royal Marines and 60 to 64 ships . Fierce fighting continued for the next days with Spanish troops . Both sides suffered heavy losses . On Sunday April 30 the British ceased their attack and began their retreat from San Juan . By the time independence movements in the larger Spanish colonies gained success , new waves of loyal creole immigrants began to arrive in Puerto Rico , helping to tilt the island 's political balance toward the Crown . The 16th - century fort , Castillo San Felipe del Morro , in San Juan , Puerto Rico In 1809 , to secure its political bond with the island and in the midst of the European Peninsular War , the Supreme Central Junta based in Cádiz recognized Puerto Rico as an overseas province of Spain . This gave the island residents the right to elect representatives to the recently convened Spanish parliament ( Cádiz Cortes ) , with equal representation to mainland Iberian , Mediterranean ( Balearic Islands ) and Atlantic maritime Spanish provinces ( Canary Islands ) . Ramón Power y Giralt , the first Spanish parliamentary representative from the island of Puerto Rico , died after serving a three - year term in the Cortes . These parliamentary and constitutional reforms were in force from 1810 to 1814 , and again from 1820 to 1823 . They were twice reversed during the restoration of the traditional monarchy by Ferdinand VII . Immigration and commercial trade reforms in the 19th century increased the island 's ethnic European population and economy and expanded the Spanish cultural and social imprint on the local character of the island . Minor slave revolts had occurred on the island throughout the years , with the revolt planned and organized by Marcos Xiorro in 1821 being the most important . Even though the conspiracy was unsuccessful , Xiorro achieved legendary status and is part of Puerto Rico 's folklore . Politics of liberalism The flag flown by Fidel Vélez and his men during the `` Intentona de Yauco '' revolt In the early 19th century , Puerto Rico spawned an independence movement that , due to harsh persecution by the Spanish authorities , convened in the island of St. Thomas . The movement was largely inspired by the ideals of Simón Bolívar in establishing a United Provinces of New Granada and Venezuela , that included Puerto Rico and Cuba . Among the influential members of this movement were Brigadier General Antonio Valero de Bernabé and María de las Mercedes Barbudo . The movement was discovered , and Governor Miguel de la Torre had its members imprisoned or exiled . With the increasingly rapid growth of independent former Spanish colonies in the South and Central American states in the first part of the 19th century , the Spanish Crown considered Puerto Rico and Cuba of strategic importance . To increase its hold on its last two New World colonies , the Spanish Crown revived the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815 as a result of which 450,000 immigrants , mainly Spaniards , settled on the island in the period up until the American conquest . Printed in three languages -- Spanish , English , and French -- it was intended to also attract non-Spanish Europeans , with the hope that the independence movements would lose their popularity if new settlers had stronger ties to the Crown . Hundreds of non Spanish families , mainly from Corsica , France , Germany , Ireland , Italy and Scotland , also immigrated to the island . Free land was offered as an incentive to those who wanted to populate the two islands , on the condition that they swear their loyalty to the Spanish Crown and allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church . The offer was very successful , and European immigration continued even after 1898 . Puerto Rico still receives Spanish and European immigration . The Lares Revolutionary Flag Poverty and political estrangement with Spain led to a small but significant uprising in 1868 known as Grito de Lares . It began in the rural town of Lares , but was subdued when rebels moved to the neighboring town of San Sebastián . Leaders of this independence movement included Ramón Emeterio Betances , considered the `` father '' of the Puerto Rican independence movement , and other political figures such as Segundo Ruiz Belvis . Slavery was abolished in Puerto Rico in 1873 , `` with provisions for periods of apprenticeship '' . Abolition Park in Ponce , Puerto Rico Leaders of `` El Grito de Lares '' went into exile in New York City . Many joined the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee , founded on December 8 , 1895 , and continued their quest for Puerto Rican independence . In 1897 , Antonio Mattei Lluberas and the local leaders of the independence movement in Yauco organized another uprising , which became known as the Intentona de Yauco . They raised what they called the Puerto Rican flag , which was adopted as the national flag . The local conservative political factions opposed independence . Rumors of the planned event spread to the local Spanish authorities who acted swiftly and put an end to what would be the last major uprising in the island to Spanish colonial rule . In 1897 , Luis Muñoz Rivera and others persuaded the liberal Spanish government to agree to grant limited self - government to the island by royal decree in the Autonomic Charter , including a bicameral legislature . In 1898 , Puerto Rico 's first , but short - lived , quasi-autonomous government was organized as an `` overseas province '' of Spain . This bilaterally agreed - upon charter maintained a governor appointed by the King of Spain -- who held the power to annul any legislative decision -- and a partially elected parliamentary structure . In February , Governor - General Manuel Macías inaugurated the new government under the Autonomic Charter . General elections were held in March and the new government began to function on July 17 , 1898 . American era ( 1898 -- present ) Main article : Puerto Rican Campaign In 1890 , Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan , a member of the Navy War Board and leading U.S. strategic thinker , published a book titled The Influence of Sea Power upon History in which he argued for the establishment of a large and powerful navy modeled after the British Royal Navy . Part of his strategy called for the acquisition of colonies in the Caribbean , which would serve as coaling and naval stations . They would serve as strategic points of defense with the construction of a canal through the Isthmus of Panama , to allow easier passage of ships between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans . The first company of Puerto Ricans enlisted in the U.S. Army , 1899 William H. Seward , the former Secretary of State under presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson , had also stressed the importance of building a canal in Honduras , Nicaragua or Panama . He suggested that the United States annex the Dominican Republic and purchase Puerto Rico and Cuba . The U.S. Senate did not approve his annexation proposal , and Spain rejected the U.S. offer of 160 million dollars for Puerto Rico and Cuba . Since 1894 , the United States Naval War College had been developing contingency plans for a war with Spain . By 1896 , the U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence had prepared a plan that included military operations in Puerto Rican waters . Except for one 1895 plan , which recommended annexation of the island then named Isle of Pines ( later renamed as Isla de la Juventud ) , a recommendation dropped in later planning , plans developed for attacks on Spanish territories were intended as support operations against Spain 's forces in and around Cuba . Recent research suggests that the U.S. did consider Puerto Rico valuable as a naval station , and recognized that it and Cuba generated lucrative crops of sugar -- a valuable commercial commodity which the United States lacked , before the development of the sugar beet industry in the United States . Children in a company housing settlement , 1941 On July 25 , 1898 , during the Spanish -- American War , the U.S. invaded Puerto Rico with a landing at Guánica . As an outcome of the war , Spain ceded Puerto Rico , along with the Philippines and Guam , then under Spanish sovereignty , to the U.S. under the Treaty of Paris , which went into effect on April 11 , 1899 . Spain relinquished sovereignty over Cuba , but did not cede it to the U.S. United States unincorporated organized territory ( 1900 -- 1952 ) The United States and Puerto Rico began a long - standing metropolis - colony relationship . In the early 20th century , Puerto Rico was ruled by the military , with officials including the governor appointed by the President of the United States . The Foraker Act of 1900 gave Puerto Rico a certain amount of civilian popular government , including a popularly elected House of Representatives . The upper house and governor were appointed by the United States . The First Supreme Court of Puerto Rico , appointed pursuant to the Foraker Act Its judicial system was constructed to follow the American legal system ; a Puerto Rico Supreme Court and a United State District Court for the territory were established . It was authorized a non-voting member of Congress , by the title of `` Resident Commissioner '' , who was appointed . In addition , this Act extended all U.S. laws `` not locally inapplicable '' to Puerto Rico , specifying , in particular , exemption from U.S. Internal Revenue laws . The Act empowered the civil government to legislate on `` all matters of legislative character not locally inapplicable '' , including the power to modify and repeal any laws then in existence in Puerto Rico , though the U.S. Congress retained the power to annul acts of the Puerto Rico legislature . During an address to the Puerto Rican legislature in 1906 , President Theodore Roosevelt recommended that Puerto Ricans become U.S. citizens . In 1914 , the Puerto Rican House of Delegates voted unanimously in favor of independence from the United States , but this was rejected by the U.S. Congress as `` unconstitutional '' , and in violation of the 1900 Foraker Act . U.S. citizenship and Puerto Rican citizenship In 1917 , the U.S. Congress passed the Jones -- Shafroth Act , popularly called the Jones Act , which granted Puerto Ricans , born on or after , April 25 , 1898 , U.S. citizenship . Opponents , which included all of the Puerto Rican House of Delegates , who voted unanimously against it , said that the U.S. imposed citizenship in order to draft Puerto Rican men into the army as American entry into World War I became likely . The same Act provided for a popularly elected Senate to complete a bicameral Legislative Assembly , as well as a bill of rights . It authorized the popular election of the Resident Commissioner to a four - year term . Soldiers of the 65th Infantry training in Salinas , Puerto Rico ( August 1941 ) Natural disasters , including a major earthquake and tsunami in 1918 , and several hurricanes , and the Great Depression impoverished the island during the first few decades under U.S. rule . Some political leaders , such as Pedro Albizu Campos , who led the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party , demanded change in relations with the United States . He organized a protest at the University of Puerto Rico in 1935 , in which four were killed by police . In 1936 , U.S. Senator Millard Tydings introduced a bill supporting independence for Puerto Rico , but it was opposed by Luis Muñoz Marín of the Liberal Party of Puerto Rico . ( Tydings had co-sponsored the Tydings -- McDuffie Act , which provided independence to the Philippines after a 10 - year transition under a limited autonomy . ) All the Puerto Rican parties supported the bill , but Muñoz Marín opposed it . Tydings did not gain passage of the bill . In 1937 , Albizu Campos ' party organized a protest in which numerous people were killed by police in Ponce . The Insular Police , resembling the National Guard , opened fire upon unarmed cadets and bystanders alike . The attack on unarmed protesters was reported by the U.S. Congressman Vito Marcantonio and confirmed by the report of the Hays Commission , which investigated the events . The commission was led by Arthur Garfield Hays , counsel to the American Civil Liberties Union . Nineteen people were killed and over 200 were badly wounded , many in their backs while running away . The Hays Commission declared it a massacre and police mob action , and it has since been known as the Ponce massacre . In the aftermath , on April 2 , 1943 , Tydings introduced a bill in Congress calling for independence for Puerto Rico . This bill ultimately was defeated . During the latter years of the Roosevelt -- Truman administrations , the internal governance was changed in a compromise reached with Luis Muñoz Marín and other Puerto Rican leaders . In 1946 , President Truman appointed the first Puerto Rican - born governor , Jesús T. Piñero . Since 2007 , the Puerto Rico State Department has developed a protocol to issue certificates of Puerto Rican citizenship to Puerto Ricans . In order to be eligible , applicants must have been born in Puerto Rico ; born outside of Puerto Rico to a Puerto Rican -- born parent ; or be an American citizen with at least one year of residence in Puerto Rico . United States unincorporated organized territory with Commonwealth Constitution ( 1952 -- present ) In 1947 , the U.S. granted Puerto Ricans the right to democratically elect their own governor . In 1948 , Luis Muñoz Marín became the first popularly elected governor of Puerto Rico . Painting of bayonet charge by the U.S. 65th Infantry Regiment , made up of Puerto Rican troops , against a Chinese division during the Korean War A bill was introduced before the Puerto Rican Senate which would restrain the rights of the independence and nationalist movements in the island . The Senate at the time was controlled by the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) , and was presided over by Luis Muñoz Marín . The bill , also known as the Gag Law ( Spanish : Ley de la Mordaza ) , was approved by the legislature on May 21 , 1948 . It made it illegal to display a Puerto Rican flag , to sing a pro-independence tune , to talk of independence , or to campaign for independence . The bill , which resembled the Smith Act passed in the United States , was signed and made into law on June 10 , 1948 , by the U.S. appointed governor of Puerto Rico , Jesús T. Piñero , and became known as `` Law 53 '' ( Spanish : Ley 53 ) . In accordance with this law , it would be a crime to print , publish , sell , exhibit , organize or help anyone organize any society , group or assembly of people whose intentions are to paralyze or destroy the insular government . Anyone accused and found guilty of disobeying the law could be sentenced to ten years of prison , be fined $10,000 ( U.S. ) , or both . According to Dr. Leopoldo Figueroa , a member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives , the law was repressive and in violation of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution , which guarantees Freedom of Speech . He asserted that the law as such was a violation of the civil rights of the people of Puerto Rico . The law was repealed in 1957 . Estado Libre Asociado In 1950 , the U.S. Congress granted Puerto Ricans the right to organize a constitutional convention via a referendum that gave them the option of voting their preference , `` yes '' or `` no '' , on a proposed U.S. law that would organize Puerto Rico as a `` commonwealth '' that would continue United States sovereignty over Puerto Rico and its people . Puerto Rico 's electorate expressed its support for this measure in 1951 with a second referendum to ratify the constitution . The Constitution of Puerto Rico was formally adopted on July 3 , 1952 . The Constitutional Convention specified the name by which the body politic would be known . On February 4 , 1952 , the convention approved Resolution 22 which chose in English the word Commonwealth , meaning a `` politically organized community '' or `` state '' , which is simultaneously connected by a compact or treaty to another political system . Puerto Rico officially designates itself with the term `` Commonwealth of Puerto Rico '' in its constitution , as a translation into English of the term to `` Estado Libre Asociado '' ( ELA ) . In 1967 Puerto Rico 's Legislative Assembly polled the political preferences of the Puerto Rican electorate by passing a plebiscite act that provided for a vote on the status of Puerto Rico . This constituted the first plebiscite by the Legislature for a choice among three status options ( commonwealth , statehood , and independence ) . In subsequent plebiscites organized by Puerto Rico held in 1993 and 1998 ( without any formal commitment on the part of the U.S. Government to honor the results ) , the current political status failed to receive majority support . In 1993 , Commonwealth status won by a plurality of votes ( 48.6 % versus 46.3 % for statehood ) , while the `` none of the above '' option , which was the Popular Democratic Party - sponsored choice , won in 1998 with 50.3 % of the votes ( versus 46.5 % for statehood ) . Disputes arose as to the definition of each of the ballot alternatives , and Commonwealth advocates , among others , reportedly urged a vote for `` none of the above '' . In 1950 , the U.S. Congress approved Public Law 600 ( P.L. 81 - 600 ) , which allowed for a democratic referendum in Puerto Rico to determine whether Puerto Ricans desired to draft their own local constitution . This Act was meant to be adopted in the `` nature of a compact '' . It required congressional approval of the Puerto Rico Constitution before it could go into effect , and repealed certain sections of the Organic Act of 1917 . The sections of this statute left in force were entitled the Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act . U.S. Secretary of the Interior Oscar L. Chapman , under whose Department resided responsibility of Puerto Rican affairs , clarified the new commonwealth status in this manner : `` The bill ( to permit Puerto Rico to write its own constitution ) merely authorizes the people of Puerto Rico to adopt their own constitution and to organize a local government ... The bill under consideration would not change Puerto Rico 's political , social , and economic relationship to the United States . '' External video Puerto Rico , U.S. Embassy in Vienna , October 24 , 2014 View newsreel scenes in Spanish of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s on YouTube On October 30 , 1950 , Pedro Albizu Campos and other nationalists led a three - day revolt against the United States in various cities and towns of Puerto Rico , in what is known as the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s . The most notable occurred in Jayuya and Utuado . In the Jayuya revolt , known as the Jayuya Uprising , the Puerto Rican governor declared martial law , and attacked the insurgents in Jayuya with infantry , artillery and bombers under control of the Puerto Rican commander . The Utuado uprising culminated in what is known as the Utuado massacre . On November 1 , 1950 , Puerto Rican nationalists from New York City , Griselio Torresola and Oscar Collazo , attempted to assassinate President Harry S. Truman at his temporary residence of Blair House . Torresola was killed during the attack , but Collazo was wounded and captured . He was convicted of murder and sentenced to death , but President Truman commuted his sentence to life . After Collazo served 29 years in a federal prison , President Jimmy Carter commuted his sentence to times served and he was released in 1979 . Pedro Albizu Campos served many years in a federal prison in Atlanta , for seditious conspiracy to overthrow the U.S. government in Puerto Rico . The Constitution of Puerto Rico was approved by a Constitutional Convention on February 6 , 1952 , and 82 % of the voters in a March referendum . It was modified and ratified by the U.S. Congress , approved by President Truman on July 3 of that year , and proclaimed by Gov. Muñoz Marín on July 25 , 1952 . This was the anniversary of July 25 , 1898 , landing of U.S. troops in the Puerto Rican Campaign of the Spanish -- American War , until then celebrated as an annual Puerto Rico holiday . A shantytown along the Martin Peña Channel ( 1973 ) Puerto Rico adopted the name of Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico ( literally `` Associated Free State of Puerto Rico '' ) , officially translated into English as Commonwealth , for its body politic . `` The United States Congress legislates over many fundamental aspects of Puerto Rican life , including citizenship , the currency , the postal service , foreign policy , military defense , communications , labor relations , the environment , commerce , finance , health and welfare , and many others . '' During the 1950s and 1960s , Puerto Rico experienced rapid industrialization , due in large part to Operación Manos a la Obra ( `` Operation Bootstrap '' ) , an offshoot of FDR 's New Deal . It was intended to transform Puerto Rico 's economy from agriculture - based to manufacturing - based to provide more jobs . Puerto Rico has become a major tourist destination , as well as a global center for pharmaceutical manufacturing . Referendums on statehood or independence Four referendums have been held since the late 20th century to resolve the political status . The 2012 referendum showed a majority ( 54 % of the voters ) in favor of a change in status , with full statehood the preferred option of those who wanted a change . Because there were almost 500,000 blank ballots in the 2012 referendum , creating confusion as to the voters ' true desire , Congress decided to ignore the vote . The first three plebiscites provided voters with three options : statehood , free association , and independence . The Puerto Rican status referendum , 2017 in June 2017 was going to offer only two options : Statehood and Independence / Free Association . However , a letter from the Donald Trump administration recommended adding the Commonwealth , the current status , in the plebiscite . The option had been removed from this plebiscite in response to the results of the plebiscite in 2012 which asked whether to remain in the current status and No had won . The Trump administration cited changes in demographics during the past 5 years to add the option once again . Amendments to the plebiscite bill were adopted making ballot wording changes requested by the Department of Justice , as well as adding a `` current territorial status '' option . While 97 percent voted in favor of statehood , the turnout was low ; only some 23 percent voted . After the ballots were counted the Justice Department was non-committal . The Justice Department had asked for the 2017 plebiscite to be postponed but the Rosselló government chose not to do so . After the outcome was announced , the department told the Associated Press that it had `` not reviewed or approved the ballot 's language '' . Former Governor Aníbal Acevedo Vilá ( 2005 -- 2009 ) is convinced that statehood is not the solution for either the U.S. or for Puerto Rico `` for economic , identity and cultural reasons '' . He pointed out that voter turnout for the 2017 referendum was extremely low , and suggests that a different type of mutually - beneficial relationship should be found . If the federal government agrees to discuss an association agreement , the conditions would be negotiated between the two entities . The agreement might cover topics such as the role of the U.S. military in Puerto Rico , the use of the U.S. currency , free trade between the two entities , and whether Puerto Ricans would be U.S. citizens . The three current Free Associated States ( Marshall Islands , Micronesia and Palau ) use the American dollar , receive some financial support and the promise of military defense if they refuse military access to any other country . Their citizens are allowed to work in the U.S. and serve in its military . Governor Ricardo Rosselló is strongly in favor of statehood to help develop the economy and help to `` solve our 500 - year - old colonial dilemma ... Colonialism is not an option ... It 's a civil rights issue ... 3.5 million citizens seeking an absolute democracy , '' he told the news media . Benefits of statehood include an additional $10 billion per year in federal funds , the right to vote in presidential elections , higher Social Security and Medicare benefits , and a right for its government agencies and municipalities to file for bankruptcy . The latter is currently prohibited . Statehood might be useful as a means of dealing with the financial crisis , since it would allow for bankruptcy and the relevant protection . According to the Government Development Bank , this might be the only solution to the debt crisis . Congress has the power to vote to allow Chapter 9 protection without the need for statehood , but in late 2015 there was very little support in the House for this concept . Other benefits to statehood include increased disability benefits and Medicaid funding , the right to vote in Presidential elections and the higher ( federal ) minimum wage . Subsequent to the 2017 referendum , Puerto Rico 's legislators are also expected to vote on a bill that would allow the Governor to draft a state constitution and hold elections to choose senators and representatives to the federal Congress . In spite of the outcome of the referendum , and the so - called Tennessee Plan ( above ) , action by the United States Congress would be necessary to implement changes to the status of Puerto Rico under the Territorial Clause of the United States Constitution . United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization Since 1953 , the UN has been considering the political status of Puerto Rico and how to assist it in achieving `` independence '' or `` decolonization '' . In 1978 , the Special Committee determined that a `` colonial relationship '' existed between the U.S. and Puerto Rico . The UN 's Special Committee on Decolonization has often referred to Puerto Rico as a `` nation '' in its reports , because , internationally , the people of Puerto Rico are often considered to be a Caribbean nation with their own national identity . Most recently , in a June 2016 report , the Special Committee called for the United States to expedite the process to allow self - determination in Puerto Rico . More specifically , the group called on the United States to expedite a process that would allow the people of Puerto Rico to exercise fully their right to self - determination and independence ... allow the Puerto Rican people to take decisions in a sovereign manner , and to address their urgent economic and social needs , including unemployment , marginalization , insolvency and poverty `` . International status On November 27 , 1953 , shortly after the establishment of the Commonwealth , the General Assembly of the United Nations approved Resolution 748 , removing Puerto Rico 's classification as a non-self - governing territory . The General Assembly did not apply the full list of criteria which was enunciated in 1960 when it took favorable note of the cessation of transmission of information regarding the non-self - governing status of Puerto Rico . According to the White House Task Force on Puerto Rico 's Political Status in its December 21 , 2007 report , the U.S. , in its written submission to the UN in 1953 , never represented that Congress could not change its relationship with Puerto Rico without the territory 's consent . It stated that the U.S. Justice Department in 1959 reiterated that Congress held power over Puerto Rico pursuant to the Territorial Clause of the U.S. Constitution . In 1993 the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit stated that Congress may unilaterally repeal the Puerto Rican Constitution or the Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act and replace them with any rules or regulations of its choice . In a 1996 report on a Puerto Rico status political bill , the U.S. House Committee on Resources stated , `` Puerto Rico 's current status does not meet the criteria for any of the options for full self - government under Resolution 1541 '' ( the three established forms of full self - government being stated in the report as ( 1 ) national independence , ( 2 ) free association based on separate sovereignty , or ( 3 ) full integration with another nation on the basis of equality ) . The report concluded that Puerto Rico `` ... remains an unincorporated colony and does not have the status of ' free association ' with the United States as that status is defined under United States law or international practice '' , that the establishment of local self - government with the consent of the people can be unilaterally revoked by the U.S. Congress , and that U.S. Congress can also withdraw the U.S. citizenship of Puerto Rican residents of Puerto Rico at any time , for a legitimate Federal purpose . The application of the U.S. Constitution to Puerto Rico is limited by the Insular Cases . In 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , and 2011 the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization passed resolutions calling on the United States to expedite a process `` that would allow Puerto Ricans to fully exercise their inalienable right to self - determination and independence '' , and to release all Puerto Rican political prisoners in U.S. prisons , to clean up , decontaminate and return the lands in the islands of Vieques and Culebra to the people of Puerto Rico , to perform a probe into U.S. human rights violations on the island and a probe into the killing by the FBI of pro-independence leader Filiberto Ojeda Rios . 21st century Further information : Proposed political status for Puerto Rico ; Puerto Rican status referendum , 2012 ; and President 's Task Force on Puerto Rico 's Status Puerto Rican status referendum , 2012 Location Puerto Rico Date November 6 , 2012 ; 5 years ago ( 2012 - 11 - 06 ) Voting system simple majority for the first question first - past - the - post for the second question Should Puerto Rico continue its current territorial status ? Yes 46.00 % No 54.00 % Which non-territorial option do you prefer ? Statehood 61.16 % Sovereign Free Associated State 33.34 % Independence 5.49 % There were 515,348 blank and invalidated ballots counted alongside the 1,363,854 ballots which indicated a choice for one of the non-territorial alternatives . Under Puerto Rico Law , these ballots are not considered cast votes and are therefore not reflected in the final tally . On July 15 , 2009 , the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization approved a draft resolution calling on the Government of the United States to expedite a process that would allow the Puerto Rican people to exercise fully their inalienable right to self - determination and independence . On April 29 , 2010 , the U.S. House voted 223 -- 169 to approve a measure for a federally sanctioned process for Puerto Rico 's self - determination , allowing Puerto Rico to set a new referendum on whether to continue its present form of commonwealth , or to have a different political status . If Puerto Ricans voted to continue as a commonwealth , the Government of Puerto Rico was authorized to conduct additional plebiscites at intervals of every eight years from the date on which the results of the prior plebiscite were certified ; if Puerto Ricans voted to have a different political status , a second referendum would determine whether Puerto Rico would become a U.S. state , an independent country , or a sovereign nation associated with the U.S. that would not be subject to the Territorial Clause of the United States Constitution . During the House debate , a fourth option , to retain its present form of commonwealth ( sometimes referred to as `` the status quo '' ) political status , was added as an option in the second plebiscite . Immediately following U.S. House passage , H.R. 2499 was sent to the U.S. Senate , where it was given two formal readings and referred to the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources . On December 22 , 2010 , the 111th United States Congress adjourned without any Senate vote on H.R. 2499 , killing the bill . The latest Task Force report was released on March 11 , 2011 . The report suggested a two - plebiscite process , including a `` first plebiscite that requires the people of Puerto Rico to choose whether they wish to be part of the United States ( either via Statehood or Commonwealth ) or wish to be independent ( via Independence or Free Association ) . If continuing to be part of the United States were chosen in the first plebiscite , a second vote would be taken between Statehood and Commonwealth . '' On June 14 , 2011 , President Barack Obama `` promised to support ' a clear decision ' by the people of Puerto Rico on statehood '' . That same month , the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization passed a resolution and adopted a consensus text introduced by Cuba 's delegate on June 20 , 2011 , calling on the United States to expedite a process `` that would allow Puerto Ricans to fully exercise their inalienable right to self - determination and independence '' . On November 6 , 2012 , a two - question referendum took place , simultaneous with the general elections . The first question asked voters whether they wanted to maintain the current status under the territorial clause of the U.S. Constitution . The second question posed three alternate status options if the first question was approved : statehood , independence or free association . For the first question , 54 percent voted against the current Commonwealth status . For the second question , 61.16 % voted for statehood , 33.34 % for a sovereign free associated state , and 5.49 % for independence . There were also 515,348 blank and invalidated ballots , which are not reflected in the final tally , as they are not considered cast votes under Puerto Rico law . On December 11 , 2012 , Puerto Rico 's Legislature passed a concurrent resolution to request to the President and the U.S. Congress action on November 6 , 2012 plebiscite results . But on April 10 , 2013 , with the issue still being widely debated , the White House announced that it will seek $2.5 million to hold another referendum , this next one being the first Puerto Rican status referendum to be financed by the U.S. Federal government . In December 2015 , the U.S. Government submitted a brief as Amicus Curiae to the U.S. Supreme Court related to the case Commonwealth of Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle . The U.S. Government official position is that the U.S. Constitution does not contemplate `` sovereign territories '' . That the Court has consistently recognized that `` there is no sovereignty in a Territory of the United States but that of the United States itself '' . and a U.S. territory has `` no independent sovereignty comparable to that of a state . That is because `` the Government of a territory owes its existence wholly to the United States '' . Congress 's plenary authority over federal territories includes the authority to permit self - government , whereby local officials administer a territory 's internal affairs . On June 9 , 2016 , in Commonwealth of Puerto Rico vs Sanchez Valle , a 6 -- 2 majority of the Supreme Court of the United States determined that Puerto Rico is a territory and lacks Sovereignty . On June 30 , 2016 , the President of the United States of America signed a new law approved by U.S. Congress , H.R. 5278 : PROMESA , establishing a Control Board over the Puerto Rico Government . This board will have a significant degree of federal control involved in its establishment and operations . In particular , the authority to establish the control board derives from the federal government 's constitutional power to `` make all needful rules and regulations '' regarding U.S. territories ; The President would appoint all seven voting members of the board ; and the board would have broad sovereign powers to effectively overrule decisions by Puerto Rico 's legislature , governor , and other public authorities . Political status The latest referendum on statehood , independence , or an associated republic was held on November 6 , 2012 . The people of Puerto Rico made history by requesting , for the first time ever , the conclusion of the island 's current territorial status . Almost 78 % of registered voters participated in a plebiscite held to resolve Puerto Rico 's status , and a slim but clear majority ( 54 % ) disagreed with Puerto Rico maintaining its present territorial status . Furthermore , among the possible alternatives , sixty - one percent ( 61 % ) of voters chose the statehood option , while one third of the ballots were submitted blank . On December 11 , 2012 , the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico enacted a concurrent resolution requesting the President and the Congress of the United States to respond to the referendum of the people of Puerto Rico , held on November 6 , 2012 , to end its current form of territorial status and to begin the process to admit Puerto Rico as a State . The initiative has not made Puerto Rico into a state . Hurricane Maria In late September 2017 , Hurricane Maria hit the island as a Category 4 storm causing severe damage to homes , other buildings and infrastructure . The recovery as of late November was slow but progress had been made . Electricity was restored to two - thirds of the island , although there was some doubt as to the number of residents getting reliable power . In January 2018 , it was reported that close to 40 percent of the island 's customers still did not have electricity . The vast majority had access to water but were still required to boil it . The number still living in shelters had dropped to 982 with thousands of others living with relatives . The official death toll at the time was 58 but some sources indicated that the actual number is much higher . A dam on the island was close to failure and officials were concerned about additional flooding from this source . Thousands had left Puerto Rico , with close to 200,000 having arrived in Florida alone . Those who were then living on the mainland experienced difficulty in getting health care benefits . A New York Times report on November 27 said it was understandable that Puerto Ricans wanted to leave the island . `` Basic essentials are hard to find and electricity and other utilities are unreliable or entirely inaccessible . Much of the population has been unable to return to jobs or to school and access to health care has been severely limited . '' The Center for Puerto Rican Studies at New York 's Hunter College estimated that some half million people , about 14 % of the population , may permanently leave by 2019 . The total damage on the island was estimated as up to $95 billion . By the end of November , FEMA had received over a million applications for aid and had approved about a quarter of those . The US government had agreed in October to provide funding to rebuild and up to $4.9 billion in loans to help the island 's government . FEMA had $464 million earmarked to help local governments rebuild public buildings and infrastructure . Bills for other funding were being considered in Washington but little progress had been made on those . A November 28 , 2017 report by the Sierra Club included this comment : `` It will take years to rebuild Puerto Rico , not just from the worst hurricane to make landfall since 1932 , but to sustainably overcome environmental injustices which made Maria 's devastation even more catastrophic '' . In May , 2017 , the Natural Resources Defense Council reported that Puerto Rico 's water system was the worst as measured by the Clean Water Act . 70 % of the population drank water that violated U.S. law . Rebuilding efforts A tourism web site report in March 2018 indicated that all airports were operating , although Luis Munoz Marin Airport would not be back to handling the full number of flights until July 2018 . Some 90 % of the island was receiving electricity , although the power structure would require another $17.6 billion for full rebuilding , according to the United States Department of Energy . Nearly all residents had access to telecommunications service and running water . All hospitals were operating . Some 83 % of hotel rooms were available for use and the cruise ship port was receiving ships ; 58 arrived in San Juan in February . The island was encouraging operators to increase the number of tourists . Reports in April 2018 stated that Puerto Rico will receive $18.5 billion from the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development to help rebuild homes and infrastructure . This was substantially less than the $46 billion requested by the governor . However , the island was expecting to receive approximately $50 billion for disaster relief over the subsequent six years mostly via the Federal Emergency Management Agency . At that time , nearly 2800 families were living in FEMA - sponsored short - term housing across 34 states and Puerto Rico . Nearly half of the schools are operating at only 60 % classroom capacity . Over 280 public schools would not reopen in the fall ; 827 were expected to be operational . Almost 40,000 students left the island 's schools since May 2017 ; some of these were in schools in the mainland U.S. ( Before the hurricanes , Puerto Rico had planned to close 179 schools due to inadequate numbers of students . ) Geography Main articles : Geography of Puerto Rico and Geology of Puerto Rico A map of Puerto Rico Puerto Rico consists of the main island of Puerto Rico and various smaller islands , including Vieques , Culebra , Mona , Desecheo , and Caja de Muertos . Of these five , only Culebra and Vieques are inhabited year - round . Mona , which has played a key role in maritime history , is uninhabited most of the year except for employees of the Puerto Rico Department of Natural Resources . There are many other even smaller islets , like Monito , which is near to Mona , Isla de Cabras and La Isleta de San Juan , both located on the San Juan Bay . The latter is the only inhabited islet with communities like Old San Juan and Puerta de Tierra , and connected to the main island by bridges . The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico has an area of 13,790 square kilometers ( 5,320 sq mi ) , of which 8,870 km ( 3,420 sq mi ) is land and 4,921 km ( 1,900 sq mi ) is water . Puerto Rico is larger than two U.S. states , Delaware and Rhode Island . The maximum length of the main island from east to west is 180 km ( 110 mi ) , and the maximum width from north to south is 65 km ( 40 mi ) . Puerto Rico is the smallest of the Greater Antilles . It is 80 % of the size of Jamaica , just over 18 % of the size of Hispaniola and 8 % of the size of Cuba , the largest of the Greater Antilles . The island is mostly mountainous with large coastal areas in the north and south . The main mountain range is called `` La Cordillera Central '' ( The Central Range ) . The highest elevation in Puerto Rico , Cerro de Punta 1,338 meters ( 4,390 ft ) , is located in this range . Another important peak is El Yunque , one of the highest in the Sierra de Luquillo at the El Yunque National Forest , with an elevation of 1,065 m ( 3,494 ft ) . The coast at Patillas , Puerto Rico Puerto Rico has 17 lakes , all man - made , and more than 50 rivers , most originating in the Cordillera Central . Rivers in the northern region of the island are typically longer and of higher water flow rates than those of the south , since the south receives less rain than the central and northern regions . Puerto Rico is composed of Cretaceous to Eocene volcanic and plutonic rocks , overlain by younger Oligocene and more recent carbonates and other sedimentary rocks . Most of the caverns and karst topography on the island occurs in the northern region in the carbonates . The oldest rocks are approximately 190 million years old ( Jurassic ) and are located at Sierra Bermeja in the southwest part of the island . They may represent part of the oceanic crust and are believed to come from the Pacific Ocean realm . Puerto Rico lies at the boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates and is being deformed by the tectonic stresses caused by their interaction . These stresses may cause earthquakes and tsunamis . These seismic events , along with landslides , represent some of the most dangerous geologic hazards in the island and in the northeastern Caribbean . The most recent major earthquake occurred on October 11 , 1918 , and had an estimated magnitude of 7.5 on the Richter scale . It originated off the coast of Aguadilla , several kilometers off the northern coast , and was accompanied by a tsunami . It caused extensive property damage and widespread losses , damaging infrastructure , especially bridges . It resulted in an estimated 116 deaths and $4 million in property damage . The failure of the government to move rapidly to provide for the general welfare contributed to political activism by opponents and eventually to the rise of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party . The Puerto Rico Trench , the largest and deepest trench in the Atlantic , is located about 115 km ( 71 mi ) north of Puerto Rico at the boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates . It is 280 km ( 170 mi ) long . At its deepest point , named the Milwaukee Deep , it is almost 8,400 m ( 27,600 ft ) deep . Climate Puerto Rico seen from space ( STS - 34 mission ) Main article : Climate of Puerto Rico The climate of Puerto Rico in the Köppen climate classification is tropical rainforest . Temperatures are warm to hot year round , averaging near 85 ° F ( 29 ° C ) in lower elevations and 70 ° F ( 21 ° C ) in the mountains . Easterly trade winds pass across the island year round . Puerto Rico has a rainy season which stretches from April into November . The mountains of the Cordillera Central are the main cause of the variations in the temperature and rainfall that occur over very short distances . The mountains can also cause wide variation in local wind speed and direction due to their sheltering and channeling effects adding to the climatic variation . The island has an average temperature of 82.4 ° F ( 28 ° C ) throughout the year , with an average minimum temperature of 66.9 ° F ( 19 ° C ) and maximum of 85.4 ° F ( 30 ° C ) . Daily temperature changes seasonally are quite small in the lowlands and coastal areas . The temperature in the south is usually a few degrees higher than the north and temperatures in the central interior mountains are always cooler than those on the rest of the island . Between the dry and wet season , there is a temperature change of around 6 ° F ( 3.3 ° C ) . This is mainly due to the warm waters of the tropical Atlantic Ocean , which significantly modify cooler air moving in from the north and northwest . Coastal waters temperatures around the years are about 75 ° F ( 24 ° C ) in February to 85 ° F ( 29 ° C ) in August . The highest temperature ever recorded was 99 ° F ( 37 ° C ) at Arecibo , while the lowest temperature ever recorded was 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) in the mountains at Adjuntas , Aibonito , and Corozal . The average yearly precipitation is 1,687 mm ( 66 in ) . ( hide ) Climate data for San Juan Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 28 ( 83 ) 29 ( 84 ) 29 ( 85 ) 30 ( 86 ) 31 ( 88 ) 32 ( 89 ) 32 ( 89 ) 32 ( 89 ) 32 ( 89 ) 32 ( 89 ) 30 ( 86 ) 29 ( 84 ) 31 ( 87 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 22 ( 72 ) 22 ( 72 ) 23 ( 73 ) 23 ( 74 ) 24 ( 76 ) 26 ( 78 ) 26 ( 78 ) 26 ( 78 ) 26 ( 78 ) 25 ( 77 ) 24 ( 75 ) 23 ( 73 ) 24 ( 75 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 95.5 ( 3.76 ) 62.7 ( 2.47 ) 49.5 ( 1.95 ) 118.9 ( 4.68 ) 149.9 ( 5.90 ) 112 ( 4.41 ) 128.8 ( 5.07 ) 138.7 ( 5.46 ) 146.6 ( 5.77 ) 142 ( 5.59 ) 161.3 ( 6.35 ) 127.5 ( 5.02 ) 1,433.4 ( 56.43 ) Average rainy days 17 13 12 13 17 15 19 18 17 17 18 19 196 Average relative humidity ( % ) 78.0 75.5 73.9 75.0 77.2 77.0 78.0 77.6 77.7 78.2 78.6 78.3 77.1 Mean daily sunshine hours 8 8 9 9 8 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8.6 Source : `` Average Weather for San Juan , PR '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . Puerto Rico experiences the Atlantic hurricane season , similar to the remainder of the Caribbean Sea and North Atlantic oceans . On average , a quarter of its annual rainfall is contributed from tropical cyclones , which are more prevalent during periods of La Niña than El Niño . A cyclone of tropical storm strength passes near Puerto Rico , on average , every five years . A hurricane passes in the vicinity of the island , on average , every seven years . Since 1851 , the Lake Okeechobee Hurricane of September 1928 is the only hurricane to make landfall as a Category 5 hurricane . In the busy 2017 Atlantic hurricane season , Puerto Rico avoided a direct hit by the Category 5 Hurricane Irma on September 8 , 2017 , but high winds caused a loss of electrical power to some one million residents . Almost 50 % of hospitals were operating with power provided by generators . The Category 4 Hurricane Jose , as expected , veered away from Puerto Rico . A short time later , the devastating Hurricane Maria made landfall in Puerto Rico as a Category 4 hurricane , with sustained 155 mph ( 249 km / h ) winds , powerful rains and widespread flooding causing tremendous destruction , including the electrical grid , which could remain out for 4 -- 6 months . With such widespread destruction and a great need for supplies -- everything from drinking water , food , medicine and personal care items to fuel for generators and construction materials for rebuilding the island -- Gov. Rossello and several Congressmen called on the federal government to waive the WWI - era Jones Act ( protectionist provisions : ships made and owned in U.S. , and with U.S. crews ) , which essentially double Puerto Rico 's cost for shipped goods relative to neighboring islands . On September 28 , U.S. President Donald Trump waived the Act for ten days . Biodiversity Main articles : Fauna of Puerto Rico and Flora of Puerto Rico Common Coquí Species endemic to the archipelago number 239 plants , 16 birds and 39 amphibians / reptiles , recognized as of 1998 . Most of these ( 234 , 12 and 33 respectively ) are found on the main island . The most recognizable endemic species and a symbol of Puerto Rican pride is the coquí , a small frog easily identified by the sound of its call , from which it gets its name . Most coquí species ( 13 of 17 ) live in the El Yunque National Forest , a tropical rainforest in the northeast of the island previously known as the Caribbean National Forest . El Yunque is home to more than 240 plants , 26 of which are endemic to the island . It is also home to 50 bird species , including the critically endangered Puerto Rican amazon . Across the island in the southwest , the 40 km ( 15 sq mi ) of dry land at the Guánica Commonwealth Forest Reserve contain over 600 uncommon species of plants and animals , including 48 endangered species and 16 endemic to Puerto Rico . Demographics Main articles : Demographics of Puerto Rico and Cultural diversity in Puerto Rico Population density , Census 2000 The population of Puerto Rico has been shaped by Amerindian settlement , European colonization , slavery , economic migration , and Puerto Rico 's status as unincorporated territory of the United States . Population makeup Main article : Puerto Rican people Historical population Year Pop . ± % 1765 44,883 -- 1775 70,250 + 56.5 % 1800 155,426 + 121.2 % 1815 220,892 + 42.1 % 1832 350,051 + 58.5 % 1846 447,914 + 28.0 % 1860 583,308 + 30.2 % 1877 731,648 + 25.4 % 1887 798,565 + 9.1 % 1899 953,243 + 19.4 % 1910 1,118,012 + 17.3 % 1920 1,299,809 + 16.3 % 1930 1,543,913 + 18.8 % 1940 1,869,255 + 21.1 % 1950 2,210,703 + 18.3 % 1960 2,349,544 + 6.3 % 1970 2,712,033 + 15.4 % 1980 3,196,520 + 17.9 % 3,522,037 + 10.2 % 2000 3,808,610 + 8.1 % 3,725,789 − 2.2 % 2016 3,411,307 − 8.4 % 1765 -- 2010 2016 Estimate The estimated population of Puerto Rico as of July 1 , 2015 , was 3,474,182 , a 6.75 % decrease since the 2010 United States Census . From 2000 to 2010 , the population decreased , the first such decrease in census history for Puerto Rico . It went from the 3,808,610 residents registered in the 2000 Census to 3,725,789 in the 2010 Census . A declining and aging population presents additional problems for the society . The U.S. Census Bureau 's estimate for July 1 , 2016 was 3,411,307 people , down substantially from the 2010 data which had indicated 3,725,789 people . Continuous European immigration and high natural increase helped the population of Puerto Rico grow from 155,426 in 1800 , to almost a million by the close of the 19th century . A census conducted by royal decree on September 30 , 1858 , gave the following totals of the Puerto Rican population at that time : 341,015 were Free colored ; 300,430 identified as Whites ; and 41,736 were slaves . During the 19th century hundreds of families arrived in Puerto Rico , primarily from the Canary Islands and Andalusia , but also from other parts of Spain such as Catalonia , Asturias , Galicia and the Balearic Islands and numerous Spanish loyalists from Spain 's former colonies in South America . Settlers from outside Spain also arrived in the islands , including from Corsica , France , Lebanon , China , Portugal , Ireland , Scotland , Germany and Italy . This immigration from non-Hispanic countries was the result of the Real Cedula de Gracias de 1815 ( `` Royal Decree of Graces of 1815 '' ) , which allowed European Catholics to settle in the island with land allotments in the interior of the island , provided they paid taxes and continued to support the Catholic Church . Racial and Ethnic Composition in Puerto Rico ( 2015 Census est . ) Ethnicity White 75.8 % Black or African American 12.4 % Asian 0.2 % Two or more races 3.3 % American Indian 0.5 % Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 0.1 % Other races 7.8 % Between 1960 and 1990 the census questionnaire in Puerto Rico did not ask about race or ethnicity . The 2000 United States Census included a racial self - identification question in Puerto Rico . According to the census , most Puerto Ricans identified as White and Hispanic ; few identified as Black or some other race . Population genetics A recent population genetics study conducted in Puerto Rico suggests that between 52.6 % and 84 % of the population possess some degree of Amerindian mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) in their maternal ancestry , usually in a combination with other ancestries such as aboriginal Guanche North - West African ancestry brought by Spanish settlers from the Canary Islands . In addition , these DNA studies show Amerindian ancestry in addition to the Taíno . One genetic study on the racial makeup of Puerto Ricans ( including all races ) found them to be roughly around 61 % West Eurasian / North African ( overwhelmingly of Spanish provenance ) , 27 % Sub-Saharan African and 11 % Native American . Another genetic study from 2007 , claimed that `` the average genomewide individual ( ie . Puerto Rican ) ancestry proportions have been estimated as 66 % , 18 % , and 16 % , for European , West African , and Native American , respectively . '' Other study estimates 63.7 % European , 21.2 % ( Sub-Saharan ) African , and 15.2 % Native American ; European ancestry is more prevalent in the West and in Central Puerto Rico , African in Eastern Puerto Rico , and Native American in Northern Puerto Rico . A Pew Research survey indicated a literacy rate of 90.4 % ( adult population ) in 2012 based on data from the United Nations and a life expectancy of 79.3 years . Immigration and emigration Racial groups Year Population White Mixed ( mainly biracial white European and black African ) Black Asian Other 2000 3,808,610 80.5 % ( 3 064 862 ) 11.0 % ( 418 426 ) 8.0 % ( 302 933 ) 0.2 % ( 7 960 ) 0.4 % ( 14 429 ) 3,725,789 75.8 % ( ' 2 824 148 ) 11.1 % ( ' 413 563 ) 12.4 % ( ' 461 998 ) 0.2 % ( ' 7 452 ) 0.6 % ( ' 22 355 ) Puerto Rico has recently become the permanent home of over 100,000 legal residents . The vast majority of recent immigrants , both legal and illegal , come from the Dominican Republic and Haiti . Other sources sending in significant numbers of recent immigrants include Cuba , Mexico , Colombia , Panama , Jamaica , Venezuela , Spain , and Nigeria . Also , there are many non-Puerto Rican U.S. citizens settling in Puerto Rico , from the mainland United States and the U.S. Virgin Islands , as well as Nuyoricans ( stateside Puerto Ricans ) coming back to Puerto Rico . Most recent immigrants settle in and around San Juan . Emigration is a major part of contemporary Puerto Rican history . Starting soon after World War II , poverty , cheap airfares , and promotion by the island government caused waves of Puerto Ricans to move to the United States , particularly to the Northeastern states , and Florida . This trend continued even as Puerto Rico 's economy improved and its birth rate declined . Puerto Ricans continue to follow a pattern of `` circular migration '' , with some migrants returning to the island . In recent years , the population has declined markedly , falling nearly 1 % in 2012 and an additional 1 % ( 36,000 people ) in 2013 due to a falling birthrate and emigration . According to the 2010 Census , the number of Puerto Ricans living in the United States outside of Puerto Rico far exceeds those living in Puerto Rico . Emigration exceeds immigration . As those who leave tend to be better educated than those that remain , this accentuates the drain on Puerto Rico 's economy . Based on the July 1 , 2016 estimate by the U.S. Census Bureau , the population of the Commonwealth had declined by 314,482 people since the 2010 Census data had been tabulated . Population distribution The most populous city is the capital , San Juan , with approximately 371,400 people based on a 2015 estimate by the Census Bureau . Other major cities include Bayamón , Carolina , Ponce , and Caguas . Of the ten most populous cities on the island , eight are located within what is considered San Juan 's metropolitan area , while the other two are located in the south ( Ponce ) and west ( Mayagüez ) of the island . Largest cities or towns in Puerto Rico 2010 Census Rank Name Metropolitan Statistical Area Pop . San Juan Bayamón San Juan San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 395,326 Carolina Ponce Bayamón San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 208,116 Carolina San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 176,762 Ponce Ponce 166,327 5 Caguas San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 142,893 6 Guaynabo San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 97,924 7 Arecibo San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 96,440 8 Toa Baja San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 89,609 9 Mayagüez Mayagüez 89,080 10 Trujillo Alto San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 74,842 Languages The official languages of the executive branch of government of Puerto Rico are Spanish and English , with Spanish being the primary language . Spanish is , and has been , the only official language of the entire Commonwealth judiciary system , despite a 1902 English - only language law . However , all official business of the U.S. District Court for the District of Puerto Rico is conducted in English . English is the primary language of less than 10 % of the population . Spanish is the dominant language of business , education and daily life on the island , spoken by nearly 95 % of the population . The U.S. Census Bureau 's 2015 update provides the following facts : 94.1 % of adults speak Spanish , 5.8 % speak only English , 78.3 % do not speak English `` very well '' . In Puerto Rico , public school instruction is conducted almost entirely in Spanish . There have been pilot programs in about a dozen of the over 1,400 public schools aimed at conducting instruction in English only . Objections from teaching staff are common , perhaps because many of them are not fully fluent in English . English is taught as a second language and is a compulsory subject from elementary levels to high school . The languages of the deaf community are American Sign Language and its local variant , Puerto Rican Sign Language . The Spanish of Puerto Rico has evolved into having many idiosyncrasies in vocabulary and syntax that differentiate it from the Spanish spoken elsewhere . As a product of Puerto Rican history , the island possesses a unique Spanish dialect . Puerto Rican Spanish utilizes many Taíno words , as well as English words . The largest influence on the Spanish spoken in Puerto Rico is that of the Canary Islands . The Spanish of Puerto Rico also includes Taíno words , typically in the context of vegetation , natural phenomena or primitive musical instruments . Similarly , words attributed to primarily West African languages were adopted in the contexts of foods , music or dances , particularly in coastal towns with concentrations of descendants of Sub-Saharan Africans . Religion Religious affiliation in Puerto Rico ( 2014 ) Roman Catholic ( 56 % ) Protestant ( 33 % ) Other ( 3 % ) Irreligious ( 8 % ) The Roman Catholic Church was brought by Spanish colonists and gradually became the dominant religion in Puerto Rico . The first dioceses in the Americas , including that of Puerto Rico , were authorized by Pope Julius II in 1511 . One Pope , John Paul II , visited Puerto Rico in October 1984 . All municipalities in Puerto Rico have at least one Catholic church , most of which are located at the town center , or plaza . African slaves brought and maintained various ethnic African religious practices associated with different peoples ; in particular , the Yoruba beliefs of Santería and / or Ifá , and the Kongo - derived Palo Mayombe . Some aspects were absorbed into syncretic Christianity . Protestantism , which was suppressed under the Spanish Catholic regime , has slightly reemerged under United States rule , making contemporary Puerto Rico more interconfessional than in previous centuries , although Catholicism continues to be the dominant religion . The first Protestant church , Iglesia de la Santísima Trinidad , was established in Ponce by the Anglican Diocese of Antigua in 1872 . It was the first non-Roman Catholic Church in the entire Spanish Empire in the Americas . Pollster Pablo Ramos stated in 1998 that the population was 38 % Roman Catholic , 28 % Pentecostal , and 18 % were members of independent churches , which would give a Protestant percentage of 46 % if the last two populations are combined . Protestants collectively added up to almost two million people . Another researcher gave a more conservative assessment of the proportion of Protestants : Puerto Rico , by virtue of its long political association with the United States , is the most Protestant of Latin American countries , with a Protestant population of approximately 33 to 38 percent , the majority of whom are Pentecostal . David Stoll calculates that if we extrapolate the growth rates of evangelical churches from 1960 -- 1985 for another twenty - five years Puerto Rico will become 75 percent evangelical . ( Ana Adams : `` Brincando el Charco ... '' in Power , Politics and Pentecostals in Latin America , Edward Cleary , ed. , 1997 . p. 164 ) . The data provided for 2014 by Pew Research Center , is summarized in the chart to the right . An Associated Press article in March 2014 stated that `` more than 70 percent of whom identify themselves as Catholic '' but provided no source for this information . The CIA World Factbook reports that 85 % of the population of Puerto Rico identifies as Roman Catholic , while 15 % identify as Protestant and Other . Neither a date or a source for that information is provided and may not be recent . A 2013 Pew Research survey found that only about 45 % of Puerto Rican adults identified themselves as Catholic , 29 % as Protestant and 20 % as unaffiliated with a religion . The people surveyed by Pew consisted of Puerto Ricans living in the 50 states and DC and may not be indicative of those living in the Commonwealth . By 2014 , a Pew Research report , with the sub-title Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region , indicated that only 56 % of Puerto Ricans were Catholic and that 33 % were Protestant ; this survey was completed between October 2013 and February 2014 . An Eastern Orthodox community , the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos / St. Spyridon 's Church is located in Trujillo Alto , and serves the small Orthodox community . This affiliation accounted for under 1 % of the population in 2010 according to the Pew Research report . In 1940 , Juanita García Peraza founded the Mita Congregation , the first religion of Puerto Rican origin . Taíno religious practices have been rediscovered / reinvented to a degree by a handful of advocates . Similarly , some aspects of African religious traditions have been kept by some adherents . In 1952 , a handful of American Jews established the island 's first synagogue ; this religion accounts for under 1 % of the population in 2010 according to the Pew Research report . The synagogue , called Sha'are Zedeck , hired its first rabbi in 1954 . Puerto Rico has the largest Jewish community in the Caribbean , numbering 3000 people ( date not stated ) , and is the only Caribbean island in which the Conservative , Reform and Orthodox Jewish movements all are represented . In 2007 , there were about 5,000 Muslims in Puerto Rico , representing about 0.13 % of the population . Eight mosques are located throughout the island , with most Muslims living in Río Piedras and Caguas , most of these Muslims are of Palestinian and Jordanian descent . There is also a Bahá'í community on the island . In 2015 , the 25,832 Jehovah 's Witnesses represented about 0.70 % of the population , with 324 congregations . The Padmasambhava Buddhist Center , whose followers practice Tibetan Buddhism , as well as Nichiren Buddhism have branches in Puerto Rico . Roman Catholic Cathedral of San Juan Bautista . Anglican Iglesia Santísima Trinidad in Ponce Islamic Center at Ponce Inside Sha'are Zedeck in San Juan Government Main articles : Government of Puerto Rico and Politics of Puerto Rico Puerto Rico has 8 senatorial districts , 40 representative districts and 78 municipalities . It has a republican form of government with separation of powers subject to the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the United States . Its current powers are all delegated by the United States Congress and lack full protection under the United States Constitution . Puerto Rico 's head of state is the President of the United States . The government of Puerto Rico , based on the formal republican system , is composed of three branches : the executive , legislative , and judicial branch . The executive branch is headed by the governor , currently Ricky Rosselló . The legislative branch consists of a bicameral legislature called the Legislative Assembly , made up of a Senate as its upper chamber and a House of Representatives as its lower chamber . The Senate is headed by the President of the Senate , currently Thomas Rivera Schatz , while the House of Representatives is headed by the Speaker of the House , currently Johnny Méndez . The governor and legislators are elected by popular vote every four years with the last election held in November 2016 . The judicial branch is headed by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico , currently Maite Oronoz Rodríguez . Members of the judicial branch are appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of the Senate . Puerto Rico is represented in the United States Congress by a nonvoting delegate , the Resident Commissioner , currently Jenniffer González . Current congressional rules have removed the Commissioner 's power to vote in the Committee of the Whole , but the Commissioner can vote in committee . Puerto Rican elections are governed by the Federal Election Commission and the State Elections Commission of Puerto Rico . While residing in Puerto Rico , Puerto Ricans can not vote in U.S. presidential elections , but they can vote in primaries . Puerto Ricans who become residents of a U.S. state can vote in presidential elections . Puerto Rico hosts consulates from 41 countries , mainly from the Americas and Europe , with most located in San Juan . As an unincorporated territory of the United States , Puerto Rico does not have any first - order administrative divisions as defined by the U.S. government , but has 78 municipalities at the second level . Mona Island is not a municipality , but part of the municipality of Mayagüez . Municipalities are subdivided into wards or barrios , and those into sectors . Each municipality has a mayor and a municipal legislature elected for a four - year term . The municipality of San Juan ( previously called `` town '' ) , was founded first , in 1521 , San Germán in 1570 , Coamo in 1579 , Arecibo in 1614 , Aguada in 1692 and Ponce in 1692 . An increase of settlement saw the founding of 30 municipalities in the 18th century and 34 in the 19th . Six were founded in the 20th century ; the last was Florida in 1971 . Political parties and elections Main article : Political party strength in Puerto Rico The difference between the incumbent party , the PPD , and its opponent , the PNP , was a mere 0.6 % in the last election . This difference is common as the political landscape experiences political cycles between both parties , with the PPD ruling all branches of government for 36 of the past 64 years . The PNP , on the other hand , has ruled both the executive and legislative branch concurrently for 16 years . The other 12 years experienced a divided government . Since 1952 , Puerto Rico has had three main political parties : the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD in Spanish ) , the New Progressive Party ( PNP in Spanish ) and the Puerto Rican Independence Party ( PIP ) . The three parties stand for different political status . The PPD , for example , seeks to maintain the island 's status with the U.S. as a commonwealth , while the PNP , on the other hand , seeks to make Puerto Rico a state of the United States . The PIP , in contrast , seeks a complete separation from the United States by seeking to make Puerto Rico a sovereign nation . In terms of party strength , the PPD and PNP usually hold about 47 % of the vote each while the PIP holds only about 5 % . After 2007 , other parties emerged on the island . The first , the Puerto Ricans for Puerto Rico Party ( PPR in Spanish ) was registered that same year . The party claims that it seeks to address the islands ' problems from a status - neutral platform . But it ceased to remain as a registered party when it failed to obtain the required number of votes in the 2008 general election . Four years later , the 2012 election saw the emergence of the Movimiento Unión Soberanista ( MUS ; English : Sovereign Union Movement ) and the Partido del Pueblo Trabajador ( PPT ; English : Working People 's Party ) but none obtained more than 1 % of the vote . Other non-registered parties include the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party , the Socialist Workers Movement , and the Hostosian National Independence Movement . Law Main articles : Constitution of Puerto Rico and Law of Puerto Rico The insular legal system is a blend of civil law and the common law systems . Puerto Rico is the only current U.S. possession whose legal system operates primarily in a language other than American English : namely , Spanish . Because the U.S. federal government operates primarily in English , all Puerto Rican attorneys must be bilingual in order to litigate in English in U.S. federal courts , and litigate federal preemption issues in Puerto Rican courts . Title 48 of the United States Code outlines the role of the United States Code to United States territories and insular areas such as Puerto Rico . After the U.S. government assumed control of Puerto Rico in 1901 , it initiated legal reforms resulting in the adoption of codes of criminal law , criminal procedure , and civil procedure modeled after those then in effect in California . Although Puerto Rico has since followed the federal example of transferring criminal and civil procedure from statutory law to rules promulgated by the judiciary , several portions of its criminal law still reflect the influence of the California Penal Code . The judicial branch is headed by the Chief Justice of the Puerto Rico Supreme Court , which is the only appellate court required by the Constitution . All other courts are created by the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico . There is also a Federal District Court for Puerto Rico . Someone accused of a criminal act at the federal level may not be accused for the same act in a Commonwealth court , unlike a state court , since Puerto Rico as a territory lacks sovereignty separate from Congress as a state does . Such a parallel accusation would constitute double jeopardy . Political status Main articles : Political status of Puerto Rico and Proposed political status for Puerto Rico The nature of Puerto Rico 's political relationship with the U.S. is the subject of ongoing debate in Puerto Rico , the United States Congress , and the United Nations . Specifically , the basic question is whether Puerto Rico should remain a U.S. territory , become a U.S. state , or become an independent country . Within the United States The Capitol of Puerto Rico , home of the Legislative Assembly in Puerto Rico Constitutionally , Puerto Rico is subject to the plenary powers of the United States Congress under the territorial clause of Article IV of the U.S. Constitution . Laws enacted at the federal level in the United States apply to Puerto Rico as well , regardless of its political status . Their residents do not have voting representation in the U.S. Congress . Like the different states of the United States , Puerto Rico lacks `` the full sovereignty of an independent nation '' , for example , the power to manage its `` external relations with other nations '' , which is held by the U.S. federal government . The Supreme Court of the United States has indicated that once the U.S. Constitution has been extended to an area ( by Congress or the courts ) , its coverage is irrevocable . To hold that the political branches may switch the Constitution on or off at will would lead to a regime in which they , not this Court , say `` what the law is '' . Puerto Ricans `` were collectively made U.S. citizens '' in 1917 as a result of the Jones - Shafroth Act . U.S. citizens residing in Puerto Rico can not vote for the U.S. president , though both major parties , Republican and Democratic , run primary elections in Puerto Rico to send delegates to vote on a presidential candidate . Since Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory ( see above ) and not a U.S. state , the United States Constitution does not fully enfranchise U.S. citizens residing in Puerto Rico . Only fundamental rights under the American federal constitution and adjudications are applied to Puerto Ricans . Various other U.S. Supreme Court decisions have held which rights apply in Puerto Rico and which ones do not . Puerto Ricans have a long history of service in the U.S. Armed Forces and , since 1917 , they have been included in the U.S. compulsory draft whensoever it has been in effect . Though the Commonwealth government has its own tax laws , Puerto Ricans are also required to pay many kinds of U.S. federal taxes , not including the federal personal income tax for Puerto Rico - sourced income , but only under certain circumstances . In 2009 , Puerto Rico paid $3.742 billion into the U.S. Treasury . Residents of Puerto Rico pay into Social Security , and are thus eligible for Social Security benefits upon retirement . They are excluded from the Supplemental Security Income ( SSI ) , and the island actually receives a smaller fraction of the Medicaid funding it would receive if it were a U.S. state . Also , Medicare providers receive less - than - full state - like reimbursements for services rendered to beneficiaries in Puerto Rico , even though the latter paid fully into the system . While a state may try an individual for the same crime he / she was tried in federal court , this is not the case in Puerto Rico . Being a U.S. territory , Puerto Rico 's authority to enact a criminal code derives from Congress and not from local sovereignty as with the states . Thus , such a parallel accusation would constitute double jeopardy and is constitutionally impermissible . In 1992 , President George H.W. Bush issued a memorandum to heads of executive departments and agencies establishing the current administrative relationship between the federal government and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico . This memorandum directs all federal departments , agencies , and officials to treat Puerto Rico administratively as if it were a state , insofar as doing so would not disrupt federal programs or operations . Many federal executive branch agencies have significant presence in Puerto Rico , just as in any state , including the Federal Bureau of Investigation , Federal Emergency Management Agency , Transportation Security Administration , Social Security Administration , and others . While Puerto Rico has its own Commonwealth judicial system similar to that of a U.S. state , there is also a U.S. federal district court in Puerto Rico , and Puerto Ricans have served as judges in that Court and in other federal courts on the U.S. mainland regardless of their residency status at the time of their appointment . Sonia Sotomayor , a New Yorker of Puerto Rican descent , serves as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . Puerto Ricans have also been frequently appointed to high - level federal positions , including serving as United States Ambassadors to other nations . Foreign and intergovernmental relations This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Foreign and intergovernmental relations of Puerto Rico Puerto Rico is subject to the Commerce and Territorial Clause of the Constitution of the United States and , therefore , is restricted on how it can engage with other nations , sharing the opportunities and limitations that state governments have albeit not being one . As is the case with state governments , regardless , it has established several trade agreements with other nations , particularly with Hispanic American countries such as Colombia and Panamá . It has also established trade promotion offices in many foreign countries , all Spanish - speaking , and within the United States itself , which now include Spain , the Dominican Republic , Panama , Colombia , Washington , D.C. , New York City and Florida , and has included in the past offices in Chile , Costa Rica , and Mexico . Such agreements require permission from the U.S. Department of State ; most , are simply allowed by existing laws or trade treaties between the United States and other nations which supersede trade agreements pursued by Puerto Rico and different U.S. states . At the local level , Puerto Rico established by law that the international relations which states and territories are allowed to engage must be handled by the Department of State of Puerto Rico , an executive department , headed by the Secretary of State of Puerto Rico , who also serves as the territory 's lieutenant governor . It is also charged to liaise with general consuls and honorary consuls based in Puerto Rico . The Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration , along with the Office of the Resident Commissioner , manage all its intergovernmental affairs before entities of or in the United States ( including the federal government of the United States , local and state governments of the United States , and public or private entities in the United States ) . Both entities frequently assist the Department of State of Puerto Rico in engaging with Washington , D.C. - based ambassadors and federal agencies that handle Puerto Rico 's foreign affairs , such as the U.S. Department of State , the Agency for International Development , and others . The current Secretary of State is Víctor Suárez Meléndez from the Popular Democratic Party and member of the Democratic Party of the United States , while the current Director of the Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration is Juan Eugenio Hernández Mayoral also from the Popular Democratic and member of the Democratic Party . The Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico , the delegate elected by Puerto Ricans to represent them before the federal government , including the U.S. Congress , sits in the United States House of Representatives , serves and votes on congressional committees , and functions in every respect as a legislator except being denied a vote on the final disposition of legislation on the House floor , also engages in foreign affairs to the same extent as other members of Congress . The current Resident Commissioner is Pedro Pierluisi from the New Progressive Party and member of the Democratic Party of the United States . Many Puerto Ricans have served as United States ambassadors to different nations and international organizations , such as the Organization of American States , mostly but not exclusively in Latin America . For example , Maricarmen Aponte , a Puerto Rican and now an Acting Assistant Secretary of State , previously served as U.S. ambassador to El Salvador . Military Main article : Military of Puerto Rico As it is a territory of the United States of America , the defense of Puerto Rico is provided by the United States as part of the Treaty of Paris with the President of the United States as its commander - in - chief . Puerto Rico has its own Puerto Rico National Guard , and its own state defense force , the Puerto Rico State Guard , which by local law is under the authority of the Puerto Rico National Guard . The commander - in - chief of both local forces is the governor of Puerto Rico who delegates his authority to the Puerto Rico Adjutant General , currently Brigadier General Isabelo Rivera . The Adjutant General , in turn , delegates the authority over the State Guard to another officer but retains the authority over the Puerto Rico National Guard as a whole . U.S. military installations in Puerto Rico ( including the United States Virgin Islands ) throughout the 20th century U.S. military installations in Puerto Rico were part of the U.S. Atlantic Command ( LANTCOM after 1993 USACOM ) , which had authority over all U.S. military operations that took place throughout the Atlantic . Puerto Rico had been seen as crucial in supporting LANTCOM 's mission until 1999 , when U.S. Atlantic Command was renamed and given a new mission as United States Joint Forces Command . Puerto Rico is currently under the responsibility of United States Northern Command . Both the Naval Forces Caribbean ( NFC ) and the Fleet Air Caribbean ( FAIR ) were formerly based at the Roosevelt Roads Naval Station . The NFC had authority over all U.S. Naval activity in the waters of the Caribbean while FAIR had authority over all U.S. military flights and air operations over the Caribbean . With the closing of the Roosevelt Roads and Vieques Island training facilities , the U.S. Navy has basically exited from Puerto Rico , except for the ships that steam by , and the only significant military presence in the island is the U.S. Army at Ft Buchanan , the Puerto Rican Army and Air National Guards , and the U.S. Coast Guard . Protests over the noise of bombing practice forced the closure of the naval base . This resulted in a loss of 6,000 jobs and an annual decrease in local income of $300 million . A branch of the U.S. Army National Guard is stationed in Puerto Rico -- known as the Puerto Rico Army National Guard -- which performs missions equivalent to those of the Army National Guards of the different states of the United States , including ground defense , disaster relief , and control of civil unrest . The local National Guard also incorporates a branch of the U.S. Air National Guard -- known as the Puerto Rico Air National Guard -- which performs missions equivalent to those of the Air National Guards of each one of the U.S. states . Ohio - class ballistic missile submarine USS Maryland , Roosevelt Roads Naval Station , 1997 At different times in the 20th century , the U.S. had about 25 military or naval installations in Puerto Rico , some very small ones , as well as large installations . The largest of these installations were the former Roosevelt Roads Naval Station in Ceiba , the Atlantic Fleet Weapons Training Facility ( AFWTF ) on Vieques , the National Guard training facility at Camp Santiago in Salinas , Fort Allen in Juana Diaz , the Army 's Fort Buchanan in San Juan , the former U.S. Air Force Ramey Air Force Base in Aguadilla , and the Puerto Rico Air National Guard at Muñiz Air Force base in San Juan . The former U.S. Navy facilities at Roosevelt Roads , Vieques , and Sabana Seca have been deactivated and partially turned over to the local government . Other than U.S. Coast Guard and Puerto Rico National Guard facilities , there are only two remaining military installations in Puerto Rico : the U.S. Army 's small Ft. Buchanan ( supporting local veterans and reserve units ) and the PRANG ( Puerto Rico Air National Guard ) Muñiz Air Base ( the C - 130 Fleet ) . In recent years , the U.S. Congress has considered their deactivations , but these have been opposed by diverse public and private entities in Puerto Rico -- such as retired military who rely on Ft. Buchanan for the services available there . Puerto Ricans have participated in many of the military conflicts in which the United States has been involved . For example , they participated in the American Revolution , when volunteers from Puerto Rico , Cuba , and Mexico fought the British in 1779 under the command of General Bernardo de Gálvez ( 1746 -- 1786 ) , and have continued to participate up to the present - day conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan . A significant number of Puerto Ricans participate as members and work for the U.S. Armed Services , largely as National Guard members and civilian employees . The size of the overall military - related community in Puerto Rico is estimated to be 100,000 individuals . This includes retired personnel . Fort Buchanan has about 4,000 military and civilian personnel . In addition , approximately 17,000 people are members of the Puerto Rico Army and Air National Guards , or the U.S. Reserve forces . Puerto Rican soldiers have served in every U.S. military conflict from World War I to the current military engagement known by the United States and its allies as the War against Terrorism . The 65th Infantry Regiment , nicknamed `` The Borinqueneers '' from the original Taíno name of the island ( Borinquen ) , is a Puerto Rican regiment of the United States Army . The regiment 's motto is Honor et Fidelitas , Latin for Honor and Fidelity . The 65th Infantry Regiment participated in World War I , World War II , the Korean War , and the War on Terror and in 2014 was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal , presented by President Barack Obama , for its heroism during the Korean War . Administrative divisions Main article : Municipalities of Puerto Rico There are no counties , as there are in 48 of the 50 United States . There are 78 municipalities . Municipalities are subdivided into barrios , and those into sectors . Each municipality has a mayor and a municipal legislature elected to four - year terms . A map of Puerto Rico showing its municipalities Economy Main articles : Economy of Puerto Rico and Puerto Rico government - debt crisis Puerto Rico 's gross domestic product ( GDP ) by economic sector The economy of Puerto Rico is classified as a high income economy by the World Bank and as the most competitive economy in Latin America by the World Economic Forum but Puerto Rico currently has a public debt of $72.204 billion ( equivalent to 103 % of GNP ) , and a government deficit of $2.5 billion . According to World Bank , gross national income per capita of Puerto Rico in 2013 is $23,830 ( PPP , International Dollars ) , ranked as 63rd among all sovereign and dependent territories entities in the world . Its economy is mainly driven by manufacturing ( primarily pharmaceuticals , textiles , petrochemicals and electronics ) followed by the service industry ( primarily finance , insurance , real estate and tourism ) . In recent years , the territory has also become a popular destination for MICE ( meetings , incentives , conferencing , exhibitions ) , with a modern convention centre district overlooking the Port of San Juan . The geography of Puerto Rico and its political status are both determining factors on its economic prosperity , primarily due to its relatively small size as an island ; its lack of natural resources used to produce raw materials , and , consequently , its dependence on imports ; as well as its territorial status with the United States , which controls its foreign policy while exerting trading restrictions , particularly in its shipping industry . Puerto Rico experienced a recession from 2006 to 2011 , interrupted by 4 quarters of economic growth , and entered into recession again in 2013 , following growing fiscal imbalance and the expiration of the IRS Section 936 corporate incentives that the U.S. Internal Revenue Code had applied to Puerto Rico . This IRS section was critical to the economy , as it established tax exemptions for U.S. corporations that settled in Puerto Rico , and allowed their insular subsidiaries to send their earnings to the parent corporation at any time , without paying federal tax on corporate income . Puerto Rico has surprisingly been able to maintain a relatively low inflation in the past decade while maintaining a purchasing power parity per capita higher than 80 % of the rest of the world . Academically , most of Puerto Rico 's economic woes stem from federal regulations that expired , have been repealed , or no longer apply to Puerto Rico ; its inability to become self - sufficient and self - sustainable throughout history ; its highly politicized public policy which tends to change whenever a political party gains power ; as well as its highly inefficient local government which has accrued a public debt equal to 68 % of its gross domestic product throughout time . In comparison to the different states of the United States , Puerto Rico is poorer than Mississippi ( the poorest state of the U.S. ) with 41 % of its population below the poverty line . When compared to Latin America , Puerto Rico has the highest GDP per capita in the region . Its main trading partners are the United States itself , Ireland , and Japan , with most products coming from East Asia , mainly from China , Hong Kong , and Taiwan . At a global scale , Puerto Rico 's dependency on oil for transportation and electricity generation , as well as its dependency on food imports and raw materials , makes Puerto Rico volatile and highly reactive to changes in the world economy and climate . Puerto Rico 's agricultural sector represents less than 1 % of GNP . Heavy debt load In early 2017 , the Puerto Rican government - debt crisis posed serious problems for the government which was saddled with outstanding bond debt that had climbed to $70 billion at a time with a 45 percent poverty rate and 12.4 % unemployment that is more than twice the mainland U.S. average . The debt had been increasing during a decade long recession . The Commonwealth had been defaulting on many debts , including bonds , since 2015 . With debt payments due , the Governor was facing the risk of a government shutdown and failure to fund the managed health care system . `` Without action before April , Puerto Rico 's ability to execute contracts for Fiscal Year 2018 with its managed care organizations will be threatened , thereby putting at risk beginning July 1 , 2017 the health care of up to 900,000 poor U.S. citizens living in Puerto Rico '' , according to a letter sent to Congress by the Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of Health and Human Services . They also said that `` Congress must enact measures recommended by both Republicans and Democrats that fix Puerto Rico 's inequitable health care financing structure and promote sustained economic growth . '' Initially , the oversight board created under PROMESA called for Puerto Rico 's governor Ricardo Rosselló to deliver a fiscal turnaround plan by January 28 . Just before that deadline , the control board gave the Commonwealth government until February 28 to present a fiscal plan ( including negotiations with creditors for restructuring debt ) to solve the problems . A moratorium on lawsuits by debtors was extended to May 31 . It is essential for Puerto Rico to reach restructuring deals to avoid a bankruptcy - like process under PROMESA . An internal survey conducted by the Puerto Rican Economists Association revealed that the majority of Puerto Rican economists reject the policy recommendations of the Board and the Rosselló government , with more than 80 % of economists arguing in favor of auditing the debt . In early August 2017 , the island 's financial oversight board ( created by PROMESA ) planned to institute two days off without pay per month for government employees , down from the original plan of four days per month ; the latter had been expected to achieve $218 million in savings . Governor Rossello rejected this plan as unjustified and unnecessary . Pension reforms were also discussed including a proposal for a 10 % reduction in benefits to begin addressing the $50 billion in unfunded pension liabilities . Public finances Main articles : Puerto Rico government - debt crisis , Budget of the Government of Puerto Rico , and public debt of Puerto Rico Puerto Rico has an operating budget of about U.S. $9.8 billion with expenses at about $10.4 billion , creating a structural deficit of $775 million ( about 7.9 % of the budget ) . The practice of approving budgets with a structural deficit has been done for 18 consecutive years starting in 2000 . Throughout those years , including present time , all budgets contemplated issuing bonds to cover these projected deficits rather than making structural adjustments . This practice increased Puerto Rico 's cumulative debt , as the government had already been issuing bonds to balance its actual budget for four decades since 1973 . The 2012 Budget of the Government of Puerto Rico Projected deficits added substantial burdens to an already indebted nation which accrued a public debt of $71 B or about 70 % of Puerto Rico 's gross domestic product . This sparked an ongoing government - debt crisis after Puerto Rico 's general obligation bonds were downgraded to speculative non-investment grade ( `` junk status '' ) by three credit rating agencies . In terms of financial control , almost 9.6 % -- or about $1.5 billion -- of Puerto Rico 's central government budget expenses for FY2014 is expected to be spent on debt service . Harsher budget cuts are expected as Puerto Rico must now repay larger chunks of debts in the following years . For practical reasons the budget is divided into two aspects : a `` general budget '' which comprises the assignments funded exclusively by the Department of Treasury of Puerto Rico , and the `` consolidated budget '' which comprises the assignments funded by the general budget , by Puerto Rico 's government - owned corporations , by revenue expected from loans , by the sale of government bonds , by subsidies extended by the federal government of the United States , and by other funds . Both budgets contrast each other drastically , with the consolidated budget being usually thrice the size of the general budget ; currently $29 B and $9.0 B respectively . Almost one out of every four dollars in the consolidated budget comes from U.S. federal subsidies while government - owned corporations compose more than 31 % of the consolidated budget . The critical aspects come from the sale of bonds , which comprise 7 % of the consolidated budget -- a ratio that increased annually due to the government 's inability to prepare a balanced budget in addition to being incapable of generating enough income to cover all its expenses . In particular , the government - owned corporations add a heavy burden to the overall budget and public debt , as none is self - sufficient . For example , in FY2011 the government - owned corporations reported aggregated losses of more than $1.3 B with the Puerto Rico Highways and Transportation Authority ( PRHTA ) reporting losses of $409 M , the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority ( PREPA ; the government monopoly that controls all electricity on the island ) reporting losses of $272 M , while the Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewers Authority ( PRASA ; the government monopoly that controls all water utilities on the island ) reported losses of $112 M . Losses by government - owned corporations have been defrayed through the issuance of bonds compounding more than 40 % of Puerto Rico 's entire public debt today . Holistically , from FY2000 -- FY2010 Puerto Rico 's debt grew at a compound annual growth rate ( CAGR ) of 9 % while GDP remained stagnant . This has not always provided a long - term solution . In early July 2017 for example , the PREPA power authority was effectively bankrupt after defaulting in a plan to restructure $9 billion in bond debt ; the agency planned to seek Court protection . In terms of protocol , the governor , together with the Puerto Rico Office of Management and Budget ( OGP in Spanish ) , formulates the budget he believes is required to operate all government branches for the ensuing fiscal year . He then submits this formulation as a budget request to the Puerto Rican legislature before July 1 , the date established by law as the beginning of Puerto Rico 's fiscal year . While the constitution establishes that the request must be submitted `` at the beginning of each regular session '' , the request is typically submitted during the first week of May as the regular sessions of the legislature begin in January and it would be impractical to submit a request so far in advance . Once submitted , the budget is then approved by the legislature , typically with amendments , through a joint resolution and is referred back to the governor for his approval . The governor then either approves it or vetoes it . If vetoed the legislature can then either refer it back with amendments for the governor 's approval , or approve it without the governor 's consent by two - thirds of the bodies of each chamber . Once the budget is approved , the Department of Treasury disburses funds to the Office of Management and Budget which in turn disburses the funds to the respective agencies , while the Puerto Rico Government Development Bank ( the government 's intergovernmental bank ) manages all related banking affairs including those related to the government - owned corporations . Cost of living A map of Jones Act carrier routes for Puerto Rico The cost of living in Puerto Rico is high and has increased over the past decade . San Juan 's in particular is higher than Atlanta , Dallas , and Seattle but lower than Boston , Chicago , and New York City . One factor is housing prices which are comparable to Miami and Los Angeles , although property taxes are considerably lower than most places in the United States . Statistics used for cost of living sometimes do not take into account certain costs , such as the high cost of electricity , which has hovered in the 24 ¢ to 30 ¢ range per kilowatt / hour , two to three times the national average , increased travel costs for longer flights , additional shipping fees , and the loss of promotional participation opportunities for customers `` outside the continental United States '' . While some online stores do offer free shipping on orders to Puerto Rico , many merchants exclude Hawaii , Alaska , Puerto Rico and other United States territories . The household median income is stated as $19,350 and the mean income as $30,463 in the U.S. Census Bureau 's 2015 update . The report also indicates that 45.5 % of individuals are below the poverty level . The median home value in Puerto Rico ranges from U.S. $100,000 to U.S. $214,000 , while the national median home value sits at $119,600 . One of the most cited contributors to the high cost of living in Puerto Rico is the Merchant Marine Act of 1920 , also known as the Jones Act , which prevents foreign - flagged ships from carrying cargo between two American ports , a practice known as cabotage . Because of the Jones Act , foreign ships inbound with goods from Central and South America , Western Europe , and Africa can not stop in Puerto Rico , offload Puerto Rico - bound goods , load mainland - bound Puerto Rico - manufactured goods , and continue to U.S. ports . Instead , they must proceed directly to U.S. ports , where distributors break bulk and send Puerto Rico - bound manufactured goods to Puerto Rico across the ocean by U.S. - flagged ships . The local government of Puerto Rico has requested several times to the U.S. Congress to exclude Puerto Rico from the Jones Act restrictions without success . The most recent measure has been taken by the 17th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico through R. Conc . del S. 21 . These measures have always received support from all the major local political parties . In 2013 the Government Accountability Office published a report which concluded that `` repealing or amending the Jones Act cabotage law might cut Puerto Rico shipping costs '' and that `` shippers believed that opening the trade to non-U.S. - flag competition could lower costs '' . However , the same GAO report also found that `` ( shippers ) doing business in Puerto Rico that GAO contacted reported that the freight rates are often -- although not always -- lower for foreign carriers going to and from Puerto Rico and foreign locations than the rates shippers pay to ship similar cargo to and from the United States , despite longer distances . Data were not available to allow us to validate the examples given or verify the extent to which this difference occurred . '' Ultimately , the report concluded that `` ( the ) effects of modifying the application of the Jones Act for Puerto Rico are highly uncertain '' for both Puerto Rico and the United States , particularly for the U.S. shipping industry and the military preparedness of the United States . Education Main article : Education in Puerto Rico The first school in Puerto Rico was the Escuela de Gramática ( Grammar School ) . It was established by Bishop Alonso Manso in 1513 , in the area where the Cathedral of San Juan was to be constructed . The school was free of charge and the courses taught were Latin language , literature , history , science , art , philosophy and theology . Education in Puerto Rico is divided in three levels -- Primary ( elementary school grades 1 -- 6 ) , Secondary ( intermediate and high school grades 7 -- 12 ) , and Higher Level ( undergraduate and graduate studies ) . As of 2002 , the literacy rate of the Puerto Rican population was 94.1 % ; by gender , it was 93.9 % for males and 94.4 % for females . According to the 2000 Census , 60.0 % of the population attained a high school degree or higher level of education , and 18.3 % has a bachelor 's degree or higher . Instruction at the primary school level is compulsory between the ages of 5 and 18 . As of 2010 , there are 1539 public schools and 806 private schools . The largest and oldest university system is the public University of Puerto Rico ( UPR ) with 11 campuses . The largest private university systems on the island are the Sistema Universitario Ana G. Mendez which operates the Universidad del Turabo , Metropolitan University and Universidad del Este . Other private universities include the multi-campus Inter American University , the Pontifical Catholic University , Universidad Politécnica de Puerto Rico , and the Universidad del Sagrado Corazón . Puerto Rico has four schools of Medicine and three ABA - approved Law Schools . Public health and safety As of 2015 medical care in Puerto Rico had been heavily impacted by emigration of doctors to the mainland and underfunding of the Medicare and Medicaid programs which serve 60 % of the island 's population . Affordable medical insurance under the Affordable Care Act is not available in Puerto Rico as , since Puerto Ricans pay no income tax , no subsidies are available . The city of San Juan has a system of triage , hospital , and preventive care health services . The municipal government sponsors regular health fairs in different areas of the city focusing on health care for the elderly and the disabled . In 2017 , there were 69 hospitals in Puerto Rico . There are twenty hospitals in San Juan , half of which are operated by the government . The largest hospital is the Centro Médico de Río Piedras ( the Río Piedras Medical Center ) . Founded in 1956 , it is operated by the Medical Services Administration of the Department of Health of Puerto Rico , and is actually a network of eight hospitals : San Juan Municipal Hospital : This hospital is operated by the San Juan municipal government . Industrial Hospital : This is the hospital for Puerto Rico government employees , whether municipal or Commonwealth government employees . Normally , injured police officers and firefighters are cared for here . San Juan Pediatric Hospital -- Also operated by the San Juan municipal government . Pediatric Hospital : Operated by the government of the Commonwealth , this is the main trauma hospital for pediatric cases . Centro Medico Emergency Room : This is the main hospital for trauma cases for Puerto Rico and the Caribbean . Centro Cardiovascular del Caribe ( Caribbean Cardiovascular Center ) : This is the main hospital for open heart surgery in the Caribbean . It features a hotel for the patients ' families . Psychiatric Hospital : The main psychiatric hospital in Puerto Rico . Operated by the government of Puerto Rico . Psychiatric Correctional Hospital : It is both a hospital and correctional facility . It is operated jointly by the Puerto Rico Department of Corrections and the Medical Services Administration . The city of San Juan operates nine other hospitals . Of these , eight are Diagnostic and Treatment Centers located in communities throughout San Juan . These nine hospitals are : La Perla Puerta de Tierra Llorens Torres Puerto Nuevo San José Río Piedras Sabana Llana Hoare Santurce Parada 19 There are also ten private hospitals in San Juan . These are : Hospital Metropilitano Hospital Auxilio Mutuo Hospital Auxilio Mutuo Expreso Hospital de Veteranos : The main Veterans hospital in the Caribbean . Operated by the U.S. Veteran Healthcare System . Ashford Presbyterian Hospital Hospital Pavia Hato Rey Hospital Pavia Santurce San Jorge Children 's Hospital : The most well known children 's hospital in the San Juan Metropolitan Area . Hospital San Gerardo : Located at the Cupey neighborhood , is a small hospital but is also specialized in psychiatry and elderly . Hospital del Maestro ( Teachers Hospital ) : Located in Hato Rey , this hospital is operated by the Puerto Rico Teachers Association . The city of Ponce is served by several clinics and hospitals . There are four comprehensive care hospitals : Hospital Dr. Pila , Hospital San Cristobal , Hospital San Lucas , and Hospital de Damas . In addition , Hospital Oncológico Andrés Grillasca specializes in the treatment of cancer , and Hospital Siquiátrico specializes in mental disorders . There is also a U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Outpatient Clinic that provides health services to U.S. veterans . The U.S. Veterans Administration will build a new hospital in the city to satisfy regional needs . Hospital de Damas is listed in the U.S. News & World Report as one of the best hospitals under the U.S. flag . Ponce has the highest concentration of medical infrastructure per inhabitant of any municipality in Puerto Rico . On the island of Culebra , there is a small hospital in the island called Hospital de Culebra . It also offers pharmacy services to residents and visitors . For emergencies , patients are transported by plane to Fajardo on the main island . The town of Caguas has three hospitals : Hospital Hima San Pablo , Menonita Caguas Regional Hospital , and the San Juan Bautista Medical Center . The town of Cayey is served by the Hospital Menonita de Cayey , and the Hospital Municipal de Cayey . Reforma de Salud de Puerto Rico ( Puerto Rico Health Reform ) -- locally referred to as La Reforma ( The Reform ) -- is a government - run program which provides medical and health care services to the indigent and impoverished , by means of contracting private health insurance companies , rather than employing government - owned hospitals and emergency centers . The Reform is administered by the Puerto Rico Health Insurance Administration . Crime See also : Illegal drugs in Puerto Rico The overall rate of crime is low in Puerto Rico . The territory has a high firearm homicide rate . The homicide rate of 19.2 per 100,000 inhabitants was significantly higher than any U.S. state in 2014 . Most homicide victims are gang members and drug traffickers with about 80 % of homicides in Puerto Rico being drug related . Culture Main article : Culture of Puerto Rico Modern Puerto Rican culture is a unique mix of cultural antecedents : including European ( predominantly Spanish , Italian , French , German and Irish ) , African , and , more recently , some North American and lots of South Americans . A large number of Cubans and Dominicans have relocated to the island in the past few decades . From the Spanish , Puerto Rico received the Spanish language , the Catholic religion and the vast majority of their cultural and moral values and traditions . The United States added English - language influence , the university system and the adoption of some holidays and practices . On March 12 , 1903 , the University of Puerto Rico was officially founded , branching out from the `` Escuela Normal Industrial '' , a smaller organization that was founded in Fajardo three years before . Much of Puerto Rican culture centers on the influence of music and has been shaped by other cultures combining with local and traditional rhythms . Early in the history of Puerto Rican music , the influences of Spanish and African traditions were most noticeable . The cultural movements across the Caribbean and North America have played a vital role in the more recent musical influences which have reached Puerto Rico . The official symbols of Puerto Rico are the reinita mora or Puerto Rican spindalis ( a type of bird ) , the flor de maga ( a type of flower ) , and the ceiba or kapok ( a type of tree ) . The unofficial animal and a symbol of Puerto Rican pride is the coquí , a small frog . Other popular symbols of Puerto Rico are the jíbaro ( the `` countryman '' ) , and the carite . Architecture Main article : Architecture of Puerto Rico The architecture of Puerto Rico demonstrates a broad variety of traditions , styles and national influences accumulated over four centuries of Spanish rule , and a century of American rule . Spanish colonial architecture , Ibero - Islamic , art deco , post-modern , and many other architectural forms are visible throughout the island . From town to town , there are also many regional distinctions . Old San Juan Old San Juan is one of the two barrios , in addition to Santurce , that made up the municipality of San Juan from 1864 to 1951 , at which time the former independent municipality of Río Piedras was annexed . With its abundance of shops , historic places , museums , open air cafés , restaurants , gracious homes , tree - shaded plazas , and its old beauty and architectonical peculiarity , Old San Juan is a main spot for local and internal tourism . The district is also characterized by numerous public plazas and churches including San José Church and the Cathedral of San Juan Bautista , which contains the tomb of the Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León . It also houses the oldest Catholic school for elementary education in Puerto Rico , the Colegio de Párvulos , built in 1865 . The oldest parts of the district of Old San Juan remain partly enclosed by massive walls . Several defensive structures and notable forts , such as the emblematic Fort San Felipe del Morro , Fort San Cristóbal , and El Palacio de Santa Catalina , also known as La Fortaleza , acted as the primary defenses of the settlement which was subjected to numerous attacks . La Fortaleza continues to serve also as the executive mansion for the Governor of Puerto Rico . Many of the historic fortifications are part of San Juan National Historic Site . During the 1940s , sections of Old San Juan fell into disrepair , and many renovation plans were suggested . There was even a strong push to develop Old San Juan as a `` small Manhattan '' . Strict remodeling codes were implemented to prevent new constructions from affecting the common colonial Spanish architectural themes of the old city . When a project proposal suggested that the old Carmelite Convent in San Juan be demolished to erect a new hotel , the Institute had the building declared as a historic building , and then asked that it be converted to a hotel in a renewed facility . This was what became the Hotel El Convento in Old San Juan . The paradigm to reconstruct and renovate the old city and revitalize it has been followed by other cities in the Americas , particularly Havana , Lima and Cartagena de Indias . Ponce Creole is an architectural style created in Ponce , Puerto Rico , in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . This style of Puerto Rican buildings is found predominantly in residential homes in Ponce that developed between 1895 and 1920 . Ponce Creole architecture borrows heavily from the traditions of the French , the Spaniards , and the Caribbean to create houses that were especially built to withstand the hot and dry climate of the region , and to take advantage of the sun and sea breezes characteristic of the southern Puerto Rico 's Caribbean Sea coast . It is a blend of wood and masonry , incorporating architectural elements of other styles , from Classical revival and Spanish Revival to Victorian . Arts Main article : Puerto Rican art Puerto Rican art reflects many influences , much from its ethnically diverse background . A form of folk art , called santos evolved from the Catholic Church 's use of sculptures to convert indigenous Puerto Ricans to Christianity . Santos depict figures of saints and other religious icons and are made from native wood , clay , and stone . After shaping simple , they are often finished by painting them in vivid colors . Santos vary in size , with the smallest examples around eight inches tall and the largest about twenty inches tall . Traditionally , santos were seen as messengers between the earth and Heaven . As such , they occupied a special place on household altars , where people prayed to them , asked for help , or tried to summon their protection . Also popular , caretas or vejigantes are masks worn during carnivals . Similar masks signifying evil spirits were used in both Spain and Africa , though for different purposes . The Spanish used their masks to frighten lapsed Christians into returning to the church , while tribal Africans used them as protection from the evil spirits they represented . True to their historic origins Puerto Rican caretas always bear at least several horns and fangs . While usually constructed of papier - mâché , coconut shells and fine metal screening are sometimes used as well . Red and black were the typical colors for caretas but their palette has expanded to include a wide variety of bright hues and patterns . Literature Main article : Puerto Rican literature Eugenio María de Hostos Puerto Rican literature evolved from the art of oral story telling to its present - day status . Written works by the native islanders of Puerto Rico were prohibited and repressed by the Spanish colonial government . Only those who were commissioned by the Spanish Crown to document the chronological history of the island were allowed to write . Diego de Torres Vargas was allowed to circumvent this strict prohibition for three reasons : he was a priest , he came from a prosperous Spanish family , and his father was a Sergeant Major in the Spanish Army , who died while defending Puerto Rico from an invasion by the Dutch armada . In 1647 , Torres Vargas wrote Descripción de la Ciudad e Isla de Puerto Rico ( `` Description of the Island and City of Puerto Rico '' ) . This historical book was the first to make a detailed geographic description of the island . The book described all the fruits and commercial establishments of the time , mostly centered in the towns of San Juan and Ponce . The book also listed and described every mine , church , and hospital in the island at the time . The book contained notices on the State and Capital , plus an extensive and erudite bibliography . Descripción de la Ciudad e Isla de Puerto Rico was the first successful attempt at writing a comprehensive history of Puerto Rico . Some of Puerto Rico 's earliest writers were influenced by the teachings of Rafael Cordero . Among these was Dr. Manuel A. Alonso , the first Puerto Rican writer of notable importance . In 1849 he published El Gíbaro , a collection of verses whose main themes were the poor Puerto Rican country farmer . Eugenio María de Hostos wrote La peregrinación de Bayoán in 1863 , which used Bartolomé de las Casas as a spring board to reflect on Caribbean identity . After this first novel , Hostos abandoned fiction in favor of the essay which he saw as offering greater possibilities for inspiring social change . In the late 19th century , with the arrival of the first printing press and the founding of the Royal Academy of Belles Letters , Puerto Rican literature began to flourish . The first writers to express their political views in regard to Spanish colonial rule of the island were journalists . After the United States invaded Puerto Rico during the Spanish -- American War and the island was ceded to the Americans as a condition of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 , writers and poets began to express their opposition to the new colonial rule by writing about patriotic themes . Alejandro Tapia y Rivera , also known as the Father of Puerto Rican Literature , ushered in a new age of historiography with the publication of The Historical Library of Puerto Rico . Cayetano Coll y Toste was another Puerto Rican historian and writer . His work The Indo - Antillano Vocabulary is valuable in understanding the way the Taínos lived . Dr. Manuel Zeno Gandía in 1894 wrote La Charca and told about the harsh life in the remote and mountainous coffee regions in Puerto Rico . Dr. Antonio S. Pedreira , described in his work Insularismo the cultural survival of the Puerto Rican identity after the American invasion . With the Puerto Rican diaspora of the 1940s , Puerto Rican literature was greatly influenced by a phenomenon known as the Nuyorican Movement . Puerto Rican literature continued to flourish and many Puerto Ricans have since distinguished themselves as authors , journalists , poets , novelists , playwrights , screenwriters , essayists and have also stood out in other literary fields . The influence of Puerto Rican literature has transcended the boundaries of the island to the United States and the rest of the world . Over the past fifty years , significant writers include Ed Vega , Luis Rafael Sánchez , Piri Thomas , Giannina Braschi , and Miguel Piñero . Esmeralda Santiago has written an autobiographical trilogy about growing up in modern Puerto Rico as well as an historical novel , Conquistadora , about life on a sugar plantation during the mid-19th century . Media Main article : Media in Puerto Rico The media in Puerto Rico includes local radio stations , television stations and newspapers , the majority of which are conducted in Spanish . There are also three stations of the U.S. Armed Forces Radio and Television Service . Newspapers with daily distribution are El Nuevo Dia , El Vocero and Indice , Metro , and Primera Hora . El Vocero is distributed free of charge as well as Indice and Metro . Newspapers distributed on a weekly or regional basis include Claridad , La Perla del Sur , La Opinion , Vision , and La Estrella del Norte , among others . Several television channels provide local content in the island . These include WIPR - TV , Telemundo , Univision Puerto Rico , WAPA - TV , and WKAQ - TV . Music Main article : Music of Puerto Rico Play media A dancer performs typical bomba choreography . The music of Puerto Rico has evolved as a heterogeneous and dynamic product of diverse cultural resources . The most conspicuous musical sources have been Spain and West Africa , although many aspects of Puerto Rican music reflect origins elsewhere in Europe and the Caribbean and , over the last century , from the U.S. Puerto Rican music culture today comprises a wide and rich variety of genres , ranging from indigenous genres like bomba , plena , aguinaldo , danza and salsa to recent hybrids like reggaeton . Puerto Rico has some national instruments , like the Cuatro ( Spanish for Four ) . The cuatro is a local instrument that was made by the `` Jibaro '' or people from the mountains . Originally , the Cuatro consisted of four steel strings , hence its name , but currently the Cuatro consists of five double steel strings . It is easily confused with a guitar , even by locals . When held upright , from right to left , the strings are G , D , A , E , B . In the realm of classical music , the island hosts two main orchestras , the Orquesta Sinfónica de Puerto Rico and the Orquesta Filarmónica de Puerto Rico . The Casals Festival takes place annually in San Juan , drawing in classical musicians from around the world . With respect to opera , the legendary Puerto Rican tenor Antonio Paoli was so celebrated , that he performed private recitals for Pope Pius X and the Czar Nicholas II of Russia . In 1907 , Paoli was the first operatic artist in world history to record an entire opera -- when he participated in a performance of Pagliacci by Ruggiero Leoncavallo in Milan , Italy . Over the past fifty years , Puerto Rican artists such as Jorge Emmanuelli , Yomo Toro , Ramito , Jose Feliciano , Bobby Capo , Rafael Cortijo , Ismael Rivera , Chayanne , Tito Puente , Eddie Palmieri , Ray Barreto , Dave Valentin , Omar Rodríguez - López , Hector Lavoe , Ricky Martin , Marc Anthony and Luis Fonsi have gained fame internationally . Cuisine Main article : Puerto Rican cuisine Cuchifritos ( Carnitas ) in New York Puerto Rican cuisine has its roots in the cooking traditions and practices of Europe ( Spain ) , Africa and the native Taínos . In the latter part of the 19th century , the cuisine of Puerto Rico was greatly influenced by the United States in the ingredients used in its preparation . Puerto Rican cuisine has transcended the boundaries of the island , and can be found in several countries outside the archipelago . Basic ingredients include grains and legumes , herbs and spices , starchy tropical tubers , vegetables , meat and poultry , seafood and shellfish , and fruits . Main dishes include mofongo , arroz con gandules , pasteles , alcapurrias and pig roast ( or lechón ) . Beverages include maví and piña colada . Desserts include flan , arroz con dulce ( sweet rice pudding ) , piraguas , brazo gitanos , tembleque , polvorones , and dulce de leche . Locals call their cuisine cocina criolla . The traditional Puerto Rican cuisine was well established by the end of the 19th century . By 1848 the first restaurant , La Mallorquina , opened in Old San Juan . El Cocinero Puertorriqueño , the island 's first cookbook was published in 1849 . Plantain `` arañitas '' and `` tostones rellenos '' From the diet of the Taíno people come many tropical roots and tubers like yautía ( taro ) and especially Yuca ( cassava ) , from which thin cracker - like casabe bread is made . Ajicito or cachucha pepper , a slightly hot habanero pepper , recao / culantro ( spiny leaf ) , achiote ( annatto ) , peppers , ají caballero ( the hottest pepper native to Puerto Rico ) , peanuts , guavas , pineapples , jicacos ( cocoplum ) , quenepas ( mamoncillo ) , lerenes ( Guinea arrowroot ) , calabazas ( tropical pumpkins ) , and guanabanas ( soursops ) are all Taíno foods . The Taínos also grew varieties of beans and some maize / corn , but maize was not as dominant in their cooking as it was for the peoples living on the mainland of Mesoamerica . This is due to the frequent hurricanes that Puerto Rico experiences , which destroy crops of maize , leaving more safeguarded plants like conucos ( hills of yuca grown together ) . Spanish / European influence is also seen in Puerto Rican cuisine . Wheat , chickpeas ( garbanzos ) , capers , olives , olive oil , black pepper , onions , garlic , cilantrillo ( cilantro ) , oregano , basil , sugarcane , citrus fruit , eggplant , ham , lard , chicken , beef , pork , and cheese all came to Borikén ( Puerto Rico 's native Taino name ) from Spain . The tradition of cooking complex stews and rice dishes in pots such as rice and beans are also thought to be originally European ( much like Italians , Spaniards , and the British ) . Early Dutch , French , Italian , and Chinese immigrants influenced not only the culture but Puerto Rican cooking as well . This great variety of traditions came together to form La Cocina Criolla . Coconuts , coffee ( brought by the Arabs and Corsos to Yauco from Kafa , Ethiopia ) , okra , yams , sesame seeds , gandules ( pigeon peas in English ) sweet bananas , plantains , other root vegetables and Guinea hen , all come to Puerto Rico from Africa . Philately Main article : Puerto Rico on stamps San Juan 450th 1971 issue Puerto Rico has been commemorated on four U.S. postal stamps and four personalities have been featured . Insular Territories were commemorated in 1937 , the third stamp honored Puerto Rico featuring ' La Fortaleza ' , the Spanish Governor 's Palace . The first free election for governor of the U.S. colony of Puerto Rico was honored on April 27 , 1949 , at San Juan , Puerto Rico . ' Inauguration ' on the 3 - cent stamp refers to the election of Luis Munoz Marin , the first democratically elected governor of Puerto Rico . San Juan , Puerto Rico was commemorated with an 8 - cent stamp on its 450th anniversary issued September 12 , 1971 , featuring a sentry box from Castillo San Felipe del Morro . In the `` Flags of our nation series '' 2008 -- 2012 , of the fifty - five , five territorial flags were featured . Forever stamps included the Puerto Rico Flag illustrated by a bird issued 2011 . Four Puerto Rican personalities have been featured on U.S. postage stamps . These include Roberto Clemente in 1984 as an individual and in the Legends of Baseball series issued in 2000 . Luis Muñoz Marín in the Great Americans series , on February 18 , 1990 , Julia de Burgos in the Literary Arts series , issued 2010 , and José Ferrer in the Distinguished American series , issued 2012 . Sports Main article : Sports in Puerto Rico Baseball was one of the first sports to gain widespread popularity in Puerto Rico . The Puerto Rico Baseball League serves as the only active professional league , operating as a winter league . No Major League Baseball franchise or affiliate plays in Puerto Rico , however , San Juan hosted the Montreal Expos for several series in 2003 and 2004 before they moved to Washington , D.C. and became the Washington Nationals . The Puerto Rico national baseball team has participated in the World Cup of Baseball winning one gold ( 1951 ) , four silver and four bronze medals , the Caribbean Series ( winning fourteen times ) and the World Baseball Classic . On March 2006 , San Juan 's Hiram Bithorn Stadium hosted the opening round as well as the second round of the newly formed World Baseball Classic . Puerto Rican baseball players include Hall of Famers Roberto Clemente , Orlando Cepeda and Roberto Alomar , enshrined in 1973 , 1999 , and 2011 respectively . Boxing , basketball , and volleyball are considered popular sports as well . Wilfredo Gómez and McWilliams Arroyo have won their respective divisions at the World Amateur Boxing Championships . Other medalists include José Pedraza , who holds a silver medal , and three boxers who finished in third place , José Luis Vellón , Nelson Dieppa and McJoe Arroyo . In the professional circuit , Puerto Rico has the third-most boxing world champions and it is the global leader in champions per capita . These include Miguel Cotto , Félix Trinidad , Wilfred Benítez and Gómez among others . The Puerto Rico national basketball team joined the International Basketball Federation in 1957 . Since then , it has won more than 30 medals in international competitions , including gold in three FIBA Americas Championships and the 1994 Goodwill Games August 8 , 2004 , became a landmark date for the team when it became the first team to defeat the United States in an Olympic tournament since the integration of National Basketball Association players . Winning the inaugural game with scores of 92 -- 73 as part of the 2004 Summer Olympics organized in Athens , Greece . Baloncesto Superior Nacional acts as the top - level professional basketball league in Puerto Rico , and has experienced success since its beginning in 1930 . Puerto Rico is also a member of FIFA and CONCACAF . In 2008 , the archipelago 's first unified league , the Puerto Rico Soccer League , was established . Other sports include professional wrestling and road running . The World Wrestling Council and International Wrestling Association are the largest wrestling promotions in the main island . The World 's Best 10K , held annually in San Juan , has been ranked among the 20 most competitive races globally . The `` Puerto Rico All Stars '' team , which has won twelve world championships in unicycle basketball . Organized Streetball has gathered some exposition , with teams like `` Puerto Rico Street Ball '' competing against established organizations including the Capitanes de Arecibo and AND1 's Mixtape Tour Team . Six years after the first visit , AND1 returned as part of their renamed Live Tour , losing to the Puerto Rico Streetballers . Consequently , practitioners of this style have earned participation in international teams , including Orlando `` El Gato '' Meléndez , who became the first Puerto Rican born athlete to play for the Harlem Globetrotters . Orlando Antigua , whose mother is Puerto Rican , in 1995 became the first Hispanic and the first non-black in 52 years to play for the Harlem Globetrotters . Puerto Rico has representation in all international competitions including the Summer and Winter Olympics , the Pan American Games , the Caribbean World Series , and the Central American and Caribbean Games . Puerto Rico hosted the Pan Am Games in 1979 ( officially in San Juan ) , and The Central American and Caribbean Games were hosted in 1993 in Ponce and in 2010 in Mayagüez . Puerto Rican athletes have won nine medals in Olympic competition ( one gold , two silver , six bronze ) , the first one in 1948 by boxer Juan Evangelista Venegas . Monica Puig won the first gold medal for Puerto Rico in the Olympic Games by winning the Women 's Tennis singles title in Rio 2016 . Infrastructure Main articles : Transportation in Puerto Rico , Communications in Puerto Rico , Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority , and Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewers Authority Puerto Rico interstate highways Cities and towns in Puerto Rico are interconnected by a system of roads , freeways , expressways , and highways maintained by the Highways and Transportation Authority under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of Transportation , and patrolled by the Puerto Rico Police Department . The island 's metropolitan area is served by a public bus transit system and a metro system called Tren Urbano ( in English : Urban Train ) . Other forms of public transportation include seaborne ferries ( that serve Puerto Rico 's archipelago ) as well as Carros Públicos ( private mini buses ) . Puerto Rico has three international airports , the Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport in Carolina , Mercedita Airport in Ponce , and the Rafael Hernández Airport in Aguadilla , and 27 local airports . The Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport is the largest aerial transportation hub in the Caribbean . The Tren Urbano system at Bayamón Station Puerto Rico has nine ports in different cities across the main island . The San Juan Port is the largest in Puerto Rico , and the busiest port in the Caribbean and the 10th busiest in the United States in terms of commercial activity and cargo movement , respectively . The second largest port is the Port of the Americas in Ponce , currently under expansion to increase cargo capacity to 1.5 million twenty - foot containers ( TEUs ) per year . The Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority ( PREPA ) -- Spanish : Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica ( AEE ) -- is an electric power company and the government - owned corporation of Puerto Rico responsible for electricity generation , power transmission , and power distribution in Puerto Rico . PREPA is the only entity authorized to conduct such business in Puerto Rico , effectively making it a government monopoly . The Authority is ruled by a Governing Board appointed by the Governor with the advice and consent of the Senate of Puerto Rico , and is run by an Executive Director . Telecommunications in Puerto Rico includes radio , television , fixed and mobile telephones , and the Internet . Broadcasting in Puerto Rico is regulated by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) . As of 2007 , there were 30 TV stations , 125 radio stations and roughly 1 million TV sets on the island . Cable TV subscription services are available and the U.S. Armed Forces Radio and Television Service also broadcast on the island . See also Puerto Rico portal United States portal New Spain portal Caribbean portal Book : Puerto Rico Outline of Puerto Rico Index of Puerto Rico - related articles Military history of Puerto Rico Privileges and Immunities Clause * Puerto Rico ( proposed state ) Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007 ( H.R. 900 & S. 1936 ) Sovereigntism ( Puerto Rico ) Voting rights in Puerto Rico Notes Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico '' pronunciations : English : / ˌpɔːrtə ˈriːkoʊ / or / ˌpwɛərtə ˈriːkoʊ / ; Spanish : ( ˈpweɾto ˈriko ) , rural , locally also ( ˈpwelto ˈχiko ; ˈʀ̥iko ) . Jump up ^ The Spanish word for commonwealth is typically mancomunidad . Jump up ^ In 1932 , the U.S. Congress officially back - corrected the former Anglicization of Porto Rico into the Spanish name Puerto Rico . It had been using the former spelling in its legislative and judicial records since it acquired the territory . Patricia Gherovici states that both `` Porto Rico '' and `` Puerto Rico '' were used interchangeably in the news media and documentation before , during , and after the U.S. conquest of the island in 1898 . The `` Porto '' spelling , for instance , was used in the Treaty of Paris , but `` Puerto '' was used by The New York Times that same year . Nancy Morris clarifies that `` a curious oversight in the drafting of the Foraker Act caused the name of the island to be officially misspelled '' . However , Gervasio Luis Garcia traces the Anglicized spelling to a National Geographic article from 1899 , after which the spelling was kept by many agencies and entities because of the ethnic and linguistic pride of the English - speaking citizens of the American mainland . Jump up ^ Proyecto Salón Hogar ( in Spanish ) `` Los españoles le cambiaron el nombre de Borikén a San Juan Bautista ya la capital le llamaron Ciudad de Puerto Rico . Con los años , Ciudad de Puerto Rico pasó a ser San Juan , y San Juan Bautista pasó a ser Puerto Rico . '' Jump up ^ Today , Puerto Ricans are also known as Boricuas , or people from Borinquen . Jump up ^ Vicente Yañez Pinzón is considered the first appointed governor of Puerto Rico , but he never arrived from Spain . Jump up ^ PBS , to which they had no natural immunity . For example , a smallpox outbreak in 1518 -- 1519 killed much of the Island 's indigenous population . `` The first repartimiento in Puerto Rico is established , allowing colonists fixed numbers of Tainos for wage - free and forced labor in the gold mines . When several priests protest , the crown requires Spaniards to pay native laborers and to teach them the Christian religion ; the colonists continue to treat the natives as slaves . '' Jump up ^ Tavenner ( 2010 ) `` The Taíno people living ( in Puerto Rico ) at the time ( ... ) were forced into slavery . '' Jump up ^ Poole ( 2011 ) `` ( The Taíno ) began to starve ; many thousands fell prey to smallpox , measles and other European diseases for which they had no immunity ( ... ) '' Jump up ^ PBS `` ( The Taíno ) eventually succumbed to the Spanish soldiers and European diseases that followed Columbus 's arrival in the New World in 1492 . '' Jump up ^ Yale University `` ( ... ) the high death rate among the Taíno due to enslavement and European diseases ( smallpox , influenza , measles , and typhus ) persisted . '' Jump up ^ Cockcroft ( 2001 ; in Spanish ) `` ( La Ley 53 ) fué llamada la ' pequeña ley Smith ' , debido a la semejanza con la Ley Smith de Estados Unidos ( ... ) '' Jump up ^ However , as Robert William Anderson states on page 14 of his book `` Party Politics in Puerto Rico '' ( Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . 1965 . ) , No one disputes the ambiguous status of the current Commonwealth . It is illustrated in the very different images conjured up by the English term `` commonwealth '' and the Spanish version , Estado Libre Asociado ( literally , free associated state ) . The issue seems to be whether this ambiguity is a purposeful virtue or a disguised colonial vice . Jump up ^ pr.gov ( in Spanish ) `` La manufactura es el sector principal de la economía de Puerto Rico . '' Jump up ^ pr.gov ( in Spanish ) `` Algunas de las industrias más destacadas dentro del sector de la manufactura son : las farmacéuticas , los textiles , los petroquímicos , las computadoras , la electrónica y las compañías dedicadas a la manufactura de instrumentos médicos y científicos , entre otros . '' Jump up ^ Torrech San Inocencio ( 2011 ; in Spanish ) `` Con los más de $1,500 millones anuales que recibimos en asistencia federal para alimentos podríamos desarrollar una industria alimentaria autosuficiente en Puerto Rico . '' Jump up ^ Millán Rodriguez ( 2013 ; in Spanish ) `` Los representantes del Pueblo en la Junta de Gobierno de la Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica ( ... ) denunciaron ayer que la propuesta del Gobernador para hacer cambios en la composición del organismo institucionaliza la intervención político partidista en la corporación pública y la convierte en una agencia del Ejecutivo ... '' Jump up ^ Vera Rosa ( 2013 ; in Spanish ) `` Aunque Puerto Rico mueve entre el sector público y privado $15 billones en el área de salud , las deficiencias en el sistema todavía no alcanzan un nivel de eficiencia óptimo . '' Jump up ^ Vera Rosado ( 2013 ; in Spanish ) `` Para mejorar la calidad de servicio , que se impacta principalmente por deficiencias administrativas y no por falta de dinero ( ... ) '' Jump up ^ González ( 2012 ; in Spanish ) `` ( ... ) al analizarse la deuda pública de la Isla contra el Producto Interno Bruto ( PIB ) , se ubicaría en una relación deuda / PIB de 68 % aproximadamente . '' Jump up ^ Bauzá ( 2013 ; in Spanish ) `` La realidad de nuestra situación económica y fiscal es resultado de años de falta de acción . Al Gobierno le faltó creatividad , innovación y rapidez en la creación de un nuevo modelo económico que sustentara nuestra economía . Tras la eliminación de la Sección 936 , debimos ser proactivos , y no lo fuimos . '' Jump up ^ Quintero ( 2013 ; in Spanish ) `` Los indicadores de una economía débil son muchos , y la economía en Puerto Rico está sumamente debilitada , según lo evidencian la tasa de desempleo ( 13.5 % ) , los altos niveles de pobreza ( 41.7 % ) , los altos niveles de quiebra y la pérdida poblacional . '' Jump up ^ Walsh ( 2013 ) `` In each of the last six years , Puerto Rico sold hundreds of millions of dollars of new bonds just to meet payments on its older , outstanding bonds -- a red flag . It also sold $2.5 billion worth of bonds to raise cash for its troubled pension system -- a risky practice -- and it sold still more long - term bonds to cover its yearly budget deficits . '' Jump up ^ PRGDB `` Financial Information and Operating Data Report to October 18 , 2013 '' p. 142 Jump up ^ MRGI ( 2008 ) `` Many female migrants leave their families behind due to the risk of illegal travel and the high cost of living in Puerto Rico . '' Jump up ^ Rivera . `` Housing prices in Puerto Rico are comparable to Miami or Los Angeles , but property taxes are considerably lower than most places in the US . '' Jump up ^ FRBNY ( 2011 ) `` ... home values vary considerably across municipios : for the metro area overall , the median value of owner - occupied homes was estimated at $126,000 ( based on data for 2007 -- 09 ) , but these medians ranged from $214,000 in Guaynabo to around $100,000 in some of the outlying municipios . The median value in the San Juan municipio was estimated at $170,000 . '' Jump up ^ Santiago ( 2021 ) `` Local detractors of the Jones Act ( ... ) for many years have unsuccessfully tried to have Puerto Rico excluded from the law 's provisions ( ... ) '' Jump up ^ JOC ( 2013 ) `` Repealing or amending the Jones Act cabotage law might cut Puerto Rico shipping costs '' Jump up ^ JOC ( 2013 ) `` The GAO report said its interviews with shippers indicated they ( ... ) believed that opening the trade to non-U.S. - flag competition could lower costs . '' References Jump up ^ `` P. Rico Senate declares Spanish over English as first official language '' . News Report . San Juan , Puerto Rico . Agencia EFE . September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Puerto Rico 2011 -- 2015 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates '' . US Census . Department of Commerce . 2016 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census : Puerto Rico Profile '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.easternct.edu/inthenews/files/2016/01/Eastern-Talk-Explains-Puerto-Ricos-Status-Chronicle_20170925_03_1.pdf Puerto Rico 's Status Explained . ECSU Takes A Look At Island 's History . Michelle Firestone . September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cumulative Population Change : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2017 for Puerto Rico '' . United States Census Bureau . July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` GDP , PPP ( current international $ ) '' . Jump up ^ `` GDP per capita , PPP ( current international $ ) '' , World Development Indicators database , World Bank . Database updated on May 8 , 2014 . Accessed on May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Bank World Development Indicators , July 2013 '' . World Bank . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Global Competitiveness Report 2014 -- 2015 ( Puerto Rico ) '' ( PDF ) . World Economic Forum . Jump up ^ `` Household Income for States : 2010 and 2011 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . September 2012 . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fuentes - Ramírez , Ricardo R. ( 2017 ) . `` Human Development Index Trends and Inequality in Puerto Rico 2010 -- 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Ceteris Paribus : Journal of Socio - Economic Research . 7 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of Terms -- 1120 Acquisition of U.S. Nationality in U.S. Territories and Possessions '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7 -- Consular Affairs . U.S. Department of State . Jump up ^ Amaral , Patrícia & Ana Maria Carvalho ( 2014 ) . Portuguese - Spanish Interfaces : Diachrony , synchrony , and contact . Philadelphia : John Benjamins Publishing Company . p. 130 . ISBN 9789027258007 . Jump up ^ Pedro A. Malavet ( 2004 ) . America 's colony : the political and cultural conflict between the United States and Puerto Rico . NYU Press . pp. 43 , 181 note 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 5680 - 5 . Jump up ^ To change the name of the island of `` Porto Rico '' to `` Puerto Rico , '' S.J. Res 36 , 72nd Congress , enacted 1932 . ( 47 Stat. 158 ) Jump up ^ Patricia Gherovici ( 2003 ) . The Puerto Rican syndrome . Other Press , LLC . pp. 140 -- 141 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 892746 - 75 - 7 . Jump up ^ Historian , Office of the ( January 1 , 2013 ) . Hispanic Americans in Congress , 1822 -- 2012 . Government Printing Office . ISBN 9780160920684 . Jump up ^ Secretary 's , Puerto Rico ; Office , Puerto Rico Secretary 's ( January 1 , 1903 ) . Register of Porto Rico . Office of the Secretary . Jump up ^ Deusen , Richard James Van ; Deusen , Elizabeth Kneipple Van ( 1931 ) . Porto Rico : A Caribbean Isle . Henry Holt . Jump up ^ Sciences , New York Academy of ( 1922 ) . Scientific survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands . New York Academy of Sciences . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2015 . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caban , Pedro A. ( 2009 ) . Constructing A Colonial People : Puerto Rico And The United States , 1898 -- 1932 . Westview Press . p. 10 . ISBN 0786748176 . Jump up ^ Santiago - Valles , Kelvin A. ( 1994 ) . Subject People and Colonial Discourses : Economic Transformation and Social Disorder in Puerto Rico , 1898 -- 1947 . SUNY Press . p. ix . ISBN 0791415899 . Jump up ^ Lipski , John M. ( 2005 ) . A History of Afro - Hispanic Language : Five Centuries , Five Continents . Cambridge University Press . p. 37 . ISBN 1107320372 . Jump up ^ 8 U.S. Code § 1402 -- Persons born in Puerto Rico on or after April 11 , 1899 ( 1941 ) Retrieved : January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Igartúa -- de la Rosa v. United States ( Igartúa III ) Archived March 16 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , 417 F. 3d 145 ( 1st Cir. 2005 ) ( en banc ) , GREGORIO IGARTÚA , ET AL. , Plaintiffs , Appellants , v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA , ET AL. , Defendants , Appellees . No. 09 - 2186 ( November 24 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico 's Political Status and the 2012 Plebiscite : Background and Key Questions '' ( PDF ) . fas.org . Congressional Research Service . June 25 , 2013 . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` El Nuevo Día '' . Elnuevodia.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Puerto Rico Gets More Time '' . Star Herald . Scottsbluff , ME . Associated Press . January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dietz , James ( 1986 ) . Economic History of Puerto Rico . Princeton : Princeton University Press . p. 154 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico files for biggest ever U.S. local government bankruptcy '' . Reuters . May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Puerto Rico oversight board orders furloughs , governor defiant '' . Reuters . August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Maria heads away from P.R. ahead of expected turn to the north far off U.S. coast '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Rhodium Group '' America 's Biggest Blackout `` . rhg.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's been 10 weeks since Hurricane Maria hit Puerto Rico . Here 's where recovery stands PBS NewsHour '' . Pbs.org. 2017 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Allatson , Paul ( 2007 ) . Key Terms in Latino / a Cultural and Literary Studies . Malden , Mass. : Blackwell Publishing . p. 47 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 0250 - 0 . Jump up ^ Cayetano Coll y Toste , ed. ( 1972 ) . `` Taino Indigenous Peoples of the Caribbean '' . Clásicos de Puerto Rico ( 2nd ed . ) . Ediciones Latinoamericanas , S.A. Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Grose , Howard Benjamin ( August 8 , 2006 ) . H.B. Grose , Advance in the Antilles : the new era in Cuba and Porto Rico , Presbyterian Home Missions , 1910 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schechter , Patricia A. ( 2012 ) . `` ¡ Adelante Hermanas de la Raza ! , Josefina Silva de Cintron and Puerto Rican Women 's Feminismo . -- The New York 's World Fair : 1939 -- 1940 '' . Exploring the Decolonial Imaginary : Four Transnational Lives . New York : MacMillan . ISBN 9781137012845 . Note : The phase `` The Island of Enchantment '' has been traced back to a travel guide by that title that Theodore Roosevelt , Jr. offered in House & Garden magazine in 1938 Jump up ^ `` Historia de Puerto Rico '' . Proyectosalonhogar.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain ; December 10 , 1898 '' . The Avalon Project . Yale Law School . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crafting an Identity '' . History , Art & Archives . Office of the Historian and the Clerk of the House 's Office of Art and Archives . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abbad y Lasierra , Iñigo . Historia Geográfica , Civil y Natural de la Isla de San Juan Bautista de Puerto Rico . ^ Jump up to : Rouse , Irving . The Tainos : Rise and Decline of the People Who Greeted Columbus ISBN 0 - 300 - 05696 - 6 . Jump up ^ Mahaffy , Cheryl ( January 28 , 2006 ) . `` Vieques Island -- What lies beneath '' . Edmonton Journal . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved February 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Pedro Torres . `` The Dictionary of the Taíno Language '' . Taíno Inter-Tribal Council Inc . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2006 . Retrieved February 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Cheryl Mahaffy ( January 30 , 2006 ) . `` Vieques Island : What lies beneath '' . Edmonton Journal . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Years of Puerto Rican History through the Eyes of Others '' . Newberry.org . The Newberry Library . July 12 , 2008 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` King Ferdinand 's letter to the Taino - Arawak Indians '' . University of Groningen . Jump up ^ Arthur C. Aufderheide ; Conrado Rodríguez - Martín ; Odin Langsjoen ( 1998 ) . The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology . Cambridge University Press . p. 204 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 55203 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kohn , George C. ( 2008 ) . Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence : From Ancient Times to the Present . Infobase Publishing . p. 160 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 6935 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Masterpiece Theatre American Collection Almost a Woman Puerto Rico : A Timeline '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mary Hilaire Tavenner ( 2010 ) . Puerto Rico , 2006 : Memoirs of A Writer in Puerto Rico . Xlibris Corporation . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4568 - 1004 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` History , Travel , Arts , Science , People , Places Smithsonian '' . Smithsonianmag.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` taino '' . Pbs.org . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2013 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Colonial Genocides Genocide Studies Program Yale University '' . Yale.edu . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Colonial Genocides Genocide Studies Program '' . Yale University . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stark , David , M. ( 2009 ) . `` A New Look at the African Slave Trade in Puerto Rico Through the Use of Parish Registers : 1660 -- 1815 '' . Slavery & Abolition a Journal of Slave and Post-Slave Studies . 30 ( 4 ) : 491 -- 520 . doi : 10.1080 / 01440390903245083 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Confirmation of troop count is unattainable , only Spanish and Puerto Rican sources are available regarding troop count . Jump up ^ Guillermo A. Baralt , Slave revolts in Puerto Rico : conspiracies and uprisings , 1795 -- 1873 ; Markus Wiener Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55876 - 463 - 7 Jump up ^ `` María de las Mercedes Barbudo ; Primera mujer independentista de Puerto Rico ; CLARIDAD ; December 1994 ; p. 19 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Real Cédula de 1789 `` para el comercio de Negros '' '' ( in Spanish ) . Ensayistas.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ways of ending slavery '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Negroni , Héctor Andrés ( 1992 ) . Historia militar de Puerto Rico ( in Spanish ) . Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario . ISBN 978 - 84 - 7844 - 138 - 9 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Retrieved : January 8 , 2015 . Carta Autonómica de Puerto Rico , 1897 . Jump up ^ `` USA Seizes Puerto Rico '' . History of Puerto Rico . solboricua.com. 2000 . Jump up ^ Magaly Rivera . `` History '' . topuertorico.org . Retrieved October 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chronology of Puerto Rico in the Spanish -- American War '' . 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It is reported in the Congressional record , and various other publications elsewhere , that among those shot in the back was a 7 - year - old girl , Georgina Maldonado , who `` was killed through the back while running to a nearby church '' Jump up ^ Antonio de la Cova . `` Photos of police shooting with rifles ( from positions previously occupied by marchers and bystanders ) at bystanders running away '' . Latinamericanstudies.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` La obra jurídica del Profesor David M. Helfeld ( 1948 -- 2008 ) ' ; by : Dr. Carmelo Delgado Cintrón Archived March 27 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Cockcroft , James ( 2001 ) . América Latina y Estados Unidos : historia y política país por país ( in Spanish ) . Siglo XXI Editores . ISBN 9682323320 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rican History '' . Topuertorico.org . January 13 , 1941 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` La Gobernación de Jesús T. 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( Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . 2007 . p. 56 . ) Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico -- in Spanish '' . Lexjuris.com . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico -- ( English translation ) '' . Topuertorico.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Levinson , Sanford ; Sparrow , Bartholomew H ( 2005 ) . The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion , 1803 -- 1898 . Ed. by Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow . ( Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield , 2005 . Cloth , ISBN 0 - 7425 - 4983 - 6 . Paper , ISBN 0 - 7425 - 4984 - 4 . ) pp. 166 -- 67 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 4984 - 5 . Retrieved November 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico 's Pharmaceutical Industry '' . September 20 , 2006 . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . 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Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` What 's a Free Associated State ? '' . Puerto Rico Report . Puerto Rico Report . February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Statehood , Independence , or Free Association Referendum ( 2017 ) '' . Ballotpedia . BALLOTPEDIA . February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . With my vote , I make the initial request to the Federal Government to begin the process of the decolonization through : ( 1 ) Free Association : Puerto Rico should adopt a status outside of the Territory Clause of the Constitution of the United States that recognizes the sovereignty of the People of Puerto Rico . The Free Association would be based on a free and voluntary political association , the specific terms of which shall be agreed upon between the United States and Puerto Rico as sovereign nations . Such agreement would provide the scope of the jurisdictional powers that the People of Puerto Rico agree to confer to the United States and retain all other jurisdictional powers and authorities . Under this option the American citizenship would be subject to negotiation with the United States Government ; ( 2 ) Proclamation of Independence , I demand that the United States Government , in the exercise of its power to dispose of territory , recognize the national sovereignty of Puerto Rico as a completely independent nation and that the United States Congress enact the necessary legislation to initiate the negotiation and transition to the independent nation of Puerto Rico . My vote for Independence also represents my claim to the rights , duties , powers , and prerogatives of independent and democratic republics , my support of Puerto Rican citizenship , and a `` Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation '' between Puerto Rico and the United States after the transition process Jump up ^ Wyss , Jim . `` Will Puerto Rico become the newest star on the American flag ? '' . Miami Herald . Miami . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Coto , Danica ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico gov approves referendum in quest for statehood '' . Washington Post . DC . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Gillian B. ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Why Puerto Rican Statehood Matters So Much Right Now '' . The Atlantic . The Atlantic Monthly Group . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Six words : the ability to file for bankruptcy Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico goes to polls Sunday on statehood issue despite criticism over costs , timing '' . Nbcnews.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico governor approves Tennessee Plan -- Caribbean Business '' . caribbeanbusiness.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ López , Ana M. ( 2014 ) . `` Puerto Rico at the United Nations '' . The North American Congress on Latin America . The North American Congress on Latin America . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peoples , United Nations : Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and ( November 22 , 2005 ) . `` Report of the Special Committee on the Situation With Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries & Peoples : 60th Session Supplement '' . United Nations Publications -- via Google Books . 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Special Committee on Decolonization Calls on United States to Expedite Puerto Rico 's Self - Determination Process : Text Also Requests General Assembly to Consider Question ; Urges Clean Up of Vieques Island , Release of Puerto Rican Political Prisoners . ( June 14 , 2007 ) Archived January 18 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ June 15 , 2009 . Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling on United States to Expedite Self - determination Process for Puerto Rico . Members Hear Petitioners Speak up for Independence , Statehood , Free Association . ( June 15 , 2009 ) Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ June 21 , 2010 . Special Committee on Decolonization Passes Text Urging General Assembly to Consider Formally Situation Concerning Puerto Rico : Draft Resolution Calls on United States to Expedite Island 's Self - Determination . ( June 21 , 2010 ) Archived January 18 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ June 20 , 2011 . Special Committee on Decolonization Calls on United States , in Consensus Text , to Speed up Process Allowing Puerto Rico to Exercise Self - Determination : Nearly 25 Petitioners Underscore Gravity of Situation on Island , Buckling Under Economic Strain ; Vigorous Opposition to Death Penalty Also Expressed . ( June 20 , 2011 ) Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : casiano communications ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` UN decolonization committee eyes PR '' . Caribbeanbusinesspr.com . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Article 2.003 ( 54 ) , Puerto Rico Election Code for the 21st Century , Act No. 78 of 2011 ( in English ) . Retrieved on August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Members Hear Petitioners Speak up for Independence , Statehood , Free Association '' . General Assembly of the United Nations . June 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` US lawmakers clear path for new Puerto Rico referendum '' . 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Pew Research , DC . January 2017 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples -- Puerto Rico : Dominicans '' . Minority Rights Group International . 2008 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Other Border : Puerto Rico 's Seas '' . Latino USA . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived January 14 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Portadilla de Revista '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Haiti Immigrants Using Puerto Rico As Gateway To U.S. In New Migrant Route '' . The Huffington Post . May 6 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Data Access and Dissemination Systems ( DADS ) . `` American FactFinder -- Results '' . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ James Bargent . `` Dominican People Smugglers Trafficked Cubans to Puerto Rico '' . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico 's population swap : The middle class for millionaires '' . BBC . May 5 , 2015 . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . 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Tribunal Superior : Espanol : Idioma del proceso judicial '' , 36 Revista Juridica de la Universidad de Puerto Rico . 396 ( 1967 ) , and VIENTOS - GASTON , `` Informe del Procurador General sobre el idioma '' , 36 Rev. Col. Ab . ( P.R. ) 843 ( 1975 ) . Jump up ^ The Status of Languages in Puerto Rico . Muniz - Arguelles , Luis . University of Puerto Rico . c. 1988 . Page 466 . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Census Annual Population Estimates 2007 '' . Factfinder.census.gov . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Puerto Rico Governor Luis Fortuño Proposes Plan For Island 's Public Schools To Teach In English Instead Of Spanish . Archived August 31 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Danica Coto . Huffington Latino Voices. 05 / 08 / 12 ( May 8 , 2012 ) . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Language Education Policy in Puerto Rico '' . Language Education Policy Studies . International Association for Language Education Policy Studies . 2013 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Key findings about Puerto Rico '' . March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Religion in Latin America '' . November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Porto Rico '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ `` Sobre Nosotros '' . Episcopalpr.org . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2010 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Luis Fortuño Janeiro . Album Histórico de Ponce ( 1692 -- 1963 ) . Page 165 . Ponce , Puerto Rico : Imprenta Fortuño. 1963 . Jump up ^ `` La presencia Germanica en Puerto Rico '' . Preb.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Protestants in Puerto Rico '' . english.turkcebilgi.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` Catholic Church and Puerto Rico officials at odds in widening sex abuse investigation '' . FOX News . FOX News . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico People and Society '' . CIA Library . CIA . 2015 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Roman Catholic 85 % , Protestant and other 15 % Jump up ^ LÓPEZ , Gustavo ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Hispanics of Puerto Rican Origin in the United States , 2013 '' . Pew Research . Pew Research Center , DC . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Puerto Ricans in this statistical profile are people who self - identified as Hispanics of Puerto Rican origin ; this means either they themselves were born in Puerto Rico1 or they were born in the 50 U.S. states , the District of Columbia or elsewhere , but trace their family ancestry to Puerto Rico . Jump up ^ `` Religion in Latin America '' . Pew Research . Pew Research Center . November 13 , 2014 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome '' . Parish.orthodoxtheologicalinstitute.org . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2011 . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Latin American issues Vol. 3 '' . Webpub.allegheny.edu . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2010 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eduardo Giorgetti Y Su Mundo : La Aparente Paradoja De Un Millonario Genio Empresarial Y Su Noble Humanismo ; by Delma S. Arrigoitia ; Publisher : Ediciones Puerto ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 942347 - 52 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Korber House '' . Prairieschooltraveler.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Virtual Jewish History Tour Puerto Rico '' . Jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Jewish Palate : The Jews of Puerto Rico '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luxner News '' . Luxner.com . August 3 , 2004 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Number of Muslims and Percentage in Puero Rico '' . Institute of Islamic Information and Education . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Percent Puerto Rican population that are Muslims '' . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Muslim mosques in Pto . Rico '' . Pupr.edu . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Muslims concentrated in Rio Piedras '' . Saudiaramcoworld.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bahá'ís of Puerto Rico '' . Jump up ^ 2016 Yearbook of Jehovah 's Witnesses , pp. 184 -- 85 Jump up ^ `` Budda Net '' . Buddhanet.net . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , Article I , Section 2 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 29 , 2009 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Department of State . Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty '' . State.gov . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Department of State . Foreign Affairs Manual : Volume 7 -- Consular Affairs ( 7 FAM 1120 ) , ' Acquisition of U.S. Nationality in U.S. Territories and Possessions ' , pp. 1 -- 3 . '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rules of the House of Representatives . Rule III . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Primary Election Report Notice '' . Fec.gov . February 2 , 2008 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Presidential Primary Dates and Candidates Filling Datelines for Ballot Access '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Consulados . Link to Puerto Rico '' . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2004 . Retrieved February 3 , 2009 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Mayagüez . Enciclopedia de Puerto Rico '' . Enciclopediapr.org . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LinktoPR.com -- Fundación de los Pueblos '' . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2004 . Retrieved April 21 , 2004 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Martínez Torres , Juez ( Judge ) ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` Opinión del Tribunal emitida por el Juez Asociado señor Martínez Torres '' ( PDF ) . Legal Document . El Tribunal Supremo de Puerto Rico . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Special committee on decolonization approves text calling on United States to expedite Puerto Rican self - determination process '' ( Press release ) . Department of Public Information , United Nations General Assembly . June 13 , 2006 . Retrieved October 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Keith Bea ( May 25 , 2005 ) . `` Political Status of Puerto Rico : Background , Options , and Issues in the 109th Congress '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved October 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ U.S. Const . art . IV , § 3 , cl. 2 ( `` The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the colony or other Property belonging to the United States ... '' ) . Jump up ^ Downes v. Bidwell , 182 U.S. 244 , 261 ( 1901 ) , commenting on an earlier Supreme Court decision , Loughborough v. Blake , 18 U.S. ( 5 Wheat . ) 317 ( 1820 ) ; Rasmussen v. United States , 197 U.S. 516 , 529 -- 530 , 536 ( 1905 ) ( concurring opinions of Justices Harlan and Brown ) , that once the Constitution has been extended to an area , its coverage is irrevocable ; Boumediene v. Bush -- That where the Constitution has been once formally extended by Congress to territories , neither Congress nor the territorial legislature can enact laws inconsistent therewith . The Constitution grants Congress and the President the power to acquire , dispose of , and govern territory , not the power to decide when and where its terms apply . Jump up ^ The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion : 1803 -- 1898 . By Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow . New York : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . 2005 . pp. 166 , 178 . `` U.S. citizenship was extended to residents of Puerto Rico by virtue of the Jones Act , chap. 190 , 39 Stat. 951 ( 1971 ) ( codified at 48 U.S.C. § 731 ( 1987 ) '' ) Jump up ^ `` Constitutional Topic : Citizenship '' . U.S. Constitution Online . Retrieved June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Ricans pay import / export taxes '' . Stanford.wellsphere.com . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2010 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Ricans pay federal commodity taxes '' . Stanford.wellsphere.com . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Internal Revenue Service . ' , Topic 903 -- Federal Employment Tax in Puerto Rico ' , '' . Irs.gov . December 18 , 2009 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reuters , ' Puerto Rico hopes to gain from U.S. healthcare reform ' , 24 September 2009 '' . Reuters . September 24 , 2009 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Brett . `` The Heritage Foundation , 11 March 2009 . `` D.C. Voting Rights : No Representation ? No Taxation ! '' , By Robert A. Book , PhD `` . Heritage.org . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Manufacturers Association , CEO Summit , Federal and Local Incentives : Where we are , Where We Want to be . Amaya Iraolagoitia , Partner , Tax Dept '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 16 , 2010 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joint Committee on Taxation . An Overview of the Special Tax Rules Related to Puerto Rico and an Analysis of the Tax and Economic Policy Implications of Recent Legislative Options '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Members of the military must pay federal income tax Jump up ^ `` Table 5 . Internal Revenue Gross Collections , by Type of Tax and State , Fiscal year 2009 '' ( XLS ) . Internal Revenue Service . Jump up ^ Puerto Rico hopes to gain from U.S. healthcare reform . Reuters . September 24 , 2009 . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` News & Media '' . PRFAA . July 6 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Colombia y Puerto Rico se dan la mano '' . El Nuevo Día ( in Spanish ) . July 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Relaciones comerciales entre Colombia y Puerto Rico '' ( in Spanish ) . Universidad ICESI . July 23 , 2013 . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mari Carmen Aponte '' . State.gov . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` After Closing of Navy Base , Hard Times in Puerto Rico '' . New York Times . April 3 , 2005 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ OSD , Washington Headquarters Services , Directorate for Information Operations and Reports ( DIOR ) ; `` Atlas / Data Abstract for the United States and Selected Areas -- Fiscal Year 1997 ; '' Department of Defense ; 1998 . Note : The count of 25 military installations included the branch component of the Roosevelt Roads Naval facility on the island of Vieques , as distinct from the Roosevelt Roads Naval station in Cieba ^ Jump up to : Meléndez , Edwin ; Meléndez , Edgardo ; Colonial Dilemma ; South End Press ; Boston ; 1993 Jump up ^ Maryland General Assembly ( April 8 , 1997 ) . `` Participation of Hispanics in the American Revolution '' . SJR2 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Danny Nieves . `` Special Announcements '' . Valerosos.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense , Reserve Affairs ; `` Official Guard and Reserve Manpower Strengths and Statistics -- Summary End Fiscal Year 1996 ; '' 1996 Jump up ^ World Bank Indicators ; World Bank . `` World Bank Indicators 2012 : Puerto Rico '' . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwab , Klaus ( 2013 ) . `` The Global Competitiveness Report 2013 -- 2014 '' ( PDF ) . World Economic Forum . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ World Bank Indicators ; World Bank . `` Gross national income per capita 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Manufactura '' ( in Spanish ) . Government of Puerto Rico . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico 's tourism industry continues to expand '' . Business Destinations . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alan Heston , Robert Summers and Bettina Aten , Penn World Table Version 7.1 , Center for International Comparisons of Production , Income and Prices at the University of Pennsylvania , July 2012 . Accessed on August 19 , 2012 . Note : GDP per capita data are `` PPP Converted GDP Per Capita , average GEKS - CPDW , at current prices ( in I $ ) '' , labeled as variable `` cgdp2 '' . Jump up ^ Torrcech San Inocencio , Rafael ( December 7 , 2011 ) . `` La autosuficiencia alimentaria '' . El Nuevo Día ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2013 . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Millán Rodríguez , Yamilet ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Denuncian politización de Junta AEE '' . El Vocero ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2013 . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Vera Rosado , Ileanexis ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Ineficiencia arropa a los recursos económicos de salud '' . El Vocero ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2013 . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ González , Jenisabel ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Debemos más de lo que producimos '' . El Nuevo Día ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2013 . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bauzá , Nydia ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` García Padilla insiste en que heredó un país `` en cantos '' `` . El Nuevo Día ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Quintero , Laura ( September 14 , 2013 ) . `` Las estadísticas hablan : Puerto Rico camino a ser el `` Detroit del Caribe '' `` . NotiCel ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PUERTO RICO FACT SHEET '' ( PDF ) . Gdb-pur.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Nick Brown , Reuters ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico oversight board favors more time for restructuring talks '' . Fiscal Times . The Fiscal Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Platt , Eric ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` New Puerto Rico governor seeks amicable debt crisis resolution '' . Financial Times . New York . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Watson , Dan ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Secretary Lew Sends Letter to 115th Congress on Puerto Rico '' . Department of the Treasury . Department of the Treasury . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nick Brown , Reuters ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico oversight board favors more time for restructuring talks '' . Fiscal Times . The Fiscal Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . The bipartisan , seven - member oversight board was created under the federal Puerto Rico rescue law known as PROMESA , passed by the U.S. Congress last year . It is charged with helping the island manage its finances and navigate its way out of the economic jam , including by negotiating restructuring deals with creditors . Jump up ^ `` '' Economistas se Oponen a las Reformas para `` estimular la economía '' `` . El Nuevo Día. 20 February 2017 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bases , Daniel ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico to furlough workers , proposes pension plan reform '' . Cnbc.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Castrodad , José ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` La Estadidad es una , única , uniforme e irreversible '' . El Vocero . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2014 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Mary ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` Worsening Debt Crisis Threatens Puerto Rico '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ¿ Cómo Puerto Rico llegó a tener crédito chatarra ? '' . El Nuevo Día ( in Spanish ) . February 4 , 2014 . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Information and Operating Data Report to October 18 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Puerto Rico Government Development Bank . October 18 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` San Juan 2023 o la decadencia de un País '' . Centro Para Una Nueva Economía . Center for a New Economy . Jump up ^ `` SERVICIO DE LA DEUDA '' ( PDF ) . ``. pr.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Reporte General sobre Deuda Pública '' ( PDF ) . ``. pr.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Mary Williams ( July 2 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico 's Power Authority Effectively Files for Bankruptcy '' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PROCESO PRESUPUESTARIO '' ( PDF ) . 2.pr.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Buchanan , Puerto Rico '' . Military Installations . Department of Defense . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico 's Cost of Living Skyrockets '' . Huffingtonpost.com . September 29 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Alvarez , Lizette ( February 8 , 2014 ) . `` Economy and Crime Spur New Puerto Rican Exodus '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Home -- El Nuevo Día '' . Elnuevodia.com . August 31 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MIDA concluye alto costo de vida es la preocupación mayor del boricua '' . Primerahora.com . February 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dougherty , Conor ( August 14 , 2007 ) . `` Puerto Rico 's Economic Slump Weighs Hard on Consumers '' . Online.wsj.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coto , Danica ( September 29 , 2013 ) . `` Life in Puerto Rico becomes costlier amid crisis '' . Nbclatino.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Cost of Living Survey 2011 '' . Mercer.com . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rivera , Magaly . `` Moving to Puerto Rico '' . Welcome to Puerto Rico ! . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico '' . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . August 2011 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gutierrez , Elías . `` Impact of the Coastwise Trade Laws on the Transportation System of the United States of America '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Santiago , Jaime ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Jones Act requirement comes under new light '' . Caribbean Business . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` R. Conc . del S. 21 '' ( Microsoft Word ) ( in Spanish ) . Puerto Rico Office of Legislative Services . May 6 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Senado aprueba proyecto para pedir trato preferencial en leyes de cabotaje '' . NotiCel ( in Spanish ) . June 5 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` GAO 's Jones Act Report Is Inconclusive '' . The Journal of Commerce . March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` GAO - 13 - 260 , Puerto Rico : Characteristics of the Island 's Maritime Trade and Potential Effects of Modifying the Jones Act '' ( PDF ) . United States Government Accountability Office . March 2013 . Jump up ^ Nicolas Kanellos , `` Hispanic Firsts '' , Visible Ink Press ( ISBN 0 - 7876 - 0519 - 0 ) , p. 40 . Jump up ^ `` CIA FactBook '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Perfil del Sistema Educativo -- Año Escolar 2010 -- 2011 '' . estadisticas.gobierno.pr . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lizette Alvarez ; Abby Goodnough ( August 2 , 2015 ) . `` Puerto Ricans Brace for Crisis in Health Care '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 ... more than 60 percent of residents receive Medicare or Medicaid ... Jump up ^ Dorell , Oren ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico 's health system ' on life support ' after blow '' . USA Today . Melbourne , Florida . pp. 1B , 2B . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hospital San Lucas Retrieved July 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Resolucion Conjunta . Hon . Seilhamer Rodríguez . 16th Assembly -- 3rd Session . Senate of Puerto Rico . Joint Resolution Number 402 . March 3 , 2010 . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Denuncian crisis en hospital siquiátrico . Archived March 22 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Reinaldo Millán . La Perla del Sur . Ponce , Puerto Rico . November 9 , 2011 . Year 30 . No. 1458 . Page 14 . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ VA Clinic Archived January 7 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved July 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ponce tendrá su Hospital de Veteranos . Archived March 22 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jason Rodríguez Grafal . La Perla del Sur . Ponce , Puerto Rico . October 10 , 2012 . Year 30 . Issue 1506 . Page 11 . ( Title in printed version : `` Sera en Ponce : Con luz verde federal el nuevo Hospital de Veteranos '' . ) Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ U.S. News and World Report . Archived April 12 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Hospital de Damas : among the best . Retrieved July 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Culebra Overview Archived June 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . on Let 's Go Jump up ^ Triple - S Management Corporation Annual Report ( Form 10 - K ) for the fiscal year ended on December 31 , 2005 , pursuant to Section 13 or 15 ( d ) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 , accessed on November 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Table 5 '' . Jump up ^ Chalabi , Mona ( July 22 , 2012 ) . `` Gun homicides and gun ownership listed by country '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Latin American Herald Tribune -- 80 % of Puerto Rico Murders Called Drug - Related '' . Laht.com . Jump up ^ Giovannetti , Jorge L. `` Popular Music and Culture in Puerto Rico : Jamaican and Rap Music as Cross-Cultural Symbols '' , in Musical Migrations : Transnationalism and Cultural Hybridity in the Americas , ed . Frances R. Aparicio and Cándida F. Jáquez , 81 -- 98 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rican Music TV '' . Puerto Rican Music TV . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Randall Peffer ( 2002 ) . Puerto Rico , a Travel Guide . Lonely Planet . p. 225 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74059 - 274 - 1 . Jump up ^ National Geographic Archived March 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Puerto Rico in the Great Depression '' . Newdeal.feri.org . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Yvonne . A Taste of Puerto Rico : Traditional and New Dishes from the Puerto Rican Community . Penguin group , 1997 . p. 3 Jump up ^ 3 - cent Puerto Rico Issue Arago : people , postage & the post . Viewed March 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rod , Steven J. Puerto Rico Election Issue Arago : people , postage & the post . Viewed March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ San Juan Issue Arago : people , postage & the post . Viewed March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Flags of our nation series 2008 -- 2012 , Arago : people , postage & the post '' , National Postal Museum . Viewed March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Roberto Clemente ( 1934 -- 1972 ) '' p. 178 , `` Legends of Baseball '' p. 254 , Scott 's Specialized Catalogue , 2013 , ISBN 0 - 89487 - 475 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Great Americans Issue '' Scott 's Specialized Catalogue , 2013 , ISBN 0 - 89487 - 475 - 6 , p. 183 Jump up ^ `` Literary Arts '' Scott 's Specialized Catalogue , 2013 , ISBN 0 - 89487 - 475 - 6 , p. 308 Jump up ^ `` Distinguished Americans '' Scott 's Specialized Catalogue , 2013 , ISBN 0 - 89487 - 475 - 6 , p. 317 Jump up ^ `` Baseball Hall of Fame entry for Roberto Clemente '' . Baseballhall.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Hall of Fame entry for Orlando Cepeda '' . Baseballhall.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Hall of Fame entry for Roberto Alomar '' . Baseballhall.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics 2004 Basketball Shock defeat for USA '' . BBC News . August 15 , 2004 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jesús Omar Rivera ( October 29 , 2008 ) . `` Boricuas lucíos en una rueda '' ( in Spanish ) . Primera Hora . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Raul Sosa ( July 27 , 2012 ) . `` AND1 & PR Streetball Put on a Show ! '' . BoricuaBallers.com . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Joshua Hammann ( October 14 , 2008 ) . `` Melendez adds a new country to Globetrotters ' resume '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A Non-Black Player Joins Globetrotters '' . New York Times . Antigua &Amp ; Barbuda . December 28 , 1995 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Mónica Puig the Puerto Rico player who won the gold medal in the Rio 2016 Olympic Games women 's tennis final ? '' . Rio2016.com . August 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2016 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Waldstein , David ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Monica Puig , Puerto Rico 's Favorite Daughter ( and Only Gold Medalist ) '' . NYTimes.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Aeropuertos Internacionales y Regionales ( Spanish ) '' . Puerto Rico Ports Authority . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About the Project -- Overview '' . Port of the Americas Authority . Retrieved July 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ley de la Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica de Puerto Rico '' ( PDF ) . Presupuesto.gobierno.pr . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico profile '' , BBC News , May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Communications : Puerto Rico '' , World Factbook , U.S. Central Intelligence Agency , December 9 , 2013 . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Further reading Isar P. Godreau , Scripts of Blackness : Race , Cultural nationalism , and U.S. Colonialism in Puerto Rico . Urbana , IL : University of Illinois Press , 2015 . External links Find more aboutPuerto Ricoat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website ( in Spanish ) Investment Tourism Department Of Economic Development and Commerce `` Puerto Rico '' . Country profiles . BBC . `` Puerto Rico '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . `` Datos y Estadisticas de Puerto Rico y sus Municipios '' ( Data and Statistics about Puerto Rico and It 's Municipalities ) . Tendencias PR ( in Spanish ) . `` Puerto Rico '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Puerto Rico at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Geography Wikimedia Atlas of Puerto Rico Geographic data related to Puerto Rico at OpenStreetMap United States government `` Application of the U.S. Constitution in U.S. Insular Areas '' ( PDF ) . November 1997 . `` Puerto Rico State Guide '' . LOC . United Nations ( U.N. ) Declaration on Puerto Rico `` Special Committee on Decolonization Calls Upon United States to Expedite Puerto Rico 's Self - Determination Process '' . Special Committee on Decolonization . Press release . U.N. General Assembly . June 14 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2007 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did puerto rico became a commonwealth state	[ "In 1950, the U.S. Congress granted Puerto Ricans the right to organize a constitutional convention via a referendum that gave them the option of voting their preference, \"yes\" or \"no\", on a proposed U.S. law that would organize Puerto Rico as a \"commonwealth\" that would continue United States sovereignty over Puerto Rico and its people. Puerto Rico's electorate expressed its support for this measure in 1951 with a second referendum to ratify the constitution. The Constitution of Puerto Rico was formally adopted on July 3, 1952. The Constitutional Convention specified the name by which the body politic would be known." ]	[ "1952" ]
-385269506894934949	Wicked Witch of the West	Wicked Witch of the West - wikipedia Wicked Witch of the West Jump to : navigation , search `` Wicked Witch '' redirects here . For the stock character in fairy tales , see hag . For other uses , see Wicked Witch ( disambiguation ) . For Good Witch of the West , see The Good Witch of the West . Wicked Witch of the West Oz character The iconic appearance of Wicked Witch of the West as portrayed by Margaret Hamilton in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz First appearance The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) Created by L. Frank Baum Portrayed by Margaret Hamilton ( The Wizard of Oz ) Idina Menzel ( Wicked ) Mabel King ( The Wiz ) Mila Kunis ( Oz the Great and Powerful ) Rebecca Mader ( Once Upon a Time ) Eartha Kitt ( Madison Square Garden ) Mary J. Blige ( The Wiz Live ) Riki Lindhome ( The Lego Batman Movie ) Ana Ularu ( Emerald City ) Information Aliases Momba ( 1910 ) ( The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ) Mombi ( 1914 ) ( His Majesty , the Scarecrow of Oz ) Bastinda ( 1939 ) ( The Wizard of the Emerald City ) Smarmy ( 1969 ) ( The Songs from The Wizard of Oz ) Evillene ( 1974 ) ( The Wiz ) Elphaba Thropp ( 1996 ) ( Wicked ) Old Snarl - Spats ( 2000 ) ( The Unknown Witches of Oz ) Azkadellia ( 2007 ) ( Tin Man ) Billie Westbrook ( 2011 ) ( Dorothy and the Witches of Oz ) Theodora ( 2013 ) ( Oz the Great and Powerful ) Lynessa ( 2013 ) ( Grimm Fairy Tales presents Oz ) Zelena ( 2014 ) ( Once Upon a Time ) West ( 2017 ) ( Emerald City ) Species Human ( witch ) Gender Female Occupation Ruler of the Winkies ( at time of death ) Title The Wicked Witch of the West Family The Wicked Witch of the East ( sister ) Regina Mills ( sister ) ( once upon a time ) Cora ( mother ) ( once upon a time ) Robin ( daughter ) ( once upon a time ) Nationality Ozian of Winkie descent The Wicked Witch of the West is a fictional character created by L. Frank Baum as the most significant antagonist in his classic children 's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) . In Baum 's subsequent Oz novels , it is the Nome King who is the principal villain ; the Wicked Witch of the West is rarely even referred to again after her death in the first book . The witch 's most popular depiction was in the classic 1939 film based on Baum 's novel , where she was portrayed by Margaret Hamilton . Hamilton 's characterization introduced green skin and this has been continued in later literary and dramatic representations , including Gregory Maguire 's revisionist Oz novel Wicked : The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West ( 1995 ) and its musical stage adaptation Wicked ( 2003 ) , the 2013 film Oz the Great and Powerful , and the television series Once Upon a Time and Emerald City . Contents ( hide ) 1 In Baum 's books 2 In other books 3 In dramatic representations 3.1 1910 film 3.2 1914 film 3.3 1939 film 3.3. 1 Other appearances by Hamilton 3.4 2003 stage musical 3.5 2013 film 3.6 Once Upon a Time 3.7 Emerald City 3.8 Later adaptations 4 References In Baum 's books ( edit ) Illustration of the Wicked Witch of the West by William Wallace Denslow ( From the original Baum publishing in 1900 ) The Wicked Witch of the West is the malevolent ruler of the Winkie Country . Her castle is described as beautiful instead of being the sinister fortress shown in the movie . In all versions , she is seriously aquaphobic . The Wicked Witch of the West was not related to the Wicked Witch of the East , but leagued together with her , the Wicked Witch of the South and Mombi to conquer the Land of Oz and divide it among themselves , as recounted in L. Frank Baum 's Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz . She shows no interest in the death of the Eastern Witch , and all she cares about is obtaining the Silver Shoes which will increase her power . W.W. Denslow 's illustrations for The Wonderful Wizard of Oz depict her as a paunched old hag with three pigtails and an eye - patch . L. Frank Baum himself specified that she only had one eye , but that it `` was as powerful as a telescope '' , enabling the witch to see what was happening in her kingdom from her castle windows . Other illustrators , such as Paul Granger , placed her eye in the center of her forehead , as a cyclops . Usually , she is shown wearing an eye patch , however some illustrations show her with two eyes . Possibly to suggest that the witch actually has two eyes , but has no vision in one of them . Most of her power resides in the creatures she controls . She has a pack of wolves , a swarm of bees , a flock of crows and an army of Winkies . She possesses the enchanted Golden Cap , which compels the winged monkeys to obey her on three occasions . First , the witch commanded the creatures to help her enslave the Winkies and to seize control of the western part of the Land of Oz . Second , she made the winged monkeys drive Oz out of the Winkie Country , when he attempted to overthrow her . When Dorothy Gale and her companions were sent by the Wizard to destroy her , the Witch attacked them with a pack of 40 great wolves , a flock of 40 crows , a swarm of black bees , and a group of Winkie slaves . Each of these attempts were thwarted , but the protagonists are eventually subdued by the Witch 's third and final permitted use of the Winged Monkeys . Nevertheless , the old witch can not kill Dorothy because the girl is protected by the Good Witch of the North 's kiss . She therefore settles for enslaving Dorothy , and tries to force the Cowardly Lion into submission by starving him , though Dorothy sneaks him food . Upon seeing the Silver Shoes on the girl 's feet , the Wicked Witch decides to steal them , and thereby acquire even more power . When she succeeds in acquiring one silver shoe by making Dorothy trip over an invisible bar , the little girl angrily throws a bucket of water onto the Wicked Witch . This causes the old witch to melt away . The Wicked Witch 's dryness was enumerated in some clues before this . Furthermore , when Toto had bitten her , she had not bled ; her wickedness had dried her up long ago . Unfortunately , L. Frank Baum did not explain precisely why water had this effect on her , nor did he ever imply that all evil witches could be likewise destroyed . However , the wicked witch Mombi is similarly disposed of in The Lost King of Oz and the wicked witch Singra is clearly afraid of the same fate in the early chapters of The Wicked Witch of Oz . The most likely explanation of Baum making water the Achilles ' heel of these witches is the long held belief amongst major religions that water is effective for purifying the soul and combating evil . The Witch did not carry a broom in the novel , but rather an umbrella , which she uses on one occasion to strike Dorothy 's dog Toto . Her nature is a volatile and yet somewhat cowardly one . Despite her immense power , she avoids face - to - face contact with her enemies , and is frightened of Dorothy at first when she sees the girl wearing the Silver Shoes . She is also afraid of the dark in Baum 's original story for reasons never revealed . For that reason , the Witch never tried to steal the Silver Shoes while Dorothy was sleeping . Despite her fear of water and the dark , the Wicked Witch of the West was one of the most powerful witches in all of Oz . In ensuing Oz books , her power is described as having been so great that even Glinda the Good Witch of the South feared her . In other books ( edit ) In Alexander Melentyevich Volkov 's 1939 novel The Wizard of the Emerald City , her given name is Bastinda . March Laumer uses this name for the witch in his novel Aunt Em and Uncle Henry in Oz . Like in the 1939 movie , she is the sister of the Wicked Witch of the East . Sherwood Smith uses this name for a new Wicked Witch of the West in her 2005 book The Emerald Wand of Oz . Gregory Maguire 's September 1996 revisionist novel Wicked : The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West takes the familiar Oz story and inverts it , with the Wicked Witch ( given the name Elphaba in homage to L. Frank Baum ) as the novel 's protagonist and Dorothy as a hapless child . The name is retained in the musical Wicked . In the novel The Unknown Witches of Oz , the Wicked Witch of the West is named Old Snarl - Spats . In the comic book series Grimm Fairy Tales presents Oz , the Wicked Witch of the West is named Lynessa . In dramatic representations ( edit ) 1910 film ( edit ) The 1910 silent film The Wonderful Wizard of Oz features a character similar to the Wicked Witch of the West , identified in intertitles as `` Momba the Witch '' ( Compare the character Mombi from The Marvelous Land of Oz ) . In the film , Momba has an unspecified hold over the Wizard , who promises his crown to anyone who can release him from Momba 's power . Momba captures Dorothy and her companions , evoking the events in Baum 's original novel , and is destroyed when Dorothy throws a bucket of water over her . 1914 film ( edit ) Mombi 's likeness and costume in the 1914 silent film , His Majesty , the Scarecrow of Oz is based on Denslow 's illustrations of the Wicked Witch of the West . 1939 film ( edit ) Margaret Hamilton as the Witch in the 1939 film version , threatening Dorothy ( Judy Garland ) In the 1939 version of The Wizard of Oz , Margaret Hamilton plays the Wicked Witch of the West as a green - skinned witch dressed in a long black dress with a black pointed hat . She does not wear an eye - patch like in the novel . This representation of the Wicked Witch has become a standard for what witches resemble and an archetype of human wickedness . While this relationship is not mentioned in Baum 's books , in the movie , the Witch is the sister of the Wicked Witch of the East . In fact , she appears in the film much earlier on than in Baum 's original novel , demanding the Munchkins reveal who killed her sister , not long after Dorothy 's arrival in Oz . She is described by Glinda the Good Witch of the North , not the South as in the book , as `` worse than the other one . '' Therefore , the Witch 's role is made much more prominent than in the novel , as she seeks revenge against Dorothy for killing her sister , even though it was `` accidental '' . However , as soon as the Witch is reminded of the ruby slippers , all interest in her sister 's death vanishes and all she cares about are obtaining `` her '' slippers , which will enable her to conquer Oz . She is also more menacing than her literary counterpart , making Dorothy too afraid to ever lose her temper with the Witch . She makes sure that Dorothy knows her power when Dorothy meets the Scarecrow by throwing a ball of fire at them . Before Dorothy and her friends get to the city , the Witch casts a sleeping spell over a field of poppies through which the group must pass . Glinda remotely counteracts the spell with a snowfall . The Wicked Witch then flies on her broom over the Emerald City , demanding that the citizens of the Emerald City surrender Dorothy to her , and the Wizard demands the destruction of the Witch , with her broom as proof , in exchange for granting the wishes of Dorothy and her companions . Unlike Baum 's original depiction , the Wicked Witch sends the Winged Monkeys as the first wave of attack . The Golden Cap is not mentioned but , after the failure of her poppy spell , the Witch does hold and then angrily cast away a costume piece that could be considered the cap ( It greatly resembles the Cap in depicted in W.W. Denslow 's original illustrations for The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ) and was mentioned as her `` wishing cap '' in the original shooting script . She is killed when Dorothy throws a bucket of water on her , in attempt to put out a fire the witch bestowed on the Scarecrow . In the novel , Dorothy simply throws it on her in a fit of anger . There is no prior mention of the Wicked Witch 's vulnerability to water in the movie , save for a split - second before the water actually douses her when she screams `` Do n't touch that water ! '' ( this line does not appear in the film 's shooting script ) . After the Wicked Witch of the West is dead , her soldiers are glad to be free of her power , and quote `` Hail to Dorothy ! The Wicked Witch is dead ! '' The character ranks No. 4 in the American Film Institute 's list of the 50 Best Movie Villains of All Time , making her the highest ranking female villain , as well as placing 90th on Empire magazine 's 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time . Margaret Hamilton and Oscar The Grouch in 1976 Hamilton 's other role in this film is the Witch 's Kansas sepia tone sequence character , Miss Almira Gulch , newly created for the film by screenwriter Noel Langley . She arrives on her bicycle at the farm and says to Uncle Henry , `` Mr. Gale ! I 'd like to speak with you and your wife right away '' . Since Dorothy 's last name is also Gale , this implies that Henry is her blood - uncle , and Aunt Em is his wife . Em tells her off , saying to her : `` Almira Gulch , just because you own half the county does n't mean that you have the power to run the rest of us . For 23 years I 've been dying to tell you what I thought of you ! And now ... well , being a Christian woman , I ca n't say it ! '' ( Baum 's character never mentions anything about religion beyond the implications of Sunday - best clothing . ) Dorothy , in her dream sequence on the way to Oz sees her again outside the window in the tornado . At that moment , Miss Gulch transforms into the Wicked Witch of the East flying on a broom . Other appearances by Hamilton ( edit ) On a 1976 episode of the American television program , Sesame Street , the Witch , once again played by Hamilton herself , drops her broom and falls onto the street . In order to get the broom back , she must prove that she can be nice . Everyone is scared of her , except for Oscar the Grouch and Big Bird . After she proves that she is nice , Big Bird is upset when the time comes for her to leave . She reassures him that one day she 'll return . The episode was poorly received by parents of frightened young children , and was never aired again . The fate of the footage is unknown , but it can be assumed that it is still stashed away in Sesame Workshop 's vault . Hamilton also played this witch in The Paul Lynde Halloween Special ( 1976 ) , and reprised her role several times on stage , most notably at the St. Louis Municipal Opera . Hamilton also appeared as herself on Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood . In this appearance , she demonstrated how her costume and acting skills made her appear to be the Witch , and assured her young viewers that there was nothing about her to be feared , because her portrayal in the film was only make - believe . 2003 stage musical ( edit ) Main article : Wicked ( musical ) The story line of the stage adaptation `` goes far afield '' from the 1996 novel . As Winnie Holzman observed in an interview with Playbill , `` It was ( Maguire 's ) brilliant idea to take this hated figure and tell things from her point of view , and to have the two witches be roommates in college , but the way in which their friendship develops -- and really the whole plot -- is different onstage . '' Schwartz justified the deviation , saying `` Primarily we were interested in the relationship between Galinda -- who becomes Glinda -- and Elphaba ... the friendship of these two women and how their characters lead them to completely different destinies . '' In addition to this change in focus , other major plot modifications include Fiyero 's appearance as the scarecrow , Elphaba 's survival at the end , Nessarose using a wheelchair instead of being born without arms , Boq having a continuing love interest for Glinda - and eventually becoming the Tin Woodman instead of Nick Chopper , the complete cutting of Elphaba 's years in the Vinkus , the deletion of Liir 's birth , Fiyero not having a wife and children , and Doctor Dillamond not being murdered . 2013 film ( edit ) Mila Kunis as Theodora in Oz the Great and Powerful Mila Kunis portrays the Wicked Witch of the West , who is named Theodora , in the 2013 Disney film Oz the Great and Powerful . In this version , she is portrayed as a ' good witch ' , also being the younger sister of Evanora ( Rachel Weisz ) , who is at war with Glinda ( Michelle Williams ) for control of Oz ; she wants nothing more than for peace to come back to their land . She falls in love with Oscar Diggs ( James Franco ) , but her feelings for him are one - sided ; Theodora wanted to be Oscar 's queen when he ruled Oz . After Oscar goes to meet with Glinda , Evanora tricks Theodora into thinking Oscar had betrayed her , offering her a magic apple that will help her forget her disappointment . Theodora immediately takes a bite from it , but afterwards Evanora reveals that she was the evil Witch all along , however Theodora is too late to realize this . Before she can do anything , she starts feeling great pain as the apple was tainted with a potion that removes all the good in her heart making her so evil that even her sister fears her . Her skin turns green as a side effect of the potion , while her nose becomes crooked due to her falling on it . Though Evanora offers to cover it up with an enchantment , Theodora embraces her new appearance and helps her sister attempt to kill Glinda , get revenge on Oscar , and take control of Oz . However , she and Evanora are defeated by Oscar 's illusions . Theodora is forced to flee the city on her broom , but she threatens to return . Oscar tells her he knows her wickedness is n't her doing and if she ever finds the goodness within her , she is welcome to return . However , she refuses and flies off to the West , vowing revenge . Once Upon a time ( edit ) Rebecca Mader as Zelena in Once Upon a Time The Wicked Witch appears as the main antagonist of the second half of Season Three of Once Upon a Time played by Rebecca Mader . This version goes by the name of Zelena ( which means `` green '' in some Slavic languages ) . Zelena is discovered to be the daughter of the Queen of Hearts / the Miller 's Daughter ( Barbara Hershey / Rose McGowan ) , making her the older , long - lost half - sister of Regina the Evil Queen ( Lana Parrilla ) . Zelena visited Rumplestiltskin ( Robert Carlyle ) and learned from him how to control her own powerful magic . Her storyline revolves around her efforts to create a time - travel spell that will allow her to go back and prevent the Evil Queen 's birth before she can unwittingly ruin Zelena 's life , and thus Zelena would be raised as royalty . But despite Zelena 's efforts to sabotage Emma Swan ( supposedly the only wielder of light magic powerful enough to oppose her ) she is defeated when the Evil Queen masters light magic in time to oppose her ( although her time - travel spell is completed , it only takes effect after her presumed death , transporting Emma and Captain Hook ( Colin O'Donoghue ) back to before the original curse was cast ) . She was later thought to have been killed by Rumpelstiltskin . It was later discovered that Zelena 's soul actually went back in time , where she managed to revive herself and assumed Maid Marian 's ( Christie Laing ) place after killing her in the past and taking her appearance ; to allow the heroes to take her back to the present , where she poses as Marian without Robin Hood ( Sean Maguire ) knowing . This way , she can resume making Regina Mills suffer by complicating her romantic relationship with the believed widower Robin . Zelena also copies the other villains ' idea to try to force the Author to write them happy lives at the expense of the heroes . Zelena swaps out the Elixir of the Wounded Heart and when Mr. Gold is dying , saves his life with it , but only after he agrees to drop his grudge against her and begins helping her . Regina learns this and rushes to New York with Emma . Upon arriving there with Lily , Emma and Regina confront Robin Hood and Zelena where Regina tells her what actually happened to Maid Marian . Even though Robin Hood is now aware of what happened to Maid Marian , he could n't leave Zelena because she is pregnant . Zelena is taken back to Storybrooke and locked in the hospital basement . Regina almost has the Author write Zelena and the pregnancy out of existence and memory . Regina changes her mind after she realizes it is something their mother would do , and she can choose to be happy with Robin and the rest of her family , raising the baby herself after the birth , while Zelena has extremely restricted visitation rights . When the Author warps reality to serve his own purposes , the roles of heroes and villains are switched . In the alternate Enchanted Forest Zelena is the fiancé of Robin Hood and their marriage will make all the changes permanent . When Regina is slashed almost fatally by Rumpelstiltskin , Zelena complains she is bleeding on her wedding dress and taking the attention away from her on her wedding day . She begins turning green again and runs off . When reality is returned to normal she is still pregnant in the hospital . Zelena travels with the heroes to Camelot in search of Emma , after becoming the Dark One . She is told to pretend to be Regina 's mute handmaiden ( Regina having taken her voice ) . In Camelot , Zelena is threatened by Regina that her baby will be taken by Regina once it has been born . She takes this as a strategy to kidnap Mary Margaret ( Ginnifer Goodwin ) as the rest of the group tries to sneak into Camelot ( having been thrown out ) and regains her magic with King Arthur 's ( Liam Garrigan ) help . She enchants the main hilt of Excalibur to bind Merlin 's ( Elliot Knight ) soul , allowing its holder to control him . Zelena , Arthur and Merlin hold Emma 's friends captive with the Protheum flame and the Dark One Dagger as ransom . Before she can do anything , she is tricked by Emma and tied by magic around a tree . After a battle between Merlin and Emma , Zelena transports herself and Arthur back to Camelot . Arthur and her plan to take a magical helm from the kingdom of DunBroch . After many failed attempts to reach the helm , including a battle between Arthur , Zelena and Red Riding Hood ( Meghan Ory ) , Mulan ( Jamie Chung ) and Merida ( Amy Manson , she transports herself back to Camelot , where Emma casts the Dark Curse , ripping everyone back to Storybrooke without their memories of ever stepping foot in Camelot . Zelena awakens in Granny 's Diner and is almost immediately put back in her cell . Zelena is met by the Dark Swan ( name for Emma as the Dark One ) and is told she will need an ally in the town after people learn the truth . Zelena eats darkly enchanted onion rings ( made by Emma ) and as a result , her pregnancy is sped up from two months to nine . She gives birth to a baby girl and is taken away by Emma into her basement with Hook at her side . She is freed from her cuff once again and leaves Hook in Emma 's house , wanting to get answers . Zelena steps back inside after Emma finds him . She brings in an enchanted dreamcatcher , which holds the memories of Hook becoming a Dark One ( in Emma 's fault ) in order to save him . Zelena learns that Robin and Regina are allowing her to see her baby , as long as one of them is with her . This is when she shares a bonding moment with her child . During the Dark Siege of Storybrooke , Zelena plans to take Regina 's place in Storybrooke including her office . After claiming full custody of her baby , Zelena is transported by Regina ( and the Apprentice 's Wand ) back to Oz , and she claimed they will see each other again . Regina reunites with Zelena in the underworld where it is revealed that Zelena and Hades have a romantic history . The sisters eventually become close as she tries to change for her daughter . She shares True Love 's Kiss with Hades , which allows him to go to Storybrooke and the two go together with the baby as she believes Hades has changed . However , Hades kills Robin Hood , proving his evil to Zelena who kills him with the Olympian Crystal . She names the baby Robyn after her father . In season 6 , Zelena and Regina get into a fight where Regina reveals that she blames Zelena for Robin 's death ; Regina 's dark half , the Evil Queen has now become a human manifestation and she and Zelena work together until the Queen tries to kill her . Regina saves Zelena from the Evil Queen but does not forgive her for Robin 's death . Emerald City ( edit ) The Witch of the West appears as one of the main characters in the first season of Emerald City , portrayed by Ana Ularu . Here she is one of the last Cardinal Witches of Oz and the `` Mistress of the Western Fields , Vessel of Truth and Solace '' , along with her sisters Glinda of the North and the Witch of the East . West seemingly obeys the Wizard of Oz 's law against magic , owns a brothel in the Emerald City and is a poppy opium addict , deteriorating her magical skill . She is very emotional , especially when compared to the reserved behavior of Glinda 's . Despite claiming to hate magic because it could not save her mother and sister witches during the Beast Forever 's last attack , she resorts to it quickly when in pursuit of Dorothy after she accidentally killed East . Later adaptations ( edit ) On the 1969 LP vinyl Songs from the Wizard of Oz , produced by Disneyland records , The Wicked Witch of the West is given the name `` Smarmy '' , and sings the song `` Just Call Smarmy '' . The record features both original songs and songs from the 1939 MGM film . In The Wiz ( 1974 ) , its film version ( 1978 ) , and television special ( 2015 ) , the Wicked Witch of the West is given the name Evillene ( portrayed by Mabel King in both the original Broadway cast and the film and Mary J. Blige in the television special ) . She is the malevolent ruler of the Winkies . She is the sister of Addaperle ( Miss One in the film version ) , Glinda , and Evermean , the other three witches of Oz . In the film version , she runs a sweatshop under Yankee Stadium with the slogan `` Manufacturers and Exporters of Sweat '' and extracts it not only from the Winkies , but the Crows , the Poppy Girls , and the Subway Peddler . Her magic creates urban variations on the Kalidahs ( depicted as evil growing dolls sent by the Subway Peddler ) , Fighting Trees ( depicted as mobile pillars ) and the wolves ( depicted as living and carnivorous trash cans ) , all in the Subway system . She then sends the Flying Monkeys ( depicted as a biker gang ) to capture Dorothy and her friends . In the film , Evillene is vanquished when Dorothy sets off the sweatshop 's sprinkler system . In Scooby - Doo and Scrappy - Doo 's 1981 episode `` Scooby 's Trip to Ahz '' , the Witch appears as the Wicked Witch of the North by Southeast ( suffix name spoofs the film title , `` North by Northwest '' ) . In the anime film The Wizard of Oz ( 1982 ) , the Witch ( voiced by Elizabeth Hanna ) is purple - skinned , white - haired , and wears an eyepatch similar to W.W. Denslow 's original illustration . However , her telescopic eye is replaced by a magic mirror . Her soldiers are completely magical , disappear at her demise , and are quite distinct from the Winkies , whom she uses only for labor . She wears an old - fashioned peasant dress and possesses a staff , through which she generates her magic . In the 1986 anime series The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , the Witch is purple - skinned once again , and has long white hair with a blood - like red streak . She possesses both eyes and is dressed in a long , black hooded gown . Her eyes have the power to turn people into stone , and turn blood - red when such transformations are effected . One of the Winkies actually tries to crush her to death with a huge boulder , but the Witch causes the boulder to disappear , and turns the man into stone . Like in the 1982 anime film , a magic mirror shows her everything she wishes to uncover . The Wicked Witch makes it clear to Dorothy that the Good Witch of the North 's kiss can not serve as protection from her apparently superior power , and it 's the Silver Shoes that safeguard the girl . The Witch also reveals that the Wicked Witch of the East was her sister , and that the Silver Shoes could triple her own powers . This version gives the witch the most prolonged and dramatic death scene of all versions ; it also differs from previous adaptations by suggesting that Mombi was her protégé . In the animated series The Wizard of Oz ( 1990 -- 1991 ) by DiC Enterprises , the Flying Monkeys that were loyal to the Wicked Witch of the West ( voiced by Tress MacNeille ) perform a ritual that resurrects the Wicked Witch of the West where they place her hat , dress and cloak on an effigy . Afterwards , she terrorizes Oz again by tarnishing the Emerald City , stealing what Dorothy 's friends treasure the most ( the Scarecrow 's brain diploma , the Tin Woodman 's clock heart , and the Cowardly Lion 's medal of courage ) , and making the Wizard fly off - course in his hot - air balloon by creating an evil wind . Of course she still has a weakness to any type of water causing her to evade at all times . This incarnation of the character was clearly based on the 1939 MGM movie , to which the series itself served as an unofficial sequel . Although the witch 's garments are purple here rather than black . The Witch appears in a little - known 1995 version of the original story made for British cable television , which combined elements of Baum 's original story , the 1939 movie , and the 1985 semi-sequel Return to Oz . She first appears after Dorothy lands in Oz , demands to know where the Ruby Slippers are , threatens Dorothy , then leaves . The Munchkins then reveal they hid the Slippers to keep the Witch from getting them , force them onto Dorothy , who then leaves to find the Wizard . At the end of the film , after taking the Slippers while Dorothy is sleeping , the Witch turns her loose in a room full of large rocks , says she 's turned Dorothy 's companions into rocks themselves , and will give her three chances to pick which ones are her friends , but if she guesses wrong , she will become one herself . To be fair , she turns the Slippers into a rock and hides them in the room . Dorothy , however manages to find the Tin Woodman , Scarecrow and Cowardly Lion . The Witch , enraged , grows to giant sized and holds a boulder over Dorothy , who then finds the Slippers and wishes for the Witch to lose her power . The Witch loses her strength and falls backwards , and the boulder kills her instantly . In the 1995 television special The Wizard of Oz in Concert : Dreams Come True ( a stage musical based on the 1939 film ) , Debra Winger portrays the Witch . Her costume is green rather than black . In addition , Winger narrates the tornado scene including Miss Gulch 's transformation . This production omits the scene where the Witch threatens Dorothy , the Scarecrow , and Tin Man as mattresses and a beehive after appearing on top of The Tin Man 's cottage . The Wicked Witch 's Castle scenes are shortened due to time limit . Unlike Margaret Hamilton , Winger says the line `` What a little whiner ! I 'll give you something to cry about '' when Dorothy suffers her imprisonment after Aunt Em 's image fades away in the crystal ball rather than `` I 'll give you Auntie Em , my pretty ! '' . In the February 1996 episode `` Water You Thinking ? '' of Mighty Morphin ' Alien Rangers , a witch monster appears by the name of Witchblade and she seems to be modeled after the Wicked Witch . Her voice and cackle are reminiscent of the 1939 film 's portrayal of the Witch . Additionally , most of her lines are paraphrasings of the Witch 's lines , such as `` How ' bout a little fire , Rangers ? '' . She also refers to the Rangers ' Zords as `` Tin Men '' and to the Rangers as `` My pretties '' . When she 's defeated , she cries `` Oh , no ! I 'm falling , falling ! What a world ! '' In `` Anthology of Interest II '' , a 2002 episode of the animated television series Futurama , Leela is knocked unconscious and dreams about being Dorothy in a version of The Wizard of Oz , with Futurama characters playing the roles of Wizard characters . While Fry is the Scarecrow , Bender the Robot is the Tinman , and Doctor Zoidberg is the Lion , the Wicked Witch is played by Mom , a recurring antagonist from the show , voice by Tress MacNeille who also provided the voice for The Wicked Witch of the West in the 1990 DIC animated series . The Witch sends her flying monkeys , played by Mom 's sons Larry , Walt , and Igner , to capture Dorothy / Leela . At the Witch 's castle , she reveals that she wants to adopt Dorothy as her daughter , and Dorothy / Leela agrees , as long as she gets to be a witch , too . The Witch / Mom meets her fate when Tinman / Bender opens a celebratory bottle of champagne and accidentally sprays her with it , melting her . Later , after Dorothy / Leela uses the power of her ruby boots to become the new Wicked Witch of the West , water splashes down on her from the ceiling , causing her to melt as well , to which the Cowardly Lobster / Zoidberg descends the stairs , mentioning `` I think there 's a problem with your upstairs toilet . '' In The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) , Miss Piggy plays all of the witches of Oz , including the Wicked Witch of the West . Her basic attire evoked W.W. Denslow 's original illustration , with a biker theme . The eyepatch also covered a magical glass - eye that gave her visual powers . This version of the Wicked Witch is only vulnerable to tap water where she is able to bathe in bottled water . The Wicked Witch of the West is vanquished when Dorothy kicks her into the bathtub filled with bottled tap water since Angel Marie filled the bottles with tap water . Afterwards , Dorothy salvages her glass - eye which is later given to the Wizard of Oz . Miss Piggy 's other role is herself . Prior to Dorothy 's journey , she appears with Kermit and tries to get rid of Dorothy . After Dorothy 's return , she returns for the Muppets ' show . In the American television show Supernatural , the Wicked Witch appears as the villain of the episode `` Slumber Party '' where she comes to Earth in 1935 with a plan to get the Key to Oz and bring her army to Earth to take over . Dorothy Gale , who is in fact the daughter of L. Frank Baum , becomes a monster hunter to stop the Witch after she spent some time trapped in Oz with the resistance - the leaders being cursed to transform into the Scarecrow , the Tin Man and the Lion - but is unable to kill her , eventually forced to simply trap herself and the Witch in a jar in the Men of Letters Bunker until someone else can work out her weakness . When the two of them are accidentally released in 2013 , the Witch begins searching for the Key to continue her plan , the protagonists initially only able to wound the Witch with bullets made from poppy seed extract . She possesses Sam and Dean Winchester to kill Dorothy , whom she ca n't hurt due to the blessing Dorothy received from Glinda upon arrival , but is killed by Charlie Bradbury with the Ruby Slippers when Dorothy identifies them as possessing Oz magic and being suitably sharp . In the October 2007 VeggieTales episode `` The Wonderful Wizard of Ha 's '' , the witch and her Kansas counterpart from the 1939 film are replaced by Chester the Bully ( Kansas ) and Bobby the Bully ( Wonderful Land of Ha 's ) , both portrayed by Gourdon from `` Bully Trouble '' . In the December 2007 Syfy miniseries Tin Man , the character of Azkadellia ( played by Kathleen Robertson ) is analogous with the Wicked Witch of the West , though she is vastly different from most other versions of the character . In the miniseries , she is portrayed as a member of the Royal Family of the O.Z. ( Outer Zone ) who is possessed as a young girl by the spirit of the evil Witch of the Dark ( Karin Konoval ) who uses her body to take over the O.Z. and plunge it into a world of permanent darkness . This adaptation 's version of Dorothy Gale is Azkadellia 's younger sister DG ( Zooey Deschanel ) . Both of the sisters are powerful witches themselves , though DG has to relearn all of her magical abilities , and once DG frees Azkadellia from the witch 's grip , both of them defeat her together . Although it is clear that Azkadellia is analogous with the Wicked Witch of the West , it is implied vaguely that the Witch of the Dark is the Wicked Witch that Dorothy , who makes an appearance as a spirit in a mausoleum , defeated in the original story . In Dorothy of Oz , a Korean manhwa ( produced 2008 or earlier ) by Son Hee - Joon , the Witch of the West is re-imagined as a scientist who rules over the Western Dominion . She is psychopathic and cruel , and in a twist , she ( not Mara / Dorothy ) is the true orchestrator of the death of the East Witch Selluriah . She is the creator of an army of clones , one of whom is the story 's equivalent of the Scarecrow . Whether or not this is a reference to the musical Wicked is unknown . The Wicked Witch of the West appears as the primary antagonist of the 2011 television miniseries Dorothy and the Witches of Oz played by Eliza Swenson . In flashbacks , it was seen that she had obtained the mystical Book of Mini Aru ( which contained the Changing Word ) from the Wizard as part of a deal not to continue her attack on Oz in exchange that the Wizard does n't plan to reclaim the book . Unfortunately for the Wicked Witch of the West , the Wizard entrusted the key to the Book of Mini Aru to Dorothy for safekeeping . On Earth , she assumes the form of a female book publishing agent named Billie Westbrook and plans to obtain an artifact that Dorothy was entrusted into holding on to by the Wizard so that she can lead Princess Langwidere , the Nome King and an army of winged monkeys , Nomes and dragons into taking over Earth upon learning the Changing Word . The Wicked Witch of the West also had plans to invade Wonderland , Neverland , Camelot , and Narnia . The Wicked Witch of the West has a cameo appearance in Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return during one of the Jester 's songs . The Jester is presented as her brother , who was cursed to be trapped in a jester 's costume by the Witch with Glinda noting that she did n't know the Witch had a sense of humor . The Wicked Witch of the West appears as a boss character and playable figure in the video game Lego Dimensions , voiced by Courtenay Taylor . She is the only playable character from the Wizard of Oz franchise . During the video game 's story , Batman , Gandalf , and Wyldstyle face off against the Wicked Witch of the West and were able to defeat her with water and steal the Shift Keystone from her . Her hat is later salvaged by Lord Vortech . The Wicked Witch of the West appears as one of the villains in The Lego Batman Movie , voiced by Riki Lindhome . She is depicted as an inmate of the Phantom Zone , the group of which is known as the Ubers . She unleashes the Winged Monkeys to fly around and cause mayhem in Gotham City where Robin kicks them off the Bat - Plane . The Wicked Witch of the West also infiltrates Wayne Island along with Joker , Harley Quinn , and the other Phantom Zone inmates . She is defeated by Team Batman and the Rogues in the end and sent back to the Phantom Zone . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ L. Frank Baum , The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Jump up ^ Baum , L. Frank ; Hearn , Michael Patrick . The Annotated Wizard of Oz , W.W. Norton & Company , 1976 . p. 231 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 50086 - 8 Jump up ^ Zimmermann , Denise ; Gleason , Katherine A . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Wicca and Witchcraft , 2nd Edition , Alpha , 2003 . p. 7 . ISBN 1 - 59257 - 111 - 5 Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains Jump up ^ `` 90 . The Wicked Witch of the West '' . Empire . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Buckley , Michael ( June 6 , 2004 ) . `` STAGE TO SCREENS : A Chat with Wicked Nominee and TV Veteran Winnie Holzman '' . Playbill . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wicked -- Script '' . MusicalSchwartz.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Maguire , Gregory ( 1995 ) . Wicked : The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West . ReganBooks . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 039144 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time : Rebecca Mader Is Playing The Wicked Witch of the West ! See the Incredible First Photos '' . E !. December 15 , 2013 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Zelena '' . ABC . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Canonical books L. Frank Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 ) Ozma of Oz ( 1907 ) Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz ( 1908 ) The Road to Oz ( 1909 ) The Emerald City of Oz ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1913 ) Tik - Tok of Oz ( 1914 ) The Scarecrow of Oz ( 1915 ) Rinkitink in Oz ( 1916 ) The Lost Princess of Oz ( 1917 ) The Tin Woodman of Oz ( 1918 ) The Magic of Oz ( 1919 ) Glinda of Oz ( 1920 ) Ruth Plumly Thompson The Royal Book of Oz ( 1921 ) Kabumpo in Oz ( 1922 ) The Cowardly Lion of Oz ( 1923 ) Grampa in Oz ( 1924 ) The Lost King of Oz ( 1925 ) The Hungry Tiger of Oz ( 1926 ) The Gnome King of Oz ( 1927 ) The Giant Horse of Oz ( 1928 ) Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz ( 1929 ) The Yellow Knight of Oz ( 1930 ) Pirates in Oz ( 1931 ) The Purple Prince of Oz ( 1932 ) Ojo in Oz ( 1933 ) Speedy in Oz ( 1934 ) The Wishing Horse of Oz ( 1935 ) Captain Salt in Oz ( 1936 ) Handy Mandy in Oz ( 1937 ) The Silver Princess in Oz ( 1938 ) Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Others The Wonder City of Oz ( 1940 ) The Scalawagons of Oz ( 1941 ) Lucky Bucky in Oz ( 1942 ) The Magical Mimics in Oz ( 1946 ) The Shaggy Man of Oz ( 1949 ) The Hidden Valley of Oz ( 1951 ) Merry Go Round in Oz ( 1963 ) Yankee in Oz ( 1972 ) The Enchanted Island of Oz ( 1976 ) The Forbidden Fountain of Oz ( 1980 ) The Ozmapolitan of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wicked Witch of Oz ( 1993 ) The Giant Garden of Oz ( 1993 ) The Runaway in Oz ( 1995 ) The Rundelstone of Oz ( 2000 ) The Emerald Wand of Oz ( 2005 ) Trouble Under Oz ( 2006 ) Alternate Dorothy of Oz ( 1989 ) Locations and elements Land of Oz Emerald City Munchkin Country Gillikin Country Winkie Country Quadling Country Yellow brick road Oogaboo Deadly Desert Nonestica Forest of Burzee Land of Ev Merryland Mo Ix Nome Kingdom Noland Ruby slippers Silver Shoes Apocrypha The Oz Film Manufacturing Company Characters Dorothy Gale Toto Princess Ozma The Wizard of Oz Scarecrow Tin Woodman Cowardly Lion Jack Pumpkinhead Tik - Tok Sawhorse Trot Hungry Tiger Good Witch of the North Glinda , the Good Witch of the South Wicked Witch of the West Wicked Witch of the East Aunt Em Uncle Henry Betsy Bobbin Billina Boq Button - Bright Cap'n Bill Eureka Herby Jellia Jamb Jenny Jump Jinjur Jinnicky the Red Jinn John Dough Kabumpo Mombi Munchkins Nome King Ojo the Lucky Pastoria Patchwork Girl Peter Brown Pigasus Polychrome Queen Lurline Shaggy Man Soldier with the Green Whiskers Winged monkeys Woggle - Bug Other writers Authors John R. Neill Jack Snow Rachel Cosgrove Payes Eloise Jarvis McGraw Dick Martin Alexander Volkov Gregory Maguire Sherwood Smith Roger S. Baum Illustrators William Wallace Denslow Frank Kramer Dirk Gringhuis Dick Martin Eric Shanower William Stout Adaptations and other derivative works Films The Fairylogue and Radio - Plays ( 1908 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1910 ) Dorothy and the Scarecrow in Oz ( 1910 ) The Land of Oz ( 1910 ) John Dough and the Cherub ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1914 ) The Magic Cloak of Oz ( 1914 ) His Majesty , the Scarecrow of Oz ( 1914 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1925 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1933 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Return to Oz ( 1964 ) The Wonderful Land of Oz ( 1969 ) Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde ( 1971 ) Journey Back to Oz ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1975 ) The Wiz ( 1978 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1982 ) Return to Oz ( 1985 ) Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz ( 1987 ) The Dreamer of Oz : The L. Frank Baum Story ( 1990 ) Lion of Oz ( 2000 ) The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) Dorothy and the Witches of Oz ( 2011 ) After the Wizard ( 2011 ) Oz the Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return ( 2014 ) Ozland ( 2014 ) Guardians of Oz ( 2015 ) Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz ( 2016 ) Stage The Wizard of Oz ( 1902 ) The Woggle - Bug ( 1905 ) The Tik - Tok Man of Oz ( 1913 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1942 ) The Wiz ( 1974 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1981 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2000 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) The Woodsman ( 2012 ) Television Tales of the Wizard of Oz ( 1961 ) Off to See the Wizard ( 1967 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1990 ) The Oz Kids ( 1996 ) Lost in Oz ( 2002 ) Once Upon a Time ( since 2011 ) The Wiz Live ! ( 2015 ) Lost In Oz ( 2015 ) Emerald City ( 2017 ) Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz ( 2017 ) Comics Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 -- 05 ) Adventures in Oz ( 1986 -- 92 ) The Enchanted Apples of Oz ( 1986 ) Oz Squad ( 1991 ) Lost Girls ( 1991 -- 92 ) Oz ( 1994 ) Dorothy of Oz ( 2006 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2009 ) Video games The Wizard of Oz ( 1993 ) The Wizard of Oz : Beyond the Yellow Brick Road ( 2008 ) Emerald City Confidential ( 2009 ) Parodies The Wozard of Iz Os Trapalhões eo Mágico de Oróz The Wonderful Wizard of Ha 's Wizard of Odd Reimagining The Wizard of Mars ( 1965 ) Hunter ( 1973 ) Zardoz ( 1974 ) Oz ( 1976 ) The Number of the Beast ( 1980 ) A Barnstormer in Oz ( 1982 ) The Wizard of A.I.D.S. ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz ( 1990 ) Twister ( 1994 ) The Dark Tower IV : Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Tin Man ( 2007 ) Dorothy Must Die ( 2014 ) The Wicked Will Rise ( 2015 ) The Wicked Years Wicked Son of a Witch A Lion Among Men Out of Oz Wicked ( musical ) Characters Others Rainbow Road to Oz MÄR The Wizard of Oz ( pinball ) The Wizard of Oz ( arcade game ) Related The International Wizard of Oz Club The Baum Bugle Portal The Wicked Years by Gregory Maguire Books Wicked Son of a Witch A Lion Among Men Out of Oz Characters Elphaba Glinda Wizard of Oz Boq Nessarose Stage adaptation Wicked awards and nominations album Songs `` No One Mourns the Wicked '' `` Dear Old Shiz '' `` The Wizard and I '' `` What is this Feeling ? '' `` Dancing Through Life '' `` Popular '' `` I 'm Not that Girl '' `` One Short Day '' `` A Sentimental Man '' `` Defying Gravity '' `` No One Mourns the Wicked ( Reprise ) '' `` Thank Goodness '' `` Wonderful '' `` I 'm Not That Girl ( Reprise ) '' `` No Good Deed '' `` For Good '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wicked_Witch_of_the_West&oldid=800458809 '' Categories : Oz ( franchise ) witches Fictional characters introduced in 1900 Fictional characters without a name Fictional dictators Literary villains Musical theatre characters Witchcraft in film Witchcraft in written fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Norsk Português Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 17 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who killed the wicked witch of the west	[ "When she succeeds in acquiring one silver shoe by making Dorothy trip over an invisible bar, the little girl angrily throws a bucket of water onto the Wicked Witch. This causes the old witch to melt away. The Wicked Witch's dryness was enumerated in some clues before this. Furthermore, when Toto had bitten her, she had not bled; her wickedness had dried her up long ago. Unfortunately, L. Frank Baum did not explain precisely why water had this effect on her, nor did he ever imply that all evil witches could be likewise destroyed. However, the wicked witch Mombi is similarly disposed of in The Lost King of Oz and the wicked witch Singra is clearly afraid of the same fate in the early chapters of The Wicked Witch of Oz. The most likely explanation of Baum making water the Achilles' heel of these witches is the long held belief amongst major religions that water is effective for purifying the soul and combating evil." ]	[ "Dorothy" ]
1160019787812415129	Cavaliers–Warriors rivalry	Cavaliers -- Warriors rivalry - wikipedia Cavaliers -- Warriors rivalry Cavaliers -- Warriors rivalry Cleveland Cavaliers Golden State Warriors First meeting October 17 , 1970 Warriors 128 , Cavaliers 108 Latest meeting June 8 , 2018 Warriors 108 , Cavaliers 85 Next meeting N / A Statistics Meetings total 131 meetings All - time series Warriors , 73 -- 59 Regular season series Warriors , 59 -- 52 Postseason results Warriors , 15 -- 7 Longest win streak Cavaliers , 10 ( 1992 -- 96 ) Warriors , 7 ( 2015 -- 16 ; 2017 -- 18 ) Current win streak Warriors , 7 Post-season history 2015 NBA Finals : Warriors won , 4 -- 2 2016 NBA Finals : Cavaliers won , 4 -- 3 2017 NBA Finals : Warriors won , 4 -- 1 2018 NBA Finals : Warriors won , 4 -- 0 The Cavaliers -- Warriors rivalry is a National Basketball Association ( NBA ) rivalry between the Cleveland Cavaliers and the Golden State Warriors . While the two teams have played each other since the Cavaliers joined the league in 1970 , their rivalry began to develop in the 2014 -- 15 season , when they met in the first of four consecutive NBA Finals series . Prior to the streak beginning , no pair of teams had faced each other in more than two consecutive Finals . Of these four series , the Warriors have won three championships ( 2015 , 2017 , and 2018 ) , and the Cavaliers won in 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre-2014 history 2 2014 -- 15 season 2.1 2015 NBA Finals 3 2015 -- 16 season 3.1 Finals for the ages 4 2016 -- 18 : Arrival of Kevin Durant 5 Players of note 6 Results ( 2014 -- 15 season -- present ) 7 See also 8 References Pre-2014 history ( edit ) The Warriors dominated the early series , going 37 -- 22 (. 627 ) from 1970 to 1991 . The Cavaliers would win 10 straight games from 1992 to 1996 to reduce Golden State 's lead to 37 -- 32 (. 536 ) . The two teams played each other close during LeBron James ' first stint with the Cavaliers in the 2000s . From 2010 to 2014 , James left the Cavaliers to play for the Miami Heat while the Warriors were a lottery team . The Warriors led the head - to - head series 53 -- 50 (. 515 ) through the end of the 2013 -- 14 season . James returned to the Cavaliers during the 2014 off - season . The Cavaliers then acquired All - Star power forward Kevin Love for Andrew Wiggins and other assets . The Cavaliers quickly became the favorite to win the East , as they already had an All - Star point guard in Kyrie Irving and other rising stars such as Tristan Thompson . In the Western Conference , the Warriors were a team lead by their backcourt of the `` Splash Brothers '' , Stephen Curry and Klay Thompson , and a developed fast - paced , up - tempo offense , consisting mainly of three point shooting . 2014 -- 15 season ( edit ) Main article : 2014 -- 15 NBA season Going into the season , the Cavaliers were favored to make it to the NBA Finals . The team started off the season poorly , with Love struggling in his new role and SG Dion Waiters unable to handle being relegated to a secondary role . The Cavaliers started off the season with a dismal record of 19 -- 20 . James missed two weeks in January with a back injury . Later that month , the Cavaliers traded away Waiters to the Oklahoma City Thunder in a three - team deal with the New York Knicks . They acquired three - point specialist J.R. Smith and defensive asset Iman Shumpert . The team also acquired center and rim protector Timofey Mozgov in a separate trade . These players were critical for the team 's return to the top of the Eastern Conference . Stephen Curry ( pictured ) of the Warriors won his first Most Valuable Player Award in 2015 . The Warriors started off the season 21 -- 2 , with a 16 - game winning streak , which made them the early title favorites . Stephen Curry immediately became a Most Valuable Player candidate . Curry was improving off of last year 's All - Star season . Klay Thompson became one of the best shooting guards , three - point shooters , and two - way players in the league . Draymond Green averaged about 12 points , 8 rebounds , and 4 assists per game . Rookie head coach Steve Kerr was a candidate for Coach of the Year . The two teams split their head - to - head meetings that season , each winning on its home court . Irving , James , Curry , and Thompson were all named to their respective NBA All Star teams , with Curry finishing first in the all - star voting ( 1,513,324 ) , and LeBron James finishing in second ( 1,470,483 ) . Curry won the NBA MVP Award , averaging 23.8 points , 7.7 assists , and 2.0 steals per game , and shot 44.3 % from three - point territory . James was third in MVP voting . He averaged 25.3 PPG , 6.0 RPG , and 7.4 APG . They were featured on the All - NBA First Team . Irving and Thompson made the All - NBA team as well . The Cavaliers finished the season with a record of 53 -- 29 , and the Warriors finished the season with a record of 67 -- 15 . 2015 NBA Finals ( edit ) Main article : 2015 NBA Finals The Warriors and the Cavaliers only lost five games combined in the first three rounds of the playoffs . For the first time in NBA Finals history , both teams were coached by rookie head coaches with Steve Kerr and David Blatt . The Cavaliers faced injury trouble , losing Love in the first round to a separated shoulder . Irving left Game 1 of the Finals in overtime after fracturing his left kneecap . The Warriors won Game 1 in a 108 -- 100 overtime thriller . Game 2 also went into overtime , the all - around efforts of LeBron James and Matthew Dellavedova 's surprisingly stellar defense on Steph Curry took the game 95 -- 93 . James had carried the limping Cavaliers to a Game 3 win and a 2 -- 1 lead over the Warriors . The Warriors would win the next three games to take home the 2015 NBA Championship . Andre Iguodala would win the NBA Finals MVP , although James averaged 35.8 PPG , 13.3 RPG , and 8.8 APG in a losing effort . 2015 -- 16 season ( edit ) Main article : 2015 -- 16 NBA season The 2015 -- 16 Cleveland Cavaliers season saw the firing of head coach David Blatt ( left ) , who would be replaced by assistant coach Tyronn Lue ( right ) . The Warriors opened the 2015 -- 16 season going 24 -- 0 , the most wins without a loss to start a season in NBA history and the second - longest winning streak in NBA history ( 28 ) . By the All - Star break , the Warriors ' record was a stellar 48 -- 4 , including a pair of regular season victories against Cleveland . This was the best record at an all - star break in league history . Curry , Thompson , and Draymond Green earned all - star selections . Golden State went on to break the 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls 72 -- 10 season record by winning 73 games . Stephen Curry became the first unanimous MVP in the history of the NBA that year . Despite their regular season dominance , the Warriors struggled in the Western Conference playoffs . After defeating the Houston Rockets and Portland Trail Blazers without Curry for several games due to injuries , the Warriors were pushed to seven games by the Oklahoma City Thunder in the Western Conference Finals . The Thunder jumped to a 3 -- 1 lead but the Warriors were able to battle their way back and win the series . The Cavaliers faced some challenges in the 2015 -- 16 campaign . Irving was recovering from a knee injury sustained in Game 1 of the previous season 's Finals and would miss most of the first half of the season . Despite some hardship , Cleveland performed well throughout the first half of the season . Halfway through the campaign , with a record of 30 -- 11 , head coach David Blatt was replaced by Tyronn Lue . The team finished the regular season with the best record in the Eastern Conference and defeated the Toronto Raptors in 6 games to advance to the finals against the defending champion Warriors . Finals for the ages ( edit ) Main article : 2016 NBA Finals Inside Quicken Loans Arena in Cleveland before the start of Game 4 of the 2016 NBA Finals . The 2016 NBA Finals saw the Cavaliers and Warriors meet for the second straight season . The Warriors won Games 1 and 2 in Oakland before the series moved to Cleveland . While Cleveland won Game 3 at home in convincing fashion , the Warriors took Game 4 to set up a potential series - clincher at home . During the game , Draymond Green committed a flagrant foul on LeBron James . After reviewing the incident post-game , the league determined that the altercation warranted a flagrant 1 foul , which put Green over the NBA 's flagrant foul limit and meant he would be suspended for Game 5 . Kyrie Irving and LeBron James both scored 41 points in Game 5 to stay alive on the road , becoming the first pair of teammates to score at least 40 points in a Finals game . Back in Cleveland , LeBron James continued his explosive scoring , tallying another 41 - point game in a Game 6 rout of the Warriors that saw a dominating 31 -- 9 opening sequence and a late - game ejection of Stephen Curry . James became the first player since Shaquille O'Neal to score over 40 points in back - to - back NBA Finals games . LeBron James ( right ) posts up Klay Thompson ( left ) at the 2016 NBA Finals . With the series shifting back to Oracle Arena for the championship decider , the Warriors and the Cavaliers were neck - and - neck for most of Game 7 . Late in the 4th quarter , with the score tied 89 -- 89 , LeBron James made a memorable chasedown block on Andre Iguodala to save a go - ahead basket . Soon after , Kyrie Irving hit a 3 - pointer to give Cleveland the lead , and they held on to win the game 93 -- 89 . This was Cleveland 's first franchise title and made them first team in NBA Finals history to come back from a 3 -- 1 deficit . LeBron James became only the third player in NBA history to have a triple double in a Finals Game 7 and became the first unanimous Finals MVP after leading in all five categories of points , rebounds , assists , steals and blocks . 2016 -- 18 : arrival of Kevin Durant ( edit ) See also : 2017 NBA Finals and 2018 NBA Finals The Warriors continued their dominance with the signing of Kevin Durant ( pictured ) for the 2016 -- 17 season . On July 4 , 2016 , Oklahoma City Thunder superstar Kevin Durant signed with the Warriors in free agency . He averaged 25.1 PPG , 8.3 RPG , 4.8 APG , 1.1 SPG , and 1.6 BPG . After finishing 67 -- 15 , the first team in NBA history to win at least 67 games in three straight seasons , the Warriors went 12 -- 0 in the Western Conference playoffs . They became the third team in league history to sweep all three rounds after the Los Angeles Lakers ( 1988 -- 89 and 2000 -- 01 ) , doing it against the Portland Trail Blazers , Utah Jazz , and San Antonio Spurs , and the first to do so going 12 -- 0 ( the previous teams went 11 -- 0 when the first round was best - of - five ) . Curry and Durant became the only players in NBA history to enter the NBA Finals averaging at least 25 PPG and shooting 50 % from the field . In the Eastern Conference , the Cavaliers willfully made it to the Finals , going 12 -- 1 , cruising past the Indiana Pacers and Toronto Raptors in convincing series sweeps . In the Conference Finals , the Cavaliers defeated the Boston Celtics in five games . James was considered to be playing his best basketball of his career , entering the Finals averaging 32.5 PPG , 8.0 RPG , 7.0 APG , 2.2 SPG , and 1.4 BPG . He shot 57 % from the field and 42 % from three . James averaged a triple double in the finals . Kevin Love also played his best basketball as a Cavalier , averaging 17.2 PPG 10.4 RPG , 1.9 APG , shooting 46 % from the field , and 44 % from behind the arc . Kyrie Irving set a career playoff - high 42 points during Game 4 of the Eastern Conference Finals against Boston . The Warriors and Cavaliers had a combined 24 -- 1 record entering the Finals , the fewest amount of combined losses entering the Finals ever . The series faced high anticipation as the Warriors , now dubbed as a `` super-team , '' looked for revenge on their East coast foe from the previous year 's loss . The Warriors easily took Games 1 and 2 at home , defeating the Cavaliers 113 -- 91 , and 132 -- 113 . Game 3 looked to be in the Cavs ' favor , until an 11 -- 0 run by the Warriors in the closing minutes emerged , capped off by a dagger three from Kevin Durant to seal a 118 -- 113 comeback victory . Down 3 -- 0 , James and Irving led the Cavaliers over the Warriors to a 137 -- 116 win , including a record - breaking 49 points in the first quarter and a Finals - high 86 points in the first half . Durant and the Warriors looked to finish the series back home in Game 5 . Despite early domination from James and Cleveland in Game 5 , the Warriors surged ahead in the second half , fending off several late - game Cavaliers rallies , and won the title with a 129 -- 120 victory . It was the team 's second title in three years , and Durant 's first championship and Finals MVP . Golden State won the two regular - season meetings against the Cavaliers but struggled down the stretch with multiple All - Star injuries . However , fueled by the return of Stephen Curry during the playoffs , the Warriors dominated the first and second rounds of the playoffs and advanced to their fourth consecutive Finals by overcoming a 3 -- 2 deficit against the Houston Rockets . Cleveland also struggled during the second half of the season after overhauling their roster at the trade deadline with new , younger players . However , they still managed to beat the Indiana Pacers in seven games , sweep the Raptors , then overcome their own 3 -- 2 deficit against the Boston Celtics to advance to the Finals . It was the first time that the same two teams in any of North America 's four major professional sports leagues have met for a championship round four consecutive times . Game 1 was close with several lead changes . James would score 51 points . However , the game went to overtime , in part due to a controversial reversed charging foul call against Durant , a missed go - ahead free throw by George Hill with 4.7 seconds left , and JR Smith subsequently rebounding and dribbling out the clock , mistakenly believing his team to be ahead . The Warriors would dominate overtime , winning the game 124 -- 114 . Several minor scuffles ensued in the closing seconds of overtime , culminating in Tristan Thompson getting ejected and later fined for shoving a basketball into the face of Draymond Green . After the game , Lebron James reportedly suffered a self - inflicted bone contusion onto his right hand after punching a whiteboard in the locker room . He played through the injury for the rest of the series , and it was not disclosed until after Game 4 . Game 2 was a more one - sided affair , with the Warriors winning 122 -- 103 . Curry would set his own NBA Finals record with 9 3 - pointers in a Finals game . Game 3 was also close , as the teams exchanged leads several times . Curry struggled from the field , shooting only 3 -- 16 ( 1 -- 10 on 3 's ) , while James set a record with his 10th Finals triple - double . However , Durant would lead the Warriors to a 110 -- 102 victory , scoring a playoff career - high 43 points . Game 4 was a blowout victory for the Warriors , 108 -- 85 , led by Curry 's 7 3 - pointers and Durant 's first career playoff triple - double . Golden State thus completed the sweep , earning their 6th championship and their 3rd in four seasons . Players of note ( edit ) Since the 2014 -- 15 NBA season , LeBron James and Stephen Curry have been viewed as the faces of the Cavaliers and Warriors , respectively . On the Cavaliers , Kevin Love , J.R. Smith , and Tristan Thompson are the only other players to have appeared in all four NBA Finals matchups . Andre Iguodala , Draymond Green , Klay Thompson , and Shaun Livingston are likewise the only other Warriors to have made all four NBA Finals matchups with the team . Anderson Varejão has the distinction of having played for both the Cavaliers and the Warriors , appearing in the 2015 NBA Finals with Cleveland and the 2016 NBA Finals with Golden State . Previously , he appeared in the 2007 NBA Finals with Cleveland . Results ( 2014 -- 15 season -- present ) ( edit ) Cavaliers victories Warriors victories No . Date Location Winner Score Notes January 9 , 2015 Oakland Warriors 112 -- 94 February 26 , 2015 Cleveland Cavaliers 110 -- 99 June 4 , 2015 Oakland Warriors 108 -- 100 2015 NBA Finals , Game 1 June 7 , 2015 Oakland Cavaliers 95 -- 93 2015 NBA Finals , Game 2 5 June 9 , 2015 Cleveland Cavaliers 96 -- 91 2015 NBA Finals , Game 3 6 June 11 , 2015 Cleveland Warriors 103 -- 82 2015 NBA Finals , Game 4 7 June 14 , 2015 Oakland Warriors 104 -- 91 2015 NBA Finals , Game 5 8 June 16 , 2015 Cleveland Warriors 105 -- 97 2015 NBA Finals , Game 6 Warriors win series , 4 -- 2 9 December 25 , 2015 Oakland Warriors 89 -- 83 Christmas game 10 January 18 , 2016 Cleveland Warriors 132 -- 98 11 June 2 , 2016 Oakland Warriors 104 -- 89 2016 NBA Finals , Game 1 12 June 5 , 2016 Oakland Warriors 110 -- 77 2016 NBA Finals , Game 2 13 June 8 , 2016 Cleveland Cavaliers 120 -- 90 2016 NBA Finals , Game 3 14 June 10 , 2016 Cleveland Warriors 108 -- 97 2016 NBA Finals , Game 4 15 June 13 , 2016 Oakland Cavaliers 112 -- 97 2016 NBA Finals , Game 5 16 June 16 , 2016 Cleveland Cavaliers 115 -- 101 2016 NBA Finals , Game 6 17 June 19 , 2016 Oakland Cavaliers 93 -- 89 2016 NBA Finals , Game 7 Cavaliers win series , 4 -- 3 18 December 25 , 2016 Cleveland Cavaliers 109 -- 108 Christmas game 19 January 16 , 2017 Oakland Warriors 126 -- 91 20 June 1 , 2017 Oakland Warriors 113 -- 91 2017 NBA Finals , Game 1 21 June 4 , 2017 Oakland Warriors 132 -- 113 2017 NBA Finals , Game 2 22 June 7 , 2017 Cleveland Warriors 118 -- 113 2017 NBA Finals , Game 3 23 June 9 , 2017 Cleveland Cavaliers 137 -- 116 2017 NBA Finals , Game 4 24 June 12 , 2017 Oakland Warriors 129 -- 120 2017 NBA Finals , Game 5 Warriors win series , 4 -- 1 25 December 25 , 2017 Oakland Warriors 99 -- 92 Christmas game 26 January 15 , 2018 Cleveland Warriors 118 -- 108 27 May 31 , 2018 Oakland Warriors 124 -- 114 2018 NBA Finals , Game 1 28 June 3 , 2018 Oakland Warriors 122 -- 103 2018 NBA Finals , Game 2 29 June 6 , 2018 Cleveland Warriors 110 -- 102 2018 NBA Finals , Game 3 30 June 8 , 2018 Cleveland Warriors 108 -- 85 2018 NBA Finals , Game 4 Warriors win series , 4 -- 0 See also ( edit ) List of National Basketball Association rivalries Death Lineup References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NBA.com/Stats -- CLE vs GSW '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Cavaliers vs. Golden State Warriors All - Time Head - to - Head Record in the NBA '' . Landofbasketball.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors vs. Cleveland Cavaliers Head - to - Head in the NBA Regular Season -- All - Time Game Log '' . Landofbasketball.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James of Cleveland Cavaliers expected to miss 2 weeks '' . Espn.com. 2015 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 NBA All - Star Game Voting '' . Basketball-Reference.com. 1970 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Stats '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Stats '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Love Stats '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` NBA finals : Golden State Warriors win title against Cavaliers -- as it happened '' . Guardian . 13 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( May 28 , 2018 ) . `` Warriors Dispatch Rockets , Setting Up Fourth Finals Against Cavs '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Tim ( June 9 , 2018 ) . `` LeBron James played with injured right hand for final three games '' . NBA.com . Cleveland Cavaliers Founded in 1970 Based in Cleveland , Ohio Franchise History 1970 Expansion Draft All - time roster Draft history Seasons Head coaches Current season Arenas Cleveland Arena Richfield Coliseum Quicken Loans Arena Key personnel Owner : Dan Gilbert General manager : Koby Altman Head coach : Tyronn Lue Culture and lore `` Cleveland Rocks '' Cleveland sports curse Joe Tait Ted Stepien rule The Block The Decision The Miracle of Richfield The Shot Rivalries Chicago Bulls Golden State Warriors Playoff appearances ( 22 ) 1976 1977 1978 1985 1988 1989 1990 1998 2006 2007 2008 2009 2015 2016 2017 2018 Central Division titles ( 7 ) 1976 2009 2015 2016 2017 2018 Eastern Conference titles ( 5 ) 2007 2015 2016 2017 2018 NBA Championships ( 1 ) 2016 Retired numbers 7 11 22 25 34 42 43 Hall of Fame inductees Wayne Embry Nate Thurmond Lenny Wilkens G League affiliate Canton Charge Media Broadcasters Radio network Flagships : WTAM WMMS Spanish : WLFM - LP Television : Fox Sports Ohio Golden State Warriors Founded in 1946 Played in Philadelphia ( 1946 -- 1962 ) and San Francisco ( 1962 -- 1971 ) Based in Oakland , California Franchise Franchise Team history All - time roster Draft history Seasons Head coaches Current season Arenas Philadelphia Arena Philadelphia Convention Hall Cow Palace San Francisco Civic Auditorium War Memorial Gymnasium ( University of San Francisco ) San Jose Arena Oracle Arena Chase Center General managers Tyrell Gottlieb Feerick Vertlieb Stirling Attles Nelson Twardzik St. Jean Mullin Riley Myers G League affiliate Santa Cruz Warriors Retired numbers 13 14 16 17 24 42 Hall of Famers Paul Arizin Rick Barry Wilt Chamberlain Joe Fulks Tom Gola Neil Johnston Jerry Lucas Šarūnas Marčiulionis Chris Mullin Mitch Richmond Don Nelson Robert Parish Andy Phillip Guy Rodgers Ralph Sampson Nate Thurmond Jamaal Wilkes NBA Championships ( 6 ) 1947 1956 2015 2017 2018 Conference Championships ( 10 ) 1947 1948 1956 1964 1967 2015 2016 2017 2018 Culture / lore Wilt the Stilt 100 point game Nate the Great Nellie Ball Run TMC The Sleepy Floyd game Splash Brothers Death Lineup Warrior Girls 73 -- 9 The Block Rivalries Cleveland Cavaliers Media TV NBC Sports Bay Area Radio KGMZ - FM Announcers Bob Fitzgerald Jim Barnett Tim Roye National Basketball Association rivalries Eastern Conference Atlantic Division 76ers -- Celtics Celtics -- Knicks Knicks -- Nets Central Division Bulls -- Cavaliers Bulls -- Pistons Interdivisional Bulls -- Heat Bulls -- Knicks Celtics -- Pistons Heat -- Knicks Knicks -- Pacers Western Conference Southwest Division Mavericks -- Rockets Rockets -- Spurs Pacific Division Lakers -- Clippers Interdivisional Jazz -- Rockets Lakers -- Spurs Spurs -- Suns Interconference Cavaliers -- Warriors Celtics -- Lakers Lakers -- Pistons Players Shaq -- Kobe NBA on ABC Related programs NBA Countdown NBA Access with Ahmad Rashad NBA Inside Stuff NBA Saturday Primetime NBA Sunday Showcase NBA on ESPN Radio NBA Wednesday NBA Friday WNBA on ESPN NBA Drafts 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Non-NBA programs ESPN College Basketball on ABC Olympics on ABC Related articles Ratings ( NBA Finals ) Game history Key figures All - Star Game ESPN NBA Finals WNBA Finals Play - by - play Mike Breen Jim Durham Bill Flemming Chet Forte Jim Gordon Curt Gowdy Chuck Howard Keith Jackson Mark Jones Jim McKay Al Michaels Brent Musburger Brad Nessler Dave Pasch John Saunders Chris Schenkel Color commentators Greg Anthony Hubie Brown Bob Cousy Sean Elliott Len Elmore Tim Legler Mark Jackson Steve Jones Johnny Kerr Dan Majerle Jack Ramsay Doc Rivers Bill Russell Tom Tolbert Jack Twyman Jeff Van Gundy Bill Walton Jerry West Sideline reporters David Aldridge Doris Burke Howard Cosell Heather Cox Dave Diles Israel Gutierrez Mark Jones Sal Masekela Tom Rinaldi Craig Sager Lisa Salters Michele Tafoya Bob Wolff Studio hosts Mike Greenberg Michelle Beadle Rachel Nichols Sage Steele Hannah Storm Studio analysts Jon Barry Chauncey Billups Chris Broussard Doug Collins Steve Javie Avery Johnson Magic Johnson George Karl Scottie Pippen Jalen Rose Byron Scott Bill Simmons ABC Radio announcers Marv Albert Dave Barnett Chick Hearn Rod Hundley Steve Jones Fred Manfra Earl Monroe Johnny Most Oscar Robertson Dick Vitale NBA Finals 1965 ( Games 1 , 5 ) 1966 ( Games 1 , 5 ) 1967 ( Games 2 , 5 ) 1968 ( Games 1 , 4 ) 1969 ( Games 3 , 5 - 7 ) 1970 1971 1972 1973 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 ABC Radio 's coverage 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 WNBA Finals 2003 ( Game 2 on ABC ) 2005 ( Game 3 on ABC ) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 ( Game 1 on ABC ) 2011 2012 2013 2014 ( Game 1 on ABC ) 2015 ( Game 1 on ABC ) 2016 ( Game 1 on ABC ) 2017 ( Game 1 on ABC ) All - Star Game 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 ABC Radio 's coverage 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 Lore Music `` I think we see Willis coming out ! '' `` The Block '' Christmas Day Rivalries Bryant -- O'Neal Lakers -- Pistons Celtics -- Lakers Cavaliers -- Warriors ESPN lore Pacers -- Pistons brawl Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavaliers -- Warriors_rivalry&oldid = 849128289 '' Categories : National Basketball Association rivalries Golden State Warriors Cleveland Cavaliers 2014 in basketball 2015 in basketball 2016 in basketball 2017 in basketball 2018 in basketball Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 July 2018 , at 18 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	cavs vs warriors regular season head to head	[ "Cavaliers–Warriors rivalry\n\n\n\n\nCleveland Cavaliers\n\n\nGolden State Warriors\n\n\nFirst meeting\nOctober 17, 1970[1]Warriors 128, Cavaliers 108Latest meeting\nJune 8, 2018Warriors 108, Cavaliers 85Next meeting\nN/AStatisticsMeetings total\n131[2] meetingsAll-time series\nWarriors, 73–59Regular season series\nWarriors, 59–52 [3]Postseason results\nWarriors, 15–7Longest win streak\nCavaliers, 10 (1992–96)\nWarriors, 7 (2015–16; 2017–18)\nCurrent win streak\nWarriors, 7Post-season history\n2015 NBA Finals: Warriors won, 4–2\n2016 NBA Finals: Cavaliers won, 4–3\n2017 NBA Finals: Warriors won, 4–1\n2018 NBA Finals: Warriors won, 4–0\n" ]	[ "Warriors, 59–52" ]
-7571855650609912358	Star Trek	Star Trek - Wikipedia Star Trek Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the franchise . For the original television series , see Star Trek : The Original Series . For other uses , see Star Trek ( disambiguation ) . Star Trek Logo as it appears in The Original Series Created by Gene Roddenberry Original work Star Trek : The Original Series Print publications Book ( s ) List of reference books List of technical manuals Novel ( s ) List of novels Comics List of comics Magazine ( s ) Star Trek : The Magazine Star Trek Magazine Films and television Film ( s ) The Original Series films The Motion Picture ( 1979 ) The Wrath of Khan ( 1982 ) The Search for Spock ( 1984 ) The Voyage Home ( 1986 ) The Final Frontier ( 1989 ) The Undiscovered Country ( 1991 ) The Next Generation films Generations ( 1994 ) First Contact ( 1996 ) Insurrection ( 1998 ) Nemesis ( 2002 ) Reboot films Star Trek ( 2009 ) Into Darkness ( 2013 ) Beyond ( 2016 ) Television series The Original Series ( 1966 -- 69 ) Sequels to The Original Series The Next Generation ( 1987 -- 94 ) Deep Space Nine ( 1993 -- 99 ) Voyager ( 1995 -- 2001 ) Prequels to The Original Series Enterprise ( 2001 -- 05 ) Discovery ( 2017 -- ) Animated series The Animated Series ( 1973 -- 74 ) Games Traditional List of games Miscellaneous Theme parks Star Trek Adventure Star Trek : The Experience Exhibits Star Trek : The Exhibition Star Trek : Exploring New Worlds Official website www.startrek.com Star Trek is an American media franchise based on the science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry . The first television series , simply called Star Trek and now referred to as The Original Series , debuted in 1966 and aired for three seasons on the television network NBC . It followed the interstellar adventures of Captain James T. Kirk ( William Shatner ) and his crew aboard the starship USS Enterprise , a space exploration vessel , built by the interstellar federal republic United Federation of Planets in the twenty - third century . The Star Trek canon of the franchise includes The Original Series , an animated series , five spin - off television series , and its film franchise in addition to further adaptations made in several media since the original . In creating Star Trek , Roddenberry was inspired by the Horatio Hornblower novels , the satirical book Gulliver 's Travels , and by works of western genre such as the television series Wagon Train . These adventures continued in the short - lived Star Trek : The Animated Series and six feature films . Four spin - off television series were eventually produced : Star Trek : The Next Generation followed the crew of a new starship Enterprise set a century after the original series ; Star Trek : Deep Space Nine and Star Trek : Voyager set contemporaneously with The Next Generation ; and Star Trek : Enterprise set before the original series in the early days of human interstellar travel . The most recent Star Trek TV series , entitled Star Trek : Discovery , premiered on CBS and later made available exclusively on the digital platform CBS All Access . The adventures of The Next Generation crew continued in four additional feature films . In 2009 , the film franchise underwent a `` reboot '' set in an alternate timeline , or `` Kelvin Timeline , '' entitled simply Star Trek . This film featured a new cast portraying younger versions of the crew from the original show ; their adventures were continued in the sequel film , Star Trek Into Darkness ( 2013 ) . The thirteenth film feature and sequel , Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) , was released to coincide with the franchise 's 50th anniversary . Star Trek has been a cult phenomenon for decades . Fans of the franchise are called Trekkies or Trekkers . The franchise spans a wide range of spin - offs including games , figurines , novels , toys , and comics . Star Trek had a themed attraction in Las Vegas that opened in 1998 and closed in September 2008 . At least two museum exhibits of props travel the world . The series has its own full - fledged constructed language , Klingon . Several parodies have been made of Star Trek . In addition , viewers have produced several fan productions . As of July 2016 , the franchise had generated $10 billion in revenue , making Star Trek one of the highest - grossing media franchises of all time . Star Trek is noted for its cultural influence beyond works of science fiction . The franchise is also noted for its progressive civil rights stances . The Original Series included one of television 's first multiracial casts . Star Trek references may be found throughout popular culture from movies such as the submarine thriller Crimson Tide to the animated series South Park . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Conception and setting 1.2 Mythology 2 History and production 2.1 Beginnings 2.2 Rebirth 2.3 After Roddenberry 2.4 Reboot 3 Television series 3.1 The Original Series ( 1966 -- 69 ) 3.2 The Animated Series ( 1973 -- 74 ) 3.3 The Next Generation ( 1987 -- 94 ) 3.4 Deep Space Nine ( 1993 -- 99 ) 3.5 Voyager ( 1995 -- 2001 ) 3.6 Enterprise ( 2001 -- 05 ) 3.7 Discovery ( 2017 -- present ) 4 Cast 5 Feature films 6 Merchandise 6.1 Books 6.2 Comics 6.3 Games 6.4 Magazines 7 Cultural impact 7.1 Parodies 7.2 Notable fan fiction 8 Awards and honors 9 Corporate ownership 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 External links Background Conception and Setting The Starfleet emblem as seen in the franchise . As early as 1964 , Gene Roddenberry drafted a proposal for the science - fiction series that would become Star Trek . Although he publicly marketed it as a Western in outer space -- a so - called `` Wagon Train to the Stars '' -- he privately told friends that he was modeling it on Jonathan Swift 's Gulliver 's Travels , intending each episode to act on two levels : as a suspenseful adventure story and as a morality tale . Most Star Trek stories depict the adventures of humans and aliens who serve in Starfleet , the space - borne humanitarian and peacekeeping armada of the United Federation of Planets . The protagonists have altruistic values , and must apply these ideals to difficult dilemmas . Many of the conflicts and political dimensions of Star Trek represent allegories of contemporary cultural realities . Star Trek : The Original Series addressed issues of the 1960s , just as later spin - offs have reflected issues of their respective decades . Issues depicted in the various series include war and peace , the value of personal loyalty , authoritarianism , imperialism , class warfare , economics , racism , religion , human rights , sexism , feminism , and the role of technology . Roddenberry stated : `` ( By creating ) a new world with new rules , I could make statements about sex , religion , Vietnam , politics , and intercontinental missiles . Indeed , we did make them on Star Trek : we were sending messages and fortunately they all got by the network . '' `` If you talked about purple people on a far off planet , they ( the TV network ) never really caught on . They were more concerned about cleavage . They actually would send a censor down to the set to measure a woman 's cleavage to make sure too much of her breast was n't showing '' Roddenberry intended the show to have a progressive political agenda reflective of the emerging counter-culture of the youth movement , though he was not fully forthcoming to the networks about this . He wanted Star Trek to show humanity what it might develop into , if it would learn from the lessons of the past , most specifically by ending violence . An extreme example is the alien species , the Vulcans , who had a violent past but learned to control their emotions . Roddenberry also gave Star Trek an anti-war message and depicted the United Federation of Planets as an ideal , optimistic version of the United Nations . His efforts were opposed by the network because of concerns over marketability , e.g. , they opposed Roddenberry 's insistence that Enterprise have a racially diverse crew . Mythology The central trio of Kirk , Spock , and McCoy from Star Trek : The Original Series was modeled on classical mythological storytelling . William Shatner said : `` There is a mythological component ( to pop culture ) , especially with science fiction . It 's people looking for answers -- and science fiction offers to explain the inexplicable , the same as religion tends to do ... If we accept the premise that it has a mythological element , then all the stuff about going out into space and meeting new life -- trying to explain it and put a human element to it -- it 's a hopeful vision . All these things offer hope and imaginative solutions for the future . '' Richard Lutz wrote : `` The enduring popularity of Star Trek is due to the underlying mythology which binds fans together by virtue of their shared love of stories involving exploration , discovery , adventure and friendship that promote an egalitarian and peace loving society where technology and diversity are valued rather than feared and citizens work together for the greater good . Thus Star Trek offers a hopeful vision of the future and a template for our lives and our society that we can aspire to . '' History and production Beginnings Star Trek creator , producer and writer Gene Roddenberry Commander Spock and Captain James T. Kirk , played by Leonard Nimoy and William Shatner , pictured here in The Original Series In early 1964 , Roddenberry presented a brief treatment for a proposed Star Trek TV series to Desilu Productions comparing it to Wagon Train , `` a Wagon Train to the stars . '' Desilu worked with Roddenberry to develop the treatment into a script , which was then pitched to NBC . NBC paid to make a pilot , `` The Cage '' , starring Jeffrey Hunter as Enterprise Captain Christopher Pike . NBC rejected The Cage , but the executives were still impressed with the concept , and made the unusual decision to commission a second pilot : `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' . The first regular episode ( `` The Man Trap '' ) of Star Trek : The Original Series aired on Thursday , September 8 , 1966 in the US . While the show initially enjoyed high ratings , the average rating of the show at the end of its first season dropped to 52nd out of 94 programs . Unhappy with the show 's ratings , NBC threatened to cancel the show during its second season . The show 's fan base , led by Bjo Trimble , conducted an unprecedented letter - writing campaign , petitioning the network to keep the show on the air . NBC renewed the show , but moved it from primetime to the `` Friday night death slot '' , and substantially reduced its budget . In protest Roddenberry resigned as producer and reduced his direct involvement in Star Trek , which led to Fred Freiberger becoming producer for the show 's third and final season . Despite another letter - writing campaign , NBC cancelled the series after three seasons and 79 episodes . Rebirth After the original series was cancelled , Paramount Studios , which had bought the series from Desilu , licensed the broadcast syndication rights to help recoup the production losses . Reruns began in the fall of 1969 and by the late 1970s the series aired in over 150 domestic and 60 international markets . This helped Star Trek develop a cult following greater than its popularity during its original run . One sign of the series ' growing popularity was the first Star Trek convention which occurred on January 21 -- 23 , 1972 in New York City . Although the original estimate of attendees was only a few hundred , several thousand fans turned up . Star Trek fans continue to attend similar conventions worldwide . The series ' newfound success led to the idea of reviving the franchise . Filmation with Paramount Television produced the first post original series show , Star Trek : The Animated Series . It ran on NBC for 22 half - hour episodes over two seasons on Saturday mornings from 1973 to 1974 . Although short - lived , typical for animated productions in that time slot during that period , the series garnered the franchise 's only `` Best Series '' Emmy Award as opposed to the franchise 's later technical ones . Paramount Pictures and Roddenberry began developing a new series , Star Trek : Phase II , in May 1975 in response to the franchise 's newfound popularity . Work on the series ended , however , when the proposed Paramount Television Service folded . Following the success of the science fiction movies Star Wars and Close Encounters of the Third Kind , Paramount adapted the planned pilot episode of Phase II into the feature film Star Trek : The Motion Picture . The film opened in North America on December 7 , 1979 , with mixed reviews from critics . The film earned $139 million worldwide , below expectations but enough for Paramount to create a sequel . The studio forced Roddenberry to relinquish creative control of future sequels . The success of the critically acclaimed sequel , Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan , reversed the fortunes of the franchise . While the sequel grossed less than the first movie , The Wrath of Khan 's lower production costs made it net more profit . Paramount produced six Star Trek feature films between 1979 and 1991 . In response to the popularity of Star Trek feature films , the franchise returned to television with Star Trek : The Next Generation ( TNG ) in 1987 . Paramount chose to distribute it as a first - run syndication show rather than a network show . After Roddenberry Following Star Trek : The Motion Picture , Roddenberry 's role was changed from producer to creative consultant with minimal input to the films while being heavily involved with the creation of Star Trek : The Next Generation . Roddenberry died on October 24 , 1991 , giving executive producer Rick Berman control of the franchise . Star Trek had become known to those within Paramount as `` the franchise '' , because of its great success and recurring role as a tent pole for the studio when other projects failed . TNG had the highest ratings of any Star Trek series and became the # 1 syndicated show during the last years of its original seven - season run . In response to TNG 's success , Paramount released a spin - off series Deep Space Nine in 1993 . While never as popular as TNG , the series had sufficient ratings for it to last seven seasons . In January 1995 , a few months after TNG ended , Paramount released a fourth TV series , Voyager . Star Trek saturation reached a peak in the mid-1990s with DS9 and Voyager airing concurrently and three of the four TNG - based feature films released in 1994 , 1996 , and 1998 . By 1998 , Star Trek was Paramount 's most important property ; the enormous profits of `` the franchise '' funded much of the rest of the studio 's operations . Voyager became the flagship show of the new United Paramount Network ( UPN ) and thus the first major network Star Trek series since the original . After Voyager ended , UPN produced Enterprise , a prequel TV series to the original show . Enterprise did not enjoy the high ratings of its predecessors and UPN threatened to cancel it after the series ' third season . Fans launched a campaign reminiscent of the one that saved the third season of the Original Series . Paramount renewed Enterprise for a fourth season , but moved it to the Friday night death slot . Like the Original Series , Enterprise ratings dropped during this time slot , and UPN cancelled Enterprise at the end of its fourth season . Enterprise aired its final episode on May 13 , 2005 . Fan groups , `` Save Enterprise '' , attempted to save the series and tried to raise $30 million to privately finance a fifth season of Enterprise . Though the effort garnered considerable press , the fan drive failed to save the series . The cancellation of Enterprise ended an eighteen - year continuous production run of Star Trek programming on television . The poor box office performance in 2002 of the film Nemesis , cast an uncertain light upon the future of the franchise . Paramount relieved Berman , the franchise producer , of control of Star Trek . Reboot Paramount turned down several proposals in the mid-2000s to restart the franchise . These included pitches from film director Bryan Singer , Babylon 5 creator J. Michael Straczynski , and Trek actors Jonathan Frakes and William Shatner . The studio also turned down an animated web series . Instead , Paramount hired a new creative team to reinvigorate the franchise in 2007 . Writers Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman and Lost producer , J.J. Abrams , had the freedom to reinvent the feel of Trek . The team created the franchise 's eleventh film , entitled simply Star Trek , releasing it in May 2009 . The film featured a new cast portraying the crew of the original show . Star Trek was a prequel of the original series set in an alternate timeline , known as the `` Kelvin Timeline '' . This gave the film and future sequels to it freedom from the need to conform to the franchise 's canonical timeline . The eleventh Star Trek film 's marketing campaign targeted non-fans , even stating in the film 's advertisements that `` this is not your father 's Star Trek '' . The film earned considerable critical and financial success , grossing in inflation - adjusted dollars more box office sales than any previous Star Trek film . The plaudits include the franchise 's first Academy Award ( for makeup ) . The film 's major cast members are contracted for two sequels . Paramount 's sequel to the 2009 film , Star Trek Into Darkness , premiered in Sydney , Australia , on April 23 , 2013 , but the film did not release in the United States until May 17 , 2013 . While the film was not as successful in the North American box office as its predecessor , internationally , in terms of box office receipts , Into Darkness was the most successful of the franchise . A thirteenth film entitled Star Trek Beyond was released on July 22 , 2016 . The franchise will return to the small screen in the show Star Trek : Discovery . The series will not be on network TV but it will stream in the United States on CBS All Access and internationally on Netflix . CBS announced a new premiere date of September 24 , 2017 , and that the season would be split into two chapters , with the first chapter consisting of eight episodes and being released through November 2017 , and the second comprising the remaining seven episodes and beginning streaming in January 2018 . This break gave more time to complete post-production on the second half of the season . Television series Seven television series make up the bulk of the Star Trek mythos : The Original Series , The Animated Series , The Next Generation , Deep Space Nine , Voyager , Enterprise , and Discovery . All the different versions in total amount to 741 Star Trek episodes across the 31 seasons of the TV series . The original series ( 1966 -- 69 ) The Original Series logo , common throughout the franchise William Shatner played the unflappable Captain James T. Kirk in The Original Series , The Animated Series , and seven films , helping to create the standard for all subsequent fictional Starfleet captains . Main article : Star Trek : The Original Series Star Trek : The Original Series or `` TOS '' debuted in the United States on NBC on September 8 , 1966 . The show tells the tale of the crew of the starship Enterprise and its five - year mission `` to boldly go where no man has gone before . '' The original 1966 -- 69 television series featured William Shatner as Captain James T. Kirk , Leonard Nimoy as Spock , DeForest Kelley as Dr. Leonard `` Bones '' McCoy , James Doohan as Montgomery `` Scotty '' Scott , Nichelle Nichols as Uhura , George Takei as Hikaru Sulu , and Walter Koenig as Pavel Chekov . During the series ' original run , it earned several nominations for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and won twice : for the two - parter `` The Menagerie '' and the Harlan Ellison - written episode `` The City on the Edge of Forever '' . NBC canceled the show after three seasons ; the last original episode aired on June 3 , 1969 . The petition near the end of the second season to save the show signed by many Caltech students and its multiple Hugo nominations would , however , indicate that despite low Nielsen ratings , it was highly popular with science fiction fans and engineering students . The series later became popular in reruns and found a cult following . The animated series ( 1973 -- 74 ) The Animated Series logo Main article : Star Trek : The Animated Series Star Trek : The Animated Series , produced by Filmation , ran for two seasons from 1973 to 1974 . Most of the original cast performed the voices of their characters from The Original Series , and many of the writers who worked on The Original Series , D.C. Fontana , David Gerrold , and Paul Schneider , wrote for the series . While the animated format allowed the producers to create more exotic alien landscapes and life forms , animation errors and liberal reuse of shots and musical cues have tarnished the series ' reputation . Although it was originally sanctioned by Paramount , which owned the Star Trek franchise following its acquisition of Desilu in 1967 , Gene Roddenberry often spoke of TAS as non-canon . Star Trek writers have used elements of the animated series in later live - action series and films , and as of June 2007 , TAS has references in the library section of the official Startrek.com web site officially bringing the series into the franchise 's main canon . The Animated Series won Star Trek 's first Emmy Award on May 15 , 1975 . Star Trek : TAS briefly returned to television in the mid-1980s on the children 's cable network Nickelodeon . Nickelodeon 's Evan McGuire greatly admired the show and used its various creative components as inspiration for his short series called Piggly Wiggly Hears a Sound which never aired . Nickelodeon parent Viacom would purchase Paramount in 1994 . In the early 1990s , the Sci - Fi Channel also began rerunning TAS . The complete TAS was also released on Laserdisc format during the 1980s . The complete series was first released in the U.S. on eleven volumes of VHS tapes in 1989 . All 22 episodes were released on DVD in 2006 . The Next Generation ( 1987 -- 94 ) The Next Generation logo Sir Patrick Stewart , who played Captain Jean - Luc Picard in The Next Generation and subsequent films Main article : Star Trek : The Next Generation Star Trek : The Next Generation , also known as `` TNG '' , takes place about a century after The Original Series ( 2364 -- 2370 ) . It features a new starship , Enterprise - D , and a new crew led by Captain Jean - Luc Picard ( Patrick Stewart ) and Commander William Riker ( Jonathan Frakes ) . Some crewmembers represent new alien races , including Deanna Troi , a half - Betazoid counselor played by Marina Sirtis . Michael Dorn plays Worf , the first Klingon officer in Starfleet , alongside Gates McFadden as Dr. Beverly Crusher , LeVar Burton as chief engineer Geordi La Forge , the android Data portrayed by Brent Spiner , and Dr. Crusher 's son Wesley Crusher played by Wil Wheaton . The show premiered on September 28 , 1987 , and ran for seven seasons , ending on May 23 , 1994 . It had the highest ratings of any of the Star Trek series and became the # 1 syndicated show during the last few years of its original run , allowing it to act as a springboard for ideas in other series . Many relationships and races introduced in TNG became the basis of episodes in Deep Space 9 and Voyager . During its run it earned several Emmy awards and nominations -- including a nomination for Best Dramatic Series during its final season -- two Hugo Awards and a Peabody Award for Outstanding Television Programming for the episode `` The Big Goodbye '' . Deep Space Nine ( 1993 -- 99 ) The Deep Space Nine logo Avery Brooks played Captain Benjamin Sisko in Deep Space Nine , commander of the titular space station and Emissary of the Prophets . Main article : Star Trek : Deep Space Nine Star Trek : Deep Space Nine , also known as `` DS9 '' , takes place during the last years and the immediate post-years of The Next Generation ( 2369 -- 2375 ) and aired for seven seasons , debuting the week of January 3 , 1993 . Like Star Trek : The Next Generation , it aired in syndication in the United States and Canada . Unlike the other Star Trek series , DS9 takes place primarily on a space station rather than aboard a starship . The show begins after the brutal Cardassian occupation of the planet Bajor . The liberated Bajoran people ask the United Federation of Planets to help run a Cardassian built space station , Deep Space Nine , near Bajor . After the Federation takes control of the station , the protagonists of the show discover a uniquely stable wormhole that provides immediate access to the distant Gamma Quadrant making Bajor and the station one of the most strategically important locations in the galaxy . The show chronicles the events of the station 's crew , led by Commander ( later Captain ) Benjamin Sisko , played by Avery Brooks , and Major ( later Colonel ) Kira Nerys , played by Nana Visitor . Recurring plot elements include the repercussions of the Cardassian occupation of Bajor , Sisko 's spiritual role for the Bajorans as the Emissary of the Prophets , and in later seasons a war with the Dominion . Deep Space Nine stands apart from earlier Trek series for its lengthy serialized storytelling , conflict within the crew , and religious themes -- all elements that critics and audiences praised but Roddenberry forbade in the original series and The Next Generation . Nevertheless , he was informed before his death of DS9 , making this the last Star Trek series connected to Gene Roddenberry . Voyager ( 1995 -- 2001 ) Voyager logo Kate Mulgrew , who played Captain Kathryn Janeway , the lead character in Voyager , and the first female commanding officer in a leading role of a Star Trek series Main article : Star Trek : Voyager Star Trek : Voyager ran for seven seasons , airing from January 16 , 1995 , to May 23 , 2001 , launching a new Paramount - owned television network UPN . It features Kate Mulgrew as Captain Kathryn Janeway , the first female commanding officer in a leading role of a Star Trek series , and Commander Chakotay , played by Robert Beltran . Voyager takes place at about the same time period as Deep Space Nine and the years following that show 's end ( 2371 -- 2378 ) . The premiere episode has the USS Voyager and its crew pursue a Maquis ( Federation rebels ) ship . Both ships become stranded in the Delta Quadrant about 70,000 light - years from Earth . Faced with a 75 - year voyage to Earth , the crew must learn to work together to overcome challenges on their long and perilous journey home while also seeking ways to shorten the voyage . Like Deep Space Nine , early seasons of Voyager feature more conflict between its crewmembers than seen in later episodes . Such conflict often arises from friction between `` by - the - book '' Starfleet crew and rebellious Maquis fugitives forced by circumstance to work together on Voyager . Eventually , though , they settle their differences , after which the overall tone becomes more reminiscent of The Original Series . The starship Voyager , isolated from its home , faces new cultures and dilemmas not possible in shows based in the Alpha Quadrant . Later seasons , however , brought an influx of characters and cultures from prior shows , the Borg , Q , the Ferengi , Romulans , Klingons , Cardassians and cast members of The Next Generation . Enterprise ( 2001 -- 05 ) Enterprise logo . The show originally did not include `` Star Trek '' in its name and logo , adding it later on in the show 's run . Science fiction veteran Scott Bakula played Captain Jonathan Archer , the lead character in Enterprise , a prequel to the original show . Main article : Star Trek : Enterprise Star Trek : Enterprise , originally entitled Enterprise , is a prequel to the original Star Trek series . It aired from September 26 , 2001 to May 13 , 2005 . Enterprise takes place in the 2150s , some 90 years after the events of Zefram Cochrane 's first warp flight and about a decade before the founding of the Federation . The show centers on the voyages of Earth 's first warp 5 capable starship , Enterprise , commanded by Captain Jonathan Archer ( played by Scott Bakula ) , and the Vulcan Sub-Commander T'Pol ( played by Jolene Blalock ) . During the show 's first two seasons , Enterprise featured self - contained episodes , like The Original Series , The Next Generation and Voyager . The third season consisted of one arc , `` Xindi mission '' , which had a darker tone and serialized nature similar to that of Deep Space 9 . Season 4 consisted of several mini-arcs composed of two to three episodes . The final season showed the origins of elements seen in earlier series , and it rectified and resolved some core continuity problems between the various Star Trek series . Ratings for Enterprise started strong but declined rapidly . Although critics received the fourth season well , both fans and the cast reviled the series finale , partly because of the episode 's focus on the guest appearance of members of The Next Generation cast . The cancellation of Enterprise ended an 18 - year run of back - to - back new Star Trek shows beginning with The Next Generation in 1987 . Discovery ( 2017 -- present ) Discovery logo Sonequa Martin - Green plays Lieutenant Commander Michael Burnham , the lead character in Discovery . Main article : Star Trek : Discovery Star Trek : Discovery is a direct prequel to Star Trek : The Original Series , set roughly ten years beforehand . It premiered September 24 , 2017 in the United States and Canada on CBS before moving to CBS All Access , while Netflix streams the show outside the United States and is also providing most of the show 's funding . The show centers on the voyages of the Discovery , commanded by Captain Gabriel Lorca ( played by Jason Isaacs ) , and Lieutenant Commander Michael Burnham ( played by Sonequa Martin - Green ) , with Burnham being the lead character of the series . This marks the first Star Trek series to feature a First Officer as the lead character . The show is to feature the Klingon T'Kuvma attempting to unite the 24 great Klingon houses , leading to a cold war between his race and the United Federation of Planets that involves the crew of the Discovery . Cast Actor Character Appearances TOS TAS TNG DS9 VOY ENT DSC William Shatner James T. Kirk Main N / A Guest N / A Guest N / A Leonard Nimoy Spock Main Guest N / A DeForest Kelley Leonard McCoy Main Guest N / A James Doohan Montgomery Scott Co-Star Guest N / A Nichelle Nichols Nyota Uhura Co-Star N / A Guest N / A George Takei Hikaru Sulu Co-Star N / A Guest N / A Walter Koenig Pavel Chekov Co-Star N / A Guest N / A Majel Barrett Christine Chapel Co-Star N / A Patrick Stewart Jean - Luc Picard N / A Main Guest N / A Guest N / A Jonathan Frakes William Riker N / A Main N / A Guest N / A LeVar Burton Geordi La Forge N / A Main N / A Guest N / A Denise Crosby Tasha Yar N / A Main N / A Michael Dorn Worf N / A Main N / A Gates McFadden Beverly Crusher N / A Main N / A Marina Sirtis Deanna Troi N / A Main N / A Guest N / A Brent Spiner Data N / A Main N / A Guest N / A Wil Wheaton Wesley Crusher N / A Main N / A Avery Brooks Benjamin Sisko N / A Main N / A René Auberjonois Odo N / A Main N / A Nicole de Boer Ezri Dax N / A Main N / A Terry Farrell Jadzia Dax N / A Main N / A Cirroc Lofton Jake Sisko N / A Main N / A Colm Meaney Miles O'Brien N / A Recurring Main N / A Armin Shimerman Quark N / A Guest Main Guest N / A Alexander Siddig Julian Bashir N / A Guest Main N / A Nana Visitor Kira Nerys N / A Main N / A Kate Mulgrew Kathryn Janeway N / A Main N / A Robert Beltran Chakotay N / A Main N / A Roxann Dawson B'Elanna Torres N / A Main N / A Jennifer Lien Kes N / A Main N / A Robert Duncan McNeill Tom Paris N / A Main N / A Ethan Phillips Neelix N / A Main N / A Robert Picardo The Doctor N / A Guest Main N / A Tim Russ Tuvok N / A Guest Main N / A Jeri Ryan Seven of Nine N / A Main N / A Garrett Wang Harry Kim N / A Main N / A Scott Bakula Jonathan Archer N / A Main N / A Jolene Blalock T'Pol N / A Main N / A John Billingsley Phlox N / A Main N / A Dominic Keating Malcolm Reed N / A Main N / A Anthony Montgomery Travis Mayweather N / A Main N / A Linda Park Hoshi Sato N / A Main N / A Connor Trinneer Trip Tucker N / A Main N / A Sonequa Martin - Green Michael Burnham N / A Main Doug Jones Saru N / A Main Shazad Latif Ash Tyler N / A Main Anthony Rapp Paul Stamets N / A Main Mary Wiseman Sylvia Tilly N / A Main Jason Isaacs Gabriel Lorca N / A Main ^ Jump up to : Appears in `` Trials and Tribble - ations '' via archive footage ^ Jump up to : Appears in `` These Are the Voyages ... '' via archive sound Jump up ^ DeForest Kelley was billed as a co-star for the first season of the original series . Jump up ^ Walter Koenig became a co-star in season two of the original series . Jump up ^ Denise Crosby left The Next Generation in `` Skin of Evil '' , but made guest appearances in `` Yesterday 's Enterprise '' and `` All Good Things ... '' . Jump up ^ Michael Dorn joined the cast of Deep Space Nine in `` The Way of the Warrior '' . Jump up ^ During season two of The Next Generation , Gates McFadden was replaced by Diana Muldaur , who was billed as a `` special guest star '' . Jump up ^ Brent Spiner makes an uncredited voice cameo in `` These Are the Voyages ... '' . Jump up ^ Wil Wheaton left The Next Generation in `` Final Mission '' , but made guest appearances in `` The Game '' , `` The First Duty '' , `` Parallels '' and `` Journey 's End '' . Jump up ^ Nicole de Boer joined Deep Space Nine in `` Image in the Sand '' . Jump up ^ Terry Farrell left Deep Space Nine in `` Tears of the Prophets '' . Jump up ^ Alexander Siddig was credited Siddig El Fadil for the first three seasons of Deep Space Nine and his guest appearance on The Next Generation . Jump up ^ Jennifer Lien left Voyager in `` The Gift '' , but made a guest appearance in `` Fury '' Jump up ^ Robert Picardo appears in `` Doctor Bashir , I Presume ? '' as the Deep Space Nine Emergency Medical Hologram . Jump up ^ Tim Russ appears in `` Through the Looking Glass '' as the mirror version of Tuvok . Jump up ^ Jeri Ryan joined Voyager in `` Scorpion , Part II '' . Feature films The reboot film series logo Main article : Star Trek ( film series ) Paramount Pictures has produced thirteen Star Trek feature films , the most recent being released in July 2016 . The first six films continue the adventures of the cast of The Original Series ; the seventh film , Generations was designed as a transition from that cast to The Next Generation television series ; the next three films , 8 -- 10 , focused completely on the Next Generation cast . Starting with the eleventh film , the movies take place in an alternate timeline with a new cast playing the original series characters . Leonard Nimoy portrays an elderly Spock in these films , providing a physical link to the original timeline . This alternate timeline has been named by CBS , for the computer game Star Trek Online , the Kelvin Timeline . Title U.S. release date Director The Original Series Star Trek : The Motion Picture December 7 , 1979 Robert Wise Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan June 4 , 1982 Nicholas Meyer Star Trek III : The Search for Spock June 1 , 1984 Leonard Nimoy Star Trek IV : The Voyage Home November 26 , 1986 Star Trek V : The Final Frontier June 9 , 1989 William Shatner Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country December 6 , 1991 Nicholas Meyer The Next Generation Star Trek Generations November 18 , 1994 David Carson Star Trek : First Contact November 22 , 1996 Jonathan Frakes Star Trek : Insurrection December 11 , 1998 Star Trek : Nemesis December 13 , 2002 Stuart Baird Reboot Star Trek May 8 , 2009 J.J. Abrams Star Trek Into Darkness May 16 , 2013 Star Trek Beyond July 22 , 2016 Justin Lin Merchandise Main article : Star Trek spin - off fiction Many licensed products are based on the Star Trek franchise . Merchandising is very lucrative for both studio and actors ; by 1986 Nimoy had earned more than $500,000 from royalties . Products include novels , comic books , video games , and other materials , which are generally considered non-canon. Star Trek Merchandise has generated $4 billion for Paramount by 2002 . Books This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : List of Star Trek novels Since 1967 , hundreds of original novels , short stories , and television and movie adaptations have been published . The first original Star Trek novel was Mission to Horatius by Mack Reynolds , which was published in hardcover by Whitman Books in 1968 . The first publisher of Star Trek fiction aimed at adult readers was Bantam Books . In 1970 , James Blish wrote the first original Star Trek novel published by Bantam , Spock Must Die ! Pocket Books is the publisher of Star Trek novels . Prolific Star Trek novelists include Peter David , Diane Carey , Keith R.A. DeCandido , J.M. Dillard , Diane Duane , Michael Jan Friedman , and Judith and Garfield Reeves - Stevens . Several actors from the television series have also written or co-written books featuring their respective characters : William Shatner , John de Lancie , Andrew J. Robinson , J.G. Hertzler and Armin Shimerman . Voyager producer Jeri Taylor wrote two novels featuring back story for Voyager characters , and screen authors David Gerrold , D.C. Fontana , and Melinda Snodgrass have penned books , as well . A scholarly book published by Springer Science + Business Media in 2014 discusses the actualization of Star Trek 's holodeck in the future by making extensive use of artificial intelligence and cyborgs . Comics Main article : Star Trek ( comics ) Star Trek - based comics have been almost continuously published since 1967 . They have been offered by several companies , including Marvel , DC , Malibu , Wildstorm , and Gold Key . Tokyopop is publishing an anthology of Next Generation - based stories presented in the style of Japanese manga . As of 2006 , IDW Publishing secured publishing rights to Star Trek comics and published a prequel to the 2009 film , Star Trek : Countdown . In 2012 , they published Volume I of Star Trek -- The Newspaper Strip featuring the work of Thomas Warkentin . Games Main article : History of Star Trek games The Star Trek franchise has numerous games in many formats . Beginning in 1967 with a board game based on the original series and continuing through today with online and DVD games , Star Trek games continue to be popular among fans . Video games of the series include Star Trek : Legacy and Star Trek : Conquest . An MMORPG based on Star Trek called Star Trek Online was developed by Cryptic Studios and published by Perfect World . It is set in the TNG universe about 30 years after the events of Star Trek : Nemesis . The most recent video game , set in the new timeline debuted in J.J. Abrams 's film , was entitled Star Trek . On June 8 , 2010 , Wiz Kids Games , which is owned by NECA , announced that they are developing a Star Trek collectible miniatures game using the HeroClix game system . Magazines Star Trek has led directly or indirectly to the creation of a number of magazines which focus either on science fiction or specifically on Star Trek . Starlog was a magazine which was founded in the 1970s . Initially , its focus was on Star Trek actors , but then it began to expand its scope . In 2013 , Star Trek Magazine was a significant publication from the U.K. which was sold at newsstands and also via subscription . Other magazines through the years included professional magazines as well as magazines produced by fans , referred to as `` fanzines '' . Star Trek : The Magazine was a magazine published in the U.S. which ceased publication in 2003 . Cultural impact Main article : Cultural influence of Star Trek Prototype space shuttle Enterprise named after the fictional starship with Star Trek television cast members and creator Gene Roddenberry . The Star Trek media franchise is a multibillion - dollar industry , owned by CBS . Gene Roddenberry sold Star Trek to NBC as a classic adventure drama ; he pitched the show as `` Wagon Train to the Stars '' and as Horatio Hornblower in Space . The opening line , `` to boldly go where no man has gone before , '' was taken almost verbatim from a U.S. White House booklet on space produced after the Sputnik flight in 1957 . The central trio of Kirk , Spock , and McCoy was modeled on classical mythological storytelling . Star Trek and its spin - offs have proven highly popular in syndication and are shown on TV stations worldwide . The show 's cultural impact goes far beyond its longevity and profitability . Star Trek conventions have become popular among its fans , who call themselves `` trekkies '' or `` trekkers '' . An entire subculture has grown up around the show which was documented in the film Trekkies . Star Trek was the highest - ranked cult show by TV Guide . The franchise has also garnered many comparisons of the Star Wars franchise being rivals in the science fiction genre with many fans and scholars . The Star Trek franchise inspired some designers of technologies , the Palm PDA and the handheld mobile phone . Michael Jones , Chief technologist of Google Earth , has cited the tricorder 's mapping capability as one inspiration in the development of Keyhole / Google Earth . The Tricorder X Prize , a contest to build a medical tricorder device was announced in 2012 . Ten finalists were selected in 2014 , and the winner was to be selected in January 2016 . However , no team managed to reach the required criteria . Star Trek also brought teleportation to popular attention with its depiction of `` matter - energy transport '' , with the famously misquoted phrase `` Beam me up , Scotty '' entering the vernacular . The Star Trek replicator is credited in the scientific literature with inspiring the field of diatom nanotechnology . In 1976 , following a letter - writing campaign , NASA named its prototype space shuttle Enterprise , after the fictional starship . Later , the introductory sequence to Star Trek : Enterprise included footage of this shuttle which , along with images of a naval sailing vessel called Enterprise , depicted the advancement of human transportation technology . Additionally , some contend that the Star Trek society resembles communism . Beyond Star Trek 's fictional innovations , its contributions to TV history included a multicultural and multiracial cast . While more common in subsequent years , in the 1960s it was controversial to feature an Enterprise crew that included a Japanese helmsman , a Russian navigator , a black female communications officer , and a human -- Vulcan first officer . Captain Kirk 's and Lt. Uhura 's kiss , in the episode `` Plato 's Stepchildren '' , was also daring , and is often mis - cited as being American television 's first scripted , interracial kiss , even though several other interracial kisses predated this one . In an interview Nichelle Nichols , who played the black female communications officer , said that the day after she told Roddenberry she planned to leave the show , she was at a fund - raiser at the NAACP and was told there was a big fan who wanted to meet her . Nichols said , I thought it was a Trekkie , and so I said , ' Sure . ' I looked across the room , and there was Dr. Martin Luther King walking towards me with this big grin on his face . He reached out to me and said , ' Yes , Ms. Nichols , I am your greatest fan . ' He said that Star Trek was the only show that he , and his wife Coretta , would allow their three little children to stay up and watch . ( She told King about her plans to leave the series . ) I never got to tell him why , because he said , ' You ca n't . You 're part of history . ' When she told Roddenberry what King had said , he cried . Parodies Early TV comedy sketch parodies of Star Trek included a famous sketch on Saturday Night Live entitled `` The Last Voyage of the Starship Enterprise '' , with John Belushi as Kirk , Chevy Chase as Spock and Dan Aykroyd as McCoy . In the 1980s , Saturday Night Live did a sketch with William Shatner reprising his Captain Kirk role in The Restaurant Enterprise , preceded by a sketch in which he played himself at a Trek convention angrily telling fans to `` Get a Life '' , a phrase that has become part of Trek folklore . In Living Color continued the tradition in a sketch where Captain Kirk is played by a fellow Canadian Jim Carrey . A feature - length film that indirectly parodies Star Trek is Galaxy Quest . This film is based on the premise that aliens monitoring the broadcast of an Earth - based TV series called Galaxy Quest , modeled heavily on Star Trek , believe that what they are seeing is real . Many Star Trek actors have been quoted saying that Galaxy Quest was a brilliant parody . Star Trek has been blended with Gilbert and Sullivan at least twice . The North Toronto Players presented a Star Trek adaptation of Gilbert & Sullivan entitled H.M.S. Starship Pinafore : The Next Generation in 1991 and an adaptation by Jon Mullich of Gilbert & Sullivan 's H.M.S. Pinafore that sets the operetta in the world of Star Trek has played in Los Angeles and was attended by series luminaries Nichelle Nichols , D.C. Fontana and David Gerrold . A similar blend of Gilbert and Sullivan and Star Trek was presented as a benefit concert in San Francisco by the Lamplighters in 2009 . The show was entitled Star Drek : The Generation After That . It presented an original story with Gilbert and Sullivan melodies . Both The Simpsons and Futurama television series and others have had many individual episodes parodying Star Trek or with Trek allusions . An entire series of films and novels from Finland entitled Star Wreck also parodies Star Trek . In August 2010 , the members of the Internal Revenue Service created a Star Trek themed training video for a conference . Revealed to the public in 2013 , the spoof along with parodies of other media franchises was cited as an example of the misuse of taxpayer funds in a congressional investigation . Star Trek has been parodied in several non-English movies , including the German Traumschiff Surprise - Periode 1 which features a gay version of The Original Series bridge crew and a Turkish film that spoofs that same series ' episode `` The Man Trap '' in one of the series of films based on the character Turist Ömer . The Orville is a comedy - drama science fiction television series that is currently airing on Fox , with the same look and feel as the Star Trek universe , created by noted Trekkie Seth MacFarlane that premiered on September 10 , 2017 . MacFarlane has made references to Star Trek on his animated series Family Guy , where the Next Generation cast guest - starred in the episode `` Not All Dogs Go to Heaven '' . Notable fan fiction Main article : Star Trek fan productions Although Star Trek has been off the air since 2005 , CBS and Paramount pictures have allowed fan - produced shows to be created . While not officially part of the Star Trek universe , several veteran Star Trek actors , actresses , and writers have contributed their talents to many of these productions . While none of these films have been created for profit , several fan productions have turned to crowdfunding from sites , such as Kickstarter to help with production costs . Two series set during the TOS time period are Star Trek Continues and the Hugo award nominated Star Trek : Phase II . Another series , Star Trek : Hidden Frontier , takes place on the Briar Patch , a region of space introduced in Star Trek Insurrection . It has had over 50 episodes produced , and has two spin - off series , Star Trek : Odyssey and Star Trek : The Helena Chronicles . Several standalone fan films have been created including Star Trek : Of Gods and Men . Future fan films include Star Trek : Axanar . Audio only fan productions includes Star Trek : The Continuing Mission . Several fan film parodies have also been created . The original Star Trek series is also notable for giving rise to slash fiction , a genre of fan - produced in - universe fiction where normally non-romantic same - sex characters are portrayed as being a romantic couple , notably `` Kirk / Spock '' stories . These began appearing in the early 1970s , generally written by female fans of the show . Over the intervening decades , especially with the advent of the internet , slash fanfiction has become its own thriving fandom . In 2016 , Paramount and CBS instituted strict fan guidelines on fan films . Notable guidelines include a maximum length of 15 minutes , a maximum fund limit of $50,000 , and a ban on using individuals previously associated with Star Trek productions . This has shut down all of the highly publicized fan film productions ending what has been called a `` golden age of amateur Star Trek films '' . Awards and honors Of the various science fiction awards for drama , only the Hugo Award dates back as far as the original series . In 1968 , all five nominees for a Hugo Award were individual episodes of Star Trek , as were three of the five nominees in 1967 . The only Star Trek series not even to get a Hugo nomination are the animated series and Voyager , though only the original series and Next Generation ever won the award . No Star Trek feature film has ever won a Hugo , though a few were nominated . In 2008 , the fan - made episode of Star Trek : New Voyages entitled `` World Enough and Time '' was nominated for the Hugo for Best Short Drama . In 1996 , TV Guide picked the following as the ten best Star Trek episodes for the franchise 's 30th anniversary . `` The City on the Edge of Forever '' ( Original Series , April 6 , 1967 ) `` Amok Time '' ( Original Series , September 15 , 1967 ) `` Mirror , Mirror '' ( Original Series , October 6 , 1967 ) `` The Doomsday Machine '' ( Original Series , October 20 , 1967 ) `` Journey to Babel '' ( Original Series , November 17 , 1967 ) `` 11001001 '' ( The Next Generation , February 1 , 1988 ) `` Yesterday 's Enterprise '' ( The Next Generation , February 19 , 1990 ) `` The Best of Both Worlds '' ( Part I ) ( The Next Generation , June 18 , 1990 ) `` Tapestry '' ( The Next Generation , February 15 , 1993 ) `` The Visitor '' ( Deep Space Nine , October 9 , 1995 ) The two Star Trek series to win multiple Saturn awards during their run were The Next Generation ( twice winning for best television series ) and Voyager ( twice winning for best actress -- Kate Mulgrew and Jeri Ryan ) . The original series retroactively won a Saturn Award for best DVD release . Several Star Trek films have won Saturns including categories best actor , actress , director , costume design , and special effects . However , Star Trek has never won a Saturn for best make - up . As for non science fiction specific awards , the Star Trek series have won 31 Emmy Awards . The eleventh Star Trek film won the 2009 Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling , the franchise 's first Academy Award . Corporate ownership At Star Trek 's creation , Norway Productions , Roddenberry 's production company , shared ownership with Desilu Productions and , after Gulf + Western acquired Desilu in 1967 , with Paramount Pictures , the conglomerate 's film studio . Paramount did not want to own the unsuccessful show ; net profit was to be shared between Norway , Desilu / Paramount , Shatner , and NBC but Star Trek lost money , and the studio did not expect to syndicate it . In 1970 Paramount offered to sell all rights to Star Trek to Roddenberry , but he could not afford the $150,000 ( $925,000 in 2007 ) price . In 1989 , Gulf + Western renamed itself as Paramount Communications , and in 1994 merged with Viacom . In 2005 , Viacom divided into CBS Corporation , whose CBS Television Studios subsidiary retained the Star Trek brand , and Viacom , whose Paramount Pictures subsidiary retained the Star Trek film library and rights to make additional films , along with video distribution rights to the TV series on behalf of CBS . See also Outline of Star Trek Timeline of science fiction List of space science fiction franchises Science Fiction portal Star Trek portal Notes Jump up ^ Members of the human species are occasionally called `` Terrans '' in Star Trek , although usage has been inconsistent . Jump up ^ However , the show had been first telecast two days earlier in Canada on the CTV Television Network at 7 : 30 p.m. Eastern Time . `` Today 's TV Previews '' , Montreal Gazette , September 6 , 1966 , p36 Jump up ^ Roddenberry did , however , co-author two scripts for the third season . Jump up ^ This count includes all planned episodes of Star Trek Discovery through season one . it also includes the animated series , and the original pilot , `` The Cage '' . Two - part episodes that were not originally aired at the same time are considered two separate episodes . Ten feature - length episodes were originally aired as two - hour presentations and are sometimes considered single episodes , however , in this count , they too are seen as two individual episodes . The Star Trek wiki Memory Alpha differs from the count listed because it includes the feature films in its total and it uses the method that counts feature - length episodes as single episodes . This makes that wiki 's total release count 744 . Jump up ^ Originally entitled Star Trek , it has in recent years become known as Star Trek : The Original Series or as `` Classic Star Trek '' -- retronyms that distinguish it from its sequels and the franchise as a whole . Jump up ^ Film titles of the North American and UK releases of the films no longer contained the number of the film following the sixth film ( the sixth was Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country but the seventh was Star Trek Generations ) . However , European releases continued using numbers in the film titles until Nemesis . Jump up ^ Several characters from the original series have cameos in Star Trek Generations . William Shatner plays a major role in that film . A few Star Trek : Voyager characters play cameos in First Contact and Nemesis . Jump up ^ Star Trek ( 2009 ) , Into Darkness , and Beyond are often considered to be , and referred to as , a `` reboot '' . They are also a continuation of the franchise that establishes an alternate reality from the previous films . This was done to free the new films from the restrictions of continuity without completely discarding it . This new reality was informally referred to by several names , including the `` Abramsverse '' , `` JJ Trek '' , the `` alternate timeline '' and `` NuTrek '' . It was named the `` Kelvin Timeline '' , as opposed to the `` Prime Timeline '' of the original series and films , by Michael and Denise Okuda for use in reference guides and encyclopedias . The name Kelvin comes from the USS Kelvin , a starship involved in the event that creates the new reality in 2009 's Star Trek . Leonard Nimoy plays an older version of Spock in the film Star Trek to help link the two timelines . Jump up ^ While the official release date of the eleventh Star Trek was May 8 , 2009 , the film premiered internationally in Buda , Texas on April 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ While the official release date of Star Trek Into Darkness was May 16 , 2013 , the film premiered internationally in Sydney , Australia on April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Although the Hugo Award is mainly given for print - media science fiction , its `` best drama '' award is usually given to film or television presentations . The Hugo does not give out awards for best actor , director , or other aspects of film production . Before 2002 , films and television series competed for the same Hugo , before the split of the drama award into short drama and long drama . Jump up ^ The other two films nominated for the Hugo in 1967 were the films Fahrenheit 451 and Fantastic Voyage . Jump up ^ The science fiction Saturn Awards did not exist during broadcasting of the original series . Unlike the Hugo , the Saturn Award gives out prizes for best actor , special effects and music , and also unlike the Hugo ( until 2002 ) movies and television shows have never competed against each other for Saturns . References Jump up ^ Italie , Hillel ( July 2 , 2007 ) . `` Potter Reaches Cult Phenomenon Status '' . Seattle Times . Associated Press . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . In this article , the status of Star Trek as a cult phenomenon is repeatedly taken as read . Jump up ^ `` Business of ' Star Trek ' : Franchise celebrates 50th anniversary '' . CGTN . July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saadia , Manu , Why Peter Thiel Fears `` Star Trek '' , The New Yorker , January 13 , 2017 Jump up ^ Reagin 2013 Jump up ^ `` Gene Roddenberry '' . The Museum of Broadcast Communications . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Roddenberry described Star Trek as a ' Wagon Train to the stars ' because , like that popular series , its stories focused on the ' individuals who traveled to promote the expansion of our horizons . ' Jump up ^ See David Alexander , Star Trek Creator . The Authorized Biography of Gene Roddenberry and interview with Roddenberry in Something about the Author by Gale Research Company and chapter 11 of Trash Culture : Popular Culture and the Great Tradition by Richard Keller Simon Jump up ^ Snyder , J. William , Jr. ( 1995 ) . `` Star Trek : A Phenomenon and Social Statement on the 1960s '' . self - published . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Johnson - Smith 2005 , p. 57 Jump up ^ Johnson - Smith 2005 , pp. 79 -- 85 Jump up ^ Sackett , Susan . `` Susan Sackett - The Secular Humanism of Star Trek '' . Point of Inquiry . Center for Inquiry . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Woody Goulart . `` Gene Roddenberry -- Woody Goulart '' . Woodygoulart.com . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2011 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Whitfield & Roddenberry 1968 , p. 128 ^ Jump up to : Social History : Star Trek as a Cultural Phenomenon URL accesses May 31 , 2013 Jump up ^ McDonald , Glen ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` William Shatner talks ' Star Trek , ' sci - fi and fans '' . The News & Observer . Retrieved August 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lutz , Richard ( February 2016 ) . `` Social Cohesiveness '' ( PDF ) . Human Rights Coalition ( Australia ) . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roddenberry , Gene ( March 11 , 1964 ) . `` Star Trek is '' ( PDF ) . First Draft . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 24 , 2006 . Retrieved June 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Davies , Máire Messenger ; Pearson , Roberta ; Michael Lowell Henry ( August 1 , 2007 ) . `` The Little Program That Could : The Relationship Between NBC and Star Trek '' . In Hilmes , Michele ; Henry , Michael Lowell . NBC : America 's Network . University of California Press . pp. 211 -- 223 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 25079 - 6 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The numbers game , part one . '' Broadcasting . September 19 , 1966 : 58 -- 60 . ^ Jump up to : Solow & Justman 1996 , pp. 377 -- 394 Jump up ^ StarTrek.com Staff ( August 31 , 2011 ) . `` Bjo Trimble : The Woman Who Saves Star Trek -- Part 1 '' . StarTrek.com . CBS Entertainment . For the record , when NBC seemed to be on the verge of axing Star Trek after a low - rated second season , the Trimbles devised a grassroots letter - writing campaign that saved the show and resulted in a third season . Jump up ^ Shatner & Kreski 1993 , pp. 290 -- 291 Jump up ^ `` Cult Fans , Reruns Give ' Star Trek ' an Out of This World Popularity '' . Milwaukee Journal . July 3 , 1972 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating 40 Years since Trek 's 1st Convention '' . startrek.com . January 20 , 2012 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . 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Jump up ^ `` Fan Groups , Sites Rally on Behalf of Enterprise '' . startrek.com . May 28 , 2004 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UPN 's 2004 -- 2005 Schedule '' ( Press release ) . UPN . May 20 , 2004 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Enterprise Canceled ! '' . Startrek.com . February 3 , 2005 . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2010 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Save Enterprise 2005 Outlook '' . TrekUnited.com . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2009 . Retrieved December 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( April 12 , 2011 ) . `` Bryan Singer 's TV Star Trek Details Emerge ! '' . Ugo.com . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2011 . Retrieved January 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ J. Michael Straczynski , Bryce Zabel . `` Star Trek : Reboot the Universe '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( April 7 , 2011 ) . `` Jonathan Frakes Talks Bar Karma , Star Trek , and Yes , Gargoyles '' . UGO.com . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2011 . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Star Trek Animated Series that Never Was '' . Trekmovie.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Adler , Margot ( May 6 , 2009 ) . `` Some Older ' Star Trek ' Fans May Skip This Voyage '' . NPR . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hinman , Michael ( June 23 , 2009 ) . `` ' Star Trek ' Becomes Highest Grossing Franchise Film '' . Airlock Alpha . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pascale , Anthony ( April 6 , 2008 ) . `` Paramount Already Thinking About Sequel To Abrams Star Trek '' . TrekMovie . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pascale , Anthony ( November 23 , 2011 ) . `` Star Trek Sequel To Be Released May 17 , 2013 -- In 3D '' . Trekmovie.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office History for Star Trek Movies '' . the-numbers.com . The Numbers . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( December 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Trek 3 ′ Sets July 8 , 2016 , Release Date '' . Variety . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` New Star Trek Series is a Go at CBS All Access '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ^ Jump up to : Frankel , Daniel . `` Moonves : Netflix international sales pay for entire ' Star Trek ' production cost FierceCable '' . www.fiercecable.com . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Gets September Premiere Date On CBS & CBS All Access , Season 1 Split In Two '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Luaine ( August 18 , 2006 ) . `` ' Star Trek ' turns 40 '' . San Jose Mercury News . McClatchy News . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2006 . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Turnbull 1979 , p. 210 ^ Jump up to : Turnbull 1979 , p. 231 Jump up ^ Rioux 2005 , pp. 194 -- 196 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Summary '' . TV.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Trimble 1983 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Dursin , Andre ( November 14 , 2006 ) . `` Filmation 's Star Trek Beams Up : Andy Reviews The Animated Adventures '' . The Aisle Seat . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ayers 2006 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Awards for Star Trek on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Animated -- The animated series '' . ScienceFictionBuzz.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Star Trek : The Next Generation TV Show . Retrieved August 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ BBC Online -- Star Trek : The Next Generation . Retrieved August 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Deep Space Nine '' . TV.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` STARTREK.COM : Emissary '' . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2010 . Retrieved August 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Review of `` Inter Arma Enim Silent Leges '' `` . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2003 . Retrieved October 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Trivia for Star Trek : Deep Space Nine '' . IMDB . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RevolutionSF -- Star Trek : Voyager : Review '' . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2004 . Retrieved August 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Star Trek : Voyager TV series synopsis URL accessed April 4 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Enterprise Summary '' . Starpulse . Retrieved August 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Jolene Blalock 's negative reaction is discussed at Lee , Patrick ( May 14 , 2005 ) . `` Star Trek : Enterprise Series Finale '' . Sci Fi Weekly . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2007 . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . Travis Mayweather 's reaction is discussed at Leao , Gustavo ( December 17 , 2005 ) . `` Anthony Montgomery Says `` These Are the Voyages ... '' Not an Effective Finale `` . TrekWeb . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2006 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . A negative review ( one of many ) may be found at Slotek , Jim ( May 13 , 2005 ) . `` Star Trek : E lamely goes away '' . Toronto Sun . p . E4 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ; Roots , Kimberly ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery : ' Prime ' Setting , Gay Character , Heavy Alien Presence and 11 More Spoilers About CBS Reboot '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Gets Order Increase & Companion Show On CBS All Access '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Katie ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Official Trailer Unveiled '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery producer explains why the Klingons changed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Exhibit Reveals Starfleet , Klingon and Vulcan Props , Costumes & Ships ( Comic - Con 2017 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Harmetz , Aljean ( November 2 , 1986 ) . `` New ' Star Trek ' Plan Reflects Symbiosis of TV and Movies '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . p. 31 . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cloud , John ( January 25 , 2002 ) . `` Star Trek Inc . '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ayers 2006 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Ayers 2006 , p. xi . Jump up ^ Newton Lee ( 2014 ) . `` From a Pin - up Girl to Star Trek 's Holodeck : Artificial Intelligence and Cyborgs '' , Digital Da Vinci : Computers in the Arts and Sciences . Springer Science + Business Media . pp. 1 -- 22 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4939 - 0964 - 3 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Rick ( April 4 , 2009 ) . `` ' Star Trek : The Next Generation ' Goes Manga , But Will Picard Lose The Captain 's Chair ? '' . MTV . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Comics Soar Again '' ( Press release ) . IDW Publishing . November 9 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2006 . Retrieved December 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Warkentin , Thomas ( 2012 ) . Star Trek : The Newspaper Strip , Vol. 1 . IDW Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Cryptic 's Trek Online MMORPG -- FAQ '' . Startrekonline.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Announcement of new Star Trek game by NECA / Wiz Kids '' . heroclix.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ayers 2006 , p. 13 . 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Archived from the original on July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 40 years since the Enterprise 's inception , some of its science fiction gadgets are part of everyday life URL accessed May 14 , 2010 Jump up ^ Parsons , Ed ( March 27 , 2006 ) . `` Google Earth inspiration was Star Treks Tricorder '' . edparsons.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Quinion , Michael . `` Beam Me Up , Scotty ! '' . World Wide Words . Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Drum , R.W. ; Gordon , R. ( 2003 ) . `` Star Trek replicators and diatom nanotechnology '' . Trends in Biotechnology . 21 : 325 -- 328 . PMID 12902165 . doi : 10.1016 / S0167 - 7799 ( 03 ) 00169 - 0 . Jump up ^ Dumoulin , Jim . `` Shuttle Orbiter Enterprise ( OV - 101 ) '' . National Aeronautics and Space Association . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ermak , Gennady ( 2016 ) . Communism : The Great Misunderstanding . ISBN 1533082898 . Jump up ^ Worstall , Tim ( October 5 , 2015 ) . `` Star Trek Economics Is Just True Communism Arriving '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Sinatra ( 2000 ) . Movin ' with Nancy ( DVD Commentary Track ) . Chatsworth , CA : Image Intertainment . Jump up ^ The Detroit Free Press ; September 6 , 2016 ; page 3C Jump up ^ Viewable on Hulu in the United States at ( 3 ) Chaires , Robert ; Bradley Chilton ( 2003 ) . Star Trek Visions of Law and Justice . University of North Texas Press . p. 61 . ISBN 9780966808025 . Jump up ^ Porter & McLaren 1999 , p. 268 Jump up ^ Bernardi 1998 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Jody Duncan & Estelle Shay , `` Trekking into the Klaatu Nebula '' , Cinefex 81 , April 2000 Jump up ^ `` George Takei Is Ready To Beam Up '' . Syfy . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Interviews : Patrick Stewart -- Galaxy Quest ( Star Trek Cult ) '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to madbeast.com -- The Jon Mullich site '' . Madbeast.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Star Drek : The Generation After That '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Geraghty 2007 , pp. 51 -- 52 . Jump up ^ `` IRS Official Apologizes for Wasting Funds on ' Star Trek ' Spoof Video '' . New York Daily News . 6 June 2013 . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How Much did IRS Spend Filming ' Star Trek ' Spoof ? '' . The Christian Science Monitor. 4 June 2013 . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.theverge.com/2017/5/16/15646290/the-orville-trailer-star-trek-parody-fox Jump up ^ Howell , Elizabeth ( August 16 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Axanar ' Fan Film Warps Beyond Crowdfunding Goal '' . Space.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kickstarter Star Trek : Prelude to Axanar Prelude to Axanar features some well known actors portraying both new and familiar characters in the Star Trek universe . Jump up ^ Bacon - Smith , Camille . `` Spock Among the Women . '' New York Times Sunday Book Review , November 16 , 1986 . Jump up ^ Laura , Marcus ; Peter Nicholls ( 2004 ) . The Cambridge history of twentieth - century English literature . Cambridge University Press . p. 799 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 82077 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kustritz , Anne ( September 2003 ) . `` Slashing the Romance Narrative '' . The Journal of American Culture . 26 ( 3 ) : 371 -- 384 . doi : 10.1111 / 1542 - 734X. 00098 . Jump up ^ Laura , Marcus ; Peter Nicholls ( 2004 ) . The Cambridge history of twentieth - century English literature . Cambridge University Press . p. 798 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 82077 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Fan Films '' . StarTrek.com . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Martinelli , Marissa ( 13 July 2016 ) . `` To Boldly Go Where No Fan Production Has Gone Before '' . Slate . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Full lists of Hugo award winners are at ( 4 ) Nominations can be found at `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( August 24 , 1996 ) . `` 10 Truly Stellar Episodes '' . TV Guide . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Saturn award winners and nominees can be found at '' . Locusmag.com . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2009 . Retrieved May 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Emmy Awards for the Star Trek Series '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Popkin , Helen A.S. ( March 7 , 2010 ) . `` Live Oscar blog : Follow the night 's action '' . MSNBC . Retrieved March 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pascale , Anthony ( February 11 , 2010 ) . `` Star Trek Helps Bring Big Profits To Viacom & Paramount '' . Trekmovie.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Bibliography Alexander , David ( February 16 , 1995 ) . Star Trek Creator : The Authorized Biography of Gene Roddenberry . Roc . ISBN 0 - 451 - 45440 - 5 . Asherman , Allan ( March 20 , 1981 ) . The Star Trek Compendium . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 79145 - 1 . Ayers , Jeff ( November 14 , 2006 ) . Voyages of the Imagination : The Star Trek Fiction Companion . Pocket Books . ISBN 1 - 4165 - 0349 - 8 . Barad , Judith ; Robertson , Ed ( December 5 , 2000 ) . The Ethics of Star Trek . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 019530 - 4 . Bernardi , Daniel ( 1998 ) . Star Trek and History : Race - Ing Toward a White Future . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 2466 - 5 . Ellison , Harlan ( 1996 ) . City on the Edge of Forever . Borderlands Press . ISBN 1 - 880325 - 02 - 0 . Greenwald , Jeff ( June 8 , 1998 ) . Future Perfect : How Star Trek Conquered Planet Earth . Viking Press . ISBN 0 - 670 - 87399 - 3 . Geraghty , Lincoln ( 2007 ) . Living with Star Trek : American culture and the Star Trek universe . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 2653 . Gerrold , David ( April 12 , 1973 ) . The Trouble with Tribbles . New York : Ballantine . ISBN 0 - 345 - 23402 - 2 . Gerrold , David ( 1984 ) ( 1973 ) . The World of Star Trek -- Revised Edition ( Bluejay Books ed . ) . Ballantine Books . ASIN B000JWHTXU . Harrison , Taylor ( July 25 , 1996 ) . Harrison , Taylor ; Projansky , Sarah ; Ono , Kent A. ; Helford , Elyce Rae , eds . Enterprise Zones : Critical Positions on Star Trek . Boulder : Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 2899 - 3 . Johnson - Smith , Jan ( 2005 ) . American Science Fiction TV : Star Trek , Stargate and Beyond . IB Tauris & Co Ltd . ISBN 1 - 86064 - 882 - 7 . Krauss , Lawrence M ( October 5 , 1995 ) . The Physics of Star Trek . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 00559 - 4 . Lake , M.N. ( 2005 ) . Picard : The Academy Years . Dragon Publishing . Lichtenberg , Jacqueline ; Marshak , Sondra ; Winston , Joan ( 1975 ) . Star Trek Lives ! . Toronto : Bantam Books . ISBN 0 - 552 - 09914 - 7 . McIntee , David ( March 9 , 2000 ) . Delta Quadrant -- The Unofficial Guide to Star Trek Voyager . London : Virgin . ISBN 0 - 7535 - 0436 - 7 . Nichols , Nichelle ( 1994 ) . Beyond Uhura . Putnam . ISBN 0 - 679 - 43509 - 3 . Porter , Jennifer ; McLaren , Darcee L. ( 1999 ) . Star Trek and Sacred Ground : Explorations of Star Trek , Religion , and American Culture . SUNY Press . ISBN 9780791443347 . Reagin , Nancy ( 2013 ) . Star Trek and History . New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 16763 - 2 . Rioux , Terry Lee ( 2005 ) . From Sawdust to Stadust : The Biography of DeForest Kelley , Star Trek 's Dr. McCoy . Pocket Books . ISBN 1 - 4165 - 0004 - 9 . Sackett , Susan ( May 15 , 2002 ) . Inside Trek : My Secret Life with Star Trek Creator Gene Roddenberry . Hawk Publishing Group . ISBN 1 - 930709 - 42 - 0 . Shatner , William ; Kreski , Chris ( 1993 ) . Star Trek Memories . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 017734 - 9 . Shatner , William ; Kreski , Chris ( October 6 , 1994 ) . Star Trek Movie Memories . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 017617 - 2 . Shatner , William ; Kreski , Chris ( May 1 , 1999 ) . Get a Life ! . New York : Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 02131 - 1 . Shatner , William ; Walter , Chip ( August 2002 ) . I 'm Working on That : A Trek from Science Fiction to Science Fact . New York : Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 04737 - X . Solow , Herbert F. ; Justman , Robert H. ( June 1996 ) . Inside Star Trek : The Real Story . New York : Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 89628 - 8 . Trimble , Bjo ( February 1983 ) . On the Good Ship Enterprise : My 15 Years with Star Trek . Donning Starblaze . ISBN 0 - 89865 - 253 - 7 . Turnbull , Gerry ( 1979 ) . A Star Trek Catalog . Grosset & Dunlap . ISBN 0 - 441 - 78477 - 1 . Whitfield , Stephen E. ; Roddenberry , Gene ( 1968 ) . The Making of Star Trek . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 31554 - 5 . OCLC 23859 . Winston , Joan ( November 1977 ) . The Making of the Trek Conventions . Garden City , NY : Doubleday Books / Playboy Press . ISBN 0 - 385 - 13112 - 7 . External links Find more aboutStar Trekat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Star Trek '' dated January 6 , 2010 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Official website Memory Alpha : Star Trek wiki Star Trek at DMOZ Star Trek at NASA - Enterprising Nebulae ( hide ) Star Trek Outline Timeline Canon Television series The Original Series episodes The Animated Series episodes The Next Generation episodes Deep Space Nine episodes Voyager episodes Enterprise episodes Discovery Feature films The Original Series The Motion Picture The Wrath of Khan The Search for Spock The Voyage Home The Final Frontier The Undiscovered Country The Next Generation Generations First Contact Insurrection Nemesis `` Reboot '' films Star Trek Into Darkness Beyond Setting Characters A -- F G -- M N -- S T -- Z Concepts Games Kobayashi Maru Law Prime Directive Materials Dilithium Sexuality Pon farr Stardate Maquis Locations Galactic quadrant Mirror Universe Planets A -- B C -- F G -- L M -- Q R -- S T -- Z Cultures Andorian Bajoran Borg Breen Cardassian Dominion Ferengi Rules of Acquisition Gorn Kazon Klingon language Orion Romulan Species 8472 United Federation of Planets Starfleet Academy Vidiians Vulcan nerve pinch salute Xindi Technology Communicator Deflector shields Holodeck Hypospray Impulse drive LCARS Medicine Replicator Spacecraft Deep Space Nine Defiant Earth Spacedock Enterprise Shuttlecraft Voyager Starships ordered by class Transporter Tricorder Uniforms Warp drive Weapons Bat'leth Production List of staff Gene Roddenberry Norway Corporation Composers and music musical theme `` Where no man has gone before '' `` Beam me up , Scotty '' Redshirt Unmade projects The God Thing Planet of the Titans Phase II Spin - off fiction Games Literature Comics Novels Reference books Stage A Klingon Christmas Carol Klingon opera Documentaries Trekkies Mind Meld Trekkies 2 How William Shatner Changed the World Beyond the Final Frontier The Captains Trek Nation To Be Takei For the Love of Spock Cultural influence Comparison to Star Wars Crossovers Fandom productions expanded universe Kirk and Uhura 's kiss Kirk / Spock Memory Alpha The Exhibition The Experience Book Portal VIAF : 182265273 GND : 4247477 - 2 BNF : cb167446715 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_Trek&oldid=804626233 '' Categories : American science fiction television series Media franchises Space in fiction Star Trek Television franchises Television programs adapted into comics Television programs adapted into films Television programs adapted into novels Television programs adapted into video games Media franchises introduced in 1966 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Good articles Use mdy dates from March 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2007 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Limburgs Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Picard Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray ייִדיש 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 05 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many episodes of star trek in total	[ "While the show initially enjoyed high ratings, the average rating of the show at the end of its first season dropped to 52nd out of 94 programs. Unhappy with the show's ratings, NBC threatened to cancel the show during its second season.[19] The show's fan base, led by Bjo Trimble, conducted an unprecedented letter-writing campaign, petitioning the network to keep the show on the air.[19][20] NBC renewed the show, but moved it from primetime to the \"Friday night death slot\", and substantially reduced its budget.[21] In protest Roddenberry resigned as producer and reduced his direct involvement in Star Trek, which led to Fred Freiberger becoming producer for the show's third and final season.[Note 3] Despite another letter-writing campaign, NBC cancelled the series after three seasons and 79 episodes.[17]" ]	[ "79" ]
-4126481392680867697	I Love New York	I Love New York - wikipedia I Love New York Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see I Love New York ( disambiguation ) . I Love New York Owner NY Department of Economic Development Country United States Introduced July 15 , 1977 ( 1977 - 07 - 15 ) Registered as a trademark in 73758742 Website www.iloveny.com I Love New York ( stylized I ❤ NY ) is a slogan , a logo and a song that are the basis of an advertising campaign and has been used since 1977 to promote tourism in the state of New York , including New York City . The trademarked logo , owned by the New York State Department of Economic Development , appears in souvenir shops and brochures throughout the state , some licensed , many not . The I Love New York song is the state song of New York . Contents ( hide ) 1 Logo 2 New York State song 3 Imitations 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Logo ( edit ) Nick Walker 's `` Love Vandal '' at 17th Street and 6th Avenue in Manhattan The logo consists of the capital letter I , followed by a red heart symbol ( ❤ ) , below which are the capital letters N and Y , set in a rounded slab serif typeface called American Typewriter . In 1977 , William S. Doyle , Deputy Commissioner of the New York State Department of Commerce hired advertising agency Wells Rich Greene to develop a marketing campaign for New York State . Doyle also recruited Milton Glaser , a productive graphic designer to work on the campaign and create a design based on Wells Rich Greene 's advertising campaign . Glaser 's final sketch to accompany the agency 's `` I Love New York '' slogan was conceived in a taxi . It comprised the letter I and a heart shape followed by NY , all on the same line . As the idea developed he decided to stack the I and heart shape on a line above the NY characters , later stating that he may have been a `` subliminally '' influenced by Robert Indiana 's LOVE pop art image . Glaser expected the campaign to last only a couple months and did the work pro bono . The innovative pop - style icon became a major success and has continued to be sold for years . In the popular mind ( though this was not the original intention ) the logo has become closely associated with New York City , and the placement of the logo on plain white T - shirts readily sold in the city has widely circulated the appearance of the image , making it a commonly recognized symbol . Glaser 's original concept sketch and presentation boards were donated by Doyle to the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art , New York . The image became especially prominent following the September 11 attacks on the city , which created a sense of unity among the populace . Many visitors to the city following the attacks purchased and wore the shirts bearing the I Love New York logo as a sign of their support . Glaser created a modified version to commemorate the attacks , reading `` I Love NY More Than Ever '' , with a little black spot on the heart symbolizing the World Trade Center site . The black spot approximates the site 's location on lower Manhattan Island . The poster was printed in the New York Daily News and was a fundraiser for New York charities supporting those affected by the attacks . Added text at the bottom encouraged people to `` Be generous . Your city needs you . This poster is not for sale . '' New York state song ( edit ) `` I Love New York '' was written and composed by Steve Karmen in 1977 as part of the advertising campaign . In 1980 , Governor Hugh Carey declared it as New York 's state anthem . In a move that was remarkable for Karmen , who is well known for retaining the publishing rights to his songs , he gave the rights to the song to the state for free . Imitations ( edit ) Actor Robin Williams wearing a T - shirt with the logo translated incorrectly into Arabic as `` I love ❤ New York '' . The logo has become a pop - culture icon , inspiring imitations in every corner of the globe . Merchandise proclaiming `` I ❤ ... '' can be found wherever tourists gather . New York has tried to uphold its trademark by filing nearly 3,000 objections against imitators ( to 2005 ) . Parodies , such as `` I ♠ ( spayed ) My Pets '' or `` I ♣ ( club ) Seals '' , have also appeared . Facetious expressions beginning `` I heart ... '' , are based on a literal reading of the logo ( e.g. , the film I Heart Huckabees and the audio conglomerate iHeartMedia ) . In 1980 a court concluded that the producers of Saturday Night Live did not infringe on the copyrights of the `` I Love New York '' campaign with its `` I Love Sodom '' skit , ruling that it was a parody . As of 2013 , the State of New York had filed thousands of `` trademark objections and cease - and - desist letters '' to stop copycatting , and in 2012 the state sent about one hundred letters . See also ( edit ) Friday the 13th Part VIII : Jason Takes Manhattan -- horror film criticized for using the `` I Love New York '' music Heart in Oregon I Love L.A. I Love New York 355 at The Glen Tourism in New York City New York City portal New York portal Visual arts portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` I Love New York Logo '' . New York State Library - New York State Education Department . Jump up ^ Interview with Milton Glaser , The Believer Jump up ^ `` ' I Love NY ' products , contracted to companies by NYS , are made overseas '' . WGRZ. April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . The logo , according to products it 's printed on , is the service mark of the state Department of Economic Development . Jump up ^ `` New York State Information - State Emblems '' . New York State Library - New York State Education Department . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , Tiffany ( September 11 , 2013 ) . `` A Heart in the Right Place '' . Object of the Day . Smithsonian Cooper - Hewitt , National Design Museum . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Story Behind I Heart New York '' . Buy T - Shirts Online . March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Milton Glaser : his heart was in the right place '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Milton Glaser : his heart was in the right place '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wansley , Joy ( October 27 , 1980 ) . `` They Call Steve Karmen ' the Beethoven of Spot Sonatas ' -- Meaning He 's King of TV Jingles '' . People . 14 ( 17 ) . ISSN 0093 - 7673 . Retrieved January 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kirstin , Dorsch ( July 18 , 2005 ) . `` New York Loves Its Trademark '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Robert ( 1988 ) . 1,911 Best Things Anybody Ever Said . New York , NY : Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 449 - 90285 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Looking to Revive New York '' . Gothamist . February 12 , 2007 . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Elsmere Music v. National Broadcasting Co . '' . June 9 , 1980 . Jump up ^ Newman , Andy ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` A Cup Is at the Heart of a Trademark Dispute '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to I Love New York . Official website The History of New York 's Marketing Campaigns , from the Gotham Gazette Trademark Protection Battle for `` I Love NY '' , BusinessWeek Interview with Milton Glaser , The Believer The Museum of Modern Art Collection Browser The Museum of Modern Art Collection Browser Legendary Press Agent Bobby Zarem 's New York Exit Interview Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Love_New_York&oldid=798143963 '' Categories : Words and phrases introduced in 1977 Advertising slogans American logos Symbols of New York City Songs about New York ( state ) Tourism in New York ( state ) Tourism in New York City United States state songs Cultural history of New York City Jingles Symbols introduced in 1977 Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Italiano 日本語 Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 August 2017 , at 07 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was i love new york logo designed	[ "In 1977, William S. Doyle, Deputy Commissioner of the New York State Department of Commerce hired advertising agency Wells Rich Greene to develop a marketing campaign for New York State. Doyle also recruited Milton Glaser, a productive graphic designer to work on the campaign and create a design based on Wells Rich Greene's advertising campaign. Glaser's final sketch to accompany the agency's \"I Love New York\" slogan was conceived in a taxi.[6] It comprised the letter I and a heart shape followed by NY, all on the same line. As the idea developed he decided to stack the I and heart shape on a line above the NY characters, later stating that he may have been a \"subliminally\" influenced by Robert Indiana's LOVE pop art image.[7]" ]	[ "1977" ]
-9026371666460092747	Women in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom	Women in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom - wikipedia Women in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search Constance Markievicz was the first woman elected to the British Parliament The representation of Women in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom has been an issue in the politics of the United Kingdom at numerous points in the 20th and 21st centuries . Originally debate centered on whether women should be allowed to vote and stand for election as Members of Parliament . The Parliament ( Qualification of Women ) Act 1918 gave women over 21 the right to stand for election as a Member of Parliament . The publication of the book Women in the House by Elizabeth Vallance in 1979 highlighted the under - representation of women in Parliament . In more modern times concerns about the under - representation of women led the Labour Party to introduce all - women short lists , something which was later held to breach discrimination laws . Between 1918 and 2015 , a total of 450 women have been elected as Members of the House of Commons , which is fewer than the number of men ( 459 ) in the 2015 Parliament . The longest - serving female member of Parliament is currently informally known as the Mother of the House . Contents ( hide ) 1 Suffrage 2 Landmarks and records 2.1 Political firsts for women in House of Commons 2.2 Records 3 Current Representation 3.1 2017 election 3.2 Current Female Cabinet Members ( Conservative Party ) 4 Historic Representation 4.1 2015 election 4.1. 1 Female Cabinet Members 4.2 2010 election 4.3 All - women shortlists 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Suffrage ( edit ) Main article : Women 's suffrage in the United Kingdom In 1867 , John Stuart Mill was the first Member of Parliament to raise the issue of women 's suffrage in the House of Commons . Following this attempts were made to widen the franchise in every Parliament . Women gained the right to vote with the passing of the Representation of the People Act 1918 after World War I . This gave the vote to women over the age of 30 . However , the Speakers Conference which was charged with looking into giving women the vote did not have as its terms of reference , consideration to women standing as candidates for parliament . However , Sir Herbert Samuel , the former Liberal Home Secretary , moved a separate motion on 23 October 1918 to allow women to be eligible as Members of Parliament . The vote was passed by 274 to 25 and the government rushed through a Bill to make it law in time for the 1918 General Election . This Bill did not specify any age restriction , unlike the voting Bill . This later led to a number of incidents of women under the age of 30 , who were not allowed to vote , standing for parliament , notably the 27 - year - old Liberal Ursula Williams standing in 1923 . Landmarks and records ( edit ) Further information : Records of members of parliament of the United Kingdom § Women Political firsts for women in House of Commons ( edit ) 1918 : women able to stand for Parliament . 1918 : MP elected ( Constance de Markievicz ) - for Sinn Féin Party - did not take her seat at Westminster 1919 : Member of Parliament to take seat ( Nancy Astor ) - for Coalition Conservative Party 1924 : Minister ( Margaret Bondfield ) - for Labour Party 1929 : Cabinet minister , and privy counsellor ( Margaret Bondfield ) 1948 : Chair of Committee of Whole House ( Florence Paton ) - Labour Party 1965 : Parliamentary Whip ( Harriet Slater ) - Labour Party 1970 : Deputy speaker ( Betty Harvie Anderson ) - Conservative Party 1975 : Leader of the Opposition ( Margaret Thatcher ) 1979 : Prime Minister ( Margaret Thatcher ) who led the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990 . 1992 : Speaker of the House of Commons ( Betty Boothroyd ) - Labour Party . As of 2017 she remains the only female to hold the office of House Speaker . 1997 : Full - time Minister for Women ( Joan Ruddock ) - Labour Party 1998 : Chief Whip ( Ann Taylor ) - Labour Party Records ( edit ) See also : Mother of the House and List of female Members of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom Margaret Beckett is the longest serving female MP in the history of the House of Commons . She was an MP for Lincoln from 10 October 1974 until 7 April 1979 , and has served as MP for Derby South since 9 June 1983 , most recently being re-elected on 8 June 2017 . Harriet Harman is the longest continuously serving female MP in the history of the House of Commons . She was MP for Peckham from 28 October 1982 until 1 May 1997 , and has served as MP for Camberwell and Peckham since 1 May 1997 , most recently having been re-elected on 8 June 2017 . On 13 June 2017 Harman was dubbed `` Mother of the House '' by Prime Minister Theresa May , in recognition of her status as longest continuously serving woman MP ( though she was not the longest serving MP overall , and would therefore not gain any official duties ) . Party Name Constituency Year elected Year left Length of continuous term Length of cumulative term Conservative Astor , Nancy Nancy Astor Plymouth Sutton 1919 1945 25 years , 7 months Labour Lee , Jennie Jennie Lee North Lanarkshire & Cannock 1929 & 1945 1931 & 1970 27 years Conservative Ward , Irene Irene Ward Wallsend & Tynemouth 1931 & 1950 1945 & 1974 37 years Labour Castle , Barbara Barbara Castle Blackburn 1945 1979 33 years , 9 months Labour Dunwoody , Gwyneth Gwyneth Dunwoody Exeter , Crewe & Crewe and Nantwich 1966 & 1974 1970 & 2008 34 years , 2 months 37 years , 9 months Labour Beckett , Margaret Margaret Beckett Lincoln & Derby South 1974 & 1983 1979 & Still serving 38 years Labour Harman , Harriet Harriet Harman Peckham , then Camberwell and Peckham 1982 Still serving 35 years Current representation ( edit ) There are currently 208 female MPs in the House of Commons . 2017 election ( edit ) Further information : List of MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election , 2017 and List of United Kingdom MPs by seniority , 2017 -- 22 As elected in the 2017 general election . Political Party Number of MPs Number of Female MPs Percentage of Party 's MPs Percentage of Female MPs House of Commons 650 208 32 % 100 % Conservative 317 67 21 % 32 % Labour 262 119 45 % 57 % SNP 35 12 34 % 6 % Liberal Democrat 12 33 % 2 % DUP 10 10 % < 1 % Sinn Féin 7 29 % < 1 % Plaid Cymru 25 % < 1 % Green 100 % < 1 % Independent 100 % < 1 % Speaker 0 0 % 0 % Current Female Cabinet Members ( Conservative Party ) ( edit ) Theresa May - Prime Minister Amber Rudd - Secretary of State for the Home Department Justine Greening - Secretary of State for Education Baroness Evans of Bowes Park - Leader of the House of Lords Penny Mordaunt - Secretary of State for Development Karen Bradley - Secretary of State for Culture , Media and Sport Historic representation ( edit ) 2015 election ( edit ) Further information : List of MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election , 2015 and List of United Kingdom MPs by seniority , 2015 -- 17 In the 2015 general election , 191 women were elected , making up 29 % of the House of Commons ; up from 141 and 23 % before the election . Political Party Number of MPs Number of Female MPs Percentage of Party 's MPs Percentage of Female MPs House of Commons 650 191 29 % 100 % Conservative 330 68 21 % 36 % Labour 232 99 43 % 52 % SNP 56 20 36 % 10 % Liberal Democrat 8 0 0 % 0 % DUP 8 0 0 % 0 % Sinn Féin 0 0 % 0 % Plaid Cymru 33 % < 1 % SDLP 33 % < 1 % UUP 0 0 % 0 % UKIP 0 0 % 0 % Green 100 % < 1 % Independent 100 % < 1 % Speaker 0 0 % 0 % Female Cabinet Members ( edit ) Theresa May - Prime Minister Amber Rudd - Secretary of State for the Home Department Elizabeth Truss - Secretary of State for Justice Justine Greening - Secretary of State for Education Baroness Evans of Bowes Park - Leader of the House of Lords Andrea Leadsom - Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs Priti Patel - Secretary of State for Development Karen Bradley - Secretary of State for Culture , Media and Sport 2010 election ( edit ) Further information : List of MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election , 2010 and List of United Kingdom MPs by seniority , 2010 -- 15 As elected in the 2010 general election . Political Party Number of MPs Number of Female MPs Percentage of Party 's MPs Percentage of Female MPs House of Commons 650 143 22 % 100 % Conservative 306 49 16 % 34 % Labour 258 81 31 % 57 % Liberal Democrat 57 7 12 % 5 % DUP 8 0 0 % 0 % SNP 6 17 % 0.7 % Sinn Féin 5 20 % 0.7 % Plaid Cymru 0 0 % 0 % SDLP 33 % 0.7 % Alliance 100 % 0.7 % Green 100 % 0.7 % Independent 100 % < 1 % Speaker 0 0 % 0 % A total of 42 female ministers have held cabinet positions since the first , Margaret Bondfield , in 1929 . Tony Blair 's 1997 Cabinet had five women and was the first to include more than two female ministers at one time . The highest number of concurrent women Cabinet Ministers under Tony Blair was eight ( 36 per cent ) , under Tony Blair ( then a record ) from May 2006 -- May 2007 . Women Cabinet Ministers 1929 - 2016 1929 - 31 Margaret Bondfield ( Lab ) 2004 - 08 Ruth Kelly ( Lab ) 1945 - 47 Ellen Wilkinson ( Lab ) 2006 - 09 Hazel Blears ( Lab ) 1953 - 54 Florence Horsbrugh ( Con ) 2006 - 09 Jacqui Smith ( Lab ) 1964 - 70 / 74 - 76 Barbara Castle ( Lab ) 2007 - 08 Baroness Ashton ( Lab ) 1968 - 69 Judith Hart ( Lab ) 2008 - 10 Yvette Cooper ( Lab ) 1970 - 74 / 79 - 90 Margaret Thatcher ( Con ) 2008 - 10 Baroness Royall ( Lab ) 1974 - 79 Shirley Williams ( Lab ) 2010 - 12 Caroline Spelman ( Con ) 1982 - 83 Baroness Young ( Con ) 2010 - 12 Cheryl Gillan ( Con ) 1992 - 97 Gillian Shephard ( Con ) 2010 - 12 Baroness Warsi ( Con ) 1992 - 97 Virginia Bottomley ( Con ) 2010 - Theresa May ( Con ) 1997 - 98 Ann Taylor ( Lab ) 2011 - Justine Greening ( Con ) 1997 - 98 / 07 - 10 Harriet Harman ( Lab ) 2012 - 14 Maria Miller ( Con ) 1997 - 2001 Mo Mowlam ( Lab ) 2012 - 16 Theresa Villiers ( Con ) 1997 - 2003 Clare Short ( Lab ) 2014 - 16 Nicky Morgan ( Con ) 1998 - 2001 Baroness Jay ( Lab ) 2014 - Elizabeth Truss ( Con ) 2001 - 03 Helen Liddell ( Lab ) 2014 - 16 Baroness Stowell ( Con ) 2001 - 02 Estelle Morris ( Lab ) 2015 - Amber Rudd ( Con ) 2001 - 07 Hilary Armstrong ( Lab ) 2016 - Baroness Evans ( Con ) 2001 - 07 Patricia Hewitt ( Lab ) 2016 - Karen Bradley ( Con ) 2001 - 07 / 09 - 10 Tessa Jowell ( Lab ) 2016 - Andrea Leadsom ( Con ) 2003 - 07 Baroness Amos ( Lab ) 2016 - Priti Patel ( Con ) All - women shortlists ( edit ) Main article : All - women shortlists All - women shortlists are a method of affirmative action which has been used by the Labour Party to increase the representation of women in Parliament . As of 2015 , 117 Labour MPs have been elected to the House of Commons after being selected as candidates through an all - women shortlist . In 2002 this method of selection was ruled to breach the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 . In response to this ruling the Sex Discrimination ( Election Candidates ) Act 2002 legalised all - women short lists as a method of selection . The Equality Act 2010 extends this exemption from discrimination law to 2030 . See also ( edit ) British politics portal Blair Babe Election results of women standing for the Parliament of the United Kingdom ( to 1945 ) Lists of female political office - holders in the United Kingdom Timeline of female MPs in the House of Commons Widow 's succession Women in the House of Lords European countries by percentage of women in national parliaments Women in positions of power Critical mass ( gender politics ) Women in Parliaments Women in government References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Heater , Derek ( 2006 ) . Citizenship in Britain : A History . Edinburgh University Press . p. 145 . ISBN 9780748626724 . Jump up ^ Keen , Richard ( 19 June 2015 ) . `` Briefing Paper Number SN01250 : Women in Parliament and Government '' ( PDF ) . House of Commons Library . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Women in parliament '' . BBC News . London : BBC . 31 October 2008 . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Samuel , Viscount ( 1950 ) . Memoirs . p. 131 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament ( Qualification Of Women ) Bill '' . Parliamentary Debates ( Hansard ) . House of Commons . 6 November 1918 . col. 2186 -- 2202 . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Cheltenham Chronicle , Gloucestershire , 8 December 1923 ^ Jump up to : Keen , Richard ; Cracknell , Richard . `` Women in Parliament and Government '' . Jump up ^ CH . Succeeded her husband Waldorf Astor , 2nd Viscount Astor as MP after he became a member of the House of Lords due to inheriting the title of Viscount Astor upon the death of his father . Jump up ^ Married to fellow MP Anuerin Bevan . She was made a life peer as Baroness Lee of Asheridge , of the City of Westminster in 1970 . Jump up ^ `` No. 45229 '' . The London Gazette. 10 November 1970 . p. 12333 . Jump up ^ CH , DBE . She was made a life peer as Baroness Ward of North Tyneside , of North Tyneside in the County of Tyne and Wear , in 1975 . Jump up ^ Wife of Edward Castle , Baron Castle . She was made a life peer as Baroness Castle of Blackburn , in 1990 . Jump up ^ Daughter of Morgan Phillips & Norah Phillips , Baroness Phillips . Mother of Tamsin Dunwoody . Jump up ^ DBE Jump up ^ QC Jump up ^ Lowther , Ed ; Thornton , Charlotte ( 8 May 2015 ) . `` Election 2015 : Number of women in Parliament rises by a third '' . BBC News . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Members of the House of Commons '' . UK Parliament . 2015 . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ministers - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Election 2015 : Number of women in Parliament rises by a third '' . BBC . 8 May 2015 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Factsheet M4 : Women in the House of Commons '' ( PDF ) . House of Commons Information Office . June 2010 . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Richard ; White , Isobel . `` All - women shortlists '' . Further reading ( edit ) `` Women in the House of Commons inquiry '' . Women and Equalities Committee . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . `` Women in the House of Commons ( archieved factsheets ) '' . House of Commons Information Office , House of Commons Library . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Vallance , Elizabeth M. ( 1979 ) . Women in the House : a study of women Members of Parliament . Athlone Press . ISBN 9780485111866 . All Party Parliamentary Group Women in Parliament ( July 2014 ) . `` Improving Parliament : Creating a Better and More Representative House '' ( PDF ) . House of Commons . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . `` Harman 's office Thatcher U-turn '' . BBC News . London : BBC . 16 September 2009 . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . External links ( edit ) `` Parliament and Women '' . UK Parliament website . `` Women in the House of Commons '' . UK Parliament website . `` Women and the House of Lords '' . UK Parliament website . `` Campaigning for women in the Lords '' . UK Parliament website . `` Accommodating women peers '' . UK Parliament website . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women_in_the_House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=811328265 '' Categories : House of Commons of the United Kingdom Women in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 November 2017 , at 22 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	longest continuously serving female mp in house of commons	[ "\n\nParty\nName\nConstituency\nYear elected\nYear left\nLength of continuous term\nLength of cumulative term\n\n\n\nConservative\nAstor, NancyNancy Astor [8]\nPlymouth Sutton\n1919\n1945\n25 years, 7 months\n\n\n\n\nLabour\nLee, JennieJennie Lee [9][10]\nNorth Lanarkshire & Cannock\n1929 & 1945\n1931 & 1970\n\n27 years\n\n\n\nConservative\nWard, IreneIrene Ward [11]\nWallsend & Tynemouth\n1931 & 1950\n1945 & 1974\n\n37 years\n\n\n\nLabour\nCastle, BarbaraBarbara Castle [12]\nBlackburn\n1945\n1979\n33 years, 9 months\n\n\n\n\nLabour\nDunwoody, GwynethGwyneth Dunwoody [13]\nExeter, Crewe & Crewe and Nantwich\n1966 & 1974\n1970 & 2008\n34 years, 2 months\n37 years, 9 months\n\n\n\nLabour\nBeckett, MargaretMargaret Beckett [14]\nLincoln & Derby South\n1974 & 1983\n1979 & Still serving\n\n38 years\n\n\n\nLabour\nHarman, HarrietHarriet Harman [15]\nPeckham, then Camberwell and Peckham\n1982\nStill serving\n35 years\n\n\n" ]	[ "Margaret Beckett" ]
-7426976788759663974	England at the FIFA World Cup	England at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia England at the FIFA World Cup The England national football team has competed at the FIFA World Cup since 1950 . The FIFA World Cup is the premier competitive international football tournament , first played in 1930 , whose finals stage has been held every four years since , except 1942 and 1946 , due to the Second World War . The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the finals . The current format of the finals involves thirty - two teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 Final . England did not enter the competition until 1950 , but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments . They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions , 1974 ( West Germany ) , 1978 ( Argentina ) and 1994 ( United States ) , and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions ; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup , the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England , whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990 , in Italy , and in 2018 in Russia . Other than that , the team have reached the quarter - finals on nine occasions , the latest of which were at the 2002 ( South Korea / Japan ) and the 2006 ( Germany ) . England are the only team not representing a sovereign state to win the World Cup , which they did in 1966 when they hosted the finals . They defeated West Germany 4 -- 2 after extra time to win the World Cup title . Since then , they have generally reached the knockout stages of almost every competition they have qualified for , including a fourth - place finish in the 1990 and 2018 World Cups . At the world cup , England have had more goalless draws than any other team . Contents 1 History 1.1 Brazil 1950 1.1. 1 1950 Finals 1.2 Switzerland 1954 1.2. 1 1954 Finals 1.3 Sweden 1958 1.4 Chile 1962 1.5 England 1966 1.6 Mexico 1970 1.7 West Germany 1974 1.8 Argentina 1978 1.9 Spain 1982 1.10 Mexico 1986 1.11 Italy 1990 1.12 United States 1994 1.13 France 1998 1.14 South Korea / Japan 2002 1.15 Germany 2006 1.16 South Africa 2010 1.17 Brazil 2014 1.18 Russia 2018 1.18. 1 2018 Finals 2 Records 2.1 By match 2.2 By opponent 3 Players ' honours 3.1 List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups 3.2 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups 3.3 List of England goals by tournament 3.4 List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup 4 Team awards and records 5 Refereeing 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 References History ( edit ) Brazil 1950 ( edit ) Main article : 1950 FIFA World Cup See also : 1949 -- 50 British Home Championship England 's first qualifying campaign for the FIFA World Cup doubled as the 1950 British Home Championship . The series kicked off for England on 15 October 1949 at Ninian Park , Cardiff , against Wales . Stan Mortensen gave England the lead after twenty two minutes , and just seven minutes later , Jackie Milburn doubled the lead . This was the first goal of Milburn 's hat trick , which left England 4 -- 0 up with 20 minutes to play . Mal Griffiths scored a consolation goal for Wales ten minutes from time , but England held on for a comfortable victory . A month later , England welcomed Ireland to Maine Road , and it began well for the home side as Jack Rowley scored inside six minutes . England were already 6 -- 0 up , thanks to Jack Froggatt , two for Stan Pearson , Stan Mortensen and a second from Rowley , by the time Ireland struck back through Samuel Smyth after 55 minutes . Rowley added a third and a fourth to his tally in the three minutes following Smyth 's goal , however , leaving the score at 8 -- 1 at the hour mark . The frantic scoring rate calmed down after that , with only one apeice before the final whistle , with Stan Pearson completing his brace for England 's ninth , and Bobby Brennan scoring for Ireland . It was not until May 1950 that England travelled to Hampden Park to face Scotland , who were also undefeated after their games against Ireland and Wales . With the top two from the group qualifying , both teams were guaranteed progression to the finals , and the game was solely for the honour of winning the British Home Championship , and the seeding advantage to be enjoyed upon reaching Brazil . A solitary goal from Roy Bentley gave England the victory , the title and the top spot in the group . 1950 finals ( edit ) England were seeded in pot one for the finals , which meant they were the favourites to progress from Group 2 , which also contained Spain , Chile and the United States . England 's campaign kicked off against Chile in Rio de Janeiro , and , as was expected , England cruised to a 2 -- 0 victory , courtesy of goals from Stan Mortensen and Wilf Mannion . Main article : United States v England ( 1950 FIFA World Cup ) Their troubles began four days later when they faced the Americans in Belo Horizonte in what has become one of the most famous matches of all time . Joe Gaetjens scored the only goal of the match to give the United States an unlikely victory , which has gone down as one of the World Cup 's greatest upsets . A myth arose that the English newspapers were so confident of an English victory that when the result was telegrammed back , they assumed a misprint and printed the score as 10 -- 1 in England 's favour . However , this has proven to be untrue . This left England in a sticky situation prior to their final match , against Spain in Rio . They needed to win , and for Chile to beat the United States to stand any chance of going through , and even then they would need the goal averages to fall in their favour . As it turned out , no such calculations were necessary , despite Chile 's victory , as Spain 's Zarra scored the only goal of the game , eliminating England from the competition . Switzerland 1954 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : 1954 FIFA World Cup and 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship As with their first World Cup , England 's qualifying for the 1954 edition also constituted the 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship . They played Wales at Ninian Park as their first match once again , and the 4 -- 1 result was the same . However , unlike four years earlier , it was the home side that went into the lead , after twenty two minutes through Ivor Allchurch . Despite being 1 -- 0 down at half time , England scored four within eight minutes of the restart ; two each for Dennis Wilshaw and Nat Lofthouse . Goodison Park was the venue for England 's home clash against Ireland , who were newly renamed Northern Ireland . Harold Hassall got England off to a good start with a goal after just ten minutes . Eddie McMorran put the Irish back on terms just before the hour mark , but Hassall completed his brace six minutes later . Lofthouse completed a comfortable 3 -- 1 win for England . With the top two in the group qualifying for the finals , the final game between England and Scotland , at Hampden Park , settled nothing except the placings within the group , despite Scotland having dropped a point with a 3 -- 3 draw at home to Wales . Allan Brown put the home side ahead after just seven minutes , but it was all square again thanks to Ivor Broadis just four minutes later . Johnny Nicholls gave England the lead for the first time just after half time , and they began to extend a lead after Ronnie Allen 's 68th - minute goal . Jimmy Mullen made the game all but certain seven minutes from time , and although Willie Ormond scored a consolation for Scotland with just 1 minute to play , England topped the competition for the second time in a row . 1954 finals ( edit ) England were drawn in Group 4 for the finals , with hosts Switzerland , Italy and Belgium . In an odd twist , unique to the 1954 tournament , England and Italy , as the two seeded teams in the group , did not have to play each other . Equally , Switzerland and Belgium did not have to play each other . England 's first game in Switzerland was against Belgium in Basel , and they suffered a shock as Léopold Anoul put the Belgians into the lead after just five minutes . Ivor Broadis put the favourites back on terms just over twenty minutes later , and although Nat Lofthouse gave England the lead 10 minutes later , it was proving to be tougher than they had expected against the Belgians . Broadis scored his second just after the hour , but Henri Coppens hit back four minutes later to keep Belgium in the game at only 3 -- 2 down . Anoul completed his brace another four minutes after that to level the scores again . In another oddity peculiar to this World Cup , drawn matches in the group stage would go to extra time , and as such the teams played on with the score at 3 -- 3 . Just one minute into the added period , Lofthouse added a fourth for England and they seemed to have won it , but Jimmy Dickinson scored an own goal three minutes later to put the score back at 4 -- 4 . It stayed this way until the extra period was up , and as penalty shoot - outs were yet to be invented and replays were not used in the group , the match was recorded as a draw . England 's second and final group game was against the hosts in Bern . This proved to be an easier game for the Three Lions , and they scored one goal in each half ( from Jimmy Mullen and Dennis Wilshaw respectively ) to give them a comfortable win of 2 -- 0 . As Switzerland ( against England ) , Italy ( against Switzerland ) and Belgium ( against Italy ) had all lost one game , England progressed as group winners , along with Switzerland , who won a play - off against Italy . England faced the winners of group three and defending champions Uruguay in the quarter - finals . Carlos Borges gave the South Americans the lead inside 5 minutes , but Lofthouse put England back on terms ten minutes later . England were clearly struggling , but held on until just before half time , when Obdulio Varela gave the lead back Uruguay . Juan Alberto Schiaffino doubled the lead just after the break , but Tom Finney kept England 's foot in the door with his sixty seventh - minute goal . However , it was all over after Javier Ambrois restored the two - goal lead with twelve minutes to play . The score remained at 4 -- 2 , and England were eliminated from the cup . Sweden 1958 ( edit ) Main article : 1958 FIFA World Cup For the first time , England had to play against countries other than the Home Nations to reach the Finals in Sweden . They were drawn against the Republic of Ireland and Denmark . In the qualifying round , England won three out of the four games and drew the other . Four months before the World Cup , Roger Byrne , Duncan Edwards , David Pegg and Tommy Taylor all lost their lives in the Munich air disaster while playing for Manchester United . At the finals , which is the only tournament to have seen all Home Nations take part , the Home Nations were all drawn in different groups . England were drawn against the Soviet Union ( 2 -- 2 ) , Brazil ( 0 -- 0 ) and Austria ( 2 -- 2 ) , who finished third in the 1954 World Cup . At the end of the group stage , Soviet Union and England each had three points , and had scored four goals and conceded four goals . This meant there was a play - off to decide the second - placed team in the group , the winner to qualify . England lost the play - off 1 -- 0 and were thus knocked out . The only consolation for England was that they were the only team to play the eventual winners Brazil and not lose . Chile 1962 ( edit ) Main article : 1962 FIFA World Cup The third World Cup which took place in South America , saw England qualify by successfully qualifying from the group , which contained Portugal and Luxembourg , defeating Luxembourg on both occasions , and defeating Portugal at home , and drawing in Lisbon . At the finals , England were drawn in a group with Hungary , Argentina and Bulgaria . England defeated Argentina 3 - 1 , thanks to goals from Ron Flowers , Bobby Charlton and Jimmy Greaves , before playing out a goalless draw with Bulgaria , and a 2 -- 1 defeat to Hungary . England finished in second place behind Hungary and played the winners of group 3 , defending champions Brazil , in the quarter - finals . Brazil scored first through Garrincha , before an equaliser for Gerry Hitchens before half time . However , second - half goals from Garrincha and Vavá meant Brazil won the game 3 -- 1 , and eliminated England from the competition . This defeat was manager Walter Winterbottom 's last game in charge . Winterbottom had led England to four World Cup Finals . From May 1963 , Alf Ramsey became the manager of England . England 1966 ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2018 ) In the 1966 World Cup Finals , England used their home advantage and , under Ramsey , won their first , and only , World Cup title . England played all their games at Wembley Stadium in London , which became the last time that the hosts were granted this privilege . After drawing 0 -- 0 in the opening game against former champions Uruguay , which started a run of four games all ending goalless . England then beat both France and Mexico 2 -- 0 and qualified for the quarter - finals . The quarter - finals saw England play Argentina , which ended in a 1 -- 0 win to England . This match saw the start of the rivalry between England and Argentina , when Argentinian Antonio Rattín was dismissed by German referee Rudolf Kreitlein in a very fierce game . A 2 -- 1 win against Portugal in the semi-final then followed . Portugal were the first team to score against England in the tournament . The final saw England play West Germany , with the result finishing in a 4 -- 2 win for England , after extra time . Mexico 1970 ( edit ) Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup 1970 saw the first World Cup finals take place in North America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup . England were drawn in a group with Romania , former world champions Brazil and Czechoslovakia . Each of the matches only saw one goal , with England defeating Romania and Czechoslovakia , and losing to Brazil . The quarter - final saw a repeat of the 1966 final , with England playing West Germany . England were hampered by the fact that first - choice goalkeeper Gordon Banks was ill , and Peter Bonetti played instead . England led 2 -- 0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters , but in the 70th minute , Franz Beckenbauer pulled one goal back for West Germany . After Beckenbauer 's goal , Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton , who overtook Billy Wright as England 's most capped player ever , with caps totalling 106 . Uwe Seeler equalised for the Germans in the eighty first minute , thereby taking the game into extra time . During extra time , Gerd Müller scored the winning goal for West Germany which saw the German side win 3 -- 2 . This turned out to be Charlton 's last game for England . West Germany 1974 ( edit ) Main article : 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time , England did not qualify for a World Cup . In a group with Olympic champions Poland and Wales , England could not overtake Poland . After only drawing at home to Wales 1 -- 1 and losing the first leg 2 -- 0 to Poland , meant that England had to beat Poland at home , whilst Poland only needed to draw . Poland managed to withstand England 's attacks in the first half , who had Martin Peters playing for them . Poland took the lead in the 57th minute with a goal from Jan Domarski . England equalised six minutes later , with a penalty converted by Allan Clarke . England were unable to score any more goals with goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski keeping England at bay . Brian Clough had previously called Tomaszewski a `` clown '' . The commentator of the game then said `` it 's all over '' . Poland took this good form to the finals and ended in third place . After failing to qualify , Alf Ramsey resigned from his post and after a time , where Ramsey and his predecessor had lasted a total of 29 years , no manager was able to last in the job for longer than eight years . This ended when Bobby Robson became England manager . Argentina 1978 ( edit ) See also : 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) England also did not qualify for the fourth World Cup which took place in South America . This time , England were denied by Italy , who had scored three more goals than England after both teams finished on the same points . Goals scored dictated who qualified after the head - to - head record between the two sides finished the same , following a 2 -- 0 home win for each team . The lower - ranked teams in the group were Finland and Luxembourg , but the size of the wins against them proved to be decisive . Nevertheless , Ron Greenwood was given a second chance in charge of England , after taking the role in 1977 . Spain 1982 ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup 1982 saw the first time where the European Qualifying Rounds were divided into groups of five teams , where the top two teams qualify for the World Cup . Greenwood used his second chance and took England to Spain by finishing second behind Hungary and above Romania , Switzerland and Norway . At the finals , England won all three group games , defeating France 3 - 1 , with a brace from Bryan Robson , before beating Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 , with a Jozef Barmos own goal , and World Cup newcomers Kuwait 1 -- 0 , thanks to a Trevor Francis goal . The next round saw a second group stage consisting of three teams , a first time event at the World Cup . England drew with West Germany 0 -- 0 and after the Germans beat Spain 2 -- 1 , England then had to beat Spain with a two - goal difference to progress to the next round . England , however , only managed a 0 -- 0 draw against the Spanish . England remained unbeaten at the end of the tournament . After the World Cup , Ron Greenwood 's time as England manager ended , and he was replaced by Bobby Robson . Mexico 1986 ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1986 saw the second World Cup to take place in Mexico . England qualified for Mexico 1986 by winning four games and drawing four times against Northern Ireland , who qualified in second place , Romania , Finland and Turkey . In Mexico , England lost their opening game to Portugal 1 -- 0 and could only manage a goalless draw against Morocco . The final group game , however , saw England beat Poland 3 -- 0 , which is one of the three highest scores for England at the World Cup , with Gary Lineker scoring a hat - trick . This result took England to second place and finished behind Morocco . England then also beat Paraguay 3 -- 0 in the Round of 16 . In the quarter - finals , England renewed their rivalry with Argentina in a game that has become notorious for the Argentina goals , both scored by Diego Maradona . Maradona 's first goal , known as the Hand of God , was illegal and should not have counted , as he used his hand to punch the ball into the net . However , the referee missed this infringement , and ruled that the goal should stand . Maradona then made the score 2 - 0 , famously dribbling from inside Argentina 's half and around several English players before scoring . Gary Lineker pulled back the score to 2 - 1 , but England ran out of time to equalise , and were eliminated . Nevertheless , Lineker finished with the Golden Boot by scoring six goals and thereby becoming England 's first Golden Boot winner . Italy 1990 ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup By winning three and drawing three , England qualified for Italia ' 90 , the second World Cup to be held in Italy , scoring ten goals and conceding none . England were unbeaten through qualification , winning three games , and drawing the remaining three , but still finished second to Sweden , whom they drew with twice . England profited from Romania 's 3 -- 1 win over Denmark , who , had they won , would have qualified as the third - best second - placed team . West Germany and England were able to qualify for Italia ' 90 as the best second - placed teams in the groups with four teams . Because a few years previously saw English hooligans at European competition matches , England were forced to play their group games on Sardinia and Sicily . In group F , was the European champions Netherlands , the Republic of Ireland and Egypt and England . After opening the tournament with a 1 -- 1 draw against Ireland and a 0 -- 0 draw against the Dutch , England then beat Egypt 1 -- 0 . This was Egypt 's first appearance since the 1934 World Cup . England won the group with four points . In the next round , England had to play Belgium . The game went to extra time , and in the hundredth and nineteenth minute , David Platt scored the winning goal . England also had to play extra time against Cameroon in the quarter - finals . Cameroon were the first African team to have reached the quarter - finals . England opened the scoring through David Platt , but Cameroon quickly turned around the game to lead 2 - 1 . Lineker subsequently won and scored a penalty in the 83rd minute to ensure the game went to extra time . He then scored a second penalty , to see England reach the semi-finals . In the semi-finals , England met West Germany . There was no separating the two teams after 90 minutes , which made England the first team to have played extra time in three successive World Cup games . There was also no separating the two teams after extra time , thereby taking the game to penalties . Although English goalkeeper Peter Shilton dived the right way for every penalty , he was unable to save any . German goalkeeper Bodo Illgner , having failed to save any of England 's first three penalties , saved England 's fourth penalty , taken by Stuart Pearce . Olaf Thon then scored for Germany , meaning that England 's Chris Waddle would have to score his fifth penalty and hope that Shilton saved the Germans ' fifth penalty . However , Waddle 's penalty missed completely , going high over the crossbar , thereby resulting in England 's being knocked out of the competition . The third - place playoff between England and Italy saw England lose their only game of the tournament in normal time . Even though this was England 's best finish since the 1966 World Cup , Bobby Robson 's time as England manager had come to an end . United States 1994 ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification For the 1994 World Cup in the United States , under the leadership of new manager Graham Taylor , England surprisingly did not qualify for the tournament . In a group with six teams , England lost to Norway and the Netherlands , finishing third above Poland , Turkey and San Marino . England went into their final game with San Marino knowing they would need a seven - goal victory and for Poland to beat the Netherlands in the other match in order to qualify . In the game against San Marino , Davide Gualtieri scored against England after nine seconds , taking the lead for the outsiders . England went on to win 7 -- 1 , which was too small a goal margin . Additionally , despite the half - time score between the Poles and the Dutch being 1 - 1 , the Dutch went on to win 3 - 1 , meaning that however many goals England scored , they could still not qualify . Taylor 's tenure in charge ended and he was replaced by Terry Venables , who was dismissed after England lost the semi-final of Euro 1996 , hosted in England . France 1998 ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup After missing out on the World Cup in 1994 , England , managed by Glenn Hoddle , qualified for the World Cup in France . England were drawn in Group 2 of UEFA qualifying with Italy , Poland , Georgia and Moldova . England beat Poland , Georgia and Moldova both home and away , but a home defeat to Italy in their fourth match meant they went into the final qualifier at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome just a point ahead of the Azzurri and only needing a draw to qualify automatically ; defeat would see them have to navigate a play - off to secure qualification . The match finished as a goalless draw and England finished top of the group . At the finals in France , England played in Group G. England defeated Tunisia 2 -- 0 in the first game , with goals from Alan Shearer and Paul Scholes . Their second match saw England lose 2 -- 1 to Romania ; despite an 81st - minute equaliser from Michael Owen , Dan Petrescu scored a winner shortly before injury time . In their final group game , England defeated Colombia 2 -- 0 in the decisive match , thanks to goals from midfielders Darren Anderton and David Beckham . England finished second in Group G , which saw them qualify for the last 16 phase , and play the winner of 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H , Argentina . In a fiery game containing six yellow cards and two penalties , David Beckham was controversially sent off in the 47th minute for what many felt was at most a yellow card offence , knocking over Diego Simeone . Gabriel Batistuta opened the scoring from the penalty spot in the fifth minute of the game , before an equaliser also from the spot by Alan Shearer four minutes later . England took the lead through Owen , in the 16th minute . Argentina drew level through Javier Zanetti in injury time of the first half . The game finished 2 - 2 , and , as neither team were able to find a winner in extra time , penalties were needed to decide the team that qualified to the next round . While David Seaman did save one penalty , Argentine goalkeeper Carlos Roa managed to save two , including the vital one from David Batty , thereby knocking England out of the World Cup . Beckham subsequently received death threats and was sent bullets in the post . South Korea / Japan 2002 ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup In 2002 the World Cup took place in Asia for the first time . England , under its first ever foreign manager in Swedish Sven - Göran Eriksson , were able to qualify for the tournament . England were drawn in Group 9 , alongside Germany , Finland , Greece and Albania . In the last ever game in the original Wembley Stadium , ( which closed after the match ) England played Germany , losing 1 -- 0 , the only goal scored by Dietmar Hamann . The match was the last under the management of Kevin Keegan , who resigned at the end of the match , and was replaced by Eriksson . By beating Germany 5 -- 1 in Munich , England 's qualifying campaign was revitalised , and they qualified automatically , by drawing 2 -- 2 with Greece . Germany , who could only draw 0 -- 0 with Finland , had to play a play - off game against Ukraine , with England qualifying ahead winning the group . In Japan , England had to play against Eriksson 's homeland , Sweden , and both settled out for a 1 -- 1 draw . England and Beckham gained a measure of revenge for their previous 1998 defeat in defeating Argentina 1 - 0 , thanks to a Beckham penalty . However , England could only manage a disappointing 0 - 0 draw against Nigeria , meaning that although they were able to qualify for the second round , where they played Denmark , they qualified as runners up , which meant that they would meet favourites Brazil in the quarter - finals if they qualified . England played Denmark in the round of 16 defeating Denmark 3 -- 0 , thanks to goals from Micheal Owen , Rio Ferdinand , and Emile Heskey . England played four - time World Cup winners and 1998 runners - up Brazil in the quarter - finals . Despite leading through a Michael Owen goal , a mistake by David Seaman saw England lose 2 -- 1 , and Brazil won their fourth World Cup match against England , and went on to win the tournament . Germany 2006 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup England were drawn into Group 6 of European qualifying for the 2006 World Cup . The group featured other home nations in Wales , and Northern Ireland , as well as Poland ( who had eliminated England the last time the World Cup took place in Germany ) , Azerbaijan and Austria . England won eight of the 10 games , and qualified as group winners , in front of Portugal , despite drawing to Austria in Vienna , and losing to Northern Ireland in Belfast . In Germany , however , England were less convincing . England played in Group B , alongside Paraguay , Trinidad and Tobago , and Sweden . England started with a 1 -- 0 win against Paraguay ; which was won due to a 3rd minute own goal . The second game against first time qualifiers Trinidad and Tobago saw England have to wait until the 83rd minute for England to take the lead , with Peter Crouch opened the scoring with a goal many felt was illegal , and the second goal of the game coming in added time from Steven Gerrard . The last group game saw England play against Sweden , where an eventual 2 - 2 draw saw them qualify for the next round as group winners , thereby avoiding playing hosts Germany . In the last 16 stage , a free kick from David Beckham saw England win 1 -- 0 against Ecuador and reach the quarter - finals , where they faced Portugal . The game finished goalless , and England once again were knocked out on penalties and Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo became the first goalkeeper to save three penalties in a penalty shoot - out . Ricardo saved from Frank Lampard , Steven Gerrard , and Jamie Carragher ; the only England player who successfully converted his penalty was Owen Hargreaves . Portugal won the shoot - out 3 - 1 , despite misses from Petit and Hugo Viana . This game was also Erickson 's final match as England manager . South africa 2010 ( edit ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualification for the first African World Cup went successfully for new England manager Fabio Capello , after previous manager Steve McClaren was unable to secure qualification to the Euro 2008 . By winning nine times and only losing to Ukraine , England qualified ahead of Croatia , Belarus , Kazakhstan and Andorra . England 's group was seen as a favourable one , containing comparatively much weaker teams . However , England opened up their campaign with a 1 -- 1 draw against the United States , thanks to a major error by goalkeeper Robert Green . They then drew 0 -- 0 against Algeria and were booed off the field by their own fans , drawing the ire of striker Wayne Rooney . England eventually qualified for the next round by beating Slovenia 1 -- 0 , but only qualified as runners up to the United States , thereby meaning they would draw favourites Germany . In the second round match , Germany took the lead after 20 minutes after goalkeeper Manuel Neuer played the ball down the pitch to Miroslav Klose , who opened the scoring . The score became 2 -- 0 to Germany after 32 minutes . Shortly after , England defender Matthew Upson scored a header . Later , Frank Lampard had a shot at goal which was disallowed despite crossing the line ; which was confirmed on replays . German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer admitted subsequently he knew the ball had crossed the line , but decided to deceive the referee . The German media reported it was `` revenge for Wembley '' , while the English media criticised FIFA 's refusal to implement goal - line technology . Ironically , despite his earlier opposition to goal - line technology , Sepp Blatter said that it should be introduced after a Ukrainian goal against England at Euro 2012 was ruled out . As England tried to equalise , Germany used this to their advantage and scored two more goals . This became Germany 's biggest win against England in a World Cup , winning 4 - 1 . Brazil 2014 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Under Roy Hodgson , who replaced Fabio Capello after Euro 2012 after a disagreement between Capello and The FA , England qualified for the second World Cup to be held in Brazil . Ukraine were again one of the opponents in the qualifying rounds . The other opponents included Montenegro , Poland , Moldova and San Marino . After winning six games and drawing four , England qualified unbeaten . The draw for the finals saw England have to play against Italy and Uruguay , both former world champions , which meant that it was the first ever time three World Champions were drawn in the same group , along with Costa Rica . England lost to Italy and Uruguay , and were thus knocked out after two games . The final match against Costa Rica finished as a goalless draw . This performance was statistically their worst ever performance at a World Cup , ending up with just one point after two losses to Uruguay and Italy and a goalless draw with Costa Rica in the dead rubber match , their lowest points total in the group stage of a world cup . Russia 2018 ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup England played in UEFA Group F in qualification for the 2018 World Cup , in a group of six with Slovakia , Slovenia , Scotland , Lithuania and Malta , with only the winner of the group guaranteed qualification . England went into the qualification process under manager Sam Allardyce , only for Allardyce to leave the post after just one game due to controversy regarding discussing breaking FIFA rules . Under Allardyce 's replacement , Gareth Southgate , England went undefeated throughout qualification , winning eight matches out of 10 , drawing with Slovenia 0 -- 0 in Ljubljana , and drawing 2 -- 2 with Scotland in Glasgow thanks to a 90th - minute equaliser from Harry Kane . This was the third successive major tournament that England were undefeated , having been undefeated in 2014 World Cup , and Euro 2016 qualifying . 2018 finals ( edit ) England national team at the 2018 World Cup in Russia Under Gareth Southgate , the England team began their tournament in group G against Tunisia . The game started well for England with a goal from Harry Kane in the 11th minute . Tunisia equalised through Sassi from the penalty spot in the 35th minute following a foul by Kyle Walker . Some controversy followed as various potential offences against Harry Kane , inside the penalty area were ignored by the referee and no VAR checks were carried out . England persevered and scored a second goal in the 91st minute , again by Harry Kane , resulting in a 2 -- 1 victory . In the second group stage match , England surpassed their record for goals scored in a World Cup match by beating Panama 6 - 1 . Jesse Lingard scored the third goal , John Stones scored the first and fourth goals and Harry Kane scored a hat - trick with the second , fifth and sixth goals . In the final group stage match , England narrowly lost 1 - 0 to Belgium . Adnan Januzaj scored the sole goal of the game ; but with both teams having fielded reserve teams , with England specificially making 9 changes . Before the game media outlets stating that a loss could potentially become beneficial , as the winner would be in the half of the draw with four of the top seven sides in the world . The result that meant Belgium topped the group and England finished second , setting up a last 16 clash with Group H winners Colombia . England played their last 16 match in the Otkritie Arena , Moscow , with the same team as against Tunisia . Harry Kane scored his sixth goal of the tournament , and the third penalty , after once again being fouled in the box from a corner , similarly as against Panama . The score remained at 1 - 0 , until stoppage time , where a header from Yerry Mina beat Jordan Pickford in goal to bring the game to extra time . Neither team managed to score in extra time , and the match went to penalties , which England won 4 - 3 . As well as being the first knockout match England had won at a major tournament since 2006 ( last defeating Ecuador in the last 16 ) ; it was the first time England won a World Cup penalty shoot - out . The match was notable for the heated atmosphere the game was played in , with a total of eight yellow cards being shown in the match . England played against Sweden in their quarter - final at Cosmos Arena , Samara on 7 July 2018 . They won the match 2 -- 0 , with defender Harry Maguire scoring his first England goal , a header scored from a corner , and Dele Alli a second header from close range . This would send them through to their third World Cup semi-final and their first since 1990 , and third overall . The team played Croatia in the semi-final , resulting in a 2 -- 1 loss after extra time . England would later finish fourth in the competition , the best result since 1990 . England would lose again to Belgium in the 3rd place playoff , thanks to goals from Thomas Meunier and Eden Hazard , despite a Eric Dier shot being cleared off the line by Toby Alderweireld . The tournament would see England score nine goals from set - pieces -- the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966 . Records ( edit ) Year Round Position GP D * GF GA GD 1930 Not a FIFA member 1934 1938 1950 Group stage 8th 0 0 1954 Quarter - finals 7th 8 8 0 1958 Group stage 11th 0 5 - 1 1962 Quarter - finals 8th 5 6 - 1 1966 Champions 1st 6 5 0 11 8 1970 Quarter - finals 8th 0 0 Did not qualify 1978 1982 Second group stage 6th 5 0 6 5 1986 Quarter - finals 8th 5 7 1990 Semi finals 4th 7 8 6 1994 Did not qualify 1998 Round of 16 9th 7 2002 Quarter - finals 6th 5 6 2006 Quarter - finals 7th 5 0 6 Round of 16 13th 5 - 2 2014 Group stage 26th 0 - 2 2018 Semi-finals 4th 7 12 8 2022 TBD 2026 Total 15 / 21 1 title 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks show England 's World Cup record First Match England 2 -- 0 Chile ( 25 June 1950 ; Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ) Biggest Win England 6 -- 1 Panama ( 24 June 2018 ; Nizhny Novgorod , Russia ) Biggest Defeat England 1 - 4 Germany ( 27 June 2010 ; Bloemfontein , South Africa ) Best Result Champions at the 1966 World Cup Worst Result Group stage in 1950 , 1958 and 2014 By match ( edit ) Year Round Against Score Scorers 1950 Group 2 Chile 2 -- 0 Mortensen , Mannion United States 0 -- 1 Spain 0 -- 1 1954 Group 4 Belgium 4 -- 4 ( aet ) Broadis ( 2 ) , Lofthouse ( 2 ) Switzerland 2 -- 0 Mullen , Wilshaw Quarter - final Uruguay 2 -- 4 Lofthouse , Finney 1958 Group 4 Soviet Union 2 -- 2 Kevan , Finney Brazil 0 -- 0 Austria 2 -- 2 Haynes , Kevan Play - off Soviet Union 0 -- 1 1962 Group 4 Hungary 1 -- 2 Flowers Argentina 3 -- 1 Flowers , Charlton , Greaves Bulgaria 0 -- 0 Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 3 Hitchens 1966 Group 1 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Mexico 2 -- 0 Charlton , Hunt France 2 -- 0 Hunt ( 2 ) Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 0 Hurst Semi-final Portugal 2 -- 1 Charlton ( 2 ) Final West Germany 4 -- 2 ( aet ) Hurst ( 3 ) , Peters 1970 Group 3 Romania 1 -- 0 Hurst Brazil 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 Clarke Quarter - final West Germany 2 -- 3 ( aet ) Mullery , Peters 1982 Group 4 France 3 -- 1 Robson ( 2 ) , Mariner Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 Francis , Barmoš ( o.g. ) Kuwait 1 -- 0 Francis Group B Round 2 West Germany 0 -- 0 Spain 0 -- 0 1986 Group F Portugal 0 -- 1 Morocco 0 -- 0 Poland 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 3 ) Round of 16 Paraguay 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 2 ) , Beardsley Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 2 Lineker 1990 Group F Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Lineker Netherlands 0 -- 0 Egypt 1 -- 0 Wright Round of 16 Belgium 1 -- 0 ( aet ) Platt Quarter - final Cameroon 3 -- 2 ( aet ) Platt , Lineker ( 2 ) Semi-final West Germany 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Lineker Third - place play - off Italy 1 -- 2 Platt 1998 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 0 Shearer , Scholes Romania 1 -- 2 Owen Colombia 2 -- 0 Anderton , Beckham Round of 16 Argentina 2 -- 2 ( aet ) Shearer , Owen 2002 Group F Sweden 1 -- 1 Campbell Argentina 1 -- 0 Beckham Nigeria 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Denmark 3 -- 0 Ferdinand , Owen , Heskey Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 2 Owen 2006 Group B Paraguay 1 -- 0 Gamarra ( o.g. ) Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 0 Crouch , Gerrard Sweden 2 -- 2 Cole , Gerrard Round of 16 Ecuador 1 -- 0 Beckham Quarter - final Portugal 0 -- 0 ( aet ) Group C United States 1 -- 1 Gerrard Algeria 0 -- 0 Slovenia 1 -- 0 Defoe Round of 16 Germany 1 -- 4 Upson 2014 Group D Italy 1 -- 2 Sturridge Uruguay 1 -- 2 Rooney Costa Rica 0 -- 0 2018 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 1 Kane ( 2 ) Panama 6 -- 1 Stones ( 2 ) , Kane ( 3 ) , Lingard Belgium 0 -- 1 Round of 16 Colombia 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Kane Quarter - final Sweden 2 -- 0 Maguire , Alli Semi-final Croatia 1 -- 2 ( aet ) Trippier Third - place play - off Belgium 0 -- 2 By opponent ( edit ) Country Played Won Drawn Lost GF GA GD Argentina 5 8 5 + 3 Germany 5 8 10 - 2 Brazil 0 6 - 4 Sweden 0 5 + 2 Belgium 5 7 - 2 Portugal 0 Uruguay 0 6 - 3 France 0 0 5 + 4 Paraguay 0 0 0 + 4 Tunisia 0 0 + 3 Czechoslovakia 0 0 0 + 3 Colombia 0 + 2 Romania 0 0 Soviet Union 0 - 1 United States 0 - 1 Spain 0 0 - 1 Italy 0 0 - 2 Panama 0 0 6 + 5 Poland 0 0 0 + 3 Denmark 0 0 0 + 3 Chile 0 0 0 + 2 Switzerland 0 0 0 + 2 Mexico 0 0 0 + 2 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 + 2 Cameroon 0 0 + 1 Kuwait 0 0 0 + 1 Egypt 0 0 0 + 1 Ecuador 0 0 0 + 1 Slovenia 0 0 0 0 + 1 Austria 0 0 0 Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 Costa Rica 0 0 0 0 0 Hungary 0 0 - 1 Croatia 0 0 - 1 Last update : 14 July 2018 Players ' honours ( edit ) List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Matches World Cups Peter Shilton 17 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Terry Butcher 14 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Bobby Charlton 14 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 Ashley Cole 14 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Bobby Moore 14 1962 , 1966 , 1970 6 David Beckham 13 1998 , 2002 , 2006 7 Steven Gerrard 12 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Gary Lineker 12 1986 , 1990 Michael Owen 12 1998 , 2002 , 2006 10 Chris Waddle 11 1986 , 1990 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Goals World Cups Gary Lineker 10 1986 ( 6 ) and 1990 ( 4 ) Harry Kane 6 2018 Geoff Hurst 5 1966 ( 4 ) and 1970 ( 1 ) Bobby Charlton 1962 ( 1 ) and 1966 ( 3 ) Michael Owen 1998 ( 2 ) and 2002 ( 2 ) 6 Nat Lofthouse 1954 Roger Hunt 1966 David Platt 1990 David Beckham 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Steven Gerrard 2006 ( 2 ) and 2010 11 Nine players Current as of 3 July 2018 after the match against Colombia List of England goals by tournament ( edit ) World Cup Goalscorer ( s ) 1950 Wilf Mannion , Stan Mortensen 1954 Nat Lofthouse ( 3 ) , Ivor Broadis ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Jimmy Mullen , Dennis Wilshaw 1958 Derek Kevan ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Johnny Haynes 1962 Ron Flowers ( 2 ) , Bobby Charlton , Jimmy Greaves , Gerry Hitchens 1966 Geoff Hurst ( 4 ) , Roger Hunt ( 3 ) , Bobby Charlton ( 3 ) , Martin Peters 1970 Allan Clarke , Geoff Hurst , Alan Mullery , Martin Peters 1982 Trevor Francis ( 2 ) , Bryan Robson ( 2 ) , Paul Mariner , Own Goal 1986 Gary Lineker ( 6 ) , Peter Beardsley 1990 Gary Lineker ( 4 ) , David Platt ( 3 ) , Mark Wright 1998 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , Alan Shearer ( 2 ) , Darren Anderton , David Beckham , Paul Scholes 2002 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Sol Campbell , Rio Ferdinand , Emile Heskey 2006 Steven Gerrard ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Joe Cole , Peter Crouch , Own Goal Jermain Defoe , Steven Gerrard , Matthew Upson 2014 Wayne Rooney , Daniel Sturridge 2018 Harry Kane ( 6 ) , John Stones ( 2 ) , Jesse Lingard , Harry Maguire , Dele Alli , Kieran Trippier List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup ( edit ) Historically , very few English World Cup squad members were playing for a club in a foreign league at the time of their selection to the national squad . Year Number ( Country ) Players ( Apps ) 1950 -- 1958 0 1962 1 ( Italy ) Gerry Hitchens ( 2 ) 1966 -- 1970 0 1982 1 ( West Germany ) Tony Woodcock ( 2 ) 1986 2 ( Italy ) Mark Hateley ( 3 ) , Ray Wilkins 1990 5 ( 4 in Scotland , 1 in France ) Terry Butcher ( 5 ) , Trevor Steven ( 3 ) , Gary Stevens ( 2 ) , Chris Woods ( 0 ) ; Chris Waddle ( 7 ) 1998 0 2002 1 ( Germany ) Owen Hargreaves ( 2 ) 2006 2 ( 1 Spain , 1 Germany ) David Beckham ( 5 ) ; Owen Hargreaves ( 4 ) 0 2014 1 ( Scotland ) Fraser Forster ( 0 ) 2018 0 Team awards and records ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Team Awards World Champions 1966 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1990 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1998 ( shared ) Individual Awards Golden Ball 1966 : Bobby Charlton Silver Ball 1966 : Bobby Moore Golden Boot 1986 : Gary Lineker Golden Boot 2018 : Harry Kane Bronze Boot 1966 : Geoff Hurst Golden Glove 1966 : Gordon Banks Best Young Player Award 1998 : Michael Owen Team Records Most penalty shoot - outs lost : 3 ( shared with Italy and Spain ) Biggest World Cup victory : 6 - 1 vs Panama , 2018 Group Stage Individual Records Only hattrick in a final : Geoff Hurst ( 1966 v West Germany ) Oldest captain : Peter Shilton ( age 40 years and 292 days , 1990 v Italy ) Most clean sheets : Peter Shilton ( 10 , 1982 - 1990 ) ( shared with Fabien Barthez ) Refereeing ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Four FIFA World Cup finals were officiated by English referees , more than by any other football association . The first Englishman to officiate a final , George Reader , is also the oldest World Cup referee to date , as he was 53 years and 236 days old at the 1950 decisive match between Uruguay and Brazil . The other final referees are William Ling ( 1954 ) , Jack Taylor ( 1974 ) and Howard Webb ( 2010 ) . Arthur Ellis , who was a linesman at the 1950 final , is part of an elite group of referees who has been called up for three consecutive World Cups ( 1950 -- 1958 ) . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ England declined the chance , created and given to them when Austria withdrew from the tournament following the Anschluss , to take part in the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Jump up ^ Excluding the 1982 FIFA World Cup , which did not have formal quarter - finals , but instead had a second group stage that determined who would qualify for the semi-finals . Jump up ^ Belgium were ranked third , and Germany had already been eliminated . Only Switzerland ( 6 ) and Spain ( 10 ) would be on the loser 's half of the draw from the top 10 of the FIFA World Rankings Jump up ^ England had previously lost World Cup penalty shoot - outs in 1990 to West Germany , 1998 to Argentina and Portugal in 2006 . England 's penalty shoot - out record before the match was 1 -- 6 , with their only win against Spain in EURO 96 . Jump up ^ A total of six yellow cards for Colombia , and two for England . ^ Jump up to : England lost the penalty shoot - out Jump up ^ England won the penalty shoot - out References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones , Ken ( 4 December 1997 ) . `` Football : It is possible to forget that England 's overall World Cup record is nothing much to shout about - Sport '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 22 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ 2006 FIFA World Cup TV Coverage Archived 14 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) , FIFA.com , Retrieved on 6 June 2007 Jump up ^ `` The full list of records broken by England at The euros '' . Goal.com. 25 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport - World Cup 2014 : Roy Hodgson hopeful for England 's future '' . bbc.co.uk. 24 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 27 December 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . 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England national football squads England squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Ditchburn GK Williams DF Aston DF Eckersley DF Ramsey DF Scott DF Taylor DF Wright ( c ) MF Baily MF Cockburn MF Dickinson MF Hughes MF Nicholson MF Watson FW Bentley FW Finney FW Mannion FW Matthews FW Milburn FW Mortensen FW Mullen Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Merrick 2 Staniforth 3 Byrne 4 Wright ( c ) 5 Owen 6 Dickinson 7 Matthews 8 Broadis 9 Lofthouse 10 Taylor 11 Finney 12 Burgin 13 Green 14 McGarry 15 Wilshaw 16 Quixall 17 Mullen 18 Chilton 19 Armstrong 20 Jezzard 21 Haynes 22 Hooper Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 McDonald 2 Howe 3 Banks 4 Clamp 5 Wright ( c ) 6 Slater 7 Douglas 8 Robson 9 Kevan 10 Haynes 11 Finney 12 Hopkinson 13 Hodgkinson 14 Sillett 15 Clayton 16 Norman 17 Brabrook 18 Broadbent 19 Smith 20 Charlton 21 A'Court 22 Setters Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Springett 2 Armfield 3 Wilson 4 Robson 5 Swan 6 Flowers 7 Connelly 8 Greaves 9 Hitchens 10 Haynes ( c ) 11 Charlton 12 Hodgkinson 13 Kevan 14 Anderson 15 Norman 16 Moore 17 Douglas 18 Hunt 19 Peacock 20 Eastham 21 Howe 22 Adamson Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Banks 2 Cohen 3 Wilson 4 Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Connelly 12 Springett 13 Bonetti 14 Armfield 15 Byrne 16 Peters 17 Flowers 18 Hunter 19 Paine 20 Callaghan 21 Hunt 22 Eastham Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Cooper 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Lee 8 Ball 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Bonetti 13 Stepney 14 Wright 15 Stiles 16 Hughes 17 J. Charlton 18 Hunter 19 Bell 20 Osgood 21 Clarke 22 Astle Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Clemence 2 Anderson 3 Brooking 4 Butcher 5 Coppell 6 Foster 7 Keegan 8 Francis 9 Hoddle 10 McDermott 11 Mariner 12 Mills ( c ) 13 Corrigan 14 Neal 15 Rix 16 Robson 17 Sansom 18 Thompson 19 Wilkins 20 Withe 21 Woodcock 22 Shilton Coach : Greenwood England squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Beasant Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach : Hoddle England squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright - Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach : Capello England squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade - Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach : Hodgson England squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Dier 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Lingard 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Vardy 12 Trippier 13 Butland 14 Welbeck 15 Cahill 16 Jones 17 Delph 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Alli 21 Loftus - Cheek 22 Alexander - Arnold 23 Pope Coach : Southgate England national football team General The Football Association History Managers Captains Kits Venues Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George 's Park ( Burton ) Statistics All - time record Records World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Awards The FA England Awards The FA Women 's Football Awards Results Men 's 1872 -- 99 1900 -- 29 1930 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- 19 Unofficial matches Women 's 2010s Players World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10 + caps 4 -- 9 caps 2 -- 3 caps 1 cap Born outside England Other categories World Cups 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European Championships 1968 1980 2000 2012 2016 Other tournaments British Home Championship ( 1884 -- 1984 ) Minor tournaments Noted rivalries Argentina Germany Scotland Culture Noted matches Band Songs Discography WAGs `` They think it 's all over '' Other FA teams Men 's England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Women 's Senior U-23 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-15 Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=856208693 '' Categories : England at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup History of the England national football team Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from June 2018 Use dmy dates from June 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from July 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 16 : 37 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	when was the last time england reached quarter final	[ "\n\n\nYear\nRound\nPosition\nGP\nW\nD*\nL\nGF\nGA\nGD\n\n\n 1930\nNot a FIFA member\n\n\n 1934\n\n\n 1938\n\n\n 1950\nGroup stage\n8th\n3\n1\n0\n2\n2\n2\n0\n\n\n 1954\nQuarter-finals\n7th\n3\n1\n1\n1\n8\n8\n0\n\n\n 1958\nGroup stage\n11th\n4\n0\n3\n1\n4\n5\n-1\n\n\n 1962\nQuarter-finals\n8th\n4\n1\n1\n2\n5\n6\n-1\n\n\n 1966\nChampions\n1st\n6\n5\n1\n0\n11\n3\n8\n\n\n 1970\nQuarter-finals\n8th\n4\n2\n0\n2\n4\n4\n0\n\n\n 1974\nDid not qualify\n\n\n 1978\n\n\n 1982\nSecond group stage\n6th\n5\n3\n2\n0\n6\n1\n5\n\n\n 1986\nQuarter-finals\n8th\n5\n2\n1\n2\n7\n3\n4\n\n\n 1990\nSemi finals\n4th\n7\n3\n3\n1\n8\n6\n2\n\n\n 1994\nDid not qualify\n\n\n 1998\nRound of 16\n9th\n4\n2\n1\n1\n7\n4\n3\n\n\n 2002\nQuarter-finals\n6th\n5\n2\n2\n1\n6\n3\n3\n\n\n 2006\nQuarter-finals\n7th\n5\n3\n2\n0\n6\n2\n4\n\n\n 2010\nRound of 16\n13th\n4\n1\n2\n1\n3\n5\n-2\n\n\n 2014\nGroup stage\n26th\n3\n0\n1\n2\n2\n4\n-2\n\n\n 2018\nSemi-finals\n4th\n7\n3\n1\n3\n12\n8\n4\n\n\n 2022\nTBD\n\n\n 2026\n\n\nTotal\n15/21\n1 title\n69\n29\n21\n19\n91\n64\n27\n" ]	[ "2018" ]
-5865913215192806735	Qaumi Taranah	Qaumi Taranah - wikipedia Qaumi Taranah Qaumi Taranah قومی ترانہ English : Blessed be the sacred land National Anthem Music sheet for `` Pak Serzameen Shaad Baad '' National anthem of Pakistan Lyrics Hafeez Jullundhri , June 1952 Music Ahmad G. Chagla , 21 August 1949 Adopted 13 August 1954 Relinquished Present Audio sample Qaumi Taranah ( Instrumental ) file help Ahmed Rushdi recorded the National Anthem of Pakistan in 1954 The Qaumi Taranah ( Urdu : قومی ترانہ ‬ ‎ , Qaumī Tarānah pronounced ( ˈqɔː. mi ˈt̪ə. rɑː. nɑ ) , lit . `` National Anthem '' ) , also known as Pāk Sarzamīn ( Urdu : پاک سرزمین ‬ ‎ , pronounced ( ˈpɑːk ˈsər. zə. miːn ) , lit . `` The Sacred Land '' ) , is the national anthem of Pakistan . Its music was composed by Ahmad G. Chagla in 1949 , preceding the lyrics , which were written by Hafeez Jullundhri in 1952 . It was officially adopted as Pakistan 's national anthem in August 1954 and was recorded in the same year by eleven major singers of Pakistan including Ahmad Rushdi , Kaukab Jahan , Rasheeda Begum , Najam Ara , Naseema Shaheen , Zawar Hussain , Akhtar Abbas , Ghulam Dastagir , Anwar Zaheer and Akhtar Wasi Ali . Contents 1 History 2 Music 3 Lyrics 4 Milestones 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) In early 1948 , A.R. Ghani , a Muslim from Transvaal , South Africa , offered two prizes of five thousand rupees each for the poet and composer of a new national anthem for the newly independent state of Pakistan . The prizes were announced through a government press advertisement published in June 1948 . In December 1948 , the Government of Pakistan established the National Anthem Committee ( NAC ) with the task of coming up with the composition and lyrics for the official national anthem of Pakistan . The NAC was initially chaired by the Information Secretary , Sheikh Muhammad Ikram , and its members included several politicians , poets and musicians , including Abdur Rab Nishtar , Ahmad G. Chagla and Hafeez Jullundhri . The NAC encountered early difficulties in finding suitable music and lyrics . When President Sukarno of Indonesia became the first foreign head of state to visit Pakistan on 30 January 1950 , there was no Pakistani national anthem to be played . In 1950 , the impending state visit of the Shah of Iran added urgency to the matter and resulted in the Government of Pakistan asking the NAC to submit an anthem without further delay . The NAC Chairman , then Federal Minister for Education , Fazlur Rahman , asked several poets and composers to write lyrics but none of the submitted works were deemed suitable . The NAC also examined several different tunes and eventually selected the one presented by Ahmed G. Chagla and submitted it for formal approval . On 21 August 1949 , the Government of Pakistan adopted Chagla 's tune for the national anthem . The anthem , without lyrics , was performed for the first time for a foreign head of state on the state visit of the Shah of Iran to Pakistan in Karachi on 1 March 1950 by a Pakistan Navy band . It was later played for Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan during his official visit to the United States on 3 May 1950 . It was played before the NAC on 10 August 1950 . Official recognition to the national anthem , however , was not given until August 1954 . The NAC distributed records of the composed tune amongst prominent poets , who responded by writing and submitting several hundred songs for evaluation by the NAC . Eventually , the lyrics written by Hafeez Jullundhri were approved and the new national anthem was broadcast publicly for the first time on Radio Pakistan on 13 August 1954 , sung by Hafeez Jullundhri himself . Official approval was announced by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting on 16 August 1954 . The composer , Ahmed G. Chagla , died in 1953 , before the new national anthem was officially adopted . In 1955 , there was a performance of the national anthem involving 11 major singers of Pakistan , including Ahmad Rushdi , Kaukab Jahan , Rasheeda Begum , Najam Ara , Naseema Shaheen , Zawar Hussain , Akhtar Abbas , Ghulam Dastagir , Anwar Zaheer and Akhtar Wasi Ali . Music ( edit ) The Qaumi Taranah is a melodious and harmonious rendering of a three - stanza composition with a tune based on eastern music but arranged in such a manner that it can be easily played by foreign bands . The music , composed by the Pakistani musician and composer , Ahmad G. Chagla in 1949 , reflects his background in both eastern and western music . Twenty - one musical instruments and thirty - eight different tones are used to play the Qaumi Taranah , the duration of which is 80 seconds . Lyrics ( edit ) The Urdu lyrics , written by the Pakistani Urdu - language poet , Hafeez Jullundhri in 1952 , have commonality with Persian , making them understandable in both languages . No verse in the three stanza lyrics is repeated . The anthem has heavy Persian poetic vocabulary , and only uses one exclusively Urdu word ' kā ' . Urdu lyrics كشورِ حسين شاد باد ‬ پاک سرزمین شاد باد ‬ ارضِ پاکستان ! ‏ ‬ تُو نشانِ عزمِ عالی شان ‬ مرکزِ یقین شاد باد ‬ قوّتِ اُخوّتِ عوام ‬ پاک سرزمین کا نظام ‬ پائنده تابنده باد ! ‏ ‬ قوم ، ملک ، سلطنت ‬ شاد باد منزلِ مراد ‬ رہبرِ ترقّی و کمال ‬ پرچمِ ستاره و ہلال ‬ جانِ استقبال ! ‏ ‬ ترجمانِ ماضی ، شانِ حال ‬ سایۂ خدائے ذوالجلال ‬ Transliteration ( ALA - LC ) Translation ( poetical ) Translation ( literal ) Pāk sarzamīn shād bād Kishwar - i ḥasīn shād bād Tū nishān - i ʿazm - i ʿālī shān Arẓ - i Pākistān ! Markaz - i yaqīn shād bād May the holy land , stay glad ; Beautious realm , stay glad . Thou , the sign of high resolve -- O Land of Pakistan ! Citadel of faith , stay glad . Blessed be the sacred land , Happy be the bounteous realm . Thou symbol of high resolve , O Land of Pakistan ! Blessed be the citadel of faith . Pāk sarzamīn kā niz̤ām Quwwat - i Ukhuwwat - i ʿawām Qaum , mulk , salt̤anat Pāyindah tābindah bād ! Shād bād manzil - i murād Order of the holy land , Power of fraternity of the populace ; The nation , country , and domain ; Ever luminous remain ! The cherished goal , stay glad . The order of this sacred land , The might of the brotherhood of the people , May the nation , the country , and the state , Shine in glory everlasting ! Blessed be the goal of our ambition . Parcam - i sitārah o - hilāl Rahbar - i taraqqī o - kamāl Tarjumān - i māẓī , shān - i ḥāl Jān - i istiqbāl ! Sāyah - yi Khudā - yi Ẕū l - jalāl Flag with the star and crescent , The leader of progress and ascent , Dragoman of past , the pride of present ; Soul of the future ! Shadow of the God of grandeur . The flag of the crescent and star , Leads the way to progress and perfection , Interpreter of our past , glory of our present , inspiration for our future ! Shade of God , the Glorious and Mighty . Milestones ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1947 -- The new state of Pakistan came into being on 14 August . 1949 -- Music for the Qaumi Taranah is composed by the Pakistani musical composer , Ahmad G. Chagla ( running time : 80 seconds ) . 1950 -- anthem , without lyrics , was performed for the first time for a foreign head of state on the state visit of the Shah of Iran to Pakistan in Karachi on 1 March 1950 by a Pakistan Navy band . 1952 -- Verses written by the Pakistani poet , Hafeez Jullundhri , are selected from amongst 723 entries . 1954 -- Officially adopted as the national anthem and broadcast for the first time on Radio Pakistan on 13 August 1955 -- Sung by 11 famous Pakistani singers including Ahmad Rushdi , Shamim Bano , Kokab Jehan , Rasheeda Begum , Najam Ara , Naseema Shaheen , Zwar Hussain , Akhtar Abbas , Ghulam Dastgir , Anwar Zaheer and Akhtar Wassi 1996 -- Rendered in electric guitar for the first time by Pakistani rock band Junoon in their album Inquilaab 2009 -- Rendered as an acoustic instrumental for the first time by Pakistani musician Jehangir Aziz Hayat 2011 -- On 14 August , 5,857 people gathered in a stadium in Karachi to sing the Qaumi Taranah and set a new world record for most people gathered to sing a national anthem simultaneously . 2012 -- On 20 October , 42,813 people gathered in a stadium in Lahore to sing the Qaumi Taranah and set a new world record for most people gathered to sing a national anthem simultaneously , which was certified by Guinness World Records . The record was subsequently broken on 26 March 2014 in Bangladesh . 2017 -- Coke Studio released a collaborative rendition of Qaumi Taranah on 4 August by the featured artistes , to celebrate the 70 years of Pakistan in the tenth season . See also ( edit ) Pakistan portal Tarana - e-Pakistan Dil Dil Pakistan Flag of Pakistan Radio Pakistan State emblem of Pakistan References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Information of Pakistan '' . Infopak.gov.pk . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Death Anniversary of Ahmed Rushdi '' . Duniya News . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael Jamieson Bristow , National-Anthems.org . `` Forty National Anthems '' . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Aqeel Abbas Jafari ( 2010 ) . Pakistan Chronicle ( in Urdu ) ( 1st ed . ) . 94 / 1 , 26th St. , Ph. 6 , D.H.A. , Karachi , Pakistan : Wirsa Publishers . p. 42 . ISBN 9789699454004 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Anthem '' . Ministry of Information and Broadcasting , Government of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Mazhar Iqbal , Mazhar.dk . `` Ahmad Rushdi '' . http://mazhar.dk/film/singers/ahmadrushdi/ . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Mazhar Iqbal , Mazhar.dk . `` National Anthem of Pakistan '' . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Information Ministry , Government of Pakistan . `` Basic Facts '' . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Alex Vatanka . Iran and Pakistan : Security , Diplomacy and American Influence . I.B. Tauris . p. 14 . ISBN 9780857739155 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , The National Anthem of Pakistan Jump up ^ Pasha , Muhammad A. English Composition ( Part II ) . Lahore : Command Publications . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan creates new anthem record '' . The Express Tribune . 2011 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan reclaims anthem singing record '' . The News . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Record Broken '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Rafay Mahmood ( 4 July 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Coke Studio 10 's line - up will leave you starstruck '' . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Coke Studio ( 4 August 2017 ) . `` The National Anthem of Pakistan '' . Retrieved 4 August 2017 -- via YouTube . External links ( edit ) This article contains Urdu text . Without proper rendering support , you may see unjoined letters running left to right or other symbols instead of Urdu script . Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Qaumi Taranah ( category ) Pak Sar Zameen Shad Bad Lyrics Pakistan : Qaumī Tarānah -- Audio of the national anthem of Pakistan , with information and lyrics Ministry of Information and Broadcasting , Government of Pakistan . `` National Anthem '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . National Anthem of Pakistan Pakistan National Songs National symbols of Pakistan Main symbols Qaumi Taranah ( national anthem ) State emblem of Pakistan Flag of Pakistan Iman , Ittihad , Nazm ( motto ) Lahore Resolution ( national document ) Urdu ( national language ) People Muhammad Ali Jinnah ( Father of the Nation ) Muhammad Iqbal ( National poet ) Fatima Jinnah ( Mother of the Nation ) Other symbols Cedrus deodara ( national tree ) Chukar partridge ( national bird ) Jasminum officinale ( national flower ) Markhor ( national animal ) Structures Bab - e-Khyber ( monument ) Faisal Mosque Mazar - e-Quaid ( mausoleum ) Minar - e-Pakistan ( monument ) Pakistan Monument ( monument ) Quaid - e-Azam Residency National anthems of Asia National Abkhazia Afghanistan Armenia Artsakh ( Nagorno - Karabakh ) Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Northern Cyprus Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore South Ossetia Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Regional India Andhra Pradesh Assam Gujarat Karnataka Puducherry Odisha Tamil Nadu Telangana Iraq Iraqi Kurdistan Malaysia Federal Territories Johor Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negeri Sembilan Penang Pahang Perak Perlis Sabah Sarawak Selangor Terengganu Russia Altai Republic Bashkortostan Buryatia Chechnya Chukotka Autonomous Okrug Dagestan Ingushetia Kalmykia Khakassia Sakha Republic Tatarstan Tuva Uzbekistan Karakalpakstan Tibet ( in exile ) West Papua ( disputed ) Organisations ASEAN Former anthems Former Russian Empire or Soviet Union Russian Empire ( 1816 -- 33 ) Russian Empire ( 1833 -- 1917 ) Russian Republic ( 1917 -- 18 ) The Internationale ( 1918 -- 44 ) Soviet Union ( and Russian SFSR , 1944 -- 91 ) Armenian SSR ( 1944 -- 91 ) Azerbaijan SSR ( 1944 -- 92 ) Georgian SSR ( 1946 -- 91 ) Kazakh SSR ( 1945 -- 92 ) Kazakhstan ( 1992 -- 2006 ) Kirghiz SSR ( 1946 -- 92 ) Russian Federation ( 1990 -- 2000 ) Tajik SSR ( 1946 -- 94 ) Turkmen SSR ( 1946 -- 97 ) Uzbek SSR ( 1946 -- 92 ) Tuva ( 1993 -- 2011 ) Other non-Islamic China ( Qing dynasty 1911 ) Khmer Republic ( 1970 -- 75 ) Democratic Kampuchea ( 1975 -- 93 ) People 's Republic of Kampuchea ( 1979 -- 89 ) Manchukuo ( 1932 -- 45 ) Kingdom of Nepal ( 1967 -- 2006 ) Siam ( now as royal salute ) South Vietnam ( 1948 -- 75 ) South Vietnam ( 1975 -- 76 ) Islamic World United Arab Republic ( 1960 -- 81 ) Kingdom of Iraq ( 1932 -- 58 ) Iraqi Republic ( 1981 -- 2003 ) Afghanistan ( 1943 - 73 ) ( 1978 -- 92 ) Kuwait ( 1951 -- 78 ) Palestine ( de facto until 1996 ) Italics indicates partially - recognized states . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qaumi_Taranah&oldid=856188532 '' Categories : Asian anthems National anthems National symbols of Pakistan Pakistani music Pakistan national anthems Hidden categories : CS1 Urdu - language sources ( ur ) Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing Urdu - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles needing additional references from August 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Čeština Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული कॉशुर / کٲشُر Қазақша Kiswahili Lietuvių मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English سنڌي Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 39 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 13 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the national anthem of pakistan first played	[ "The anthem, without lyrics, was performed for the first time for a foreign head of state on the state visit of the Shah of Iran to Pakistan in Karachi on 1 March 1950 by a Pakistan Navy band.[citation needed]\n" ]	[ "on 1 March 1950" ]
-8553221510274090918	Air quality index	Air quality index - wikipedia Air quality index An air quality index ( AQI ) is a number used by government agencies to communicate to the public how polluted the air currently is or how polluted it is forecast to become . As the AQI increases , an increasingly large percentage of the population is likely to experience increasingly severe adverse health effects . Different countries have their own air quality indices , corresponding to different national air quality standards . Some of these are the Air Quality Health Index ( Canada ) , the Air Pollution Index ( Malaysia ) , and the Pollutant Standards Index ( Singapore ) . Smog builds up under an inversion in Almaty , Kazakhstan resulting in a high AQI Wildfires give rise to an elevated AQI in parts of Greece Contents 1 Definition and usage 2 Indices by location 2.1 Canada 2.2 Hong Kong 2.3 Mainland China 2.4 India 2.5 Mexico 2.6 Singapore 2.7 South Korea 2.8 United Kingdom 2.9 Europe 2.9. 1 CAQI 2.10 United States 2.10. 1 Computing the AQI 2.10. 2 Public Availability of the AQI 2.10. 3 History of the AQI 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Definition and usage ( edit ) An air quality measurement station in Edinburgh , Scotland Computation of the AQI requires an air pollutant concentration over a specified averaging period , obtained from an air monitor or model . Taken together , concentration and time represent the dose of the air pollutant . Health effects corresponding to a given dose are established by epidemiological research . Air pollutants vary in potency , and the function used to convert from air pollutant concentration to AQI varies by pollutant . Its Air quality index values are typically grouped into ranges . Each range is assigned a descriptor , a color code , and a standardized public health advisory . The AQI can increase due to an increase of air emissions ( for example , during rush hour traffic or when there is an upwind forest fire ) or from a lack of dilution of air pollutants . Stagnant air , often caused by an anticyclone , temperature inversion , or low wind speeds lets air pollution remain in a local area , leading to high concentrations of pollutants , chemical reactions between air contaminants and hazy conditions . Signboard in Gulfton , Houston indicating an ozone watch On a day when the AQI is predicted to be elevated due to fine particle pollution , an agency or public health organization might : advise sensitive groups , such as the elderly , children , and those with respiratory or cardiovascular problems to avoid outdoor exertion . declare an `` action day '' to encourage voluntary measures to reduce air emissions , such as using public transportation . recommend the use of masks to keep fine particles from entering the lungs During a period of very poor air quality , such as an air pollution episode , when the AQI indicates that acute exposure may cause significant harm to the public health , agencies may invoke emergency plans that allow them to order major emitters ( such as coal burning industries ) to curtail emissions until the hazardous conditions abate . Most air contaminants do not have an associated AQI . Many countries monitor ground - level ozone , particulates , sulfur dioxide , carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide , and calculate air quality indices for these pollutants . The definition of the AQI in a particular nation reflects the discourse surrounding the development of national air quality standards in that nation . A website allowing government agencies anywhere in the world to submit their real - time air monitoring data for display using a common definition of the air quality index has recently become available . Indices by location ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) Main article : Air Quality Health Index ( Canada ) Air quality in Canada has been reported for many years with provincial Air Quality Indices ( AQIs ) . Significantly , AQI values reflect air quality management objectives , which are based on the lowest achievable emissions rate , and not exclusively concern for human health . The Air Quality Health Index or ( AQHI ) is a scale designed to help understand the impact of air quality on health . It is a health protection tool used to make decisions to reduce short - term exposure to air pollution by adjusting activity levels during increased levels of air pollution . The Air Quality Health Index also provides advice on how to improve air quality by proposing behavioural change to reduce the environmental footprint . This index pays particular attention to people who are sensitive to air pollution . It provides them with advice on how to protect their health during air quality levels associated with low , moderate , high and very high health risks . The Air Quality Health Index provides a number from 1 to 10 + to indicate the level of health risk associated with local air quality . On occasion , when the amount of air pollution is abnormally high , the number may exceed 10 . The AQHI provides a local air quality current value as well as a local air quality maximums forecast for today , tonight , and tomorrow , and provides associated health advice . 5 6 7 8 9 10 + Risk : Low ( 1 -- 3 ) Moderate ( 4 -- 6 ) High ( 7 -- 10 ) Very high ( above 10 ) Health Risk Air Quality Health Index Health Messages At Risk population * General Population Low 1 -- 3 Enjoy your usual outdoor activities . Ideal air quality for outdoor activities Moderate 4 -- 6 Consider reducing or rescheduling strenuous activities outdoors if you are experiencing symptoms . No need to modify your usual outdoor activities unless you experience symptoms such as coughing and throat irritation . High 7 -- 10 Reduce or reschedule strenuous activities outdoors . Children and the elderly should also take it easy . Consider reducing or rescheduling strenuous activities outdoors if you experience symptoms such as coughing and throat irritation . Very high Above 10 Avoid strenuous activities outdoors . Children and the elderly should also avoid outdoor physical exertion . Reduce or reschedule strenuous activities outdoors , especially if you experience symptoms such as coughing and throat irritation . Hong Kong ( edit ) On the 30 December 2013 Hong Kong replaced the Air Pollution Index with a new index called the Air Quality Health Index . This index , reported by the Environmental Protection Department , is measured on a scale of 1 to 10 + and considers four air pollutants : ozone ; nitrogen dioxide ; sulphur dioxide and particulate matter ( including PM10 and PM2. 5 ) . For any given hour the AQHI is calculated from the sum of the percentage excess risk of daily hospital admissions attributable to the 3 - hour moving average concentrations of these four pollutants . The AQHIs are grouped into five AQHI health risk categories with health advice provided : Health risk category AQHI Low Medium 5 6 High 7 Very High 8 9 10 Serious 10 + Each of the health risk categories has advice with it . At the low and moderate levels the public are advised that they can continue normal activities . For the high category , children , the elderly and people with heart or respiratory illnesses are advising to reduce outdoor physical exertion . Above this ( very high or serious ) the general public are also advised to reduce or avoid outdoor physical exertion . Mainland China ( edit ) China 's Ministry of Environmental Protection ( MEP ) is responsible for measuring the level of air pollution in China . As of 1 January 2013 , MEP monitors daily pollution level in 163 of its major cities . The AQI level is based on the level of six atmospheric pollutants , namely sulfur dioxide ( SO ) , nitrogen dioxide ( NO ) , suspended particulates smaller than 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter ( PM ) , suspended particulates smaller than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter ( PM ) , carbon monoxide ( CO ) , and ozone ( O ) measured at the monitoring stations throughout each city . AQI Mechanics An individual score ( Individual Air Quality Index , IAQI ) is assigned to each pollutant and the final AQI is the highest of these six scores . The final AQI value can be calculated either per hour or per 24 hours . The concentrations of pollutants can be measured quite differently . If the AQI value is calculated hourly , then SO , NO , CO concentrations are measured as average per 24h , O concentration is measured as average per hour and the moving average per 8h , PM and PM concentrations are measured as average per hour and per 24h . If the AQI value is calculated per 24h , then SO , NO , CO , PM and PM concentrations are measured as average per 24h , while O concentration is measured as the maximum 1h average and the maximum 24h moving average . The IAQI of each pollutant is calculated according to a formula published by the MEP . The score for each pollutant is non-linear , as is the final AQI score . Thus an AQI of 300 does not mean twice the pollution of AQI at 150 , nor does it mean the air is twice as harmful . The concentration of a pollutant when its IAQI is 100 does not equal twice its concentration when its IAQI is 50 , nor does it mean the pollutant is twice as harmful . While an AQI of 50 from day 1 to 182 and AQI of 100 from day 183 to 365 does provide an annual average of 75 , it does not mean the pollution is acceptable even if the benchmark of 100 is deemed safe . Because the benchmark is a 24 - hour target , and the annual average must match the annual target , it is entirely possible to have safe air every day of the year but still fail the annual pollution benchmark . AQI and Health Implications ( HJ 633 -- 2012 ) AQI Air Pollution Level Air Pollution Category Health Implications Recommended Precautions 0 -- 50 Level 1 Excellent No health implications . Everyone can continue their outdoor activities normally . 51 -- 100 Level 2 Good Some pollutants may slightly affect very few hypersensitive individuals . Only very few hypersensitive people should reduce outdoor activities . 101 -- 150 Level 3 Lightly Polluted Healthy people may experience slight irritations and sensitive individuals will be slightly affected to a larger extent . Children , seniors and individuals with respiratory or heart diseases should reduce sustained and high - intensity outdoor exercises . 151 -- 200 Level 4 Moderately Polluted Sensitive individuals will experience more serious conditions . The hearts and respiratory systems of healthy people may be affected . Children , seniors and individuals with respiratory or heart diseases should avoid sustained and high - intensity outdoor exercises . General population should moderately reduce outdoor activities . 201 -- 300 Level 5 Heavily Polluted Healthy people will commonly show symptoms . People with respiratory or heart diseases will be significantly affected and will experience reduced endurance in activities . Children , seniors and individuals with heart or lung diseases should stay indoors and avoid outdoor activities . General population should reduce outdoor activities . > 300 Level 6 Severely Polluted Healthy people will experience reduced endurance in activities and may also show noticeably strong symptoms . Other illnesses may be triggered in healthy people . Elders and the sick should remain indoors and avoid exercise . Healthy individuals should avoid outdoor activities . Children , seniors and the sick should stay indoors and avoid physical exertion . General population should avoid outdoor activities . India ( edit ) The National Air Quality Index ( AQI ) was launched in New Delhi on 17 September 2014 under the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan . The Central Pollution Control Board along with State Pollution Control Boards has been operating National Air Monitoring Program ( NAMP ) covering 240 cities of the country having more than 342 monitoring stations . An Expert Group comprising medical professionals , air quality experts , academia , advocacy groups , and SPCBs was constituted and a technical study was awarded to IIT Kanpur . IIT Kanpur and the Expert Group recommended an AQI scheme in 2014 . While the earlier measuring index was limited to three indicators , the new index measures eight parameters . The continuous monitoring systems that provide data on near real - time basis are installed in New Delhi , Mumbai , Pune and Ahmedabad . There are six AQI categories , namely Good , Satisfactory , Moderately polluted , Poor , Very Poor , and Severe . The proposed AQI will consider eight pollutants ( PM , PM , NO , SO , CO , O , NH , and Pb ) for which short - term ( up to 24 - hourly averaging period ) National Ambient Air Quality Standards are prescribed . Based on the measured ambient concentrations , corresponding standards and likely health impact , a sub-index is calculated for each of these pollutants . The worst sub-index reflects overall AQI . Likely health impacts for different AQI categories and pollutants have also been suggested , with primary inputs from the medical experts in the group . The AQI values and corresponding ambient concentrations ( health breakpoints ) as well as associated likely health impacts for the identified eight pollutants are as follows : AQI Category , Pollutants and Health Breakpoints AQI Category ( Range ) PM ( 24hr ) PM ( 24hr ) NO ( 24hr ) O ( 8hr ) CO ( 8hr ) SO ( 24hr ) NH ( 24hr ) Pb ( 24hr ) Good ( 0 -- 50 ) 0 -- 50 0 -- 30 0 -- 40 0 -- 50 0 -- 1.0 0 -- 40 0 -- 200 0 -- 0.5 Satisfactory ( 51 -- 100 ) 51 -- 100 31 -- 60 41 -- 80 51 -- 100 1.1 -- 2.0 41 -- 80 201 -- 400 0.5 -- 1.0 Moderately polluted ( 101 -- 200 ) 101 -- 250 61 -- 90 81 -- 180 101 -- 168 2.1 -- 10 81 -- 380 401 -- 800 1.1 -- 2.0 Poor ( 201 -- 300 ) 251 -- 350 91 -- 120 181 -- 280 169 -- 208 10 -- 17 381 -- 800 801 -- 1200 2.1 -- 3.0 Very poor ( 301 -- 400 ) 351 -- 430 121 -- 250 281 -- 400 209 -- 748 17 -- 34 801 -- 1600 1200 -- 1800 3.1 -- 3.5 Severe ( 401 -- 500 ) 430 + 250 + 400 + 748 + 34 + 1600 + 1800 + 3.5 + AQI Associated Health Impacts Good ( 0 -- 50 ) Minimal impact Satisfactory ( 51 -- 100 ) May cause minor breathing discomfort to sensitive people . Moderately polluted ( 101 -- 200 ) May cause breathing discomfort to people with lung disease such as asthma , and discomfort to people with heart disease , children and older adults . Poor ( 201 -- 300 ) May cause breathing discomfort to people on prolonged exposure , and discomfort to people with heart disease . Very poor ( 301 -- 400 ) May cause respiratory illness to the people on prolonged exposure . Effect may be more pronounced in people with lung and heart diseases . Severe ( 401 -- 500 ) May cause respiratory impact even on healthy people , and serious health impacts on people with lung / heart disease . The health impacts may be experienced even during light physical activity . Mexico ( edit ) Main article : Índice Metropolitano de la Calidad del Aire The air quality in Mexico City is reported in IMECAs . The IMECA is calculated using the measurements of average times of the chemicals ozone ( O ) , sulphur dioxide ( SO ) , nitrogen dioxide ( NO ) , carbon monoxide ( CO ) , particles smaller than 2.5 micrometers ( PM ) , and particles smaller than 10 micrometers ( PM ) . Singapore ( edit ) Singapore uses the Pollutant Standards Index to report on its air quality , with details of the calculation similar but not identical to that used in Malaysia and Hong Kong The PSI chart below is grouped by index values and descriptors , according to the National Environment Agency . PSI Descriptor General Health Effects 0 -- 50 Good None 51 -- 100 Moderate Few or none for the general population 101 -- 200 Unhealthy Mild aggravation of symptoms among susceptible persons i.e. those with underlying conditions such as chronic heart or lung ailments ; transient symptoms of irritation e.g. eye irritation , sneezing or coughing in some of the healthy population . 201 -- 300 Very Unhealthy Moderate aggravation of symptoms and decreased tolerance in persons with heart or lung disease ; more widespread symptoms of transient irritation in the healthy population . 301 -- 400 Hazardous Early onset of certain diseases in addition to significant aggravation of symptoms in susceptible persons ; and decreased exercise tolerance in healthy persons . Above 400 Hazardous PSI levels above 400 may be life - threatening to ill and elderly persons . Healthy people may experience adverse symptoms that affect normal activity . South Korea ( edit ) The Ministry of Environment of South Korea uses the Comprehensive Air - quality Index ( CAI ) to describe the ambient air quality based on the health risks of air pollution . The index aims to help the public easily understand the air quality and protect people 's health . The CAI is on a scale from 0 to 500 , which is divided into six categories . The higher the CAI value , the greater the level of air pollution . Of values of the five air pollutants , the highest is the CAI value . The index also has associated health effects and a colour representation of the categories as shown below . CAI Description hide Health Implications 0 -- 50 Good A level that will not impact patients suffering from diseases related to air pollution . 51 -- 100 Moderate A level that may have a meager impact on patients in case of chronic exposure . 101 -- 150 Unhealthy for sensitive groups A level that may have harmful impacts on patients and members of sensitive groups . 151 -- 250 Unhealthy A level that may have harmful impacts on patients and members of sensitive groups ( children , aged or weak people ) , and also cause the general public unpleasant feelings . 251 -- 350 Very unhealthy A level that may have a serious impact on patients and members of sensitive groups in case of acute exposure . 351 - 500 Hazardous A level that may have a serious impact on patients and members of sensitive groups in case of acute exposure . The N Seoul Tower on Namsan Mountain in central Seoul , South Korea , is illuminated in blue , from sunset to 23 : 00 and 22 : 00 in winter , on days where the air quality in Seoul is 45 or less . During the spring of 2012 , the Tower was lit up for 52 days , which is four days more than in 2011 . United kingdom ( edit ) The most commonly used air quality index in the UK is the Daily Air Quality Index recommended by the Committee on Medical Effects of Air Pollutants ( COMEAP ) . This index has ten points , which are further grouped into 4 bands : low , moderate , high and very high . Each of the bands comes with advice for at - risk groups and the general population . Air pollution banding Value Health messages for At - risk individuals Health messages for General population Low 1 -- 3 Enjoy your usual outdoor activities . Enjoy your usual outdoor activities . Moderate 4 -- 6 Adults and children with lung problems , and adults with heart problems , who experience symptoms , should consider reducing strenuous physical activity , particularly outdoors . Enjoy your usual outdoor activities . High 7 -- 9 Adults and children with lung problems , and adults with heart problems , should reduce strenuous physical exertion , particularly outdoors , and particularly if they experience symptoms . People with asthma may find they need to use their reliever inhaler more often . Older people should also reduce physical exertion . Anyone experiencing discomfort such as sore eyes , cough or sore throat should consider reducing activity , particularly outdoors . Very High 10 Adults and children with lung problems , adults with heart problems , and older people , should avoid strenuous physical activity . People with asthma may find they need to use their reliever inhaler more often . Reduce physical exertion , particularly outdoors , especially if you experience symptoms such as cough or sore throat . The index is based on the concentrations of 5 pollutants . The index is calculated from the concentrations of the following pollutants : Ozone , Nitrogen Dioxide , Sulphur Dioxide , PM2. 5 ( particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm ) and PM10 . The breakpoints between index values are defined for each pollutant separately and the overall index is defined as the maximum value of the index . Different averaging periods are used for different pollutants . Index Ozone , Running 8 hourly mean ( μg / m ) Nitrogen Dioxide , Hourly mean ( μg / m ) Sulphur Dioxide , 15 minute mean ( μg / m ) PM Particles , 24 hour mean ( μg / m ) PM Particles , 24 hour mean ( μg / m ) 0 -- 33 0 -- 67 0 -- 88 0 -- 11 0 -- 16 34 -- 66 68 -- 134 89 -- 177 12 -- 23 17 -- 33 67 -- 100 135 -- 200 178 -- 266 24 -- 35 34 -- 50 101 -- 120 201 -- 267 267 -- 354 36 -- 41 51 -- 58 5 121 -- 140 268 -- 334 355 -- 443 42 -- 47 59 -- 66 6 141 -- 160 335 -- 400 444 -- 532 48 -- 53 67 -- 75 7 161 -- 187 401 -- 467 533 -- 710 54 -- 58 76 -- 83 8 188 - 213 468 -- 534 711 -- 887 59 -- 64 84 -- 91 9 214 -- 240 535 -- 600 888 -- 1064 65 -- 70 92 -- 100 10 ≥ 241 ≥ 601 ≥ 1065 ≥ 71 ≥ 101 Europe ( edit ) The Common Air Quality Index ( CAQI ) is an air quality index used in Europe since 2006 . In November 2017 , the European Environment Agency announced the European Air Quality Index ( EAQI ) and started encouraging its use on websites and for other ways of informing the public about air quality . CAQI ( edit ) As of 2012 , the EU - supported project CiteairII argued that the CAQI had been evaluated on a `` large set '' of data , and described the CAQI 's motivation and definition . CiteairII stated that having an air quality index that would be easy to present to the general public was a major motivation , leaving aside the more complex question of a health - based index , which would require , for example , effects of combined levels of different pollutatns . The main aim of the CAQI was to have an index that would encourage wide comparison across the EU , without replacing local indices . CiteairII stated that the `` main goal of the CAQI is not to warn people for possible adverse health effects of poor air quality but to attract their attention to urban air pollution and its main source ( traffic ) and help them decrease their exposure . '' The CAQI is a number on a scale from 1 to 100 , where a low value means good air quality and a high value means bad air quality . The index is defined in both hourly and daily versions , and separately near roads ( a `` roadside '' or `` traffic '' index ) or away from roads ( a `` background '' index ) . As of 2012 , the CAQI had two mandatory components for the roadside index , NO and PM , and three mandatory components for the background index , NO , PM and O. It also included optional pollutants PM , CO and SO . A `` sub-index '' is calculated for each of the mandatory ( and optional if available ) components . The CAQI is defined as the sub-index that represents the worst quality among those components . Some of the key pollutant densities in μg / m for the hourly background index , the corresponding sub-indices , and five CAQI ranges and verbal descriptions are as follows . Qualitative name Index or sub-index Pollutant ( hourly ) density in μg / m NO PM O PM ( optional ) Very low 0 -- 25 0 -- 50 0 -- 25 0 -- 60 0 -- 15 Low 25 -- 50 50 -- 100 25 -- 50 60 -- 120 15 -- 30 Medium 50 -- 75 100 -- 200 50 -- 90 120 -- 180 30 -- 55 High 75 -- 100 200 -- 400 90 -- 180 180 -- 240 55 -- 110 Very high > 100 > 400 > 180 > 240 > 110 Frequently updated CAQI values and maps are shown on the www.airqualitynow.eu and other websites . A separate Year Average Common Air Quality Index ( YACAQI ) is also defined , in which different pollutant sub-indices are separately normalised to a value typically near unity . For example , the yearly averages of NO , PM and PM are divided by 40 μg / m ^ 3 , 40 μg / m ^ 3 and 20 μg / m ^ 3 , respectively . The overall background or traffic YACAQI for a city is the arithmetic mean of a defined subset of these sub-indices . United States ( edit ) PM 24 - Hour AQI Loop , Courtesy US EPA The United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) has developed an Air Quality Index that is used to report air quality . This AQI is divided into six categories indicating increasing levels of health concern . An AQI value over 300 represents hazardous air quality and below 50 the air quality is good . Air Quality Index ( AQI ) Values Levels of Health Concern Colors 0 to 50 Good Green 51 to 100 Moderate Yellow 101 to 150 Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups Orange 151 to 200 Unhealthy Red 201 to 300 Very Unhealthy Purple 301 to 500 Hazardous Maroon The AQI is based on the five `` criteria '' pollutants regulated under the Clean Air Act : ground - level ozone , particulate matter , carbon monoxide , sulfur dioxide , and nitrogen dioxide . The EPA has established National Ambient Air Quality Standards ( NAAQS ) for each of these pollutants in order to protect public health . An AQI value of 100 generally corresponds to the level of the NAAQS for the pollutant . The Clean Air Act ( USA ) ( 1990 ) requires EPA to review its National Ambient Air Quality Standards every five years to reflect evolving health effects information . The Air Quality Index is adjusted periodically to reflect these changes . Computing the AQI ( edit ) The air quality index is a piecewise linear function of the pollutant concentration . At the boundary between AQI categories , there is a discontinuous jump of one AQI unit . To convert from concentration to AQI this equation is used : I = I h i g h − I l o w C h i g h − C l o w ( C − C l o w ) + I l o w ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ frac ( I_ ( high ) - I_ ( low ) ) ( C_ ( high ) - C_ ( low ) ) ) ( C - C_ ( low ) ) + I_ ( low ) ) where : I ( \ displaystyle I ) = the ( Air Quality ) index , C ( \ displaystyle C ) = the pollutant concentration , C l o w ( \ displaystyle C_ ( low ) ) = the concentration breakpoint that is ≤ C ( \ displaystyle C ) , C h i g h ( \ displaystyle C_ ( high ) ) = the concentration breakpoint that is ≥ C ( \ displaystyle C ) , I l o w ( \ displaystyle I_ ( low ) ) = the index breakpoint corresponding to C l o w ( \ displaystyle C_ ( low ) ) , I h i g h ( \ displaystyle I_ ( high ) ) = the index breakpoint corresponding to C h i g h ( \ displaystyle C_ ( high ) ) . EPA 's table of breakpoints is : O ( ppb ) O ( ppb ) PM ( μg / m ) PM ( μg / m ) CO ( ppm ) SO ( ppb ) NO ( ppb ) AQI AQI C - C ( avg ) C - C ( avg ) C - C ( avg ) C - C ( avg ) C - C ( avg ) C - C ( avg ) C - C ( avg ) I - I Category 0 - 54 ( 8 - hr ) - 0.0 - 12.0 ( 24 - hr ) 0 - 54 ( 24 - hr ) 0.0 - 4.4 ( 8 - hr ) 0 - 35 ( 1 - hr ) 0 - 53 ( 1 - hr ) 0 - 50 Good 55 - 70 ( 8 - hr ) - 12.1 - 35.4 ( 24 - hr ) 55 - 154 ( 24 - hr ) 4.5 - 9.4 ( 8 - hr ) 36 - 75 ( 1 - hr ) 54 - 100 ( 1 - hr ) 51 - 100 Moderate 71 - 85 ( 8 - hr ) 125 - 164 ( 1 - hr ) 35.5 - 55.4 ( 24 - hr ) 155 - 254 ( 24 - hr ) 9.5 - 12.4 ( 8 - hr ) 76 - 185 ( 1 - hr ) 101 - 360 ( 1 - hr ) 101 - 150 Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups 86 - 105 ( 8 - hr ) 165 - 204 ( 1 - hr ) 55.5 - 150.4 ( 24 - hr ) 255 - 354 ( 24 - hr ) 12.5 - 15.4 ( 8 - hr ) 186 - 304 ( 1 - hr ) 361 - 649 ( 1 - hr ) 151 - 200 Unhealthy 106 - 200 ( 8 - hr ) 205 - 404 ( 1 - hr ) 150.5 - 250.4 ( 24 - hr ) 355 - 424 ( 24 - hr ) 15.5 - 30.4 ( 8 - hr ) 305 - 604 ( 24 - hr ) 650 - 1249 ( 1 - hr ) 201 - 300 Very Unhealthy - 405 - 504 ( 1 - hr ) 250.5 - 350.4 ( 24 - hr ) 425 - 504 ( 24 - hr ) 30.5 - 40.4 ( 8 - hr ) 605 - 804 ( 24 - hr ) 1250 - 1649 ( 1 - hr ) 301 - 400 Hazardous - 505 - 604 ( 1 - hr ) 350.5 - 500.4 ( 24 - hr ) 505 - 604 ( 24 - hr ) 40.5 - 50.4 ( 8 - hr ) 805 - 1004 ( 24 - hr ) 1650 - 2049 ( 1 - hr ) 401 - 500 Suppose a monitor records a 24 - hour average fine particle ( PM ) concentration of 12.0 micrograms per cubic meter . The equation above results in an AQI of : 50 − 0 12.0 − 0 ( 12.0 − 0 ) + 0 = 50 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 50 - 0 ) ( 12.0 - 0 ) ) ( 12.0 - 0 ) + 0 = 50 ) , corresponding to air quality in the `` Good '' range . To convert an air pollutant concentration to an AQI , EPA has developed a calculator . If multiple pollutants are measured at a monitoring site , then the largest or `` dominant '' AQI value is reported for the location . The ozone AQI between 100 and 300 is computed by selecting the larger of the AQI calculated with a 1 - hour ozone value and the AQI computed with the 8 - hour ozone value . 8 - hour ozone averages do not define AQI values greater than 300 ; AQI values of 301 or greater are calculated with 1 - hour ozone concentrations . 1 - hour SO values do not define higher AQI values greater than 200 . AQI values of 201 or greater are calculated with 24 - hour SO concentrations . Real time monitoring data from continuous monitors are typically available as 1 - hour averages . However , computation of the AQI for some pollutants requires averaging over multiple hours of data . ( For example , calculation of the ozone AQI requires computation of an 8 - hour average and computation of the PM or PM AQI requires a 24 - hour average . ) To accurately reflect the current air quality , the multi-hour average used for the AQI computation should be centered on the current time , but as concentrations of future hours are unknown and are difficult to estimate accurately , EPA uses surrogate concentrations to estimate these multi-hour averages . For reporting the PM , PM and ozone air quality indices , this surrogate concentration is called the NowCast . The Nowcast is a particular type of weighted average that provides more weight to the most recent air quality data when air pollution levels are changing . There is a free email subscription service for New York inhabitants - AirNYC . Subscribers get notification about AQI values changes for selected location ( eg home address ) , based on air quality conditions . Public availability of the AQI ( edit ) Real time monitoring data and forecasts of air quality that are color - coded in terms of the air quality index are available from EPA 's AirNow web site . Historical air monitoring data including AQI charts and maps are available at EPA 's AirData website . Detailed map about current AQI level and its two day forecast is available from Aerostate web site . History of the AQI ( edit ) The AQI made its debut in 1968 , when the National Air Pollution Control Administration undertook an initiative to develop an air quality index and to apply the methodology to Metropolitan Statistical Areas . The impetus was to draw public attention to the issue of air pollution and indirectly push responsible local public officials to take action to control sources of pollution and enhance air quality within their jurisdictions . Jack Fensterstock , the head of the National Inventory of Air Pollution Emissions and Control Branch , was tasked to lead the development of the methodology and to compile the air quality and emissions data necessary to test and calibrate resultant indices . The initial iteration of the air quality index used standardized ambient pollutant concentrations to yield individual pollutant indices . These indices were then weighted and summed to form a single total air quality index . The overall methodology could use concentrations that are taken from ambient monitoring data or are predicted by means of a diffusion model . The concentrations were then converted into a standard statistical distribution with a preset mean and standard deviation . The resultant individual pollutant indices are assumed to be equally weighted , although values other than unity can be used . Likewise , the index can incorporate any number of pollutants although it was only used to combine SOx , CO , and TSP because of a lack of available data for other pollutants . While the methodology was designed to be robust , the practical application for all metropolitan areas proved to be inconsistent due to the paucity of ambient air quality monitoring data , lack of agreement on weighting factors , and non-uniformity of air quality standards across geographical and political boundaries . Despite these issues , the publication of lists ranking metropolitan areas achieved the public policy objectives and led to the future development of improved indices and their routine application . See also ( edit ) Environment portal Air pollution Indoor air quality References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` International Air Quality '' . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ National Weather Service Corporate Image Web Team . `` NOAA 's National Weather Service / Environmental Protection Agency - United States Air Quality Forecast Guidance '' . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.gmes-atmosphere.eu/services/raq/raq_nrt/ Jump up ^ `` Step 2 - Dose - Response Assessment '' . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Myanmar government ( 2007 ) . `` Haze '' . Archived from the original on 27 January 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Air Quality Index - American Lung Association '' . American Lung Association . Archived from the original on 28 August 2015 . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spare the Air - Summer Spare the Air '' . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ : Use of masks and availability of masks '' . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 09 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Air Quality Index ( AQI ) - A Guide to Air Quality and Your Health '' . US EPA . 9 December 2011 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Jay Timmons ( 13 August 2014 ) . `` The EPA 's Latest Threat to Economic Growth '' . WSJ . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Air Quality Index '' . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Environment Canada - Air - AQHI categories and explanations '' . Ec.gc.ca. 2008 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Hsu , Angel . `` China 's new Air Quality Index : How does it measure up ? '' . Archived from the original on 17 July 2013 . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Air Quality Health Index '' . Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region . Retrieved 9 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 环境空气质量标准 '' ( Ambient Air Quality Standards ) ( PDF ) . Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People 's Republic of China ( in Chinese ) . 2012 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` 环境空气质量指数 ( AQI ) 技术规定 ( 试行 ) '' ( Technical Regulation on Ambient Air Quality Index ( on trial ) ) ( PDF ) . Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People 's Republic of China ( in Chinese ) . 2012 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Rama Lakshmi ( 17 October 2014 ) . `` India launches its own Air Quality Index . Can its numbers be trusted ? '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations '' . 2016 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` National Air Quality Index ( AQI ) launched by the Environment Minister AQI is a huge initiative under ' Swachh Bharat ' '' . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` India launches index to measure air quality '' . timesofindia - economictimes . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` : : : Central Pollution Control Board : : : '' . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dirección de Monitoreo Atmosférico '' . www.aire.cdmx.gob.mx . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` MEWR - Key Environment Statistics - Clean Air '' . App.mewr.gov.sg. 2011 - 06 - 08 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ . `` National Environment Agency - Calculation of PSI '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` National Environment Agency '' . App2.nea.gov.sg . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` What 's CAI '' . Air Korea . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Improved Air Quality Reflected in N Seoul Tower '' . Chosun Ilbo. 18 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2014 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ COMEAP . `` Review of the UK Air Quality Index '' . COMEAP website . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Daily Air Quality Index '' . Air UK Website . Defra . ^ Jump up to : `` Indices definition '' . Air quality . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : CiteairII -- Common Information to European Air ( 2012 - 07 - 09 ) . `` CAQI Air quality index -- Comparing Urban Air Quality across Borders -- 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 2018 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` European Air Quality Index : current air quality information at your finger tips '' . European Environment Agency . 2017 - 11 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ http://www.epa.gov/airnow/aqi-technical-assistance-document-dec2013.pdf Jump up ^ David Mintz ( February 2009 ) . Technical Assistance Document for the Reporting of Daily Air Quality -- the Air Quality Index ( AQI ) ( PDF ) . North Carolina : US EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards . EPA - 454 / B - 09 - 001 . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Revised Air Quality Standards For Particle Pollution And Updates To The Air Quality Index ( AQI ) ( PDF ) . North Carolina : US EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www3.epa.gov/airquality/ozonepollution/pdfs/20151001fr.pdf Jump up ^ `` AQI Calculator : Concentration to AQI '' . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AirNow API Documentation '' . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How are your ozone maps calculated ? '' . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AirNYC - Air quality in New York . Online '' . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AirNow '' . Retrieved 9 August 2012 ... Jump up ^ `` AirData - US Environmental Protection Agency '' . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aerostate AQI map '' . aerostate.io . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ J.C Fensterstock et al. , `` The Development and Utilization of an Air Quality Index , '' Paper No. 69 -- 73 , presented at the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Administration , June 1969 . External links ( edit ) Some of the following websites display actively updated air quality index maps ; others are archived versions of inactive websites : Global : Worldwide Air Pollution : Real - time Air Quality Index Visual Map AQI at Aerostate.io - Aerostate website about AQI real time data , forecasts , maps , analytics Europe : CAQI - AirqualityNow EAQI - European Environment Agency The UK Air Quality Archive North America : AQI at airnow.gov - cross-agency U.S. Government site New Mexico Air Quality and API data - Example of how New Mexico Environment Department publishes their Air Quality and API data . AQI at Meteorological Service of Canada San Francisco Bay Area Spare - the - Air - AQI explanation Asia : CAI at Airkorea.or.kr - website of South Korea Environmental Management Corp . API at JAS ( Malaysian Department of Environment ) Malaysia Air Pollution Index ( inactive as of 19 February 2018 ) API at Hong Kong - Environmental Protection Department of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region ( inactive as of 19 February 2018 ) AQI in Thailand Unofficial PM25 AQI in Hanoi , Vietnam Pollution Air pollution Acid rain Air quality index Atmospheric dispersion modeling Chlorofluorocarbon Indoor air quality Global dimming Global distillation Global warming Ozone depletion Atmospheric particulate matter Smog Water pollution Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products Environmental impact of shipping Environmental monitoring Eutrophication Freshwater environmental quality parameters Groundwater pollution Hypoxia Marine debris Marine pollution Nutrient pollution Ocean acidification Oil spill Septic tank Surface runoff Thermal pollution Turbidity Urban runoff Wastewater Water quality Water stagnation Waterborne diseases Soil contamination Bioremediation Electrical resistance heating Herbicide Open defecation Pesticide Phytoremediation Soil Guideline Values ( SGVs ) Radioactive contamination Actinides in the environment Bioremediation of radioactive waste Environmental radioactivity Fission product Nuclear fallout Plutonium in the environment Radiation poisoning Radium in the environment Uranium in the environment Other types of pollution Land degradation Light pollution Pollution from nanomaterials Noise pollution Radio spectrum pollution Urban heat island Visual pollution Inter-government treaties Basel Convention CLRTAP Kyoto Protocol MARPOL Convention Montreal Protocol OSPAR Rotterdam Convention Stockholm Convention Major organizations Basel Action Network Central Pollution Control Board ( India ) DEFRA Environment Agency ( England and Wales ) Scottish Environment Protection Agency U.S. EPA European Environment Agency Greenpeace Natural resources Air Pollution / quality Ambient standards ( USA ) Index Indoor developing nations Law Clean Air Act ( USA ) Ozone depletion Emissions Airshed Trading Deforestation ( REDD ) Energy Law Resources Fossil fuels ( peak oil ) Geothermal Hydro tidal wave Nuclear Solar sunlight shade Wind Land Arable peak farmland Degradation Law property Management habitat conservation Minerals mining law sand peak rights Soil conservation fertility health resilience Use planning reserve Life Biodiversity Bioprospecting Biosphere Bushfood Bushmeat Fisheries law management Food Forests genetic resources law management Game law Gene bank Herbalist plants Marine conservation Non-timber forest products Rangeland Seed bank Wildlife conservation management Wood Water Types / location Aquifer storage and recovery Drinking Fresh Groundwater pollution recharge remediation Hydrosphere Ice bergs glacial polar Irrigation Rain harvesting Stormwater Surface water Wastewater reclaimed Aspects Desalination Floods Law Leaching Sanitation Conflict Conservation Peak water Pollution Privatization Quality Right Resources management policy Related Commons enclosure global land tragedy of Economics ecological land Ecosystem services Exploitation overexploitation Earth Overshoot Day Management adaptive Natural capital accounting Nature reserve Systems ecology Urban ecology Wilderness Resource Common - pool Conflict ( perpetuation ) Curse Depletion Extraction Nationalism Renewable / Non-renewable Portals Agriculture and agronomy Energy Environment Fishing Forestry Mining Water Wetlands Category agencies law management ministries organizations Colleges Natural resources Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_quality_index&oldid=854758771 '' Categories : Atmosphere of Earth Air pollution Environmental indices Air quality index Hidden categories : CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Português Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 15 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what level does the air quality index have to be above to be considered hazardous	[ "The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has developed an Air Quality Index that is used to report air quality. This AQI is divided into six categories indicating increasing levels of health concern. An AQI value over 300 represents hazardous air quality and below 50 the air quality is good.[10]\n" ]	[ "over 300" ]
-3803829635986282817	The Return of the Living Dead	The Return of the Living Dead - wikipedia The Return of the Living Dead This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Return of the Living Dead Theatrical release poster by Carl Ramsey Directed by Dan O'Bannon Produced by Tom Fox Graham Henderson Screenplay by Dan O'Bannon Story by Rudy Ricci John A. Russo Russell Streiner Starring Clu Gulager James Karen Don Calfa Music by Matt Clifford Francis Haines Cinematography Jules Brenner Edited by Robert Gordon Production company Hemdale Film Corporation A Greenberg Brothers Partnership Distributed by Orion Pictures Release date August 16 , 1985 ( 1985 - 08 - 16 ) Running time 91 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $4 million Box office $14.2 million The Return of the Living Dead is a 1985 American zombie comedy film written and directed by Dan O'Bannon , and starring Clu Gulager , James Karen , and Don Calfa . The film tells the story of how a warehouse owner accompanied by his two employees , mortician friend , and a group of teenage punks deal with the accidental release of a horde of brain - hungry zombies onto an unsuspecting town . The film is known for introducing the popular concept of zombies eating brains , as opposed to just eating human flesh , like previous zombie iterations , as well as its soundtrack , which features several noted deathrock and punk rock bands of the era . The film was a critical success and performed moderately well at the box office . Its enduring popularity has spawned four sequels and turned it into a cult classic . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Soundtrack 6 Home media 7 Legacy 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) On July 3 , 1984 at a medical supply warehouse in Louisville , Kentucky , a foreman named Frank tries to impress the company 's newest employee Freddy by showing him military drums that accidentally wound up in the basement of the building ; the drum contains the remains of a military experiment gone wrong . Frank accidentally unleashes the toxic gas , which renders the two unconscious . When waking up , Frank and Freddy find that the body inside the drum is gone and that the gas reanimated a cadaver inside a meat locker , and contact their boss and warehouse owner Burt Wilson to help them deal with the situation . When decapitation can not kill the cadaver , Burt decides to bring the corpse to the nearby mortuary to have its dismembered parts burned in an attempt to destroy it once and for all . Meanwhile , Freddy 's friends learn of his new job from his girlfriend Tina . The group , consisting of Spider , Trash , Scuz , Suicide , Casey , and Chuck , decide to pick Freddy up after he finishes his shift and wait inside the local cemetery . Tina leaves the graveyard and enters the warehouse to look for Freddy . Her search leads her to the basement , where she unwittingly draws attention from the half - melted corpse from the drum barrel ( dubbed `` Tarman '' ) who was initially thought to have dissolved . She locks herself inside a metal closet after a failed attempt to run , but the zombie finds a chained hook and tries to pull the door off . At the mortuary , Burt gets the mortician Ernie to burn the remains , not realizing that it causes the gas to contaminate the air and bringing a toxic rainfall to resurrect the dead in the graveyard . The acid rain forces Freddy 's friends to seek refuge inside the warehouse . Once inside , the group hears the basement commotion and immediately rush down to rescue Tina , but Suicide is killed by Tarman in the process . The group barricades the door to stop Tarman from coming up . Outside , the group runs through the cemetery to look for Freddy , but are split up when the zombies begin rising from their graves . While the group is running Trash gets surrounded by and eaten by zombies , dying the way she described earlier as the worst way to die . Tina , Spider , and Scuz go to the mortuary , Chuck and Casey head back to the warehouse where Tarman remains trapped downstairs . Frank and Freddy have grown increasingly ill from their exposure to the gas and a medical test from paramedics implies that they are no longer alive . When Burt and Ernie find out about the graveyard zombies , they quickly barricade the mortuary after a failed attempt to escape using the ambulance . Scuz is killed while protecting the barricade and the zombies continue to eat the paramedics and police who arrive in the area . With Frank and Freddy showing signs of becoming zombies themselves , Burt has them locked in the chapel and Tina stays with Freddy . Meanwhile , Trash rises as a zombie and starts a semi-organized horde that attacks the reinforcements head - on . Freddy succumbs as a zombie and tries to eat Tina , but is blinded with acid thrown by Ernie . Frank also escapes and cremates himself inside the retort . Burt and Spider use a police car outside to escape , but the growing horde of zombies leaves them unable to come back for Ernie and Tina . They retreat to the warehouse and the car explodes due to a gasoline leak . Burt and Spider reunite with Casey and Chuck , and go to the basement 's phone after Burt knocks off Tarman 's head with a baseball bat . With the police massacred by the zombies , Burt decides to call the military drum 's number . The call goes to Colonel Glover , a military officer looking for the barrels . When Glover learns that the gas has been released , he activates a containment protocol with a nuclear artillery shell to destroy the area . Just as a blinded Freddy breaks into an attic where Ernie and Tina are hiding , the shell destroys 20 square blocks of Louisville and ultimately kills both the survivors and zombies . With footage shown of the destroyed area , Glover describes the outcome with less than 4,000 dead and dismisses reports of the acid rain , which soon restarts the zombie rising all over again . Cast ( edit ) Clu Gulager as Burt Wilson James Karen as Frank Johnson Don Calfa as Ernie Kaltenbrunner Thom Mathews as Freddy Hanscom Beverly Randolph as Tina Miguel A. Núñez Jr. as Spider John Philbin as Chuck Jewel Shepard as Casey Brian Peck as Scuz Linnea Quigley as Trash Mark Venturini as Suicide Jonathan Terry as Colonel Glover Cathleen Cordell as Colonel 's Wife Allan Trautman as Tarman Drew Deighan as Paramedic # 1 James Dalesandro as Paramedic # 2 John Durbin as Radio Corpse # 1 David Bond as Radio Corpse # 2 Robert Libman as Tac Squad Captain Terrence Houlihan as Yellow Cadaver Zombie Jerome `` Daniels '' Coleman as Legless Corpse Zombie Cherry Davis as 1⁄2 Lady Corpse Zombie ( Voice ) Production ( edit ) The film has its roots in a novel by John Russo also called Return of the Living Dead . When Russo and George A. Romero parted ways after their 1968 film Night of the Living Dead , Russo retained the rights to any titles featuring Living Dead while Romero was free to create his own series of sequels , beginning with Dawn of the Dead . Russo and producer Tom Fox planned to bring Return of the Living Dead to the screen in 3D and directed by Tobe Hooper . Dan O'Bannon was brought in to give the script a polish and after Hooper backed out to make Lifeforce ( also from a script by Dan O'Bannon ) , O'Bannon was offered the director 's seat . He accepted on the condition he could rewrite the film radically so as to differentiate it from Romero 's films . Russo retains a story writer credit on the film for developing the project , but the final film bears little to no resemblance to his original novel . He later wrote a novelization of the film which was fairly faithful to the shooting script , though without the character names as in the final film and the addition of a KGB subplot as an explanation for the plot . ( Russo would , eventually , make his own ' canon ' series with a 1998 revised edition of Night of the Living Dead , subtitled the 30th Anniversary Edition , and its sequel , Children of the Living Dead . ) O'Bannon's script also differed from the Romero series in that it was markedly more comical than Romero 's films , employing `` splatstick '' style morbid humor and eccentric dialogue . The films also boasted significant nudity , in marked contrast to Romero 's work . Russo and O'Bannon were only directly involved with the first film in the series . The rest of the films , to varying degrees , stick to their outline and `` rules '' established in the first film . Although the movie is set in Louisville , Kentucky , it was filmed in California . The only scene actually filmed in Louisville was the shot of the front gate of Louisville 's Eastern Cemetery . The Louisville police uniforms and patrol cars were all period correct . The `` Tarman '' zombie is performed by actor and puppeteer Allan Trautman , who is best known for his work with Jim Henson and The Muppets . The `` Half - Corpse '' zombie character was an animatronic puppet created by Tony Gardner and puppeteered by Gardner , actor Brian Peck ( `` Scuz '' ) , and Production Designer William Stout . This character launched Tony Gardner 's career as an independent makeup effects artist . The characters of Burt Wilson and Ernie Kaltenbrunner are , contrary to popular belief , not named after the characters from Sesame Street ; Dan O'Bannon had no idea he was using the names of those characters . Originally , Frank was supposed to be completely transformed into a zombie and join the zombie mob , but James Karen did not wish to film any scenes in the cold rain of Los Angeles , so he instead suggested that Frank incinerate himself before said transformation could be completed . O'Bannon agreed to the suggestion . Reception ( edit ) The Return of the Living Dead was a critical and a moderate box office success . It currently holds a 91 % approval rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes , and grossed $14,237,000 domestically on an estimated budget of $4,000,000 . It was also nominated for four Saturn Awards , including Best Horror Film , Best Actor for James Karen , Best Director and Best Make - up , by the Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy and Horror Films . Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars , writing that the film is `` kind of a sensation - machine , made out of the usual ingredients , and the real question is whether it 's done with style . It is . '' Stephen Holden of The New York Times called the film a `` mordant punk comedy '' , stating that it `` is by no means the ultimate horror movie it aspires to be '' . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Return of The Living Dead ( soundtrack ) `` Surfin ' Dead '' by The Cramps `` Partytime ( Zombie Version ) '' by 45 Grave `` Nothin ' for You '' by T.S.O.L. `` Eyes Without a Face '' by The Flesh Eaters `` Burn the Flames '' by Roky Erickson `` Dead Beat Dance '' by The Damned `` Take a Walk '' by Tall Boys `` Love Under Will '' by Jet Black Berries `` Tonight ( We 'll Make Love Until We Die ) '' by SSQ `` Trash 's Theme '' by SSQ `` Young , Fast Iranians '' by Straw Dogs : 1991 Hemdale version and subsequent DVD and Blu - ray Releases , though not on official soundtrack album . `` Partytime ( Single Version ) '' by 45 Grave : Version actually used in the film , though not on official soundtrack album . `` Panzer Rollen in Afrika vor '' by Norbert Schultze : Song playing on Ernie 's walkman , though not on official soundtrack album . Home media ( edit ) The film was originally released on DVD in the UK by Tartan Home Video on March 19 , 2001 . Up until 2012 , this was the only time it had been issued in its original form . In early 2002 , a fan led online campaign was started which attracted the attention of the director and many of the cast and crew . Several of them commented online that the popular and robust efforts of campaign organizer , Michael Allred , were the direct result of not only the DVD release but that MGM created new supplements due to overwhelming fan support . On August 27 , 2002 , MGM released a Special Edition DVD in the US with a new cut of the movie ( with music alterations due to copyright issues ) with a commentary by O'Bannon and a documentary on the making of the film . The cover of the DVD case for the 2002 release glows in the dark . On September 11 , 2007 , a Collector 's Edition of the film was released with additional extra features involving the cast . The different home video releases have featured different soundtracks , often changing the songs used . Also , the basement zombie 's ( `` Tar - Man '' ) voice was altered . Originally , the zombie had a higher , raspier voice . A 25th anniversary edition was released on September 14 , 2010 , exclusively for Blu - ray Disc . The Blu - ray Disc version is a 2 - disc combo pack with both a Blu - ray Disc and DVD . This release is very similar to the MGM / Fox print from 3 years earlier . On June 4 , 2012 , Second Sight Films in the U.K. released DVD and Blu - ray Disc versions of the film where the original audio and soundtrack in its original form can be selected , the first time since 2001 a release has had this option . The release had its first insight into the movie with the inclusion on a booklet ( claimed to be based on Ernie 's notes from the events of the film ) which was edited from Gary Smart and Christian Seller 's publication The Complete History of The Return of the Living Dead . Scream Factory released a 30th anniversary Collector 's Edition Blu - Ray on July 19 , 2016 . MGM also released another edition with hand - drawn cover art . Legacy ( edit ) Return of the Living Dead popularized the notion in the public conscious of zombies eating specifically brains ( as opposed to simply flesh ) and that zombies groan `` Braaiinnsss ! '' as they walk . In a critical scene in the movie , a zombie who has killed one of the characters is tied to a table ( she exists only as a half - torso ) and explains that the dead seek brains because eating brains `` makes the pain go away -- the pain of being dead '' . It is a popular misconception that George Romero invented this specific trait as part of his Night of the Living Dead series , though he has emphasised that it was not his idea . The film was spoofed in an episode of South Park called `` Pink Eye '' where Kenny catches the eponymous infection and everyone becomes brain - eating zombies . The film 's zombie cries of `` Brains ... more brains '' were parodied in the South Park episode `` Night of the Living Homeless '' where the town is overrun by homeless people who repeatedly ask for `` change '' . In the fifth episode of The Simpsons ' fourth season ( `` Treehouse of Horror III '' ) , Bart & Lisa unwittingly unleash a horde of zombies upon Springfield . They break down the door searching for brains , but looking into Homer 's ear , they rudely reject him after tapping his head & listening to the hollow echo inside . Zombie Principal Skinner summons Martin Prince to his office & reminds him to bring that `` big , juicy chess club brain '' of his . In the tenth episode of The Simpsons ' eleventh season ( `` Little Big Mom '' ) , Bart and Homer believe they have leprosy and begin to act like zombies . When trying to ask Ned Flanders for help , they reach through the mail slot on his front door , saying , in a zombie - like voice , `` Brains . Brains . '' Then Homer cheerfully says , `` Use your brains to help us . '' Then , using the zombie - like voice again , he says , `` Your delicious brains . '' In 2011 , More Brains ! A Return of the Living Dead Documentary was released on DVD . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Return of the Living Dead ( 18 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . September 3 , 1985 . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Return of the Living Dead at Box Office Mojo ^ Jump up to : Holden , Stephen ( 16 August 1985 ) . `` Screen : ' Return of the Living Dead ' '' . Movie Review . The New York Times . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Macek III , J.C. ( 14 June 2012 ) . `` The Zombification Family Tree : Legacy of the Living Dead '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kane , Joe ( 2010 ) . Night of the Living Dead : Behind the Scenes of the Most Terrifying Zombie Movie Ever . Citadel Press . pp. 147 -- 150 . ISBN 978 - 0806533315 . Jump up ^ `` The Return of the Living Dead ( 1985 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Return of the Living Dead ( 1985 ) '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Awards for The Return of the Living Dead on IMDb Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 19 August 1985 ) . `` Return of the Living Dead '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Return of the Living Dead ( Steelbook Bluray ) : : DVD & Blu - ray Disc Film Catalogue '' . Second Sight Films . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Roth , Dany ( 2016 - 04 - 05 ) . `` More brains ! Return of the Living Dead is finally getting the special edition it deserves '' . Syfy . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Spitznagel , Eric . `` George A. Romero : `` Who Says Zombies Eat Brains ? '' `` . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ IMDb -- `` South Park '' -- Pink Eye ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ `` Little Big Mom : Written by Carolyn Omine , Directed by Mark Kirkland '' . Snpp.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Return of the Living Dead The Return of the Living Dead on IMDb The Return of the Living Dead at AllMovie The Return of the Living Dead on Facebook The Return of the Living Dead on Instagram The Return of the Living Dead at the American Film Institute Catalog The Return of the Living Dead at Box Office Mojo The Return of the Living Dead at the British Board of Film Classification The Return of the Living Dead at the British Film Institute The Return of the Living Dead at Rotten Tomatoes Living Dead films Romero 's Dead series Night of the Living Dead ( 1968 ) Dawn of the Dead ( 1978 ) Day of the Dead ( 1985 ) Land of the Dead ( 2005 ) Diary of the Dead ( 2007 ) Survival of the Dead ( 2009 ) Dead series remakes Night of the Living Dead ( 1990 ) Dawn of the Dead ( 2004 ) Night of the Living Dead 3D ( 2006 ) Day of the Dead ( 2008 ) Day of the Dead : Bloodline ( 2018 ) Other official sequels Night of the Living Dead 3D : Re-Animation ( 2012 ) Return of the Living Dead series The Return of the Living Dead ( 1985 ) Return of the Living Dead Part II ( 1988 ) Return of the Living Dead 3 ( 1993 ) Return of the Living Dead : Necropolis ( 2005 ) Return of the Living Dead : Rave to the Grave ( 2005 ) Unofficial sequels Zombi series Zombi 2 ( 1979 ) Zombi 3 ( 1988 ) Zombi 4 : After Death ( 1989 ) Zombi 5 : Killing Birds ( 1988 ) Other unofficial sequels Children of the Living Dead ( 2001 ) Day of the Dead 2 : Contagium ( 2005 ) Night of the Living Dead : Darkest Dawn ( 2015 ) Parodies Night of the Living Bread ( 1990 ) Poultrygeist : Night of the Chicken Dead ( 2006 ) Night of the Living Carrots ( 2011 ) Homages Flesheater ( 1988 ) Shaun of the Dead ( 2004 ) Fido ( 2006 ) Flight of the Living Dead : Outbreak on a Plane ( 2007 ) Dance of the Dead ( 2008 ) Zone of the Dead ( 2009 ) Juan of the Dead ( 2011 ) Mimesis : Night of the Living Dead ( 2011 ) Related topics Dawn of the Dead in popular culture Dawn of the Dead ( soundtracks ) `` Night of the Living Dead '' ( 1979 song ) Document of the Dead ( 1979 / 1989 / 2012 documentary ) Escape of the Living Dead ( 2005 comic book ) Land of the Dead : Road to Fiddler 's Green ( 2005 video game ) City of the Dead ( cancelled video game ) Birth of the Living Dead ( 2012 documentary ) Empire of the Dead ( 2014 -- 2015 comic book ) WorldCat Identities BNF : cb164624862 ( data ) GND : 7734458 - 3 VIAF : 227705450 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Return_of_the_Living_Dead&oldid=865862950 '' Categories : 1985 films English - language films 1985 horror films 1980s comedy horror films 1980s independent films 1980s science fiction horror films American films American comedy horror films American black comedy films American independent films American satirical films American science fiction horror films American sequel films Films directed by Dan O'Bannon Films set in 1984 Films set in Kentucky Films shot in California Funeral homes in fiction Orion Pictures films Punk films Return of the Living Dead ( film series ) Zombie films Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from October 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 17 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played trash in return of the living dead	[ "Linnea Quigley as Trash" ]	[ "Linnea Quigley" ]
8118108786476029145	World population	World population - wikipedia World population Jump to : navigation , search An editor has expressed concern that this article may have a number of irrelevant citations . Please help improve this article by verifying these references and challenge any that are not reliable or do not support the article . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) World population estimates from 1800 to 2100 , based on `` high '' , `` medium '' and `` low '' United Nations projections in 2015 and UN historical estimates for pre-1950 data Population growth graph generated with data supplied by World Bank , via Google In demographics , the world population is the total number of humans currently living . The world population was estimated to have reached 7.5 billion in April 2017 . The United Nations estimates it will further increase to 11.2 billion by the year 2100 . World population has experienced continuous growth since the end of the Great Famine of 1315 -- 17 and the Black Death in 1350 , when it was near 370 million . The highest population growth rates -- global population increases above 1.8 % per year -- occurred between 1955 - 1975 peaking to 2.06 % between 1965 - 1970 . The growth rate has declined to 1.18 % between 2010 - 2015 and is projected to decline to 0.13 % by the year 2100 . Total annual births were highest in the late 1980s at about 139 million , and are now expected to remain essentially constant at their 2011 level of 135 million , while deaths number 56 million per year and are expected to increase to 80 million per year by 2040 . World population reached 7 billion on October 31 , 2011 according to the United Nations Population Fund , and on March 12 , 2012 according to the United States Census Bureau . The median age of the world 's population was estimated to be 30.1 years in 2016 , with the male median age estimated to be 29.4 years and female , 30.9 years . The 2012 UN projections show a continued increase in population in the near future with a steady decline in population growth rate ; the global population is expected to reach between 8.3 and 10.9 billion by 2050 . 2003 UN Population Division population projections for the year 2150 range between 3.2 and 24.8 billion . One of many independent mathematical models supports the lower estimate , while a 2014 estimate forecasts between 9.3 and 12.6 billion in 2100 , and continued growth thereafter . Some analysts have questioned the sustainability of further world population growth , highlighting the growing pressures on the environment , global food supplies , and energy resources . Estimates on the total number of humans who have ever lived range in the order of 106 to 108 billion . World population ( millions , UN estimates ) # Top ten most populous countries 2000 2015 2030 * China * 1,270 1,376 1,416 India 1,053 1,311 1,528 United States 283 322 356 Indonesia 212 258 295 5 Brazil 176 208 229 6 Pakistan 138 189 245 7 Nigeria 123 182 263 8 Bangladesh 131 161 186 9 Russia 146 146 149 10 Mexico 103 127 148 World total 6,127 7,349 8,501 Notes : China = Mainland China only 2030 = Medium variant Contents ( hide ) 1 Population by region 1.1 Population by continent 2 History 2.1 Antiquity and Middle Ages 2.2 Modern era 2.3 Milestones by the billions 3 Global demographics 4 Largest populations by country 4.1 Most densely populated countries 5 Fluctuation 5.1 Population growth by region 5.2 Past population 5.3 Projections 6 Mathematical approximations 6.1 Years for world population to double 7 Overpopulation 7.1 Predictions of scarcity 7.2 Environmental impacts 7.3 Population control 7.4 Overpopulation skepticism 8 Number of humans who have ever lived 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Population by region ( edit ) Six of the Earth 's seven continents are permanently inhabited on a large scale . Asia is the most populous continent , with its 4.3 billion inhabitants accounting for 60 % of the world population . The world 's two most populated countries alone , China and India , together constitute about 37 % of the world 's population . Africa is the second most populated continent , with around 1 billion people , or 15 % of the world 's population . Europe 's 733 million people make up 12 % of the world 's population as of 2012 , while the Latin American and Caribbean regions are home to around 600 million ( 9 % ) . Northern America , primarily consisting of the United States and Canada , has a population of around 352 million ( 5 % ) , and Oceania , the least - populated region , has about 35 million inhabitants ( 0.5 % ) . Though it is not permanently inhabited by any fixed population , Antarctica has a small , fluctuating international population , based mainly in polar science stations . This population tends to rise in the summer months and decrease significantly in winter , as visiting researchers return to their home countries . Population by continent ( edit ) Population by continent ( 2016 estimates ) Continent Density ( inhabitants / km ) Population ( millions ) Most populous country Most populous city ( metropolitan area ) Asia 96.4 4,436 1,382,300,000 - China 35,676,000 / 13,634,685 - Greater Tokyo Area / Tokyo Metropolis Africa 36.7 1,216 0186,987,000 - Nigeria 21,000,000 - Lagos Europe 72.9 738 0145,939,000 - Russia ; approx. 112 million in Europe ) 19,468,664 - Moscow North America 22.9 579 0324,991,600 - United States 23,723,696 / 08,537,673 - New York Metropolitan Area / New York City South America 22.8 422 0209,567,000 - Brazil 27,640,577 / 11,316,149 - Metro Area / São Paulo City Oceania 4.5 39.9 0024,458,800 - Australia 05,005,400 - Sydney Antarctica 0.0003 ( varies ) 0.004 in summer ( non-permanent , varies ) N / A 0000001,200 ( non-permanent , varies ) - McMurdo Station History ( edit ) See also : World population estimates and History of the world Estimates of world population by their nature are an aspect of modernity , possible only since the Age of Discovery . Early estimates for the population of the world date to the 17th century : William Petty in 1682 estimated world population at 320 million ( modern estimates ranging close to twice this number ) ; by the late 18th century , estimates ranged close to one billion ( consistent with modern estimates ) . More refined estimates , broken down by continents , were published in the first half of the 19th century , at 600 to 1000 million in the early 1800s and at 800 to 1000 million in the 1840s . Antiquity and Middle ages ( edit ) Main articles : Classical demography and Medieval demography Estimates of the population of the world at the time agriculture emerged in around 10,000 BCE have ranged between 1 million and 15 million . Even earlier , genetic evidence suggests humans may have gone through a population bottleneck of between 1,000 and 10,000 people about 70,000 BCE , according to the Toba catastrophe theory . By contrast , it is estimated that around 50 -- 60 million people lived in the combined eastern and western Roman Empire in the 4th century CE . The Plague of Justinian , which first emerged during the reign of the Roman emperor Justinian , caused Europe 's population to drop by around 50 % between the 6th and 8th centuries CE . The population of Europe was more than 70 million in 1340 . The Black Death pandemic of the 14th century may have reduced the world 's population from an estimated 450 million in 1340 to between 350 and 375 million in 1400 ; it took 200 years for population figures to recover . The population of China decreased from 123 million in 1200 to 65 million in 1393 , presumably due to a combination of Mongol invasions , famine , and plague . Starting in 2 AD , the Han Dynasty of ancient China kept consistent family registers in order to properly assess the poll taxes and labor service duties of each household . In the year 2 AD the population of Western Han was recorded as 57,671,400 individuals in 12,366,470 households , decreasing to 47,566,772 individuals in 9,348,227 households by 146 AD , towards the End of the Han Dynasty . At the founding of the Ming Dynasty in 1368 , China 's population was reported to be close to 60 million ; toward the end of the dynasty in 1644 , it may have approached 150 million . England 's population reached an estimated 5.6 million in 1650 , up from an estimated 2.6 million in 1500 . New crops that were brought to Asia and Europe from the Americas by Portuguese and Spanish colonists in the 16th century are believed to have contributed to population growth . Since their introduction to Africa by Portuguese traders in the 16th century , maize and cassava have similarly replaced traditional African crops as the most important staple food crops grown on the continent . Around 300 BCE , the population of India was between 100 million and 140 million . The population of India in 1600 was around 100 million . Hence , from 300 BCE to 1600 CE India 's population was more or less stable . The pre-Columbian North American population probably numbered somewhere between 2 million and 18 million . Encounters between European explorers and populations in the rest of the world often introduced local epidemics of extraordinary virulence . According to the most extreme scholarly claims , as many as 90 % of the Native American population of the New World died due to Old World diseases such as smallpox , measles and influenza . Over the centuries , the Europeans had developed high degrees of immunity to these diseases , while the indigenous peoples had no such immunity . Modern era ( edit ) Map showing urban areas with at least one million inhabitants in 2006 . Only 3 % of the world 's population lived in cities in 1800 ; this proportion had risen to 47 % by 2000 , and reached 50.5 % by 2010 . By 2050 , the proportion may reach 70 % . During the European Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions , the life expectancy of children increased dramatically . The percentage of the children born in London who died before the age of five decreased from 74.5 % in 1730 -- 1749 to 31.8 % in 1810 -- 1829 . Between 1700 and 1900 , Europe 's population increased from about 100 million to over 400 million . Altogether , the areas populated by people of European descent comprised 36 % of the world 's population in 1900 . Population growth in the West became more rapid after the introduction of vaccination and other improvements in medicine and sanitation . Improved material conditions led to the population of Britain increasing from 10 million to 40 million in the 19th century . The population of the United Kingdom reached 60 million in 2006 . The United States saw its population grow from around 5.3 million in 1800 to 106 million in 1920 , exceeding 307 million in 2010 . The first half of the 20th century in Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of major wars , famines and other disasters which caused large - scale population losses ( approximately 60 million excess deaths ) . After the collapse of the Soviet Union , Russia 's population declined significantly -- from 150 million in 1991 to 143 million in 2012 -- but by 2013 this decline appeared to have halted . Many countries in the developing world have experienced extremely rapid population growth since the early 20th century , due to economic development and improvements in public health . China 's population rose from approximately 430 million in 1850 to 580 million in 1953 , and now stands at over 1.3 billion . The population of the Indian subcontinent , which was about 125 million in 1750 , increased to 389 million in 1941 ; today , India , Pakistan and Bangladesh are collectively home to about 1.63 billion people . Java had about 5 million inhabitants in 1815 ; its present - day successor , Indonesia , now has a population of over 140 million . In just one hundred years , the population of Brazil decoupled ( x10 ) , from about 17 million in 1900 , or about 1 % of the world population in that year , to about 176 million in 2000 , or almost 3 % of the global population in the very early 21st century . Mexico 's population grew from 13.6 million in 1900 to about 112 million in 2010 . Between the 1920s and 2000s , Kenya 's population grew from 2.9 million to 37 million . Milestones by the billions ( edit ) Main article : World population milestones World population milestones in billions Population 5 6 7 8 9 Year 1804 1927 1960 1999 2011 2024 2042 Years elapsed -- -- 123 33 14 13 12 12 13 18 It is estimated that the world population reached one billion for the first time in 1804 . It was another 123 years before it reached two billion in 1927 , but it took only 33 years to reach three billion in 1960 . Thereafter , the global population reached four billion in 1974 , five billion in 1987 , six billion in 1999 and , according to the United States Census Bureau , seven billion in March 2012 . The United Nations , however , estimated that the world population reached seven billion in October 2011 . According to current projections , the global population will reach eight billion by 2024 , and will likely reach around nine billion by 2042 . Alternative scenarios for 2050 range from a low of 7.4 billion to a high of more than 10.6 billion . Projected figures vary depending on underlying statistical assumptions and the variables used in projection calculations , especially the fertility variable . Long - range predictions to 2150 range from a population decline to 3.2 billion in the `` low scenario '' , to `` high scenarios '' of 24.8 billion . One extreme scenario predicted a massive increase to 256 billion by 2150 , assuming the global fertility rate remained at its 1995 level of 3.04 children per woman ; however , by 2010 the global fertility rate had declined to 2.52 . There is no estimation for the exact day or month the world 's population surpassed one or two billion . The points at which it reached three and four billion were not officially noted , but the International Database of the United States Census Bureau placed them in July 1959 and April 1974 respectively . The United Nations did determine , and commemorate , the `` Day of 5 Billion '' on July 11 , 1987 , and the `` Day of 6 Billion '' on October 12 , 1999 . The Population Division of the United Nations declared the `` Day of 7 Billion '' to be October 31 , 2011 . Global Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of the world 2012 map showing average life expectancy by country in years . In 2012 , the World Health Organization estimated the average global life expectancy as 70.5 years . 80 + 77.5 + 75 + 72.5 + 70 + 67.5 + 65 + 60 + 55 + 50 + 45 + 40 + less than 40 As of 2012 , the global sex ratio is approximately 1.01 males to 1 female . The greater number of men is possibly due to the significant sex imbalances evident in the Indian and Chinese populations . Approximately 26.3 % of the global population is aged under 15 , while 65.9 % is aged 15 -- 64 and 7.9 % is aged 65 or over . The median age of the world 's population was estimated to be 29.7 years in 2014 , and is expected to rise to 37.9 years by 2050 . According to the World Health Organization , the global average life expectancy is 70.5 years as of 2012 , with women living an average of 73 years and men approximately 68 years . In 2010 , the global fertility rate was estimated at 2.52 children per woman . In June 2012 , British researchers calculated the total weight of Earth 's human population as approximately 287 million tonnes , with the average person weighing around 62 kilograms ( 137 lb ) . The CIA estimated nominal 2013 gross world product at US $74.31 trillion , giving an annual global per capita figure of around US $10,500 . Around 1.29 billion people ( 18.4 % of the world population ) live in extreme poverty , subsisting on less than US $1.25 per day ; approximately 870 million people ( 12.25 % ) are undernourished. 83 % of the world 's over-15s are considered literate . In June 2014 , there were around 3.03 billion global Internet users , constituting 42.3 % of the world population . The Han Chinese are the world 's largest single ethnic group , constituting over 19 % of the global population in 2011 . The world 's most - spoken first languages are Mandarin Chinese ( spoken by 12.44 % of the world 's population ) , Spanish ( 4.85 % ) , English ( 4.83 % ) , Arabic ( 3.25 % ) and Hindustani ( 2.68 % ) . The world 's largest religion is Christianity , whose adherents account for 33.35 % of the global population ; Islam is the second - largest religion , accounting for 22.43 % , and Hinduism the third , accounting for 13.78 % . In 2005 , around 16 % of the global population were reported to be non-religious . Largest populations by country ( edit ) Further information : List of countries by population A map of world population in 2014 10 most populous countries Rank Country / Territory Population Date Approx. % of world population Source China 1,386,570,000 September 26 , 2017 18.3 % India 1,321,750,000 September 26 , 2017 17.5 % United States 325,828,000 September 26 , 2017 4.3 % Indonesia 261,600,000 October 31 , 2016 3.46 % 5 Pakistan 209,035,000 September 26 , 2017 2.76 % 6 Brazil 208,046,000 September 26 , 2017 2.75 % 7 Nigeria 188,500,000 October 31 , 2016 2.49 % 8 Bangladesh 163,202,000 September 26 , 2017 2.16 % 9 Russia 146,773,226 June 1 , 2017 1.94 % 10 Japan 126,750,000 July 1 , 2017 1.67 % Approximately 4.3 billion people live in these ten countries , representing around 58 % of the world 's population as of March 2016 . Approximately 3.7 billion people , or half of the world population , live in the six most populous countries . Most densely populated countries ( edit ) Further information : List of countries and dependencies by population density The tables below list the world 's most densely populated countries , both in absolute terms and in comparison to their total populations . Population density ( people per km ) map of the world in 1994 . Red and pink areas denote regions of highest population density . 10 most densely populated countries ( with population above 5 million ) Rank Country Population Area ( km ) Density ( Pop . per km ) Singapore 5,607,300 710 7,898 Bangladesh 163,200,000 143,998 1,133 Taiwan 23,554,803 36,190 651 South Korea 51,446,201 99,538 517 5 Lebanon 6,082,000 10,452 582 6 Rwanda 11,553,188 26,338 439 7 Burundi 11,552,561 27,816 415 8 Netherlands 17,160,000 41,526 413 9 Haiti 10,911,819 27,065 403 10 India 1,321,750,000 3,287,240 402 Countries ranking highly in both total population ( more than 20 million people ) and population density ( more than 250 people per square kilometer ) : Rank Country Population Area ( km ) Density ( Pop . per km ) Notes India 1,321,750,000 3,287,240 402 Growing population Pakistan 209,040,000 803,940 260 Growing population Bangladesh 163,200,000 143,998 1,133 Growing population Japan 126,750,000 377,873 335 Declining population 5 Philippines 104,650,000 300,000 349 Growing population 6 Vietnam 93,700,000 331,689 282 Growing population 7 United Kingdom 65,648,100 243,610 269 Slowly growing population 8 South Korea 51,446,201 99,538 517 Slowly growing population 9 Taiwan 23,554,803 36,190 651 Steady population 10 Sri Lanka 21,203,000 65,610 323 Slowly growing population Fluctuation ( edit ) Main article : Population growth Estimates of population evolution in different continents between 1950 and 2050 , according to the United Nations . The vertical axis is logarithmic and is in millions of people . Population size fluctuates at differing rates in differing regions . Nonetheless , population growth is the long - standing trend on all inhabited continents , as well as in most individual states . During the 20th century , the global population saw its greatest increase in known history , rising from about 1.6 billion in 1900 to over 6 billion in 2000 . A number of factors contributed to this increase , including the lessening of the mortality rate in many countries by improved sanitation and medical advances , and a massive increase in agricultural productivity attributed to the Green Revolution . In 2000 , the United Nations estimated that the world 's population was growing at an annual rate of 1.14 % ( equivalent to around 75 million people ) , down from a peak of 88 million per year in 1989 . By 2000 , there were approximately ten times as many people on Earth as there had been in 1700 . Globally , the population growth rate has been steadily declining from its peak of 2.19 % in 1963 , but growth remains high in Latin America , the Middle East , and Sub-Saharan Africa . A world map showing global variations in fertility rate per woman , according to the CIA World Factbook 's 2015 data . 7 -- 8 children 6 -- 7 children 5 -- 6 children 4 -- 5 children 3 -- 4 children 2 -- 3 children 1 -- 2 children 0 -- 1 children During the 2010s , Japan and some countries in Europe began to encounter negative population growth ( i.e. a net decrease in population over time ) , due to sub-replacement fertility rates . In 2006 , the United Nations stated that the rate of population growth was visibly diminishing due to the ongoing global demographic transition . If this trend continues , the rate of growth may diminish to zero by 2050 , concurrent with a world population plateau of 9.2 billion . However , this is only one of many estimates published by the UN ; in 2009 , UN population projections for 2050 ranged between around 8 billion and 10.5 billion . An alternative scenario is given by the statistician Jorgen Randers , who argues that traditional projections insufficiently take into account the downward impact of global urbanization on fertility . Randers ' `` most likely scenario '' reveals a peak in the world population in the early 2040s at about 8.1 billion people , followed by decline . Adrian Raftery , a University of Washington professor of statistics and of sociology , states that `` there 's a 70 percent probability the world population will not stabilize this century . Population , which had sort of fallen off the world 's agenda , remains a very important issue . '' Estimated world population figures , 10,000 BCE -- 2000 CE Estimated world population figures , 10,000 BC -- 2000 CE ( in log y scale ) World population figures , 1950 -- 2000 Estimated global growth rates , 1950 -- 2050 Estimated and projected populations of the world and its continents ( except Antarctica ) from 1950 to 2100 . The shaded regions correspond to the range of projections by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs . Population growth by region ( edit ) The table below shows historical and predicted regional population figures in millions . The availability of historical population figures varies by region . World historical and predicted populations ( in millions ) Region 1500 1600 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 1999 2008 2012 2050 2150 World 585 660 710 791 978 1,262 1,650 2,521 6,008 6,707 6,896 7,052 9,725 9,746 Africa 86 114 106 106 107 111 133 221 783 973 1,022 1,052 2,478 2,308 Asia 282 350 411 502 635 809 947 1,402 3,700 4,054 4,164 4,250 5,267 5,561 Europe 168 170 178 190 203 276 408 547 675 732 738 740 734 517 Latin America 40 20 10 16 24 38 74 167 508 577 590 603 784 912 North America 6 7 26 82 172 312 337 345 351 433 398 Oceania 6 13 30 34 37 38 57 51 World historical and predicted populations by percentage distribution Region 1500 1600 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 1999 2008 2012 2050 2150 World 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Africa 14.7 17.3 14.9 13.4 10.9 8.8 8.1 8.8 13.0 14.5 14.8 15.2 25.48 23.7 Asia 48.2 53.0 57.9 63.5 64.9 64.1 57.4 55.6 61.6 60.4 60.4 60.3 54.16 57.1 Europe 28.7 25.8 25.1 20.6 20.8 21.9 24.7 21.7 11.2 10.9 10.7 10.5 7.55 5.3 Latin America 6.8 3.0 1.4 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.5 6.6 8.5 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.06 9.4 North America 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.7 2.1 5.0 6.8 5.2 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.45 4.1 Oceania 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.59 0.5 Past population ( edit ) The following table gives estimates of population in the past . The data for 1750 to 1900 are from the UN report `` The World at Six Billion '' whereas the data from 1950 to 2015 are from a UN data sheet . Year World Africa Asia Europe Latin America & Carib . North America Oceania Notes 70,000 BCE < 0.015 10,000 BCE 8000 BCE 5 6500 BCE 5 5000 BCE 5 4000 BCE 7 3000 BCE 14 2000 BCE 27 1000 BCE 50 7 33 9 500 BCE 100 14 66 16 CE 1 200 23 141 28 1000 400 70 269 50 8 1500 458 86 243 84 39 1600 580 114 339 111 10 1700 682 106 436 125 10 1750 791 106 502 163 16 1800 1,000 107 656 203 24 7 1850 1,262 111 809 276 38 26 1900 1,650 133 947 408 74 82 6 1950 2,525 229 1,394 549 169 172 12.7 1955 2,758 254 1,534 577 193 187 14.2 1960 3,018 285 1,687 606 221 204 15.8 1965 3,322 322 1,875 635 254 219 17.5 1970 3,682 366 2,120 657 288 231 19.7 4,061 416 2,378 677 326 242 21.5 1980 4,440 478 2,626 694 365 254 23.0 1985 4,853 550 2,897 708 406 267 24.9 5,310 632 3,202 721 447 281 27.0 1995 5,735 720 3,475 728 487 296 29.1 2000 6,127 814 3,714 726 527 314 31.1 2005 6,520 920 3,945 729 564 329 33.4 6,930 1,044 4,170 735 600 344 36.4 2015 7,349 1,186 4,393 738 634 358 39.3 Using the above figures , the change in population from 2010 to 2015 was : World : + 420 million Africa : + 142 million Asia : + 223 million Europe : + 3 million Latin America and Caribbean : + 35 million Northern America : + 14 million Oceania : + 2.9 million ^ Jump up to : Northern America comprises the northern-most countries and territories of North America : Canada , the United States , Greenland , Bermuda , and St. Pierre and Miquelon . Latin America comprises Mexico , Central America , the Caribbean , and South America . Projections ( edit ) Main articles : World population estimates and Projections of population growth Long - term global population growth is difficult to predict . The United Nations and the US Census Bureau both give different estimates -- according to the UN , the world population reached seven billion in late 2011 , while the USCB asserted that this occurred in March 2012 . The UN has issued multiple projections of future world population , based on different assumptions . From 2000 to 2005 , the UN consistently revised these projections downward , until the 2006 revision , issued on March 14 , 2007 , revised the 2050 mid-range estimate upwards by 273 million . Average global birth rates are declining fast , but vary greatly between developed countries ( where birth rates are often at or below replacement levels ) and developing countries ( where birth rates typically remain high ) . Different ethnicities also display varying birth rates . Death rates can change rapidly due to disease epidemics , wars and other mass catastrophes , or advances in medicine . UN ( medium variant -- 2012 revision ) and US Census Bureau ( June 2015 ) estimates Year UN est . ( millions ) Difference USCB est . ( millions ) Difference 2005 6,514 -- 6,473 -- 6,916 402 6,866 393 2015 7,324 408 7,256 390 2020 7,717 393 7,643 380 2025 8,083 366 8,007 363 2030 8,425 342 8,341 334 2035 8,743 318 8,646 306 2040 9,039 296 8,926 280 2045 9,308 269 9,180 254 2050 9,551 243 9,408 228 UN 2012 estimates and medium variant projections ( in millions ) Year World Asia Africa Europe Latin America / Caribbean Northern America Oceania 6,916 4,165 ( 60.2 % ) 1,031 ( 14.9 % ) 740 ( 10.7 % ) 596 ( 8.6 % ) 347 ( 5.0 % ) 37 ( 0.5 % ) 2015 7,324 4,385 ( 59.9 % ) 1,166 ( 15.9 % ) 743 ( 10.1 % ) 630 ( 8.6 % ) 361 ( 4.9 % ) 39 ( 0.5 % ) 2020 7,717 4,582 ( 59.4 % ) 1,312 ( 17.0 % ) 744 ( 9.6 % ) 662 ( 8.6 % ) 376 ( 4.9 % ) 42 ( 0.5 % ) 2025 8,083 4,749 ( 58.8 % ) 1,468 ( 18.2 % ) 741 ( 9.2 % ) 691 ( 8.5 % ) 390 ( 4.8 % ) 45 ( 0.6 % ) 2030 8,425 4,887 ( 58.0 % ) 1,634 ( 19.4 % ) 736 ( 8.7 % ) 717 ( 8.5 % ) 403 ( 4.8 % ) 47 ( 0.6 % ) 2035 8,743 4,997 ( 57.2 % ) 1,812 ( 20.7 % ) 730 ( 8.3 % ) 739 ( 8.5 % ) 415 ( 4.8 % ) 50 ( 0.6 % ) 2040 9,039 5,080 ( 56.2 % ) 1,999 ( 22.1 % ) 724 ( 8.0 % ) 757 ( 8.4 % ) 426 ( 4.8 % ) 52 ( 0.6 % ) 2045 9,308 5,136 ( 55.2 % ) 2,194 ( 23.6 % ) 717 ( 7.7 % ) 771 ( 8.3 % ) 436 ( 4.7 % ) 55 ( 0.6 % ) 2050 9,551 5,164 ( 54.1 % ) 2,393 ( 25.1 % ) 709 ( 7.4 % ) 782 ( 8.2 % ) 446 ( 4.7 % ) 57 ( 0.6 % ) 2055 9,766 5,168 ( 52.9 % ) 2,595 ( 26.6 % ) 700 ( 7.2 % ) 788 ( 8.1 % ) 456 ( 4.7 % ) 59 ( 0.6 % ) 2060 9,957 5,152 ( 51.7 % ) 2,797 ( 28.1 % ) 691 ( 6.9 % ) 791 ( 7.9 % ) 465 ( 4.7 % ) 61 ( 0.6 % ) 2065 10,127 5,120 ( 50.6 % ) 2,998 ( 29.6 % ) 681 ( 6.7 % ) 791 ( 7.8 % ) 474 ( 4.7 % ) 63 ( 0.6 % ) 2070 10,277 5,075 ( 49.4 % ) 3,195 ( 31.1 % ) 673 ( 6.5 % ) 788 ( 7.6 % ) 482 ( 4.7 % ) 64 ( 0.6 % ) 2075 10,409 5,019 ( 48.2 % ) 3,387 ( 32.5 % ) 665 ( 6.4 % ) 783 ( 7.5 % ) 490 ( 4.7 % ) 66 ( 0.6 % ) 2080 10,524 4,957 ( 47.1 % ) 3,570 ( 33.9 % ) 659 ( 6.3 % ) 776 ( 7.4 % ) 496 ( 4.7 % ) 67 ( 0.6 % ) 2085 10,626 4,894 ( 46.1 % ) 3,742 ( 35.2 % ) 653 ( 6.1 % ) 767 ( 7.2 % ) 502 ( 4.7 % ) 68 ( 0.6 % ) 2090 10,717 4,833 ( 45.1 % ) 3,903 ( 36.4 % ) 649 ( 6.1 % ) 757 ( 7.1 % ) 506 ( 4.7 % ) 69 ( 0.6 % ) 2095 10,794 4,773 ( 44.2 % ) 4,051 ( 37.6 % ) 644 ( 6.0 % ) 747 ( 6.9 % ) 510 ( 4.7 % ) 69 ( 0.6 % ) 2100 10,854 4,712 ( 43.4 % ) 4,185 ( 38.6 % ) 639 ( 5.9 % ) 736 ( 6.8 % ) 513 ( 4.7 % ) 70 ( 0.6 % ) Mathematical approximations ( edit ) In 1975 , Sebastian von Hoerner proposed a formula for population growth which represented hyperbolic growth with an infinite population in 2025 . The hyperbolic growth of the world population observed until the 1970s was later correlated to a non-linear second order positive feedback between demographic growth and technological development . This feedback can be described as follows : technological advance → increase in the carrying capacity of land for people → demographic growth → more people → more potential inventors → acceleration of technological advance → accelerating growth of the carrying capacity → faster population growth → accelerating growth of the number of potential inventors → faster technological advance → hence , the faster growth of the Earth 's carrying capacity for people , and so on . The transition from hyperbolic growth to slower rates of growth is related to the demographic transition . According to the Russian demographer Sergey Kapitsa , the world population grew between 67,000 BCE and 1965 according to the following formula : N = C τ arccot ⁡ T 0 − T τ ( \ displaystyle N = ( \ frac ( C ) ( \ tau ) ) \ operatorname ( arccot ) ( \ frac ( T_ ( 0 ) - T ) ( \ tau ) ) ) where N is current population T is the current year C = ( 1.86 ± 0.01 ) 10 T = 2007 ± 1 τ ( \ displaystyle \ tau ) = 42 ± 1 Years for world population to double ( edit ) According to linear interpolation and extrapolation of UNDESA population estimates , the world population has doubled , or will double , in the years listed in the tables below ( with two different starting points ) . During the 2nd millennium CE , each doubling took roughly half as long as the previous doubling , fitting the hyperbolic growth model mentioned above . However , after 2024 , it is unlikely that there will be another doubling of the global population in the 21st century . Historic chart showing the periods of time the world population has taken to double , from 1700 to 2000 Starting at 500 million Population ( in billions ) 0.5 8 Year 1500 1804 1927 2024 Years elapsed 304 123 47 50 Starting at 375 million Population ( in billions ) 0.375 0.75 1.5 6 Year 1171 1715 1881 1960 1999 Years elapsed 544 166 79 39 Overpopulation ( edit ) Main articles : Human overpopulation and Malthusian catastrophe Predictions of scarcity ( edit ) Greater Los Angeles lies on a coastal mediterranean savannah with a small watershed that is able to support at most one million people on its own water ; as of 2015 , the area has a population of over 18 million . Researchers predict that similar cases of resource scarcity will grow more common as the world population increases . In his 1798 work An Essay on the Principle of Population , the British scholar Thomas Malthus incorrectly predicted that continued population growth would exhaust the global food supply by the mid-19th century . Malthus wrote the essay to refute what he considered the unattainable utopian ideas of William Godwin and Marquis de Condorcet , as presented in Political Justice and The Future Progress of the Human Mind . In 1968 , Paul R. Ehrlich reprised Malthus ' argument in The Population Bomb , predicting that mass global famine would occur in the 1970s and 1980s . The predictions of Ehrlich and other neo-Malthusians were vigorously challenged by a number of economists , notably Julian Lincoln Simon , and advances in agriculture , collectively known as the Green Revolution , forestalled any potential global famine in the late 20th century . Between 1950 and 1984 , as the Green Revolution transformed agriculture around the world , grain production increased by over 250 % . The world population has grown by over four billion since the beginning of the Green Revolution , but food production has so far kept pace with population growth . Most scholars believe that , without the Revolution , there would be greater levels of famine and malnutrition than the UN presently documents . However , neo-Malthusians point out that fossil fuels provided the energy for the Green Revolution , in the form of natural gas - derived fertilizers , oil - derived pesticides , and hydrocarbon - fueled irrigation , and that many crops have become so genetically uniform that a crop failure in any one country could potentially have global repercussions . In 2004 , a meta - analysis of 70 quantitative studies estimating a sustainable limit to the world population generated a meta - estimate of 7.7 billion people . Graph of the global human population from 10,000 BCE to 2000 CE , from the US Census Bureau . The graph shows the extremely rapid growth in the world population that has taken place since the 18th century . The human population has been growing rapidly since the mid-1800s . In May 2008 , the price of grain was pushed up severely by the increased cultivation of biofuels , the increase of world oil prices to over $140 per barrel ( $880 / m ) , global population growth , the effects of climate change , the loss of agricultural land to residential and industrial development , and growing consumer demand in the population centres of China and India . Food riots subsequently occurred in some countries . However , oil prices then fell sharply . Resource demands are expected to ease as population growth declines , but it is unclear whether mass food wastage and rising living standards in developing countries will once again create resource shortages . David Pimentel , professor of ecology and agriculture at Cornell University , estimates that the sustainable agricultural carrying capacity for the United States is about 200 million people ; its population as of 2015 is over 300 million . In 2009 , the UK government 's chief scientific advisor , Professor John Beddington , warned that growing populations , falling energy reserves and food shortages would create a `` perfect storm '' of shortages of food , water , and energy by 2030 . According to a 2009 report by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation ( FAO ) , the world will have to produce 70 % more food by 2050 to feed a projected extra 2.3 billion people . The observed figures for 2007 showed an actual increase in absolute numbers of undernourished people in the world , with 923 million undernourished in 2007 , versus 832 million in 1995 . The 2009 FAO estimates showed an even more dramatic increase , to 1.02 billion . Environmental impacts ( edit ) Illegal slash - and - burn agriculture in Madagascar , 2010 A number of scientists have argued that the current global population expansion and accompanying increase in resource consumption threatens the world 's ecosystem . The InterAcademy Panel Statement on Population Growth , which was ratified by 58 member national academies in 1994 , states that `` unprecedented '' population growth aggravates many environmental problems , including rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide , global warming , and pollution . Indeed , some analysts claim that overpopulation 's most serious impact is its effect on the environment . The situation has continued to worsen , as at the time of the 1994 IAP statement , the world population stood at 5.5 billion and lower - bound scenarios predicted a peak of 7.8 billion by 2050 , a number that current estimates state will be reached in the late 2020s . Scientists contend that human overpopulation , continued human population growth and overconsumption , particularly by the wealthy , are the primary drivers of mass species extinction . By 2050 population growth , along with profligate consumption , could result in oceans containing more plastic than fish by weight . Population control ( edit ) Main article : Human population control India is predicted to overtake China as the world 's most populous country by 2022 . Human population control is the practice of intervening to alter the rate of population growth . Historically , human population control has been implemented by limiting a region 's birth rate , by voluntary contraception or by government mandate . It has been undertaken as a response to factors including high or increasing levels of poverty , environmental concerns , and religious reasons . The use of abortion in some population control strategies has caused controversy , with religious organizations such as the Roman Catholic Church explicitly opposing any intervention in the human reproductive process . The University of Nebraska publication Green Illusions argues that population control to alleviate environmental pressures need not be coercive . It states that `` Women who are educated , economically engaged , and in control of their own bodies can enjoy the freedom of bearing children at their own pace , which happens to be a rate that is appropriate for the aggregate ecological endowment of our planet . '' The book Fatal Misconception by Matthew Connelly similarly points to the importance of supporting the rights of women in bringing population levels down over time . Overpopulation skepticism ( edit ) The Population Research Institute ( PRI ) , an anti-abortion , anti-contraception advocacy group , has criticised predictions of overpopulation and attendant resource scarcity , with some describing overpopulation as a `` myth '' . The PRI argues that advances in agricultural , medical , and industrial technology have allowed global economic productivity to keep pace with rising populations despite Malthusian predictions to the contrary . PRI further says that family sizes are naturally declining worldwide due to higher living standards , increased availability of contraception and better economic opportunities for women . However , other commentators have described PRI 's arguments on overpopulation as deceptive . Number of humans who have ever lived ( edit ) Further information : Paleodemography Estimates of the total number of humans who have ever lived range in the order of 100 billion . It is difficult for estimates to be better than rough approximations , as even modern population estimates are fraught with uncertainties on the order of 3 % to 5 % . Kapitza ( 1996 ) cites estimates ranging between 80 and 150 billion . Haub ( 1995 ) prepared another figure , updated in 2002 and 2011 ; the 2011 figure was approximately 107 billion . Haub characterized this figure as an estimate that required `` selecting population sizes for different points from antiquity to the present and applying assumed birth rates to each period '' . One problem is in regard to the semantic difficulty of deciding the precise meaning of `` human '' . A population of , say , 4 million , with an average lifespan of , say , 10 years ( see below ) , implies a birthrate of 0.4 million per year , which over a period of 100 000 years represents 40 000 million people . Also , robust population data only exists for the last two or three centuries . Until the late 18th century , few governments had ever performed an accurate census . In many early attempts , such as in Ancient Egypt and the Persian Empire , the focus was on counting merely a subset of the population for purposes of taxation or military service . Thus , there is a significant margin of error when estimating ancient global populations . Another critical factor for such an estimate is the question of pre-modern infant mortality rates ; these figures are very difficult to estimate for ancient times due to a lack of accurate records . Haub ( 1995 ) estimates that around 40 % of those who have ever lived did not survive beyond their first birthday . Haub also stated that `` life expectancy at birth probably averaged only about ten years for most of human history '' . See also ( edit ) Anthropocene Birth control Coastal population growth Demographic transition Depopulation Doomsday argument Family planning Food security Megacity Natalism One - child policy Population boom Population Matters , population control think tank and campaign group Population Reference Bureau , population demographics and annual World Population Data Sheet Two - child policy World 's largest cities Lists : List of countries and dependencies by population List of urban areas by population List of population concern organizations List of countries by fertility rate List of countries by future population ( United Nations , medium fertility variant ) List of countries by past and future population List of countries by population in 1900 List of countries by population density List of countries by population growth rate Lists of organisms by population -- for non-human global populations List of religious populations Historical : Historical censuses Historical demography Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Excluding its Special Administrative Regions ( SARs ) of Hong Kong and Macau . Jump up ^ Including Central America and the Caribbean . Jump up ^ The Antarctic Treaty System limits the nature of national claims in Antarctica . Of the territorial claims in Antarctica , the Ross Dependency has the largest population . Jump up ^ Figure refers to Mainland China only . It excludes Taiwan and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations '' . esa.un.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Jean - Noël Biraben ( 1980 ) , `` An Essay Concerning Mankind 's Evolution '' . Population , Selected Papers . Vol. 4 . pp. 1 -- 13 . Original paper in French : ( b ) Jean - Noël Biraben ( 1979 ). `` Essai sur l'évolution du nombre des hommes '' . Population . Vol. 34 ( no . 1 ) . pp. 13 -- 25 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects , 2012 revision ( 697 million births from 1985 -- 1990 ) '' . United Nations . 2012 . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2014 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Annual number of births -- World '' . United Nations Population Division . 2011 . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Population estimates by the US Census Bureau '' . USCB . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population seven billion : UN sets out challenges '' . BBC News . October 26 , 2011 . Retrieved October 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Coleman , Jasmine ( October 31 , 2011 ) . `` World 's ' seven billionth baby ' is born '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved October 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 7 billion people is a ' serious challenge '' . UPI . October 31 , 2011 . Retrieved November 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The World Population at 7 Billion '' . Random Samplings , official blog of the U.S. Census Bureau . October 31 , 2011 . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CIA , The World Factbook : Field Listing : Median Age '' . www.cia.gov . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects , the 2012 Revision -- `` Low variant '' and `` High variant '' values `` . UN. 2012 . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World population projected to reach 9.6 billion by 2050 -- UN report '' . UN News Centre . June 14 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Key Findings '' . Long - Range Population Projections ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the United Nations Technical Working Group on Long - Range Population Projections . New York : United Nations : Department of Economic and Social Affairs . 2003 . Retrieved July 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A model predicts that the world 's populations will stop growing in 2050 '' . ScienceDaily.com. April 4 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carrington , Damien ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` World population to hit 11bn in 2100 -- with 70 % chance of continuous rise '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gerland , P. ; Raftery , A.E. ; Ev Ikova , H. ; Li , N. ; Gu , D. ; Spoorenberg , T. ; Alkema , L. ; Fosdick , B.K. ; Chunn , J. ; Lalic , N. ; Bay , G. ; Buettner , T. ; Heilig , G.K. ; Wilmoth , J. ( September 14 , 2014 ) . `` World population stabilization unlikely this century '' . Science . AAAS. 346 ( 6206 ) : 234 -- 7 . ISSN 1095 - 9203 . PMC 4230924 . PMID 25301627 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1257469 . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter P. Rogers ; Kazi F. Jalal & John A. Boyd ( 2008 ) . An Introduction To Sustainable Development . Earthscan via Google Books . p. 53 . ^ Jump up to : `` Overpopulation 's Real Victim Will Be the Environment '' . TIME . October 26 , 2011 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zehner , Ozzie ( 2012 ) . Green Illusions . Lincoln and London : University of Nebraska Press . pp. 187 -- 331 . Jump up ^ `` Fact or Fiction '' . Scientificamerican.com . ^ Jump up to : Curtin , Ciara ( March 1 , 2007 ) . `` Fact or Fiction ? : Living People Outnumber the Dead '' . Scientific American . Scientific American , Inc. ( published September 2007 ) . 297 ( 3 ) : 126 . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican0907 - 126 . Retrieved August 4 , 2008 . Note : text of paper publication slightly different from text of on - line publication ^ Jump up to : Haub , Carl ( November -- December 2002 ) . `` How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth ? '' ( PDF ) . Population Today . Population Reference Bureau . 30 ( 8 ) : 3 -- 4 . Retrieved August 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects : The 2015 Revision '' . UN Population Division . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2015 ... Linked to at Download Files , where it states that the figures are for July 1 of the given year . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2010 Revision Population Database '' . United Nations . April 15 , 2011 . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Antarctica '' . CIA World Factbook . June 19 , 2014 . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ the compound `` world population '' becomes common from c. the 1930s , adapted from early 20th - century `` world 's population '' ; pre-20th century authors use `` population of the world '' . Jump up ^ `` The population of the world , which Sir W.P. in 1682 , stated at only 320 millions , has been estimated by some writers at about 730 millions , by others , at upwards of 900 millions ; Mr. Wallace , of Edinburgh , conjectured it might amount to 1000 millions , and this number has since generally been adopted who have noticed the subject ; '' The Monthly Magazine 4 ( July -- December 1797 ) , p. 167 . Jump up ^ 600 million : Simon Gray , The Happiness of States ( 1818 ) , p. 356 . 800 million : Gordon Hall , Samuel Newell , The Conversion of the World ( 1818 ) , p. 10 . 800 to 1000 million : John Redman Coxe , Considerations Respecting the Recognition of Friends in Another World ( 1845 ) , p. 21 ( footnote with references ) . Jump up ^ Luc - Normand Tellier ( 2009 ) . Urban world history : an economic and geographical perspective . PUQ via Google Books . p. 26 . ISBN 2 - 7605 - 1588 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ralph Thomlinson , 1975 , Demographic Problems : Controversy over population control , 2nd Ed. , Dickenson Publishing Company , Ecino , CA , ISBN 0 - 8221 - 0166 - 1 . Jump up ^ Dr. Kenneth W. Harl ( 1998 ) . `` Population estimates of the Roman Empire '' . Tulane.edu . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Plague , Plague Information , Black Death Facts , News , Photos '' . National Geographic . Retrieved November 3 , 2008 . 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Health , Wealth and Population in the Early Days of the Industrial Revolution . London : George Routledge & Sons . p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 38218 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Foundling Hospital '' . BBC History . October 5 , 2012 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Modernization -- Population Change '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graziella Caselli ; Gillaume Wunsch & Jacques Vallin ( 2005 ) . Demography : Analysis and Synthesis , Four Volume Set : A Treatise in Population . Academic Press via Google Books . p. 42 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 765660 - X . Jump up ^ `` Victorian Medicine -- From Fluke to Theory '' . BBC History . February 1 , 2002 . Retrieved February 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A portrait of Britain in 2031 '' . The Independent . October 24 , 2007 . Retrieved February 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UK population breaks through 60m '' . BBC News . August 24 , 2006 . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` US population through history '' . About.com . 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Academic Press . p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 765660 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` UN report -- 2004 data '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects The 2015 Revision '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` The World at Six Billion '' . UN Population Division . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . , Table 2 Jump up ^ Fewer than 15,000 individuals , according to the Toba catastrophe theory , though this theory has been criticized by some scientists . See : `` Toba super-volcano catastrophe idea `` dismissed '' `` . BBC News . April 30 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ An approximation based on figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau 's Historical Estimates of World Population ; see also * Kremer , Michael ( 1993 ) . `` Population Growth and Technological Change : One Million B.C. to 1990 '' . The Quarterly Journal of Economics . 108 ( 3 ) : 681 -- 716 . doi : 10.2307 / 2118405 . Jump up ^ An approximation based on figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau 's Total Midyear Population for the World : 1950 - 2050 Jump up ^ `` Notes on the World POPClock and World Vital Events '' . US Census Bureau . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects : The 2012 Revision '' ( XLS ) . Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat . June 2013 . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Population -- Total Midyear Population for the World : 1950 -- 2050 '' . Census.gov . July 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sebastien von Hoerner ( 1975 ) . `` Population Explosion and Interstellar Expansion '' . Journal of the British Interplanetary Society ( 28 ) : 691 -- 712 . Jump up ^ Introduction to Social Macrodynamics . Andrey Korotayev et al . 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( 30 May 2014 ) . `` The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction , distribution , and protection '' ( PDF ) . Science . 344 ( 6187 ) : 1246752 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1246752 . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . The overarching driver of species extinction is human population growth and increasing per capita consumption . Jump up ^ Ceballos , Gerardo ; Ehrlich , Paul R. ; Barnosky , Anthony D. ; García , Andrés ; Pringle , Robert M. ; Palmer , Todd M. ( 2015 ) . `` Accelerated modern human -- induced species losses : Entering the sixth mass extinction '' . Science Advances. 1 ( 5 ) : e1400253 . doi : 10.1126 / sciadv. 1400253 . ^ Jump up to : Sutter , John D. ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` How to stop the sixth mass extinction '' . CNN . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ceballos , Gerardo ; Ehrlich , Paul R ; Dirzo , Rodolfo ( 23 May 2017 ) . `` Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines '' . PNAS . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1704949114 . Much less frequently mentioned are , however , the ultimate drivers of those immediate causes of biotic destruction , namely , human overpopulation and continued population growth , and overconsumption , especially by the rich . These drivers , all of which trace to the fiction that perpetual growth can occur on a finite planet , are themselves increasing rapidly . Jump up ^ Some population control programs , such as China 's one - child policy , entail the use of forced late - term abortions , sparking domestic anger and international condemnation : `` China one - child policy leads to forced abortions , mothers ' deaths '' . Los Angeles Times . June 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fighting poverty to build peace '' . Vatican . January 1 , 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zehmer , Ozzie ( 2012 ) . Green lllusions . Lincoln and London : University of Nebraska . p. 188 . 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This is partially due to the ethical difficulty in rounding off numbers that supposedly represent real people , officially counted during a census . '' Sergei P Kapitza , ' The phenomenological theory of world population growth ' , Physics - Uspekhi 39 ( 1 ) 57 - 71 ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Sergei P Kapitza , ' The phenomenological theory of world population growth ' , Physics - Uspekhi 39 ( 1 ) 57 - 71 ( 1996 ) , citing K.M. Weiss , Human Biology 56637 ( 1984 ) and N. Keyfitz , Applied Mathematical Demography ( New York : Wiley , 1977 ) . Jump up ^ Haub , Carl ( October 2011 ) . `` How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth ? '' . Population Reference Bureau . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kuhrt , A. ( 1995 ) . The Ancient Near East , c. 3000 -- 330 BCE . Vol. 2 . London : Routledge . p. 695 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to World population statistics . Further reading Cohen , Joel E. ( 1995 ) . How Many People Can The Earth Support ? . 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About Wikipedia	when did the world population reached 7 billion	[ "World population has experienced continuous growth since the end of the Great Famine of 1315–17 and the Black Death in 1350, when it was near 370 million.[2] The highest population growth rates – global population increases above 1.8% per year – occurred between 1955-1975 peaking to 2.06% between 1965-1970.[1] The growth rate has declined to 1.18% between 2010-2015 and is projected to decline to 0.13% by the year 2100.[1] Total annual births were highest in the late 1980s at about 139 million,[3] and are now expected to remain essentially constant at their 2011 level of 135 million,[4] while deaths number 56 million per year and are expected to increase to 80 million per year by 2040.[5] World population reached 7 billion on October 31, 2011 according to the United Nations Population Fund,[6][7][8] and on March 12, 2012 according to the United States Census Bureau.[9]" ]	[ "on October 31, 2011 according to the United Nations Population Fund,[6][7][8] and on March 12, 2012 according to the United States Census Bureau" ]
6615240510299130967	Galadriel	Galadriel - wikipedia Galadriel Jump to : navigation , search Galadriel Tolkien 's legendarium character Aliases Alatáriel Altáriel Artanis Nerwen Race Elves Book ( s ) The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales Galadriel ( IPA : ( ɡaˈladri. ɛl ) ) is a fictional character created by J.R.R. Tolkien , appearing in his Middle - earth legendarium . She appears in The Lord of the Rings , The Silmarillion , and Unfinished Tales . She was a royal Elf of both the Noldor and the Teleri , being a grandchild of both King Finwë and King Olwë , and was also close kin of King Ingwë of the Vanyar through her grandmother Indis . She was one of the leaders in the rebellion of the Noldor and their flight from Valinor during the First Age , and she was the only prominent Noldo to survive and eventually return , at the end of the Third Age . Towards the end of her stay in Middle - earth she was co-ruler of Lothlórien with her husband , Lord Celeborn , and was referred to variously as the Lady of Lórien , the Lady of the Galadhrim , the Lady of Light , or the Lady of the Golden Wood . Her daughter Celebrían was the wife of Elrond and mother of Arwen , Elladan and Elrohir . Tolkien describes Galadriel as `` the mightiest and fairest of all the Elves that remained in Middle - earth '' ( after the death of Gil - galad ) and the `` greatest of elven women '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Literature 1.1 Internal biography 1.1. 1 Second Age 1.1. 2 Third Age 1.1. 3 Names and titles 1.1. 4 Characteristics 2 House of Finarfin 3 Adaptations 4 Legacy in music 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Literature ( edit ) Internal biography ( edit ) Stories of Galadriel 's life prior to The Lord of the Rings appear in both The Silmarillion and Unfinished Tales . Galadriel was the only daughter and youngest child of Finarfin , prince of the Noldor , and of Eärwen , who was cousin to Lúthien . Her elder brothers were Finrod Felagund , Angrod , and Aegnor . She was born in Valinor during the Years of the Trees . Galadriel is described as having been `` blessed with the ability to peer into the minds of others and she judged them so fairly . But in Fëanor , she only sees darkness '' . As one of the members of the royal house of Finwë and having the blood of the Vanyar from her paternal grandmother , Indis , she was often called the fairest of all Elves , either in Aman or Middle - earth . According to the older account of her story , sketched by Tolkien in The Road Goes Ever On and used in The Silmarillion , Galadriel was an eager participant and leader in the rebellion of the Noldor and their flight from Valinor ; in fact , she was the `` only female to stand tall in those days '' . She had , however , long since parted ways with Fëanor and his sons , and did not participate in the Kinslaying at Alqualondë . In Beleriand she lived with her brother Finrod Felagund at Nargothrond and at the court of Thingol and Melian in Doriath . In this account she met Celeborn , a kinsman of Thingol , in Doriath . After the War of Wrath , the Valar prohibited the leaders of the Exiles from returning to the Undying Lands , so as one of those leaders Galadriel remained an Exile in Middle - earth . At the end of the Third Age , when she refused the One Ring , she was finally allowed to return to Valinor . Unfinished Tales gathers many other accounts of Galadriel and Celeborn . One of these highlights a second version of how Galadriel came to Middle - earth . She lived with her mother 's kindred in the Telerin port of Alqualondë and there met Celeborn , who would become her husband and co-ruler . Celeborn , by this account , was Olwë 's grandson . Galadriel and Celeborn sailed from the West and came to Beleriand separately from the two main hosts of the Noldor ( one that Fëanor led in the ships of the Teleri , the other led by Fingolfin and Finrod that crossed the Helcaraxë ) . Galadriel was thus not directly involved in the revolt of the Noldorin princes in this version , and indeed fought against them at Alqualondë during the kinslaying ; but she fell under the Ban of the Valar because she left the Undying Lands without permission . In Beleriand she and Celeborn were welcomed by Thingol and lived in Doriath . When the Noldor arrived in Beleriand , Galadriel re-established contact with her brothers . In this version of the story , she is offered a pardon by the Valar , but refused it out of pride and therefore remained under the Ban . In even later accounts from Unfinished Tales , written not long before Tolkien died , Galadriel was not even subject to the Ban , and remained in Middle - earth of her own volition . In both versions Celeborn and Galadriel play no important role in the Battles of Beleriand , as they judge the War of the Jewels to be hopeless against Morgoth 's strength . Little is told of their subsequent activities in the First Age , and they leave Beleriand before the War of Wrath . Second Age ( edit ) They travelled first to Lindon , where they ruled over a group of Elves , probably as a fiefdom under Gil - galad who was the last High King of the Noldor . According to Concerning Galadriel and Celeborn , they then removed to the shores of Lake Nenuial ( Evendim ) , and were accounted the Lord and Lady of all the Elves of Eriador . Later , around SA 700 , they moved eastward and established ( or were welcomed into ) the realm of Eregion or Hollin . At this time they made contact with a Nandorin settlement in the valley of the Anduin , which later became Lothlórien . At some point Celeborn and Galadriel left Eregion ( where Celebrimbor either had been or now became the ruler ) and settled in Lothlórien . According to some accounts , they became rulers of Lothlórien for a time during the Second Age ; but in all accounts they would return to Lórien to take up its rule after Amroth was lost in the middle of the Third Age . Early in the Second Age , the Númenórean King Tar - Aldarion presented some Mallorn seeds to Gil - galad , High - King of the Noldor in Middle - earth , ruler of the Kingdom of Lindon , the westernmost realm in Middle - earth ; but these did not take root in his kingdom , so Gil - galad gave them instead to Galadriel . `` Under her power '' the mellyrn had sprouted in the land of Lothlórien , but `` they did not reach the height or girth of the groves of Númenor . '' Celeborn and Galadriel had a daughter , Celebrían , who later married Elrond Half - elven of Rivendell , thus making Galadriel and her husband Celeborn the grandparents of the twins Elladan and Elrohir and their younger sister Arwen Undómiel , future Queen of the Reunited Kingdom of Gondor and Arnor . During the Second Age , when the Rings of Power were forged , Galadriel distrusted Annatar , the loremaster who taught the craft of the Rings to Celebrimbor and the other Noldor of Eregion . According to some accounts , Celebrimbor rebelled against her view and seized power in Eregion , so Galadriel departed to Lórien via the gates of Moria , though Celeborn stayed behind as he refused to enter the dwarves ' stronghold . Her distrust was justified , for Annatar was revealed as Sauron pretending to be an emissary from the Vala Aulë . When Sauron attacked Eregion , Celebrimbor entrusted Galadriel with one of the Three Rings of the Elves , Nenya , the Ring of Water or the Ring of Adamant . Celeborn joined up with Elrond , whose force was unable to relieve Eregion but managed to escape back to Imladris . Celeborn was reunited with Galadriel after the war ended ; according to one text , after some years in Imladris ( during which Elrond first saw and fell in love with Celebrían ) Galadriel 's sea - longing became so strong that the couple removed to Belfalas and lived at the place later called Dol Amroth . With the fall of Gil - galad in the War of the Last Alliance , Galadriel , Elrond , and Círdan became the most prominent of the rulers among the elves in Middle - earth , and Galadriel the foremost of the remaining Exiles . Third Age ( edit ) Conscious of Sauron 's power and wishing to thwart it , she did not use her Ring so long as the One Ring was in Sauron 's hands . However , during the Third Age , when the One Ring was lost , she put hers to use in making Lothlórien a fair refuge for the Nandor . In the years after the departure and loss of Amroth and Nimrodel , Galadriel maintained constant vigilance against Sauron and often strove with him in thought . Sauron was said to have great desire to see into her mind , but could not so long as he did not have the One Ring . During the latter part of the Third Age , when Lothlórien was closed to outsiders , the Lord and Lady of the Galadhrim maintained communication with Imladris , but less so with the Silvan Elves of Mirkwood . She was the original convenor of the White Council . `` And now at last it comes . You will give me the Ring freely ! In place of the Dark Lord you will set up a Queen . And I shall not be dark , but beautiful and terrible as the Morning and the Night ! Fair as the Sea and the Sun and the Snow upon the Mountain ! Dreadful as the Storm and the Lightning ! Stronger than the foundations of the earth . All shall love me and despair ! '' ( Galadriel ) lifted up her hand and from the ring that she wore there issued a great light that illuminated her alone and left all else dark ... Then she let her hand fall , and the light faded , and suddenly she laughed again , and lo ! she was shrunken : a slender elf - woman , clad in simple white , whose gentle voice was soft and sad . `` I pass the test , '' she said . `` I will diminish , and go into the West and remain Galadriel . '' J.R.R. Tolkien , The Fellowship of the Ring In The Fellowship of the Ring , Galadriel welcomed the Fellowship to Lothlórien after their escape from Moria . When she met the Fellowship in her tree - dwelling in Caras Galadhon , she gave each member a searching look , testing their resolve -- though Boromir interpreted this test as a temptation . She was in turn tested when Frodo Baggins offered to place the Ring in her keeping . Knowing that its corrupting influence would make her `` great and terrible '' , and recalling the ambitions that had once brought her to Middle - earth , she refused the Ring . She accepted that her own ring 's power would fail and that her people would diminish and fade with the One Ring 's destruction , and that her only escape from the fading of the Elves and the dominion of Men was to return at last to Valinor . There is the suggestion in the novel , backed up by other writings , that in acknowledgement of this renunciation of power her personal ban from Valinor was lifted and she was finally given leave to return over the sea . When the Fellowship left Lothlórien , she gave each member a gift and an Elven cloak , and outfitted the party with boats and supplies , both as practical support and as a symbol of faith , hope and goodwill . On the day that the Fellowship left Lórien , Gandalf arrived , carried by the eagle Gwaihir . Galadriel healed his wounds and reclothed him in white , signaling his new status as head of the Istari . During the last battles of the War of the Ring , Lórien was reportedly besieged three times by the armies of Dol Guldur . It was stated that Lórien resisted the attacks due to the bravery of its inhabitants ; but also that `` the power that dwelt there was too great for any to overcome , unless Sauron had come there himself . '' After Sauron perished , Celeborn led the host of Lórien across the Anduin and captured Dol Guldur . Galadriel came forth and `` threw down its walls and laid bare its pits '' , recalling the deeds of Lúthien Tinúviel , who did the same at Tol Sirion in the First Age . Galadriel passed over the Great Sea with Elrond , Gandalf , and the Ring - bearers Bilbo and Frodo Baggins , marking the end of the Third Age . Celeborn remained behind , and Tolkien writes that `` there is no record of the day when at last he sought the Grey Havens '' . She is the only one of the leaders of the Noldorin exiles to return . She was well over 7,000 years old at that time . Names and titles ( edit ) Galadriel was originally named Artanis ( Q. ' ar ' = noble , ' nis ' = woman , a name common to royal women of the Elves , most prominently as in the form Arwen , Galadriel 's granddaughter ) , and Nerwen ( Q. ' ner ' = man , ' wen ' = maiden , hence manly maiden ) , referring to her height and strength ; Galadriel is the Sindarinized version of Telerin Quenya Alatáriel ( Q. ' alatá ' = radiance , ' riel ' = maiden crowned with a garland ) , a name given her by Celeborn , referring to her silver - golden hair . The name Galadhriel ( S. ' galadh ' = tree , ' riel ' = crowned maiden ) was used outside Lórien by the people who did not know the ancient days and Galadriel 's history , confusing galad with the Sindarin word galadh and the name of the Galadhrim , the people of Lórien . As the ruler of Lothlórien , she was referred to by a variety of titles , including `` Lady of Lórien '' , `` Lady of the Wood '' , and ( by Gimli ) `` Queen Galadriel '' -- although , according to Tolkien 's account in Unfinished Tales , neither she nor Celeborn took royal titles themselves , as they considered they were but guardians of Lórien . She was also referred to as `` Lady of Light '' ( the translation of Galadriel ) or as the `` White Lady '' , as her fair skin and white cloaks made her seem to shine . Characteristics ( edit ) It was said ( by the Dúnedain ) that her height was two rangar ( Quenya : ' strides ' ) , or `` man - high '' -- about 6 ft. 4 in. , or 193 cm . However , Galadriel 's most striking feature is her beautiful long silver - golden hair . The Elves of Tirion said it captured the radiance of the Two Trees Laurelin and Telperion themselves . Even among the Eldar she was accounted beautiful , and her hair is held a marvel unmatched . It is golden like the hair of her father and of her foremother Indis , but richer and more radiant , for its gold is touched by some memory of the starlike silver of her mother ; and the Eldar say that the light of the Two Trees , Laurelin and Telperion , has been snared in her tresses . It was greatly admired by Fëanor and may have inspired him to create the Silmarilli . Many thought that this saying first gave to Fëanor the thought of imprisoning and blending the light of the Trees that later took shape in his hands as the Silmarils . For Fëanor beheld the hair of Galadriel with wonder and delight . Nevertheless , she never repaid Fëanor 's admiration with the generosity she showed to Gimli the Dwarf in The Fellowship of the Ring . Fëanor `` had begged her thrice for a tress and thrice she refused to give him even one hair . It is said that these two kinsfolk , being considered the greatest of the Eldar of Valinor , remain unfriends forever . '' Her character was similarly a blend of characteristics of the kindreds of the Eldar from whom she was descended . She had the pride and ambition of the Noldor , but in her they were tempered by the gentleness and insight of the Vanyar . She shared the latter virtues of character with her father Finarfin and her brother Finrod . She was proud , strong , and self - willed , as were all the descendants of Finwë save Finarfin ; and like her brother Finrod , of all her kin the nearest to her heart , she had dreams of far lands and dominions that might be her own to order as she would without tutelage . Yet deeper still there dwelt in her the noble and generous spirit of the Vanyar , and a reverence for the Valar that she could not forget . From her earliest years she had a marvellous gift of insight into the minds of others , but judged them with mercy and understanding , and she withheld her goodwill from none save only Fëanor . In him she perceived a darkness that she hated and feared , though she did not perceive that the shadow of the same evil had fallen upon the minds of all the Noldor , and upon her own . Her sympathy for Gimli the Dwarf in Lothlórien , when she rebuked her husband Celeborn for being tempted to regret his decision to admit the Dwarf to that land , won Gimli 's heart forever . She was said to be a match for both the loremasters and athletes of the Eldar . She was the mightiest of the women of the Eldar . House of Finarfin ( edit ) The House of Finarfin This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Finwë Indis Olwë Fingolfin Finarfin Eärwen Finrod Angrod Eldalótë Aegnor Galadriel Celeborn Orodreth Elrond Celebrían Gil - galad Finduilas Notes : Orodreth is sometimes described as a son of Finarfin . Adaptations ( edit ) Galadriel in Ralph Bakshi 's animated version of The Lord of the Rings . Galadriel was voiced by Annette Crosbie in Ralph Bakshi 's 1978 animated film of The Lord of the Rings , and by Marian Diamond in BBC Radio 's 1981 serialisation . While she did not appear in the 1980 animated The Return of the King , she was mentioned by name when Frodo refers to Galadriel 's phial . Cate Blanchett as Galadriel in Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring . In Peter Jackson 's Lord of the Rings trilogy and The Hobbit prequel trilogy , Galadriel is played by Cate Blanchett . In the movies , other than possessing the Ring Nenya , Galadriel displays an ability to communicate with others telepathically and to assume a radiant and terrifying appearance . In The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring , as she was present at time , Galadriel narrates the events of prologue that explains the creation of the Rings of Power and the War of the Last Alliance . When the Fellowship enters the woods of Lórien , contacting Frodo via telepathy , Galadriel welcomes them to Lothlórien while using her power to tell Boromir that there is still hope despite Gondor 's danger . When offered the Ring by Frodo after revealing it would eventually destroy his friends should he remain with them , Galadriel briefly assumed her horrific form before turning down the offer . Galadriel later gives Eärendil 's Light to Frodo for his use . The gifts she gives to the rest of the Fellowship differ from the book 's account , as is her absence from the coronation of King Elessar at the end of Return of the King . At the end of The Lord of the Rings trilogy , Galadriel departs with Celeborn accompanying her , Elrond , Gandalf , Frodo , and Bilbo . In The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey , taking place sixty years before the events of the Lord of the Rings trilogy , Galadriel attends the White Council meeting at Rivendell with Elrond , Gandalf , and Saruman , to discuss the rising threat of the Necromancer of Dol Guldur . While Galadriel identifies the Morgul - blade that Radagast retrieved from Dol Guldur to belong to the Witch - King of Angmar , she also communicates telepathically with Gandalf during the meeting . After the meeting ends , Galadriel agrees with Gandalf 's opinion that Smaug and the Necromancer must be dealt with , sympathetic to the wizard 's reason for the presence of Bilbo Baggins . She offers her assistance , promising that if he should ever need her help , she will come . In the second film , The Desolation of Smaug , Galadriel telepathically convinces Gandalf leave the Company to investigate the tomb of the Nazgûl . Gandalf later sends Radagast to Lothlórien to report their findings of Sauron being the Necromancer before he enters Dol Guldur on his own . In the final film , The Battle of the Five Armies , Galadriel rescues Gandalf from captivity in Dol Guldur as he is about to be executed . She is weakened by the sudden appearance of the Nazgûl , but her hidden companions , Elrond and Saruman , engage them in combat . She seemingly uses the last of her strength to secure Gandalf 's escape with Radagast . After the Nazgûl are defeated , Sauron himself appears , reviving his servants . Galadriel assumes a terrifying image ( similar to her changed appearance when offered the One Ring by Frodo Baggins in Lothlórien ) to confront him . Using Eärendil 's Light , she banishes Sauron and the Nazgûl to Mordor , though at a great expenditure of power . Afterward , she is taken back to Lothlórien by Elrond to recover . On stage , Galadriel was portrayed by Rebecca Jackson Mendoza in the three - hour - long Toronto stage musical production of The Lord of the Rings , which opened in 2006 and ran several months . The musical was revised and moved to London 's Theatre Royal , Drury Lane , opening on 21 June 2007 . Matthew Warchus directed Laura Michelle Kelly in the role . Abbie Osmon took over from Kelly on 4 February 2008 , and played the role through the show 's closing on 19 July 2008 . Galadriel appears in the video game The Lord of the Rings : The Battle for Middle - earth II and others . Legacy in music ( edit ) Tolkien wrote a poem `` Namárië '' that Galadriel sings in farewell to the departing Fellowship , and to Frodo in particular . The song is in Quenya , and `` spoke of things little - known in Middle - earth , '' but Frodo is said to have remembered the words and translated them long afterward . It is a lament in which Galadriel describes her separation from the Blessed Realm and the Valar , her longing to return there , and at the end a wish or hope that even though she herself is forbidden ( by the Ban ) to return , that Frodo might somehow come in the end to Valinor ( the song specifically refers to Valimar , the city of the Valar in Valinor ) . The poem was set to music by Donald Swann with the help of Tolkien . The sheet music and an audio recording are part of the book The Road Goes Ever On . In a recording Tolkien sings it in a Gregorian manner . On their album Once Again , the band Barclay James Harvest featured a song called `` Galadriel '' . It gained notability because guitarist John Lees played John Lennon 's Epiphone Casino guitar on this track , an event later recounted in a song on the band 's 1990 album Welcome To The Show titled `` John Lennon 's Guitar '' . Songwriter Terry Britten also wrote a song `` Galadriel '' which was recorded by Cliff Richard . Sally Oldfield 's suite `` Songs of the Quendi '' on her album Water Bearer ( 1978 ) describes the return of Galadriel to the Blessed Realm after seven millennia of exile . Sydney - based progressive rock band Galadriel achieved minor success in the early 1970s , and continue to have a cult following around the world due to a revived interest in 1960s and 1970s Australian rock . Rare copies of their first album are much sought - after , particularly in Germany where they were signed to the local Polydor label in 1971 . Singer John ' Spider ' Sholten later joined the touring company of singer - songwriter Ross Ryan as stage manager and general comic relief for Ross during his performances . In 2003 , Fran Walsh , Howard Shore , and Annie Lennox co-wrote the Oscar - winning song `` Into the West '' for the closing credits of The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King . Originally sung by Annie Lennox , the song was conceived as Galadriel 's bittersweet lament for those who have sailed across the Sundering Seas . The lyrics include phrases from the final chapter of the original novel . The song has since been covered by Yulia Townsend and Will Martin . See also ( edit ) Middle - earth portal Fictional characters portal House of Finarfin Magic ( Middle - earth ) White Council Galadriel House of Finarfin Born : 1362 YT Died : ? -- New creation Realm Established Lady of Eregion ( with Lord Celeborn ) Succeeded by Celebrimbor Preceded by Amroth Lady of Lórien ( with Lord Celeborn ) Realm Abandoned References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age '' in The Silmarillion ( 1977 , Houghton Mifflin ) , p. 298 . Jump up ^ `` Appendix B : The Tale of Years '' of The Return of the King , volume 3 of The Lord of the Rings . Jump up ^ Unfinished Tales , `` The History of Galadriel and Celeborn '' , p. 230 . Jump up ^ Unfinished Tales , `` A Description of Númenor '' , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Unfinished Talles p. 240 Jump up ^ `` Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age '' in The Silmarillion and `` The History of Galadriel and Celeborn in Unfinished Tales . Jump up ^ Appendix A of The Return of the King . Jump up ^ Tolkien , The Fellowship of the Ring , `` Prologue '' , Houghton Mifflin , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Unfinished Tales : `` The History of Galadriel and Celeborn - Appendix E : The Names of Celeborn and Galadriel , '' p. 267 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , The Two Towers , `` The Road to Isengard '' , Houghton - Mifflin , p. 152 . Jump up ^ The Complete Guide to Middle - earth from The Hobbit to The Silmarillion by Robert Foster , revised and enlarged edition 1978 ( ISBN 0 - 345 - 27975 - 1 ) , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , Unfinished Tales , `` The History of Galadriel and Celeborn '' , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle - earth , `` The Disaster of the Gladden Fields : Appendix - Númenórean Linear Measures '' ^ Jump up to : Unfinished Tales , `` The History of Galadriel and Celeborn '' . Jump up ^ The Fellowship of the Ring , Book II Chapter 7 `` The Mirror of Galadriel '' Jump up ^ `` Torn Exclusive : Cate Blanchett , Ken Stott , Sylvester McCoy , Mikael Persbrandt join cast of Peter Jackson 's `` The Hobbit '' `` . 7 December 2010 . Retrieved 7 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Hargrove , Gene ( January 1995 ) . `` Music in Middle - Earth '' . University of North Texas . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Galadriel '' . Barclay James Harvest . External links ( edit ) Galadriel on IMDb Galadriel at Tolkien gateway Galadriel at The Thain 's Book J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring film soundtrack game The Two Towers film soundtrack game The Return of the King film soundtrack game Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The History of Middle - earth The History of The Lord of the Rings Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit The Tale of Beren and Lúthien Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Ceorl Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship ! ( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson trilogy The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol . I ( 1990 ) Vol . I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II Kingdom O ' Magic The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galadriel&oldid=802218439 '' Categories : High Elves Fictional nobility The Lord of the Rings characters Characters in The Silmarillion Middle - earth rulers Noldor Teleri Fictional telepaths Fictional lords and ladies Fictional princesses Fictional characters introduced in 1954 Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2007 Articles needing additional references from April 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 19 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the girl elf in lord of the rings	[ "In Peter Jackson's Lord of the Rings trilogy and The Hobbit prequel trilogy, Galadriel is played by Cate Blanchett.[16] In the movies, other than possessing the Ring Nenya, Galadriel displays an ability to communicate with others telepathically and to assume a radiant and terrifying appearance." ]	[ "Cate Blanchett" ]
5455840860402073132	Indium	Indium - wikipedia Indium This is an old revision of this page , as edited by GreenC bot ( talk contribs ) at 16 : 04 , 20 August 2017 ( Wayback Medic 2.1 ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this revision , which may differ significantly from the current revision . Revision as of 16 : 04 , 20 August 2017 by GreenC bot ( talk contribs ) ( Wayback Medic 2.1 ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Iridium . Indium , In General properties Pronunciation / ˈɪndiəm / IN - dee - əm Appearance silvery lustrous gray Standard atomic weight ( A ) 7002114818000000000 ♠ 114.818 ( 1 ) Indium in the periodic table Ga ↑ In ↓ Tl cadmium ← indium → tin ‍ Atomic number ( Z ) 49 Group , period group 13 ( boron group ) , period 5 Block p - block Element category post-transition metal Electron configuration ( Kr ) 4d 5s 5p Electrons per shell 2 , 8 , 18 , 18 , 3 Physical properties Phase ( at STP ) solid Melting point 429.7485 K ( 156.5985 ° C , 313.8773 ° F ) Boiling point 2345 K ( 2072 ° C , 3762 ° F ) Density near r.t. 7.31 g / cm when liquid , at m.p. 7.02 g / cm Triple point 429.7445 K , ~ 1 kPa Heat of fusion 3.281 kJ / mol Heat of vaporization 231.8 kJ / mol Molar heat capacity 26.74 J / ( mol K ) Vapor pressure P ( Pa ) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T ( K ) 1196 1325 1485 1690 1962 2340 Atomic properties Oxidation states 3 , 2 , 1 , − 1 , − 2 , − 5 ( an amphoteric oxide ) Electronegativity Pauling scale : 1.78 Ionization energies 1st : 558.3 kJ / mol 2nd : 1820.7 kJ / mol 3rd : 2704 kJ / mol Atomic radius empirical : 167 pm Covalent radius 142 ± 5 pm Van der Waals radius 193 pm Miscellanea Crystal structure tetragonal Speed of sound thin rod 1215 m / s ( at 20 ° C ) Thermal expansion 32.1 μm / ( m K ) ( at 25 ° C ) Thermal conductivity 81.8 W / ( m K ) Electrical resistivity 83.7 nΩ m ( at 20 ° C ) Magnetic ordering diamagnetic Magnetic susceptibility ( χ ) − 64.0 10 cm / mol ( 298 K ) Young 's modulus 11 GPa Mohs hardness 1.2 Brinell hardness 8.8 -- 10.0 MPa CAS Number 7440 - 74 - 6 History Discovery Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter ( 1863 ) First isolation Hieronymous Theodor Richter ( 1864 ) Main isotopes of indium Isotope Abundance Half - life ( t ) Decay mode Product In 4.28 % stable In 95.72 % 4.41 × 10 y β Sn view talk edit references in Wikidata Indium is a chemical element with symbol In and atomic number 49 . It is a post-transition metal that makes up 0.21 parts per million of the Earth 's crust . Very soft and malleable , indium has a melting point higher than sodium and gallium , but lower than lithium and tin . Chemically , indium is similar to gallium and thallium , and it is largely intermediate between the two in terms of its properties . Indium was discovered in 1863 by Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter by spectroscopic methods . They named it for the indigo blue line in its spectrum . Indium was isolated the next year . Indium is a minor component in zinc sulfide ores and is produced as a byproduct of zinc refinement . It is most notably used in the semiconductor industry , in low - melting - point metal alloys such as solders , in soft - metal high - vacuum seals , and in the production of transparent conductive coatings of indium tin oxide ( ITO ) on glass . Indium has no biological role , though its compounds are somewhat toxic when injected into the bloodstream . Most occupational exposure is through ingestion , from which indium compounds are not absorbed well , and inhalation , from which they are moderately absorbed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Properties 1.1 Physical 1.2 Chemical 1.3 Isotopes 2 Compounds 2.1 Indium ( III ) 2.2 Indium ( I ) 2.3 Other oxidation states 2.4 Organoindium compounds 3 History 4 Occurrence 5 Production and availability 6 Applications 7 Biological role and precautions 8 See also 9 References 10 Sources 11 External links Properties Physical Indium wetting the glass surface of a test tube Indium is a silvery - white , highly ductile post-transition metal with a bright luster . It is so soft ( Mohs hardness 1.2 ) that like sodium , it can be cut with a knife . It also leaves a visible line on paper . It is a member of group 13 on the periodic table and its properties are mostly intermediate between its vertical neighbours gallium and thallium . Like tin , a high - pitched cry is heard when indium is bent -- a crackling sound due to crystal twinning . Like gallium , indium is able to wet glass . Like both , indium has a low melting point , 156.60 ° C ( 313.88 ° F ) ; higher than its lighter homologue , gallium , but lower than its heavier homologue , thallium , and lower than tin . The boiling point is 2072 ° C ( 3762 ° F ) , higher than that of thallium , but lower than gallium , conversely to the general trend of melting points , but similarly to the trends down the other post-transition metal groups because of the weakness of the metallic bonding with few electrons delocalized . The density of indium , 7.31 g / cm , is also greater than gallium , but lower than thallium . Below the critical temperature , 3.41 K , indium becomes a superconductor . At standard temperature and pressure , indium crystallizes in the face - centered tetragonal crystal system in the space group I4 / mmm ( lattice parameters : a = 325 pm , c = 495 pm ) : this is a slightly distorted face - centered cubic structure , where each indium atom has four neighbours at 324 pm distance and eight neighbours slightly further ( 336 pm ) . Indium displays a ductile viscoplastic response , found to be size - independent in tension and compression . However it does have a size effect in bending and indentation , associated to a length - scale of order 50 -- 100 μm , significantly large when compared with other metals . Chemical Indium has 49 electrons , with an electronic configuration of ( Kr ) 4d 5s 5p . In compounds , indium most commonly donates the three outermost electrons to become indium ( III ) , In . In some cases , the pair of 5s - electrons are not donated , resulting in indium ( I ) , In . The stabilization of the monovalent state is attributed to the inert pair effect , in which relativistic effects stabilize the 5s - orbital , observed in heavier elements . Thallium ( indium 's heavier homolog ) shows an even stronger effect , causing oxidation to thallium ( I ) to be more probable than to thallium ( III ) , whereas gallium ( indium 's lighter homolog ) commonly shows only the + 3 oxidation state . Thus , although thallium ( III ) is a moderately strong oxidizing agent , indium ( III ) is not , and many indium ( I ) compounds are powerful reducing agents . While the energy required to include the s - electrons in chemical bonding is lowest for indium among the group 13 metals , bond energies decrease down the group so that by indium , the energy released in forming two additional bonds and attaining the + 3 state is not always enough to outweigh the energy needed to involve the 5s - electrons . Indium ( I ) oxide and hydroxide are more basic and indium ( III ) oxide and hydroxide are more acidic . A number of standard electrode potentials , depending on the reaction under study , are reported for indium , reflecting the decreased stability of the + 3 oxidation state : − 0.40 In + e ↔ In − 0.49 In + e ↔ In − 0.443 In + 2 e ↔ In − 0.3382 In + 3 e ↔ In − 0.14 In + e ↔ In Indium metal does not react with water , but it is oxidized by stronger oxidizing agents such as halogens to give indium ( III ) compounds . It does not form a boride , silicide , or carbide , and the hydride InH has at best a transitory existence in ethereal solutions at low temperatures , being unstable enough to spontaneously polymerize without coordination . Indium is rather basic in aqueous solution , showing only slight amphoteric characteristics , and unlike its lighter homologs aluminium and gallium , it is insoluble in aqueous alkaline solutions . Isotopes Main article : Isotopes of indium Indium has 39 known isotopes , ranging in mass number from 97 to 135 . Only two isotopes occur naturally as primordial nuclides : indium - 113 , the only stable isotope , and indium - 115 , which has a half - life of 4.41 × 10 years , four orders of magnitude greater than the age of the universe and nearly 50,000 times greater than that of natural thorium . The half - life of In is very long because the beta decay to Sn is spin - forbidden . Indium - 115 makes up 95.7 % of all indium . Indium is one of three known elements ( the others being tellurium and rhenium ) of which the stable isotope is less abundant in nature than the long - lived primordial radioisotopes . The stablest artificial isotope is indium - 111 , with a half - life of approximately 2.8 days . All other isotopes have half - lives shorter than 5 hours . Indium also has 47 meta states , among which indium - 114m1 ( half - life about 49.51 days ) is the most stable , more stable than the ground state of any indium isotope other than the primordial . All decay by isomeric transition . The indium isotopes lighter than In predominantly decay through electron capture or positron emission to form cadmium isotopes , while the other indium isotopes from In and greater predominantly decay through beta minus decay to form tin isotopes . Compounds See also : Category : Indium compounds . Indium ( III ) InCl ( structure pictured ) is a common compound of indium . Indium ( III ) oxide , In O , forms when indium metal is burned in air or when the hydroxide or nitrate is heated . In O adopts a structure like alumina and is amphoteric , that is able to react with both acids and bases . Indium reacts with water to reproduce soluble indium ( III ) hydroxide , which is also amphoteric ; with alkalis to produce indates ( III ) ; and with acids to produce indium ( III ) salts : In ( OH ) + 3 HCl → InCl + 3 H O The analogous sesquichalcogenides with sulfur , selenium , and tellurium are also known . Indium forms the expected trihalides . Chlorination , bromination , and iodination of In produce colorless InCl , InBr , and yellow InI . The compounds are Lewis acids , somewhat akin to the better known aluminium trihalides . Again like the related aluminium compound , InF is polymeric . Direct reaction of indium with the pnictogens produces the gray or semimetallic III -- V semiconductors . Many of them slowly decompose in moist air , necessitating careful storage of semiconductor compounds to prevent contact with the atmosphere . Indium nitride is readily attacked by acids and alkalis . Indium ( I ) Indium ( I ) compounds are not common . The chloride , bromide , and iodide are deeply colored , unlike the parent trihalides from which they are prepared . The fluoride is known only as an unstable gaseous compound . Indium ( I ) oxide black powder is produced when indium ( III ) oxide decomposes upon heating to 700 ° C . Other oxidation States Less frequently , indium forms compounds in oxidation state + 2 and even fractional oxidation states . Usually such materials feature In -- In bonding , most notably in the halides In X and ( In X ) , and various subchalcogenides such as In Se . Several other compounds are known to combine indium ( I ) and indium ( III ) , such as In ( In Cl ) Cl , In ( In Br ) ( In Br ) , In In Br . Organoindium compounds Organoindium compounds feature In -- C bonds . Most are In ( III ) derivatives , but cyclopentadienylindium ( I ) is an exception . It was the first known organoindium ( I ) compound , and is polymeric , consisting of zigzag chains of alternating indium atoms and cyclopentadienyl complexes . Perhaps the best - known organoindium compound is trimethylindium , In ( CH ) , used to prepare certain semiconducting materials . History In 1863 , the German chemists Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter were testing ores from the mines around Freiberg , Saxony . They dissolved the minerals pyrite , arsenopyrite , galena and sphalerite in hydrochloric acid and distilled raw zinc chloride . Reich , who was color - blind , employed Richter as an assistant for detecting the colored spectral lines . Knowing that ores from that region sometimes contain thallium , they searched for the green thallium emission spectrum lines . Instead , they found a bright blue line . Because that blue line did not match any known element , they hypothesized a new element was present in the minerals . They named the element indium , from the indigo color seen in its spectrum , after the Latin indicum . Richter went on to isolate the metal in 1864 . An ingot of 0.5 kg ( 1.1 lb ) was presented at the World Fair 1867 . Reich and Richter later fell out when the latter claimed to be the sole discoverer . Occurrence The s - process acting in the range from silver to antimony Indium is created by the long - lasting ( up to thousands of years ) s - process ( slow neutron capture ) in low - to - medium - mass stars ( which range in mass between 0.6 and 10 solar masses ) . When a silver - 109 atom ( the isotope that comprises approximately half of all silver in existence ) catches a neutron , it undergoes a beta decay to become cadmium - 110 . Capturing further neutrons , it becomes cadmium - 115 , which decays to indium - 115 by another beta decay . This explains why the radioactive isotope is more abundant than the stable one . The stable indium isotope , indium - 113 , is one of the p - nuclei , the origin of which is not fully understood ; although indium - 113 is known to be made directly in the s - and r - processes ( rapid neutron capture ) , and also as the daughter of very long - lived cadmium - 113 , which has a half - life of about eight quadrillion years , this can not account for all indium - 113 . Indium is the 68th most abundant element in Earth 's crust at approximately 50 ppb . This is similar to the crustal abundance of silver , bismuth and mercury . It very rarely forms its own minerals , or occurs in elemental form . Fewer than 10 indium minerals such as roquesite ( CuInS ) are known , and none occur at sufficient concentrations for economic extraction . Instead , indium is usually a trace constituent of more common ore minerals , such as sphalerite and chalcopyrite . From these , it can be extracted as a by - product during smelting . While the enrichment of indium in these deposits is high relative to its crustal abundance , it is insufficient , at current prices , to support extraction of indium as the main product . Different estimates exist of the amounts of indium contained within the ores of other metals . However , these amounts are not extractable without mining of the host materials ( see Production and availability ) . Thus , the availability of indium is fundamentally determined by the rate at which these ores are extracted , and not their absolute amount . This is an aspect that is often forgotten in the current debate , e.g. by the Graedel group at Yale in their criticality assessments , explaining the paradoxically low depletion times some studies cite . Production and availability World production trend Indium is produced exclusively as a by - product during the processing of the ores of other metals . Its main source material are sulfidic zinc ores , where it is mostly hosted by sphalerite . Minor amounts are probably also extracted from sulfidic copper ores . During the roast - leach - electrowinning process of zinc smelting , indium accumulates in the iron - rich residues . From these , it can be extracted in different ways . It may also be recovered directly from the process solutions . Further purification is done by electrolysis . The exact process varies with the mode of operation of the smelter . Its by - product status means that indium production is constrained by the amount of sulfidic zinc ( and copper ) ores extracted each year . Therefore , its availability needs to be discussed in terms of supply potential . The supply potential of a by - product is defined as that amount which is economically extractable from its host materials per year under current market conditions ( i.e. technology and price ) . Reserves and resources are not relevant for by - products , since they can not be extracted independently from the main - products . Recent estimates put the supply potential of indium at a minimum of 1,300 t / yr from sulfidic zinc ores and 20 t / yr from sulfidic copper ores . These figures are significantly greater than current production ( 655 t in 2016 ) . Thus , major future increases in the by - product production of indium will be possible without significant increases in production costs or price . The average indium price in 2016 was $ US240 / kg , down from $ US705 / kg in 2014 . China is a leading producer of indium ( 290 tonnes in 2016 ) , followed by South Korea ( 195 t ) , Japan ( 70 t ) and Canada ( 65 t ) . The Teck Resources refinery in Trail , British Columbia , is a large single - source indium producer , with an output of 32.5 tonnes in 2005 , 41.8 tonnes in 2004 and 36.1 tonnes in 2003 . The primary consumption of indium worldwide is LCD production . Demand rose rapidly from the late 1990s to 2010 with the popularity of LCD computer monitors and television sets , which now account for 50 % of indium consumption . Increased manufacturing efficiency and recycling ( especially in Japan ) maintain a balance between demand and supply . According to the UNEP , indium 's end - of - life recycling rate is less than 1 % . Applications A magnified image of an LCD screen showing RGB pixels . Individual transistors are seen as white dots in the bottom part . In 1924 , indium was found to have a valued property of stabilizing non-ferrous metals , and that became the first significant use for the element . The first large - scale application for indium was coating bearings in high - performance aircraft engines during World War II , to protect against damage and corrosion ; this is no longer a major use of the element . New uses were found in fusible alloys , solders , and electronics . In the 1950s , tiny beads of indium were used for the emitters and collectors of PNP alloy - junction transistors . In the middle and late 1980s , the development of indium phosphide semiconductors and indium tin oxide thin films for liquid - crystal displays ( LCD ) aroused much interest . By 1992 , the thin - film application had become the largest end use . Indium ( III ) oxide and indium tin oxide ( ITO ) are used as a transparent conductive coating on glass substrates in electroluminescent panels . Indium tin oxide is used as a light filter in low - pressure sodium - vapor lamps . The infrared radiation is reflected back into the lamp , which increases the temperature within the tube and improves the performance of the lamp . Indium has many semiconductor - related applications . Some indium compounds , such as indium antimonide and indium phosphide , are semiconductors with useful properties : one precursor is usually trimethylindium ( TMI ) , which is also used as the semiconductor dopant in II -- VI compound semiconductors . InAs and InSb are used for low - temperature transistors and InP for high - temperature transistors . The compound semiconductors InGaN and InGaP are used in light - emitting diodes ( LEDs ) and laser diodes . Indium is used in photovoltaics as the semiconductor copper indium gallium selenide ( CIGS ) , also called CIGS solar cells , a type of second - generation thin - film solar cell . Indium is used in PNP bipolar junction transistors with germanium : when soldered at low temperature , indium does not stress the germanium . Ductile indium wire Indium wire is used as a vacuum seal and a thermal conductor in cryogenics and ultra-high - vacuum applications , in such manufacturing applications as gaskets that deform to fill gaps . Indium is an ingredient in the gallium -- indium -- tin alloy galinstan , which is liquid at room temperature and replaces mercury in some thermometers . Other alloys of indium with bismuth , cadmium , lead , and tin , which have higher but still low melting points ( between 50 and 100 ° C ) , are used in fire sprinkler systems and heat regulators . Indium is one of many substitutes for mercury in alkaline batteries to prevent the zinc from corroding and releasing hydrogen gas . Indium is added to some dental amalgam alloys to decrease the surface tension of the mercury and allow for less mercury and easier amalgamation . Indium 's high neutron - capture cross-section for thermal neutrons makes it suitable for use in control rods for nuclear reactors , typically in an alloy of 80 % silver , 15 % indium , and 5 % cadmium . In nuclear engineering , the ( n , n ' ) reactions of In and In are used to determine magnitudes of neutron fluxes . Biological role and precautions Play media A video on Indium lung , an illness caused by indium exposure Indium has no metabolic role in any organism . In a similar way to aluminium salts , indium ( III ) ions can be toxic to the kidney when given by injection . Indium tin oxide and indium phosphide harm the pulmonary and immune systems , predominantly through ionic indium , though hydrated indium oxide is more than forty times as toxic when injected , measured by the quantity of indium introduced . Radioactive indium - 111 ( in very small amounts on a chemical basis ) is used in nuclear medicine tests , as a radiotracer to follow the movement of labeled proteins and white blood cells in the body . Indium compounds are mostly not absorbed upon ingestion and are only moderately absorbed on inhalation ; they tend to be stored temporarily in the muscles , skin , and bones before being excreted , and the biological half - life of indium is about two weeks in humans . People can be exposed to indium in the workplace by inhalation , ingestion , skin contact , and eye contact . The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has set a recommended exposure limit ( REL ) of 0.1 mg / m over an 8 - hour workday . See also Books View or order collections of articles Indium Period 5 elements Boron group Chemical elements ( sorted alphabetically ) Chemical elements ( sorted by number ) Portals Access related topics Chemistry portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Definitions from Wiktionary Learning resources from Wikiversity References Jump up ^ Meija , J. ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` Atomic weights of the elements 2013 ( IUPAC Technical Report ) '' . Pure Appl . Chem. 88 ( 3 ) : 265 -- 91 . doi : 10.1515 / pac - 2015 - 0305 . Jump up ^ Mangum , B.W. ( 1989 ) . `` Determination of the Indium Freezing - point and Triple - point Temperatures '' . Metrologia. 26 ( 4 ) : 211 . 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( 2003 ) . `` Correlation of vapor pressure equation and film properties with trimethylindium purity for the MOVPE grown III -- V compounds '' . Journal of Crystal Growth . 248 : 91 -- 98 . Bibcode : 2003JCrGr. 248 ... 91S . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 0248 ( 02 ) 01854 - 7 . Jump up ^ Shenai , Deodatta V. ; Timmons , Michael L. ; Dicarlo , Ronald L. ; Marsman , Charles J. ( 2004 ) . `` Correlation of film properties and reduced impurity concentrations in sources for III / V - MOVPE using high - purity trimethylindium and tertiarybutylphosphine '' . Journal of Crystal Growth . 272 : 603 -- 608 . Bibcode : 2004JCrGr. 272 ... 603S . doi : 10.1016 / j. jcrysgro. 2004.09. 006 . Jump up ^ Reich , F. ; Richter , T. ( 1863 ) . `` Ueber das Indium '' . Journal für Praktische Chemie ( in German ) . 90 ( 1 ) : 172 -- 176 . doi : 10.1002 / prac. 18630900122 . Jump up ^ Venetskii , S. ( 1971 ) . `` Indium '' . Metallurgist. 15 ( 2 ) : 148 -- 150 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01088126 . 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In : The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 525 , 1999 , p. 886 -- 900 . ( doi : 10.1086 / 307938 ) Jump up ^ Zs . Nemeth , F. Käppeler , C. Theis , T. Belgya , S.W. Yates : Nucleosynthesis in the Cd - In - Sn region . In : The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 426 , 1994 , p. 357 -- 365 . ( doi : 10.1086 / 174071 ) ^ Jump up to : `` The distribution of gallium , germanium and indium in conventional and non-conventional resources - Implications for global availability ( PDF Download Available ) '' . ResearchGate . doi : 10.13140 / rg. 2.2. 20956.18564 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Frenzel , Max ; Hirsch , Tamino ; Gutzmer , Jens ( July 2016 ) . `` Gallium , germanium , indium , and other trace and minor elements in sphalerite as a function of deposit type -- A meta - analysis '' . Ore Geology Reviews . 76 : 52 -- 78 . doi : 10.1016 / j. oregeorev. 2015.12. 017 . Jump up ^ Bachmann , Kai ; Frenzel , Max ; Krause , Joachim ; Gutzmer , Jens ( 2017 / 06 ) . `` Advanced Identification and Quantification of In - Bearing Minerals by Scanning Electron Microscope - Based Image Analysis '' . Microscopy and Microanalysis. 23 ( 3 ) : 527 -- 537 . ISSN 1431 - 9276 . doi : 10.1017 / S1431927617000460 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Frenzel , Max ; Mikolajczak , Claire ; Reuter , Markus A. ; Gutzmer , Jens ( June 2017 ) . `` Quantifying the relative availability of high - tech by - product metals -- The cases of gallium , germanium and indium '' . Resources Policy . 52 : 327 -- 335 . doi : 10.1016 / j. resourpol. 2017.04. 008 . Jump up ^ `` Mineral Commodities Summary 2007 : Indium '' ( PDF ) . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Werner , T.T. ; Mudd , G.M. ; Jowitt , S.M. ( 2015 - 10 - 02 ) . `` Indium : key issues in assessing mineral resources and long - term supply from recycling '' . Applied Earth Science . 124 ( 4 ) : 213 -- 226 . ISSN 0371 - 7453 . doi : 10.1179 / 1743275815Y. 0000000007 . Jump up ^ Graedel , T.E. ; Barr , Rachel ; Chandler , Chelsea ; Chase , Thomas ; Choi , Joanne ; Christoffersen , Lee ; Friedlander , Elizabeth ; Henly , Claire ; Jun , Christine ( 2012 - 01 - 17 ) . `` Methodology of Metal Criticality Determination '' . Environmental Science & Technology . 46 ( 2 ) : 1063 -- 1070 . ISSN 0013 - 936X . doi : 10.1021 / es203534z . Jump up ^ Harper , E.M. ; Kavlak , Goksin ; Burmeister , Lara ; Eckelman , Matthew J. ; Erbis , Serkan ; Sebastian Espinoza , Vicente ; Nuss , Philip ; Graedel , T.E. ( 2015 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Criticality of the Geological Zinc , Tin , and Lead Family '' . Journal of Industrial Ecology. 19 ( 4 ) : 628 -- 644 . ISSN 1530 - 9290 . doi : 10.1111 / jiec. 12213 . Jump up ^ Frenzel , Max ; Mikolajczak , Claire ; Reuter , Markus A. ; Gutzmer , Jens ( June 2017 ) . `` Quantifying the relative availability of high - tech by - product metals -- The cases of gallium , germanium and indium '' . Resources Policy . 52 : 327 -- 335 . doi : 10.1016 / j. resourpol. 2017.04. 008 . Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey -- Historical Statistics for Mineral and Material Commodities in the United States ; INDIUM STATISTICS / / USGS , April 1 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , p. 247 Jump up ^ Frenzel , Max ; Tolosana - Delgado , Raimon ; Gutzmer , Jens ( December 2015 ) . `` Assessing the supply potential of high - tech metals -- A general method '' . Resources Policy . 46 , Part 2 : 45 -- 58 . doi : 10.1016 / j. resourpol. 2015.08. 002 . ^ Jump up to : Indium - in : USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries ( PDF ) . United States Geological Survey . 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , TD ; Matos , GR ( 2015 ) . `` Historical Statistics for Mineral and Material Commodities in the United States '' . Retrieved 06 - 02 - 2017 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Indium Price Supported by LCD Demand and New Uses for the Metal '' ( PDF ) . Geology.com . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2011 '' ( PDF ) . USGS and USDI . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ French , Sidney J. ( 1934 ) . `` A story of indium '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 11 ( 5 ) : 270 . Bibcode : 1934JChEd ... 11 ... 270F . doi : 10.1021 / ed011p270 . Jump up ^ Tolcin , Amy C. `` Mineral Yearbook 2007 : Indium '' ( PDF ) . United States Geological Survey . ^ Jump up to : Downs , Anthony John ( 1993 ) . Chemistry of Aluminium , Gallium , Indium , and Thallium . Springer . pp. 89 and 106 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7514 - 0103 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The Electroluminescent Light Sabre '' . Nanotechnology News Archive . Azonano . June 2 , 2005 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Bachmann , K.J. ( 1981 ) . `` Properties , Preparation , and Device Applications of Indium Phosphide '' . Annual Review of Materials Science . 11 : 441 -- 484 . Bibcode : 1981AnRMS ... 11 ... 441B . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ms. 11.080181. 002301 . Jump up ^ Shenai , Deodatta V. ; Timmons , Michael L. ; DiCarlo Jr. , Ronald L. ; Marsman , Charles J. ( 2004 ) . `` Correlation of film properties and reduced impurity concentrations in sources for III / V - MOVPE using high - purity trimethylindium and tertiarybutylphosphine '' . Journal of Crystal Growth . 272 ( 1 -- 4 ) : 603 -- 608 . Bibcode : 2004JCrGr. 272 ... 603S . doi : 10.1016 / j. jcrysgro. 2004.09. 006 . Jump up ^ Schubert , E. Fred ( 2003 ) . Light - Emitting Diodes . Cambridge University Press . p. 16 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 53351 - 1 . Jump up ^ Powalla , M. ; Dimmler , B. ( 2000 ) . `` Scaling up issues of CIGS solar cells '' . Thin Solid Films. 361 -- 362 : 540 -- 546 . Bibcode : 2000TSF ... 361 ... 540P . doi : 10.1016 / S0040 - 6090 ( 99 ) 00849 - 4 . Jump up ^ Weissler , G.L. , ed. ( 1990 ) . `` Vacuum physics and technology '' . San Diego : Acad. Press : 296 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 475914 - 5 . Jump up ^ Surmann , P ; Zeyat , H ( Nov 2005 ) . `` Voltammetric analysis using a self - renewable non-mercury electrode '' . Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry . 383 ( 6 ) : 1009 -- 13 . PMID 16228199 . doi : 10.1007 / s00216 - 005 - 0069 - 7 . Jump up ^ Geological Survey ( U.S. ) ( 2010 ) . Minerals Yearbook , 2008 , V. 1 , Metals and Minerals . Government Printing Office . pp. 35 -- 2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4113 - 3015 - 3 . Jump up ^ Powell L.V. , Johnson G.H. , Bales D.J. ( 1989 ) . `` Effect of Admixed Indium on Mercury Vapor Release from Dental Amalgam '' . Journal of Dental Research . 68 ( 8 ) : 1231 -- 3 . PMID 2632609 . doi : 10.1177 / 00220345890680080301 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Scoullos , Michael J. ( 2001 - 12 - 31 ) . `` Other types of cadmium alloys '' . Mercury , cadmium , lead : handbook for sustainable heavy metals policy and regulation . p. 222 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 0224 - 3 . Jump up ^ Berger , Harold ; National Bureau Of Standards , United States ; Committee E-7 On Nondestructive Testing , American Society for Testing and Materials ( 1976 ) . `` Image Detectors for Other Neutron Energies '' . Practical applications of neutron radiography and gaging : a symposium . pp. 50 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : Castronovo , F.P. ; Wagner , H.N. ( October 1971 ) . `` Factors Affecting the Toxicity of the Element Indium '' . British Journal of Experimental Pathology. 52 ( 5 ) : 543 -- 559 . PMC 2072430 . PMID 5125268 . Jump up ^ Gwinn , W.M. ; Qu , W. ; Bousquet , R.W. ; Price , H. ; Shines , C.J. ; Taylor , G.J. ; Waalkes , M.P. ; Morgan , D.L. ( 2014 ) . `` Macrophage Solubilization and Cytotoxicity of Indium - Containing Particles as in vitro Correlates to Pulmonary Toxicity in vivo '' . Toxicological Sciences . 144 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 26 . PMC 4349143 . PMID 25527823 . doi : 10.1093 / toxsci / kfu273 . Jump up ^ `` IN - 111 FACT SHEET '' ( PDF ) . Nordion ( Canada ) , Inc . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 December 2011 . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Van Nostrand , D. ; Abreu , S.H. ; Callaghan , J.J. ; Atkins , F.B. ; Stoops , H.C. ; Savory , C.G. ( May 1988 ) . `` In - 111 - labeled white blood cell uptake in noninfected closed fracture in humans : prospective study '' . Radiology. 167 ( 2 ) : 495 -- 498 . PMID 3357961 . doi : 10.1148 / radiology. 167.2. 3357961 . Jump up ^ Nordberg , Gunnar F. ; Fowler , Bruce A. ; Nordberg , Monica ( 7 August 2014 ) . Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals ( 4th ed . ) . Academic Press . p. 845 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 397339 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` CDC -- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards -- Indium '' . www.cdc.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 06 . Sources Greenwood , Norman N. ; Earnshaw , Alan ( 1984 ) . Chemistry of the Elements . Oxford : Pergamon Press . ISBN 0 - 08 - 022057 - 6 . External links Indium at The Periodic Table of Videos ( University of Nottingham ) Reducing Agents > Indium low valent NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards ( Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ) ( hide ) Periodic table ( Large cells ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1 H He 2 Li Be B C N O F Ne 3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar 4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 6 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 7 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - transition metal Metalloid Polyatomic nonmetal Diatomic nonmetal Noble gas Unknown chemical properties ( show ) Indium compounds InN InP InAs InSb InBr InF InCl InBr InH In ( C H O ) In ( OH ) In O In S In Se In Te In ( SO ) ( In ( C H ) ) Authority control LCCN : sh85065672 GND : 4161516 - 5 BNF : cb12276862f ( data ) NDL : 00564200 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indium&oldid=796401899 '' Categories : Indium Chemical elements Post-transition metals Native element minerals Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 errors : dates CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Good articles Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons Afrikaans አማርኛ العربية Aragonés Armãneashti Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs La . lojban . Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि پنجابی Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語中文 Edit links This version of the page has been revised . Besides normal editing , the reason for revision may have been that this version contains factual inaccuracies , vandalism , or material not compatible with the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License . About Wikipedia	what group is indium in on the periodic table	[ "Indium is a chemical element with symbol In and atomic number 49. It is a post-transition metal that makes up 0.21 parts per million of the Earth's crust. Very soft and malleable, indium has a melting point higher than sodium and gallium, but lower than lithium and tin. Chemically, indium is similar to gallium and thallium, and it is largely intermediate between the two in terms of its properties.[6] Indium was discovered in 1863 by Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter by spectroscopic methods. They named it for the indigo blue line in its spectrum. Indium was isolated the next year." ]	[ "post-transition metal" ]
-5284157348565850945	Wonder Woman	Wonder Woman - Wikipedia Wonder Woman This article is about the character known as `` Princess Diana of Themyscira '' and `` Diana Prince '' . For other characters given this name , as well as other uses , see Wonder Woman ( disambiguation ) . superhero appearing in DC Comics publications and related media Wonder Woman Wonder Woman in Justice # 5 ( June 2006 ) Art by Doug Braithwaite and Alex Ross Publication information Publisher DC Comics First appearance All Star Comics # 8 ( released October 1941 ) Created by William Moulton Marston ( writer ) Harry G. Peter ( artist ) In - story information Alter ego Princess Diana of Themyscira ( Amazon identity ) Diana Prince ( Civilian identity ) Species Amazonian - Olympian ( Demigoddess , 2011 -- present ) Place of origin Themyscira ( Earth ) Team affiliations Justice League D.M.A. Justice League Dark Partnerships Steve Trevor Batman ( Bruce Wayne ) Superman / Kal - El / Clark Kent Wonder Girl Notable aliases Diana Prince Abilities See list ( show ) Superhuman strength , speed , reflexes , durability , and longevity Accelerated healing Master hand - to - hand combatant Immortality Flight Uses Lasso of Truth , indestructible bracelets , projectile tiara , sword , shield , and invisible jet Wonder Woman is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . The character is a founding member of the Justice League , and an ambassador of the Amazon people . The character first appeared in All Star Comics # 8 in October 1941 with her first feature in Sensation Comics # 1 , January 1942 . The Wonder Woman title has been published by DC Comics almost continuously except for a brief hiatus in 1986 . In her homeland , the island nation of Themyscira , her official title is Princess Diana of Themyscira , Daughter of Hippolyta . When blending into the society outside of her homeland , she adopts her civilian identity Diana Prince . Wonder Woman was created by the American psychologist and writer William Moulton Marston ( pen name : Charles Moulton ) , and artist Harry G. Peter . Marston 's wife , Elizabeth , and their life partner , Olive Byrne , are credited as being his inspiration for the character 's appearance . Marston 's comics featured his ideas on DISC theory , and the character drew a great deal of inspiration from early feminists , and especially from birth control pioneer Margaret Sanger ; in particular , her piece `` Woman and the New Race '' . Wonder Woman 's origin story relates that she was sculpted from clay by her mother Queen Hippolyta and was given a life to live as an Amazon , along with superhuman powers as gifts by the Greek gods . In recent years , DC changed her background with the revelation that she is the daughter of Zeus and Hippolyta , jointly raised by her mother and her aunts Antiope and Menalippe . The character has changed in depiction over the decades , including briefly losing her powers entirely in the 1970s ; by the 1980s , artist George Perez gave her a muscular look and emphasized her Amazonian heritage . She possesses an arsenal of advanced technology , including the Lasso of Truth , a pair of indestructible bracelets , a tiara which serves as a projectile , and , in older stories , a range of devices based on Amazon technology . Wonder Woman 's character was created during World War II ; the character in the story was initially depicted fighting Axis military forces as well as an assortment of colorful supervillains , although over time her stories came to place greater emphasis on characters , deities , and monsters from Greek mythology . Many stories depicted Wonder Woman rescuing herself from bondage , which defeated the `` damsels in distress '' trope that was common in comics during the 1940s . In the decades since her debut , Wonder Woman has gained a cast of enemies bent on eliminating the Amazon , including classic villains such as Ares , Cheetah , Doctor Poison , Circe , Doctor Psycho , and Giganta , along with more recent adversaries such as Veronica Cale and the First Born . Wonder Woman has also regularly appeared in comic books featuring the superhero teams Justice Society ( from 1941 ) and Justice League ( from 1960 ) . The character is a well - known figure in popular culture that has been adapted to various media . June 3 is Wonder Woman Day . Wonder Woman is part of the DC Comics trinity of flagship characters alongside Batman and Superman . Contents 1 Publication history 1.1 Creation 1.2 Golden Age 1.3 Silver Age 1.4 Bronze Age 1.5 Modern Age 2 Characterization 2.1 Diana Prince 2.1. 1 Personality 2.2 Others 3 Abilities 3.1 Powers and training 3.1. 1 Pre-Crisis 3.1. 2 Post-Crisis 3.1. 3 The New 52 3.1. 4 Rebirth 3.1. 5 DC Universe 3.2 Technology 3.2. 1 Personal armor 3.2. 2 Invisible plane 3.2. 3 Bracelets of Submission 3.2. 4 Lasso of Truth 3.2. 5 Other items 4 Fictography 4.1 20th century 4.1. 1 Origin 4.1. 2 Golden Age 4.1. 3 Silver Age 4.1. 4 Bronze Age 4.1. 5 Modern Age 4.2 21st century 4.2. 1 The New 52 4.2. 2 Earth 2 4.2. 3 DC Rebirth 5 Cultural impact 5.1 In other media 5.1. 1 Television 5.1. 2 Film 5.1. 3 Literature 5.2 Critical reception and legacy 5.2. 1 Feminist icon 5.2. 2 Pacifist icon 5.2. 3 LGBT icon 5.2. 4 Sex icon 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Publication history ( edit ) Main article : Publication history of Wonder Woman Modern historians divide 20th century history of American superhero comics into `` four ages '' , akin to the `` Ages of Man '' . Creation ( edit ) In an October 25 , 1940 , interview with the Family Circle magazine , William Moulton Marston discussed the unfulfilled potential of the comic book medium . This article caught the attention of comics publisher Max Gaines , who hired Marston as an educational consultant for National Periodicals and All - American Publications , two of the companies that would merge to form DC Comics . At that time , Marston wanted to create his own new superhero ; Marston 's wife and fellow psychologist Elizabeth suggested to him that it should be a woman : William Moulton Marston , a psychologist already famous for inventing the polygraph , struck upon an idea for a new kind of superhero , one who would triumph not with fists or firepower , but with love . `` Fine , '' said Elizabeth . `` But make her a woman . '' Marston introduced the idea to Gaines . Given the go - ahead , Marston developed Wonder Woman , whom he believed to be a model of that era 's unconventional , liberated woman . Marston also drew inspiration from the bracelets worn by Olive Byrne , who lived with the couple in a polyamorous relationship . Wonder Woman debuted in All Star Comics # 8 ( cover date Dec / Jan 1941 / 1942 , released in October 1941 ) , scripted by Marston . Marston was the creator of a systolic - blood - pressure - measuring apparatus , which was crucial to the development of the polygraph ( lie detector ) . Marston 's experience with polygraphs convinced him that women were more honest than men in certain situations and could work more efficiently . Marston designed Wonder Woman to be an allegory for the ideal love leader ; the kind of women who he believed should run society . `` Wonder Woman is psychological propaganda for the new type of woman who should , I believe , rule the world '' , Marston wrote . In a 1943 issue of The American Scholar , Marston wrote : Not even girls want to be girls so long as our feminine archetype lacks force , strength , and power . Not wanting to be girls , they do n't want to be tender , submissive , peace - loving as good women are . Women 's strong qualities have become despised because of their weakness . The obvious remedy is to create a feminine character with all the strength of Superman plus all the allure of a good and beautiful woman . Marston , was an outspoken feminist , swinger , S&M practitioner , and firm believer in the superiority of women . He described bondage and submission as a `` respectable and noble practice '' . Marston wrote in a weakness for Wonder Woman , which was attached to a fictional stipulation that he dubbed `` Aphrodite 's Law '' , that made the chaining of her `` Bracelets of Submission '' together by a man take away her Amazonian super strength . Wonder Woman often ended up in chains before inevitably breaking free . This not only represented Marston 's affinity for bondage , but women 's subjugation , which he roundly rejected . However , not everything about his creation was explicitly explained in any one source , which caused confusion among writers and fans for many years . Golden Age ( edit ) Main article : Golden Age of Comic Books Initially , Wonder Woman was an Amazon champion who wins the right to return Steve Trevor -- a United States intelligence officer whose plane had crashed on the Amazons ' isolated island homeland -- to `` Man 's World '' and to fight crime and the evil of the Nazis . During this period , Wonder Woman joined the Justice Society of America as the team 's secretary . Silver Age ( edit ) Main article : Silver Age of Comic Books During the Silver Age , under writer Robert Kanigher , Wonder Woman 's origin was revamped , along with other characters ' . The new origin story increased the character 's Hellenic and mythological roots : receiving the blessing of each deity in her crib , Diana is destined to become as `` beautiful as Aphrodite , wise as Athena , strong as Hercules , and swift as Hermes . '' At the end of the 1960s , under the guidance of Mike Sekowsky , Wonder Woman surrendered her powers in order to remain in Man 's World rather than accompany her fellow Amazons to another dimension . Wonder Woman begins using the alias Diana Prince and opens a mod boutique . She acquires a Chinese mentor named I Ching , who teaches Diana martial arts and weapons skills . Using her fighting skill instead of her powers , Diana engaged in adventures that encompassed a variety of genres , from espionage to mythology . This phase of her story was directly influenced by the British spy thriller The Avengers and Diana Rigg 's portrayal of Emma Peel . Bronze Age ( edit ) Main article : Bronze Age of Comic Books In the early 1970s the character returned to her superhero roots in the Justice League of America and to the World War II era in her own title . This however , was ultimately due to the popularity of the TV series at the time also having Wonder Woman set in WW2 era , and was shifted back to the 1970s era once the TV show did the same . With a new decade arriving , DC president Jenette Kahn ordered a revamp in Wonder Woman 's appearance . Artist Milton Glaser , who also designed the `` bullet '' logo adopted by DC in 1977 , created a stylized `` WW '' emblem that evoked and replaced the eagle in her bodice , and debuted in 1982 . The emblem in turn was incorporated by studio letterer Todd Klein onto the monthly title 's logo , which lasted for a year and a half before being replaced by a version from Glaser 's studio . With sales of the title continuing to decline in 1985 ( despite an unpublished revamp that was solicited ) , the series was canceled and ended in issue # 329 ( February 1986 ) written by Gerry Conway , depicting Steve Trevor 's marriage to Wonder Woman . The Crisis on Infinite Earths crossover of 1986 was designed and written with the purpose of streamlining most of DC 's characters into one more - focused continuity and reinventing them for a new era , thus Wonder Woman and Steve Trevor were declared to come from the Earth - Two dimension , and along with all of their exploits , were erased from history , so that a new Wonder Woman character , story and timeline could take priority . Modern Age ( edit ) Main article : Modern Age of Comic Books Following the 1985 Crisis on Infinite Earths series , George Pérez , Len Wein , and Greg Potter rewrote the character 's origin story , depicting Wonder Woman as an emissary and ambassador from Themyscira to Patriarch 's World , charged with the mission of bringing peace to the outside world . Pérez incorporated a variety of deities and concepts from Greek mythology in Wonder Woman 's stories and origin . His rendition of the character acted as the foundation for the modern Wonder Woman stories , as he expanded upon the widely accepted origin of Diana being birthed out of clay . The relaunch was a critical and commercial success . In August 2010 ( issue # 600 ) , J. Michael Straczynski took over the series ' writing duties and introduced Wonder Woman to an alternate timeline created by the Gods in which Paradise Island had been destroyed and the Amazons scattered around the world . In this timeline , Diana is an orphan raised in New York . The entire world has forgotten Wonder Woman 's existence and the main story of this run was of Diana trying to restore reality even though she does not properly remember it herself . A trio of Death Goddesses called The Morrigan acted as the main enemy of Wonder Woman . In this run , Wonder Woman wears a new costume designed by Jim Lee . Straczynski determined the plot and continued writing duties until Wonder Woman # 605 ; writer Phil Hester then continued his run , which ultimately concluded in Wonder Woman # 614 . Wonder Woman with Batman and Superman on the cover of Wonder Woman Annual vol. 5 , # 1 ( July 2017 ) . Art by Nicola Scott and Romulo Fajardo , Jr . In the 21st century , the three have appeared together in multiple titles as part of DC 's trinity of its most popular and important superheroes . In 2011 's The New 52 , DC Comics relaunched its entire line of publications to attract a new generation of readers , and thus released volume 4 of the Wonder Woman comic book title . Brian Azzarello and Cliff Chiang were assigned writing and art duties respectively and revamped the character 's history considerably . In this new continuity , Wonder Woman wears a costume similar to her original Marston costume , utilizes a sword and shield , and has a completely new origin . No longer a clay figure brought to life by the magic of the gods , she is , instead , a demi - goddess and the natural - born daughter of Hippolyta and Zeus . Azzarello and Chiang 's revamp of the character was critically acclaimed , but highly divisive among long time fans of the character . In 2016 , DC Comics once again relaunched all of its publications as part of the `` DC Rebirth '' continuity reboot , and new fifth volume of Wonder Woman was released bi-monthly with writer Greg Rucka . This fifth volume of Wonder Woman is part of the `` DC Universe '' , the current continuity established after Rebirth . Initially , the new series does not use a regular storyline that exists between each issue ; instead two separate storylines share the book , with an installment of one story published every other issue , and those of the other storyline published in between those . This practice began with the storyline `` The Lies '' for the odd numbered issues , and `` Year One '' for the even numbered issues . The new storyline as presented in these issues effectively retcons the events from the previous New 52 series . `` The Lies '' storyline reveals that a number of events from the previous Wonder Woman series in which Diana was made the Queen of the Amazons and the God of War , was in fact all an illusion created by a mysterious villain , and she had never once been back to Themyscira ever since she left , nor is she capable of returning there . The `` Year One '' story is presented as an all - new origin story for Diana , which reveals how she received her powers from the Olympian Gods , which was intended to bring her back to her classical DC roots . Wonder Woman appears in DC Rebirth with a revised look , which includes a red cape and light armor fittings . Along with her lasso and bracelets , she now regularly utilizes her sword and shield . Wonder Woman : Rebirth artist Liam Sharp described the new armor as a utilitarian piece which allows her to move more freely . Starting from Issue 26 , the series returned to a regular storyline between each issue . In 2018 , DC Comics announced that Ms. Marvel creator G. Willow Wilson will be the new writer on the Wonder Woman ongoing series . Wilson will begin her run on Wonder Woman in November , with the first story arc titled , `` The Just War . '' Characterization ( edit ) Diana Prince ( edit ) Main article : Diana Prince Queen Hippolyta uses the soil of Themyscira to create her daughter Diana . Art by Adam Hughes , `` The Origin of Wonder Woman '' in 52 no . 12 , Sept. 2006 The `` Diana Prince '' identity has been part of Wonder Woman 's history since her comics debut in 1941 . In the early Golden Age stories , Wonder Woman served as a military secretary during World War II , using Prince as her cover . Later occupations Wonder Woman performed as Prince included translator at the United Nations , Air Force captain and ambassador , and in the ' 70s TV series , Lynda Carter 's Wonder Woman used Prince to serve as an agent of the Inter-Agency Defense Command . In the DC Extended Universe , Prince works as curator for the Department of Antiquities at the extremely prestigious Louvre Museum and is held in very high esteem by the curator of the Gotham City Museum of Antiquities . Her tremendously long life - span , accumulation of immense amount of knowledge , and exceptional perceptiveness , makes Diana Prince the wisest and most emotionally intelligent member of the Justice League . During Marston 's run , Diana Prince was the name of an army nurse whom Wonder Woman met . The nurse wanted to meet with her fiancé , who was transferred to South America , but was unable to arrange for money to do so . As Wonder Woman needed a secret identity to look after Steve ( who was admitted to the same army hospital in which Diana Prince worked ) , and because both of them looked alike , Wonder Woman gave the nurse money to go to her fiancé in exchange for the nurse 's credentials and took Diana Prince as her alias . She started to work as an army nurse and later as an Air Force secretary . The identity of Diana Prince was especially prominent in a series published in the early 1970s , in which she fought crime only under the Prince alias and without her mystic powers . To support herself , she ran a mod clothing boutique . The Diana Prince alias also played an important role after the events of Infinite Crisis . Wonder Woman was broadcast worldwide killing a villain named Maxwell Lord , as he was mind controlling Superman into killing Batman . When Wonder Woman caught him in her lasso , demanding to know how to stop Superman , Maxwell revealed that the only way to stop him was to kill Lord , so as a last resort Diana snapped his neck . To recover from the trauma of killing another person , the Amazon went into a self - imposed exile for one year . On her return to public life , Diana realized that her life as a full - time celebrity superhero and ambassador had kept her removed from humanity . Because of this she assumed the persona of Diana Prince and became an agent at the Department of Metahuman Affairs . During a later battle with the witch Circe , a spell was placed on Diana leaving her powerless when not in the guise of Wonder Woman . The New 52 universe does not have a `` Diana Prince '' identity as stated in an interview by series writer Brian Azzarello . However , when she and Superman began dating , for her civilian identity she used the Diana Prince alias whenever she was around Clark Kent ; such as when she introduced herself to Lois Lane at Lois 's housewarming party under that name . The DC Rebirth universe have n't featured the Diana Prince identity as much in favor of Wonder Woman just going by Diana of Themyscira in her down time . Personality ( edit ) `` At last , in a world torn by the hatred and wars of men , appears a woman to whom the problems and feats of men are mere child 's play . A woman whose identity is known to none , but whose sensational feats are outstanding in a fast - moving world . With a hundred times the agility and strength of our best male athletes and strongest wrestlers , she appears as though from nowhere to avenge an injustice or right a wrong ! As lovely as Aphrodite - as wise as Athena - with the speed of Mercury and the strength of Hercules - She is known only as Wonder Woman ! '' Narrator -- All Star Comics # 8 ( Introducing Wonder Woman ) - Written by William Moulton Marston Princess Diana commands respect both as Wonder Woman and Diana Prince ; her epithetical title -- The Amazon Princess -- illustrates the dichotomy of her character . She is a powerful , strong - willed character who does not back down from a fight or a challenge . Yet , she is a diplomat who strongly `` favors the pen '' , and a lover of peace who would never seek to fight or escalate a conflict . She 's simultaneously both the most fierce and most nurturing member of the Justice League ; and her political connections as a United Nations Honorary Ambassador and the ambassador of a warrior nation makes her an invaluable addition to the team . With her powerful abilities , centuries of training and experienced at handling threats that range from petty crime to threats that are of a magical or supernatural nature , Diana is capable of competing with nearly any hero or villain . Many writers have depicted Diana in different personalities and tone ; between both of her diametric extremes ; that of a worldly warrior , a highly compassionate and calm ambassador , and sometimes also as a naive and innocent person , depending on the writer . What has remained constant , and is a mainstay of the character , is her nurturing humanity : her overwhelming belief in love , empathy , compassion , and having a strong conscience . This trait had been the reason for her induction into the Star Sapphires . Writer Gail Simone was applauded for her portrayal of Wonder Woman during her run on the series , with comic book reviewer Dan Phillips of IGN noting that `` she 's molded Diana into a very relatable and sympathetic character . '' Actress Gal Gadot described Wonder Woman as `` an idealist . Experienced , super-confident . Open and sincere even in the midst of a gruesome , bloody conflict . Having many strengths and powers , but at the end of the day she 's a woman with a lot of emotional intelligence '' . In the Golden Age , Wonder Woman adhered to an Amazon code of helping any in need , even misogynistic people , and never accepting a reward for saving someone ; while conversely , the modern version of the character has been shown to perform lethal and fatal actions when left with no other alternative , exemplified in the killing of Maxwell Lord in order to save Superman 's life . The New 52 version of the character has been portrayed to be a younger , more headstrong , loving , fierce and willful person . Brian Azzarello stated in a video interview with DC Comics that they 're building a very `` confident '' , `` impulsive '' and `` good - hearted '' character in her . He referred to her trait of feeling compassion as both her strength and weakness . A distinctive trait of her characterization is a group of signature mythological exclamations , beginning with `` Great Aphrodite ! '' , followed by `` Great Hera ! '' , `` Merciful Minerva ! '' , and `` Suffering Sappho ! ' , some of which were contributed by Elizabeth Holloway Marston . Others ( edit ) Main article : Alternative versions of Wonder Woman Diana , after her death , was granted divinity as the Goddess of Truth by her gods for such faithful devotion . During her brief time as a god of Olympus , Diana was replaced in the role of Wonder Woman by her mother , Queen Hippolyta . Unlike Diana receiving the title of Wonder Woman in honor , Hippolyta 's role as Wonder Woman was meant to be a punishment for her betrayal in Artemis ' death as well as for unintentionally killing her own daughter . However , Hippolyta eventually grew to enjoy the freedom and adventure the title came with . Whereas Diana used the Lasso of Truth as her primary weapon , Hippolyta favored a broad sword . John Byrne , the writer that introduced the concept of Hippolyta as the first Wonder Woman , has explained his intentions in a post in his message board : I thought George 's one `` mistake '' in rebooting Wonder Woman was making her only 25 years old when she left Paradise Island . I preferred the idea of a Diana who was thousands of years old ( as , if I recall correctly , she was in the TV series ) . From that angle , I would have liked to have seen Diana having been Wonder Woman in WW2 , and be returning to our world in the reboot . Not having that option , I took the next best course , and had Hippolyta fill that role . As Wonder Woman , Queen Hippolyta immediately got involved in a time travel mission back to the 1940s with Jay Garrick . After this mission , she elected to join the Justice Society of America and remained in that era for eight years , where her teammates nicknamed her `` Polly '' . During that time she had a relationship with Ted Grant . Hippolyta also made visits into the past to see her godchild Lyta , daughter of Hippolyta 's protege Helena , the Golden Age Fury . These visits happened yearly from young Lyta 's perspective and also accounted for Hippolyta 's participation in the JSA / JLA team ups . When she returned from the past , Hippolyta took Diana 's place in the JLA as well . Artemis of Bana - Mighdall briefly served as Wonder Woman during Hippolyta 's trials for a new Wonder Woman . Orana , a character similar to Artemis , defeated Diana in a new contest and became Wonder Woman in pre-Crisis on Infinite Earths continuity . Orana was killed during her first mission . Others who have donned the Wonder Woman persona include Nubia , Cassandra Sandsmark , and Donna Troy . Abilities ( edit ) Powers and training ( edit ) Wonder Woman without special powers fighting crime as Diana Prince . Cover of Wonder Woman # 189 ( July 1970 ) . Art by Mike Sekowsky . Diana is depicted as a masterful athlete , acrobat , fighter and strategist , trained and experienced in many ancient and modern forms of armed and unarmed combat , including exclusive Amazonian martial arts . In some versions , her mother trained her , as Wonder Girl , for a future career as Wonder Woman . From the beginning , she is portrayed as highly skilled in using her Amazon bracelets to stop bullets and in wielding her golden lasso . Batman once called her the `` best melee fighter in the world '' . The modern version of the character is known to use lethal force when she deems it necessary . In the New 52 continuity , her superior combat skills are the result of her Amazon training , as well as receiving further training from Ares , the God of War , himself , since as early as her childhood . The Golden Age Wonder Woman also had knowledge in psychology , as did her Amazon sisters . Pre-Crisis ( edit ) The Golden Age Wonder Woman had strength that was comparable to the Golden Age Superman . Wonder Woman was capable of bench pressing 15,000 pounds even before she had received her bracelets , and later hoisted a 50,000 pound boulder above her head to inspire Amazons facing the test . Even when her super strength was temporarily nullified , she still had enough mortal strength of an Amazon to break down a prison door to save Steve Trevor . In one of her earliest appearances , she is shown running easily at 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) , and later jumps from a building and lands on the balls of her feet . She was able to heal faster than a normal human being due to her birthright consumption of water from Paradise Island 's Fountain of Eternal Youth . Her strength would be removed in accordance with `` Aphrodite 's Law '' if she allowed her bracelets to be bound or chained by a male . She also had an array of mental and psychic abilities , as corresponding to Marston 's interest in parapsychology and metaphysics . Such an array included ESP , astral projection , telepathy ( with or without the Mental Radio ) , mental control over the electricity in her body , the Amazonian ability to turn brain energy into muscle power , etc . Wonder Woman first became immune to electric shocks after having her spirit stripped from her atoms by Dr. Psycho 's Electro Atomizer ; it was also discovered that she was unable to send a mental radio message without her body . Wonder Woman ( vol. 1 ) # 105 revealed that Diana was formed from clay by the Queen of the Amazons , given life and power by four of the Greek and Roman gods ( otherwise known as the Olympian deities ) as gifts , corresponding to her renowned epithet : `` Beautiful as Aphrodite , wise as Athena , swifter than Hermes , and stronger than Hercules '' , making her the strongest of the Amazons . Wonder Woman 's Amazon training gave her limited telepathy , profound scientific knowledge , and the ability to speak every language -- even caveman and Martian languages . Between 1966 and 1967 , new powers were added , such as super breath . In the Silver and Bronze Ages of comics , Wonder Woman was able to further increase her strength . In times of great need , removing her bracelets would temporarily augment her power tenfold , but cause her to go berserk in the process . These powers received changes after the events of Crisis on Infinite Earths . Post-Crisis ( edit ) In the Post-Crisis universe , Wonder Woman receives her super powers as a blessing from Olympian deities just like the Silver Age version before , but with changes to some of her powers : Demeter , the goddess of agriculture and fertility , blessed Diana with strength drawn from the Earth spirit Gaea , making her one of the physically strongest heroes in the DC Universe and the strongest female hero in the DC Universe . This strength has allowed her to easily overwhelm Superman and Supergirl . She has also held her own against Darkseid . Her strength has no measurable limits and she can break the Chronus Scepter , which is universal in its destructive power . However , now Diana is the daughter of Zeus , king of the Greek Gods , so it is unclear as to how much of her power and strength is a direct result of her divine heritage . Her connection to the earth allows her to heal at an accelerated rate so long as she is in contact with the planet . However , as mentioned earlier , now that she is a demigoddess , it has been suggested that she heals extremely quickly also due to her divine heritage . In rare cases where she has been gravely injured , Diana showed the ability to physically merge with the earth , causing whatever injuries or poisons to be expelled from her body ; such an act is considered sacred , and can only be used in extreme cases . Pallas Athena , the goddess of wisdom and war , granted Diana great wisdom , intelligence , and military prowess . Athena 's gift has enabled Diana to master over a dozen languages ( including those of alien origin ) , multiple complex crafts , sciences and philosophies , as well as leadership , military strategy , and armed and unarmed combat . More recently , Athena bound her own eyesight to Diana 's , granting her increased empathy . Artemis , goddess of the hunt , animals , and the Moon , graced Diana with the Eyes of the Hunter and unity with beasts , meaning Diana can communicate with all animals , including dinosaurs . The Eyes of the Hunter ability gives Diana a full range of enhanced senses , including telescopic vision and super hearing . Hestia , goddess of hearth and home , granted Diana sisterhood with fire . This power has been shown to control the `` Fires of Truth '' , which Diana wields through her lasso , making anyone bound by it unable to lie . This ability also grants her resistance to both normal and supernatural fire . Hermes , the messenger god of speed , granted Diana superhuman speed and the ability to fly . She is capable of flying at speeds approaching half the speed of light . She can react quickly enough to deflect bullets , lasers , and other projectiles with her virtually impenetrable bracelets . After the 2011 relaunch of the character , Wonder Woman does not naturally possess the power of flight . She gains it once she is hit by a feather thrown by Hermes . Aphrodite , goddess of love , bestowed Diana with stunning beauty , as well as a kind heart . While not completely invulnerable , she is highly resistant to great amounts of concussive force and extreme temperatures and matches Superman in this regard . She is completely immune to his heat vision , virtually any damage , or even the core of the sun . However , edged weapons or projectiles applied with sufficient force are able to pierce her skin . Due to her divine origins , Diana can resist many forms of magical manipulation . She is able to astrally project herself into various lands of myth . Her physical body reacts to whatever happens to her on the mythical astral plane , leaving her body cut , bruised , or sometimes strengthened once her mind and body are reunited . She can apparently leave the planet through meditation and did this once to rescue Artemis while she was in Hell . The new 52 ( edit ) After the 2011 relaunch , Diana gained new powers . These new abilities , which included superhuman speed , durability , longevity , accelerated healing , and even flight came in addition to her previous attributed Olympian strength . She is now considered to be stronger than Hercules . In addition to her weaponry , Diana 's indestructible bracelets can now create an thunderous explosion when she clashes them together . These new abilities are attributed to being the daughter of Hippolyta and Zeus . Her powers are now considered nearly unmeasurable if she goes without her Bracelets of Submission , which keep her powers in check . She uses these powers in battle against the goddess Artemis and quickly renders her unconscious with ease with a series of carefully positioned counterattacks . While using her godly strength , her outfit and accoutrements lit up and her eyes glowed like her father 's . After becoming the God of War in the pages of Wonder Woman , Diana inherits Ares 's divine abilities . Diana has not exhibited her full powers as War , but is seen in Superman / Wonder Woman # 5 to slip easily into telepathic rapport with a soldier , explaining `` I am War . I know all soldiers , and they know me . '' Rebirth ( edit ) Following the Rebirth retcon , the `` Year One '' storyline explains that while put in a cell after coming to Man 's World , Diana was visited by the Greek gods in animal form . Each gave her powers that would reveal themselves when she needed them to . She first displays strength when she accidentally rips the bars off her cell door when visited by Steve Trevor , Etta Candy , and Barbara Ann Minerva . Later on a trip to the mall , she discovers super speed , great durability , and the power of flight while fighting off a terrorist attack . DC Universe ( edit ) DC Comics ended the Rebirth branding in December 2017 , opting to include everything under a larger `` DC Universe '' banner and naming . The continuity established by Rebirth continues across DC 's comic book titles , including volume five of Wonder Woman . Technology ( edit ) Diana rescues Steve Trevor from the sea and frantically creates the purple ray in order to heal him . Prior to the comic book storyline Crisis on Infinite Earths , Diana invented the Purple Ray in order to heal Steve Trevor from injuries he sustained when his plane was shot down and he was left adrift in the sea for days . Diana is an incredible scientist and physician in addition to athleticism . She has an arsenal of powerful god - forged gear at her disposal , but her signature equipment are her indestructible bracelets and the Lasso of Truth . Personal armor ( edit ) Wonder Woman 's outfit has varied over time , although almost all of her outfit incarnations have retained some form of breastplate , tiara , bracelets , and her signature five - pointed star symbols . When Wonder Woman was first introduced , she wore a heavily patriotic skirt and red top which incorporated an American eagle and elements of the United States flag , reflecting the comic 's origins during World War II . Later artists introduced what would become Wonder Woman 's classic ensemble , adding an armored plate to her top whose design recalls a letter W and revealing blue short shorts , whose precise length varied from artist to artist . Other artists have experimented with different looks for Wonder Woman over the years , including an all - white mod jumpsuit , a biker outfit , a variation of her mainstream depiction featuring leather pants and a jacket , and a number of armoured battlesuits . Contemporary artists have attempted to emphasise Wonder Woman 's traditional outfit as a red armored top with a blue gladiator skirt . Golden Age Wonder Woman 's outfit design was originally rooted in American symbolism and iconography , which included her signature star symbols , a golden eagle on her chest , crimson red bustier , white belt , and a dark blue star spangled skirt / culotte . She also had a pair of red glowing magnetic earrings which allowed her to receive messages from Queen Desira of the planet Venus . Pre-Crisis At the time of her debut , Wonder Woman sported a red top with a golden eagle emblem , a white belt , blue star - spangled culottes , and red and golden go - go boots . She originally wore a skirt ; however according to Elizabeth Martson , `` It was too hard to draw and would have been over her head most of the time . '' This outfit was entirely based on the American flag , because Wonder Woman was purely an American icon as she debuted during World War II . Later in 1942 , Wonder Woman 's outfit received a slight change -- the culottes were converted entirely into skin - tight shorts and she wore sandals . While earlier most of her back was exposed , during the imposition of the Comics Code Authority in the mid-1950s , Wonder Woman 's outfit was rectified to make her back substantially covered , in order to comply with the Authority 's rule of minimum exposure . During Mike Sekowsky 's run in the late 1960s , Diana surrendered her powers and started using her own skill to fight crime . She wore a series of jumpsuits as her attire , most popular of these was a white one . After Sekowsky 's run ended in the early 1970s , Diana 's roots were reverted to her old mythological ones and she wore a more modernized version of her original outfit , a predecessor to her `` bathing suit '' outfit . Later , in 1976 , her glowing white belt was turned into a yellow one . For Series 3 , artist Terry Dodson redrew her outfit as a strapless swimsuit . Post-Crisis After Crisis on Infinite Earths , George Pérez rebooted the character in 1987 . She wore an outfit similar to her 1970s one , but now with a larger glowing golden belt . This outfit continued until William Messner - Loebs ' run , which had Diana pass on the role of Wonder Woman to Artemis . No longer Wonder Woman , Diana sported a new black biker - girl outfit designed by artist Mike Deodato Jr . After John Byrne took over writing and art duties , he redesigned the Wonder Woman outfit ( Diana was reinstated as Wonder Woman at the end of Loebs ' run ) and joined the emblem and belt together . Her outfit did not receive any prominent change until after the 2005 -- 2006 Infinite Crisis storyline . Similar to her chest - plate , her glowing belt was also shaped into a `` W '' . This outfit continued until issue # 600 -- J. Michael Straczynski 's run of Wonder Woman 's altered timeline changed her outfit drastically . Her outfit was redesigned by Jim Lee and included a redesigned emblem , a golden and red top , black pants , and a later discontinued blue - black jacket . It was later retconned by Gail Simone that Wonder Woman 's outfit design had Amazonian roots . During a flashback in Vol. 3 , Hippolyta is shown issuing orders to have a garment created for Diana , taking inspiration from the skies on the night Diana was born ; a red hunter 's moon and a field of stars against deep blue , and the eagle breastplate being a symbol of Athena 's avian representations . The New 52 Another major outfit change for Wonder Woman came about as part of DC Comics ' 2011 relaunch of its entire line of publications , The New 52 . The character 's original one - piece outfit was restored , although the color combination of red and blue was changed to dark red and blue - black . Her chest - plate , belt and tiara were also changed from gold to a platinum or sterling silver color . Along with her sword , she now also utilizes a shield . She wears many accessories such as arm and neck jewelery styled as the `` WW '' motif . Her outfit is no longer made of fabric , as it now resembles a type of light , flexible body armor . Her boots are now a very dark blue rather than red . The design previously included black trousers , but they were removed and the one - piece look was restored during the time of publication . After the events of the 2015 storyline `` Convergence '' , Diana gets a new armored suit with the classic armor and tiara returning . Wonder Woman 's revised look on the cover of Wonder Woman vol. 5 , # 16 ( April 2017 ) . Art by Bilquis Evely and Romulo Fajardo , Jr . DC Universe Following the 2016 `` DC Rebirth '' continuity relaunch , Wonder Woman 's outfit was redesigned to resemble the one worn in the film Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . This outfit is a red bustier with a gold eagle , a blue leather skirt with gold edges with two stars , and knee - high red boots with gold knee guards and accents . Her tiara once again is gold with a red star . She occasionally wears a red cape with a gold clasp and edges . She continues to wear this updated outfit in DC Universe , the continuity established after Rebirth . Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) Main article : Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) Her tiara 's signature star symbol is now an eight pointed starburst . According to designer Lindy Hemming and director Patty Jenkins , every design decision made for Themyscira came down to the same question : `` How would I want to live that 's badass ? '' `` To me , they should n't be dressed in armor like men . It should be different . It should be authentic and real ( ... ) and appealing to women . '' When asked about the decision to give the Amazons heeled sandals , Jenkins explained that they also have flats for fighting , adding `` It 's total wish - fulfillment ( ... ) I , as a woman , want Wonder Woman to be sexy , hot as hell , fight badass , and look great at the same time ( ... ) the same way men want Superman to have ridiculously huge pecs and an impractically big body . That makes them feel like the hero they want to be . And my hero , in my head , has really long legs . '' This corresponds to the original intent by William Moulton Marston , who wanted his character to be alluringly feminine . Invisible plane ( edit ) Main article : Invisible plane The Pre-Crisis version of the invisible plane was a necessity because before Crisis on Infinite Earths rewrote Wonder Woman 's history -- along with the histories of many other heroes -- Wonder Woman could not fly . She grew increasingly powerful during and after the Silver Age of Comic Books , acquiring the power to ride wind currents and imitate flight over short distances . This had limitations , however ; for example , if there was no wind and the air was completely still she would be trapped on the ground or if dropped from a distance that she would helplessly fall out of control to the ground . Though this meant that she would rely on the invisible plane less frequently , she always had need of it . The Invisible Plane was a creation of Diana 's during her younger years on Paradise Island . She created it to be an improvement on her mother 's planes which would be shot down in Man 's World . The result of her innovation was an invisible plane that could fly at terrific speeds silently and not be detected by hostile forces . Initially , it was portrayed as being transparent . The Invisible Plane appeared in the very first comic stories , including All - Star Comics # 8 , where it is shown as being able to fly at over 2,000 mph ( 3,200 km / h ) and to send out rainbow rays that penetrate the mist around Paradise Island , as well as landing stealthily and having a built - in radio . Wonder Woman is seen storing the plane at an abandoned farm near Washington , D.C. , in the barn ; she goes there as Lt. Prince and changes clothes in some of the earliest tales . Though never explicitly stated , the Plane is presumably stored there when not in use for the rest of the Pre-Crisis era . In a story published shortly after , it flies at 40 miles ( 64 km ) a second . Shortly thereafter , Wonder Woman is shown being able to summon it with her tiara , have it hover by the War Department , and extend from it a rope ladder with which she could board it . She uses the plane to fly into outer space , and frequently transports Etta Candy and the Holliday Girls , Steve Trevor , and others . During the 1950s , the plane becomes a jet , and is often shown swooping over Lt. Prince 's office ; she strips out of her uniform at super speed and bounds to the plane . Though the Plane was depicted as semi-transparent for the reader 's convenience , in - story dialogue indicated that it actually was completely invisible , or at least able to become so as the need arose . Wonder Woman continued to use the plane for super speed , outer space , and multi-dimensional transport up until the unpowered era of Diana Prince . When Wonder Woman resumed superpowered , costumed operations in 1973 , she continued to use the jet as before , but did glide on air currents for short distances . At one point , Aphrodite granted the plane the power to fly faster than the speed of light for any interstellar voyages her champion might undertake . Thanks to tinkering by gremlins , the Plane even developed intelligence and the power to talk . The plane proved a good friend , eager to help his `` mistress '' and her loved ones in any way possible . It got along especially well with Steve Trevor . Bracelets of Submission ( edit ) Main article : Wonder Woman 's bracelets `` My strength is gone ... it is Aphrodite 's Law ! When an Amazon permits a man to chain her Bracelets of Submission together , she becomes weak as other women in a man - ruled world ! '' -- Wonder Woman Diana 's bulletproof bracelets were formed from the remnants of Athena 's legendary shield , the Aegis , to be awarded to her champion . The shield was made from the indestructible hide of the great she - goat , Amalthea , who suckled Zeus as an infant . These forearm guards have thus far proven indestructible and able to absorb the impact of incoming attacks , allowing Wonder Woman to deflect automatic weapon fire and energy blasts . Diana can slam the bracelets together to create a wave of concussive force capable of making strong beings like Superman 's ears bleed . Recently , she gained the ability to channel Zeus 's lightning through her bracelets as well . Zeus explained to her that this power had been contained within the bracelets since their creation , because they were once part of the Aegis , and that he had only recently unlocked it for her use . After the 2011 relaunch of the character , it was revealed that Diana was the daughter of Zeus and Hippolyta and that the bracelets are able to keep the powers she had inherited from Zeus in check . In addition , Hephaestus has modified the bracelets to allow Wonder Woman the sorcerous ability to manifest a sword of grayish metal from each bracelet . Each sword , marked with a red star , takes shape from a flash of lightning , and when Wonder Woman is done with them , the swords disappear , supposedly , back into her bracelets . As such , she has produced other weapons from the bracelets in this way such as a bow that fires explosive arrows , spears and energy bolts among others . The inspiration to give Diana bracelets came from the pair of bracelets worn by Olive Byrne , creator William Moulton Marston 's research assistant and lover . `` Wonder Woman and her sister Amazons have to wear heavy bracelets to remind them of what happens to a girl when she lets a man conquer her , '' quoted Marston in a 1942 interview . `` The Amazons once surrendered to the charm of some handsom Greeks and what a mess they got themselves into . The Greeks put them in chains of the Hitler type , beat them , and made them work like horses in the fields . Aphrodite , goddess of love , finally freed these unhappy girls . But she laid down the rule ( '' Aphrodite 's Law `` ) that they must never surrender to a man for any reason . I know of no better advice to give modern women than this rule that Aphrodite gave the Amazon girls . '' Lasso of Truth ( edit ) Main article : Lasso of Truth The Lasso of Truth , or Lasso of Hestia , was forged by Hephaestus from the golden girdle of Gaea . The original form of the Lasso in the Golden Age was called the Magic Lasso of Aphrodite . It compels all beings who come into contact with it to tell the absolute truth and is virtually indestructible ; in Identity Crisis , Green Arrow mistakenly describes it as `` the only lie detector designed by Zeus . '' The only times it has been broken were when Wonder Woman herself refused to accept the truth revealed by the lasso , such as when she confronted Rama Khan of Jarhanpur , and by Bizarro in Matt Wagner 's non-canonical Batman / Superman / Wonder Woman : Trinity . During the Golden Age , the original form of the Lasso had the power to force anyone caught to obey any command given them , even overriding the mind control of others ; this was effective enough to defeat strong - willed beings like Captain Marvel . Diana wields the Lasso with great precision and accuracy and can use it as a whip or noose . Other items ( edit ) Diana occasionally uses additional weaponry in formal battle , such as ceremonial golden armour with golden wings , pteruges , chestplate , and golden helmet in the shape of an eagle 's head . She possesses a magical sword forged by Hephaestus that is sharp enough to cut the electrons off an atom . As early as the 1950s , Wonder Woman 's tiara has also been used as a razor - edged throwing weapon , returning to her like a boomerang . The tiara allows Wonder Woman to be invulnerable from telepathic attacks , as well as allowing her to telepathically contact people such as the Amazons back on Themyscira using the power of the red star ruby in its center . The Golden , Silver , and Bronze Age portrayals of Wonder Woman showed her using a silent and invisible plane that could be controlled by mental command and fly at speeds up to 3,000 mph ( 4,800 km / h ) . Its appearance has varied over time ; originally it had a propeller , while later it was drawn as a jet aircraft resembling a stealth aircraft . During the golden age Wonder Woman possessed a Purple Ray capable of healing even a fatal gunshot wound to the brain . She also possessed a Mental Radio that could let her receive messages from those in need . As a temporary inductee into the Star Sapphires , Wonder Woman gained access to the violet power ring of love . This ring allowed her to alter her costume at will , create solid - light energy constructs , and reveal a person 's true love to them . She was able to combine the energy with her lasso to enhance its ability . Fictography ( edit ) 20th century ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) In her debut in All Star Comics # 8 , Diana was a member of a tribe of women called the Amazons , native to Paradise Island -- a secluded island set in the middle of a vast ocean . Captain Steve Trevor 's plane crashes on the island and he is found alive but unconscious by Diana and fellow Amazon , and friend , Mala . Diana has him nursed back to health and falls in love with him . A competition is held amongst all the Amazons by Diana 's mother , the Queen of the Amazons Hippolyta , in order to determine who is the most worthy of all the women ; Hippolyta charges the winner with the responsibility of delivering Captain Steve Trevor back to Man 's World and to fight for justice . Hippolyta forbids Diana from entering the competition , but she takes part nonetheless , wearing a mask to conceal her identity . She wins the competition and reveals herself , surprising Hippolyta , who ultimately accepts , and must give in to , Diana 's wish to go to Man 's World . She then is awarded a special uniform made by her mother for her new role as Wonder Woman and safely returns Steve Trevor to his home country . Golden Age ( edit ) Main article : Golden Age of Comic Books Coming to America for the first time , Wonder Woman comes upon a wailing army nurse . Inquiring about her state , she finds that the nurse wanted to leave for South America with her fiancé but was unable due to shortage of money . As both of them looked identical and Wonder Woman needed a job and a valid identity to look after Steve ( who was admitted in the same army hospital ) , she gives her the money she had earned earlier to help her go to her fiancé in exchange for her credentials . The nurse reveals her name as Diana Prince , and thus , Wonder Woman 's secret identity was created , and she began working as a nurse in the army . Wonder Woman then took part in a variety of adventures , mostly side by side with Trevor . Her most common foes during this period would be Nazi forces led by a German baroness named Paula von Gunther , occasionally evil deities / demigods such as Mars and the Duke of Deception , and then colorful villains like Hypnota , Doctor Psycho , and the Cheetah . Silver Age ( edit ) Main article : Silver Age of Comic Books In the Silver Age , Wonder Woman 's history received several changes . Her earlier origin , which had significant ties to World War II , was changed and her powers were shown to be the product of the gods ' blessings , corresponding to her epithet , `` beautiful as Aphrodite , wise as Athena , stronger than Hercules , and swifter than Hermes '' . The concepts of Wonder Girl and Wonder Tot were also introduced during this period . Wonder Woman ( vol. 1 ) # 179 ( Nov. 1968 ) showed Wonder Woman giving up her powers and returning her costume and title to her mother , in order to continue staying in Man 's World . The reason behind this was that all the Amazons were shifting to another dimension , but Diana was unable to accompany them as she needed to stay behind to help Steve , who had been wrongly convicted . Thus , she no longer held the title of Wonder Woman and after meeting and training under a blind martial arts mentor I - Ching , Diana resumed crime fighting as the powerless Diana Prince . She ran a mod - boutique as a business and dressed in a series of jumpsuits while fighting crime . During this period , Samuel R. Delany took over scripting duties with issue # 202 . Delany was initially supposed to write a six - issue story arc , which would culminate in a battle over an abortion clinic , but Delany was removed reportedly due to criticism from Gloria Steinem , who , not knowing the content of the issues Delany was writing , was upset that Wonder Woman had lost her powers and was no longer wearing her traditional costume . Bronze Age ( edit ) Main article : Bronze Age of Comic Books In Wonder Woman Vol 1 # 204 , Diana 's powers and costume were returned to her and she is once again reinstated as Wonder Woman . I - Ching is killed by a crazy sniper in the same issue . Later , Diana meets her sister Nubia , who is Hippolyta 's daughter fashioned out of dark clay ( hence Nubia 's dark complexion ) . Nubia claimed to be the `` Wonder Woman of The Floating Island '' , and she challenges Diana to a duel which ends in a draw . Returning to her home , Nubia would have further adventures involving Diana . The last issue of Volume 1 showed Diana and Steve Trevor announce their love for each other and their subsequent marriage . Modern Age ( edit ) Main article : Modern Age of Comic Books Cover of Wonder Woman vol. 2 , # 1 ( Feb. 1987 ) , showing the character 's look after the Crisis on Infinite Earths continuity reboot . Art by George Pérez . Crisis on Infinite Earths The events of Crisis on Infinite Earths greatly changed and altered the history of the DC Universe . Wonder Woman 's history and origin were considerably revamped by the event . Wonder Woman was now an emissary and ambassador from Themyscira ( the new name for Paradise Island ) to Patriarch 's World , charged with the mission of bringing peace to the outside world . Various deities and concepts from Greek mythology were blended and incorporated into Wonder Woman 's stories and origin . Diana was formed out of clay of the shores of Themyscira by Hippolyta , who wished for a child ; the clay figure was then brought to life by the Greek deities . The Gods then blessed and granted her unique powers and abilities -- beauty from Aphrodite , strength from Demeter , wisdom from Athena , speed and flight from Hermes , Eyes of the Hunter and unity with beasts from Artemis and sisterhood with fire and the ability to discern the truth from Hestia . Due to the reboot , Diana 's operating methods were made distinctive from Superman and Batman 's with her willingness to use deadly force when she judges it necessary . In addition , her previous history and her marriage to Steve Trevor were erased . Trevor was introduced as a man much older than Diana who would later on marry Etta Candy . Instead , Perez created Julia and Vanessa Kapatelis , a Greek - American scholar and her teenage daughter whom Diana would live with when she was in Man 's world and would be major supporting characters in the series for years . War of the Gods Main article : War of the Gods ( comics ) Starting in Wonder Woman Vol 2 # 51 , The Amazons , who had revealed their presence to the world in Wonder Woman Vol 2 # 50 , are blamed for a series of murders and for the theft of various artifacts . The Amazons are then taken into custody , Queen Hippolyta is nowhere to be found and Steve Trevor is forced by General Yedziniak to attack Themyscira . These events lead to the `` War of the Gods '' occurring . The culprit of the murders , thefts and the framing of the Amazons is revealed to be the witch Circe , who `` kills '' Diana by reverting her form back into the clay she was born from . Later , Wonder Woman is brought back to life and together with Donna Troy , battles Circe and ultimately defeats her . Circe would later return by unknown means . When Hippolyta and the other Amazons were trapped in a demonic dimension , she started receiving visions about the death of Wonder Woman . Fearing her daughter 's death , Hippolyta created a false claim that Diana was not worthy of continuing her role as Wonder Woman , and arranged for a contest to determine who would be the new Wonder Woman , thus protecting Diana from her supposed fate . The participants of the final round were Diana and Artemis , and with the help of some mystic manipulation by Hippolyta , Artemis won the contest . Thus , Diana was forced to hand over her title and costume to Artemis , who became the new Wonder Woman and Diana started fighting crime in an alternate costume . Artemis later died in battle with the White Magician -- thus , Hippolyta 's vision of a dying Wonder Woman did come true , albeit not of Diana as Wonder Woman . Diana once again became Wonder Woman , a request made by Artemis in her last seconds . Artemis would later return as Requiem . Prior to Artemis ' death , Hippolyta would admit to her daughter about her own part in Artemis ' death , which strained their relationship as Diana was unable to forgive her mother for sending another Amazon to her death knowingly for the sake of saving her own daughter . The demon Neron engaged Diana in battle and managed to kill her . The Olympian Gods granted Diana divinity and the role of the Goddess of Truth who started to reside in Olympus ; her mother Hippolyta then assumed the role of Wonder Woman and wore her own different incarnation of the costume . In Wonder Woman Vol 2 # 136 , Diana was banished from Olympus due to interfering in earthly matters ( as Diana was unable to simply watch over people 's misery on earth ) . She immediately returned to her duties as Wonder Woman , but ran into conflicts with her mother over her true place and role as Hippolyta seemed accustomed to her life in America . Their fight remained unsolved , as Hippolyta died during an intergalactic war . Themyscira was destroyed during the war , but was restored and reformed as a collection of floating islands . Circe later resurrected Hippolyta in Wonder Woman Vol 3 # 8 . The OMAC Project Main articles : Infinite Crisis and The OMAC Project One of the events that led to Infinite Crisis was of Wonder Woman killing the villain Maxwell Lord in Wonder Woman ( vol. 2 ) # 219 . Maxwell Lord was mind - controlling Superman , who as a result was near to killing Batman . Wonder Woman tried to stop Superman , Lord ( who was unable to mind control her ) made Superman see her as his enemy Doomsday trying to kill Lois Lane . Superman then attacked Wonder Woman , and a vicious battle ensued . Buying herself time by slicing Superman 's throat with her tiara , Wonder Woman caught Lord in her Lasso of Truth and demanded to know how to stop his control over Superman . As the lasso forced the wearer to speak only the truth , Lord told her that the only way to stop him was to kill him . Left with no choice , Wonder Woman snapped Lord 's neck and ended his control over Superman . Unknown to her , the entire scene was broadcast live around every channel in the world by Brother Eye . The viewers were not aware of the entire situation , and saw only Wonder Woman murdering a Justice League associate . Wonder Woman 's actions put her at odds with Batman and Superman , as they saw Wonder Woman as a cold - blooded killer , despite the fact that she saved their lives . One Year Later Main articles : One Year Later and Who is Wonder Woman ? At the end of Infinite Crisis , Wonder Woman temporarily retires from her costumed identity . Diana , once again using the alias Diana Prince , joins the Department of Metahuman Affairs . Donna Troy becomes the new Wonder Woman and is captured by Diana 's enemies . Diana then goes on a mission to rescue her sister , battling Circe and Hercules . Diana defeats the villains , freeing Donna and takes up the role of Wonder Woman again . Circe places a spell on Diana , which renders Diana into a normal , powerless human being when in the role of Diana Prince ; her powers come to her only when she is in the role of Wonder Woman . The Circle Main article : The Circle ( DC Comics ) The storyline `` The Circle '' was focused on the revelation of a failed assassination attempt on Diana when she was a baby , by four rogue Amazons . These Amazons -- Myrto , Charis , Philomela and Alkyone , collectively referred to as The Circle -- were Hippolyta 's personal guards and were extremely loyal and devoted to her . However , when Hippolyta decided to raise a daughter , The Circle was horrified and considered the baby ill - fate , one who would ruin their entire race . Thus , after Diana was sculpted out of clay and brought to life , The Circle decided to assassinate the baby . Their attempt was foiled however , and the four Amazons were imprisoned . After years , the Circle escaped their prisons with the help of Captain Nazi , and decided to accomplish their previously failed mission and kill Diana . Diana defeated Myrto , Charis , Philomela and then approached Alkyone , who runs off and succumbs to her death by falling into the ocean . The other three Amazons return to their prisons . Issue # 600 introduced Wonder Woman to an alternate time - line created by the Gods in which Themyscira had been destroyed and the Amazons scattered around the world . In this timeline , Diana is an orphan raised in New York who is learning to cope with her powers . The entire world has forgotten Wonder Woman 's existence and the main story of this run was of Diana trying to restore reality even though she does not properly remember it herself . Diana has no memories of her prior adventures as Wonder Woman , recollecting her memories in bits and pieces and receiving different abilities and resources ( such as the power of flight and her lasso ) during the progression of her adventure . A trio of Death Goddesses called The Morrigan acted as Wonder Woman 's main enemies . Diana ultimately defeats the evil goddesses and returns everything back to normal . 21st century ( edit ) The new 52 ( edit ) Main article : The New 52 This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( October 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In September 2011 , DC Comics relaunched its entire publication line , dubbing the event the New 52 . Among the major changes to the character , Wonder Woman now appears wearing a new costume similar to her older one , and has a completely new origin . In this new timeline , Wonder Woman is no longer a clay figure brought to life by the magic of the gods . Rather , she is the demigoddess daughter of Queen Hippolyta and Zeus : King of the Greek Gods . Her original origin is revealed as a cover story to explain Diana 's birth as a means to protect her from Hera 's wrath . Currently , Diana has taken on the role and title as the new `` God of War '' . The Greek messenger god , Hermes , entrusts Wonder Woman with the protection of Zola , a young woman , who is pregnant with Zeus 's child , from Hera , seething with jealousy and determined to kill the child . With the appearance of a bizarre , new , chalk - white enemy , the goddess Strife ( a reimagined version of Eris , the goddess of discord who had battled Wonder Woman in post-Crisis continuity ) , Wonder Woman discovers she , herself , is the natural - born daughter of Hippolyta and Zeus , who , after a violent clash , became lovers . Hippolyta revealed Diana 's earlier origin story to be a lie , spread amongst the Amazons to protect Diana from the wrath of Hera , who is known for hunting and killing several illegitimate offspring of Zeus . The first of these half - mortal siblings to reveal himself to Wonder Woman was her older half - brother , Lennox Sandsmark , who could transform himself into living , marble - like stone and , before his death , was revealed to be the father of Wonder Girl ( Cassie Sandsmark ) . His killer , the First Born , the eldest progeny of Zeus , would become Wonder Woman 's first major super-villain of the New 52 . The story then focuses on Wonder Woman 's quest to rescue Zola from Hades , who had abducted her and taken her to Hell at the end of the sixth issue of the series . The male children of the Amazons are introduced and Diana learns about the birth of her `` brothers '' -- the Amazons used to infrequently invade ships coming near their island and force themselves on the sailors , before killing them . After nine months , the birth of the resulting female children was highly celebrated and they were inducted into the ranks of the Amazons while the male children were rejected . In order to save the male children from being drowned to death by the Amazons , Hephaestus traded weapons to the Amazons in exchange for them . After saving Zola from Hades , Wonder Woman tries to protect her further from Apollo , as it is prophesied that one of Zeus ' children will be his downfall whom Apollo considers to be Zola 's child . Wonder Woman receives the power of flight by one of Hermes ' feathers piercing her thigh and Zola 's baby is stolen by Hermes at the end and given to Demeter . The issue 's last page shows a dark and mysterious man rising from the snow , taking a helmet and disappearing . This man is later revealed to be Zeus ' first son , known only as First Born , who seeks to rule over Olympus and the rest of the world , and take Diana as his bride . A stand - alone # 0 issue was released in September which explored Diana 's childhood and her tutelage under Ares , the God of War , now known most often as simply ' War ' . The issue was narrated in the style of a typical Silver Age comic book and saw Diana in her childhood years . The main plot of the issue was Diana training under War as he thought of her being an extraordinary girl with immense potential . The issue ultimately concluded with Diana learning and experiencing the importance of mercy , which she first learned when War showed it to her during their sparring . This later translated into her refusal to kill the Minotaur -- a task given to her by War ; however , this show of mercy makes her a failure in War 's eyes , which was actually his fault since he inadvertently `` taught '' her mercy and affection as his protege . Later in the series , Wonder Woman is forced to kill War during a conflict with her evil half - brother , Zeus ' son First Born , and herself becomes the God of War . After the Amazons are restored , she rules over them both as a warrior queen and God of War , as the ongoing conflict with First Born escalates . At the end of Azzarello 's run , as part of a final conflict , Wonder Woman kills First Born , while Zeke is revealed to have been Zeus ' plan for resurrection , with Zola revealed to have been a mortal shell for the goddess Athena , who gave birth to Zeus just as he once did to her . Wonder Woman pleads with Athena not to allow the Zola personality , whom she has grown to love as a friend , die with Athena 's awakening . Athena leaves the site in animal form , leaving a stunned and confused Zola behind with Wonder Woman . Wonder Woman appears as one of the lead characters in the Justice League title written by Geoff Johns and drawn by Jim Lee that was launched in 2011 as part of the New 52 . In August 2012 , she and Superman shared a kiss in Justice League Vol 2 # 12 , which has since developed into a romantic relationship . DC launched a Superman / Wonder Woman series that debuted in late 2013 , which focuses both the threats they face together , and on their romance as a `` Power Couple '' . After the events of Convergence , Wonder Woman would don a new costume . She would also face Donna Troy , who is now reimagined as a villanous doppellganger created by a vengeful Amazon elder , not only to physically defeat Wonder Woman but also to outmaneuver her in Themyscirian politics . Earth 2 ( edit ) The New 52 version of Earth 2 was introduced in Earth 2 # 1 ( 2012 ) . In that issue , the Earth 2 Wonder Woman is introduced via flashback . She , along with Superman and Batman , are depicted dying in battle with forces from Apokolips five years in the past . This Wonder Woman worshiped the deities of Roman mythology as opposed to the Greek ; the Roman gods perish as a result of the conflict . An earlier version of the Earth - 2 Wonder Woman , prior to the Apokoliptian invasion , is seen in the comic book Batman / Superman , where she is seen riding a pegasus . In Earth 2 # 8 ( 2013 ) , Wonder Woman 's adult daughter , Fury , is introduced . She is loyal to the Apokoliptian Steppenwolf . DC Rebirth ( edit ) Main article : DC Rebirth This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( November 2017 ) In 2016 , DC Comics started DC Rebirth , a relaunch of its entire line of comic books . Following the events of the Darkseid War , Wonder Woman is told by the dying Myrina Black that on the night of Diana 's birth , Hippolyta gave birth to a twin child . This child was revealed to be male , known as Jason , and is said to be incredibly powerful . Wonder Woman makes it her mission to find him . At the same time , she finds the truth behind her origin and history is now cluttered , as she remembers two versions : the pre-Flashpoint one , and the New 52 rendition . She can not locate Themiscyra or her fellow Amazons and the Lasso of Truth does not work for her anymore . The `` Year One '' storyline retells Diana 's origin growing up on Themyscira . She lives an idyllic life and harbors interest for the outside world , and the first connection to it comes in the form of Steve Trevor , who crashes on the island and is the sole survivor . A contest is held to determine which Amazon is the best candidate to take Steve home , with Diana volunteering despite knowing the cost to leave the island is to never return . Diana wins the contest and departs with Steve . Once arriving in America , Diana is taken into custody by the government to discern her origins . She meets Etta Candy and Barbara Ann Minerva along the way . While incarcerated Diana is visited by the gods in animal form and bestow upon her powers of strength , speed , agility , durability , and flight . She discovers Ares , the god of war , is working to destroy humanity . Accepting her new role in Man 's World , Diana , with the help of the gods in animal form , subdues Ares with the lasso . Now called Wonder Woman , Diana becomes one of the world 's greatest heroes . The `` Lies '' story arc runs parallel and explores Diana 's search . No longer able to get into Mount Olympus , Diana tracks down Barbara Ann Minerva , the Cheetah , to get help . Cheetah agrees to help in exchange for Diana aiding her in killing the god Urzkartaga and end Minerva 's curse . The pair battle their way through Urzkartaga 's minions , the Bouda , and defeat Andres Cadulo , a worshiper of Urzkartaga that planned to sacrifice Steve Trevor to the plant god . Once reverted to her human form , Minerva agreed to help Wonder Woman find her way back to Paradise Island . During this time Wonder Woman reconnects with Steve . Minerva eventually realizes Paradise Island is an embodiment of emotion instead of a physical place , so Wonder Woman and Steve head out to find the island . They succeed and Wonder Woman is greeted by her mother and sisters , though Steve senses something is wrong . Wonder Woman comes to realize nothing is as she remembers and , upon using the Lasso of Truth , discovers everything she thought she knew was a lie : she never really returned to Themyscira after departing with Steve years earlier . The revelation shatters Diana 's mind and she is left nearly insane . Veronica Cale , a businesswoman who has been desiring to find Themyscira and the leader of Godwatch , sends a military group called Poison after her , but Diana 's state has left her vulnerable and oblivious to the danger she and Steve are in . Steve wards them off long enough for them to be rescued , and reluctantly places Diana in a mental hospital so she can get help . While there she comes to grasp the reality she thought she knew was false , eventually coming out of her stupor and able to rejoin the others in tracking down Veronica Cale , who is trying to find Themyscira . Cultural impact ( edit ) Main article : Cultural impact of Wonder Woman In other media ( edit ) Main article : Wonder Woman in other media Since her comic book debut in December 1941 , Wonder Woman has appeared in a number of adaptations . These formats include television shows , video games , and films . Television ( edit ) Wonder Woman has made multiple appearances in television , including Wonder Woman , and most notably Hanna - Barbera 's long - running animated series Super Friends as well as the 1970s live - action show Wonder Woman . Film ( edit ) Gal Gadot at the San Diego Comic - Con panel for Wonder Woman 1984 in 2018 The character has been featured in direct - to - DVD animated films and CGI theatrical releases , such as The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) . Within the live - action DC Extended Universe films , Wonder Woman debuted in Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) and was featured as the main character in Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) . In November 2017 , she appeared in the DCEU release Justice League . The 2017 film , Professor Marston & the Wonder Women , tells the story of the polyamorous relationship between William Moulton Marston , his wife and fellow psychologist Elizabeth Holloway Marston , and their lover Olive Byrne ; the invention of the lie detector , and how they inspired the creation of the Wonder Woman comic . Literature ( edit ) Main article : Wonder Woman in literature Critical reception and legacy ( edit ) As a compassionate warrior with god - like strength , Wonder Woman preferred peace and love to war and violence , a contradiction that has long made her a symbol of female empowerment , and the center of controversy . The early Wonder Woman stories featured an abundant amount of bondage portrayals , which had critics worried . Although created to be a positive role - model and a strong female character for girls and boys , Wonder Woman has had to deal with the misogyny that was commonplace in comic book industry for decades . For example , Wonder Woman was a founding member of the Justice Society of America . This roster included the original Flash and Green Lantern . Wonder Woman was an experienced leader and easily the most powerful of them all ; yet was rendered a secretary . This would also be accompanied with her losing her powers or getting captured on most Justice League adventures . During the ' 50s and ' 60s , comic writers regularly made Wonder Woman love sick over Steve Trevor , a Major in the United States Army . Stories frequently featured Wonder Woman hoping or imagining what it would be like to marry Steve Trevor . Wonder Woman was named the 20th greatest comic book character by Empire magazine . She was ranked sixth in Comics Buyer 's Guide 's `` 100 Sexiest Women in Comics '' list . In May 2011 , Wonder Woman placed fifth on IGN 's Top 100 Comic Book Heroes of All Time . Not all reaction to Wonder Woman has been positive . In the controversial Seduction of the Innocent , psychiatrist Fredric Wertham claimed Wonder Woman 's strength and independence made her a lesbian in a condemning way . Feminist icon ( edit ) Feminist icon Gloria Steinem , founder of Ms. magazine , was responsible for the return of Wonder Woman 's original abilities . Offended that the most famous female superhero had been depowered into a boyfriend - obsessed damsel in distress , Steinem placed Wonder Woman ( in costume ) on the cover of the first issue of Ms. ( 1972 ) -- Warner Communications , DC Comics ' owner , was an investor -- which also contained an appreciative essay about the character . Wonder Woman 's powers and traditional costume were restored in issue # 204 ( January -- February 1973 ) . In 1972 , just months after the groundbreaking US Supreme Court decision Roe v. Wade , science fiction author Samuel R. Delany had planned a story for Ms. that culminated in a plainsclothes Wonder Woman protecting an abortion clinic . However , Steinem disapproved of Wonder Woman being out of costume , and the controversial story line never happened . The original significance of Wonder Woman had the intentions of influencing many women of all ages , displaying the physical and mental strengths , values , and ethical attributes that not only men acquire . `` Wonder Woman symbolizes many of the values of the women 's culture that feminists are now trying to introduce into the mainstream : strength and self - reliance for women ; sisterhood and mutual support among women ; peacefulness and esteem for human life ; a diminishment both of ' masculine ' aggression and of the belief that violence is the only way of solving conflicts , '' Steinem wrote at the time . Carolyn Cocca has stated that Wonder Woman possesses a `` duality of character '' due to the character possessing both feminine and masculine qualities in her physical abilities and attitude , which Cocca felt made her more appealing to a wide audience . Wonder Woman 's first female editor , Karen Berger , claimed that , `` Wonder Woman ( is ) a great role model to young women , but also contains many elements that appeal to males as well . Wonder Woman crosses the gender line . '' . Berger worked with George Pérez on the new issues of Wonder Woman starting in 1987 , and the new Diana `` works with friends and allies to teach lessons of peace and equality . '' . The origin of Wonder Woman and the psychological reasoning behind why William Morton Marston created her in the way he did illustrated Marston 's educational , ethical , and moral values . `` William Marston intended her to be a feminist character , showing young boys the illimitable possibilities of a woman who could be considered just as strong as the famed Superman . '' Gladys L. Knight explains the impact and influences that superheroes have on us in society ranging from the 1870s until the present day . Marc DiPaolo introduces us to Wonder Woman 's creator and history and he demonstrates how she is a `` WWII veteran , a feminist icon , and a sex symbol '' all throughout her `` career '' . Wonder Woman stars in multiple films and is most commonly known for her red , white and blue one piece , and her tall , sexy assertiveness . What many people do n't know is that she is a big part of history in the comic and superhero world because of how her character influences real life people of all ages , sexes , ethnicities , and races . `` Marston created the comic book character Wonder Woman to be both strong and sexy , as a means of encouraging woman to emulate her unapologetic assertiveness . '' Continuing her legacy as an influential feminist icon , in 2015 Wonder Woman became the first superhero to officiate a same - sex wedding in a comic series . On October 21 , 2016 , the United Nations controversially named Wonder Woman a UN Honorary Ambassador for the Empowerment of Women and Girls in a ceremony attended by Under - Secretary - General for Communications and Public Information Cristina Gallach and by actors Lynda Carter and Gal Gadot . The character was dropped from the role two months later after a petition against the appointment stated Wonder Woman was `` not culturally ... sensitive '' and it was `` alarming that the United Nations would consider using a character with an overtly sexualized image '' . Pacifist icon ( edit ) Gloria Steinem , editor for Ms. Magazine and a big supporter of Wonder Woman , stated `` ... ( Marston ) had invented Wonder Woman as a heroine for little girls , and also as a conscious alternative to the violence of comic books for boys . '' Badower described a near - international incident ( involving an unnamed Russian general rolling dozens of tanks and munitions through a shady mountain pass ) as an outstanding example for standing up to bullies . `` She ends up deflecting a bullet back and disarming the general , '' he says , adding that `` she does n't actually do anything violent in the story . I just think that Wonder Woman is smarter than that . '' Nick Pumphrey stated that Wonder Woman stands as a non-violent beacon of hope and inspiration for women and men . Grant Morrison stated `` I sat down and I thought , ' I do n't want to do this warrior woman thing . ' I can understand why they 're doing it , I get all that , but that 's not what ( Wonder Woman creator ) William Marston wanted , that 's not what he wanted at all ! His original concept for Wonder Woman was an answer to comics that he thought were filled with images of blood - curdling masculinity , and you see the latest shots of Gal Gadot in the costume , and it 's all sword and shield and her snarling at the camera . Marston 's Diana was a doctor , a healer , a scientist . '' Paquette detailed the changes he made to Wonder Woman 's costume , stating that he removed the iconic American flag theme and instead incorporated a Greek influence : `` The animal associated to Aphrodite is a dove so instead of an eagle on ( Wonder Woman 's ) breastplate , it will be more of a dove . It 's not the American eagle , it 's the Aphrodite dove . Stuff that creates ( the letter ) W is by accident , so it 's not like she already has a letter of the alphabet on her ( costume ) . In the end I 've created a structure so it feels inevitable for Wonder Woman to look the way she does . '' Lgbt icon ( edit ) William Marston 's earliest works were notorious for containing subversive `` bondage and sapphic - undertones '' subtext . Fredric Wertham 's Seduction of the Innocent referred to her as the `` lesbian counterpart to Batman '' ( whom he also identified as a homosexual ) . After Marston 's death in 1947 , DC Comics downplayed her sexuality ; the sexual imagery disappeared from the `` Wonder Woman '' comic , along with Wonder Woman 's super powers . During the Comics Code Authority - decades since , Wonder Woman 's subversiveness had been gradually stripped away ; subsequent comic book writers and artists did n't do much more than hint at Wonder Woman 's erotic legacy . Similar to whitewashing , Wonder Woman 's queerness was rendered `` invisible '' in adaptations . Wonder Woman is suggested as being queer or bisexual , as she and another Amazon , Io , had reciprocal feelings for each other . Grant Morrison 's 2016 comic Wonder Woman : Earth One , which exists parallel to the current DC comics Rebirth canon , Diana is depicted being kissed on her right cheek by a blonde woman who has put her left arm around Diana . In 2016 , `` Issue # 48 '' of Sensation Comics , featured Wonder Woman officiating a same - sex wedding , drawn by Australian illustrator Jason Badower . `` My country is all women . To us , it 's not ' gay ' marriage . It 's just marriage '' , she states to Superman . Inspired by the 2015 June Supreme Court ruling that established marriage equality in all 50 United States , Badower says DC Comics was `` fantastic '' about his idea for the issue . In an interview with The Sydney Morning Herald , he said his editor `` Was like ' great , I love it ! Let 's do it . ' It was almost anticlimactic . '' `` Diana 's mother , the queen , at the very least authorized or in some cases officiated these weddings , '' Badower says . `` It just seems more like a royal duty Diana would take on , that she would do for people that would appreciate it . '' Wonder Woman actress Gal Gadot reacted positively to Diana 's rebooted orientation , and agreed her sexuality was impacted by growing up in the women - only Themyscira . Gadot stated that Wonder Woman feels she need not be `` labelled sexually '' , and is `` just herself '' . `` She 's a woman who loves people for who they are . She can be bisexual . She loves people for their hearts . '' Coming from a society that was only populated by women , `` ' lesbian ' in ( the world 's ) eyes may have been ' straight ' for them . '' `` Her culture is completely free from the shackles of heteronormativity in the first place so she would n't even have any ' concept ' of gender roles in sex . '' Wonder Woman 's advocacy for gay rights was taken a step further in September 2016 , when comic book writer Greg Rucka announced that she is canonically bisexual , according to her rebooted Rebirth origin . Rucka stated , `` ... nobody at DC Comics has ever said , ( Wonder Woman ) got ta be straight . Nobody . Ever . They 've never blinked at this . '' Rucka stated that in his opinion , she `` has to be '' queer and has `` obviously '' had same - sex relationships on an island surrounded by beautiful women . This follows the way Wonder Woman was written in the alternate continuity or non-canon Earth One by Grant Morrison , and fellow Wonder Woman writer Gail Simone staunchly supported Rucka 's statement . Surprised at the amount of backlash from her fanbase , Rucka responded to `` haters '' that consensual sex with women is just as important to Wonder Woman as the Truth is to Superman . Sex icon ( edit ) Grant Morrison and Yanick Paquette had teamed up to work on Wonder Woman : Earth One . Paquette confirmed that he and Morrison would be bringing back the bondage theme that was popular in Wonder Woman comics during the 1940s . However , he stated that Morrison was looking for a way to not only modernize it , but to use the bondage theme as a form of female empowerment . Paquette acknowledged that Wonder Woman has become more than just a beloved character , she is a symbol for feminism . `` By bringing in sex and , yes , bondage , it reasserts ( William Moulton Marston 's core ) idea that it is okay for women to have a healthy sexual appetite . '' Paquette elaborated more on this by pointing out the blatant double standards in comics when it comes to sex : `` Could Wonder Woman really ever have a healthy and active sex life without it becoming political fodder for Fox News ? And what of women and girls who want to be like her ? Do we truly think they would n't be labeled sluts ? I have my doubts . '' See also ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Wonder Woman United States portal Comics portal Feminism portal Gender studies portal LGBT portal Speculative fiction portal Superhero fiction portal Alternative versions of Wonder Woman for Elseworlds and other characters to bear the title . Amazons ( DC Comics ) Counterstereotype Darna Diana Prince Bisexual women List of female action heroes List of feminist comic books List of Wonder Woman characters List of Wonder Woman enemies Orana ( comics ) Portrayal of women in American comics Woman warrior Wonder Woman in literature References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : All Star Comics # 8 was cover - dated Dec. / Jan. 1941 / 1942 , but released in October 1941 . ( See Library of Congress . Archived September 7 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . ) ^ Jump up to : Garner , Dwight ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Books -- Her Past Unchained ' The Secret History of Wonder Woman , ' by Jill Lepore '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hendrix , Grady ( December 11 , 2007 ) . `` Out for Justice '' . The New York Sun . Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/herocomplex/la-et-hc-wonder-woman-timeline-20170531-htmlstory.html ^ Jump up to : Lepore , Jill , The Secret History of Wonder Woman , New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 2014 . ISBN 9780385354042 Jump up ^ Moon , Michael ( March 12 , 2012 ) . Darger 's Resources . Duke University Press . ISBN 0822351560 . Jump up ^ Catherine Bennett . `` The Secret History of Wonder Woman review -- is this what a feminist looks like ? Books '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2016 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman 's Kinky Feminist Roots '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Caplan , Rebecca . `` Wonder Woman 's Secret Past '' . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2016 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Professor Marston and the Wonder Women Jump up ^ Beedle , Tim ( December 25 , 2013 ) . `` Ten Moments that Mattered : Wonder Woman Becomes War DC '' . Dccomics.com . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Vaneta ( August 28 , 2013 ) . `` WONDER WOMAN Kills ... Who ? Is the New GOD of What ? AZZARELLO Explains ( Spoilers ) '' . Newsarama.com . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://superdames.org/image/143332720966 Jump up ^ https://78.media.tumblr.com/f602627a65096985c1f0ef8fcb9766c9/tumblr_inline_o8cqw88EpY1rrbhi0_500.png Jump up ^ Crawford , Philip . `` The Legacy of Wonder Woman '' . School Library Journal . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2007 . Retrieved March 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2018 . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2018 . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Lyons , Charles . `` Suffering Sappho ! A Look at the Creator & Creation of Wonder Woman '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 23 , 2006 . In October 1940 , the popular women 's magazine `` Family Circle '' published an interview with Marston entitled `` Do n't Laugh at the Comics , '' in which the psychologist discussed the unfulfilled potential of the medium . Jump up ^ Lyons , Charles . `` Suffering Sappho ! A Look at the Creator & Creation of Wonder Woman '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 23 , 2006 . Maxwell Charles Gaines , then publisher of All - American Comics , saw the interview and offered Marston a job as an educational consultant to All - American and sister company DC Comics . Jump up ^ Lamb , Marguerite ( Fall 2001 ) . `` Who Was Wonder Woman ? '' . Bostonia . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Les ( April 6 , 2004 ) . Wonder Woman : The Complete History . Chronicle Books . pp. 28 -- 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 4233 - 4 . Jump up ^ Library of Congress . `` All - Star Comics # 8 '' . dcindexes.com . Mike 's Amazing World . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bunn , Geoffrey C. ( 1997 ) . `` The lie detector , Wonder Woman , and liberty : The life and work of William Moulton Marston '' . History of the Human Sciences . London : Routledge. 10 ( 1 ) : 91 -- 119 . doi : 10.1177 / 095269519701000105 . Jump up ^ Tartakovsky , Margarita . `` A Psychologist and A Superhero '' . Psych Central . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2012 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2018 . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ WatchMojo.com ( November 28 , 2015 ) . `` Top 10 Wonder Woman Facts '' . YouTube . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Marston even wrote in a weakness for Wonder Woman that made chaining her bracelets together take away her super strength . Jump up ^ Sargent , J.F. ; Clark , Jesse ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` The 6 Most Ridiculous Superhero Weaknesses '' . Cracked.com . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2016 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . all of Wonder Woman 's amazing powers were rendered completely useless if her hands were bound by a man Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman 's Bracelets ( Object ) '' . Comicvine.gamespot.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . In the golden age if Diana 's bracelets ( or those of any Amazon ) were bound by a man it made her lose all her powers . Jump up ^ All Star Comics # 8 ( October 1941 ) Jump up ^ Hanley , Tim . `` Wonder Woman : Secretary Of The Justice Society Of America '' . Straitened Circumstances . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ All Star Comics # 12 ( August / September 1942 ) Jump up ^ Wonder Woman ( vol. 1 ) # 98 ( May 1958 ) ^ Jump up to : Wonder Woman ( vol. 1 ) # 105 ( April 1959 ) Jump up ^ Wonder Woman # 179 ( 1968 ) ^ Jump up to : Reed , Bill . `` 365 Reasons to Love Comics '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved March 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` We were all in love with Diana Rigg and that show she was on . '' Mike Sekowsky , quoted in Les Daniels , Wonder Woman : The Complete History ( Chronicle , 2004 ) , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Wonder Woman Vol 1 # 204 Jump up ^ Keith Dallas , Jason Sacks , Jim Beard , Dave Dykema , Paul Brian McCoy ( 2013 ) . American Comic Book Chronicles : The 1980s . TwoMorrows Publishing . pp. 47 -- 8 . ISBN 1605490466 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Klein , Todd ( January 18 , 2008 ) . `` Logo Study : WONDER WOMAN part 3 '' . Klein Letters . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mangels , Andy ( January 1 , 1989 ) . `` Triple Threat The George Pérez Interview '' . Amazing Heroes . Fantagraphics Books ( 156 ) : 30 . Wonder Woman 's sales are some of the best the Amazing Amazon has ever experienced , and the book is a critical and popular success with its weaving of Greek mythology into a feminist and humanistic atmosphere . ^ Jump up to : `` Who destroyed Paradise Island ? '' . DC Comics. April 15 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Vaneta ( June 29 , 2010 ) . `` JMS Talks Wonder Woman 's New Look and New Direction '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ George , Richard ( July 7 , 2010 ) . `` Wonder Woman 's New Era '' . IGN . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gustines , George Gene ( June 29 , 2010 ) . `` Makeover for Wonder Woman at 69 '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( November 10 , 2010 ) . `` JMS Leaving Superman and Wonder Woman for Earth One Sequel '' . Newsarama.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Esposito , Joey . `` The Best of DC Comics in 2011 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2012 . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Renaud , Jeffrey . `` Azzarello Lowers the Boom ( Tube ) on Wonder Woman '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2012 . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Joe . `` The Best & Worst of DC Comics ' New 52 , One Year Later '' . Front Towards Gamer . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2012 . Retrieved September 5 , 2012 . Despite being one part of the Justice League 's `` Holy Trinity '' , Wonder Woman never seems to get the recognition that she deserves . While she might not be invincible , her strength is second only to Superman and she 's arguably a better fighter . Her solo outings , however , were rarely very interesting . The New 52 put an end to that injustice , with Brian Azzarello and Cliff Chiang spearheading one of the best books DC is putting out . Azzarello currently has Wonder Woman tearing through the ranks of Greek mythology , and Chiang 's art manages to be intense despite his use of softer lines . If you 're not reading Wonder Woman , go rectify that . Jump up ^ Hughes , Mark ( September 29 , 2011 ) . `` Top Ten Best Comics in DC 's ' New 52 ' -- UPDATED '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2011 . Retrieved September 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman : The Story Keeps Changing '' . March 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman : Rebirth Begins Diana 's REAL Origin Story '' . June 9 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman : Rebirth Reveals How Diana Got Her Powers '' . September 16 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Christian Holub ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` DC Rebirth : How Wonder Woman went back to her roots '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2018 . 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When the Amazons returned her memories ( and her powers ) , they left out her memories of her experiences as just plain `` Diana Prince . '' ^ Jump up to : Jones , Jr. , Robert . `` Wonder of Wonders '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2010 . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Strickland , Carol . `` The Illustrated Nubia Index '' . Carol A. Strickland . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2009 . Retrieved January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gerry Conway ( w ) , Don Heck ( a ) . `` Of Gods And Men '' Wonder Woman 329 ( February 1986 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ Mozzocco , J. Caleb . `` The Many Loves of Wonder Woman : A Brief History Of The Amazing Amazon 's Love Life '' . ComicsAlliance . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Colluccio , Ali . `` Top 5 : Wonder Woman Reboots '' . iFanboy . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2012 . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . After she was `` erased '' from existence in the final pages of Crisis on Infinite Earths , George Perez , Len Wein and Greg Potter brought the Amazon Princess back to the DC Universe . While the basics of the story remained the same , Wonder Woman ; s powers were adjusted to include Beauty from Aphrodite , Strength from Demeter , Wisdom from Athena , Speed and Flight from Hermes , Eyes of the Hunter from Artemis , and Truth from Hestia . This run established Paradise Island as the mythical Amazon capital , Themyscira . Perez 's Diana is not only strong and smart , but graceful and kind -- the iconic Wonder Woman . Jump up ^ Mozzocco , J. Caleb . `` The Many Loves of Wonder Woman : A Brief History Of The Amazing Amazon 's Love Life '' . ComicsAlliance . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . When the next volume of Wonder Woman would start , Trevor was sidelined as Diana 's love interest . He still appeared in the series , but as an older man , one who would ultimately marry the post-Crisis version of Wondy 's Golden Age sidekick , Etta Candy . Jump up ^ George Pérez ( w ) , George Pérez , Cynthia Martin ( p ) , Cynthia Martin ( i ) . `` War of the Gods , Chapter One : Hellfire 's Web '' War of the Gods 1 ( September 1991 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ George Pérez ( w ) , George Pérez , Cynthia Martin ( p ) , Cynthia Martin ( i ) . `` The Holy Wars '' War of the Gods 2 ( October 1991 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ George Pérez ( w ) , George Pérez , Cynthia Martin ( p ) , Cynthia Martin ( i ) . `` Casualties of War '' War of the Gods 3 ( November 1991 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ George Pérez ( w ) , George Pérez ( p ) . `` In the Beginning ... There Was the End '' War of the Gods 4 ( December 1991 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ `` Superhero Makeovers : Wonder Woman , part two '' . The Screamsheet . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2012 . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . Hippolyta received a vision where Wonder Woman died . Jump up ^ `` Superhero Makeovers : Wonder Woman , part two '' . The Screamsheet . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2012 . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . Desperate to save her daughter , she claimed that Diana had failed in her role as an ambassador to Man 's World and called for a do - over on the contest that had determined Diana fit to carry the Wonder Woman mantle in the first place . Jump up ^ `` Superhero Makeovers : Wonder Woman , part two '' . The Screamsheet . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2012 . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . Due to Hippolyta secretly meddling so her daughter would lose the contest , Diana lost to one of the Bana named Artemis , who became the new Wonder Woman . Jump up ^ `` Superhero Makeovers : Wonder Woman , part two '' . The Screamsheet . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2012 . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . Meanwhile , Diana herself wore the costume equivalent of black lingerie and a jacket and continued to fight crime . Jump up ^ `` Superhero Makeovers : Wonder Woman , part two '' . The Screamsheet . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2012 . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . Artemis was killed off , resulting in the death of Wonder Woman that Hippolyta had foreseen , and Diana returned as Wonder Woman . ^ Jump up to : `` Wonder Woman & Hippolyta -- As All Great Heroes Do ... '' Cosmic Teams . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2012 . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jodi Picoult ( w ) , Terry Dodson ( p ) , Rachel Dodson ( i ) . `` Love and Murder , Part 3 '' Wonder Woman v3 , 8 ( June 2007 ) , DC Comics ^ Jump up to : Goldstein , Hilary . `` Infinite Crisis Guide '' . IGN . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved March 23 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Hilary . `` Defending Wonder Woman -- Why the Amazonian princess should be spared punishment from DC 's heroes '' . IGN . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved August 1 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Allan Heinberg ( w ) , Terry Dodson ( p ) , Rachel Dodson ( i ) . `` Who is Wonder Woman ? : Part One '' Wonder Woman v3 , 1 ( August 2006 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ Allan Heinberg ( w ) , Terry Dodson ( p ) , Rachel Dodson ( i ) . `` Who is Wonder Woman ? : Part Two '' Wonder Woman v3 , 2 ( September 2006 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ Allan Heinberg ( w ) , Terry Dodson ( p ) , Rachel Dodson ( i ) . `` Who is Wonder Woman ? : Part Three '' Wonder Woman v3 , 3 ( October 2006 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ Allan Heinberg ( w ) , Terry Dodson ( p ) , Rachel Dodson ( i ) . `` Who is Wonder Woman ? : Part Four '' Wonder Woman v3 , 4 ( February 2007 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ Allan Heinberg ( w ) , Terry Dodson ( p ) , Rachel Dodson ( i ) . `` Who is Wonder Woman ? : Part Five '' Wonder Woman Annual v3 , 1 ( November 2007 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ Gail Simone ( w ) , Terry Dodson ( p ) , Rachel Dodson ( i ) . `` The Circle Part One of Four : What You Do Not Know Yet '' Wonder Woman v3 , 14 ( January 2008 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ Gail Simone ( w ) , Terry Dodson ( p ) , Rachel Dodson ( i ) . `` The Circle Part Two of Four : Dead Heat '' Wonder Woman v3 , 15 ( February 2008 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ Gail Simone ( w ) , Terry Dodson ( p ) , Rachel Dodson ( i ) . `` The Circle Part Three of Four : The Wellspring of all Vengeance '' Wonder Woman v3 , 16 ( March 2008 ) , DC Comics ^ Jump up to : Gail Simone ( w ) , Terry Dodson ( p ) , Rachel Dodson ( i ) . `` The Circle Conclusion : A Time Of Reckoning '' Wonder Woman v3 , 17 ( April 2008 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ Raou . `` Wonder Woman : The Circle '' . Trade Talks . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2013 . Retrieved May 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ George , Richard . `` Wonder Woman 's New Era '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SS / OM : All New Wonder Woman Review Part 3 : The Morrigan '' . That Guy With the Glasses . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2011 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Phil Hester ( w ) , Don Kramer , Lee Garbett ( p ) . `` The Odyssey Part Fourteen : The Return '' Wonder Woman 614 ( October 2011 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ Ching , Albert . `` WONDER WOMAN Gets a NEW 52 Origin , Parent in November '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved October 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gregorian , Dareh . `` Zeus your daddy , Diana ! '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Azzarello , Brian ( w ) , Chiang , Cliff ( p ) , Chiang , Cliff ( i ) . `` The Visitation '' Wonder Woman v4 , 1 ( November 2011 ) Jump up ^ Azzarello , Brian ( w ) , Chiang , Cliff ( a ) . `` Home '' Wonder Woman v4 , 2 ( December 2011 ) Jump up ^ Azzarello , Brian ( w ) , Chiang , Cliff ( p ) , Chiang , Cliff ( i ) . `` Blood '' Wonder Woman v4 , 4 ( February 2012 ) Jump up ^ Azzarello , Brian ( w ) , Akins , Tony ( p ) , Akins , Tony ( i ) . `` Lourdes '' Wonder Woman v4 , 5 ( March 2012 ) Jump up ^ Azzarello , Brian ( w ) , Akins , Tony ( p ) , Akins , Tony ; Green , Dan ( i ) . `` Thrones '' Wonder Woman v4 , 6 ( April 2012 ) Jump up ^ Teen Titans # 19 ( 2013 ) ^ Jump up to : Azzarello , Brian ( w ) , Chiang , Cliff ( p ) , Chiang , Cliff ( i ) . `` Il Gangster dell'amore '' Wonder Woman v4 , 7 ( May 2012 ) Jump up ^ Azzarello , Brian ( w ) , Chiang , Cliff ( p ) , Chiang , Cliff ( i ) . `` Casting Shadows '' Wonder Woman v4 , 8 ( June 2012 ) Jump up ^ Azzarello , Brian ( w ) , Chiang , Cliff ( p ) , Chiang , Cliff ( i ) . `` The Dearly Beloved '' Wonder Woman v4 , 9 ( July 2012 ) Jump up ^ Azzarello , Brian ( w ) , Chiang , Cliff ( p ) , Chiang , Cliff ( i ) . `` Vows '' Wonder Woman v4 , 10 ( August 2012 ) Jump up ^ Lima , Sara . `` Is Changing Wonder Woman and the History of the Amazons A Good Idea ? '' . ComicVine . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2012 . Retrieved March 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hunsaker , Andy . `` Wonder Woman # 7 : Amazon Sex Pirate Spartans '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2012 . Retrieved March 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Azzarello , Brian ( w ) , Chiang , Cliff ( p ) , Chiang , Cliff ( i ) . `` Son Rise '' Wonder Woman v4 , 11 ( September 2012 ) Jump up ^ Azzarello , Brian ( w ) , Chiang , Cliff ( p ) , Chiang , Cliff ( i ) . `` Birth Right '' Wonder Woman v4 , 12 ( October 2012 ) Jump up ^ Rogers , Vaneta . `` BRIAN AZZARELLO on Ending WONDER WOMAN # 12 With a ' BOOM ' '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2012 . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Rich . `` The End of Wonder Woman # 12 That You Really Might Not Have Expected '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2012 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sava , Oliver . `` Wonder Woman # 0 goes back to the Silver Age '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2012 . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hanley , Tim . `` Wonder Woman # 0 Review OR Kind of Cute on the Surface , But Troubling Below '' . Straitened Circumstances . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2014 . Retrieved September 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wonder Woman # 35 ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff ( w ) , Lee , Jim ( p ) , Williams , Scott ( i ) . `` Justice League Part Three '' Justice League v2 , 3 ( January 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` Superman and Wonder Woman kiss with powerful consequences '' . USA Today . August 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2012 . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Superman - Wonder Woman Romance rocks DC Comics '' . MSNBC.com . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2012 . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Superman - and - Wonder Woman become the world 's newest power couple '' . DCcomics.com . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2012 . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Soule And Tony Daniel Discuss Superman and Wonder Woman Comic '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2013 . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Soule and Daniel Join Forces for Superman - Wonder Woman '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Who on EARTH 2 '' . Newsarama.com . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Look 's Like Earth 2 's Wonder Woman Left a Certain Something Behind ... ( SPOILERS ) '' . BleedingCool.com . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2013 . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Justice League # 50 ( 2016 ) Jump up ^ Wonder Woman : Rebirth # 1 ( 2016 ) Jump up ^ Wonder Woman # 1 ( 2016 ) Jump up ^ Holub , Christian ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman creator biopic gets mysterious first teaser '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://superdames.org/image/121510631426 Jump up ^ `` The 50 Greatest Comic Book Characters -- Wonder Woman '' . Empire . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2015 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frankenhoff , Brent ( 2011 ) . Comics Buyer 's Guide Presents : 100 Sexiest Women in Comics . Krause Publications . p. 14 . ISBN 1 - 4402 - 2988 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman -- # 5 Top Comic Book Heroes '' . IGN . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2011 . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wertham , Fredric ( 1954 ) , Seduction of the Innocent , Rinehart & Company , Inc. , pp. 192 , 234 -- 235 ^ Jump up to : McAvennie , Michael ; Dolan , Hannah , eds. ( 2010 ) . `` 1970s '' . DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle . Dorling Kindersley . p. 154 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 6742 - 9 . After nearly five years of Diana Prince 's non-powered super-heroics , writer - editor Robert Kanigher and artist Don Heck restored Wonder Woman 's ... well , wonder . Jump up ^ Matsuuchi , Ann ( 2012 ) . `` Wonder Woman Wears Pants : Wonder Woman , Feminism and the 1972 ' Women 's Lib ' Issue '' ( PDF ) . Colloquy : text theory critique . archived at Monash University ( 24 ) . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman at 75 : How the superhero icon inspired a generation of feminists '' . SBS Movies . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cocca , Carolyn ( 2014 ) . `` Negotiating the Third Wave of Feminism in `` Wonder Woman '' `` . PS : Political Science and Politics . 47 ( 1 ) : 98 -- 103 . JSTOR 43284491 . Jump up ^ Perez , Wein ( 1988 ) . Wonder Woman Vol 2 . pp. Issue 17 . Jump up ^ Knight , Gladys ( 2010 ) . Female Action Heroes : A Guide to Women in Comics , Video Games , Film , and Television . Santa Barbara United States : Greenwood , ProQuest Ebrary . p. 1 . Jump up ^ DiPaola , Marc ( 2011 ) . Wonder Woman as A World War II Veteran , Feminist Icon , and Sex Symbol . Jefferson , North Carolina , and London : McFarland & Company , Inc. , Publishers . p. 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4718 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman Equality Archive '' . Equality Archive . May 9 , 2016 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Groetzinger , Kate . `` Suffering Sappho : Wonder Woman Endorses Marriage Equality '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cave , Rob ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` UNITED NATIONS TO NAME WONDER WOMAN HONORARY AMBASSADOR '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2016 . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Erik ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman named UN ambassador in controversial move '' . CNN.com . CNN . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2016 . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman dropped from UN role for being too sexy '' . RTE . December 13 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2016 . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gloria Steinem , `` Wonder Woman '' , in Gilbert H. Muller , ed. , The McGraw - Hill Reader : Issues Across the Disciplines ( McGraw - Hill Education , 2005 ) , 455 -- 462 , p. 458 . ^ Jump up to : Melissa Leon ( August 19 , 2015 ) . `` See Wonder Woman Officiate a Gay Wedding and Avert a Crisis in Crimea '' . The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://78.media.tumblr.com/75a5dd9895ad9b4079505986e70a8016/tumblr_inline_o8crbxpDPp1rrbhi0_500.png Jump up ^ https://78.media.tumblr.com/474a1ed212515b04dfa20412f2ed071a/tumblr_inline_o8crap7Wq91rrbhi0_500.png Jump up ^ Romano , Aja ( August 9 , 2015 ) . `` The pacifist past and war - torn future of Wonder Woman '' . Kernelmag.dailydot.com . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2016 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Legacy of Original Intentions : The Non Violence of Wonder Woman by Nick Pumphrey '' . Feminismandreligion.com . March 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The True Nature of Pacificism -- Wonder Woman -- Comic Vine '' . Comicvine.gamespot.com . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://78.media.tumblr.com/148ba4797f35b11117b00d04c8cca03a/tumblr_o8azf66wUv1rz1rzuo7_1280.png Jump up ^ https://78.media.tumblr.com/80057a099cfa99260b362fdee6ec59d7/tumblr_inline_o8cqu1mvtc1rrbhi0_500.png ^ Jump up to : https://fanbros.com/wonder-woman-sex-and-comic-book-double-standards/ Jump up ^ McMillan , Grame ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Cape Watch : Wonder Woman Would Like a Girlfriend , Please '' . WIRED . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . the comic book Wonder Woman was confirmed to be queer last month Jump up ^ Spastic Man ( 2008 ) . `` Lesbian interpretation ? -- Wonder Woman '' . Comic Vine . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . It may be that Wonder Woman may also be bisexual , as she and another Amazon , Io , had reciprocal feelings for each other . Jump up ^ `` e2zvaxuicmjwogxcwo9t Image '' ( PNG ) . I-kinga-img.com . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Browning , Bil ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Wonder Woman Performs Same - Sex Wedding in New Comic '' . Advocate.com . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2018 . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` DC Comics Writer Outs Wonder Woman '' . Newser.com . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman has sex with women . Get over it '' . Revelist . September 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2016 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Lyn , Nicole ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman is bisexual -- ' obviously ' says DC Comics '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Comic Book Hero Wonder Woman is Bisexual '' . October 1 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2016 . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Interview : Greg Rucka on Queer Narrative and WONDER WOMAN '' . September 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yehl , Joshua ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` Grant Morrison on Wonder Woman : Earth One 's Birth , Race , and Sexuality Changes '' . IGN . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beth Elderkin ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Gail Simone , Longtime ' Wonder Woman ' Writer , Says Cut Out Queer Fear '' . Inverse . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman Writer Says Haters Need to ' Get Over It ' About Diana 's New Canon Bisexuality '' . Io9.gizmodo.com . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2016 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Jacob M. Held ( ed . ) , Wonder Woman and Philosophy : The Amazonian Mystique , Wiley - Blackwell , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wonder Woman Official website at DC Comics.com Origin story of Wonder Woman at DC Comics.com AmazonArchives.com Wonder of Wonders Glen , Joshua ( April 4 , 2004 ) . `` Wonder - working Power '' . The Boston Globe . Jett , Brett . `` Who Is Wonder Woman ? '' , '' ( 2009 ) : 1 -- 71 . Jett , Brett . `` Who Is Wonder Woman ? -- Bonus PDF '' , '' ( 2009 ) : 1 -- 17 . Malcolm , Andrew H. ( February 18 , 1992 ) . `` She 's Behind the Match For That Man of Steel '' . The New York Times . Marston , William Moulton . Emotions of Abnormal People . London : Kegan Paul , Trench , Trübner & Co , Ltd. 1928 . ISBN 1406701165 Rosenberg , Robin S. `` Wonder Woman As Émigré -- Why would Wonder Woman leave her idyllic existence on Paradise Island ? '' , ( Article ) ( 2010 ) . Rosenberg , Robin S. `` Wonder Woman : Compassionate Warrior for Peace '' , ( Article ) ( 2013 ) : 1 -- 35 . Valcour , Francinne . `` Manipulating The Messenger : Wonder Woman As An American Female Icon '' , ( Dissertation ) ( 2006 ) : 1 -- 372 . Wonder Woman William Moulton Marston Elizabeth Holloway Marston H.G. Peter Other contributors Universe Characters Wonder Women Diana Prince Orana Artemis of Bana - Mighdall Hippolyta Donna Troy Supporting characters Antiope Aphrodite Artemis Artemis of Bana - Mighdall Drusilla Etta Candy Fury Hephaestus Hera Heracles / Hercules Hermes I Ching Julia and Vanessa Kapatelis Justice League Mala Nemesis ( Thomas Tresser ) Nubia The Olympian Orion Paula von Gunther Philippus Poseidon Queen Hippolyta Helena Sandsmark Sarge Steel Steve Trevor Wonder Girl ( Cassie Sandsmark / Donna Troy ) Zeus Zola Adversaries Aegeus Angle Man Ares / Mars Baron Blitzkrieg Baroness Paula von Gunther Blue Snowman Veronica Cale Captain Wonder Cheetah Circe Dark Angel Decay Doctor Cyber Doctor Poison Doctor Psycho Duke of Deception Earl of Greed Egg Fu / Chang Tzu Eviless The First Born Genocide Giganta Hades Hypnota Kung Lord Conquest / Count of Conquest Mask Medusa Minister Blizzard Osira Queen Clea Red Panzer Silver Swan Tezcatlipoca Zara Factions Amazons of Themyscira Amazons of Bana - Mighdall Children of Ares Godwatch Gorilla Knights Olympian Gods Titans of Myth Villainy Inc . Locations Aeaea Thalarion Themyscira ( The Paradise Islands ) Technology Bracelets Golden Girdle of Gaea Invisible plane Lasso of Truth Mental radio Pegasi Purple Ray Sky Kangas Media Publications All Star Comics Amazonia Batman / Superman / Wonder Woman : Trinity The Blue Amazon Comic Cavalcade The Legend of Wonder Woman Sensation Comics Superman and Wonder Woman : The Hidden Killer Superman / Wonder Woman Wonder Woman ' 77 The Wonder Woman Chronicles Wonder Woman : Earth One The World 's Greatest Superheroes Storylines Gods and Mortals ( 1987 ) Challenge of the Gods ( 1987 -- 88 ) War of the Gods ( 1991 ) The Contest ( 1994 ) The Challenge of Artemis ( 1995 ) Paradise Island Lost ( 2001 ) Our Worlds at War ( 2001 ) The Hiketeia ( 2002 ) Down to Earth ( 2003 -- 04 ) Who Is Wonder Woman ? ( 2006 -- 07 ) Amazons Attack ! ( 2007 ) The Circle ( 2008 ) Ends of the Earth ( 2008 ) Rise of the Olympian ( 2009 ) Flashpoint ( 2011 ) The Lies ( 2016 ) Year One ( 2016 ) The Truth ( 2017 ) Godwatch ( 2017 ) In other media Wonder Woman ( 1974 film ) Wonder Woman ( TV series ) ( episodes ) Wonder Woman ( 2009 film ) Wonder Woman ( 2011 TV pilot ) Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) Wonder Woman 1984 Miscellaneous Alternative versions Earth - Two Bizarra Olive Byrne Cultural impact Professor Marston and the Wonder Women Literature Wonder Women ! The Untold Story of American Superheroines Book Category Portal Links to related topics Wonder Woman publications and storylines Current series All Star Comics Amazonia Batman / Superman / Wonder Woman : Trinity The Blue Amazon Comic Cavalcade Sensation Comics Superman and Wonder Woman : The Hidden Killer Superman / Wonder Woman The Wonder Woman Chronicles The World 's Greatest Superheroes Storylines Introducing Wonder Woman ( 1941 ) Gods and Mortals ( 1987 ) Challenge of the Gods ( 1987 - 88 ) War of the Gods ( 1991 ) The Contest ( 1994 ) The Challenge of Artemis ( 1995 ) Paradise Lost ( 2001 ) Our Worlds at War ( 2001 ) The Hiketeia ( 2002 ) Down to Earth ( 2003 - 04 ) Who Is Wonder Woman ? ( 2006 - 07 ) Amazons Attack ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the first wonder woman comic come out	[ "Wonder Woman is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.[2] The character is a founding member of the Justice League, and an ambassador of the Amazon people. The character first appeared in All Star Comics #8 in October 1941[1] with her first feature in Sensation Comics #1, January 1942. The Wonder Woman title has been published by DC Comics almost continuously except for a brief hiatus in 1986.[3] In her homeland, the island nation of Themyscira, her official title is Princess Diana of Themyscira, Daughter of Hippolyta. When blending into the society outside of her homeland, she adopts her civilian identity Diana Prince.[4]\n" ]	[ "in All Star Comics #8 in October 1941" ]
-3777333072043803996	White coat ceremony	White coat ceremony - wikipedia White coat ceremony Jump to : navigation , search A white coat worn by a Canadian gastroenterologist . The White Coat Ceremony ( WCC ) is a relatively new ritual in some medical ( MD , DO ) , dental , optometry , audiology , chiropractic , dietetic , occupational therapy , physical therapy , podiatric , pharmacy , physician assistant , pathologists ' assistant , nursing , naturopathic and veterinary schools that marks the student 's transition from the study of preclinical to clinical health sciences . At some schools , where students begin meeting patients early in their education , the white coat ceremony is held before the first year begins . It is an example of a matriculation . WCCs typically involve a formal `` coating '' of students . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 History 3 See also 4 References Description ( edit ) Over 100 medical schools in the USA now have a WCC , and many students now consider it a rite of passage in the journey toward a healthcare career . Some schools also use this as a graduation from the entire program . For example , Moreno Valley College has a White Coat Ceremony for the Physician Assistant students at the end of their final term , where the short coats are discarded and long coats are given as a symbol of being equal clinicians to others who have earned the long coats . According to some , WCCs have taken on a quasi-religious significance , that symbolizes a `` conversion '' of a lay person into a member of the healthcare profession and is similar to a priest 's ordination to the priesthood , although it is notable that the white coat is a recent adoption by the medical profession . However , in many medical schools around the world students begin wearing their white coats during first year anatomy class , so there is no official white coat ceremony . In the nineteenth century respect for the certainty of science was in stark contrast to the quackery and mysticism of nineteenth century medicine . To emphasize the transition to the more scientific approach to modern medicine , physicians sought to represent themselves as scientists and began to wear the most recognizable symbol of the scientist - the white laboratory coat . This led to the more recent association of the white coat with medicine since its continued adoption . History ( edit ) White Coat Ceremony in Graz ( Austria ) 2012 RCSI Bahrain students taking a group photo following the 2013 White coat ceremony WCCs originated in University of Chicago 's Pritzker School of Medicine in 1989 , but the first full - fledged ceremony was at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons . In 1993 , Dr. Arnold P. Gold , a teacher and pediatric neurologist , created the first full - fledged WCC at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons . Before this ceremony , medical students typically received the Hippocratic Oath for the first time at commencement . This ceremony marks a change in tradition , introducing students to the Oath before starting their first year of study . This was intended to provide students with well - defined guidelines regarding the expectations and responsibilities appropriate for the medical profession prior to their first day of class . Since its conception at Columbia , the WCC has spread rapidly to schools of medicine , dentistry , osteopathic medicine , optometry , and nursing worldwide . Since starting in the US , several medical schools in countries outside of the United States ( such as Iran , Israel , Canada , UK , Dominican Republic , Brazil and Poland ) have also started holding WCCs . The ceremony is no longer limited to medical students ; starting in 1995 , US pharmacy schools started holding WCCs , with the difference that most pharmacy students receive their coats at the end of their first academic year . In 2003 a survey found that the majority of US pharmacy schools hold WCCs . The Gold - sponsored version of the WCC , or a similar rite of passage , is currently used by 97 percent of Association of American Medical Colleges ( AAMC ) - accredited schools of medicine in the United States , and takes place at medical and osteopathic schools in 13 other countries . In December 2006 the first white coat ceremony was held by Fatima Jinnah Dental College ( FJDC ) , in Karachi , Pakistan . In October 2008 the white coat ceremony was held at the VU University Medical Center Amsterdam , it was the first ceremony held in The Netherlands . In 2011 Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam also participated in holding the ceremony at their Medical Faculty . On October 13 , 2010 , the faculty of medicine at the University of Cologne , Germany , became the first German - speaking University to integrate this ritual into its programme . Initiated by then - student representative Hormos Salimi Dafsari in Cologne , the ceremony has been spread to various German cities such as Leipzig and Halle via channels of the German Medical Students ' Association ( bvmd ) . On April 12 , 2010 , The University of Queensland 's ( Australia ) School of Pharmacy became the first in Australia to adopt the ceremony for its incoming Bachelor of Pharmacy students . In September 2011 , Jagiellonian University in Kraków became the first medical school in Poland to introduce a white coat ceremony for the incoming class . ( 1 ) '' On February 28 , 2011 , the Faculty of Medicine at the Università del Piemonte Orientale `` Amedeo Avogadro '' in Novara became the first Italian medical school to introduce a white coat ceremony for its third year students . On October 5 , 2012 , the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Medicine and Pharmacy `` Gr . T. POPA '' of Iasi , Romania , became the first Romanian university to integrate this ritual , for its first year medical students , into the symbolism of developing as a physician . On October 8 , 2012 , the Medical University of Graz became the first university in Austria to celebrate a White Coat Ceremony of its third - year students . On December 6 , 2012 , the School of Medicine at the All American Institute of Medical Sciences , Jamaica , became the first in Jamaica to introduce this ritual , for its Basic Sciences medical students . In 2014 the Arnold P. Gold Foundation for Humanism in Medicine partnered with the American Association of Colleges of Nursing ( AACN ) to pilot the White Coat Ceremony at nursing schools . On 13th of July 2017 . The medical school of University Of Tripoli became the first Libyan University to introduce this event See also ( edit ) Pinning ceremony for nurses References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Veatch RM ( February 2002 ) . `` White coat ceremonies : a second opinion '' . J Med Ethics. 28 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 9 . PMC 1733513 . PMID 11834749 . doi : 10.1136 / jme. 28.1. 5 . Jump up ^ Jones VA , `` The White Coat : Why not Follow Suit ? '' JAMA. 1999 ; 281 : 478 . Full Text . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Peter M. `` For New Medical Students , White Coats Are a Warmup '' Los Angeles Times , 18 October 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating 20 Years of the White Coat Ceremony '' . Columbia Medicine Magazine . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` White Coat Ceremony '' . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` White Coat Ceremony - History '' . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New York Medical College - Press Releases '' . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown DL , Ferrill MJ , Pankaskie MC ( October 2003 ) . `` White coat ceremonies in US schools of pharmacy '' . Ann Pharmacother. 37 ( 10 ) : 1414 -- 9 . PMID 14519030 . doi : 10.1345 / aph. 1D124 . Jump up ^ `` The Arnold P. Gold Foundation White Coat Ceremony - The Arnold P. Gold Foundation '' . The Arnold P. Gold Foundation . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` White Coat Ceremony , Fachschaft Medizin Köln '' White Coat Ceremony , Fachschaft Medizin Köln Jump up ^ `` White Coat Ceremony Winter 2010 Cologne , Key Note Speech Hormos Salimi Dafsari '' White Coat Ceremony Winter 2010 Cologne , Key Note Speech Hormos Salimi Dafsari Jump up ^ `` Bundesvertretung der Medizinstudierenden in Deutschland e.V. ( bvmd ) '' Bundesvertretung der Medizinstudierenden in Deutschland e.V. ( bvmd ) Wikipedia Page Jump up ^ `` Debutto per la Cerimonia del Camice Bianco , NovaraOggi.com '' Jump up ^ `` American Association of Colleges of Nursing - The Arnold P. Gold Foundation and AACN Initiate White Coat Ceremony '' . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_coat_ceremony&oldid=796753465 '' Categories : Ceremonies Fashion - related occasions Medical education Medical ethics Rites of passage Hidden categories : All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2017 , at 21 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when do medical students get their white coat	[ "The White Coat Ceremony (WCC) is a relatively new ritual in some medical (MD, DO), dental, optometry, audiology, chiropractic, dietetic, occupational therapy, physical therapy, podiatric, pharmacy, physician assistant, pathologists' assistant, nursing, naturopathic and veterinary schools that marks the student's transition from the study of preclinical to clinical health sciences. At some schools, where students begin meeting patients early in their education, the white coat ceremony is held before the first year begins. It is an example of a matriculation." ]	[ "before the first year begins" ]
5847641587984249627	New Zealand Warriors	New Zealand Warriors - Wikipedia New Zealand Warriors This article may be written from a fan 's point of view , rather than a neutral point of view . Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality , and to make it neutral in tone . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) New Zealand Warriors Club information Full name New Zealand Warriors Colours Black White Red Founded 1995 as Auckland Warriors Website warriors.co.nz Current details Ground ( s ) Mount Smart Stadium Auckland ( 25000 ) CEO Cameron George Coach Stephen Kearney ( NRL ) Luisa Avaiki ( NRLW ) Captain Roger Tuivasa - Sheck ( NRL ) TBA ( NRLW ) Competition National Rugby League and NRL Women 's Premiership 2018 season 4th Home colours Away colours Current season Records Premierships 0 Runners - up 2 ( 2002 , 2011 ) Minor premiership 1 ( 2002 ) Holden Cup 3 ( 2010 , 2011 , 2014 ) Wooden spoons None Most capped Simon Mannering - 287 Highest points scorer Shaun Johnson - 813 The New Zealand Warriors are a professional rugby league football club based in Auckland , New Zealand that compete in the National Rugby League ( NRL ) premiership and are the League 's only team from outside Australia . They were formerly known as the Auckland Warriors , and are officially known as the Vodafone Warriors for sponsorship reasons . The Warriors are coached by Stephen Kearney and captained by Roger Tuivasa - Sheck . They are based at Mt Smart Stadium in the Auckland suburb of Penrose . For the 1995 season the newly - formed Auckland Warriors became the first club from outside Australia to be admitted to the Australian Rugby League 's premiership when it expanded from 16 to 20 teams . As a result of the Super League war in the mid-1990s , Auckland left the ARL to compete in the Super League competition of 1997 , before joining the re-unified NRL the following year . They re-branded themselves the New Zealand Warriors in 2001 . Over 21 seasons the Warriors have claimed one minor premiership ( in 2002 ) , reached two grand finals ( 2002 and 2011 ) , reached the play - offs seven times , and provided the majority of the New Zealand national team 's players . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 The History of the Bid 1.2 1995 -- The First Season 1.3 1996 1.4 Super League -- 1997 1.5 1998 1.6 The Tainui Era -- 1999 1.7 Financial Collapse and Reinvention -- 2000 1.8 First Finals Series -- 2001 1.9 Minor Premiership and Grand Final -- 2002 1.10 Top Eight Again -- 2003 1.11 The Worst Year Ever -- 2004 1.12 The Rebuilding Begins -- 2005 1.13 The Salary Cap Drama -- 2006 1.14 Return to the Finals -- 2007 1.15 Second - Half Revival -- 2008 1.16 2009 1.17 Return to finals football -- 2010 1.18 Another Grand Final but the title eludes them -- 2011 1.19 Woeful Warriors wilt under Bluey -- 2012 1.20 A year under Matt Elliott -- 2013 1.21 Elliot leaves ; McFadden takes charge -- 2014 1.22 A year of McFadden ; some success , then the losses mount -- 2015 1.23 Big name signings , Big year of disappointment -- 2016 1.24 Another dismal year -- 2017 1.25 Restoring the faith -- 2018 1.26 Season summaries 2 2018 squad 3 Captains 4 Coaches 5 Jerseys 6 Individual records 6.1 Player of the year 6.2 Most games 6.3 Most tries 6.4 Most tries in a season 6.5 Most points 6.6 Most points in a season 6.7 Most points in a match 7 Club records 7.1 Biggest wins 7.2 Biggest losses 7.3 Kept opposition to nil 7.4 Kept to nil 7.5 Most consecutive wins 7.6 Most consecutive losses 7.7 Most consecutive home wins 7.8 Most consecutive away wins 7.9 Most consecutive home losses 7.10 Most consecutive away losses 7.11 Biggest comeback 7.12 Worst collapse 7.13 Golden point record 7.14 Largest home attendances 7.15 All - time premiership record 1995 -- 2018 ( including finals series ) 8 NRL Women 's team 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) The history of the bid ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Original logo for the Auckland Warriors Rugby league was largely centred around Auckland ever since the New Zealand Rugby League was founded in 1909 . Auckland produced the bulk of the international squad for many years , and most of these players headed to either Australia or Great Britain to play . The Auckland representative side was consistently providing top opposition to touring teams . An Auckland team was admitted into the mid-week ARL Amco Cup competition in 1978 . In their first year they made the semi-finals , and were defeated by the overall competition winners , Eastern Suburbs . They remained into the competition until the early 1980s . In 1987 , an Auckland side toured Great Britain and claimed wins over powerhouse clubs Leeds and Wigan . In 1988 , serious investigation into an Auckland team entering the New South Wales Rugby League premiership commenced , encouraged mainly by the Mt Albert club . On 17 May 1992 , the announcement stating an Auckland - based team 's entry into the Australian Rugby League competition , the Winfield Cup in 1995 , was made . This followed very good turnouts to a number of NSWRL club games played in Auckland . The new team was to be called the Auckland Warriors and run by the Auckland Rugby League organisation . The original colours selected were blue , white , red and green . Blue and white are recognised as the colours of Auckland , while red and green were the colours of the Warriors ' original sponsor , DB Bitter . The original logo was designed by Francis Allan , of Colenso . 1995 -- the first season ( edit ) Position Pld Won Drew Lost Bye Points For Points Against Points Differential 10th ( of 20 ) 22 13 0 9 -- 544 493 + 51 The coach of the new team would be former Parramatta and Wigan coach John Monie . A number of senior players were signed , such as Greg Alexander and Andy Platt . Captain Dean Bell was a high - performing signing . Former Rugby union players such as John Kirwan and Marc Ellis were brought in , in later years . The Warriors ' first year in the Australian Rugby League was 1995 . Their debut match was against the Brisbane Broncos on 10 March 1995 in front of 30,000 people at a newly refurbished Mt Smart Stadium . The Warriors led 22 -- 10 at one point in the second half of the match , however the Broncos defeated the new club 25 -- 22 . A home crowd attendance record of 32,174 was set at Ericsson Stadium in Round 6 of the 1995 ARL season , a record that was not topped until Round 1 of the 2011 NRL season . The Warriors were deducted two competition points for an interchange error . In a match against Western Suburbs , the Warriors used five interchange players instead of the allowed four . The Warriors won the match comfortably , 46 -- 12 . This error had disastrous consequences for the club , as they ultimately missed the finals by two competition points . The season saw the debut of future star , Stacey Jones , who scored a try on debut in a 40 -- 4 rout of Parramatta in Sydney . The biggest issue with the season was the lack of consistency , that is evident with the Warriors even today , despite a six match winning streak late in the season . It was observed that when the Warriors were not winning by 20 points they were losing by 20 points . Inaugural Auckland Warriors side v Brisbane Broncos , Mount Smart Stadium , 10 March , 1995 1 . Phil Blake 2 . Sean Hoppe 3 . Dean Bell ( c ) 4 . Manoa Thompson 5 . Whetu Taewa 6 . Gene Ngamu 7 . Greg Alexander 8 . Gavin Hill 9 . Duane Mann 10 . Hitro Okesene 11 . Stephen Kearney 12 . Tony Tatupu 13 . Tony Tuimavave 14 . Se'e Solomona 15 . Tea Ropati 16 . Jason Mackie 17 . Martin Moana Coach : John Monie Position Pld Won Drew Lost Bye Points For Points Against Points Differential 11th ( of 20 ) 21 10 0 11 -- 412 427 − 15 The Australian Rugby League season 1996 could have been regarded as a better one for the Warriors . The Warriors found themselves siding with the Super League during the Super League War when the New Zealand Rugby League signed up to the rebel competition . They claimed their first ' victory ' over the Broncos in round one of the competition that year , after all Super League clubs agreed to boycott the first round of the competition in protest . The Warriors won the two points when they travelled to Brisbane with a squad of players that were unsigned to Super League , forcing the Broncos to forfeit the match . With four rounds remaining the Warriors were in sixth place in the competition , seemingly headed for a finals berth . They proceeded to lose all four matches to tumble out of the finals . The only positives were that young New Zealand talents Stacey Jones and Joe Vagana had superb seasons . Super League -- 1997 ( edit ) Position Pld Won Drew Lost Bye Points For Points Against Points Differential 7th ( of 10 ) 18 7 0 11 -- 332 406 − 74 The Warriors spent 1997 in the breakaway Super League Telstra Cup competition . Despite the reduced number of teams , they failed to make an impression on the competition . Monie was replaced by Frank Endacott as coach midway through the 1997 season . The only positive was the team 's performance in the World Club Challenge . The Warriors hammered United Kingdom powerhouses Wigan and St Helens , and comfortably handled Warrington . The Warriors were knocked out in the Semi Finals by eventual winners Brisbane , going down 16 -- 22 . 1998 ( edit ) Position Pld Won Drew Lost Bye Points For Points Against Points Differential 15th ( of 20 ) 24 9 0 15 -- 417 518 − 101 The first season of the reformed competition was a year that saw few highlights for the club . It was readily apparent that the club needed a new approach and attitude . Fortunately for them , they were in a better position than the other two clubs that joined the competition in 1995 . The Tainui era -- 1999 ( edit ) Position Pld Won Drew Lost Bye Points For Points Against Points Differential 11th ( of 17 ) 24 10 0 14 -- 538 498 + 40 Former Kiwi Mark Graham took over as coach in 1999 . The club was sold off to a consortium that included ex-Kiwi coach Graham Lowe and the Tainui tribe . The club again disappointed on field , but a mid season ultimatum saw a strong finish to the season , with the side winning five of their last six games . The signs appeared promising for the new millennium . Financial collapse and reinvention -- 2000 ( edit ) Position Pld Won Drew Lost Bye Points For Points Against Points Differential 13th ( of 14 ) 24 8 16 -- 426 662 − 236 In National Rugby League season 2000 the Warriors could only finish second last . This season included the Warriors ' largest ever loss in their history to date , 54 -- 0 to the Dragons in Wollongong . Alarmingly , the problems off - field overshadowed the on - field problems . The majority shareholders were under intense financial pressure , and the club 's future was looking bleak at best . The key assets of the club were purchased by business tycoon Eric Watson . This did not include player contracts , and many players were released and had to fight to get the money they had been promised . Ultimately only 10 players from the 2000 season were retained . The club was re-branded as the New Zealand Warriors , with new colours of black and grey -- resembling the national sporting colours . New coach Daniel Anderson and CEO Mick Watson focused on signing unknown New Zealand talent . There were only six Australians in the 2001 squad , and only three foundation players -- Monty Betham , Stacey Jones and Logan Swann . First finals series -- 2001 ( edit ) Position Pld Won Drew Lost Bye Points For Points Against Points Differential 8th ( of 14 ) 26 12 12 -- 638 629 + 9 In a season where the re-branded New Zealand Warriors were tipped to finish in second - last place behind the North Queensland Cowboys , the team surprised all , qualifying for their first ever finals appearance in the National Rugby League season 2001 . The Warriors were involved in Round 8 in one of the biggest near - comebacks in the history of the NRL . Down 24 -- 8 to the Bulldogs with under six minutes remaining , the Warriors rattled off three tries in as many sets , only failing to win the match as ironically Stacey Jones missed his easiest kick of the night in the final minute . After a mid season struggle , the Warriors upset the runaway minor premiers Parramatta 29 -- 18 at home , in what was a highlight match . Then , with their season on the line , the team won four matches in a row , starting with impressive 34 -- 8 , 30 -- 0 , and 14 -- 8 home victories over fellow finals - bound teams the Bulldogs , Sharks and Roosters . The Warriors also scored 24 unanswered points in the final quarter to beat the Panthers 48 -- 32 . Their first finals appearance was sealed with a bruising 24 -- 24 draw with the Storm at Colonial Stadium ( now Etihad Stadium ) , but the effects of this bruising match was seen a week later , as the Warriors were beaten by 30 -- 18 at home by the Cowboys , a win that saw the North Queenslanders avoiding the wooden spoon . On a hiding to nothing heading into their first ever finals appearance , they were hammered by the Minor Premiers , the Parramatta Eels 56 -- 12 . The loss was at the time the largest in finals series history , but at last things seemed to be going in the right direction at the Warriors . Minor premiership and Grand final -- 2002 ( edit ) Position Pld Won Drew Lost Bye Points For Points Against Points Differential 1st ( of 15 ) 24 17 0 7 688 454 + 234 The Warriors reached their zenith to date in the National Rugby League season 2002 . They won the Minor Premiership , finishing in first place at the conclusion of the regular season after the Bulldogs lost 37 competition points late in the season due to severe salary cap breaches . The club played what stands as the first finals match to have been held outside Australia at Mt Smart Stadium in the first week of the Finals Series . The Warriors would defeat their bogey side Canberra 36 -- 20 after surviving an early scare . For the Preliminary Final against the Sharks at Telstra Stadium the Warriors ' sponsors , such as Vodafone New Zealand and Eric Watson , purchased 15,000 tickets and gave them away for free to anyone with a New Zealand passport . Reportedly , in the 45,000 crowd there were more Warriors supporters than Sharks supporters -- astonishing considering the Sharks are a Sydney - based club . The Warriors went on to win 16 -- 10 with John Carlaw scoring a famous try after latching onto a pinpoint Stacey Jones grubber - kick . The Grand Final against the Sydney Roosters was a tight match for the first hour . The Warriors trailed 2 -- 6 at half time , but took a lead just after halftime when Jones scored a great grand final try -- as he left defenders sprawling in his wake on a 40 - metre run to the try line . The Roosters ran away with the match in the final 20 minutes after captain Brad Fittler was involved in a head clash with Warriors prop Richard Villasanti . The final score was an unflattering 8 -- 30 . Top eight again -- 2003 ( edit ) Position Pld Won Drew Lost Bye Points For Points Against Points Differential 6th ( of 15 ) 24 15 0 9 545 510 + 35 2003 was another quite successful year for the Warriors . After blowing an early 16 -- 0 lead to lose 26 -- 36 to the Newcastle Knights in Round 1 , the Warriors embarked on a five - match winning streak to announce themselves as contenders for the season . However , the Warriors then struggled through the middle - stages of the season , squandering a 26 -- 12 lead with eight minutes remaining to lose to the Parramatta Eels dramatically 28 -- 26 at Parramatta Stadium . There was also an insipid 10 -- 30 loss in Townsville to the North Queensland . They played their first ever extra time match , defeating South Sydney 31 -- 30 , recovering from a 6 -- 24 deficit . On the back of inspired play by prop Richard Villasanti , the Warriors secured their playoff spot , ultimately finishing sixth on points differential , a dangerous position to finish , as the 6th - placed finishers had been eliminated after the first week of the playoffs in the past three seasons . Their first finals match was against the Bulldogs at the Sydney Showground ( now Spotless Stadium ) . The Warriors turned on one of their finest performances ever , stunning the Bulldogs early to lead 16 -- 4 at halftime , and after a Bulldogs comeback tied the scores at 16 - all , scoring five tries in 16 minutes to blow the Bulldogs away , eventually winning 48 -- 22 . Winger Francis Meli scored five tries , a finals record . This prompted Graham Lowe , a known critic of the Warriors to say that the Warriors would win the premiership . The next week a Stacey Jones field - goal in the dying minutes got the Warriors past a gallant Canberra Raiders 17 -- 16 . They however lost in the Preliminary Final to the Minor Premiers and eventual Premiers Penrith Panthers , 20 -- 28 . It was a disappointing loss for the Warriors , who did not lead at any point of the match , and blew their chance early in the second half to take their first lead , when Henry Fa'afili lost the ball with the line wide open . The worst year ever -- 2004 ( edit ) Position Pld Won Drew Lost Bye Points For Points Against Points Differential 14th ( of 15 ) 24 6 0 18 427 693 − 266 Before the National Rugby League season 2004 started , there were predictions of the Warriors having a highly successful season . These were proved wrong , as the Warriors managed to only win six games to finish equal last , only escaping the wooden spoon by having a superior points differential to South Sydney . Coach Daniel Anderson resigned mid-season after an embarrassing 52 - point loss to the Sydney Roosters . His assistant Tony Kemp was given the head coach position , and in his first game in charge the Warriors recorded an emotional 20 -- 14 win over Canberra . A week later , the Warriors ' first match in Christchurch since 1996 was a flop , as the Warriors were destroyed by the Wests Tigers 4 -- 50 . The season finished with an embarrassing six - game losing streak . The management looked to rescue a poor year with some high - profile signings . Bulldogs captain Steve Price was signed , as was Kiwis captain Ruben Wiki , Cowboys half Nathan Fien and Roosters winger Todd Byrne . The rebuilding begins -- 2005 ( edit ) Position Pld Won Drew Lost Bye Points For Points Against Points Differential 11th ( of 15 ) 24 10 0 14 515 528 − 13 2005 was an improvement over the horror scenes of 2004 . The team remained competitive for all of their matches , and their largest loss was only 18 points . The team had a good chance to make the finals , however a four match losing streak late in the season removed those chances . The season was tinged with sadness , as it was announced it would be star halfback Stacey Jones last season with the club before he would join French Super League club , Catalans Dragons . His last match for the team against Manly at Brookvale Oval was a fine way for him to sign off with the club as he scored the match - winning try with three minutes to go in a 22 -- 20 victory . At the end of the season the structure of the team was reviewed . CEO Mick Watson resigned and was replaced by Wayne Scurrah . Tony Kemp was sacked as coach and his assistant Ivan Cleary replaced him as head coach . The salary cap drama -- 2006 ( edit ) Position Pld Won Drew Lost Bye Points For Points Against Points Differential 10th ( of 15 ) 24 12 0 12 552 463 + 89 National Rugby League season 2006 got off to a bad start for the club . In February , the Warriors were found to have committed major breaches of the salary cap in 2005 . This followed the high - profile signings of Steve Price and Ruben Wiki . On 27 February the NRL announced the club would be deducted four competition points and the club would also be fined A $430,000 . Even before the penalty the Warriors were expected to struggle and were being picked as wooden spooners in some quarters . With the four point deduction , the Warriors won their first NRL game away from Auckland , with a 26 -- 10 victory over the reigning premiers , the Wests Tigers , at Jade Stadium in Christchurch . On 25 June the Warriors recorded their largest ever win , defeating South Sydney 66 -- 0 at Telstra Stadium , as part of a four - match winning streak that claimed the scalps of the Sydney Roosters , Newcastle Knights , and also the Penrith Panthers . This streak was ended in an 18 -- 22 golden - point loss to the Bulldogs , in a game where the Warriors surrendered an early 16 -- 0 lead . The Warriors finished the season on a positive note leaving room for optimism for 2007 and beyond . They caused arguably the upset of the season , defeating the Minor Premiers Melbourne 24 -- 20 at Olympic Park Stadium in Melbourne , preventing the Storm from going the full regular season unbeaten at home . Impressively , it took the Warriors 24 weeks to be completely out of finals contention . The Warriors finished winning eight of their final twelve games , including a 42 -- 16 thrashing of the Roosters in Round 25 , which included four tries by Jerome Ropati . Had the Warriors not suffered the four - point deduction , they would have finished in eighth place on the ladder , and hence would have taken part in the finals series . As it was , they finished tenth on the ladder . There were a number of revelations in the squad . Unheralded halfback Grant Rovelli was a standout performer . Winger Patrick Ah Van has cemented a first grade spot and impressed many with his performances , while George Gatis and Nathan Fien were fine performers at hooker , and centre Simon Mannering has been one of the Warriors most impressive backs . Return to the finals -- 2007 ( edit ) Position Pld Won Drew Lost Bye Points For Points Against Points Differential 4th ( of 16 ) 24 13 10 593 434 + 159 The Warriors completed their pre-season with two wins from three games , defeating the Auckland Lions 64 -- 4 , losing to the North Queensland Cowboys 32 -- 14 and defeating the Canterbury Bulldogs 36 -- 6 . The Warriors finished the 2007 season in fourth place . The season began with a 34 -- 18 victory over Parramatta at Mt Smart Stadium . The following week the side created history by winning their first two games of the season with a 24 -- 14 victory over premiers , the Brisbane Broncos -- the first time they have ever won their opening two games of the season . After a good start which saw the team sitting in fourth place with a 4 -- 2 win - loss record , the team hit a period of indifferent form , falling into a six match losing streak following a last minute win over South Sydney . The team returned to form , defeating Cronulla 12 -- 2 in wild weather at Toyota Park . Following that victory the side won 9 out of 12 games , with one draw . The Warriors clinched a playoff spot with a 36 -- 14 win over an understrength Manly side , and claimed a home final the following week , defeating the Penrith Panthers 24 -- 20 at CUA Stadium in Round 25 . The Warriors , by virtue of finishing the regular season in fourth place , won the right to host one of the finals matches in the first week of the playoffs . However , the Warriors narrowly went down to the Parramatta Eels 12 -- 10 at Mount Smart Stadium , and their season ended with an awful 12 -- 49 loss to the Cowboys in Townsville . On 30 May the Warriors signed Australian Kangaroos ' centre , Brent Tate from 2008 to 2010 in what was described as a `` major coup '' for the New Zealand club . Second - half revival -- 2008 ( edit ) Position Pld Won Drew Lost Bye Points For Points Against Points Differential 8th ( of 16 ) 24 13 0 11 502 567 − 65 Ben Matulino and Evarn Tuimavave in Round 16 of the 2008 NRL season The 2008 season did not start as brightly for the club , losing Wade McKinnon for much of the year during a pre-season loss to Newcastle , and losing captain Steve Price ( rugby league ) for ten weeks , as well as injuries to other key players Manu Vatuvei , Jerome Ropati and Michael Witt . The team remained in contention for much of the season , however often performed very poorly away from Mt Smart Stadium , and suffered their first loss to South Sydney ( 28 -- 35 ) since 1999 , and went on to lose to the Rabbitohs again later in the season ( 16 -- 18 ) . Despite poor results away , strong home form and a now common revival in the second half of the season saw the Warriors make the top eight for the second season running , incredibly despite spending only three weeks in the top eight all season . A top - eight berth was secured in the last game of the season , when the Warriors defeated the Parramatta Eels 28 -- 6 at Parramatta Stadium , marking the first time since 1995 that the Warriors had won away to Parramatta . With nothing to lose in the first week of the finals , the Warriors caused arguably the greatest finals upset ever , and arguably greatest victory in the history of the club , defeating the Melbourne Storm 18 -- 15 at Olympic Park ; in doing so , they became the first 8th placed team to beat the minor premiers , with Michael Witt scoring two minutes from full - time to clinch the win . Witt taunted Melbourne captain , Cameron Smith , before placing the ball for the historic victory . In week two of the playoffs , the Warriors came from behind to defeat the Sydney Roosters 30 -- 13 at Mt . Smart Stadium . The Roosters led 13 -- 6 at halftime before a second - half comeback saw the Warriors pile on twenty - four unanswered points to earn the Warriors a place in the preliminary finals . This was the first time since 2003 that the Warriors have reached the grand final qualifier , and third overall in 14 seasons . They however went down heavily to an inspired Manly Sea Eagles 32 -- 6 . 2009 ( edit ) Position Pld Won Drew Lost Bye Points For Points Against Points Differential 14th ( of 16 ) 24 7 14 377 545 − 188 2009 started with the loss of young up - and - comer Sonny Fai , who tragically drowned at Bethells Beach , near Auckland . He had gone into dangerous surf to rescue some relatives but was probably sucked under by a rip . Almost as if using the occurrence as an inhibitor , the Warriors had a very disappointing year , despite winning the opening two rounds against eventual grand finalists Parramatta Eels 26 -- 18 and reigning premiers Manly Sea Eagles . After those great wins they proceeded to win a poor 1 of 8 games including a draw . They did however manage to beat West Tigers 14 -- 0 and the Knights 13 -- 0 keeping both opponents scoreless , but it was the poor attacking that had every league fan questioning . and ultimately saw them lose their next 3 matches by heavy scores . They did beat the Roosters 30 -- 24 at SFS and Raiders 34 -- 20 at Mt Smart Stadium . But in the end the Warriors lost their final two games against the Bulldogs in Hazem El Masri 's last home game ( before the finals ) and ultimately ended their poor season in a bad way losing 0 -- 30 to the eventual premiers Melbourne Storm . Return to finals football -- 2010 ( edit ) The Club Championship ( left ) and the Toyota Cup ( right ) , both won in 2010 Position Pld Won Drew Lost Bye Points For Points Against Points Differential 5th ( of 16 ) 23 13 0 10 539 486 + 53 Expectations were not high for the Warriors in 2010 after a disappointing 2009 season . The Warriors bolstered their playing stocks in the pivotal play - making positions by signing Brett Seymour after he was cut by Cronulla and James Maloney from Melbourne . In arguably one of their best ever performances they humbled the Brisbane Broncos 48 -- 16 at Suncorp Stadium in Round 3 , with Maloney tying a club - record with 28 points ( 3 tries and 8 goals ) . Kevin Locke scored a hat - trick in the Warriors miraculous 20 -- 18 win over the Sydney Roosters at AMI Stadium in Christchurch , narrowly escaping a serious hip injury after a high - speed collision with the goal - post ( in the process of scoring the game - winning try ) . The Warriors won five matches in a row for the first time since late in the 2003 season and finished in 5th position in the regular season . They were knocked out of the finals series in the first week , losing to Gold Coast Titans . Another Grand final but the title eludes them -- 2011 ( edit ) Position Pld Won Drew Lost Bye Points For Points Against Points Differential 6th ( of 16 ) 24 14 0 10 504 393 + 111 The Warriors began the 2011 season with an historic match at Auckland 's Eden Park , the first regular season home game the club had played away from Mt Smart Stadium . The match drew a record home game crowd for the Warriors of 38,405 however unfortunately the Warriors could not repay the large crowd with a victory as they were beaten 24 -- 18 by the Parramatta Eels . The Warriors went on to lose their following two matches and it appeared that Warriors fans were in for another season of disappointment . To their credit the Warriors bounced back and were in the running for a top four position late in the season but finished in 6th spot . Midway through the season coach Ivan Cleary was approached by the Penrith Panthers and was appointed as their coach for the 2012 season . Cleary remained coach for the remainder of the 2011 season and Brian McClennan was to be appointed his successor for the 2012 season . One of the highlights of the season was the unearthing of the young halfback Shaun Johnson who played a key role as the Warriors approached the 2011 finals series . In week one of the finals series the Warriors were thrashed 40 -- 10 by the Brisbane Broncos . Other results went the Warriors way and they were fortunate to progress to week two of the finals where they would meet a high flying Wests Tigers who had completed their 9th straight victory . The match was expected to go the Tigers way however a brilliant second half comeback by the Warriors culminated in a late and controversial try to Krisnan Inu which saw the Warriors win 22 -- 20 and earn the right to play the Melbourne Storm for a place in the Grand Final . The Warriors traveled to Melbourne as heavy underdogs but turned in what is considered one of the most complete performances in the club 's history . The Warriors controlled the match and sealed the Melbourne Storm 's fate with Shaun Johnson mesmerising the Storm defence to send Lewis Brown in for the try that would send the Warriors to their second ever Grand Final , where they would meet the Manly Sea Eagles . The Warriors would again start the match as heavy underdogs and with a side boasting only three players who had previously played in a Grand Final ( Manly on the other hand could boast their coach and eight players who had won the 2008 NRL premiership with the club , plus another who had won a premiership in 2003 with Penrith ) . Heavy defence from both sides was the feature until the Warriors opened the scoring with a penalty goal to James Maloney in the 28th minute , but a little more than a minute after the restart , a bad read in defence saw prolific try scorer Brett Stewart in for the 1st try . Just before the break , the Warriors were then unlucky not to receive a penalty for obstruction in the lead up to Manly 's second try which saw them go into the sheds down 12 -- 2 . A further try to Clive Churchill Medal winner Glenn Stewart in the 57th minute saw Manly 's lead out to 18 -- 2 . The Warriors refused to die however , and clawed their way back with tries to Manu Vatuvei and Elijah Taylor in the 63rd and 68th minutes . Unfortunately Maloney missed both conversions which could have taken the score to 18 -- 14 and a grandstand finish , but a try to Manly captain Jamie Lyon with only a minute remaining put the result beyond doubt as the Warriors were beaten by a clinical Manly outfit 24 -- 10 -- yet their effort in reaching just their second ever Grand Final ( and their first in nine years ) was a triumph for the club and departing coach Ivan Cleary and won praise from those in the NRL . 2011 was a successful season all - round for the New Zealand Warriors , with all three grades reaching the Grand Final . The clubs NYC team defeated the North Queensland Cowboys 31 -- 30 in golden point extra time in the NYC Grand Final to win their second premiership , while NSW Cup affiliate the Auckland Vulcans went down 30 -- 28 after conceding a last minute try to Canterbury - Bankstown in the NSW Cup Grand Final . Woeful Warriors wilt under Bluey -- 2012 ( edit ) Position Pld Won Drew Lost Bye Points For Points Against Points Differential 14th ( of 16 ) 24 8 0 16 497 609 − 112 2012 was meant to promise so much for the Warriors following their grand final appearance of 2011 . A new coach with a successful track record in Brian ' Bluey ' McClennan , a stable squad and strong public support indicated that 2012 could have been the year they finally broke their premiership duck . The season again kicked off with a home game at Eden Park , with a strong crowd of 37,502 witnessing the Warriors go down 20 -- 26 to Manly in a grand final rematch . The match was perhaps an indication of things to come , with the Warriors performing strongly on attack but being let down by weak defence at crucial stages which ultimately cost them the match . The season did not improve much from that point , with the Warriors failing to find any semblance of consistency throughout the season . There were some highs , such as their 44 -- 22 drubbing of the Rabbitohs , but these were far outweighed by the deep lows . Their season is best summed up by a dismal month of football between Rounds 20 and 23 . The Warriors surrendered 19 - and 18 - nil leads in succession and lost ( a first in the history of the game ) , before leaking 97 points in their next two defeats . In the process they lost all semblance of a quality rugby league team . Injuries were not kind to the Warriors , with the side using 29 players over the course of the season -- the second highest of any team in the NRL . The Warriors season unravelled over the latter rounds . Ultimately Brian McClennan was sacked with three rounds remaining , with assistant coach Tony Iro taking over the reins for the final two rounds . The change of coach did not result in a change of fortunes however , as the Warriors limped out of the season with an eight match long losing streak -- a club record . Following a lengthy search for a new coach former Penrith and Canberra boss Matthew Elliot was appointed as head coach in October 2012 . A year under matt Elliott -- 2013 ( edit ) Position Pld Won Drew Lost Bye Points For Points Against Points Differential 11th ( of 16 ) 24 11 0 13 495 554 − 59 Another horror start for the Warriors in 2013 as they win just 2 of their opening 10 games . The Warriors came back into finals contention winning 7 games out of 8 including a 56 -- 18 win against the Brisbane Broncos in Brisbane . As finals approached the Warriors ended with just 2 wins from their remaining 6 games to see them finish the season 11th . In Round 10 , on 18 May the Warriors lost 6 -- 62 to the Penrith Panthers which was their largest ever loss in the club 's history . Captain Simon Mannering won the club 's Player of the year and Ngani Laumape won Rookie of the year . Elliot leaves ; McFadden takes charge -- 2014 ( edit ) Position Pld Won Drew Lost Bye Points For Points Against Points Differential 9th ( of 16 ) 24 12 0 12 571 491 + 80 In the First edition of the NRL Auckland Nines , The Warriors were favourites to win . They finished top of their pool winning all three games but lost the Semi Final to eventual winners North Queensland Cowboys . The Warriors started the season two wins and two loses but in Round 5 after a 37 -- 6 lost to Cronulla Sutherland Sharks the club sacked head coach Matthew Elliott replacing him former Canberra Raiders player Andrew McFadden . Unfortunately the Warriors missed the playoffs for the 3rd season in a row after missing out on points difference to the Brisbane Broncos . Simon Mannering won his 4th Player of the year award , while David Fusitu'a won Rookie of the year . A year of McFadden ; some success , then the losses Mount -- 2015 ( edit ) Position Pld Won Drew Lost Bye Points For Points Against Points Differential 13th ( of 16 ) 24 9 0 15 445 588 − 143 This was the Warriors 20th season in the NRL . Warriors ended the season with 8 consecutive loses after Shaun Johnson broke his ankle against Manly Sea Eagles in Round 20 . Warriors were knocked out in the Quarter Finals of the 2015 NRL Auckland Nines by eventual runners up Cronulla Sutherland Sharks . Ben Matulino was named club Player of the year with Tuimoala Lolohea named clubs Rookie of the year . Big name signings , big year of disappointment -- 2016 ( edit ) Position Pld Won Drew Lost Bye Points For Points Against Points Differential 10th ( of 16 ) 24 10 0 14 513 601 − 88 To start off , there was plenty of hype around the Warriors camp about 2016 being the season where they would finally win the Premiership , after the major signings of 2015 Dally M Fullback of the Year Roger Tuivasa - Sheck , from the Sydney Roosters and Kiwi international Issac Luke , from the South Sydney Rabbitohs . The Warriors came runners up in the 2016 NRL Auckland Nines , losing to the Parramatta Eels in the final , 22 -- 4 . The Warriors started the season in the worst possible way , losing their first three matches . The Warriors beat the Newcastle Knights 40 -- 18 to record their first win of the season and then defeated the Sydney Roosters in a Golden Point thriller in Gosford a week later . After the embarrassing loss to Melbourne Storm on Anzac Day , the team came under intense scrutiny with many calling for the sacking of coach , Andrew McFadden . As well as this , six Warriors players where stood down after mixing prescription drugs with energy drinks . This scandal did not help the club who were already struggling . After 11 rounds , the Warriors stood at four wins from 11 games . As State of Origin came into effect , the Warriors started to elevate their performance . Winning four from five games , with the exception being a golden point loss to the table - topping Cronulla - Sutherland Sharks . After Round 18 , the Warriors were in the top eight and needing only to win four out of their final eight games with three of their final four games on home turf . An achievable target , however the club recorded just two wins from their final eight games to finish tenth on the ladder and for the fifth year in a row , missed out on finals . Simon Mannering received his fifth Warriors Player of the Year , with Nathaniel Roache receiving Rookie of the Year . On 12 September 2016 it was announced that Kiwis coach Stephen Kearney would replace Andrew McFadden as head coach for 2017 . Another dismal year -- 2017 ( edit ) Position Pld Won Drew Lost Bye Points For Points Against Points Differential 13th ( of 16 ) 24 7 0 17 444 575 − 131 After the restructuring of the Warriors coaching staff and with the signing of Kieran Foran , there was much anticipation leading into the season for the team . The Auckland Nines were perhaps a sign of things to come as the Warriors were left win-less and at the bottom of their pool . They kicked off the regular season with a narrow victory over the Newcastle Knights . It would be one of few wins for the 2017 season . Heading into their first bye of the season , they had just won six from 14 games . Worse was yet to come . After that bye , they defeated the Canterbury Bulldogs at Mt Smart Stadium in what would turn out to be their last win of the season . After that , the Warriors would go on a losing streak until the season 's end , creating a club record of nine straight losses and one of the worst seasons in the clubs history . As well as this , notable names such as Ryan Hoffman , Jacob Lillyman , Charlie Gubb and Kieran Foran had left the club . After so much promise and hype leading up to the championship , it seemed to have been all too familiar for Warriors fans . So much so , during a school visit in September , after their season had ended , one student asked them why they were `` so bad '' , while another , who had little knowledge of rugby league , asked them where they finished on the competition ladder . In December 2017 , the New Zealand Warriors expressed their interest in applying for a licence to participate in the inaugural NRL Women 's season . Restoring the faith -- 2018 ( edit ) Position Pld Won Drew Lost Bye Points For Points Against Points Differential 4th ( of 16 ) 14 10 0 0 - - 28 Season summaries ( edit ) P = Premiers , R = Runners - up , M = Minor Premierships , F = Finals Appearance , W = Wooden Spoons ( Brackets Represent Finals Games ) Competition Games Played Games Won Games Drawn Games Lost Ladder Position Coach Captain Details 1995 ARL season 22 13 0 9 10 / 20 John Monie Dean Bell Auckland Warriors 1995 1996 ARL season 21 10 0 11 11 / 20 Greg Alexander Auckland Warriors 1996 1997 SL season 18 7 0 11 7 / 10 John Monie → Frank Endacott Matthew Ridge Auckland Warriors 1997 1998 NRL season 24 9 0 15 15 / 20 Frank Endacott Auckland Warriors 1998 1999 NRL season 24 10 0 14 11 / 17 Mark Graham Auckland Warriors 1999 2000 NRL season 26 8 16 13 / 14 John Simon Auckland Warriors 2000 2001 NRL season 26 ( 1 ) 12 ( 0 ) 2 ( 0 ) 12 ( 1 ) 8 / 14 Daniel Anderson Kevin Campion / Stacey Jones New Zealand Warriors 2001 2002 NRL season 24 ( 3 ) 17 ( 2 ) 0 ( 0 ) 7 ( 1 ) 1 / 15 New Zealand Warriors 2002 2003 NRL season 24 ( 3 ) 15 ( 2 ) 0 ( 0 ) 9 ( 1 ) 6 / 15 Monty Betham New Zealand Warriors 2003 2004 NRL season 24 6 0 18 14 / 15 Daniel Anderson → Tony Kemp New Zealand Warriors 2004 2005 NRL season 24 10 0 14 11 / 15 Tony Kemp Steve Price New Zealand Warriors 2005 2006 NRL season 24 12 0 12 10 / 15 Ivan Cleary New Zealand Warriors 2006 2007 NRL season 24 ( 2 ) 13 ( 0 ) 1 ( 0 ) 10 ( 2 ) 4 / 16 New Zealand Warriors 2007 2008 NRL season 24 ( 3 ) 13 ( 2 ) 0 ( 0 ) 11 ( 1 ) 8 / 16 New Zealand Warriors 2008 2009 NRL season 24 7 14 14 / 16 New Zealand Warriors 2009 2010 NRL season 24 ( 1 ) 14 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 10 ( 1 ) 5 / 16 Simon Mannering New Zealand Warriors 2010 2011 NRL season 24 ( 4 ) 14 ( 2 ) 0 10 ( 2 ) 6 / 16 New Zealand Warriors 2011 2012 NRL season 24 8 0 16 14 / 16 Brian McClennan → Tony Iro New Zealand Warriors 2012 2013 NRL season 24 11 0 13 11 / 16 Matthew Elliot New Zealand Warriors 2013 2014 NRL season 24 12 0 12 9 / 16 Matthew Elliot → Andrew McFadden New Zealand Warriors 2014 2015 NRL season 24 9 0 15 13 / 16 Andrew McFadden New Zealand Warriors 2015 2016 NRL season 24 10 0 14 10 / 16 Ryan Hoffman New Zealand Warriors 2016 2017 NRL season 24 7 0 17 13 / 16 Stephen Kearney Roger Tuivasa - Sheck New Zealand Warriors 2017 2018 NRL season 14 10 0 4 / 16 New Zealand Warriors 2018 2018 squad ( edit ) Main articles : List of New Zealand Warriors players and List of New Zealand Warriors representatives New Zealand Warriors 2018 Squad view talk NRL Squad 2018 Coaching staff Bunty Afoa - SR , PR Blake Ayshford - CE , WG Gerard Beale - CE , WG , FB James Bell - SR , LK Adam Blair ( vc ) - PR , LK Manaia Cherrington - HK Sam Cook - HB , HK David Fusitu'a - WG , CE James Gavet - PR Anthony Gelling - CE , WG Blake Green - FE Tohu Harris - SR Peta Hiku - CE , WG , FB Shaun Johnson - HB ( gk ) Solomone Kata - CE Karl Lawton - HK , FE Mason Lino - HB , FE ( gk ) Sam Lisone - PR Issac Luke - HK ( gk ) Simon Mannering ( vc ) - LK , SR Ken Maumalo - WG Charnze Nicoll - Klokstad - WG , CE Agnatius Paasi - PR Isaiah Papali'i - SR , PR Junior Pauga - CE , WG Leivaha Pulu - SR Nathaniel Roache - HK , HB Ligi Sao - PR , LK Chris Satae - PR Jazz Tevaga - HK , LK Roger Tuivasa - Sheck ( c ) - FB , WG Albert Vete - PR , LK Joseph Vuna - SR , CE Head coach Stephen Kearney Assistant coaches Stacey Jones Andrew McFadden Tony Iro Legend : ( c ) Captain ( s ) ( vc ) Vice captain ( s ) ( gk ) Goal - kicker Injured Updated : 09 June 2018 Source ( s ) : ( 1 ) Captains ( edit ) Years Captain 1995 Dean Bell Greg Alexander 1997 -- 1999 Matthew Ridge 2000 John Simon 2001 -- 2002 Kevin Campion / Stacey Jones 2002 -- 2004 Monty Betham 2005 -- 2009 Steve Price 2010 -- 2015 Simon Mannering 2016 Ryan Hoffman 2017 -- present Roger Tuivasa - Sheck Coaches ( edit ) 1995 -- 2017 Coach Tenure Matches Won Drawn Lost Winning Percentage John Monie 1995 -- 1997 ( sacked mid-season ) 52 26 0 26 50.00 % Frank Endacott 1997 -- 1998 33 13 0 20 39.39 % Mark Graham 1999 -- 2000 50 18 30 36.00 % Daniel Anderson 2001 -- 2004 ( resigned mid-season ) 92 51 39 55.43 % Tony Kemp 2004 -- 2005 37 13 0 24 35.14 % Ivan Cleary 2006 -- 2011 137 68 66 49.63 % Brian McClennan 2012 -- Round 24 2012 ( Sacked 21 August ) 22 8 0 14 36.36 % Tony Iro Round 25 2012 - Round 26 2012 ( Caretaker Coach ) 0 0 0 % Matthew Elliott 2013 - Round 5 2014 ( Sacked 7 April ) 29 13 0 16 44.8 % Andrew McFadden Round 6 2014 -- 2016 50 22 0 28 44.00 % Stephen Kearney 2017 -- 38 17 0 21 44.73 % Jerseys ( edit ) Home jerseys of the Warriors 1995 -- 1996 1997 -- 1999 2000 2001 -- 2002 2003 -- 2005 2006 -- 2008 2009 -- 2011 2012 -- Individual records ( edit ) Main article : List of New Zealand Warriors records * indicates player still active . Player of the year ( edit ) Year Player 2017 * Roger Tuivasa - Sheck 2016 * Simon Mannering 2015 Ben Matulino 2014 * Simon Mannering 2013 * Simon Mannering 2012 * Ben Matulino 2011 * Simon Mannering Manu Vatuvei 2009 Micheal Luck 2008 * Simon Mannering 2007 Steve Price 2006 Steve Price 2005 Ruben Wiki Wairangi Koopu 2003 Francis Meli 2002 Ali Lauiti'iti 2001 Jerry SeuSeu 2000 Robert Mears 1999 Jason Death 1998 Joe Vagana 1997 Stacey Jones Stephen Kearney 1995 Tea Ropati Most games ( edit ) Games Player Career 283 * Simon Mannering 2005 -- present 261 Stacey Jones 1995 -- 2005 , 2009 226 Manu Vatuvei 2004 -- July , 2017 195 Logan Swann 1997 -- 2008 185 Lance Hohaia 2002 -- 2011 Most tries ( edit ) Tries Player Career 152 Manu Vatuvei 2004 -- July , 2017 82 Stacey Jones 1995 -- 2005 , 2009 61 * Simon Mannering 2005 -- present 60 Francis Meli 1998 -- 2005 60 * Shaun Johnson 2011 -- present 57 Clinton Toopi 1999 -- 2006 57 Lance Hohaia 2002 -- 2011 Most tries in a season ( edit ) Tries Player Season 23 Francis Meli 2003 ( Including Finals ) 20 Manu Vatuvei 2010 ( Regular Season Record + 1 Final ) 19 Sean Hoppe 1995 ( Regular Season Record ) 18 Clinton Toopi 2002 17 Manu Vatuvei 2014 17 Clinton Toopi 2003 Most points ( edit ) Points Player Career 813 * Shaun Johnson 2011 -- present 674 Stacey Jones 1995 -- 2005 , 2009 608 Manu Vatuvei 2004 -- July , 2017 547 James Maloney 2010 -- 2012 439 Ivan Cleary 2000 -- 2002 Most points in a season ( edit ) Points Player Season 242 Ivan Cleary 2002 188 James Maloney 180 James Maloney 2011 177 Shaun Johnson 2013 173 Ivan Cleary 2001 Most points in a match ( edit ) Points Player Details 28 Gene Ngamu 3 tries , 8 goals vs North Queensland , 1996 ( Won 52 -- 6 ) 28 Ivan Cleary 1 try , 12 goals vs Northern Eagles , 2002 ( Won 68 -- 10 ) 28 James Maloney 3 tries , 8 goals vs Brisbane Broncos , 2010 ( Won 48 -- 16 ) 26 Shaun Johnson 3 tries , 7 goals vs Canberra Raiders , 2013 ( Won 50 -- 16 ) 26 Shaun Johnson 2 tries , 9 goals vs Canberra Raiders , 2014 ( Won 54 -- 12 ) Club records ( edit ) 1995 -- 2014 Biggest wins ( edit ) Margin Score Opponent Venue Year 66 66 -- 0 South Sydney Rabbitohs Telstra Stadium 2006 58 68 -- 10 Northern Eagles Mt Smart Stadium 2002 48 48 -- 0 Parramatta Eels Mt Smart Stadium 2014 46 52 -- 6 North Queensland Cowboys Mt Smart Stadium 44 60 -- 16 Western Suburbs Magpies Campbelltown Stadium 1999 Biggest losses ( edit ) Margin Score Opponent Venue Year 56 6 -- 62 Penrith Panthers Centrebet Stadium 2013 54 0 -- 54 St. George Illawarra Dragons WIN Stadium 2000 52 6 -- 58 Sydney Roosters Aussie Stadium 46 10 -- 56 Melbourne Storm Olympic Park Stadium 2000 46 6 -- 52 Manly - Warringah Sea Eagles Brookvale Oval 2008 46 4 -- 50 Wests Tigers Jade Stadium Kept opposition to nil ( edit ) Score Opponent Venue Year 66 -- 0 South Sydney Rabbitohs Telstra Stadium 2006 48 -- 0 Parramatta Eels Mt Smart Stadium 2014 42 -- 0 Newcastle Knights Mt Smart Stadium 1999 42 -- 0 Gold Coast Titans Mt Smart Stadium 2014 30 -- 0 Cronulla - Sutherland Sharks Mt Smart Stadium 2001 26 -- 0 North Queensland Cowboys Mt Smart Stadium 2006 14 -- 0 Wests Tigers Mt Smart Stadium 2009 13 -- 0 Newcastle Knights Mt Smart Stadium 2009 Kept to nil ( edit ) Score Opponent Venue Year 0 -- 54 St. George Illawarra Dragons WIN Stadium 2000 0 -- 44 Sydney Roosters Aussie Stadium 2002 0 -- 42 Melbourne Storm AAMI Park 2016 0 -- 36 St. George Illawarra Dragons Westpac Stadium 2015 0 - 32 Sydney Roosters Mt Smart Stadium 2018 0 -- 24 North Queensland Cowboys Mt Smart Stadium 1999 0 -- 24 Sydney Roosters Allianz Stadium 2015 Most consecutive wins ( edit ) Most consecutive losses ( edit ) Wins First Round Last Round 8 Round 7 , 2002 Round 14 , 2002 Losses First Round Last Round 11 Round 19 , 2012 Round 3 , 2013 11 Round 19 , 2015 Round 3 , 2016 7 Round 20 , 2004 Round 1 , 2005 Most consecutive home wins ( edit ) Wins First Round Last Round 7 Round 18 , 2008 Round 1 , 2009 Most consecutive away wins ( edit ) Wins First Round Last Round 5 Round 8 , 2002 Round 16 , 2002 Most consecutive home losses ( edit ) Losses First Round Last Round 6 Round 24 , 1998 Round 9 , 1999 Most consecutive away losses ( edit ) Losses First Round Last Round 7 Round 5 , 2009 Round 17 , 2009 Biggest comeback ( edit ) Recovered from a 20 - point deficit . Trailed Newcastle Knights 20 -- 0 after 39 minutes to win 30 -- 26 at EnergyAustralia Stadium on 17 April 2005 Worst collapse ( edit ) Surrendered a 26 - point lead . Led Penrith Panthers 32 -- 6 after 59 minutes to draw 32 -- 32 at CUA Stadium on 1 August 2009 Surrendered an 18 - point lead ( three - times ) . Led Wests Tigers 22 -- 4 after 64 minutes to lose 26 -- 22 at Mt Smart Stadium on 12 June 2011 Led Newcastle Knights 18 -- 0 after 16 minutes to lose 24 -- 19 at Mt Smart Stadium on 21 July 2012 Led Manly - Warringah Sea Eagles 18 -- 0 after 31 minutes to lose 24 -- 22 at Patersons Stadium on 28 July 2012 Surrendered a 16 - point lead ( three - times ) . Led Newcastle Knights 16 -- 0 after 34 minutes to lose 36 -- 26 at Mt Smart Stadium on 16 March 2003 Led Canterbury Bulldogs 16 -- 0 after 21 minutes to lose 22 -- 18 ( in extra-time ) at ANZ Stadium on 9 July 2006 Led Canberra Raiders 22 -- 6 after 45 minutes to lose 22 -- 42 at Mt Smart Stadium on 2 September 2012 Golden point record ( edit ) Played 12 : Won 4 , Lost 5 , Drawn 3 Won 31 -- 30 vs South Sydney Rabbitohs , Round 16 , 2003 Lost 26 -- 28 vs North Queensland Cowboys , Round 15 , 2004 Lost 29 -- 30 vs Canberra Raiders , Round 20 , 2004 Lost 18 -- 22 vs Canterbury - Bankstown Bulldogs , Round 18 , 2006 Draw 31 -- 31 vs Sydney Roosters , Round 21 , 2007 Won 17 -- 16 vs Sydney Roosters , Round 6 , 2009 Draw 14 -- 14 vs Melbourne Storm , Round 7 , 2009 Draw 32 -- 32 vs Penrith Panthers , Round 21 , 2009 Won 17 -- 13 vs Parramatta Eels , Round 10 , 2015 Won 28 -- 32 vs Sydney Roosters , Round 5 , 2016 Lost 18 -- 19 vs Cronulla Sharks , Round 16 , 2016 Lost 22 -- 21 vs Manly - Warringah Sea Eagles , Round 25 , 2017 Largest home attendances ( edit ) Largest attendances at the four venues used as home grounds . 38,405 -- vs Parramatta Eels at Eden Park on 12 March 2011 37,502 -- vs Manly - Warringah Sea Eagles at Eden Park on 4 March 2012 32,740 -- vs Sydney Roosters at Eden Park on 16 March 2013 32,174 -- vs Illawarra Steelers at Mt Smart Stadium on 16 April 1995 30,112 -- vs Manly - Warringah Sea Eagles at Mt Smart Stadium on 7 April 1995 30,112 -- vs Canterbury - Bankstown Bulldogs at Westpac Stadium on 11 May 2013 All - time premiership record 1995 -- 2018 ( including finals series ) ( edit ) Games Won Lost Drawn Win Percentage Points For Points Against Points Differential 499 230 268 7 46.62 % 10444 10787 − 327 NRL women 's team ( edit ) In December 2017 , the New Zealand Warriors expressed their interest in applying for a licence to participate in the inaugural NRL Women 's Premiership . In March 2018 , they were awarded one of four licences for the league 's inaugural season , to commence in September of the same year . Luisa Avaiki will coach the side . See also ( edit ) Auckland portal Rugby league portal National Rugby League Rugby league in New Zealand References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` View All Details '' . Companiesoffice.govt.nz . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ http://www.warriors.kiwi/ Jump up ^ `` Eels beat Warriors in NZ '' . NRL.Com. 12 March 2011 . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Warrior chief living life to the Maximus -- www.smh.com.au '' . Smh.com.au. 2011 . Retrieved 9 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Guy Hand ( 14 September 2008 ) . `` Warriors play Storm at their own game '' . Fox Sports News ( Australia ) . Retrieved 20 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Auerbach , Taylor . `` Season review : Warriors '' . Nrl.com . Retrieved 28 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Keogh , Brittany ( 23 September 2017 ) . `` Pupils made to say sorry to Warriors for curly questions '' . New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Barnsley , Warren ( 20 December 2017 ) . `` New women 's NRL excites Jillaroos but more details are needed , say players '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors name Roger Tuivasa - Sheck captain '' . Nzherald.co.nz . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 25 August 2010 . Retrieved 17 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnsley , Warren ( 20 December 2017 ) . `` New women 's NRL excites Jillaroos but more details are needed , say players '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Newton , Alicia ( 27 March 2018 ) . `` Geographic location the focus as NRL women 's teams announced '' . NRL.com . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . External links ( edit ) New Zealand Warriors Official site RL1908.com Club History New Zealand Warriors Est. 1995 in Auckland , New Zealand The Club History Records Players Honours Coaches Representatives Results Home grounds Mt Smart Stadium Important figures Peter `` The Mad Butcher '' Leitch Stacey Jones Ivan Cleary Manu Vatuvei League ARL SL NRL Seasons ( 22 ) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Other competitions National Youth Competition NRL Auckland Nines NSW Cup National Rugby League ( 2018 ) Overview Australian Rugby League Commission History NSWRL premiership Winfield Cup NSWRL ARL Super League Super League war All time club list Premiers Grand Final Finals system Current team squads Wooden spooners Records Golden point games Rivalries Salary cap Expansion Stadiums Reserves affiliations Rugby League Professionals Association Men of League Foundation Women in League NRL Women 's Premiership NRL SuperCoach SuperCoach Finals Current teams Brisbane Broncos Canberra Raiders Canterbury - Bankstown Bulldogs Cronulla - Sutherland Sharks Gold Coast Titans Manly Warringah Sea Eagles Melbourne Storm Newcastle Knights New Zealand Warriors North Queensland Cowboys Parramatta Eels Penrith Panthers South Sydney Rabbitohs St. George Illawarra Dragons Sydney Roosters Wests Tigers Former teams Balmain Tigers ( 1908 -- 99 ) Western Suburbs Magpies ( 1908 -- 99 ) North Sydney Bears ( 1908 -- 99 ) Newtown Bluebags / Jets ( 1908 -- 83 ) Glebe Dirty Reds ( 1908 -- 29 ) Newcastle Rebels ( 1908 -- 09 ) Cumberland ( 1908 ) Annandale Dales ( 1910 -- 20 ) University ( 1920 -- 37 ) St. George Dragons ( 1921 -- 98 ) Illawarra Steelers ( 1982 -- 98 ) Gold Coast - Tweed Giants / Gold Coast Seagulls / Gold Coast Chargers ( 1988 -- 98 ) Western Reds / Perth Reds ( 1995 -- 97 ) South Queensland Crushers ( 1995 -- 97 ) Hunter Mariners ( 1997 ) Adelaide Rams ( 1997 -- 98 ) Northern Eagles ( 2000 -- 02 ) Annual events World Club Series ( World Club Challenge ) National Youth Competition State Championship NRL Grand Final Breakfast Foundation Cup ANZAC Day Cup Queen 's Birthday Clive Churchill Medal 1989 League Legends Cup Charity Shield Auckland Nines All Stars J.J. Giltinan Shield Awards Dally M Awards Dally M Medal Rothmans Medal Hall of Fame The Immortals Media Thursday Night Football Friday Night Football Super Saturday Sunday Football Monday Night Football Monday Night with Matty Johns NRL 360 The Footy Show The Sunday Footy Show Continuous Call Team Monday Night Football on Triple M NRL Dream Big League Rugby League ( video games series ) Intrust Super Premiership NSW Current Clubs Blacktown Workers Sea Eagles Canterbury - Bankstown Bulldogs Mount Pritchard Mounties New Zealand Warriors Newcastle Knights Newtown Jets North Sydney Bears Penrith Panthers St. George Illawarra Dragons Wentworthville Magpies Western Suburbs Magpies Wyong Roos Previous Clubs Adelaide Rams Annandale Auckland Vulcans Balmain Tigers Bankstown City Bulls Brisbane Broncos Canberra Raiders Central Coast Centurions Central Coast Storm Cronulla Cobras Cronulla - Sutherland Sharks Glebe Gold Coast Chargers Illawarra RLFC Illawarra Steelers Manly Warringah Sea Eagles Melbourne Storm North Queensland Cowboys Parramatta Eels Perth Reds Shellharbour City Dragons South Queensland Crushers St. George Dragons St Mary 's Cougars South Sydney Rabbitohs Sydney Roosters Sydney University Wests Tigers Windsor Wolves Seasons 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Finals 2017 Finals 2018 Related articles Grounds Premiers Records Wooden spooners National Rugby League reserves affiliations NRL State Championship Rugby league in New Zealand Federations New Zealand Rugby League Representative teams Men 's ( `` Kiwis '' ) Women 's ( `` Kiwi Ferns '' ) Junior Māori Residents New Zealand Kiwis Players Coaches Matches Zones Northern Auckland Counties - Manukau Upper Central Mid-Central Wellington Southern Districts Auckland ( team ) Bay of Plenty ( team ) Canterbury ( team ) Coastline ( team ) Gisborne Tairawhiti ( team ) Manawatu ( team ) Northland ( team ) Otago ( team ) Southland ( team ) Hawke 's Bay ( team ) Taranaki ( team ) Tasman ( team ) Waikato ( team ) Wellington ( team ) West Coast ( team ) Australian competition teams New Zealand Warriors ( NRL ) Auckland Vulcans ( defunct ) Auckland Lions ( defunct ) Competitions National Competition Rugby League Cup Bartercard Premiership ( defunct ) Bartercard Cup ( defunct ) Lion Red Cup ( defunct ) New Zealand domestic seasons 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 Sports teams based in Auckland , New Zealand Association Football NZFC Auckland City Eastern Suburbs Waitakere United Basketball ANBL New Zealand Breakers NBL Super City Rangers Cricket NZC ( Men ) Auckland Aces NZC ( Women ) Auckland Hearts Netball ANZ Premiership Northern Mystics Northern Stars Rugby League NRL / NYC New Zealand Warriors Albert Baskerville Trophy Akarana Counties Manukau Rugby Union Super Rugby Blues ITM Cup Auckland Counties Manukau North Harbour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_Warriors&oldid=846192335 '' Categories : New Zealand Warriors Rugby clubs established in 1995 1995 establishments in New Zealand National Rugby League clubs Sport in Auckland NRL Women 's Premiership Hidden categories : Articles with a promotional tone from March 2018 All articles with a promotional tone Use New Zealand English from November 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English Use dmy dates from February 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Русский Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 00 : 52 . 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About Wikipedia	who is the longest serving coach for vodafone warriors	[ "\n\nCoach\nTenure\nMatches\nWon\nDrawn\nLost\nWinning Percentage\n\n\nJohn Monie\n1995–1997 (sacked mid-season)\n52\n26\n0\n26\n50.00%\n\n\nFrank Endacott\n1997–1998\n33\n13\n0\n20\n39.39%\n\n\nMark Graham\n1999–2000\n50\n18\n2\n30\n36.00%\n\n\nDaniel Anderson\n2001–2004 (resigned mid-season)\n92\n51\n2\n39\n55.43%\n\n\nTony Kemp\n2004–2005\n37\n13\n0\n24\n35.14%\n\n\nIvan Cleary\n2006–2011\n137\n68\n3\n66\n49.63%\n\n\nBrian McClennan\n2012–Round 24 2012 (Sacked 21 August)\n22\n8\n0\n14\n36.36%\n\n\nTony Iro\nRound 25 2012-Round 26 2012 (Caretaker Coach)\n2\n0\n0\n2\n0%\n\n\nMatthew Elliott\n2013-Round 5 2014 (Sacked 7 April)\n29\n13\n0\n16\n44.8%\n\n\nAndrew McFadden\nRound 6 2014 – 2016\n50\n22\n0\n28\n44.00%\n\n\nStephen Kearney\n2017–\n38\n17\n0\n21\n44.73%\n\n" ]	[ "Ivan Cleary" ]
8566220992624883279	Dollar coin (United States)	Dollar coin ( United States ) - wikipedia Dollar coin ( United States ) Jump to : navigation , search For the Presidential Coins , see Presidential $1 Coin Program . Dollar coin United States Value 1.00 U.S. dollar Mass 8.100 ( 2000 - ) g ( 0.260 troy oz ) Diameter 26.5 mm ( 1.043 in ) Thickness 2.00 mm ( 0.079 in ) Edge Plain with incised inscriptions Composition Copper with manganese brass clad ( copper 88.5 % , zinc 6 % , manganese 3.5 % , nickel 2 % ) Years of minting 1794 -- present Catalog number -- Obverse Design Profile of Sacagawea with her child , Jean Baptiste Charbonneau Designer Glenna Goodacre Design date 2000 ( modified 2009 ) Reverse Design Images with contributions made by Native American tribes and individual Native Americans to the history of the United States Designer Various The dollar coin is a United States coin worth one United States dollar . It is the second largest American coin currently minted for circulation in terms of physical size , with a diameter of 1.043 inches ( 26.5 mm ) and a thickness of . 079 inches ( 2 mm ) , coming second to the half dollar . Dollar coins have been minted in the United States in gold , silver , and base metal versions . Dollar coins were first minted in the United States in 1794 . The term silver dollar is often used for any large white metal coin issued by the United States with a face value of one dollar , whether or not it contains some of that metal . While true gold dollars are no longer minted , the Sacagawea and Presidential dollars are sometimes referred to as golden dollars due to their color . Dollar coins have never been very popular in the United States since the removal of specie coins from circulation . Despite efforts by the government to promote their use , such as the Presidential $1 Coin Program , most Americans currently use the one - dollar bill rather than dollar coins . For this reason , since December 11 , 2011 , the Mint has not produced dollar coins for general circulation , and all dollar coins produced after that date have been specifically for collectors and can be ordered directly from the Mint , and pre-2012 circulation dollar coins are able to be obtained from most U.S. banks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Popularity 2 Mint Marks 3 History 3.1 Early dollar coins 3.2 The 1804 dollar 3.3 Seated Liberty dollar ( 1836 -- 1873 ) 3.4 Gold dollar coins ( 1849 -- 1889 ) 3.5 Trade dollar ( 1873 -- 1885 ) 3.6 Morgan dollar ( 1878 -- 1904 ; 1921 ) 3.7 Peace dollar ( 1921 -- 1928 , 1934 -- 1935 ) 3.8 Release of dollars by the U.S. Treasury : the GSA sale 3.9 Eisenhower dollar ( 1971 -- 1978 ) 3.10 Susan B. Anthony dollar ( 1979 -- 1981 ; 1999 ) 3.11 American Silver Eagle ( 1986 -- present ) 3.12 Sacagawea dollar ( 2000 -- present ) 3.12. 1 Native American series 3.13 Presidential Dollar Coin ( 2007 -- 2016 ) 4 Designs 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Popularity ( edit ) The gold dollar ( 1849 -- 89 ) was a tiny coin measuring only 13 mm making it difficult to grasp and easy to lose , a serious problem when a dollar was almost a day 's wage . Dollar coins have found little popular acceptance in circulation in the United States since the early 20th century , despite several attempts since 1971 to increase their usage . This contrasts with currencies of most other developed countries , where denominations of similar value exist only in coin . These coins have largely succeeded because of a removal ( or lack ) of their corresponding paper issues , whereas the United States government has taken no action to remove the one - dollar bill . The United States Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) has stated that discontinuing the dollar bill in favor of the dollar coin would save the U.S. government approximately $5.5 billion over thirty years primarily through seigniorage . The Federal Reserve has refused to order the coin from the mint for distribution citing a lack of demand , according to ex-Mint director Philip Diehl in November 2012 . Whatever the reason , a U.S. Mint official claimed in a November 2012 meeting that most of the 2.4 billion dollar coins minted in the previous five years were not in circulation . Although the distribution of the dollar coin is limited due to lack of popularity , the Metropolitan Transportation Authority ( MTA ) in New York city and several other transit systems use dollar coins as change from ticket purchases from machines at stations . Mint marks ( edit ) The mint marks are `` C '' , `` CC '' , `` D '' , `` O '' , `` P '' , `` S '' , and `` W '' . `` C '' : Charlotte , North Carolina ( gold coins only ; 1838 -- 1861 ) . `` CC '' : Carson City , Nevada ( 1870 -- 1893 ) . `` D '' : Dahlonega , Georgia ( gold coins only ; 1838 -- 1861 ) . `` D '' : Denver , Colorado ( 1906 to date ) . `` O '' : New Orleans , Louisiana ( 1838 -- 1861 ; 1879 -- 1909 ) . `` P '' : Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ( 1793 to date ) . `` S '' : San Francisco , California ( 1854 to date ) . `` W '' : West Point , New York ( 1984 to date ) . History ( edit ) Early dollar coins ( edit ) The Spanish dollar was the basis of the United States silver dollar . Before the American Revolutionary War , coins from many European nations circulated freely in the American colonies , as did coinage issued by the various colonies . Chief among these was the Spanish silver dollar coins ( also called pieces of eight or eight reales ) minted in Mexico and other colonies with silver mined from Central and South American mines . These coins , along with others of similar size and value , were in use throughout the colonies , and later the United States , and were legal tender until 1857 . In 1776 , the Continental Congress authorized plans to produce a silver coin to prop up the rapidly failing Continental -- the first attempt by the fledgling U.S. at paper currency . Several examples were struck in brass , pewter , and silver , but a circulating coin was not produced , due in large part to the financial difficulties of running the Cultural depictions of George Washington Statue of Washington outside Federal Hall in New York City , looking on Wall Street Construction of Washington portrait at Mount Rushmore , c. 1932 Washington is commemorated on a quarter . Washington on a dollar coin Example 1 Revolutionary War . The Continental Dollar bears a date of 1776 , and while its true denomination is not known , it is generally the size of later dollars , and the name has stuck . The failure of the Continental exacerbated a distrust of paper money among both politicians and the populace at large . The letters of Thomas Jefferson indicate that he wished the United States to eschew paper money and instead mint coins of similar perceived value and worth to those foreign coins circulating at the time . 1795 Flowing hair dollar The Coinage Act of 1792 authorized the production of dollar coins from silver . The United States Mint produced silver dollar coins from 1794 to 1803 , then ceased regular production of silver dollars until 1836 . The first silver dollars , precisely 1,758 of them , were coined on October 15 , 1794 and were immediately delivered to Mint Director David Rittenhouse for distribution to dignitaries as souvenirs . Thereafter , until 1804 , they were struck in varying quantities . There are two obverse designs : Flowing Hair ( 1794 -- 1795 ) and Draped Bust ( 1795 -- 1804 ) . There are also two reverse designs used for the Draped Bust variety : small eagle ( 1795 -- 1798 ) and heraldic eagle ( 1798 -- 1804 ) . Original silver dollars from this period are highly prized by coin collectors and are exceptionally valuable , and range from fairly common to incredibly rare . Due to the early practice of hand engraving each die , there are dozens of varieties known for all dates between 1795 -- 1803 . It is also one of only two denominations ( the other being the cent ) minted in every year from its inception during the first decade of mint operation . However , the order was given by President Thomas Jefferson to halt silver dollar production due to the continued exportation of U.S. dollars . The Spanish 8 Reales , which was slightly heavier than the U.S. dollar , nonetheless traded at a 1 - to - 1 77ratio . So U.S. dollars went to the Caribbean , were traded for heavier 8 Reales , and those were then brought back to the U.S. , where they would be recoined for free into more U.S. dollars ; the difference in silver , then , was kept by the exporter . This ensured that no dollars would circulate in the U.S. , but would instead be exported for their heavier counterparts overseas , leaving little but old , foreign money to circulate in the United States in a process known as Gresham 's Law . The 1804 dollar ( edit ) Main article : 1804 dollar The 1804 silver dollar The 1804 dollar is one of the rarest and most famous and popular coins in the world . Its creation was the result of a simple bookkeeping error , but its status as the king of coins has been established for nearly a century and a half . The silver dollars reported by the mint as being struck in 1804 were actually dated 1803 . ( With die steel being very expensive in the early 19th century , dies were used until they were no longer in working condition . This is why many early U.S. coins exhibit all kinds of die cracks , occlusions , cuds , clash marks , and other late state die wear . Nearly every coin the U.S. struck from 1793 to 1825 has an example that was struck in a year other than that which it bears . ) No dollars bearing the date 1804 were ever struck in 1804 , though this was unknown to mint officials at the time the 1804 dollar came to be . The 1804 silver dollar was actually produced in 1834 , when the U.S. Department of State decided to produce a set of U.S. coins to be used as gifts to rulers in Asia in exchange for trade advantages . Since 1804 was the last recorded year of mintage for both the dollar and $10 Eagle , it was decided that the set would contain examples of those coins dated 1804 , as well as the other denominations currently being produced . Mint officials , not realizing that the 19,000 + dollars recorded as being produced in 1804 were all dated 1803 , proceeded to make new dies dated 1804 . Little did they know the stunning rarity they were creating . Only 15 silver dollars with the date of 1804 are known to exist ; in 1999 , one of them sold at auction for more than $4 million . There are 8 Class I dollars , struck in 1834 for the aforementioned sets , 1 Class II dollar , struck over an 1857 Swiss Shooting Thaler ( and now residing in the U.S. Coin Collection at the Smithsonian Institution ) , and 6 Class III dollars , struck surreptitiously sometime between 1858 and 1860 to meet collector demand for the coin . Seated Liberty dollar ( 1836 -- 1873 ) ( edit ) Main article : Seated Liberty dollar The Seated liberty dollar Seated Liberty dollars were introduced in 1836 and were minted in lesser quantities than the sparsely minted Gobrecht dollar that preceded it . The dollars were used in general circulation until 1873 . The production of large numbers of U.S. gold coins ( First $1 1848 and $20 in 1849 ) from the new California mines lowered the price of gold , thereby increasing the value of silver . By 1853 , the value of a U.S. Silver Dollar contained in gold terms , $1.89 of silver . With the Mint Act of 1853 , all U.S. silver coins , except for the U.S. silver dollar and new 3 cent coin , were reduced by 22.9 % as of weight with arrows on the date to denote reduction . The U.S. silver dollar was continued to be minted in very small numbers mainly as a foreign trade to the Orient . The international trading partners did not like the fact that U.S. coins were reduced in weight . The use of much more common half dollars became problematic since merchants would have to separate higher value pre-1853 coins from the newer reduced ones . From 1853 onwards , trade with Asia was typically done with Mexican coins that kept their weight and purity in the 19th Century . This ended in 1874 when the price of silver dropped so that a silver dollar has less than $1.00 worth of silver in it ( huge amounts of silver coming from the Nevada Comstock Lode mines ) . By 1876 , all silver coins were being used as money and by 1878 , gold was at par with all U.S. paper dollars . Beginning in 1878 , huge amounts of the Morgan silver dollars were produced but few were used as money . The size was too large to carry on business so Silver Certificates were used instead . The mint made the coins , placed them in their vaults and issued the Silver Certificates instead . This is the reason so many Morgan and Peace dollars can be purchased in AU or UNC condition ( near perfect ) ... they sat in bank / U.S. Treasury vaults most of the time . Each coin is composed of 0.77344 troy oz of silver . They were minted at Philadelphia , New Orleans , Carson City , and San Francisco . A Silver dollar is worth $1 in silver at $1.31 per troy ounce . The current silver price ( March 10 , 2017 ) is $17.01 per troy ounce so a silver dollar is worth , in melt value of about $13.15 US . Gold dollar coins ( 1849 -- 1889 ) ( edit ) Main article : Gold dollar The Gold dollar ( `` Type I '' ) The gold dollar was produced from 1849 to 1889 . 1849 to 1853 gold dollar coins were 13 mm across and are called Type I. Type II gold dollars were thinner but larger at 15 mm diameter and were produced from 1854 to 1855 . The most common gold dollar are the Type III and started in 1856 until 1889 . Production US $1 gold dollars was high until the Civil War and by 1863 , only the larger value gold coins were produced in large quantities . Most gold coins produced from 1863 and onward were produced for imports to pay for enormous amounts of war material and interest on some U.S. Government bonds . Many of these coins from the Civil War and after ( silver coins included ) are in excellent condition since they saw very limited circulation with greenbacks and postage currency taking their place . Composed of 90 % pure gold , it was the smallest denomination of gold currency ever produced by the United States federal government . When the U.S. system of coinage was originally designed there had been no plans for a gold dollar coin , but in the late 1840s , two gold rushes later , Congress was looking to expand the use of gold in the country 's currency . The gold dollar was authorized by the Act of March 3 , 1849 , and the Liberty Head type began circulating soon afterward . Because of the high value of gold , the gold dollar is the smallest coin in the history of U.S. coinage . Trade dollar ( 1873 -- 1885 ) ( edit ) Main article : Trade dollar ( United States coin ) The Trade dollar The trade dollar was produced in response to other Western powers , such as Great Britain , Spain , France , and particularly Mexico , to compete with these trade coins for use in trade in Asia . American trade dollars are 90 % silver and weigh 420 grains ( 27.2 g ) , which is about 0.5 g heavier than the regular circulation Seated Liberty Dollars and Morgan Dollars . Most trade dollars ended up in China during their first two years of production , where they were very successful . Many of them exhibit holes or chopmarks which are counterstamps from Asian merchants to verify the authenticity of the coins . Many trade coins of the western powers and large silver coins from China , Korea , and Japan also bear these chopmarks . While most chopmarked coins are generally worth less than those without , some of the more fascinating chopmarks can actually give the coin a modest premium . Trade dollars did not circulate in the United States initially , but were legal tender for up to $5 . Things changed , however , in 1876 , when the price of silver spiraled downward as western producers dumped silver on the market , making the trade dollar worth more at face value than its silver content . That resulted in trade dollars pouring back into the United States , as they were bought for as little as the equivalent of 80 US cents in Asia , and were then spent at $1 in the United States . This prompted Congress to revoke their legal tender status , and restrict their coinage to exportation demand only . However , this did not stop unscrupulous persons from buying trade dollars at bullion value , and using them for payment as $1 to unsuspecting workers and merchants . Production of the trade dollar was officially discontinued for business strikes in 1878 , and thereafter from 1879 -- 1885 , produced only as proof examples of the coin . The issues of 1884 and 1885 were produced surreptitiously , and were unknown to the collecting public until 1908 . In February 1887 , all non-mutilated outstanding trade dollars were made redeemable to the United States Treasury , and approximately 8 million of them were turned in . Morgan dollar ( 1878 -- 1904 ; 1921 ) ( edit ) Main article : Morgan dollar The Morgan silver dollar Morgan silver dollars , all composed of 90 % silver and 10 % copper ( slightly less silver than sterling silver ) , were struck between 1878 and 1904 , with a final minting in 1921 . The 1921 - dated coins are the most common , and there exists a substantial collector market for pristine , uncirculated specimens of the rarer dates and mint marks . Morgan dollars are second only to Lincoln Cents in collector popularity . The coin is named after George T. Morgan , its designer . Morgan dollars were minted at Philadelphia ( no mint mark ) , New Orleans ( `` O '' mint mark ) , San Francisco ( `` S '' mint mark ) , Carson City ( `` CC '' mint mark ) , and ( in 1921 only ) Denver ( `` D '' mint mark ) . The mint mark is found on the reverse below the wreath , above the `` O '' in `` DOLLAR '' . Peace dollar ( 1921 -- 1928 , 1934 -- 1935 ) ( edit ) Main article : Peace dollar The Peace silver dollar Introduced in December 1921 and having the same ratio of silver - to - copper as the Morgan dollar , the Peace dollar , designed by medalist Anthony de Francisci , was promulgated to commemorate the signing of formal peace treaties between the Allied forces and Germany and Austria . These treaties officially ended the Allies ' World War I hostilities with these two countries . In 1922 the Mint made silver dollar production its top priority , causing other denominations to be produced sparingly if at all that year . Production ceased temporarily after 1928 ; original plans apparently called for only a one - year suspension , but this was extended by the Great Depression . Mintage resumed in 1934 , but for only two years . In May 1965 , 316,000 + Peace dollars were minted , all at the Denver Mint and dated 1964 - D ; however , plans for completing this coinage were abandoned , and most of those already minted were melted , with two known trial strike specimens being preserved ( for assay purposes ) until 1970 , when they too were melted , and none released either for circulation or collection purposes . It is rumored that one or more pieces still exist , most notably any examples obtained by key members of Congress , the President , or mint officials . However , this coin , much like the 1933 $20 gold Double Eagle ( aside from the `` exception '' , sold in 2002 for over $7 million and the 10 found later ) , is illegal to own and would be subject to confiscation . Release of dollars by the U.S. Treasury : the GSA sale ( edit ) Because of the size and weight of the dollar coins , they circulated minimally throughout their history , except in the West ( especially at casinos in the early - to - mid-20th century , where they were commonly used both at the tables and at slot machines . ) As a result , the coins were generally shipped to Washington and stored in the vaults of the U.S. Treasury ; at times these stores numbered into the hundreds of millions . They were very popular as Christmas gifts , however , and from the 1930s to the early 1960s , many bags were annually released to banks nationwide to be distributed as presents . In November 1962 , during this annual distribution , it was discovered that there were some rare and valuable dates , still sealed in their original mint bags , all in uncirculated condition , among the millions of dollar coins still in the Treasury vaults . Collectors / investors / dealers lined up to purchase them in $1,000 bags , trading silver certificates for the coins . Before this event , the great rarity of the Morgan series was 1903 - O , which was by far the most expensive of the entire set . It was discovered that there were millions of this specific date and mint in the Treasury vaults ; an estimated 84 % of the entire mintage sat in these bags , untouched for 60 years , all in uncirculated condition . While still relatively expensive in circulated grades , uncirculated examples can be had for a modest amount over common dates . On March 25 , 1964 , Secretary of the Treasury C. Douglas Dillon announced that Silver Certificates would no longer be redeemable for silver dollars . Subsequently , another act of Congress dated June 24 , 1967 , provided that Silver Certificates could be exchanged for silver bullion for a period of one year , until June 24 , 1968 . Following this , the Treasury inventoried its remaining stock of dollar coins , and found approximately 3,000 bags containing 3 million coins . Many of the remaining coins were Carson City mint dollars , which even then carried a premium . The coins were placed in special hard plastic holders and the General Services Administration ( GSA ) was given authorization to sell them to the public in a series of mail - bid sales . Five sales were conducted in 1973 and 1974 , but sales were poor , and the results unspectacular . There was much complaining among the coin buying public , many stating that the United States government should not be in the `` coin business '' , especially considering that the government had spent little more than a dollar to mint and store each coin . After these sales , more than a million coins were still left unsold . These sat again until 1979 -- 1980 , where , amidst an extraordinarily volatile precious metals market , the remaining coins were sold under chaotic conditions . The GSA , having published minimum bids in November 1979 , announced on January 2 , 1980 , that those minimum bids were no longer valid , and that prospective bidders would have to `` call in '' to a toll free number to get current minimum bids . Then , on February 21 , 13 days after the bidding process officially began , the maximum number of coins per bidder was changed from 500 to 35 . Many bidders , under these confusing conditions , ended up with no coins at all . Complaints again flooded in to Congress , but the damage had already been done , and the last silver dollars held by the United States Treasury were gone . Over the years , many of these GSA dollars have been broken out of their special holders for purposes of grading or otherwise , and now GSA dollars still in the unbroken original holders carry a small premium . Some third party grading companies have begun to grade coins still in their GSA holders , as a means of preservation , though this is not without controversy . Eisenhower dollar ( 1971 -- 1978 ) ( edit ) Main article : Eisenhower dollar The Eisenhower 1974 dollar ( obverse ) . 1975 / 1976 Bicentennial Commemorative coin ( reverse ) . From 1971 to 1978 , the U.S. Mint issued dollar coins with the obverse depicting President Dwight David Eisenhower and the reverse the insignia of the Apollo 11 moon landing , both designed by Chief Engraver Frank Gasparro . The 1976 Bicentennial commemorative design , produced in 1975 and 1976 , featured the Liberty Bell and the Moon on the reverse ( designed by Dennis R. Williams ) , while retaining the Eisenhower obverse , and the dual dates 1776 -- 1976 . The Eisenhower dollars minted for general circulation contained no silver or gold , but were instead composed of the same copper - nickel clad composition used for the dime , quarter , and half dollar . This made the circulation coins extremely resistant to wear and , like the smaller denominations , they still retain a good deal of shine even when subject to mass usage . From 1971 through 1976 the Mint also produced dollars composed of 40 % silver aimed at the collector market . The 1971 -- 74 issues appeared in brown boxes or blue packages , depending on whether they were proof or uncirculated . Somewhat different Bicentennial sets were produced in the following two years . All issues remain very common . The coins were never very popular , primarily due to their large size and weight which made them inconvenient to carry and the fact that very few vending machines were designed to accept them . They saw the greatest use in casinos , and one - dollar tokens in United States casinos still approximate the size and weight of the coins . Prior to the withdrawal of the coins , which remain legal tender ( and are sometimes available at banks by request ) , many casinos did not strike their own tokens , but instead used the Eisenhower dollar . Susan B. Anthony dollar ( 1979 -- 1981 ; 1999 ) ( edit ) Main article : Susan B. Anthony dollar The Anthony clad dollar , 1979 . The Anthony clad proof dollar , 1999 . From 1979 to 1981 , and again in 1999 , the Mint produced Anthony Dollars depicting women 's suffrage activist Susan B. Anthony ( also designed by Frank Gasparro ) . Anthony thus became the first historical female person portrayed on circulating U.S. coinage . Many earlier circulating coins had featured images of women via allegorical figures such as Peace or Liberty ; Spain 's Queen Isabella appeared on the 1893 Columbian Exposition quarter dollar but the coin was not intended for general circulation . The Anthony dollars , like the Eisenhower dollars , were made from a copper - nickel clad . The 1981 coins were issued for collectors only but occasionally show up in circulation . The Anthony dollar , because of its color , size and design , was often confused with the quarter was never popular and production was suspended after 1981 . In 1999 , it was struck again when Treasury reserves of the coin were low and the Sacagawea dollar was still a year away from production . While reserves of the coins were high , the coins were most often seen in vending machines , transit systems and post offices . American silver Eagle ( 1986 -- present ) ( edit ) Main article : American Silver Eagle The American Silver Eagle The American Silver Eagle is the official silver bullion coin of the United States . It was designed by Adolph A. Weinman and John Mercanti and it was first released by the United States Mint on November 24 , 1986 . It is struck only in the one troy ounce size , which has a nominal face value of one dollar and is guaranteed to contain one troy ounce of 99.9 % pure silver . It is authorized by Title II of Public Law 99 - 61 ( Liberty Coin Act , approved July 9 , 1985 ) and codified as 31 U.S.C. § 5112 ( e ) - ( h ) . Its content , weight , and purity are certified by the United States Mint . In addition to the bullion version , the United States Mint has produced a proof version and an uncirculated version for coin collectors . The Silver Eagle has been produced at three mints : the Philadelphia Mint , the San Francisco Mint , and the West Point Mint . The American Silver Eagle bullion coin may be used to fund Individual Retirement Account investments . Sacagawea dollar ( 2000 -- present ) ( edit ) Main article : Sacagawea dollar United States Dollar coin Obverse : Sacagawea with her son Jean Baptiste Charbonneau , US national motto , year and Liberty on top Reverse : Eagle in flight , country name , face value and E pluribus unum ( Out of many , one ) Coin popularly known as the Sacagawea dollar The Sacagawea dollar was authorized by Congress in 1997 because the supply of Anthony dollars , in inventory since their last mintage in 1981 , was soon expected to be depleted . These coins have a copper core clad by manganese brass . Delays in increasing Sacagawea dollar production led to a final 1999 - dated mintage of Susan B. Anthony dollars . Dollar coins are used infrequently in general commerce . They used to be given as change by United States Postal Service ( USPS ) stamp vending machines , which created a relatively small but significant demand , but the USPS eliminated all those machines by 2011 . They were also used in certain subway and public transit systems , such as the `` T '' in Boston . In 1998 the U.S. Mint conducted a limited design competition for the new dollar , inviting 23 artists to submit designs portraying Sacagawea on the obverse ( `` heads '' ) side and American bald eagle on the reverse ( `` tails '' ) side . In November 1998 , an exhibit of 123 submitted designs was held at the Casa Italiana Hall in Washington , D.C. to solicit public and private comment . Design concepts were submitted in the form of drawings , renderings , sculpture and die - struck prototypes . The obverse was designed by artist Glenna Goodacre . Since no verifiable image of Sacagawea exists , Goodacre used Randy'L He - dow Teton , a University of New Mexico college student and a Shoshone Indian , as a model for the coin . There are approximately 1 billion Sacagawea coins in circulation , and about 250 million in reserve . The U.S. Mint greatly reduced production of Sacagawea dollars after the 2001 minting , citing sufficient inventory . From 2002 to 2008 the Sacagawea dollar was still minted for collectors and was available in uncirculated rolls , mint sets , and proof sets , but it was not released for general circulation again until the introduction of the Native American series in 2009 . The Mint took great care to create the coin with the same size , weight , and electromagnetic properties as the Anthony dollar , but with a golden color . Unlike most other coins in circulation , the selected alloy has a tendency to tarnish quite severely in circulation , as is the case with most brasses , resulting in a loss of the golden shine , except on raised areas where the `` patina '' is more frequently rubbed off . While some consider the blackening an undesired quality , the Mint suggests the uneven tarnishing effect gives the coins an `` antique finish '' that `` accentuate ( s ) the profile and add ( s ) a dimension of depth to the depiction of Sacagawea and her child '' . The coin featured a plain edge through 2008 , but starting in 2009 incused lettering was applied . The year and mint mark moved from the coin 's obverse ( front ) to its edge . As of 2018 , dollar coins are not widely encountered in U.S. commerce , except in vending machines for rides on mass transit , some pay and display machines , some laundromats , and old - fashioned slot machines . On the other hand , the Sacagawea dollar has achieved popularity in El Salvador , Ecuador and Panama , where the U.S. dollar is also the official currency . Native American series ( edit ) The first Native American dollar reverse ( left ) , issued in 2009 , representing agriculture and the 2016 reverse design , which commemorates Native American code talkers in World War 1 and World War 2 . With the passage of the Native American $1 Coin Act on September 20 , 2007 , the U.S. Mint began designing a series of Sacagawea dollars with modified reverses to further commemorate `` Native Americans and the important contributions made by Indian tribes and individual Native Americans to the development of the United States and the history of the United States '' . Four designs were to be minted , each for one year from 2009 to 2012 . The first Native American series coin was released in January 2009 and had a reverse that depicted a Native American woman sowing seeds of the Three Sisters , symbolizing the Indian tribes ' contributions to agriculture . Like the Presidential Dollar , the year of issue , mint mark , and motto E Pluribus Unum are found on the edge of the coin instead of on the obverse or reverse , which allows for more room for the design . Unlike the Presidential $1 coins from before 2009 , `` In God We Trust '' remains on the obverse and the vacant space on the edge lettering has been taken up by thirteen stars , symbolizing the Thirteen Colonies . Also , unlike any other denomination of circulating U.S. coinage ( but in common with the Presidential $1 coins ) , the value is inscribed in numerals on the reverse . The act passed by Congress requires that 20 % of the total dollar coins minted in any year during the Presidential $1 Coin Program be Sacagawea dollars bearing the new design . In January 2010 , the second reverse design in the series was released which has the theme of `` Government '' and the `` Great Tree of Peace '' . The 2010 Sacagawea reverse depicts the Hiawatha Belt and five arrows bound together representing unity with the inscription `` Haudenosaunee '' , a synonym for the Iroquois Confederacy meaning `` People of the Longhouse '' . Another inscription is found along the lower edge of the reverse spelling `` Great Law of Peace '' ( an English translation of Gayanashagowa , the Iroquois Confederacy constitution ) . The Great Law of Peace was used as a model for the Constitution of the United States . The four links on the belt are meant to symbolize four of the five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy , namely the Mohawk , Oneida , Cayuga and Seneca Nations . The Eastern White Pine tree in the middle of the belt represents the fifth Nation , the Onondaga , and is a depiction of the Tree of Peace . Presidential dollar coin ( 2007 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Presidential $1 Coin Program Obverse ( left ) and reverse ( right ) of the George Washington ( # 1 ) dollar coin In December 2005 , Congress decided to create a new series of $1 coins that would honor the former U.S. presidents . In 2007 , Presidential coins of four different designs were produced . Another four designs will be produced each year , honoring the Presidents in order of service . ( Grover Cleveland is on two coins , since he served two non-consecutive terms . ) The Presidential $1 Coin Act is intended to create renewed interest in dollar coins , like that seen during the 50 State Quarters program . At least one third of all dollar coins produced are still Sacagawea coins , with the remaining coins making up the four presidential coins annually . Under federal law ( 31 U.S.C. § 5112 ) , no coins may be issued featuring a living president , or a president who died less than two years earlier . The presidential dollar coin is the same size and composition as the Sacagawea dollar . `` In God We Trust '' , the issue year , and the mint mark appear on the edge . The fact that these national mottoes appear on the edge has caused some to decry the designs . The first dollar , honoring George Washington , was released into circulation on February 15 , 2007 . However , H.R. 2764 became law on December 26 , 2007 which moved `` In God We Trust '' from the edge to the obverse . A common minting error on this coin , estimated at 80,000 , from a mintage of 300,000,000 coins , is the omission of the edge lettering causing a plain outside edge . Because the omission includes the words `` In God We Trust '' , some in the popular media have dubbed it the `` godless '' coin . A false ( although at one time widely reported ) error is the report that the edge lettering is upside down . The edge lettering does not occur at the same time as the minting of the coins , allowing for the natural occurrence of the lettering in either orientation , except Proof Coins where the date and lettering are all `` right - side - up '' . Because of budget constraints and increasing stockpiles of these relatively unpopular coins , the production of new Presidential dollar coins for circulation was suspended on December 11 , 2011 , by U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy F. Geithner . Future minting of such coins has been reserved solely for collectors . Designs ( edit ) Silver dollar coins Flowing Hair dollar 1794 -- 1795 Draped Bust dollar 1795 -- 1803 Draped Bust , Small Eagle 1795 -- 1798 Draped Bust , Heraldic Eagle 1798 -- 1803 , 1804 ( not a regular issue ) Gobrecht dollar 1836 -- 1839 Seated Liberty dollar 1840 -- 1873 Seated Liberty , no motto 1840 -- 1865 Seated Liberty , with motto 1866 -- 1873 Trade dollar 1873 -- 1878 ( Business & Proofs struck ) , 1879 -- 1885 ( Proofs only ) Morgan dollar 1878 -- 1904 , 1921 Peace dollar 1921 -- 1935 Peace dollar ( high relief ) 1921 Peace dollar ( low relief ) 1922 -- 1928 , 1934 -- 1935 American Silver Eagle 1986 -- present Gold dollar coins Liberty Head ( Small Size ) 1849 -- 1854 Indian Head ( Large Size ) 1854 -- 1889 Small Indian Head 1854 -- 1856 Large Indian Head 1856 -- 1889 Copper - nickel clad dollar coins Eisenhower dollar 1971 -- 1974 , 1977 -- 1978 Eisenhower Bicentennial 1975 -- 1976 ( all dated 1976 ) Susan B. Anthony dollar 1979 -- 1981 , 1999 Manganese brass `` golden '' dollar coins Sacagawea dollar ( eagle reverse ) 2000 -- 2008 Sacagawea dollar ( Native American series ) 2009 -- present Presidential dollar coins 2007 -- 2016 See also ( edit ) United States $1 Coin Act of 1997 Modern United States commemorative coins United States Mint coin production References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Native American $1 Coin Jump up ^ Anderson , Gordon T. ( April 25 , 2005 ) . `` Congress tries again for a dollar coin '' . CNN Money . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` presidential - dollar - coins '' . United States Mint . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` native - american - coins '' . United States Mint . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. GAO . `` U.S. Coins : Replacing the $1 Note with a $1 Coin Would Provide a Financial Benefit to the Government '' . U.S. GAO . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Northrup , Laura . `` Dollar Coins Save The Government Money Because You 'll Just Throw Them In A Jar '' . Consumerist . Jump up ^ `` Testimony of Philip Diehl before House Financial Services Committee , Nov. 29 , 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Straw , Joseph ; Lysiak , Matthew ; Murray , Rheana ( Nov 30 , 2012 ) . `` Congress considers getting rid of dollar bills for $1 coins to save money '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved Jan 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rothbard , Murray ( 2002 ) . A History of Banking in the United States ( PDF ) . Auburn : Ludwig von Mises Institute . ISBN 978 - 0 - 945466 - 33 - 8 . Jump up ^ National Museum of American History . `` First United States Silver Dollar , 1794 '' . Legendary Coins & Currency . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ NGC Photo Proof ( 1994 ) . `` 1798 -- 1804 Silver Dollar Draped Bust Heraldic Eagle '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ CoinFacts.com : Liberty Head Gold Dollars . Retrieved September 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Coin Community : Gold Dollar Liberty Head Type 1 History . Retrieved September 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Yeoman , Richard and Kenneth Bressett ( ed . ) , A Guide Book of United States Coins ( 56th edition ) , ( New York : St. Martin 's Press , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58238 - 188 - 6 . ) 196 -- 198 . Jump up ^ Alan Herbert ( 6 November 2005 ) . Coin Collecting 101 What You Need to Know . Krause . p. 145 . ISBN 0 - 89689 - 182 - 8 . Jump up ^ NGC Photo Proof ( 1994 ) . `` 1878 -- 1921 Silver Dollar Morgan '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ NGC Photo Proof ( 1994 ) . `` 1921 -- 35 Silver Dollar Peace '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ The ' 64 Dollar Question . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FAQs : Buying , Selling & Redeeming Currency '' . U.S. Treasury . 25 June 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Text of December 20 , 1968 Letter to the President from Secretary of the Treasury Henry H. Fowler '' ( Press release ) . U.S. Treasury . 30 December 1968 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Bryan Sonnier ( 1993 ) . `` GSA Carson City Silver Dollars : A History as Tumultuous as That of the Morgan Silver Dollar Itself '' . CoinResource . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Morgan Silver Dollar Coins '' . GFL.com . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Susan Headley . `` The 1895 Morgan Dollar -- The King of Morgans -- The Most Valuable Morgan Dollar '' . About.com . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` NGC to Grade Dollars in GSA Holders '' . Collectors Society . 2003 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ NGC Photo Proof ( 1994 ) . `` 1971 -- 78 Dollar Eisenhower '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Mitch , Sanders ( March 2006 ) . `` Modern Dollar Coins '' . Numismatist : 114 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Publication 590 : Individual Retirement Arrangements '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of the Treasury , Internal Revenue Service . January 7 , 2010 . p. 47 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 January 2010 . Retrieved January 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/golden_dollar_coin/index.cfm?action=sacHistory Jump up ^ http://www.smalldollars.com/dollar/page20.html Jump up ^ `` The Golden Dollar Coin Featuring Sacagawea '' . United States Mint . Archived from the original on 2004 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : The United States Mint . `` US Mint : Dollar Coin FAQ '' . Usmint.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` E : \ PUBLAW \ PUBL082. 110 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ GovTrack.us . H.R. 2358 -- 110th Congress ( 2007 ) : Native American $1 Coin Act , GovTrack.us ( database of federal legislation ) ( 1 ) ( accessed Sep 28 , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Anderson , Gordon T. ( 2005 - 04 - 27 ) . `` Congress tries again for a dollar coin '' . CNN . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ CNN Archived November 22 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` New U.S. dollar coins hide ' In God We Trust ' '' . WorldNetDaily . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Urban Legends Reference Pages : New Dollar Coins and ' In God We Trust ' '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Susan Headley ( 3 April 2007 ) . `` Washington Dollar Update '' . About.com . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Flaw Is Found in Some Coins of New Dollar '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . 8 March 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Morgan , David S. ( March 7 , 2007 ) . `` '' Godless '' Dollar Coins Slip Through Mint `` . CBSNews.com . Associated Press . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Circulating and Uncirculated Quality Coin Edge - Incused Lettering Process Jump up ^ Proof Coin Edge - Incused Lettering Process Jump up ^ `` The United States Mint Coins and Medals Program '' . Department of the Treasury . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) The Comprehensive U.S. Silver Dollar Encyclopedia by John W. Highfill , ISBN 0 - 9629900 - 0 - 0 Comprehensive Catalog and Encyclopedia of Morgan and Peace Dollars , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9660168 - 2 - 6 Financial Impact of Issuing the New $1 Coin , GAO / GGD - 00 - 111R , Apr. 7 , 2000 . New coin unlikely change ? , Steve Cranford , Charlotte Business Journal , July 21 , 2000 . Elizabeth White ( December 14 , 2005 ) . `` New coins will depict dead former presidents '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Barbara Hagenbaugh ( December 15 , 2005 ) . `` Dollar coin series will feature presidents '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dollar coins of the United States . 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Anthony ( 1979 -- 81 ; 1999 ) Silver Eagle ( 1986 -- present ) Sacagawea ( 2000 -- present ) Presidential ( 2007 -- 16 ) Gold Turban Head eagle ( 1795 -- 1804 ) Half eagle ( 1795 -- 1929 ) Eagle ( 1795 -- 1933 ) Quarter eagle ( 1796 -- 1929 ) Gold dollar ( 1849 -- 89 ) Three - dollar piece ( 1854 -- 89 ) Liberty Head double eagle ( 1849 -- 1907 ) Double eagle ( 1849 -- 1933 ) Saint - Gaudens double eagle ( 1907 -- 33 ) Indian Head eagle ( 1907 -- 33 ) Indian Head gold pieces ( 1908 -- 29 ) Gold Eagle ( 1986 -- present ) Gold Buffalo ( 2006 -- present ) First Spouse gold bullion coins ( 2007 -- 16 ) Commemorative Early ( 1892 -- 1954 ) Columbian half dollar ( 1892 -- 93 ) Isabella quarter ( 1893 ) Lafayette dollar ( 1900 ) Louisiana Purchase Exposition dollar ( 1903 ) Lewis and Clark Exposition dollar ( 1904 -- 05 ) Panama -- Pacific commemorative coins ( 1915 ) McKinley Birthplace Memorial dollar ( 1916 -- 17 ) Illinois Centennial half dollar ( 1918 ) Maine Centennial half dollar ( 1920 ) Pilgrim Tercentenary half dollar ( 1920 -- 21 ) Missouri Centennial half dollar ( 1921 ) Alabama Centennial half dollar ( 1921 ) Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar ( 1923 ) Huguenot - Walloon half dollar ( 1924 ) Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar ( 1925 ) Lexington - Concord Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1925 ) California Diamond Jubilee half dollar ( 1925 ) Fort Vancouver Centennial half dollar ( 1925 ) United States Sesquicentennial coinage ( 1926 ) Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar ( 1926 -- 39 ) Vermont Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1927 ) Hawaii Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1928 ) Texas Centennial half dollar ( 1934 -- 38 ) Hudson Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1935 ) Connecticut Tercentenary half dollar ( 1935 ) California Pacific International Exposition half dollar ( 1935 -- 36 ) Rhode Island Tercentenary half dollar ( 1936 ) Cincinnati Musical Center half dollar ( 1936 ) Cleveland Centennial half dollar ( 1936 ) Bridgeport half dollar ( 1936 ) Elgin , Illinois , Centennial half dollar ( 1936 ) Modern ( 1982 -- present ) Los Angeles XXIII Olympiad dollar ( 1984 ) Eisenhower commemorative dollar ( 1990 ) Library of Congress ten dollar coin ( 2000 ) John Marshall commemorative dollar ( 2005 ) Marine Corps 230th Anniversary silver dollar ( 2005 ) Boy Scouts of America centennial silver dollar ( 2010 ) Patterns Two - cent billon ( 1836 ) Three - cent bronze ( 1863 ) Stella ( 1879 -- 80 ) Half - union ( 1877 ) Other Half cent ( 1793 -- 1857 ) Two - cent piece ( 1864 -- 73 ) Three - cent silver ( 1851 -- 73 ) Three - cent nickel ( 1865 -- 89 ) Twenty - cent piece ( 1875 -- 78 ) United States Bicentennial coinage ( 1975 -- 76 ) Platinum Eagle ( 1997 -- present ) Palladium Eagle ( 2017 -- present ) America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins ( 2010 -- present ) Norse - American medal ( 1925 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dollar_coin_(United_States)&oldid=822801954 '' Categories : United States dollar coins Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Esperanto Français 한국어 Italiano 日本語 Norsk پنجابی Slovenčina Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 January 2018 , at 16 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the first gold dollar coin made	[ "The gold dollar was produced from 1849 to 1889. 1849 to 1853 gold dollar coins were 13 mm across and are called Type I. Type II gold dollars were thinner but larger at 15 mm diameter and were produced from 1854 to 1855. The most common gold dollar are the Type III and started in 1856 until 1889. Production US $1 gold dollars was high until the Civil War and by 1863, only the larger value gold coins were produced in large quantities. Most gold coins produced from 1863 and onward were produced for imports to pay for enormous amounts of war material and interest on some U.S. Government bonds. Many of these coins from the Civil War and after (silver coins included) are in excellent condition since they saw very limited circulation with greenbacks and postage currency taking their place." ]	[ "1849" ]
5304882170342680706	United Russia	United Russia - wikipedia United Russia Jump to : navigation , search United Russia Единая Россия Chairman Dmitry Medvedev Secretary - General Andrey Turchak Parliamentary Leader Sergey Neverov Founders Sergey Shoygu Yury Luzhkov Mintimer Shaimiev Founded 1 December 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 01 ) Merger of Fatherland -- All Russia Unity Our Home -- Russia Headquarters 39 Kutuzovsky Avenue Moscow , Moscow Oblast 121170 Youth wing Young Guard of United Russia Membership ( 2013 ) 2,073,772 Ideology Big tent Centrism National conservatism Russian conservatism Russian nationalism Statism Authoritarianism National affiliation All - Russia People 's Front Colours White Blue Red ( Russian national colors ) Seats in the Federation Council 128 / 170 Seats in the State Duma 338 / 450 Governors 77 / 85 Seats in the Regional Parliaments 3,091 / 3,980 Ministers 20 / 31 Website er.ru Politics of Russia Political parties Elections United Russia ( Russian : Еди́ная Росси́я , tr . Yedínaya Rossíya , IPA : ( ( j ) ɪˈdjinəjə rɐˈsjijə ) ) is the ruling political party of the Russian Federation . United Russia is the largest party in Russia and as of 2017 it holds 340 ( or 75.56 % ) of the 450 seats in the State Duma . The United Russia party formed in December 2001 through a merger of the Unity and the Fatherland -- All Russia parties . As of 2017 , the United Russia party supports the policies of the presidential administration . Although the United Russia party 's popularity declined from its peak of 64.4 % in the 2007 Duma elections to 49.32 % in the 2011 elections , it remained the most popular party in the country , ahead of the second - placed Communist Party at 19.19 % . In the 2016 elections , it received 54.2 % while the second - place Communist Party received 13.3 % . The party has no coherent ideology , but it embraces specific politicians and officials with a variety of political views who support the administration . The party appeals mainly to non-ideological voters , therefore United Russia is often classified by political scientists as a `` catch - all party '' or as a `` party of power '' . In 2009 , it proclaimed Russian conservatism as its official ideology . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 1999 State Duma election 1.3 Creation of United Russia 1.4 2003 State Duma elections 1.5 2007 State Duma elections 1.6 Medvedev / Putin : 2008 -- 2012 1.7 Putin / Medvedev : 2012 -- present 2 Electoral results 2.1 President 2.2 State Duma 3 Current status 3.1 Federal Assembly 3.2 Party membership 4 Party platform 4.1 Electorate 4.2 Foreign opinions 4.2. 1 International alliances 5 Structure 5.1 Internal groupings 5.2 Chairmen of United Russia 6 Allegations of crime and corruption 7 Notable members 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) United Russia 's predecessor was the Unity bloc , which was created three months before the December 1999 Duma elections to counter the advance of the Fatherland -- All Russia ( OVR ) party led by Yuri Luzhkov . The creation of the party was heavily supported by Kremlin insiders , who were wary of what looked like a certain OVR victory . They did not expect Unity to have much chance of success since President Boris Yeltsin was very unpopular and Prime Minister Vladimir Putin 's ratings were still minuscule . The new party attempted to mimic OVR 's formula of success , placing an emphasis on competence and pragmatism . Charismatic Minister of Emergency Situations Sergei Shoigu was appointed as the party leader . In 1999 , Prime Minister Putin 's popularity soared to double digit figures after he decisively sent troops to the rebellious Chechnya republic as a retaliation for terrorist bombings in Moscow and other cities and in response for the Chechen invasion of Dagestan . Putin 's war effort was hugely popular and portrayed positively by the Boris Berezovsky - owned Channel One Russia as well as by state - controlled RTR . 1999 state Duma election ( edit ) Contrary to its creators ' expectations , Unity 's election campaign was a huge success and the party received 23.3 % of the votes , considerably more than OVR 's 13.3 % and within one percentage point of the Communist Party 's 24.3 % . The popularity of the prime minister proved decisive for Unity 's victory . The election results also made clear that Putin was going to win the 2000 presidential election , which resulted in competitors Luzhkov and Yevgeni Primakov dropping out . Yeltsin also gave Putin a boost by resigning as President on 31 December 1999 . Creation of United Russia ( edit ) While Unity had initially had only one narrow purpose , limited only to the 1999 Duma elections , after the victory state officials began to transform the party into a permanent one . A large number of independent deputies who had been elected to the Duma were invited to join the party 's delegation . Many OVR deputies also joined , including its leader Luzhkov . In April 2001 , OVR and Unity leaders issued a joint declaration that they had started the process of unification . In July 2001 , the unified party , called Union of Unity and Fatherland , held its founding congress and in December 2001 it became All - Russian Party of Unity and Fatherland , or more commonly , United Russia . In the second party congress in March 2003 , Sergei Shoygu stood down and Boris Gryzlov was elected as the new party leader . Instead of the `` communism versus capitalism '' dichotomy that had dominated the political discourse in the 1990s , in the 1999 -- 2000 electoral cycle Putin started to emphasize another reason to vote for his party : stability , which was yearned for by Russian citizens after a decade of chaotic revolutionary change . With the exception of the continued fighting in the Northern Caucasus , Putin delivered it . On 13 January 2003 , United Russia had 257,000 members -- behind Liberal Democratic Party of Russia ( 600,000 ) and the Communists ( 500,000 ) . 2003 state Duma elections ( edit ) Throughout Putin 's first years as President , the country 's economy improved considerably , growing more each year than in all of the previous decade and Putin 's approval ratings hovered well above 70 % . Russia 's economic recovery was helped by high prices for its primary exports such as oil , gas and raw materials . The passage rate of law proposals increased considerably after United Russia became the dominant party in the Duma . In 1996 -- 1999 , only 76 % of the legislation that passed the third reading was signed by the President while in 1999 -- 2003 the ratio was 93 % . While Yeltsin had often relied on his decree powers to enact major decisions , Putin almost never had to . United Russia 's dominance in the Duma enabled Putin to push through a wide range of fundamental reforms , including a flat income tax of 13 % , a reduced profits tax , an overhaul of the labour market , breakups of national monopolies and new land and legal codes . United Russia characterised itself as wholly supportive of Putin 's agenda , which proved a recipe for success and resulted in the party scoring a major victory in the 2003 Duma elections , receiving more than a third of the popular vote . Throughout its history , United Russia has been successful in using administrative resources to weaken its opponents . For example , state - controlled news media portrayed the Communist Party as hypocritical for accepting money from several `` dollar millionaries '' during the 2003 Duma election campaign . United Russia also introduced tougher party , candidate and voter registration requirements and increased the election threshold from 5 % to 7 % for the 2007 elections . Opposition parties also made several strategic mistakes . For example , Yabloko and the Union of Right Forces seemed to spend more effort attacking each other than Putin , which made it easier for United Russia to win over liberal voters on the strength of market reforms under Putin . The opposition parties faltered in the 2003 elections , with the Communists gaining just 52 seats , a drop from 113 in 1999 . Liberal opponents fared even worse , with Yabloko and Union of the Right Forces failing to cross the 5 percent threshold . 2007 state Duma elections ( edit ) United Russia campaigners in Saint Petersburg during the 2007 election As the economy continued improving and Putin executed several popular moves , such as reining in the unpopular oligarchs , Putin 's approval ratings stayed high and he won the 2004 presidential election with over 71 % of the votes . The 2007 Duma elections proved a stunning victory for United Russia , which won 64.3 % of the votes . The Communist Party became a distant second with 11.57 % of the votes . Putin was the only name on United Russia 's national list and his popularity helped the party to ensure victory . During the December 2007 election , the party was accused by voters and election monitoring group Golos of numerous election law violations banned in the Russian Constitution . The legislative agenda shifted somewhat after the 2007 elections . Anti-terrorism legislation , large increases in social spending and the creation of new state corporations became the dominant issues while less energy was devoted to economic reform . Medvedev / Putin : 2008 -- 2012 ( edit ) Then party leader Vladimir Putin with Yury Luzhkov , Dmitry Medvedev , Sergey Shoygu and Boris Gryzlov in 2009 at the 11th United Russia Party Congress For the 2008 presidential election , United Russia nominated Dmitry Medvedev to succeed Putin . Medvedev received Putin 's blessing and scored a clear victory , receiving 71 % of the votes . As President , Medvedev nominated Putin as his Prime Minister . On 15 April of the same year , Putin accepted a nomination to become the party 's leader , but declared that this did not mean he would become a member . Medvedev has also refused to become a member . During regional elections of 11 October 2009 , United Russia won a majority of seats in almost every Russian municipality . Opposition candidates claim they were hindered from campaigning for the elections and some were denied places on the ballot . There are also accusations of widespread ballot stuffing and voter intimidation as well as statistical analysis results supporting these accusations . Support for United Russia was 53 % in a poll held in October 2009 . In 2010 -- 2011 and following the economic crisis , support for United Russia went up and down , but declined overall . The share of the population ready to vote for the party reached its lowest point in January 2011 ( 35 % ) before recovering to 41 % in March 2011 . The Agrarian Party supported the candidacy of Dmitry Medvedev in the 2008 presidential election and it merged into United Russia . Putin / Medvedev : 2012 -- present ( edit ) Medvedev and Putin in the XII Congress of the party in September 2011 At the party 's XII Congress held on 24 September 2011 , Medvedev supported the candidacy of Prime Minister Putin in the presidential election of 2012 -- a move that effectively assured Putin would return to the presidency , given the party 's near - total dominance of Russian politics . Medvedev accepted the invitation of Prime Minister Putin to head the party in the State Duma elections and said that in his opinion Putin should run for President in 2012 . Delegates applauded this statement standing and they unanimously supported his candidacy for President . Medvedev responded immediately , saying that applause is proof of Putin 's popularity among the people . Medvedev 's speech listened to about ten thousand participants of the meeting . Total congress was attended by about 12,000 participants , guests and journalists . At the same congress it was also approved by the election list of candidates from the party in the December elections to the State Duma . The list includes 416 party members and 183 non-partisan , 363 of them for the first time participate in the elections . On 29 September , the list was handed over to the Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation . The party list was led by President Medvedev. 582 delegates of the Congress voted in support of the list -- against one . Election program of United Russia was announced during speeches of Medvedev and Putin . Medvedev has identified seven strategic priorities of government policy and Putin offered to cancel the erroneous tax debts of 36 million Russians in the amount of 30 billion rubles and increase from 10 October salaries of public sector employees by 6.5 % . Putin also said that taxes for the wealthy citizens should be higher than for the middle class and offered to raise utility tariffs only excess baggage . Among other priorities , Putin called a complete re army and navy in 5 -- 10 years , doubling the pace of road construction for 10 years , the creation or update of 25 million jobs in 20 years in and out of Russia in the five largest economies in the world . At the party 's XIII Congress held on 26 May 2012 , Medvedev was elected chairman of United Russia . United Russia decided not use his portraits of President Medvedev and President Putin during the fall election campaign . In March 2013 , about 50 members of the United Russia from Abansky District of Krasnoyarsk Krai announced their withdrawal from the party . They sent an open letter ( it is said that under it signed 60 people ) to the party chairman Medvedev , which criticized the activities of the party which according to them has ceased to fulfill its political function . Electoral results ( edit ) President ( edit ) Election year Candidate 1st round 2nd round No. of overall votes % of overall vote No. of overall votes % of overall vote Vladimir Putin ( Putin refused to be nominated by United Russia and ran as an independent ) 49,565,238 71.3 ( won ) 2008 Dmitry Medvedev 52,530,712 71.2 ( won ) 2012 Vladimir Putin 46,602,075 63.6 ( won ) 2018 Vladimir Putin ( Putin refused to be nominated by United Russia and ran as an independent ) 56,430,712 76.7 ( won ) State Duma ( edit ) Year Party leader Performance Status Votes Percentage Seats 2003 Boris Gryzlov 22,779,279 37.6 % 223 / 450 1st Majority ( government ) 2007 Vladimir Putin 44,714,241 64.3 % 315 / 450 1st Supermajority ( government ) 2011 Dmitry Medvedev 32,448,000 49.3 % 238 / 450 1st Majority ( government ) 2016 Dmitry Medvedev 28,271,600 54.2 % 343 / 450 1st Supermajority ( government ) Current status ( edit ) Federal assembly ( edit ) United Russia currently holds 340 of the 450 seats in the State Duma . It heads all five of the Duma 's commissions and holds 14 of the 26 committee chairmanships and 10 of the 16 seats in the Council of Duma , the Duma 's steering committee . The speaker of the Duma is United Russia 's Vyacheslav Volodin . The party has only informal influence in the upper house , the Federation Council , as the Council has rejected the use of political factions in decision making . Party membership ( edit ) In 2013 , United Russia claimed it had 2 million members . According to a study conducted by Timothy J. Colton , Henry E. Hale and Michael McFaul after the March 2008 presidential elections , 30 % of the Russian population are loyalists of the party . Party platform ( edit ) According to the party 's 2003 political manifesto , The Path of National Success , the party 's goal is to unite the responsible political forces of the country , aiming to minimize the differences between rich and poor , young and old , state , business and society . The economy should combine state regulation and market freedoms , with the benefits of further growth distributed for the most part to the less fortunate . The party rejects left - wing and right - wing ideologies in favour of `` political centrism '' that could unite all sections of society . In addition , the official party platform emphasizes pragmatism and anti-radicalism . The party regards itself to be one of the heirs to Russia 's tradition of statehood , both tsarist and communist . United Russia 's long - time moniker is `` the party of real deeds '' . United Russia has always characterised itself as wholly supportive of the agenda of the popular current President Vladimir Putin and this has proved key to its success . Since 2006 , when Vladislav Surkov introduced the term sovereign democracy , many figureheads of the party have taken usage of the term . Former President and current Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev has criticised the term . United Russia voted against the Council of Europe resolution 1481 ( Need for international condemnation of crimes of totalitarian communist regimes ) . The party has promoted explicitly conservative policies in social , cultural and political matters , both at home and abroad . Putin has attacked globalism and economic liberalism as well as scientific and technological progress . Putin has promoted new think tanks that bring together like - minded intellectuals and writers . For example , the Izborsky Club , founded in 2012 by Aleksandr Prokhanov , stresses Russian nationalism , the restoration of Russia 's historical greatness and systematic opposition to liberal ideas and policies . Vladislav Surkov , a senior government official , has been one of the key ideologists during Putin 's presidency . In cultural and social affairs , United Russia has collaborated closely with the Russian Orthodox Church . Mark Woods provides specific examples of how the Church under Patriarch Kirill of Moscow has backed the expansion of Russian power into Crimea and eastern Ukraine . More broadly , The New York Times reports in September 2016 how that Church 's policy prescriptions support the Kremlin 's appeal to social conservatives : A fervent foe of homosexuality and any attempt to put individual rights above those of family , community or nation , the Russian Orthodox Church helps project Russia as the natural ally of all those who pine for a more secure , illiberal world free from the tradition - crushing rush of globalization , multiculturalism and women 's and gay rights . Electorate ( edit ) According to studies , United Russia voters in 2007 were younger and more market - oriented than the average voter . The party 's electorate includes a substantial share of state employees , pensioners and military personnel who are dependent on the state for their livelihood . Sixty - four percent of United Russia supporters are female . In the run - up to the 2011 Duma elections , it was reported that support for United Russia was growing among young people . Foreign opinions ( edit ) Foreign media and observers describe United Russia as a pure `` presidential party '' , with the main goal of securing the power of the Russian President in the Russian parliament . The vast majority of officeholders in Russia are members of the party , hence it is sometimes described as a `` public official party '' or `` administration party '' . Due to this , it is also often labelled the `` Party of Power '' . International alliances ( edit ) United Russia has signed cooperation agreements with the far - right Freedom Party of Austria and Lega Nord of Italy . It has a tentative cooperation agreement with the populist Five Star Movement in Italy as well . Its youth wing , the Young Guard of United Russia , has an alliance with the youth wing of the right - wing populist Alternative for Germany , Young Alternative for Germany . Structure ( edit ) Putin ( standing ) at the 9th United Russia Party Congress on 15 April 2008 In April 2008 , United Russia amended Section 7 of its charter , changing its heading from Party Chairman to Chairman of the Party and Chairman of the Party 's Supreme Council . Under the amendments , United Russia may introduce a supreme elective post in the party , the post of the party 's chairman , at the suggestion of Supreme Council and its chairman . The Supreme Council , led by the Supreme Council chairman , defines the strategy for the development of the party . The General Council has 152 members , is the foremost party platform in between party congresses and issues statements on important social or political questions . The Presidium of the General Council is led by a secretary , consists of 23 members and leads the political activity of the party , for instance election campaigns or other programmatic publications . United Russia introduced a local chapter system that mimicked the Japanese Liberal Democratic Party 's ( LDP ) organization as a strong foundation for the one - party dominant system in the early 2000s . United Russia eagerly interviewed the LDP mission and studied their party structure . The number of party members was steadily increased by the introduction of the system . United Russia runs local and regional offices in all parts of the Russian Federation , and also operates a foreign liaison office in Israel through a deal with the Kadima party . As of 20 September 2005 , the party has a total of 2,600 local and 29,856 primary offices . Internal groupings ( edit ) United Russia is a large and diverse party and has several internal subdivisions . The party has 4 internal groupings , organized around common policy interests . In addition , the party makes use of four internal political clubs to debate policy : liberal conservative 4 November Club , social conservative Centre for Social Conservative Politics , conservative liberal State Patriotic Club and liberal Liberal Club . Based on this division , the party considered entering the 2007 Duma elections as three separate `` columns '' ( liberal , conservative and social ) , but the idea was subsequently abandoned . Chairmen of United Russia ( edit ) No Chairmen Portrait Took Office Left Office -- Collective leadership Sergey Shoygu Yury Luzhkov Mintimer Shaimiev 1 December 2001 27 November 2004 Boris Gryzlov 27 November2004 7 May 2008 Vladimir Putin 7 May 2008 30 May 2012 Dmitry Medvedev 30 May 2012 Incumbent Allegations of crime and corruption ( edit ) Russians protest against Putin 's re-election in 2012 United Russia has come in for criticism that it is `` the party of crooks and thieves '' ( партия жуликов и воров , a term coined by activist Alexey Navalny ) due to the continuing prevalence of corruption in Russia . In October 2011 , Novaya Gazeta published an article describing how members of the public were writing the slogan on banknotes in protest . In December 2011 , Putin rejected the accusation of corruption , saying that it was a general problem that was not restricted to one particular party : `` They say that the ruling party is associated with theft , with corruption , but it 's a cliché related not to a certain political force , it 's a cliché related to power ( ... ) What 's important , however , is how the ruling government is fighting these negative things '' . A poll made in November 2011 found that more than one - third of Russians agreed with the characterisation of United Russia as `` the party of crooks and thieves '' . After the 2011 legislative elections , a few leaders within United Russia called for investigations of fraud and reform of the party . In August 2016 , opposition leader Ilya Yashin released a report titled `` The Criminal Russia Party '' , which stated that United Russia had essentially become a tool of political legitimisation for organised crime . Notable members ( edit ) Vladimir Putin , President of Russia and former leader of the party Boris Gryzlov , former Interior Minister and Chairman of the Supreme Council of the United Russia and former leader of the party Vyacheslav Volodin , current Chairman of the State Duma Sergey Shoygu , current Defence Minister , former Emergency Minister , former leader of Unity party and former leader of the party Mintimer Shaymiev , President of Tatarstan until 2010 Vladislav Surkov , First Deputy Chief of Staff of the President Alexander Zhukov , First Vice Chairman of the State Duma and former Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev , chairman of the party , Prime Minister of Russia , former President of Russia and the leader of the party 's Federal list to the Duma ( since 24 September 2011 ) See also ( edit ) Conservatism portal Russia portal Politics portal Belaya Rus For United Ukraine , a political alliance created two weeks later in Ukraine and led by the Party of Regions Russian Unity Serbian Progressive Party Unity Party ( South Ossetia ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Единая Россия официальный сайт Партии / Пресс - служба / Контакты '' . er.ru . ^ Jump up to : `` Rechtspopulisten - AfD - Jugend und Putin - Jugend verbünden sich '' ( Right - wing populists - AfD youth and Putin youth join forces ) . Spiegel Online ( in German ) . 23 April 2016 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : ИНФОРМАЦИЯ о численности членов Всероссийской политической партии `` ЕДИНАЯ РОССИЯ '' в каждом из ее региональных отделений ( по состоянию на 1 января 2011 года ) ( Information on the number of members of the political party `` UNITED RUSSIA '' in each of its regional offices ( as at 1 January 2011 ) ) ( in Russian ) . minjust.ru. 1 February 2011 . Archived from the original ( DOC ) on 25 October 2012 . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Chen , Cheng ( 2016 ) . The Return of Ideology : The Search for Regime Identities in Postcommunist Russia and China . University of Michigan Press . p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 11993 - 6 . Retrieved 30 October 2017 ... ^ Jump up to : Nordsieck , Wolfram . `` Parties and Elections in Europe '' . parties-and-elections.eu . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Chaisty , Paul ; Whitefield , Stephen ( 20 April 2015 ) . Putin 's Nationalism Problem . E-International Relations ... Jump up ^ `` Is ' National Conservatism ' the New Ideology of the Russian People ? '' . Diena. 5 December 2008 . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The History Of The Party '' . United Russia . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In the Kremlin told about the right shift of `` United Russia '' `` . RBK Group . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Laruelle , Marlène ( 2009 ) . `` Nationalism as Conservative Centrism : United Russia '' . In the Name of the Nation . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 119 -- 152 . doi : 10.1057 / 9780230101234_5 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 349 - 38117 - 3 . Jump up ^ Sakwa , Richard ( 2013 ) . Power and Policy in Putin 's Russia . Routledge . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 98994 - 3 . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ de Vogel , Sasha ( 25 October 2012 ) . `` New Russian `` Patriots '' `` . The Institute of Modern Russia . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ http://theglobalstate.com/main-current-events/putins-new-authoritarian-russia/ Jump up ^ `` Единая Россия официальный сайт Партии / Кто есть кто / Члены Совета Федерации РФ - члены партии `` Единая Россия '' `` . er.ru . Jump up ^ Roberts , S.P. ( 2012 ) . Putin 's United Russia Party . Routledge Series on Russian and East European Studies . Routledge . p. 189 . ISBN 9781136588334 . Jump up ^ Way , Lucan ( 2010 ) , `` Resistance to Contagion : Sources of Authoritarian Stability in the Former Soviet Union '' , Democracy and Authoritarianism in the Postcommunist World , Cambridge University Press , pp. 246 -- 247 Jump up ^ Hutcheson , Derek S. ( 2010 ) . Political marketing techniques in Russia . Global Political Marketing . Routledge . p. 225 . Jump up ^ Sakwa , Richard ( 2011 ) . The Crisis of Russian Democracy : The Dual State , Factionalism and the Medvedev Succession . Cambridge University Press . pp. 217 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Bodrunova , Svetlana S. ; Litvinenko , Anna A. ( 2013 ) . New media and political protest : The formation of a public counter-sphere in Russia , 2008 -- 12 . Russia 's Changing Economic and Political Regimes : The Putin years and afterwards . Routledge . pp. 29 -- 65 , at p. 35 . Jump up ^ Rose , Richard ( 2009 ) . Understanding Post-Communist Transformation : A bottom up approach . Routledge . p. 131 . Jump up ^ Compare : Remington , Thomas ( 2013 ) . Patronage and the Party of Power : President -- Parliament Relations under Vladimir Putin. Power and Policy in Putin 's Russia . Routledge . p. 106 . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . The party of power in Russia has not achieved ( ... ) single - minded mastery of the power and wealth associated with the control of patronage . The party is united only in its support for and dependence on the Kremlin ; it is divided when its principal clients take opposing sides . ( ... ) United Russia is not a programmatic party , but a mechanism for extracting rents and distributing patronage . ( ... ) In Russia , the party is the creature of the presidency . ( ... ) ( T ) he construction of a lasting party of power such as united Russia requires a sustained commitment on the part of the authorities , one which president Putin has been willing to undertake . ( ... ) ( T ) he concerted effort by President Putin 's administration to build up a lasting party of power is a significant development in post-1993 Russian politics ( ... ) . Jump up ^ Moraski , Bryon J. ( 2013 ) . The Duma 's electoral system : Lessons in endogeneity . Routledge Handbook of Russian Politics and Society . Routledge . p. 109 . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . With the March 2000 election of President Vladimir Putin , ( ... ) the suspicion was that ( ... ) institutional changes ' could resurrect a system dominated by a single `` party of power '' ' ( McFaul 2000 , 30 ) . ( ... ) Still , Russia 's electoral system remained largely unchanged for the 2003 Duma election , although the results certainly fuelled speculation that a dominant - party - state had begun to emerge . ( ... ) With the union of Fatherland - All Russia and Unity , Russia 's party of power had changed once again , this time emerging as United Russia . The 2003 Duma election provided some evidence that the electoral system was working in the party of power 's favour . Jump up ^ Mezhuev , Boris V. ( 2013 ) . Democracy in Russia : Problems of Legitimacy. Power and Legitimacy -- Challenges from Russia . Routledge . p. 115 . Jump up ^ White , Stephen ( 2011 ) . Understanding Russian Politics . Cambridge University Press . p. 362 . ^ Jump up to : Hale , Henry E. ( 2010 ) . `` Russia 's political parties and their substitutes '' . In White , Stephen . Developments in Russian Politics 7 . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 22449 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : McFaul , Michael ; Stoner - Weiss , Kathryn ( 2010 ) . `` Elections and Voters '' . In White , Stephen . Developments in Russian Politics 7 . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 22449 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : White , Stephen ( 2005 ) . `` The Political Parties '' . In White , Gitelman , Sakwa . Developments in Russian Politics . 6 . Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3522 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Remington , Thomas F. ( 2010 ) . `` Parliamentary Politics in Russia '' . In White , Stephen . Developments in Russian Politics 7 . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 22449 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Putin Paradox '' . Americanprogress.org. 24 June 2004 . Archived from the original on 8 August 2007 . Retrieved 2 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Sharlet , Robert ( 2005 ) . `` In Search of the Rule of Law '' . In White , Gitelman , Sakwa . Developments in Russian Politics . 6 . Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3522 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Russians complain of being pressured to vote '' . International Herald Tribune . Associated Press . 2 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 8 February 2008 . Retrieved 13 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Medvedev hails , opponents decry Kremlin party win '' ( 12 October 2009 ) . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Pro-Kremlin party sweeps Moscow elections '' ( 12 October 2009 ) . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Poll ratings of Russia 's Putin , Medvedev tumble '' . Kyiv Post . Reuters. 2 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 7 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Voting Behaviour -- Duma '' . Levada . Jump up ^ `` Russia 's Agrarian Party to merge with United Russia '' . Xinhuanet . China View . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Путин уверен в победе ' Единой России ' ( Putin is confident of victory for ' United Russia ' ) . inotv.rt.com ( in Russian ) . 24 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Medvedev vozglavit spisok Edinoj - Rossii '' . Archived 27 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Медведев рекомендовал Путина в президенты '' ( in Russian ) . Archived from the original on 29 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Народ к возврату готов '' ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Единая Россия официальный сайт партии / Новости / `` Единая Россия '' подала в ЦИК РФ список народных кандидатов в Госдуму '' ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Д . Медведев единолично возглавил федеральный список `` ЕР '' `` . РБК ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Речи Медведева и Путина стали предвыборной программой `` Единой России '' '' ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Дмитрий Медведев избран председателем `` Единой России '' , 26 May 2012 , Vesti.ru Jump up ^ `` '' Единая Россия '' откажется от портретов Путина и Медведева '' ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Полсотни красноярских единоросов вышли из партии '' ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United Russia to have 238 seats at new State Duma '' ( 6 December 2011 ) . itar-tass.com . Jump up ^ `` Комитеты и комиссии Государственной Думы '' . duma.gov.ru ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Комитеты и комиссии Государственной Думы '' . duma.gov.ru ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Состав Совета Государственной Думы '' . duma.gov.ru ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russian Justice Ministry Warns RFE / RL As Duma Passes New Media Restrictions '' . RadioFreeEurope / RadioLiberty . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Володин Вячеслав Викторович '' . duma.gov.ru ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Morozov , Oleg ( 15 April 2006 ) . Центризм -- это антирадикализм ( Centrism -- is anti-radicalism ) . United Russia Official Site ( in Russian ) . Archived from the original on 19 October 2007 . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Reuter , Ora John ( 26 November 2011 ) . `` United Russia and the 2011 Elections '' ( PDF ) . Russia Analytical Digest . Research Centre for East European Studies at the University of Bremen ( 102 ) : 2 -- 6 . ISSN 1863 - 0421 . Retrieved 1 April 2006 . Jump up ^ The information from the Encyclopedia of communism ( English translation ) . Jump up ^ The Council of Europe resolution 1481 ( official text ) . Jump up ^ Goble , Paul A. ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Alfred Koch : Putin 's rejection of science and fear of the educated destroying Russia 's future '' . Euromaidan Press . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Sergei Prozorov . `` Russian conservatism in the Putin presidency : The dispersion of a hegemonic discourse '' . Journal of Political Ideologies 10.2 ( 2005 ) : 121 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Marlene Laruelle . `` The Izborsky Club , or the New Conservative Avant ‐ Garde in Russia '' . Russian Review 75.4 ( 2016 ) : 626 -- 644 . Jump up ^ Sirke Mäkinen . `` Surkovian narrative on the future of Russia : making Russia a world leader '' . Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 27 # 2 ( 2011 ) : 143 -- 165 . Jump up ^ Mark Woods . `` How the Russian Orthodox Church is backing Vladimir Putin 's new world order '' ( 3 March 2016 ) . Christian Today . Jump up ^ Andrew Higgins . `` In Expanding Russian Influence , Faith Combines With Firepower '' ( 13 September 2016 ) . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Yevgeny Utkin . `` Seven parties , one virtually certain outcome '' ( 23 November 2011 ) . Russia Beyond the Headlines . Jump up ^ `` Putin 's ' Party of Power ' and the Declining Power of Parties in Russia '' ( April 2005 ) . The Foreign Policy Centre . Jump up ^ `` What is Russian party of power ? '' ( 14 June 2005 ) . RIA Novosti . Jump up ^ Smale , Alison . `` Austria 's Far Right Signs a Cooperation Pact With Putin 's Party '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ЕР заключила договор о взаимодействии с итальянской партией `` Лига Севера '' '' ( in Russian ) . RIA . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Rettman , Andrew ( 7 March 2017 ) . `` Moscow ' ready ' to sign pact with Italy 's Grillo '' . Brussels : Euobserver.com . Retrieved 29 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 武部幹事長が「統一ロシア」の訪日団と会談 ) 」 '' ( in Japanese ) . 1 November 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Russian PM Putin to open official party branch in Israel '' . Haaretz . Israel . Retrieved 13 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Putin to lead United Russia party '' ( 15 April 2008 ) . BBC News . Retrieved on 6 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Putin Named Party Chairman '' . Archived 22 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... The Moscow News ( 17 April 2008 ) . Retrieved on 6 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Russia PM Medvedev set to be elected United Russia leader '' ( 26 May 2012 ) . BBC . Retrieved on 1 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Medvedev ' tweet ' sends the Russian blogosphere into a frenzy '' . The Guardian . 7 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Police and protesters clash in Moscow after election protests '' . The Daily Telegraph . 6 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` `` Жулики и воры '' пошли по рукам '' ( 12 October 2011 ) . Novaya Gazeta . Jump up ^ `` Putin Faces Push to Regain Support After Election '' . The Wall Street Journal . 6 December 2011 . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Schwirtz , Michael ( 28 December 2011 ) . `` An Insider Takes a Public Stand Against Putin 's Party '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 28 December 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Hale , Henry E. ( 2004 ) . `` The Origins of United Russia and the Putin Presidency : The Role of Contingency in Party - System Development '' ( PDF ) . Demokratizatsiya. 12 ( 2 ) : 169 -- 194 . Jeffries , Ian ( 2011 ) . Political Developments in Contemporary Russia . Routledge . Laruelle , Marlène ( 2009 ) . `` Nationalism as Conservative Centrism : United Russia '' . In the Name of the Nation : Nationalism and Politics in Contemporary Russia . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 119 -- 152 . White , Stephen ( 2013 ) . Russia 's Client Party System . Politics In Russia : A Reader . CQ Press . doi : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780199289653.001. 0001 . ISBN 9780199289653 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United Russia . Official website of United Russia ( in Russian ) Official website of the Duma fraction ( in Russian ) Youth wing of the party ( in Russian ) United Russia Chairmen Sergey Shoygu / Yuri Luzhkov / Mintimer Shaimiev ( 2001 -- 2005 ) Boris Gryzlov ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Vladimir Putin ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Dmitry Medvedev ( 2012 -- ) Presidents Dmitry Medvedev ( 2008 -- 2012 ) Vladimir Putin ( 2012 -- ) Prime Ministers Viktor Zubkov ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Vladimir Putin ( 2008 -- 2012 ) Dmitry Medvedev ( 2012 -- ) Federation Council Chairmen Aleksander Torshin ( 2011 ) Valentina Matviyenko ( 2011 -- ) State Duma Chairmen Boris Gryzlov ( 2003 -- 2011 ) Sergey Naryshkin ( 2011 -- 2016 ) Vyacheslav Volodin ( 2016 -- ) Parliamentary Leaders Boris Gryzlov ( 2003 -- 2011 ) Andrey Vorobyov ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Vladimir Vasilyev ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Sergey Neverov ( 2017 -- ) Presidential candidates Vladimir Putin ( 2004 ) Dmitry Medvedev ( 2008 ) Vladimir Putin ( 2012 ) Vladimir Putin ( 2018 ) Notes Jump up ^ Acting Chairman ^ Jump up to : Supported by the party , but was nominated as an independent candidate ( hide ) Registered political parties in Russia Represented in State Duma United Russia ( 339 ) Communist Party ( 42 ) Liberal Democratic Party ( 40 ) A Just Russia ( 23 ) Rodina ( 1 ) Civic Platform ( 1 ) Only in regional parliaments Patriots of Russia Communist Party of Social Justice Communists of Russia Green Alliance Russian Party of Pensioners for Social Justice Yabloko Party of Growth People 's Freedom Party Other registered ( in the Justice Ministry 's order ) Democratic Party of Russia People 's Party for the Women of Russia Union Towns People People 's Party of Russia Social Democratic Party of Russia Cities of Russia Young Russia New Russia Party of Free Citizens Russian Ecological Party `` The Greens '' Agrarian Party of Russia Russian All - People 's Union Party for Justice Civilian Power Clever Russia Monarchist Party Home Country Party of Peace and Unity Democratic Choice Will Against All Russian United Labour Front Party Action Civil Position Party of Russia 's Rebirth Official list of parties registered by the Ministry of Justice Portal : Politics List of political parties Politics of Russia Russian political movements and non-registered parties Vladimir Putin 2nd and 4th President of Russia ( 2000 -- 2008 , 2012 -- present ) 33rd Prime Minister of Russia ( 1999 -- 2000 , 2008 -- 2012 ) Political activities Electoral history Presidential elections 2000 2012 2018 ( campaign ) First Cabinet Second Cabinet United Russia All - Russia People 's Front Presidency Inaugurations first second third fourth Political groups Sovereign democracy Speeches Munich 2007 Crimea 2014 Valdai 2014 Protests 2011 -- 2013 2014 2017 -- 2018 Domestic policy Legislation and programs national champions priority projects stabilization fund Putin 's Plan 2008 -- 2009 recession 2014 -- 2017 financial crisis Foreign policy International trips European energy sector Russia -- Ukraine gas disputes Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty Military intervention in Ukraine Syrian Civil War military intervention Russian World Family Lyudmila Putina ( former wife ) Katerina Tikhonova ( daughter ) Pets Konni ( family dog ) Public image Followers Chapel of Russia 's Resurrection Nashi movement PutinTeam Walking Together Tributes `` A man like Putin '' Happy Birthday , Mr. Putin ! Vladimir Putin Peak Criticism Putin khuylo ! Putin Must Go Putin 's Palace Putin . Corruption Putin . War Putinland Putinversteher Putinisms Tandemocracy ← Boris Yeltsin Category : Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev → Dmitry Medvedev Born 14 September 1965 3rd President of Russia ( 2008 -- 2012 ) 37th Prime Minister of Russia ( 2012 -- present ) Political activities 2008 presidential election Inauguration Presidency First Cabinet Second Cabinet Leadership of United Russia Internal policy Medvedev modernisation programme Amendments to the Constitution Skolkovo Innovation Center Police reform Military reform Anti-corruption campaign Foreign policy Russo - Georgian War List of international trips New START Family Svetlana Medvedeva ( spouse ) Ilya Medvedev ( son ) Dorofei ( family cat ) See also He Is Not Dimon to You 2017 -- 2018 Russian protests Tandemocracy ← Vladimir Putin Category : Dmitry Medvedev Vladimir Putin → Russian nationalism History Russification Slavophilia Pochvennichestvo Western Ukrainian Russophiles White movement Smenovekhovtsy Soviet socialist patriotism Russian March 2006 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine Concepts All - Russian nation Collector of Russian lands Orthodoxy , Autocracy , and Nationality Russia for Russians Russophilia Soviet nostalgia Third Rome Variants Eurasianism National Bolshevism Nashism Neo-Sovietism Neo-Stalinism Pan-Slavism Putinism Radical nationalism Organizations Black Hundreds CPRF Derzhava Donetsk Republic DPNI ESM Essence of Time Eurasia Party FNS Format18 Great Russia KRO LDPR LDPSU Mladorossi Nashi ( 1991 ) Nashi ( 2005 ) NBF NBP NDPR New Russia Party NNP Nochnoy Dozor NSO NSPR NTS ONF The Other Russia Pamyat Patriots of Russia PDV Peace for Lugansk Region People 's Union Primorsky Partisans Republican Party of Crimea RFO RFP RGFD RMU RNE RNS Rodina RONDD RONS ROS ROVS Russian Assembly Russian Bloc ( 2001 ) Russian Bloc ( 2002 ) Russian Goal Russian National Party Russian Unity The Saviour SFM Slavic Party Slavic Union Spiritual Heritage Union of Fascist Little Ones Union of Young Fascists -- Vanguard ( Boys ) Union of Young Fascists -- Vanguard ( Girls ) Young Guard of United Russia VFO WWN Literature Fashist Foundations of Geopolitics The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Nash Put ' Sankya LCCN : nr2004004316 SUDOC : 13156157X VIAF : 204108037 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Russia&oldid=843294083 '' Categories : United Russia 2001 establishments in Russia Centrist parties in Russia Conservative parties in Russia Eurosceptic parties in Russia National conservative parties Nationalist parties in Russia Political parties established in 2001 Registered political parties in Russia Social conservative parties Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) EngvarB from October 2017 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with Russian - language external links Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 吴语中文 54 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 05 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who became the first leader of the united russia	[ "United Russia's predecessor was the Unity bloc, which was created three months before the December 1999 Duma elections to counter the advance of the Fatherland – All Russia (OVR) party led by Yuri Luzhkov. The creation of the party was heavily supported by Kremlin insiders, who were wary of what looked like a certain OVR victory. They did not expect Unity to have much chance of success since President Boris Yeltsin was very unpopular and Prime Minister Vladimir Putin's ratings were still minuscule. The new party attempted to mimic OVR's formula of success, placing an emphasis on competence and pragmatism. Charismatic Minister of Emergency Situations Sergei Shoigu was appointed as the party leader.[25]" ]	[ "Sergei Shoigu" ]
5446132515703113969	Cricket World Cup	Cricket World Cup - Wikipedia Cricket World Cup Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the men 's tournament . For the women 's tournament , see Women 's Cricket World Cup . For the upcoming tournament , see 2019 Cricket World Cup . For the Twenty20 tournament , see ICC World Twenty20 . ICC Cricket World Cup The World Cup Trophy Administrator International Cricket Council ( ICC ) Format One Day International First tournament 1975 ( England ) Last tournament 2015 ( Australia , New Zealand ) Next tournament 2019 ( England , Wales ) Tournament format ↓ various Number of teams 20 ( all tournaments ) 14 ( until 2015 ) 10 ( current ) Current champion Australia ( 5th title ) Most successful Australia ( 5 titles ) Most runs Sachin Tendulkar ( 2,278 ) Most wickets Glenn McGrath ( 71 ) The ICC Cricket World Cup is the international championship of One Day International ( ODI ) cricket . The event is organised by the sport 's governing body , the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) , every four years , with preliminary qualification rounds leading up to a finals tournament . The tournament is one of the world 's most viewed sporting events and is considered the `` flagship event of the international cricket calendar '' by the ICC . The first World Cup was organised in England in June 1975 , with the first ODI cricket match having been played only four years earlier . However , a separate Women 's Cricket World Cup had been held two years before the first men 's tournament , and a tournament involving multiple international teams had been held as early as 1912 , when a triangular tournament of Test matches was played between Australia , England and South Africa . The first three World Cups were held in England . From the 1987 tournament onwards , hosting has been shared between countries under an unofficial rotation system , with fourteen ICC members having hosted at least one match in the tournament . The World Cup is open to all members of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) , although the highest - ranking teams receive automatic qualification . The remaining teams are determined via the World Cricket League and the ICC World Cup Qualifier . A total of twenty teams have competed in the eleven editions of the tournament , with fourteen competing in the latest edition in 2015 ; the next edition in 2019 will have only ten teams . Australia has won the tournament five times , with the West Indies , India ( twice each ) , Pakistan and Sri Lanka ( once each ) also having won the tournament . The best performance by a non-full - member team came when Kenya made the semi-finals of the 2003 tournament . The tournament is the worlds 4th biggest sporting event behind the FIFA World Cup , Summer Olympics and the Rugby World Cup . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Before the first Cricket World Cup 1.2 Prudential World Cups ( 1975 -- 1983 ) 1.3 Different champions ( 1987 -- 1996 ) 1.4 Australian treble ( 1999 -- 2007 ) 1.5 Hosts triumph ( 2011 -- 2015 ) 2 Format 2.1 Qualification 2.2 Tournament 3 Trophy 4 Media coverage 5 Selection of hosts 6 Tournament history 7 Results 7.1 Teams ' performances 7.2 Debutant teams 7.3 Overview 8 Awards 8.1 Man of the tournament 8.2 Man of the Match in the Final 9 Tournament records 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Cricket World Cup Before the first Cricket World Cup ( edit ) The first international cricket match was played between Canada and the United States , on 24 and 25 September 1844 . However , the first credited Test match was played in 1877 between Australia and England , and the two teams competed regularly for The Ashes in subsequent years . South Africa was admitted to Test status in 1889 . Representative cricket teams were selected to tour each other , resulting in bilateral competition . Cricket was also included as an Olympic sport at the 1900 Paris Games , where Great Britain defeated France to win the gold medal . This was the only appearance of cricket at the Summer Olympics . The first multilateral competition at international level was the 1912 Triangular Tournament , a Test cricket tournament played in England between all three Test - playing nations at the time : England , Australia and South Africa . The event was not a success : the summer was exceptionally wet , making play difficult on damp uncovered pitches , and attendances were poor , attributed to a `` surfeit of cricket '' . Since then , international Test cricket has generally been organised as bilateral series : a multilateral Test tournament was not organised again until the triangular Asian Test Championship in 1999 . The number of nations playing Test cricket increased gradually over time , with the addition of West Indies in 1928 , New Zealand in 1930 , India in 1932 , and Pakistan in 1952 . However , international cricket continued to be played as bilateral Test matches over three , four or five days . In the early 1960s , English county cricket teams began playing a shortened version of cricket which only lasted for one day . Starting in 1962 with a four - team knockout competition known as the Midlands Knock - Out Cup , and continuing with the inaugural Gillette Cup in 1963 , one - day cricket grew in popularity in England . A national Sunday League was formed in 1969 . The first One - Day International match was played on the fifth day of a rain - aborted Test match between England and Australia at Melbourne in 1971 , to fill the time available and as compensation for the frustrated crowd . It was a forty over game with eight balls per over . In the late 1970s , Kerry Packer established the rival World Series Cricket ( WSC ) competition . It introduced many of the now commonplace features of One Day International cricket , including coloured uniforms , matches played at night under floodlights with a white ball and dark sight screens , and , for television broadcasts , multiple camera angles , effects microphones to capture sounds from the players on the pitch , and on - screen graphics . The first of the matches with coloured uniforms was the WSC Australians in wattle gold versus WSC West Indians in coral pink , played at VFL Park in Melbourne on 17 January 1979 . The success and popularity of the domestic one - day competitions in England and other parts of the world , as well as the early One - Day Internationals , prompted the ICC to consider organising a Cricket World Cup . Prudential World Cups ( 1975 -- 1983 ) ( edit ) The Prudential Cup trophy The inaugural Cricket World Cup was hosted in 1975 by England , the only nation able to put forward the resources to stage an event of such magnitude at the time . The 1975 tournament started on 7 June . The first three events were held in England and officially known as the Prudential Cup after the sponsors Prudential plc . The matches consisted of 60 six - ball overs per team , played during the daytime in traditional form , with the players wearing cricket whites and using red cricket balls . Eight teams participated in the first tournament : Australia , England , India , New Zealand , Pakistan , and the West Indies ( the six Test nations at the time ) , together with Sri Lanka and a composite team from East Africa . One notable omission was South Africa , who were banned from international cricket due to apartheid . The tournament was won by the West Indies , who defeated Australia by 17 runs in the final at Lord 's . The 1979 World Cup saw the introduction of the ICC Trophy competition to select non-Test playing teams for the World Cup , with Sri Lanka and Canada qualifying . The West Indies won a second consecutive World Cup tournament , defeating the hosts England by 92 runs in the final . At a meeting which followed the World Cup , the International Cricket Conference agreed to make the competition a quadrennial event . The 1983 event was hosted by England for a third consecutive time . By this stage , Sri Lanka had become a Test - playing nation , and Zimbabwe qualified through the ICC Trophy . A fielding circle was introduced , 30 yards ( 27 m ) away from the stumps . Four fieldsmen needed to be inside it at all times . The teams faced each other twice , before moving into the knock - outs . India , an outsider , quoted at 66 -- 1 to win by bookmakers before the competition began , were crowned champions after upsetting the West Indies by 43 runs in the final . Different champions ( 1987 -- 1996 ) ( edit ) India and Pakistan jointly hosted the 1987 tournament , the first time that the competition was held outside England . The games were reduced from 60 to 50 overs per innings , the current standard , because of the shorter daylight hours in the Indian subcontinent compared with England 's summer . Australia won the championship by defeating England by 7 runs in the final , the closest margin in World Cup final history . The 1992 World Cup , held in Australia and New Zealand , introduced many changes to the game , such as coloured clothing , white balls , day / night matches , and a change to the fielding restriction rules . The South African cricket team participated in the event for the first time , following the fall of the apartheid regime and the end of the international sports boycott . Pakistan overcame a dismal start in the tournament to eventually defeat England by 22 runs in the final and emerge as winners . The 1996 championship was held in the Indian subcontinent for a second time , with the inclusion of Sri Lanka as host for some of its group stage matches . In the semi-final , Sri Lanka , heading towards a crushing victory over India at Eden Gardens after the hosts lost eight wickets while scoring 120 runs in pursuit of 252 , were awarded victory by default after crowd unrest broke out in protest against the Indian performance . Sri Lanka went on to win their maiden championship by defeating Australia by seven wickets in the final at Lahore . Australian treble ( 1999 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) In 1999 the event was hosted by England , with some matches also being held in Scotland , Ireland , Wales and the Netherlands . Twelve teams contested the World Cup . Australia qualified for the semi-finals after reaching their target in their Super 6 match against South Africa off the final over of the match . They then proceeded to the final with a tied match in the semi-final also against South Africa where a mix - up between South African batsmen Lance Klusener and Allan Donald saw Donald drop his bat and stranded mid-pitch to be run out . In the final , Australia dismissed Pakistan for 132 and then reached the target in less than 20 overs and with eight wickets in hand . A crowd of over 10,000 fans welcome the Australian team on completing the first World Cup hat - trick -- Martin Place , Sydney . South Africa , Zimbabwe and Kenya hosted the 2003 World Cup . The number of teams participating in the event increased from twelve to fourteen . Kenya 's victories over Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe , among others -- and a forfeit by the New Zealand team , which refused to play in Kenya because of security concerns -- enabled Kenya to reach the semi-finals , the best result by an associate . In the final , Australia made 359 runs for the loss of two wickets , the largest ever total in a final , defeating India by 125 runs . In 2007 the tournament was hosted by the West Indies and expanded to sixteen teams . Following Pakistan 's upset loss to World Cup debutants Ireland in the group stage , Pakistani coach Bob Woolmer was found dead in his hotel room . Jamaican police had initially launched a murder investigation into Woolmer 's death but later confirmed that he died of heart failure . Australia defeated Sri Lanka in the final by 53 runs ( D / L ) in farcical light conditions , and extended their undefeated run in the World Cup to 29 matches and winning three straight championships . Hosts triumph ( 2011 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) India , Sri Lanka and Bangladesh together hosted the 2011 Cricket World Cup . Pakistan were stripped of their hosting rights following the terrorist attack on the Sri Lankan cricket team in 2009 , with the games originally scheduled for Pakistan redistributed to the other host countries . The number of teams participating in the World Cup dropped down to fourteen . Australia lost their final group stage match against Pakistan on 19 March 2011 , ending an unbeaten streak of 35 World Cup matches , which had begun on 23 May 1999 . India won their second World Cup title by beating Sri Lanka by 6 wickets in the final in Mumbai , and became the first country to win the final on home soil . MS Dhoni later became the first captain in history to win all the major ICC tournaments - World T20 in 2007 , Champions Trophy in 2013 and this edition of the World Cup . Australia and New Zealand jointly hosted the 2015 Cricket World Cup . The number of participants remained at fourteen . Ireland was the most successful Associate nation with a total of three wins in the tournament . New Zealand beat South Africa in a thrilling first semi-final to qualify for their maiden World Cup final . Australia defeated New Zealand by seven wickets in the final at Melbourne to lift the World Cup for the fifth time . Format ( edit ) Qualification ( edit ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2018 ) Main article : Cricket World Cup qualification The Test - playing nations qualify automatically for the World Cup main event while the other teams have to qualify through a series of preliminary qualifying tournaments . A new qualifying format was introduced for the 2015 Cricket World Cup . The top two teams of the 2011 -- 13 ICC World Cricket League Championship qualify directly . The remaining six teams join the third and fourth - placed teams of 2011 ICC World Cricket League Division Two and the top two teams of the 2013 ICC World Cricket League Division Three in the World Cup Qualifier to decide the remaining two places . Qualifying tournaments were introduced for the second World Cup , where two of the eight places in the finals were awarded to the leading teams in the ICC Trophy . The number of teams selected through the ICC Trophy had varied throughout the years . The World Cricket League ( administered by the International Cricket Council ) is the qualification system provided to allow the Associate and Affiliate members of the ICC more opportunities to qualify . The name `` ICC Trophy '' has been changed to `` ICC World Cup Qualifier '' . Under the current qualifying process , the World Cricket League , all Associate and Affiliate members of the ICC are able to qualify for the World Cup . Associate and Affiliate members must play between two and five stages in the ICC World Cricket League to qualify for the World Cup finals , depending on the Division in which they start the qualifying process . Process summary in chronological order ( 2011 - 2014 ) : 2011 ICC World Cricket League Division Two : 6 Teams -- Top 2 were promoted to the 2011 -- 13 ICC World Cricket League Championship . The third and fourth - placed teams qualified for the 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier . The fifth and sixth - placed teams were relegated to the Division Three for 2013 . 2011 -- 13 ICC World Cricket League Championship : 8 Teams -- Top 2 automatically qualified for the 2015 Cricket World Cup . The remaining six teams qualified for the 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier . 2013 ICC World Cricket League Division Three : 6 Teams -- Top 2 were qualified for the 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier . The fifth and sixth - placed teams were relegated to the Division Four for 2014 . 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier : 10 Teams -- Top 2 qualified for the 2015 Cricket World Cup and the 2015 -- 17 ICC World Cricket League Championship . The third and fourth - placed teams qualified for the 2015 -- 17 ICC World Cricket League Championship . The fifth , sixth , seventh , and eighth - placed teams remained in the Division Two for 2015 . The ninth and tenth - placed teams were relegated to the Division Three for 2014 Tournament ( edit ) See also : History of the Cricket World Cup & Historical formats of final tournament The captains of the 2007 Cricket World Cup . The format of the Cricket World Cup has changed greatly over the course of its history . Each of the first four tournaments was played by eight teams , divided into two groups of four . The competition consisted of two stages , a group stage and a knock - out stage . The four teams in each group played each other in the round - robin group stage , with the top two teams in each group progressing to the semi-finals . The winners of the semi-finals played against each other in the final . With South Africa returning in the fifth tournament in 1992 as a result of the end of the apartheid boycott , nine teams played each other once in the group phase , and the top four teams progressed to the semi-finals . The tournament was further expanded in 1996 , with two groups of six teams . The top four teams from each group progressed to quarter - finals and semi-finals . A distinct format was used for the 1999 and 2003 World Cups . The teams were split into two pools , with the top three teams in each pool advancing to the Super 6 . The Super 6 teams played the three other teams that advanced from the other group . As they advanced , the teams carried their points forward from previous matches against other teams advancing alongside them , giving them an incentive to perform well in the group stages . The top four teams from the Super 6 stage progressed to the semi-finals , with the winners playing in the final . The format used in the 2007 World Cup involved 16 teams allocated into four groups of four . Within each group , the teams played each other in a round - robin format . Teams earned points for wins and half - points for ties . The top two teams from each group moved forward to the Super 8 round . The Super 8 teams played the other six teams that progressed from the different groups . Teams earned points in the same way as the group stage , but carried their points forward from previous matches against the other teams who qualified from the same group to the Super 8 stage . The top four teams from the Super 8 round advanced to the semi-finals , and the winners of the semi-finals played in the final . The format used in the 2011 and 2015 World Cups featured two groups of seven teams , each playing in a round - robin format . The top four teams from each group proceeded to the knock out stage consisting of quarter - finals , semi-finals and ultimately the final . It is proposed that in 2019 World Cup , the number of teams participating will go down to 10 and all the teams will play against each other once in round robin format , before entering the semifinals . This would be similar to the one used in 1992 World Cup . Trophy ( edit ) Main article : Cricket World Cup Trophy The ICC Cricket World Cup Trophy is presented to the winners of the World Cup . The current trophy was created for the 1999 championships , and was the first permanent prize in the tournament 's history . Prior to this , different trophies were made for each World Cup . The trophy was designed and produced in London by a team of craftsmen from Garrard & Co over a period of two months . The current trophy is made from silver and gilt , and features a golden globe held up by three silver columns . The columns , shaped as stumps and bails , represent the three fundamental aspects of cricket : batting , bowling and fielding , while the globe characterises a cricket ball . The seam is tilted to symbolize the axial tilt of the Earth . It stands 60 centimetres high and weighs approximately 11 kilograms . The names of the previous winners are engraved on the base of the trophy , with space for a total of twenty inscriptions . The ICC keeps the original trophy . A replica differing only in the inscriptions is permanently awarded to the winning team . Media coverage ( edit ) Mello , the mascot of the 2007 World Cup The tournament is the world 's third largest with only the FIFA World Cup and the Summer Olympics exceeding it . The 2011 Cricket World Cup final was televised in over 200 countries to over 2.2 billion television viewers . Television rights , mainly for the 2011 and 2015 World Cup , were sold for over US $1.1 billion , and sponsorship rights were sold for a further US $500 million . The 2003 Cricket World Cup matches were attended by 626,845 people , while the 2007 Cricket World Cup sold more than 672,000 tickets . Successive World Cup tournaments have generated increasing media attention as One - Day International cricket has become more established . The 2003 World Cup in South Africa was the first to sport a mascot , Dazzler the zebra . An orange mongoose known as Mello was the mascot for the 2007 Cricket World Cup . Stumpy , a blue elephant was the mascot for the 2011 World Cup . On 13 February , the opening of the 2015 tournament was celebrated with a Google Doodle . Selection of hosts ( edit ) Civic Centre , South Africa honours the 2003 World Cup . Main article : Cricket World Cup hosts The International Cricket Council 's executive committee votes for the hosts of the tournament after examining the bids made by the nations keen to hold a Cricket World Cup . England hosted the first three competitions . The ICC decided that England should host the first tournament because it was ready to devote the resources required to organising the inaugural event . India volunteered to host the third Cricket World Cup , but most ICC members preferred England as the longer period of daylight in England in June meant that a match could be completed in one day . The 1987 Cricket World Cup was held in India and Pakistan , the first hosted outside England . Many of the tournaments have been jointly hosted by nations from the same geographical region , such as South Asia in 1987 , 1996 and 2011 , Australasia in 1992 and 2015 , Southern Africa in 2003 and West Indies in 2007 . Tournament history ( edit ) Main article : List of ICC Cricket World Cup finals Year Official Host ( s ) Final venue Result Winner Margin Runner - up Details England London West Indies 291 / 8 ( 60 overs ) West Indies won by 17 runs Scorecard Australia 274 all out ( 58.4 overs ) 1979 Details England London West Indies 286 / 9 ( 60 overs ) West Indies won by 92 runs Scorecard England 194 all out ( 51 overs ) Details England London India 183 all out ( 54.4 overs ) India won by 43 runs Scorecard West Indies 140 all out ( 52 overs ) Details India Pakistan Kolkata Australia 253 / 5 ( 50 overs ) Australia won by 7 runs Scorecard England 246 / 8 ( 50 overs ) 1992 Details Australia New Zealand Melbourne Pakistan 249 / 6 ( 50 overs ) Pakistan won by 22 runs Scorecard England 227 all out ( 49.2 overs ) Details Pakistan India Sri Lanka Lahore Sri Lanka 245 / 3 ( 46.2 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 7 wickets Scorecard Australia 241 / 7 ( 50 overs ) 1999 Details England Wales London Australia 133 / 2 ( 20.1 overs ) Australia won by 8 wickets Scorecard Pakistan 132 all out ( 39 overs ) 2003 Details South Africa Johannesburg Australia 359 / 2 ( 50 overs ) Australia won by 125 runs Scorecard India 234 all out ( 39.2 overs ) 2007 Details West Indies Bridgetown Australia 281 / 4 ( 38 overs ) Australia won by 53 runs ( D / L ) Scorecard Sri Lanka 215 / 8 ( 36 overs ) 2011 Details India Sri Lanka Bangladesh Mumbai India 277 / 4 ( 48.2 overs ) India won by 6 wickets Scorecard Sri Lanka 274 / 6 ( 50 overs ) 2015 Details Australia New Zealand Melbourne Australia 186 / 3 ( 33.1 overs ) Australia won by 7 wickets Scorecard New Zealand 183 all out ( 45 overs ) 2019 Details England Wales London 2023 Details India Mumbai Notes Jump up ^ England was the sole designated host , but matches were also played in Wales . Jump up ^ The England and Wales Cricket Board was the sole designated host , but matches were also played in Ireland , the Netherlands , and Scotland . Jump up ^ Cricket South Africa was the sole designated host , but matches were also played in Kenya and Zimbabwe . Jump up ^ Eight member countries of the West Indies Cricket Board hosted matches -- Antigua and Barbuda , Barbados , Grenada , Guyana , Jamaica , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , and Trinidad and Tobago . Results ( edit ) Twenty nations have qualified for the Cricket World Cup at least once . Seven teams have competed in every tournament , five of which have won the title . The West Indies won the first two tournaments , Australia has won five , India has won two , while Pakistan and Sri Lanka have each won once . The West Indies ( 1975 and 1979 ) and Australia ( 1999 , 2003 and 2007 ) are the only teams to have won consecutive titles . Australia has played in seven of the eleven finals ( 1975 , 1987 , 1996 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2015 ) . England has yet to win the World Cup , but has been runners - up three times ( 1979 , 1987 , 1992 ) . The best result by a non-Test playing nation is the semi-final appearance by Kenya in the 2003 tournament ; while the best result by a non-Test playing team on their debut is the Super 8 ( second round ) by Ireland in 2007 . Sri Lanka as a co-host of the 1996 Cricket World Cup was the first host to win the tournament though the final was held in Pakistan . India won in 2011 as host and was the first team to win in a final played in their own country . Australia repeated the feat in 2015 . England is the only other host to have made the final , in 1979 . Other countries which have achieved or equalled their best World Cup results while co-hosting the tournament are New Zealand as finalists in 2015 ; Zimbabwe who reached the Super Six in 2003 ; and Kenya as semi-finalists in 2003 . In 1987 , co-hosts India and Pakistan both reached the semi-finals , but were eliminated by Australia and England respectively . Australia in 1992 , England in 1999 , South Africa in 2003 , and Bangladesh in 2011 have been the host teams that were eliminated in the first round . Teams ' performances ( edit ) An overview of the teams ' performances in every World Cup : Team \ Host ( 8 ) 1979 ( 8 ) ( 8 ) ( 8 ) 1992 ( 9 ) ( 12 ) 1999 ( 12 ) 2003 ( 14 ) 2007 ( 16 ) 2011 ( 14 ) 2015 ( 14 ) 2019 ( 10 ) 2023 ( 10 ) Afghanistan GP Q Australia 2nd GP GP 1st GP 2nd 1st 1st 1st QF 1st Q Bangladesh GP GP S8 GP QF Q Bermuda GP Canada GP GP GP GP East Africa GP England SF 2nd SF 2nd 2nd QF GP GP S8 QF GP Q India GP GP 1st SF GP SF S6 2nd GP 1st SF Q Q Ireland S8 GP GP Kenya GP GP SF GP GP Namibia GP Netherlands GP GP GP GP New Zealand SF SF GP GP SF QF SF S6 SF SF 2nd Q Pakistan GP SF SF SF 1st QF 2nd GP GP SF QF Q Scotland GP GP GP South Africa SF QF SF GP SF QF SF Q Sri Lanka GP GP GP GP GP 1st GP SF 2nd 2nd QF Q United Arab Emirates GP GP West Indies 1st 1st 2nd GP GP SF GP GP S8 QF QF Q Zimbabwe GP GP GP GP S6 S6 GP GP GP † No longer exists . Before the 1992 World Cup , South Africa was banned due to apartheid . The number of wins followed by Run - rate is the criteria for determining the rankings till the 1987 World Cup . The number of points followed by , head to head performance and then net run - rate is the criteria for determining the rankings for the World Cups from 1992 onwards . Legend 1st -- Winner 2nd -- Runner up SF -- Semi-finals S6 -- Super Six ( 1999 -- 2003 ) S8 -- Super Eight ( 2007 ) QF -- Quarter - finals ( 1996 , 2011 -- 2015 ) GP -- Group -- First round Debutant teams ( edit ) Year Teams Australia , East Africa , England , India , New Zealand , Pakistan , Sri Lanka , West Indies 1979 Canada Zimbabwe none 1992 South Africa Kenya , Netherlands , United Arab Emirates 1999 Bangladesh , Scotland 2003 Namibia 2007 Bermuda , Ireland 2011 none 2015 Afghanistan 2019 none 2023 TBD † No longer exists . Overview ( edit ) The table below provides an overview of the performances of teams over past World Cups , as of the end of group stage of the 2015 tournament . Teams are sorted by best performance , then by appearances , total number of wins , total number of games , and alphabetical order respectively . Appearances Statistics Team Total First Latest Best result Mat . Won Lost Tie NR Win % * Australia 11 2015 1.1 ! Champions ( 1987 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2015 ) 84 62 20 75.30 India 11 2015 1.3 ! Champions ( 1983 , 2011 ) 75 46 27 62.83 West Indies 11 2015 1.3 ! Champions ( 1975 , 1979 ) 71 41 29 0 58.57 Pakistan 11 2015 1.5 ! Champions ( 1992 ) 71 40 29 0 57.97 Sri Lanka 11 2015 1.5 ! Champions ( 1996 ) 73 35 35 50.00 England 11 2015 2.3 ! Runners - up ( 1979 , 1987 , 1992 ) 72 41 29 58.45 New Zealand 11 2015 2.5 ! Runners - up ( 2015 ) 79 48 30 0 61.53 South Africa 7 1992 2015 3.2 ! Semi-finals ( 1992 , 1999 , 2007 , 2015 ) 55 35 18 0 65.45 Kenya 5 2011 3.5 ! Semi-finals ( 2003 ) 29 6 22 0 21.42 Zimbabwe 9 2015 5.4 ! Super 6 ( 1999 , 2003 ) 57 11 42 21.29 Bangladesh 5 1999 2015 7.4 ! Quarter - finals ( 2015 ) , Super 8 ( 2007 ) 32 11 20 0 35.48 Ireland 2007 2015 7.5 ! Super 8 ( 2007 ) 21 7 13 0 35.71 Canada 1979 2011 9.2 ! Group Stage ( 1979 , 2003 , 2007 , 2011 ) 18 16 0 0 11.11 Netherlands 2011 9.2 ! Group Stage ( 1996 , 2003 , 2007 , 2011 ) 20 18 0 0 10.00 Scotland 1999 2015 9.3 ! Group Stage ( 1999 , 2007 , 2015 ) 14 0 14 0 0 0.00 United Arab Emirates 2015 9.4 ! Group Stage ( 1996 , 2015 ) 11 10 0 0 9.09 Afghanistan 2015 2015 9.5 ! Group Stage ( 2015 ) 6 5 0 0 16.66 Bermuda 2007 2007 9.5 ! Group Stage ( 2007 ) 0 0 0 0.00 East Africa 9.5 ! Group Stage ( 1975 ) 0 0 0 0.00 Namibia 2003 2003 9.5 ! Group Stage ( 2003 ) 6 0 6 0 0 0.00 Last Updated : 29 March 2015 Source : Cricinfo The Win percentage excludes no results and counts ties as half a win . † No longer exists . Awards ( edit ) Man of the tournament ( edit ) Main article : Cricket World Cup awards Since 1992 , one player has been declared as `` Man of the Tournament '' at the end of the World Cup finals : Year Player Performance details 1992 Martin Crowe 456 runs Sanath Jayasuriya 221 runs and 7 wickets 1999 Lance Klusener 281 runs and 17 wickets 2003 Sachin Tendulkar 673 runs and 2 wickets 2007 Glenn McGrath 26 wickets 2011 Yuvraj Singh 362 runs and 15 wickets 2015 Mitchell Starc 22 wickets Man of the Match in the Final ( edit ) There were no Man of the Tournament awards before 1992 but Man of the Match awards have always been given for individual matches . Winning the Man of the Match in the final is logically noteworthy , as this indicates the player deemed to have played the biggest part in the World Cup final . To date the award has always gone to a member of the winning side . The Man of the Match award in the final of the competition has been awarded to : Year Player Performance details Clive Lloyd 102 1979 Viv Richards 138 * Mohinder Amarnath 3 / 12 and 26 David Boon 75 1992 Wasim Akram 33 and 3 / 49 Aravinda de Silva 107 * and 3 / 42 1999 Shane Warne 4 / 33 2003 Ricky Ponting 140 * 2007 Adam Gilchrist 149 2011 Mahendra Singh Dhoni 91 * 2015 James Faulkner 3 / 36 Tournament records ( edit ) Main article : List of Cricket World Cup records Sachin Tendulkar , the leading run - scorer in World Cup history . World Cup records Batting Most runs Sachin Tendulkar 2,278 ( 1992 -- 2011 ) Highest average ( min . 20 inns . ) AB de Villiers 63.52 ( 2007 -- 2015 ) Highest score Martin Guptill v West Indies 237 * ( 2015 ) Highest partnership Chris Gayle & Marlon Samuels ( 2nd wicket ) v Zimbabwe 372 ( 2015 ) Most runs in a tournament Sachin Tendulkar 673 ( 2003 ) Most hundreds Sachin Tendulkar 6 ( 1992 -- 2011 ) Bowling Most wickets Glenn McGrath 71 ( 1996 -- 2007 ) Lowest average ( min . 1000 balls bowled ) Glenn McGrath 18.19 ( 1996 -- 2007 ) Best strike rate ( min . 1000 balls bowled ) Lasith Malinga 23.8 ( 2007 -- 2015 ) Best economy rate ( min . 1000 balls bowled ) Andy Roberts 3.24 ( 1975 -- 1983 ) Best bowling figures Glenn McGrath v Namibia 7 / 15 ( 2003 ) Most wickets in a tournament Glenn McGrath 26 ( 2007 ) Fielding Most dismissals ( wicket - keeper ) Kumar Sangakkara 54 ( 2003 -- 2015 ) Most catches ( fielder ) Ricky Ponting 28 ( 1996 -- 2011 ) Team Highest score Australia v Afghanistan 417 / 6 ( 2015 ) Lowest score Canada v Sri Lanka 36 ( 2003 ) Highest win % Australia 74 % ( Played 84 , Won 62 ) Most consecutive wins Australia 27 ( 20 Jun 1999 -- 19 Mar 2011 , one N / R excluded ) Most consecutive tournament wins Australia 3 ( 1999 -- 2007 ) See also ( edit ) Cricket portal ICC Under - 19 Cricket World Cup ICC World Twenty20 ICC Champions Trophy Women 's Cricket World Cup References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ICC Cricket World Cup : About Archived 1 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine . -- International Cricket Council . 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External links ( edit ) Official ICC Cricket World Cup website Official ICC website Cricket World Cup Tournaments England 1975 England 1979 England 1983 India / Pakistan 1987 Australia / New Zealand 1992 Pakistan / India / Sri Lanka 1996 England 1999 South Africa / Zimbabwe 2003 West Indies 2007 India / Sri Lanka / Bangladesh 2011 Australia / New Zealand 2015 England 2019 India 2023 Finals 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Squads 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Statistics 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Qualification 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Awards Format History Hosts Qualification Records Centuries Five - wicket hauls Teams Trophy ICC Cricket World Cup winners 1975 : West Indies 1979 : West Indies 1983 : India 1987 : Australia 1992 : Pakistan 1996 : Sri Lanka 1999 : Australia 2003 : Australia 2007 : Australia 2011 : India 2015 : Australia ICC Cricket World Cup hosts 1975 : England 1979 : England 1983 : England 1987 : India / Pakistan 1992 : Australia / New Zealand 1996 : Pakistan / India / Sri Lanka 1999 : England / Scotland / Wales / Ireland / Netherlands 2003 : South Africa / Zimbabwe / Kenya 2007 : West Indies 2011 : India / Sri Lanka / Bangladesh 2015 : Australia / New Zealand 2019 : England / Wales 2023 : India World cup competitions List of world cups Team Association football men men 's club women women 's club Viva Athletics Australian rules football Badminton men women mixed Baseball men women Basketball men women Beach soccer Boxing Bull riding Cricket men ODI men Twenty20 women ODI women Twenty20 indoor Darts PDC WDF Field hockey men women Fencing Futsal FIFA men AMF men AMF women Golf men women Ice hockey Lacrosse women Pool ( nine - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the first one day world cup	[ "Twenty nations have qualified for the Cricket World Cup at least once. Seven teams have competed in every tournament, five of which have won the title.[9] The West Indies won the first two tournaments, Australia has won five, India has won two, while Pakistan and Sri Lanka have each won once. The West Indies (1975 and 1979) and Australia (1999, 2003 and 2007) are the only teams to have won consecutive titles.[9] Australia has played in seven of the eleven finals (1975, 1987, 1996, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2015). England has yet to win the World Cup, but has been runners-up three times (1979, 1987, 1992). The best result by a non-Test playing nation is the semi-final appearance by Kenya in the 2003 tournament; while the best result by a non-Test playing team on their debut is the Super 8 (second round) by Ireland in 2007.[9]" ]	[ "West Indies" ]
2440549663942668320	Captain Underpants	Captain Underpants - wikipedia Captain Underpants Jump to : navigation , search For the 2017 film based on the novels , see Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie . Captain Underpants Cover of the first Captain Underpants book Author Dav Pilkey Illustrator Dav Pilkey Country United States Language English Genre Children 's novel Comedy Superhero fiction Publisher Blue Sky ( US ) , Scholastic ( US ) Published September 1 , 1997 - August 25 , 2015 ( main series ) ( spin - offs from 2002 - present ) Media type Print ( hardcover and paperback ) Captain Underpants is a children 's novel series by American author and illustrator Dav Pilkey . The series revolves around two fourth graders , George Beard and Harold Hutchins , living in Piqua , Ohio , and Captain Underpants , an aptly named superhero from one of the boys ' homemade comic books , that accidentally becomes real when George and Harold hypnotize their ill - tempered principal , Mr. Krupp . Soon after , Mr. Krupp gains superpowers by drinking alien juices in the third book . The series includes 12 books and three spin - offs , and won a Disney Adventures Kids ' Choice Award on April 4 , 2006 . As of 2016 , the series had been translated into over 20 languages , with more than 70 million books sold worldwide , including over 50 million in the United States . DreamWorks Animation acquired rights to the series to make an animated feature film adaptation , which was released on June 2 , 2017 to positive reviews . After the main series concluded with the twelfth novel , Captain Underpants and the Sensational Saga of Sir Stinks - A-Lot , in 2015 , an in - universe spiritual successor , Dog Man , was released the following year . Currently it has four books . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Minor 1.3 Villains 2 Novels 2.1 Captain Underpants novels 2.2 Captain Underpants activity books 2.3 Captain Underpants spin - offs 2.4 Captain Underpants collectors ' editions 2.5 Captain Underpants collections 2.6 Captain Underpants in Full Color 3 Controversy 3.1 Book bans 3.2 Costumes 4 Hiatus 5 Film adaptation 6 Reception 7 Distribution outside the US 8 References 9 External links Characters ( edit ) ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main ( edit ) George Beard and Harold Hutchins -- Two fourth grade pranksters , who are best friends and next - door neighbors and the main protagonists of the series . They started a comic book company called `` Treehouse Comix , Inc . '' , and every so often at school they sneak to the secretary 's office to make copies of their latest comic book and sell them on the playground for 50 cents . George is 9 ⁄ years old , while Harold is 10 years old , identified in The Adventures of Super Diaper Baby book . They are the class clowns in 4th grade at Jerome Horwitz Elementary School , a school which discourages imagination and fun , located in Piqua , Ohio . It is revealed in the sixth book that their grades are rarely above C. They often get in trouble and serious events with Mr. Krupp . In Captain Underpants and the Tyrannical Retaliation of the Turbo Toilet 2000 , duplicates of themselves arrive from the future and the four friends share the same life . In Sir Stinks - A-Lot , it is revealed that they both have ADHD . In that book , they meet themselves as adults ; George is a comic book writer , has married a woman and has two children named Meena and Nik ; Harold is a comic book illustrator , and is revealed to be homosexual as he is married to a man named Billy , with whom he has adopted twin children named Kei and Owen . They met in kindergarten . The two bonded after George used his wits and tie to save Harold from a bunch of bullies . George in particular is described as very intelligent for his age , to the point where he could have skipped a grade at will , and only causes trouble at school because he finds school boring . Principal Benjamin `` Benny '' Krupp -- The overweight and cruel principal of Jerome Horwitz Elementary School and the antihero of the series ( usually when no real dangers are happening ) . Mr. Krupp has a deep hatred of children , and also tries to protect Jerome Horwitz Elementary from George and Harold 's antics . Why he is so mean to children in general is unknown . In the first book , George and Harold hypnotize him with a 3 - D Hypno - Ring , made by the Li'l Wisely Novelty Company , which in the film , it was found in a box of cereal called Frosted Sugar Doodles , but in the book , he blackmailed them into labor , for setting off a series of pranks at a school football game , and in the film , plans to place them in separate classes , knowing it would end their friendship for good , for making Melvin Sneedly 's invention do the wrong things , and he becomes the superhero Captain Underpants , with a flaw in their attempt to return him to normal resulting in Mr. Krupp turning into Captain Underpants whenever someone snaps their fingers , and reverting to Mr. Krupp whenever someone pours water on Captain Underpants . He does not know about his superhero identity , though in the ninth book it 's revealed that he does know of Captain Underpants 's existence . His first name is revealed as Benny in Captain Underpants and the Perilous Plot of Professor Poopypants . His favorite book from his childhood is revealed as How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( with the last seven pages he tore out of his book ) in Super Diaper Baby 2 : The Invasion of the Potty Snatchers . In Captain Underpants and the Terrifying Re-Turn of Tippy Tinkletrousers , his full first name is revealed to be Benjamin . Also , in Captain Underpants and the Wrath of the Wicked Wedgie Woman , he is revealed to be Jewish . Captain Underpants -- The alter ego of Mr. Krupp , when he is hypnotized to think he is `` Captain Underpants , '' a character created by George and Harold . He always wears underpants and a red cape with black polka - dots . Whenever Mr. Krupp hears the sound of fingers snapping , he turns into Captain Underpants , and he turns back into Mr. Krupp when he is soaked with water . Originally , he did not have any real superpowers ( even though he believed he did ) , so George and Harold would have to follow Mr. Krupp every time he transformed into Captain Underpants to make sure he did not get hurt . He gained his superpowers in the third book by drinking some Extra-Strength Super Power Juice found on an alien spaceship . Captain Underpants is considered to be the `` light side '' of Mr. Krupp himself , as he is nice and kind to everyone , especially children . In his Captain Underpants form , Mr. Krupp seems to know everything about Captain Underpants from George and Harold 's comic books . This may be due to the fact that he actually read all the comic books made by the two boys , which he confiscated by the hundreds over the years . During the final book : The Sensational Saga of Sir Stinks - a-lot , Mr. Meaner in a massive blob form absorbs old George and old Harold then robs Captain Underpants of his powers and absorbs them into his body . Orlando , Tony , and Dawn , the hamsterdactyls ( hamsters and pterodactyls both at once ) defeat Sir Stinks - A-Lot with Diet Coke , Pop Rocks , and Mentos , with Diet Coke and Pop Rocks combined exploding , also with Diet Coke and Mentos , so it could create a big explosion , like the destruction of planet Smart Earth , and George and Harold 's adult selves are released but Mr. Krupp loses his powers permanently and the hypnosis is undone meaning Captain Underpants no longer exists . Melvin Sneedly -- George and Harold 's nerdy nemesis . He is an annoying snitch , mechanical genius , the school brainiac , and tattletale . He was first introduced in the book Captain Underpants and the Attack of the Talking Toilets , where he invents the `` PATSY 2000 '' for the second annual Invention Convention . In book 4 , he has a silly name , Pinky Pizzabrains . He is described as `` the kid with the bowtie and the eyeglasses '' . He becomes the main villain of book 6 , Captain Underpants and the Big , Bad Battle of the Bionic Booger Boy , Part 1 : The Night of the Nasty Nostril Nuggets , after accidentally transforming himself into the Bionic Booger Boy . In Captain Underpants and the Big , Bad Battle of the Bionic Booger Boy Part 2 , Melvin switches bodies with Mr. Krupp and gains his powers , but loses them once they are given back to Captain Underpants . In Captain Underpants and the Preposterous Plight of the Purple Potty People , the alternate Melvin was not at all intelligent . In book 7 , at the end he was chased because of the trouble he caused . In book # 11 , he defeated the Turbo Toilet 2000 but after returning George , Harold and Mr. Krupp to the present , he was excited not to be a superhero anymore and let the hamsterdactyls destroy him . In book 9 on the front of newspaper it says `` Melvin spoke about George and Harold in court '' though does not appear onscreen . At the end of book 10 he appears in a Robo - Squid , which he uses to take George and Harold back to the present . And it is revealed in the latest book that Melvin uses it for time travel to save George and Harold from danger instead of being a tattletale , which he is known as . George and Harold are shown to be smarter than Melvin in saving the world from villains , quoted in book 6 . Sulu and Crackers -- George and Harold 's pets . Sulu was Melvin 's abandoned pet bionic hamster after he yelled at Sulu which offended him , but afterward was adopted by George and Harold . Crackers is their pet Quetzalcoatlus they got when they traveled back in time with Melvin Sneedly 's time machine . Sulu first appeared in The Big , Bad Battle of the Bionic Booger Boy , Part 1 . Crackers first appeared in The Big , Bad Battle of the Bionic Booger Boy , Part 2 . Sulu was briefly a villain after being hypnotized by Evil George and Evil Harold in The Preposterous Plight of the Purple Potty People . Crackers was hypnotized as well , but did not turn evil because `` he '' was a female , and as shown in Captain Underpants and the Wrath of the Wicked Wedgie Woman , hypnosis does the opposite effect for women than what the hypnotizer says ( Crackers was in an alternate universe at the time , but the hypnosis ring came from the original universe ) . Sulu and Crackers accompanied George , Harold , and Mr. Krupp on their time - traveling battles with Tippy Tinkletrousers , and after he turned giant and activated a nuclear bomb , they sent him back 13.7 billion years and were presumably blown up along with him in the explosion that caused the Big Bang ( or Big Ka - Bloosh ) that created the universe - but not before Crackers laid three eggs , which were revealed to be bred from a bionic hamster and Quetzalcoatlus . Their names were Orlando , Tony and Dawn , after the acclaimed 1970s musical trio . Tony , Orlando , and Dawn saved the world from Sir Stinks A-Lot by destroying Captain Underpants 's super powers that Mr. Meaner took . After that following scene , Mr. Krupp was never able to turn back into Captain Underpants by the snap of a finger , and the series was over . Minor ( edit ) Ms. Tara Ribble -- George and Harold 's mean 4th grade teacher , introduced in the first book as unnamed . In book 5 , she turned evil after George and Harold accidentally made her think she was `` Wedgie Woman , '' one of the characters in their comic books . Afterward , the two changed her behavior to be nicer and happier with their 3D Hypno - Ring , including making her serve freshly baked cookies to the class every day of school . Ms. Ribble 's favorite ice cream flavor is chunky tofu , as revealed in the fifth book . She also almost marries Mr. Krupp , but refuses because he has a `` silly nose '' ( Ironically , they have the same nose ) . Ms. Ribble appears in the sixth book and is still nice to her class , even playing a prank on Mr. Krupp , although she gets sick as a result of Melvin . She does n't appear in books 7 and 8 . She appeared in the 9th book at a meeting with Mr. Krupp and Mr. Fyde during the part of the book set in the past , appearing in her original state . The name Ms. Ribble is a pun on `` miserable '' while Tara Ribble is a pun on `` terrible . '' It is implied in book 11 that she reverted to her original personality sometime during her absence as she was among the other teachers who thought that they were in a dream upon seeing two Georges and Harolds . Mr. Meaner -- Mr. Meaner is Jerome Horwitz Elementary School 's gym teacher . He is depicted as being a very fat man , and with a personality similar to Mr. Krupp 's . Like him , he is very cruel to students and often yells at them . His name is a reference to the word `` misdemeanor '' . George and Harold express their dislike for him by constantly having gym teachers being attacked or killed by various monsters in their comics . Miss Edith Anthrope -- The school secretary who is often shown to be in a bad mood . Like all the other teachers at the school including Mr. Krupp , she is unkind to children . Also like most of the school 's teachers , she is overweight , although only slightly in comparison to many of the other ones , which are grossly obese . She helped set up Ms. Ribble and Mr. Krupp 's marriage . Her name is a reference to the word `` misanthrope '' while her full name is a pun on the phrase `` Eat it and throw up '' and in the seventh book she proved to be unkind as shown she hanged Mr. Krupp ( who was in Melvin 's body ) by his underwear . Mr. Morty Fyde -- Mr. Fyde is the science teacher at Jerome Horwitz Elementary School . He quit in the book Captain Underpants and the Perilous Plot of Professor Poopypants . He is not cruel like all the other grown ups in the school but rather dorky and stupid . Mr. Fyde is a pun on the word `` mystified '' and Morty Fyde is a pun on the word `` mortified '' . Mr. Fyde quit in book 4 because he thought that he was dreaming thinking that he had been eaten by a talking toilet , imagined that the school got flooded with sticky green goop , thought he saw a group of abominable snowmen chasing George and Harold down the hallway and he saw a big , fat , bald guy in his underwear fly out the window . He appeared in book 9 at a meeting and was in court to talk about George , Harold and Mr. Krupp as seen in the newspaper . Mr. Fyde , thinking he had obtained madness , `` Left Jerome Horowitz Elementary School for the greener pastures of The Piqua Valley Home for the Reality - Challenged . '' Mr. Rected -- Mr. Rected is a teacher at Jerome Horwitz Elementary School . He is the school guidance counselor . His name is a pun on the word `` misdirected '' . He appears in books 4 and 5 . He is shown pictures but speaks no lines in book 8 . Miss Fitt -- Miss Fitt is a teacher at Jerome Horwitz Elementary School . Her name is a pun on the word `` misfit '' . She appears in books 5 , 11 and 12 . Ms. Guided -- Ms. Guided is a teacher at Jerome Horwitz Elementary School . It is unknown what subject she teaches . Her name is a pun on the word `` misguided '' . She appears in book 5 , and is seen in pictures in books 4 and 8 . Miss Labler -- Miss Labler is a teacher at Jerome Horwitz Elementary School . She is the school psychologist . Her name is a pun on the word `` mislabel '' . She is mentioned in book 4 and appears in books 11 and 12 . Mr. Rustworthy -- Mr. Rustworthy is the music teacher at Jerome Horwitz Elementary School . His name is a pun on the word `` mistrustworthy '' . He appears in books 5 and 12 . Ms. Dayken -- Ms. Dayken is a teacher at Jerome Horwitz Elementary School . Her name is a pun on the word `` mistaken '' . She appears in books 5 , 11 and 12 . Ms. Zurry -- Ms. Zurry is a teacher at Jerome Horwitz Elementary School . Her name is a pun on the word `` misery '' . She appears in book 12 and is seen in pictures in books 10 and 11 . Miss Anita Calculator -- The school 's math teacher who despises George and Harold . Her name is a pun on `` miscalculator '' and her full name is a pun on a random sentence , `` I need a calculator '' . Boxer Boy and Great Granny Girdle -- Appearing in the eighth book , Boxer Boy and Great Granny Girdle are Harold 's grandfather and George 's great - grandmother . George and Harold accidentally gave them the remains of their Super Power Juice while showing them a new comic at a two - family dinner during Grandparents ' Day . The two later save George and Harold from Captain Blunderpants , and share a romantic moment ( much to George and Harold 's disgust ) before flying off . The Lunch Ladies -- The ladies do not play large roles in most of the books , but are essential to the plot of the third book . Two of the ladies ' names are given ; they are : Miss Creant and Mrs. DePoint , which are puns on `` miscreant '' and `` misses the point '' , respectively . The third lady 's name is unknown . The lunch ladies quit because they ca n't stand the awful things that George and Harold been doing to them in the same book they were in one of George and Harold 's comic books : Captain Underpants and the Night of the Living Lunch Ladies . Zorx , Klax and Jennifer then take their jobs and try to take over the world . Miss Singerbrains -- Miss Singerbrains is the librarian at Jerome Horwitz Elementary School who banned all but one of the books in the library and eventually closed down the library , that 's why many kids in the school are n't acquaintaned with the library . Her name is a pun on `` missing her brains '' . She gets fired in book 7 and , her opposite appeared in book 8 from the opposite dimension of Captain Blunderpants . Villains ( edit ) Dr. Diaper -- A mad scientist resembling a baby whose plan was to blow up the moon with the Lasermatic 2000 : all the big chunks of it would come crashing down on every major city in the world . This chaos would allow him to take over the Earth . He made a brief appearance at the end of the fourth book , where he met Professor Poopypants in jail and , along with all the other inmates , laughed at his name , much to Poopypants ' annoyance and anger . When Poopypants , now called Tippy Tinkletrousers , alters history , Dr. Diaper succeeds in blowing up the moon , but is eaten by the Talking Toilets . This was reversed when Tippy restored history to the way it was . In the British release of The Adventures of Captain Underpants , he is called Dr. Nappy . Dr. Diaper 's Evil Robots -- They were robots created by Dr. Diaper , and assigned to steal a diamond , the power source to Dr. Diaper 's Lasermatic 2000 and kidnapped Mr. Krupp ( who was hypnotized to think he was Captain Underpants ) . They were destroyed by George and Harold . The Turbo Toilet 2000 -- A giant toilet created by George and Harold , who was accidentally brought into the real world with a modified photocopier . His plan was to devour Captain Underpants and conquer the world with his army of vicious Talking Toilets , but he was defeated and flown to Uranus ; in the fourth book , in the newspaper Professor Poopypants was holding , one of the articles states that there were talking toilets found on Uranus and the Piqua Order Of Professional Space Interplanetary Explorers ( POOPSIE ) later discovered the talking toilets on Uranus yet again In Book 7 . It is also a running gag in the book series that bad guys get sent to Uranus . He came back to life and he gets defeated by two different people in two different universes . In the first universe , George , Harold , and Captain Underpants were on a big adventure traveling through time with Tippy Tinkletrousers . Melvin enjoyed this until the Turbo Toilet 2000 arrived and ruined his experiment . Angered , after Melvin yells at him to be quiet , the Turbo Toilet 2000 chases Melvin all the way over to the school , where Melvin finds one of Mr. Krupp 's recently clipped - off toenails from the day before . He gets the idea of extracting it into DNA and transferring Mr. Krupp ( Captain Underpants ) 's superpowers to himself . He ends up doing so and defeating the Turbo Toilet 2000 . In the second universe , George and Harold have created duplicates of themselves and have three of Crackers ' and Sulu 's eggs . When the Turbo Toilet 2000 arrives , The Georges and Harolds run to the asylum to try to get to Mr. Krupp , but after having been unsuccessful , the group take some cardboard boxes and outdoor grills to create talking toilet disguises . George and Harold climb in the disguises , which fools the Turbo Toilet 2000 , and manage to convince him to break down the wall of the asylum . With the snap of every finger , George then turned Mr. Krupp back into Captain Underpants , who prepared to fight against the Turbo Toilet 2000 . Captain Underpants ends up winning the fight , but after that the Turbo Toilet 2000 starts crying and his giant tears fall on his head , he turns back into Mr. Krupp once again . After being grabbed by the Turbo Toilet , Mr. Krupp decides to direct the planetary privy towards George and Harold 's treehouse , where Yesterday George and Yesterday Harold are . After making it there , the Turbo Toilet opens his mouth and swallows Mr. Krupp whole , and then proceeds to ram the base of the treehouse . In the chaos , Cracker 's eggs fall to the ground with a sonic boom and a terrible `` CRASH ! '' As Yesterday George and Yesterday Harold sift through the broken eggshell fragments , they discover that Cracker 's children are half - pterodactyl , half - hamster . The Turbo Toilet grabs Yesterday George and Harold , but the hamster - pterodactyl children save them by lifting the Turbo Toilet up , and shattering him with a deafening `` BOOM ! '' The hamsterdactyls are later called Orlando , Tony and Dawn . A variation of the Turbo Toilet 2000 appears in the movie created by Melvin , and modified by Professor Poopypants , and is at first as an electronic toilet invention in the Invention Convention . It is unknown if that Invention Convention is the first or second , or any number . George and Harold do a prank where it throws toilet paper , and Poopypants zaps it and grows it with his Sizerator 2000 , and it is filled with toxic goo . The Talking Toilets -- Ferocious sharp - fanged toilets who were minions for the Turbo Toilet 2000 . They ate all the teachers in the school , but after being fed food from the school cafeteria they vomited the unconscious - but - unharmed teachers before dying . When Tippy Tinkletrousers alters history , they take over the world and eat Dr. Diaper before they are killed presumably by the zombie nerds . History 's original events were later restored . Variations of the Toilets appear at the end of the film . Zorx , Klax and Jennifer -- Three female space aliens who had the head of a frog , the face of a snake , the tentacles of an octopus and the legless body of a slug who planned to create an army of gargantuan zombies from the school 's students and teachers to take over the world . They were later blown up in a horrific UFO explosion . In the alternate dimension , they are firemen with Professor Poopypants . When Tippy Tinkletrousers alters history , they are presumably spared from their fate as they are shown to have grown the zombie nerds to incredible size , but Tippy would later restore history to the way it was . The Dandelion of Doom -- A dandelion that drank alien rapid - growth juice , causing it to grow into a giant , evil monster . It attempted to eat Captain Underpants , forcing George and Harold to give Captain Underpants superpowers in order to escape . The dandelion was later killed by Captain Underpants . The Lunchroom Zombie Nerds of the Zombie Juice -- After being fed the lunches , zombie nerd milkshakes served by Zorx , Klax and Jennifer the students and teachers transformed into mindless , dangerous zombie nerds . The aliens intended to use rapid - growth juice to make the zombies grow to a gigantic size , allowing the aliens to use them to conquer the world . After the aliens ' defeat , George and Harold returned the zombie nerds to normal by giving them Root Beer mixed with Anti-Evil Zombie Nerd Juice . When Tippy Tinkletrousers alters history , they are shown to currently be in control of the world , grown to gigantic size . This is reversed when Tippy restores history . Professor Pippy Pee - Pee Poopypants ( Later known as Tippy Tinkletrousers ) -- A brilliant scientist who unfortunately comes from a foreign culture in which everyone has a silly name . Because of his name , he was never taken seriously by any of the American universities , so he decided to go into teaching science at the school after Mr. Fyde quit - however , he was eventually driven insane by being constantly made fun of and his plan was to give everyone on the planet a silly name . He was defeated by a giant Captain Underpants and was taken to jail . George and Harold convince him to change his name but it is still silly . He returns ( under his new name Tippy Tinkletrousers ) in the ninth book , and reappears in the tenth book , where he freezes Kipper and his friends and creates two versions of himself called Tiny Tippy and Slightly Younger Tiny Tippy , and while the others betray Tippy , him and his clones return to the eighth chapter of the tenth book for the Goosy - Grow 4000 to enlarge themselves ( a paradox against time , because if Tippy returns to book eight and froze the policemen , they never arrested George , Harold , and Mr. Krupp , therefore , that also means that what happened in book nine never happened , therefore , neither the events of chapter eight happened ) , however Tiny Tippy was enlarged ( becoming Supa Mega Tippy ) and betrays Slightly Younger Tiny Tippy and returns to the prehistoric age ( with Slightly Younger Tiny Tippy , but he did n't notice ) , so Tippy took a bomb that could extinguish all life on the planet , so Supa Mega Tippy frees Captain Underpants from the robotic arms of the Robo - Pants of Tippy and travels to the ice age ( George , Harold , Crackers , and Sulu also go with it ) , but before that he kicks Tippy so hard that he lands in Mexico with his bomb and the bomb explodes there which extinguished the dinosaurs , killing Tippy and showing that Tippy Tinkletrousers was the cause of the extinction of the dinosaurs . In the movie , Professor Poopypants is voiced by Nick Kroll and is named Professor PeePee Diareahastein Poopypants esquire . Wedgie Woman -- A villain originally created by George and Harold who was based on their teacher , Ms. Ribble . After a second mishap with the 3D Hypno - Ring the real Ms. Ribble becomes convinced that she really is Wedgie Woman - at first she has no superpowers , but after her hairstyle gets splattered with the superpower juice from the third book her hair transforms into arms and she gains super-intelligence . She is later changed back to normal by George and Harold , where she becomes nice and bakes chocolate chip cookies everyday for the class . Robo - George and The Harold 2000 -- Two giant robots built by Wedgie Woman based on George and Harold . They were totally obedient to Wedgie Woman , each had a vast arsenal of powerful weapons and gadgets and were programmed to destroy Captain Underpants once they heard him say `` Tra - la - laaa ! '' They were completely destroyed by Captain Underpants when he used The Harold 2000 's own hands against them . The Bionic Booger Boy ( Melvin Sneedly ) -- A mix of Melvin Sneedly , boogers , and a super-powered robot . He went crazy after a person named Mr. Snoddy threw tissues at him , the thing he hates the most . He grew bigger and more annoyed , and plotted to get revenge . He is later broken down by Sulu , George , Harold , and Mr. Sneedly , but in the process Melvin and Mr. Krupp switched bodies . Carl , Trixie and Frankenbooger ( The Three Robo - Boogers ) -- Boogers that planned to destroy Captain Underpants . They all came from the Bionic Booger Boy . They all share a weakness to oranges , which Captain Underpants successfully used to destroy the rampaging trio of living mucus . Carl had the Bionic Booger Boy 's legs , Trixie had the tentacles , and Frankenbooger had the arms . Whenever they eat , they become bigger and more evil . Evil George and Evil Harold -- Evil versions of George and Harold from an alternate dimension who are both intelligent and evil . They helped Captain Blunderpants and unlike the sketchy , amateurish George and Harold they are actually good authors and illustrators ( ironically the main George and Harold consider the alternative George and Harold 's work inferior ) . Additionally , they also tended to correct the spelling on signs to evil phrases ( while their counterparts often change the signs into funny words ) . They had also hypnotized Sulu and convinced him to wreak havoc on the city and grew him to an enormous size . He was later shrunk . Both were shrunk and sent back to their universe by George and Harold . Captain Blunderpants -- The opposite of Captain Underpants from an alternate dimension who plots on taking over the world and destroying Captain Underpants . Captain Blunderpants has a toupee and looks and acts more like Mr. Krupp , while the alternate Mr. Krupp is nice . He was defeated by Boxer Boy and Great - Granny Girdle . Also his transformation is opposite ; when water is splashed on him , he becomes the evil Captain Blunderpants and when someone snaps their fingers , he becomes nice Mr. Krupp . Kipper Krupp -- A sixth - grade bully and Mr. Krupp 's nephew , who would bully George , Harold and other children when they were all in kindergarten . He appears in the ninth book . After George and Harold make him think he is being haunted by a ghost , he changes his ways . When Tippy Tinkletrousers alters history by traveling to this scene with a robot resembling the ghost , Kipper and his friends go insane and are sent to Piqua Valley Home for the Reality Challenged . Mr. Krupp is blamed and is fired , resulting in the destruction of Earth , but all this is reversed when Tippy of the future goes back in time and freezes them so they never see the Robo - Pants and lose their minds , restoring history . The Bullies ( Finkstein , Bugg , and Loogie ) -- They are Kipper 's friends and also bully George and Harold . They appear in the ninth book . George and Harold get revenge on the bullies and their boss by tricking them into thinking a ghost is coming to curse them , immediately changing their ways . When Tippy Tinkletrousers alters the timeline , Kipper and his friends run into him as they are leaving school , and are scared so badly , they reach the point of insanity and are taken to a mental hospital . This is reversed when Tippy goes back to the night when the bullies encounter him . He freezes the boys , so they do n't see the Robo - Pants and the flow of events is restored . Tiny Tippy ( later known as Supa Mega Tippy ) -- When Tippy Tinkletrousers traveled back in time , he shrank himself from the past , nicknaming him `` Tiny Tippy '' . Tippy tucked him in his shirt pocket , keeping him for a while without anything to see . When Mr. Krupp and George , Harold , Sulu , and Crackers escaped back in time , Tippy gave Tiny Tippy the task of spying for five to ten minutes before they escaped . Then , when Tiny Tippy encounters Tippy again , he explains that he was ten minutes older than the Tiny Tippy in his pocket , and that the five escaped to the Mesozoic era . When the three Tippys went back in time , Tippy was rather mean with his two tiny twins , saying : `` This is a job for a MAN , not two little twerps like you ! '' . Tiny Tippy and his ten - minute younger self traveled back to the time when they were fighting Captain Underpants and he removed the top half of the Robo - Suit , with intent to take the Goosy - Grow 4000 and enlarge themselves and get back at their huge identical . Slightly Younger Tiny Tippy zaps Tiny Tippy two times , making him grow sixty feet . Supa Mega Tippy betrays his younger twin , saying : `` This is a job for a MAN , not a little twerp like you ! '' . Supa Mega Tippy then went to the past to kill his twin from the future . Supa Mega Tippy escapes from the huge waves , along with the five . Supa Mega Tippy had traveled to the time of the cavemen , and the five use this as a way to escape . The cavemen later stand up to Supa Mega Tippy , defeating him . Supa Mega Tippy 's intent to freeze the cavemen resulted in freezing himself and creating the Ice age for some strange reason . Slightly Younger Tiny Tippy -- When Tippy sent Tiny Tippy to the past , he caused another Tippy to exist . Tippy was really rude with him and his older self , and he and Tiny Tippy devise a plan to get back at Tippy . However , Supa Mega Tippy betrays him , and to get back at him , Slightly Younger Tiny Tippy rigged the Robo - Pants system . This is what caused the Ice Age . Slightly Younger Tiny Tippy then tried to enlarge himself , but stopped at 120 feet when the Goosy - Grow fell and expanded the ice , creating the Ice Age . Slightly Younger Tiny Tippy took the five thirty years in the future , but Captain Underpants and his older self defeated him . His intents to blow up the galaxy was ruined when Crackers and Sulu took him and his bomb 13 billion years ago , killing him , Crackers , and Sulu . This also created the universe as The Big Ka - Bloosh ! Theory . Thirty - Nine - & - Three - Quarters - Year - Old George Beard & Forty - Year - Old Harold Hutchins -- Adult versions of George and Harold , who are teachers at the future Jerome Horowitz Elementary School . They are good friends of Mr. Krupp and like him , enjoy terrorizing the children at the school . They are shown in a future where George and Harold vowed to be serious for the rest of their lives . Upon seeing this future , the present - day George and Harold vowed to undo their previous vow , removing their future selves from history . Sir Stinks A Lot -- Mr. Meaner later becomes the alter - ego of Sir - Stinks - A-Lot , an evil hypnotist , in the twelfth book , Captain Underpants and the Sensational Saga of Sir Stinks - A-Lot . He invented Rid - O - Kid 2000 , a spray that allows children to be well - behaved and follow the instructions of adults . He first sprayed it on Yesterday George and Harold . Once George and Harold heard about this , they told all the children who had been sprayed , to mess up the teachers . Sir Stinks - A-Lot found out and went looking for the people who could have done this . He blamed Old George and Harold for this . Once Mr. Krupp turned into Captain Underpants he got defeated but turned into a blob of white goop who then destroyed Mr. Krupp 's trance of Captain Underpants `` a paradox because that way Old Captain Underpants ' mentioned in the tenth book ' never could have existed '' and gobbled up George and Harold . Tony , Orlando and Dawn heard the call and destroyed the goop but keeping George , Harold , Mr Meaner and themselves safe . Novels ( edit ) The main series of novels has developed a pattern of alliteration from the second book on -- with the exception of the third book , whose `` annoyingly long '' title becomes a running joke in future books . Novels 6 -- 12 in the main series form one unbroken story , in which the ending of each of such novel except the last is a cliffhanger , and the next novel in sequence immediately picks up where the last one left off . Captain Underpants novels ( edit ) The Adventures of Captain Underpants ( 1997 ) Captain Underpants and the Attack of the Talking Toilets ( 1999 ) Captain Underpants and the Invasion of the Incredibly Naughty Cafeteria Ladies from Outer Space ( and the Subsequent Assault of the Equally Evil Lunchroom Zombie Nerds ) ( 1999 ) Captain Underpants and the Perilous Plot of Professor Poopypants ( 2000 ) Captain Underpants and the Wrath of the Wicked Wedgie Woman ( 2001 ) Captain Underpants and the Big , Bad Battle of the Bionic Booger Boy , Part 1 : The Night of the Nasty Nostril Nuggets ( 2003 ) Captain Underpants and the Big , Bad Battle of the Bionic Booger Boy , Part 2 : The Revenge of the Ridiculous Robo - Boogers ( 2003 ) Captain Underpants and the Preposterous Plight of the Purple Potty People ( 2006 ) Captain Underpants and the Terrifying Re-Turn of Tippy Tinkletrousers ( 2012 ) Captain Underpants and the Revolting Revenge of the Radioactive Robo - Boxers ( 2013 ) Captain Underpants and the Tyrannical Retaliation of the Turbo Toilet 2000 ( 2014 ) Captain Underpants and the Sensational Saga of Sir Stinks - A-Lot ( 2015 ) Captain Underpants activity books ( edit ) The Captain Underpants Extra-Crunchy Book o ' Fun ( 2001 ) The All - New Captain Underpants Extra-Crunchy Book o ' Fun 2 ( 2002 ) The Captain Underpants Super Silly Sticker Studio ( 2005 ) The Captain Underpants Cartoon - O-Rama Book # 1 : Heroes , Villains and Supercreeps ( TBA ) Captain Underpants spin - offs ( edit ) The Adventures of Super Diaper Baby ( 2002 ) The Adventures of Ook and Gluk : Kung - Fu Cavemen from the Future ( 2010 ) The Adventures of Ook and Gluk Jr : Kung - Fu Cavekids in Outer Space ( TBA ) Super Diaper Baby 2 : The Invasion of the Potty Snatchers ( 2011 ) Dog Man ( 2016 ) ( In full color ) Dog Man Unleashed ( 2017 ) ( In full color ) Dog Man : A Tale of Two Kitties ' ' ( 2017 ) ( In full color ) Dog Man and Cat Kid ( 2018 ) ( In full color ) FrankenFart vs. The Bionic Barf Bunnies from Diarrhea Land ( TBA ) Captain Underpants collectors ' editions ( edit ) The Adventures of Captain Underpants : Collectors ' Edition ( 2005 ) Captain Underpants and the Attack of the Talking Toilets : Collectors ' Edition ( 2007 ) Captain Underpants and the Invasion of the Incredibly Naughty Cafeteria Ladies from Outer Space ( and the Subsequent Assault of the Equally Evil Lunchroom Zombie Nerds ) : Collectors ' Edition ( 2008 ) Captain Underpants collections ( edit ) The Tra - La - La Riffic Captain Underpants Collection / The First Captain Underpants Collection ( Books 1 -- 4 ; 1997 -- 2000 ) The Second Captain Underpants Collection / The Tra - La - Larious Captain Underpants ( Books 5 -- 7 & Super Diaper Baby ; 2001 -- 2003 ) Captain Underpants : Three Pantastic Novels in One ( Books 1 -- 3 ; 1997 -- 99 ) The New Captain Underpants Collection ( Books 1 -- 5 ; 1997 -- 2001 ) The Tra - La - La Tramendous Captain Underpants Collection ( Books 5 -- 8 ; 2001 -- 2006 ) The Complete Captain Underpants Collection ( Books 1 -- 8 ; 1997 -- 2006 ) The Captain Underpants Collectors ' Edition Collection ( Books 1 -- 3 + 3 CD - Roms ; 1997 -- 1999 , 2005 -- 2008 ) Captain Underpants in Full Color ( edit ) The Adventures of Captain Underpants ( 2013 ) Captain Underpants and the Attack of the Talking Toilets ( 2014 ) Captain Underpants and the Invasion of the Incredibly Naughty Cafeteria Ladies from Outer Space ( and the Subsequent Assault of the Equally Evil Lunchroom Zombie Nerds ) ( 2014 ) Captain Underpants and the Perilous Plot of Professor Poopypants ( 2015 ) Captain Underpants and the Wrath of the Wicked Wedgie Woman ( 2017 ) Controversy ( edit ) Book Bans ( edit ) The Captain Underpants books were reported by the American Library Association to be the most frequently challenged books in the year 2012 . Dav Pilkey also mentioned this in his website . According to the American Library Association , Pilkey 's Captain Underpants series was explicitly banned in some schools for insensitivity and being unsuited to age group , as well as encouraging children to disobey authority . The American Library Association stated in a release by the National Coalition Against Censorship that `` This year 's # 1 banned book , Captain Underpants ... is the gift that keeps on giving . Why ? Because these popular , silly books are read by parents , with their children , all over the country . The toilet humor makes parents roll their eyes and kids giggle . The absurdity of banning books in order to attack perceived moral problems is exemplified by this year 's winner . '' In October 2015 , the 12th book received controversy due to a reference to Harold being gay . Some elementary schools have banned the book for this reason . Costumes ( edit ) In 2006 , Captain Underpants Halloween costumes created controversy at Long Beach High School in Long Island , New York . Three female students dressed up as Captain Underpants causing the principal , Nicholas Restivo , to enact a costume ban for all students . The three girls put on beige leotards and nude stockings under white briefs and red capes . According to Principal Restivo , `` the appearance was that they were naked . '' Hiatus ( edit ) Although the first few books came out on a regular basis , the ninth book , Captain Underpants and the Terrifying Return of Tippy Tinkletrousers ( advertised in a teaser at the end of the eighth book ) , was n't released until 2012 , after a six - year wait . During this time , Dav Pilkey was caring for his terminally ill father , who died in 2008 . In 2009 , he signed a deal with Scholastic for four new books , the first of which was The Adventures of Ook and Gluk : Kung - Fu Cavemen from the Future , released August 10 , 2010 . The second was Super Diaper Baby 2 : The Invasion of the Potty Snatchers , released June 28 , 2011 . The third book , Captain Underpants and the Terrifying Return of Tippy Tinkletrousers , was released August 28 , 2012 . The fourth book , Captain Underpants and the Revolting Revenge of the Radioactive Robo - Boxers , was released January 16 , 2013 . Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie On October 20 , 2011 , it was reported that DreamWorks Animation had acquired rights to make an animated feature film based on the Captain Underpants series . On October 25 , 2013 , it was reported that Rob Letterman would direct the film , while Nicholas Stoller would write the script . It would have been the second film to have Letterman and Stoller working together , the first being Gulliver 's Travels . On January 21 , 2014 , the cast was announced , with Ed Helms joining as Mr. Krupp / Captain Underpants ; Kevin Hart as George Beard ; Thomas Middleditch as Harold Hutchins ; Nick Kroll as the insidious villain , Professor Poopypants ; and Jordan Peele as Melvin , the nerdy nemesis of George and Harold . On June 12 , 2014 , the film was scheduled for release on January 13 , 2017 . Following DreamWorks Animation 's reorganization in early 2015 , the studio announced that the film will be produced outside of the studio 's pipeline at a significantly lower cost . It will be instead animated at Mikros Image in Montreal , Canada , and it will look differently than most of DWA 's films . A month later , Deadline reported that Letterman had left the project , and that David Soren , the director of Turbo , was in talks to direct the film , but Letterman returned to the project and serves as an executive producer with Dav Pilkey . The film was expected to be released on March 10 , 2017 , but in September 2015 , DreamWorks Animation 's The Boss Baby took over its date . The film was released on June 2 , 2017 . It has received positive reviews and has grossed over $94 million . Reception ( edit ) Censors in the United States have been targeting the Captain Underpants series after the first book was released in 1997 . The Office of Intellectual Freedom of the American Library Association reported that Captain Underpants is the book series with the most complaints from libraries due to offensive content in the United States in 2012 and 2013 . Several parents accused the book of having language inappropriate for the book 's target audience , children enrolled in elementary schools . Jessica Roake , in an article published in Slate , argued that the books are well suited for young readers . She wrote that `` They 're drawn to them because for the first time in their reading lives they are understood , entertained , and catered to all at once . It is theirs , not ours , and that feeling of exclusive ownership forges the kind of connection everyone should have with at least one book in their life . For that , most every English teacher of my acquaintance will be more than happy to take the shot to the ego the Captain provides . '' Distribution outside the us ( edit ) Canada , Argentina , Mexico , UK , Ireland , Hong Kong , India , Australia , New Zealand : Scholastic Catalan : Editorial Cruilla , a division of Ediciones SM , Barcelona China : Nanhai Publishing Company Hong Kong : Thinkingdom / New Buds Taiwan : Commonwealth Czech : Egmont Denmark : Forlaget Sesam , a division of Egmont Finland : Tammi France : Le Petit Musc , a division of Playbac , Paris German : Ueberreuter , Vienna Greek : Modern Times Iceland : JPV Forlag Indonesia : Gramedia Israel : Kineret Italy : Piemme ( Captain Underpants ) , Salani ( Super Diaper Baby ) Japan : Tokuma Shoten Ryō Kisaka ( 木坂涼 , Kisaka Ryō ) is the Japanese translator of the book series . Korea : Gimm - Young Publishers , Inc . Norway : Schibsted Forlag ( 1st to 8th book ) , Vigmostad & Bjørke ( from 9th book ) Poland : Egmont , Jaguar Portugal : Gradiva Romania : Editura National Russia : Machiny Tvoreniya Publishing ( title : Капитан Подштанник `` Kapitan Podshtannik '' ) Slovene : Zalozba Mladinska Knjiga Spain : Ediciones SM , Madrid Sweden : Egmont Richters Thai : Pearl Publishing Turkey : A.I. Iletisim / Altin Kitaplar United Kingdom : Scholastic , TedSmart References ( edit ) Superhero fiction portal Children 's literature portal Literature portal Books portal United States portal ^ Jump up to : `` Captain Underpants Saves The Day By Recruiting Top Comedy Talent To Voice New DreamWorks Animation Film '' . PR Newswire . January 21 , 2014 . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` Rob Letterman to Direct ' Captain Underpants ' for DWA ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee Yandoli , Krystie ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Here 's A Look Inside The New `` Captain Underpants '' Spin - Off Story `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Book in Popular ' Captain Underpants ' Series Has Gay Surprise for Readers '' . Frontiers Media . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Captain Underpants ' author goes digital '' . Yahoo !. January 12 , 2012 . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Underpants and the Revolting Revenge of the Radioactive Robo - Boxers '' . Amazon . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scholastic To Publish Two New Captain Underpants Books By Worldwide Bestselling Author Dav Pilkey , Plus Newly Re-Illustrated Editions Of Pilkey 's Ricky Ricotta Series , With All New Full - Color Art By Bestselling Artist Dan Santat '' . PR Newswire . October 8 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Underpants and the Invasion of the Incredibly Naughty Cafeteria Ladies From Outer Space : Color Edition '' . Barnes & Noble . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Underpants and the Perilous Plot of Professor Poopypants : Color Edition '' . Amazon . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently challenged books of the 21st century '' . American Library Association . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Top ten most frequently challenged books of 2002 '' . American Library Association . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently challenged books of the 21st century '' . American Library Association . Jump up ^ `` STATE OF CENSORSHIP : UNABRIDGED CONTRIBUTIONS FROM OUR PARTICIPANTS '' . National Coalition Against Censorship . Jump up ^ `` Elementary parents notified of gay character in children 's book '' . Monica Scott . Jump up ^ Schaub , Michael ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Captain Underpants ' banned from school book fair over gay character '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` N.Y. School Bans Halloween Costumes '' . NPR. 2007 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Italie , Hillel ( 2010 - 03 - 18 ) . `` ' Captain Underpants ' Is Back : Author Dav Pilkey Signs On For Four More Books '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` What 's Up with the Next Book , Bub '' . Dav Pilkey official site . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2011 . Retrieved February 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( October 19 , 2011 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Wins Auction For ' Captain Underpants ' Feature Film Rights '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks Animation Release Dates Include Madagascar 4 '' . Collider.com. 2013 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Restructuring To Cut 500 Jobs With $290 M Charge '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Jeffrey Katzenberg on DWA 's Cutbacks : ' 3 Films a Year Was Too Ambitious '' . Variety . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . `` Trolls , '' set for a 2016 release , will be the first film to be made with the $120 million budget . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr. , Mike ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Rob Letterman Doffs ' Captain Underpants ' ; ' Turbo 's David Soren Being Fitted For DWA Pic '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Jennifer ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` Rob Letterman Helming Legendary 's ' Detective Pikachu ' Pokémon Movie '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( September 18 , 2015 ) . `` Hugh Jackman 's ' Greatest Showman on Earth ' Pushed a Year to Christmas 2017 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Theatrical Movie Schedule Changes and Additions '' . Box Office Mojo . March 27 , 2016 . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( December 24 , 2016 ) . `` Captain Underpants leaps to the big screen in exclusive first look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Roake , Jessica . `` One Nation , Underpants . '' ( also `` Dav Pilkey 's Captain Underpants books : Why kids love them , and parents should make peace with them. : '' ) Slate . September 7 , 2012 . Retrieved on October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently challenged books of the 21st century . '' American Library Association . Retrieved on October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Engel , Pamela . `` Why ' Captain Underpants ' Is The Most Banned Book In America . '' Business Insider . September 26 , 2013 . Retrieved on October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 木坂涼さんのまき Archived July 22 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' ( Archive ) Tokuma Shoten . Retrieved on December 5 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) `` Captain Underpants official site '' `` Captain Underpants on Dav Pilkey 's official site '' ( hide ) The Captain Underpants series by Dav Pilkey Novels The Adventures of Captain Underpants ( 1997 ) Attack of the Talking Toilets ( 1999 ) Invasion of the Incredibly Naughty Cafeteria Ladies from Outer Space ( 1999 ) Perilous Plot of Professor Poopypants ( 2000 ) Wrath of the Wicked Wedgie Woman ( 2001 ) Big , Bad Battle of the Bionic Booger Boy ( Parts 1 & 2 ) ( 2003 ) Preposterous Plight of the Purple Potty People ( 2006 ) Terrifying Return of Tippy Tinkletrousers ( 2012 ) Revolting Revenge of the Radioactive Robo - Boxers ( 2013 ) Tyrannical Retaliation of the Turbo Toilet 2000 ( 2014 ) Sensational Saga of Sir Stinks - A-Lot ( 2015 ) Spin - offs Super Diaper Baby The Adventures of Super Diaper Baby ( 2002 ) Super Diaper Baby 2 : The Invasion of the Potty Snatchers ( 2011 ) Ook and Gluk The Adventures of Ook and Gluk : Kung - Fu Cavemen from the Future ( 2010 ) Film Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captain_Underpants&oldid=803707596 '' Categories : Captain Underpants Works by Dav Pilkey Series of children 's books Novels set in Ohio Novel series Hypnosis in fiction American LGBT novels Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles that may contain original research from September 2015 All articles that may contain original research Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from February 2017 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Simple English Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 03 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the captain underpants books come out	[ "September 1, 1997 - August 25, 2015 (main series)" ]	[ "September 1, 1997" ]
7402860442230461302	Light-year	Light - year - wikipedia Light - year For other uses , see Light year ( disambiguation ) . Light - year Map showing the stars that lie within 12.5 light - years of the Sun Unit information Unit system astronomy units Unit of length Symbol ly Unit conversions 1 ly in ... ... is equal to ... metric ( SI ) units 7015946070000000000 ♠ 9.4607 × 10 m 7015946070000000000 ♠ 9.4607 Pm imperial & US units 7015946068963840000 ♠ 5.8786 × 10 mi astronomical units 7015946071894093870 ♠ 63 241 au 7015946068746477840 ♠ 0.3066 pc The light - year is a unit of length used to express astronomical distances and measures about 9.5 trillion kilometres or 5.9 trillion miles . As defined by the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) , a light - year is the distance that light travels in vacuum in one Julian year ( 365.25 days ) . Because it includes the word `` year '' , the term light - year is sometimes misinterpreted as a unit of time , as a year is a unit of time equivalent to approximately 365 days . The light - year is most often used when expressing distances to stars and other distances on a galactic scale , especially in nonspecialist and popular science publications . The unit most commonly used in professional astrometry is the parsec ( symbol : pc , about 3.26 light - years ; the distance at which one astronomical unit subtends an angle of one second of arc ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions 2 History 3 Usage of term 4 Related units 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Definitions ( edit ) As defined by the IAU , the light - year is the product of the Julian year ( 365.25 days as opposed to the 365.2425 - day Gregorian year ) and the speed of light ( 7008299792458000000 ♠ 299 792 458 m / s ) . Both these values are included in the IAU ( 1976 ) System of Astronomical Constants , used since 1984 . From this , the following conversions can be derived . The IAU recognized abbreviation for light - year is ly , although other standards like ISO 80000 use `` l.y. '' and localized symbols are frequent , such as `` al '' in French ( from année - lumière ) and Spanish ( from año luz ) , `` Lj '' in German ( from Lichtjahr ) , etc . 1 light - year = 7015946073047258080 ♠ 9460730472580800 metres ( exactly ) ≈ 7000946100000000000 ♠ 9.461 petametres ≈ 7000946100000000000 ♠ 9.461 trillion kilometres ≈ 7000587862500000000 ♠ 5.878 625 trillion miles ≈ 7004632410770000000 ♠ 63 241. 077 astronomical units ≈ 6999306601000000000 ♠ 0.306 601 parsecs Before 1984 , the tropical year ( not the Julian year ) and a measured ( not defined ) speed of light were included in the IAU ( 1964 ) System of Astronomical Constants , used from 1968 to 1983 . The product of Simon Newcomb 's J1900. 0 mean tropical year of 7007315569259747000 ♠ 31 556 925. 9747 ephemeris seconds and a speed of light of 7008299792500000000 ♠ 299 792. 5 km / s produced a light - year of 7015946053000000000 ♠ 9.460 530 × 10 m ( rounded to the seven significant digits in the speed of light ) found in several modern sources was probably derived from an old source such as C.W. Allen 's 1973 Astrophysical Quantities reference work , which was updated in 2000 , including the IAU ( 1976 ) value cited above ( truncated to 10 significant digits ) . Other high - precision values are not derived from a coherent IAU system . A value of 7015946053620700000 ♠ 9.460 536 207 × 10 m found in some modern sources is the product of a mean Gregorian year ( 365.2425 days or 7007315569520000000 ♠ 31 556 952 s ) and the defined speed of light ( 7008299792458000000 ♠ 299 792 458 m / s ) . Another value , 7015946052840500000 ♠ 9.460 528 405 × 10 m , is the product of the J1900. 0 mean tropical year and the defined speed of light . Abbreviations used for light years and multiples of light years are `` ly '' for one light year `` kly '' for a kilolight - year ( 1,000 light years ) `` Mly '' for a megalight - year ( 1,000,000 light years ) `` Gly '' for a gigalight - year ( 1,000,000,000 light years ) History ( edit ) The light - year unit appeared a few years after the first successful measurement of the distance to a star other than the Sun , by Friedrich Bessel in 1838 . The star was 61 Cygni , and he used a 6.2 - inch ( 160 mm ) heliometer designed by Joseph von Fraunhofer . The largest unit for expressing distances across space at that time was the astronomical unit , equal to the radius of the Earth 's orbit ( 7011150000000000000 ♠ 1.50 × 10 km or 7011149668992000000 ♠ 9.30 × 10 mi ) . In those terms , trigonometric calculations based on 61 Cygni 's parallax of 0.314 arcseconds , showed the distance to the star to be 7005660000000000000 ♠ 660 000 astronomical units ( 7016990000000000000 ♠ 9.9 × 10 km or 7016981699840000000 ♠ 6.1 × 10 mi ) . Bessel added that light employs 10.3 years to traverse this distance . He recognized that his readers would enjoy the mental picture of the approximate transit time for light , but he refrained from using the light - year as a unit . He may have resented expressing distances in light - years because it would deteriorate the accuracy of his parallax data due to multiplying with the uncertain parameter of the speed of light . The speed of light was not yet precisely known in 1838 ; its value changed in 1849 ( Fizeau ) and 1862 ( Foucault ) . It was not yet considered to be a fundamental constant of nature , and the propagation of light through the aether or space was still enigmatic . The light - year unit appeared , however , in 1851 in a German popular astronomical article by Otto Ule . The paradox of a distance unit name ending on `` year '' ' was explained by Ule by comparing it to a hiking road hour ( Wegstunde ) . A contemporary German popular astronomical book also noticed that light - year is an odd name . In 1868 an English journal labelled the light - year as a unit used by the Germans . Eddington called the light - year an inconvenient and irrelevant unit , which had sometimes crept from popular use into technical investigations . Although modern astronomers often prefer to use the parsec , light years are also popularly used to gauge the expanses of interstellar and intergalactic space . Usage of term ( edit ) Distances expressed in light - years include those between stars in the same general area , such as those belonging to the same spiral arm or globular cluster . Galaxies themselves span from a few thousand to a few hundred thousand light - years in diameter , and are separated from neighbouring galaxies and galaxy clusters by millions of light - years . Distances to objects such as quasars and the Sloan Great Wall run up into the billions of light - years . List of orders of magnitude for length Scale ( ly ) Value Item 10 7008382213511092264 ♠ 40.4 × 10 ly Reflected sunlight from the Moon 's surface takes 1.2 -- 1.3 seconds to travel the distance to the Earth 's surface ( travelling roughly 7005350000000000000 ♠ 350 000 to 7005400000000000000 ♠ 400 000 kilometres ) . 10 7011149479541466776 ♠ 15.8 × 10 ly One astronomical unit ( the distance from the Sun to the Earth ) . It takes approximately 499 seconds ( 8.32 minutes ) for light to travel this distance . 7012120151277001776 ♠ 127 × 10 ly The Huygens probe lands on Titan off Saturn and transmits images from its surface , 1.2 billion kilometres from Earth . 7012476820815818072 ♠ 504 × 10 ly New Horizons encounters Pluto at a distance 4.7 billion kilometres , and the communication takes 4 hours 25 minutes to reach Earth . 10 7013192998901640648 ♠ 2.04 × 10 ly The most distant space probe , Voyager 1 , was about 18 light - hours away from the Earth as of October 2014 . It will take about 7004175000000000000 ♠ 17 500 years to reach one light - year ( 7015946073047258080 ♠ 1.0 × 10 ly ) at its current speed of about 17 km / s ( 7004169875200000000 ♠ 38 000 mph ) relative to the Sun . On September 12 , 2013 , NASA scientists announced that Voyager 1 had entered the interstellar medium of space on August 25 , 2012 , becoming the first manmade object to leave the Solar System . 10 7016151371687561292 ♠ 1.6 × 10 ly The Oort cloud is approximately two light - years in diameter . Its inner boundary is speculated to be at 7015747989353500000 ♠ 50 000 au , with its outer edge at 7016149597870700000 ♠ 100 000 au . 7016189214609451616 ♠ 2.0 × 10 ly Maximum extent of the Sun 's gravitational dominance ( Hill sphere / Roche sphere , 7016186997338375000 ♠ 125 000 au ) . Beyond this is the deep ex-solar gravitational interstellar medium . 7016399242825942909 ♠ 4.22 × 10 ly The nearest known star ( other than the Sun ) , Proxima Centauri , is about 4.22 light - years away . 7016813622820641948 ♠ 8.60 × 10 ly Sirius , the brightest star of the night sky . Twice as massive and 25 times more luminous than the Sun , it outshines more luminous stars due to its relative proximity . 7017112582692623711 ♠ 11.90 × 10 ly HD 10700 e , an extrasolar candidate for a habitable planet . 6.6 times as massive as the earth , it is in the middle of the habitable zone of star Tau Ceti . 7017193944974687906 ♠ 20.5 × 10 ly Gliese 581 , a red - dwarf star with several detectable exoplanets . 7018293282644650004 ♠ 310 × 10 ly Canopus , second in brightness in the terrestrial sky only to Sirius , a type A9 bright giant 7004107000000000000 ♠ 10 700 times more luminous than the Sun . 10 7019283821914177424 ♠ 3 × 10 ly A0620 - 00 , the nearest known black hole , is about 7003300000000000000 ♠ 3000 light - years away . 7020245978992287100 ♠ 26 × 10 ly The centre of the Milky Way is about 7004260000000000000 ♠ 26 000 light - years away . 7020946073047258079 ♠ 100 × 10 ly The Milky Way is about 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100 000 light - years across . 7021156102052797583 ♠ 165 × 10 ly R136a1 , in the Large Magellanic Cloud , the most luminous star known at 8.7 million times the luminosity of the Sun , has an apparent magnitude 12.77 , just brighter than 3C 273 . 10 7022236518261814520 ♠ 2.5 × 10 ly The Andromeda Galaxy is approximately 2.5 million light - years away . 7022283821914177424 ♠ 3 × 10 ly The Triangulum Galaxy ( M33 ) , at about 3 million light - years away , is the most distant object visible to the naked eye . 7023558183097882267 ♠ 59 × 10 ly The nearest large galaxy cluster , the Virgo Cluster , is about 59 million light - years away . 7008150000000000000 ♠ 150 × 10 -- 7024236518261814520 ♠ 250 × 10 ly The Great Attractor lies at a distance of somewhere between 150 and 250 million light - years ( the latter being the most recent estimate ) . 10 7025113528765670969 ♠ 1.2 × 10 ly The Sloan Great Wall ( not to be confused with Great Wall and Her -- CrB GW ) has been measured to be approximately one billion light - years distant . 7025227057531341939 ♠ 2.4 × 10 ly 3C 273 , optically the brightest quasar , of apparent magnitude 12.9 , just dimmer than R136a1 . 3C 273 is about 2.4 billion light - years away . 7026432355382596942 ♠ 45.7 × 10 ly The comoving distance from the Earth to the edge of the visible universe is about 45.7 billion light - years in any direction ; this is the comoving radius of the observable universe . This is larger than the age of the universe dictated by the cosmic background radiation ; see here for why this is possible . Related units ( edit ) Distances between objects within a star system tend to be small fractions of a light year , and are usually expressed in astronomical units . However , smaller units of length can similarly be formed usefully by multiplying units of time by the speed of light . For example , the light - second , useful in astronomy , telecommunications and relativistic physics , is exactly 7008299792458000000 ♠ 299 792 458 metres or ⁄ of a light - year . Units such as the light - minute , light - hour and light - day are sometimes used in popular science publications . The light - month , roughly one - twelfth of a light - year , is also used occasionally for approximate measures . The Hayden Planetarium specifies the light month more precisely as 30 days of light travel time . Light travels approximately one foot in a nanosecond ; the term `` light - foot '' is sometimes used as an informal measure of time . See also ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Light - year '' dated 27 June 2005 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Look up light - year in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . 1 petametre ( examples of distances on the order of one light - year ) Einstein protocol Hubble length Orders of magnitude ( length ) Speed of light Distance measures ( cosmology ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ One trillion here is taken to be 10 ( one million million , or billion in long scale ) . Jump up ^ One Julian year is of exactly 365.25 days ( or 7007315576000000000 ♠ 31 557 600 s based on a day of exactly 7004864000000000000 ♠ 86 400 SI seconds ) Jump up ^ The speed of light is exactly 7008299792458000000 ♠ 299 792 458 m / s by definition of the metre . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Universe within 12.5 Light Years : The Nearest Stars ^ Jump up to : International Astronomical Union , Measuring the Universe : The IAU and Astronomical Units , retrieved 10 November 2013 Jump up ^ IAU Recommendations concerning Units , archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 16 Jump up ^ `` Selected Astronomical Constants '' in Astronomical Almanac , p. 6 . Jump up ^ ISO 80000 - 3 : 2006 Quantities and Units -- Space and Time Jump up ^ IEEE / ASTM SI 10 - 2010 , American National Standard for Metric Practice Jump up ^ P. Kenneth Seidelmann , ed. ( 1992 ) , Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac , Mill Valley , California : University Science Books , p. 656 , ISBN 0 - 935702 - 68 - 7 Jump up ^ Basic Constants , Sierra College Jump up ^ Marc Sauvage , Table of astronomical constants , archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 11 Jump up ^ Robert A. Braeunig , Basic Constants Jump up ^ C.W. Allen ( 1973 ) , Astrophysical Quantities ( third ed . ) , London : Athlone , p. 16 , ISBN 0 - 485 - 11150 - 0 Jump up ^ Arthur N. Cox , ed. ( 2000 ) , Allen 's Astrophysical Quantities ( fourth ed . ) , New York : Springer - Valeg , p. 12 , ISBN 0 - 387 - 98746 - 0 Jump up ^ Nick Strobel , Astronomical Constants Jump up ^ KEK B , Astronomical Constants Jump up ^ Thomas Szirtes ( 1997 ) , Applied dimensional analysis and modeling , New York : McGraw - Hill , p. 60 , ISBN 9780070628113 Jump up ^ Sun , Moon , and Earth : Light - year Jump up ^ Comins , Neil F. ( 2013 ) , Discovering the Essential Universe ( fifth ed . ) , W.H. Freeman , p. 365 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 5519 - 6 Jump up ^ Hassani , Sadri ( 2010 ) , From Atoms to Galaxies , CRC Press , p. 445 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4398 - 0850 - 4 Jump up ^ Deza , Michel Marie ; Deza , Elena ( 2016 ) , Encyclopedia of Distances ( fourth ed . ) , Springer , p. 620 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 662 - 52843 - 3 Jump up ^ Bessel , Friedrich ( 1839 ) . `` On the parallax of the star 61 Cygni '' . London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science . 14 : 68 -- 72 . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Bessel 's statement that light employs 10.3 years to traverse the distance . Jump up ^ Ule , Otto ( 1851 ) . `` Was wir in den Sternen lesen '' . Deutsches Museum : Zeitschrift für Literatur , Kunst und Öffentliches Leben. 1 : 721 -- 738 . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Diesterweg , Adolph Wilhelm ( 1855 ) . Populäre Himmelskunde u . astronomische Geographie . p. 250 . Jump up ^ The Student and Intellectual Observer of Science , Literature and Art . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stellar movements and the structure of the universe '' . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 1 , Table 1 - 1 '' , IERS Conventions ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ WHERE ARE THE VOYAGERS ? , retrieved 14 October 2014 Jump up ^ NASA Spacecraft Embarks on Historic Journey Into Interstellar Space , retrieved 14 October 2014 Jump up ^ NASA , Cosmic Distance Scales -- The Nearest Star Jump up ^ `` Proxima Centauri ( Gliese 551 ) '' , Encyclopedia of Astrobiology , Astronomy , and Spaceflight Jump up ^ `` Tau Ceti 's planets nearest around single , Sun - like star '' . BBC News . 19 December 2012 . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Tuomi , Mikko ; Jones , Hugh R.A. ; Jenkins , James S. ; Tinney , Chris G. ; Butler , R. Paul ; Vogt , Steve S. ; Barnes , John R. ; Wittenmyer , Robert A. ; O'Toole , Simon ; Horner , Jonathan ; Bailey , Jeremy ; Carter , Brad D. ; Wright , Duncan J. ; Salter , Graeme S. ; Pinfield , David ( March 2013 ) . `` Signals embedded in the radial velocity noise : periodic variations in the τ Ceti velocities '' ( PDF ) . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 551 . arXiv : 1212.4277 . Bibcode : 2013A&A ... 551A ... 79T . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 201220509 . Jump up ^ Eisenhauer , F. ; Schdel , R. ; Genzel , R. ; Ott , T. ; Tecza , M. ; Abuter , R. ; Eckart , A. ; Alexander , T. ( 2003 ) , `` A Geometric Determination of the Distance to the Galactic Center '' , The Astrophysical Journal , 597 ( 2 ) : L121 , arXiv : astro - ph / 0306220 , Bibcode : 2003ApJ ... 597L. 121E , doi : 10.1086 / 380188 Jump up ^ McNamara , D.H. ; Madsen , J.B. ; Barnes , J. ; Ericksen , B.F. ( 2000 ) , `` The Distance to the Galactic Center '' , Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific , 112 ( 768 ) : 202 , Bibcode : 2000PASP ... 112 ... 202M , doi : 10.1086 / 316512 Jump up ^ Fujisawa , K. ; Inoue , M. ; Kobayashi , H. ; Murata , Y. ; Wajima , K. ; Kameno , S. ; Edwards , P.G. ; Hirabayashi , H. ; Morimoto , M. ( 2000 ) , `` Large Angle Bending of the Light - Month Jet in Centaurus A '' , Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan , 52 ( 6 ) : 1021 -- 26 , Bibcode : 2000PASJ ... 52.1021 F , doi : 10.1093 / pasj / 52.6. 1021 , archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 02 Jump up ^ Junor , W. ; Biretta , J.A. ( 1994 ) , `` The Inner Light - Month of the M87 Jet '' , in Zensus , J. Anton ; Kellermann ; Kenneth I. , Compact Extragalactic Radio Sources , Proceedings of the NRAO workshop held at Socorro , New Mexico , February 11 -- 12 , 1994 , Green Bank , WV : National Radio Astronomy Observatory ( NRAO ) , p. 97 , Bibcode : 1994cers. conf ... 97J Jump up ^ Light - Travel Time and Distance by the Hayden Planetarium Accessed October 2010 . Jump up ^ David Mermin ( 2009 ) . It 's About Time : Understanding Einstein 's Relativity . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14127 - 5 . hide Units of length used in Astronomy Astronomical system of units Earth radius ( R or R ) Light - second ( ls ) Solar radius ( R ) gigametre ( Gm ) Astronomical unit ( AU ) terametre ( Tm ) light - year ( ly ) parsec ( pc ) kiloparsec ( kpc ) megaparsec ( Mpc ) gigaparsec ( Gpc ) See also Cosmic distance ladder Orders of magnitude ( length ) Conversion of units Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Light-year&oldid=845171855 '' Categories : Light Units of length Units of measurement in astronomy 1838 in science Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛語 ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük 文言 Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Kabɩyɛ Lingua Franca Nova 118 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 June 2018 , at 22 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the distance that light travels in one year called	[ "The light-year is a unit of length used to express astronomical distances and measures about 9.5 trillion kilometres or 5.9 trillion miles.[note 1] As defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), a light-year is the distance that light travels in vacuum in one Julian year (365.25 days).[2] Because it includes the word \"year\", the term light-year is sometimes misinterpreted as a unit of time, as a year is a unit of time equivalent to approximately 365 days." ]	[ "light-year" ]
-6458811354728308658	Yankees–Red Sox rivalry	Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry - wikipedia Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry New York Yankees Boston Red Sox First meeting April 26 , 1901 Oriole Park , Baltimore , MD Orioles 10 , Americans 6 Latest meeting October 9 , 2018 Yankee Stadium , Bronx , NY Red Sox 4 , Yankees 3 Next meeting April 16 , 2019 Yankee Stadium , Bronx , NY Statistics Meetings total 2,257 Regular season series Yankees , 1,202 -- 1,018 -- 14 Postseason results Yankees , 12 - 11 Largest victory Yankees , 22 -- 1 ( 2000 ) Red Sox , 17 -- 1 ( 2005 ) Longest win streak Yankees , 12 ( 1936 ; 1952 -- 1953 ) Red Sox , 17 ( 1911 -- 1912 ) Current win streak Red Sox , 2 Post-season history 1999 AL Championship Series : Yankees defeat Red Sox , 4 -- 1 2003 AL Championship Series : Yankees defeat Red Sox , 4 -- 3 2004 AL Championship Series : Red Sox defeat Yankees , 4 -- 3 2018 AL Division Series : Red Sox defeat Yankees , 3 -- 1 The Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry is a Major League Baseball ( MLB ) rivalry between the New York Yankees and Boston Red Sox . The two teams have competed in MLB 's American League ( AL ) for over 100 seasons and have since developed one of the fiercest rivalries in American sports . In 1919 , Red Sox owner Harry Frazee sold star player Babe Ruth to the Yankees , which was followed by an 86 - year period in which the Red Sox did not win a World Series . This led to the popularization of a superstition known as the `` Curse of the Bambino '' , which was one of the most well - known aspects of the rivalry . The rivalry is often a heated subject of conversation , especially in the home region of both teams , the Northeastern United States . Until the 2014 season , every season 's postseason had featured one or both of the AL East rivals since the inception of the wild card format and the resultant additional Division Series ; they have faced each other in the AL Championship Series ( ALCS ) three times . The Yankees won twice , in 1999 and 2003 ; while the Red Sox won in 2004. . The two teams have also met once in the AL Division Series ( ALDS ) , in 2018 , with Boston winning 3 - 1 , a series which included a 16 - 1 Red Sox win in Game 3 at Yankee Stadium , the most lopsided postseason loss for the Yankees in their history . In addition , the teams have twice met in the last regular - season series of a season to decide the league title , in 1904 ( when the Red Sox ( then known as the Americans ) won ) and 1949 ( when the Yankees won ) . The Yankees and the Red Sox finished tied for first in 1978 ; subsequently , the Yankees won a high - profile tie - breaker game for the division title . The first - place tie came after the Red Sox had a 14 - game lead over the Yankees more than halfway through the season . Similarly , in the 2004 ALCS , the Yankees ultimately lost a best - of - 7 series after leading 3 -- 0 . The Red Sox comeback was the only time in baseball history that a team has come back from a 0 -- 3 deficit to win a series . The Red Sox went on to win the World Series , effectively ending the 86 - year - old curse . This match - up is regarded by some sports journalists as the greatest rivalry in sports . Games between the two teams often generate considerable interest and receive extensive media coverage , including being broadcast on national television . National carriers of Major League Baseball coverage , including Fox / FS1 , ESPN and MLB Network carry most of the games in the rivalry across the nation by default , regardless of team standings or playoff implications . Yankees -- Red Sox games are some of the most - watched MLB games each season . Outside of baseball , the rivalry has led to violence between fans , along with attention from politicians and other athletes . Contents 1 Background 2 Early history : Glory of the Red Sox 3 Babe Ruth sold to Yankees 4 Curse of the Bambino 4.1 1920s and 1930s : First Yankees dynasty 4.2 1940s -- 1960s : Teddy Ballgame , Joltin ' Joe the Yankee Clipper 4.3 1961 -- 1980 : Milestones , fights , close finishes , and the Bucky Dent game 5 1980s and early 1990s 5.1 1980s : No championships 5.2 1990 -- 1995 6 1996 -- 2003 : Yankees dominance and first postseason meetings 6.1 Late 1990s : Yankees dynasty 6.1. 1 1999 ALCS : First postseason meeting 6.2 2001 -- 2003 : Unbalanced schedule 6.2. 1 2003 ALCS 7 2004 -- 16 : The curse is broken 7.1 2004 : Red Sox win World Series 7.1. 1 2004 ALCS : The curse is broken 7.2 2005 -- 2009 : Yankees , Red Sox win titles 7.3 2010 -- 2012 : Yankees fall short , Red Sox collapse 7.4 2013 -- 2016 : Red Sox champions again 8 2017 -- present : Rebirth of the rivalry 9 Season - by - season results 10 Geography 11 Violence over rivalry 12 Rivalry outside of baseball 12.1 Politics 12.2 Other sports 13 Broadcasts on television 13.1 Ratings 14 See also 15 References Background ( edit ) Since before the start of the American Revolution , Boston and New York City have shared a rivalry as cities . For more than a century after its founding , Boston was arguably the educational , cultural , artistic , and economic power in the United States . Boston 's location as the closest American port to Europe and its concentration of elite schools and manufacturing hubs helped maintain this position for several decades . During this time period , New York was often looked down upon as the upstart , over-populated , dirty cousin to aristocratic and clean Boston . In the 19th century , however , New York 's economic power outpaced Boston 's , fueled by possession of the terminus of the Erie Canal , which spurred massive growth in the manufacturing , shipping , insurance and financial services businesses . Another factor was its more rapid population expansion in comparison to that of Boston , driven by the growth of these industries , by New York 's popularity as an immigration port of entry , and enhanced by a larger population base , even prior to the construction of the Canal -- on the eve of the Revolution , New York , with 30,000 people , had nearly twice the population of Boston , with about 16,000 . By the start of the 20th century the original dynamic , centered on Boston , had completely shifted as New York , particularly Wall Street , became the focus of American capitalism . The cities even played two different versions of early baseball . The `` Massachusetts Game , '' as it was called , was played on a field with four bases and with home plate in the middle ; whereas , the `` New York Game , '' popularized by the New York Knickerbocker Club , was played on a diamond with three bases . The `` New York Game '' spread throughout the nation after the American Civil War and became the foundation for the modern game of basesball . Early history : glory of the Red Sox ( edit ) Babe Ruth , prior to his trade to the Yankees The Red Sox were one of the most successful teams in baseball from 1901 to 1918 . They won the inaugural World Series in 1903 ( as the Boston Americans ; the team changed its name to Red Sox in 1908 ) and four more between 1912 and 1918 . In 1901 , the Yankees , then known as the Baltimore Orioles , played in Maryland for two seasons before moving north . The two teams had their first meeting while the Yankees franchise was in Baltimore on April 26 , 1901 , the inaugural year of the American League . On May 7 , 1903 , both teams played for the first time after the franchise moved to New York and became the Highlanders , in reference to playing games in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan . The game was marked by a fight when Boston pitcher George Winter was knocked down . Boston would eventually go on to win the pennant and the inaugural 1903 World Series . The 1904 season featured the teams facing each other on opening day . Later in the season , the Highlanders , led by pitcher Jack Chesbro in his record - setting 41 game - winning season , met the Boston Americans in the season 's final game to decide the American League pennant winner . Chesbro threw a wild pitch in the top of the ninth inning , allowing the winning run to score from third base , and Boston won the game , and the pennant . The New York Giants , who had already clinched the National League pennant , refused to play in the 1904 World Series because of a perception of the `` Junior Circuit '' as being inferior ( and because of alleged animosity between American League founder and first president , Ban Johnson , and the hierarchy of the Giants , owner John T. Brush and his team 's Hall of Fame coach , player - manager John McGraw ) ; thus , there was no World Series that year . Not until 2004 would the Red Sox again defeat the Yankees in a title - deciding game . Years later , on April 11 , 1912 , the Highlanders debuted their pinstripes in a game against Boston , by then known as the Red Sox . Nine days later , Boston opened Fenway Park with a game against the Highlanders , who had left their home field of Hilltop Park to play in the newly - rebuilt Polo Grounds ; soon thereafter , in 1913 , the team changed dropped the nickname Highlanders in favor of Yankees . Tris Speaker hit an RBI single in the bottom of the eleventh to give the Red Sox a 7 -- 6 victory . Boston 's victory in their first game at the new park failed to become front - page news , however , due to the coverage being devoted to the days - prior sinking of the Titanic . The 1912 team would go on to win a team record 105 games and their second World Series title , defeating the New York Giants . Six years later , the Chicago Cubs scored two runs off of Babe Ruth in game 4 of the Series , snapping his then record World Series scoreless inning streak at 29 ⁄ innings . The Red Sox won the game , 2 -- 1 , and went on to capture their fifth Series title , their third in four years , and fourth in seven years . The Yankees would however receive one notable moment of glory against the Red Sox during this era . On April 24 , 1917 Yankees pitcher George Mogridge threw a no - hitter at Fenway Park , the first in the ballpark 's history and first in Yankees history . Babe Ruth sold to Yankees ( edit ) Harry Frazee , the owner of the Red Sox , sold Ruth to the Yankees . This began the `` Curse of the Bambino '' . In 1916 , Harry Frazee purchased the Red Sox , on credit , for $500,000 . Despite Ruth 's success with the Red Sox , owner and Broadway producer Frazee lost his patience with Ruth , who had threatened to hold out in lieu of a larger contract and become a distraction . After the Red Sox finished sixth in the American League in 1919 , Frazee , needing money to finance a Broadway musical , No , No Nanette , ( Ruth was sold to the Yankees in 1919 . `` No , No Nanette '' was produced by Frazee in 1925 , six years later . Aside from Frazee 's involvement in both events , they had nothing to do with each other ) . sold pitcher - turned - outfielder Babe Ruth to the Yankees . Frazee received $125,000 and a loan of $300,000 -- secured on Fenway Park , the Red Sox ' home stadium -- for Ruth , despite Ruth having set the record for home runs with 29 in 1919 . This began a series of deals with the Yankees that resulted in a long period of mediocrity for the Red Sox while the Yankees began their dynasty . Ruth 's arrival in New York simultaneously launched the Yankees dynasty while ravaging the Red Sox . While the Red Sox ' five World Series titles were a record at the time , 1918 would be the team 's last championship for 86 years . Meanwhile , Ruth 's home run - hitting prowess anchored the Yankees line - up , which became known as `` Murderers ' Row '' in the late 1920s . The Yankees reached the World Series seven times during Ruth 's New York years , winning four . This abrupt reversal of fortunes for the Red Sox marked the beginning of the supposed `` Curse of the Bambino . '' But it was not the Ruth deal alone that reversed the fortunes of both clubs . Frazee also sold many other players to the Yankees . Robert W. Creamer reported that `` ( the ) loan was made and relations between the two clubs continued to be cordial , with Frazee sending player after player to the Yankees over the next few seasons for more and more cash . This was no accident . Frazee and Yankees owner Jacob Ruppert were friends , and American League president Ban Johnson 's attempts to drive Frazee out of the game had caused the five teams loyal to Johnson to make no deals with the Red Sox as long as Frazee owned the club , leaving only the Yankees and White Sox as trading partners . When the White Sox ' reputation was destroyed in the Black Sox Scandal , Frazee 's only option for trades was to deal with the Yankees . The Red Sox soon became a baseball disaster area , finishing dead last nine times in eleven seasons . '' Among others , Wally Schang , Everett Scott , Carl Mays , Waite Hoyt , Joe Bush and Sam Jones went from the Sox to the Yankees in the next one to three years , along with Ed Barrow , the former Red Sox manager who became the Yankees ' general manager and empire - builder for the first quarter - century of the Yankees ' dynasty . Scott , a former Red Sox team captain , actually took the reins as Yankee captain from Ruth when he arrived and in doing so became the only player in history to be named captain for both teams . Curse of the Bambino ( edit ) From 1920 through 2003 , the Yankees won 26 World Series championships and 39 pennants , compared to only four pennants for the Red Sox . In every year that the Red Sox won the pennant -- 1946 , 1967 , 1975 and 1986 -- they lost the World Series 4 -- 3 , leaving them with no World Series titles . During this time , the Red Sox finished second in the standings to the Yankees on twelve occasions -- in 1938 , 1939 , 1941 , 1942 , 1949 , 1977 , 1978 , and every year from 1998 to 2003 . During the 84 - year period , the Yankees finished with a better regular - season record than the Red Sox 66 times , leading one sportswriter to quip that the Yankees ' rivalry with the Red Sox was much like the rivalry `` between a hammer and a nail . '' The Yankees finished second in the standings to the Red Sox twice , in 1986 and 1995 . 1920s and 1930s : first Yankees dynasty ( edit ) Just two years after Ruth 's sale , he went on to have a record setting season -- statistically , one of the greatest in major league history for a batter . This propelled the Yankees to win their first pennant and face their cross-town rival . Ruth got hurt during the Series , and the Yankees eventually dropped the last three games , losing the Series 5 -- 3 to the Giants in the last ever best - of - nine Series . Both the Yankees and Giants would play in the 1922 World Series as well , a series that would be the Yankees ' last in the two teams ' shared stadium at the Polo Grounds , as the Giants served the Yankees an eviction notice after the 1921 season . The Yankees moved across the Harlem River to the Bronx into Yankee Stadium . On April 18 , 1923 , the Yankees opened their new home against the Red Sox . Over 74,200 people watched the Yankees defeat the Red Sox , 4 -- 1 , in the first game played at the stadium . Babe Ruth hit the new stadium 's first home run , christening the stadium as `` The House that Ruth Built . '' Ruth would finish the year with a . 393 batting average , The 1923 World Series resulted in the Yankees winning their first title . Of the 24 players on the Yankees , 11 previously played for the Red Sox . Several lesser known moments in the rivalry occurred during the 1930s . Pitcher Red Ruffing was traded in 1930 from the Red Sox to the Yankees . Ruffing , who had limited success with the Red Sox , would go on to a Hall of Fame career with the Yankees winning 6 World Series with them . On August 12 , 1934 , then the largest crowd in the history of Fenway Park , 46,766 , witnessed Babe Ruth 's final game at Fenway Park in a Yankees uniforme . On May 30 , 1938 , before 83,533 spectators at Yankee Stadium , Yankees outfielder Jake Powell and Red Sox player - manager Joe Cronin fought on the field and beneath the stands . Both players were fined and suspended for 10 games . The Yankees and Red Sox would finish first and second in the League respectively that year as well as the following . The Yankees went on to sweep the Chicago Cubs in the World Series and the Cincinnati Reds in the World Series a year later . 1940s -- 1960s : teddy ballgame , joltin ' Joe the Yankee clipper ( edit ) The rivalry intensified in 1941 when Ted Williams of the Red Sox batted . 406 , becoming the last player to bat over . 400 in a season . Despite his accomplishment , Williams lost the AL MVP race to the Yankees ' Joe DiMaggio , who holds the record for a hitting streak , with 56 straight games with a hit . Williams later reminisced about his rivalry with DiMaggio saying `` DiMaggio was the greatest all - around player I ever saw . His career can not be summed up in numbers and awards . It might sound corny , but he had a profound and lasting impact on the country . '' Both teams almost swapped the two players . In 1947 , Boston Red Sox owner Tom Yawkey and Yankees GM Larry MacPhail were rumored to have verbally agreed to trade DiMaggio for Williams , but MacPhail refused to include Yogi Berra and the deal fell through . Joe DiMaggio 's younger brother Dom would play for the Red Sox his entire career during the 1940s . The Red Sox won 15 games in a row in 1946 . They were unstoppable and were in first place all but two days in the season , and would play in their first World Series game since 1918 , having finished ahead of the Yankees in the American League for the first time since selling Babe Ruth . Since the Red Sox last pennant in 1918 , the Yankees had won 14 pennants and 10 World Series . Boston would eventually lose the Series 4 -- 3 to the St. Louis Cardinals . Former Yankees manager Joe McCarthy came out of retirement after a feud with Yankees ownership to sign with the Red Sox as their manager in 1948 . Both the Yankees and the Red Sox were involved in a tight pennant race with the Cleveland Indians until the final weekend . The Red Sox eliminated the Yankees in the final series at Fenway Park , overcoming four DiMaggio hits in the final game to tie Cleveland for the pennant . The situation forced the first - ever one - game playoff in AL history , which the Indians won 8 -- 3 at Fenway Park and preventing the first all - Boston World Series , as the Indians went on to defeat the Boston Braves in the Series . A year later , the Red Sox entered the final series of the season at Yankee Stadium needing only one win over the Yankees to advance to the World Series . The Red Sox found themselves up by one game with two games left . The Sox lost 5 -- 3 on the last day of the season after falling 5 -- 4 the previous day , resulting in the Yankees winning their 16th American League pennant . The Yankees went on to defeat the Brooklyn Dodgers in the 1949 World Series for their 12th championship . The 1951 season opened up at Yankee Stadium . The Yankees defeated the Red Sox , which was PA announcer Bob Sheppard first game . Sheppard would go on to serve PA duties at Yankee Stadium for another 56 years . On September 28 of that year , Yankees pitcher Allie Reynolds pitched a no - hitter against the Red Sox . A year later , Red Sox outfielder Jimmy Piersall and Yankees second baseman Billy Martin exchanged insults before a game in Boston , and ended up fighting in the tunnel under the stands . The fight was eventually broken up by Yankees coaches Bill Dickey and Oscar Melillo , and Boston starting pitcher Ellis Kinder . Piersall changed out of his bloody shirt and promptly fought with teammate Maury McDermott . The Red Sox won 5 -- 2 with Piersall sitting the game out . The Yankees won five consecutive World Series titles from 1949 to 1953 , breaking their previous streak of four straight titles from 1936 to 1939 . They would also go on to win 14 AL pennants in 16 years from 1949 - 1964 . 1961 -- 1980 : Milestones , fights , close finishes , and the Bucky Dent game ( edit ) Mickey Mantle ( right ) and Roger Maris ( left ) chased Babe Ruth 's single season home run record in 1961 . Maris broke the record on the final day of the season against the Red Sox . Bucky Dent hit the home run that won the AL East in a one - game playoff for the Yankees at Fenway Park in 1978 , but he was fired as manager of the Yankees there in 1990 . The 1961 season saw the chase of Babe Ruth 's 1927 single season home run record by Roger Maris and Mickey Mantle . Both Maris and Mantle would continue to reach the home run record until Mantle got injured late in the season , leaving Maris to reach the record . On the last day of the season , Maris broke the record with his 61st home run of the year off Red Sox pitcher Tracy Stallard at Yankee Stadium . Former Hall of Fame shortstop for the Yankees , Phil Rizzuto , called the shot in what was one of his first games as an announcer . The Yankees won the game 1 -- 0 to win their 26th American League pennant and then to win their 19th World Series title . The next year , the Red Sox had been in the middle of a streak of eight straight losing seasons . The team was so bad , that after a 13 - 3 loss to the Yankees on July 26 , Red Sox ace Gene Conley got off the bus and attempted to leave the country and go to Israel . Conley was denied his request because he did not have a passport . Nonetheless , Conley stayed away from the team for three days . In 1967 , Red Sox pitcher Billy Rohr came within a single strike of a no - hitter at Yankee Stadium . Elston Howard hit a two - out , two - strike single in the ninth to break the no - hit bid . Rohr completed the one - hitter , but ultimately finished his career with only two wins , both coming against the Yankees . Later that year , Red Sox third baseman Joe Foy hit a grand slam during the first game of a two - game series . In the second game , Yankees pitcher Thad Tillotson threw two brushback pitches at Foy before beaning him in the batting helmet . In the next inning , Red Sox pitcher Jim Lonborg beaned Tillotson . Both pitchers yelled at each other , and then a brawl ensued . During the fight , Red Sox outfielder Reggie Smith picked up and body - slammed Tillotson to the ground . Two months later , both teams were involved in the longest game ever played ( by innings ) at Yankee Stadium . New York recorded a 20 - inning 4 -- 3 victory over Boston . Earlier that year on August 3 , the Yankees traded Howard to the Red Sox to help bolster their team during the pennant race . When Howard returned to Yankee Stadium in a Red Sox uniform , the Yankees fans gave him a standing ovation . Boston would be led by Hall of Famer Carl Yastrzemski 's historic season winning the batting triple crown , leading the Red Sox to the pennant in what was a dream year for the Sox . Howard 's contribution would be instrumental in the 1967 World Series , but he and Yastrzemski would lose to Bob Gibson and the St. Louis Cardinals four games to three . In 1973 , the American League adopted the designated hitter rule . On April 6 , opening the season at Fenway Park , Ron Blomberg of the Yankees became the first designated hitter in Major League history . Red Sox pitcher Luis Tiant walked Blomberg in his first plate appearance of the game . Later that year at Fenway Park , with the score tied 2 -- 2 in the top of the ninth , Yankees catcher Thurman Munson attempted to score from third base on a missed bunt by Gene Michael . He crashed into Red Sox catcher Carlton Fisk resulting in a fight with Munson punching Fisk in the face . The rivalry intensified in the 1970s with the fans too , as just a year later in 1974 at Fenway Park , Yankees first baseman Chris Chambliss was struck in the right arm with a dart thrown from the stands after hitting an RBI ground - rule double . Two years later , Yankees outfielder Lou Piniella would crash into Fisk feet first in an attempt to score in the sixth inning of a game at Yankee Stadium . The two benches cleared while Piniella and Fisk brawled at home plate . After the fight apparently died down and order appeared to be restored , Sox pitcher Bill Lee and Yankees third baseman Graig Nettles and center fielder Mickey Rivers began to exchange words , resulting in another fight . Lee suffered a separated left shoulder from the tilt and missed the next 51 games of the 1976 season . He would continue to pitch until 1982 . The 1976 season saw the Yankees win the pennant , but lose to the Big Red Machine in the 1976 World Series , just like the Red Sox had done a year prior in the 1975 World Series in which Carlton Fisk hit his famous home run off of the left field foul pole at Fenway Park . After the Yankees ' loss to the Reds , owner George Steinbrenner committed to sign marquee free agent Reggie Jackson to help win a championship . The Yankees , Red Sox , and Baltimore Orioles would battle each other the entire year in the division race . The Yankees would win the division for the second year in a row , while the Orioles and Red Sox finished tied for second , 2 ⁄ games behind the Yankees . Jackson 's entry onto the Yankees initially had caused a lot of friction on them . In the middle game of what would prove to be a three - game series sweep by the Red Sox at Fenway Park , Yankees manager Billy Martin pulled Reggie Jackson off the field in mid-inning for failing to hustle on a ball hit to the outfield . The extremely angry and highly animated Martin had to be restrained by coaches Yogi Berra and Elston Howard from getting into a fistfight with Jackson in the dugout during the nationally televised game . Eventually , emotions calmed down for the season and the Yankees came together to recapture the pennant and defeat the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 1977 World Series , their first since 1962 . In 1978 , the Red Sox , led by Jim Rice , Carl Yastrzemski , Fred Lynn and catcher Carlton Fisk , and managed by future Yankees coach Don Zimmer , were looking good for the World Series for the second time in the decade . They led the Yankees in the standings by 14 games in mid-July , with less than three months to go in the regular season . The Yankees turned their season around just as the Red Sox started to collapse . By September 7 , the Yankees had whittled down the 14 - game deficit to only four games , just in time for a four - game series at Fenway Park in Boston . The Yankees won all four games in the series by a combined score of 42 -- 9 . This series became known as the `` Boston Massacre '' . On September 16 , the Yankees held a 3 ⁄ - game lead over the Red Sox , but the Sox won 12 of their next 14 games to overcome that deficit and finish in a first - place tie with the Yankees . A tie - breaker game was scheduled in Boston to determine who would win the AL East pennant for 1978 . Boston pitted former Yankees pitcher Mike Torrez against the Yankees ' Cy Young Award winner , Ron Guidry , who took a 24 -- 3 record into the game . The Sox were beating Guidry 2 -- 0 in the top of the seventh inning when light - hitting Yankees shortstop Bucky Dent hit a two - out , three - run home run over Fenway Park 's Green Monster to take a 3 -- 2 lead . It was only his fifth home run of the season . The Yankees later led 5 -- 2 and held on to win 5 -- 4 when Yastrzemski popped out with runners on first and third , ending the Red Sox ' season . Yankees closer Goose Gossage notched his 27th save of the season . Gossage would later comment years later about how he was spat on at Fenway Park and had beer thrown in his face . `` There is no rivalry in sports that rivals the Yankees -- Red Sox ... that playoff game in ' 78 -- it felt like the playoffs and World Series were exhibition games after that . '' The headline in The Boston Globe the next day summed it all up : `` Destiny 5 , Red Sox 4 . '' New York went on to defeat the Kansas City Royals in the ALCS and the Los Angeles Dodgers in the World Series for their second straight championship . 1980s and early 1990s ( edit ) Roger Clemens played for both the Red Sox and the Yankees . Wade Boggs played primarily for the Red Sox , but he also played for the Yankees . He played in a World Series with both the Red Sox and Yankees . Buck Showalter and Butch Hobson made their managerial debuts against each other in 1992 . Both were fired during or as a result of the 1994 -- 95 Major League Baseball strike . 1980s : no championships ( edit ) The 1980s is the only decade in which neither the Yankees nor the Red Sox won a World Series . Although both teams went to a World Series during that decade , the Red Sox were not serious contenders in the Yankees ' playoff years ( 1980 and 1981 ) , but the Yankees seriously contended in the Red Sox ' playoff years ( 1986 and 1988 ) . The Yankees lost the World Series in 1981 , while the Red Sox loss came in 1986 . Both times , the teams lost after being up 2 -- 0 in their respective World Series . For the Yankees , the loss in 1981 marked the beginning of the team 's demise and downfall in the 1980s and early 1990s . Despite the lack of championships , the rivalry between the teams did have some memorable highlights . Yankees left - hander Dave Righetti threw a no - hitter against the Red Sox at Yankee Stadium . One of the game 's greatest hitters , Wade Boggs , struck out to end the game . On October 4 , 1986 , Righetti once again made history against the Red Sox when he saved both games of a doubleheader against them , finishing the season with 46 saves , and breaking the major league record shared by Dan Quisenberry and Bruce Sutter . The record would stand until Bobby Thigpen saved 57 games for the Chicago White Sox in 1990 , which would also be Righetti 's last season with the Yankees . Righetti retained the single - season record for left - handers until 1993 , when Randy Myers saved 53 games for the Chicago Cubs ; Righetti still owns the AL record for left - handers . Righetti 's teammate , first baseman and defending American League MVP Don Mattingly , came into the last game batting . 352 , second in the league to Boston 's Wade Boggs . With Boggs sitting out the game , Mattingly needed to go 6 for 6 to win the batting title . Although Mattingly would hit a home run in his first at bat and a double later on , he fell short and Boggs won the batting title . Mattingly would be named most outstanding player that year by the press , but fell short to Boggs ' teammate Roger Clemens in the AL MVP voting . Despite Righetti 's pitching on the last day of the season , the Red Sox still won the division and marched on in the playoffs . The Red Sox faced the Yankees ' cross-town rivals , the New York Mets , in the World Series . The New York Times called the series a `` painful series '' . Newsday called it `` woeful days for Yankee fans '' . Mike Lupica of the New York Daily News called the series `` the World Series that is the Yankee nightmare '' . Both Newsday and The Boston Globe said there were Mets T - shirts saying `` Steinbrenner 's nightmare , '' referring to Yankees owner George Steinbrenner . John Powers of the Globe quoted Claire Smith , who covered the Yankees for the Hartford Courant , as having said `` this really is the World Series of the nightmares '' . In Game 6 of the World Series , Boston ( leading the series 3 -- 2 ) took a 5 -- 3 lead in the top of the 10th inning . In the bottom half of the inning , Red Sox reliever Calvin Schiraldi retired the first two batters , putting the team within one out of winning the World Series . The Mets , however , scored three runs , tying the game on a wild pitch from Bob Stanley and winning it when Boston first baseman Bill Buckner allowed a ground ball hit by the Mets ' Mookie Wilson to roll through his legs , scoring Ray Knight from second base . In Game 7 , the Red Sox took an early 3 -- 0 lead , only to lose 8 -- 5 . The collapses in the last two games prompted a series of articles by George Vecsey of The New York Times fueling speculation that the Red Sox were `` cursed '' . The 1987 season saw rivalry at the end of the season , as on September 29 , Yankees ' first baseman Don Mattingly set an MLB record by hitting his sixth grand slam home - run of the season against the Red Sox The competitiveness of the teams continued the following year . Co-captains Ron Guidry and Willie Randolph had led the Yankees to first place two weeks after the All - Star break . On July 28 , the Yankees fell out of first place , and the Red Sox won their second division title in three years . Boston went on to face the Oakland Athletics in the 1988 American League Championship Series , but would end up getting swept . 1990 -- 1995 ( edit ) In the early to mid-1990s , the two teams were seldom equally good . The Yankees had the worst record in the American League when the Red Sox won their division title in 1990 . In 1992 , both teams finished at or near the bottom of the AL East . In 1990 , Boston Globe columnist Dan Shaughnessy wrote a book titled The Curse of the Bambino , criticizing the Red Sox for the sale of Babe Ruth , and publicized the curse . When the Red Sox were at Yankee Stadium during a weekend in September 1990 , Yankees fans started to chant `` 1918 ! '' to taunt the Red Sox , reminding them of the last time they won a World Series . Each time the Red Sox were at Yankee Stadium afterward , demeaning chants of `` 1918 ! '' echoed through the stadium . Yankees fans also taunted the Red Sox with signs saying `` 1918 ! '' , `` CURSE OF THE BAMBINO '' , pictures of Babe Ruth , and wearing `` 1918 ! '' T - shirts each time they were at the Stadium . On June 6 , 1990 , before a Yankees -- Red Sox game at Fenway Park , the Yankees fired Bucky Dent as their manager , making Fenway Park the scene of his worst moment as manager , although he had his greatest moment as a player there . Red Sox fans felt retribution as Dent was fired on their field , while players on the Yankees , including former Red Sox catcher Rick Cerone and Mattingly felt Dent was used as a scapegoat . Dan Shaughnessy criticized Steinbrenner for firing Dent in Boston and said he should `` have waited until the Yankees got to Baltimore '' to fire Dent . He said that `` if Dent had been fired in Seattle or Milwaukee , this would have been just another event in an endless line of George 's jettisons . But it happened in Boston and the nightly news had its hook . '' He also said that `` the firing was only special because ... it 's the first time a Yankees manager ... was purged on the ancient Indian burial grounds of the Back Bay . '' The 1993 season saw long - time Red Sox fan favorite Wade Boggs defect to the Yankees after eleven seasons with Boston . Later in September 1993 , the Yankees defeated Boston at Yankee Stadium via a last - moment reprieve . Trailing 3 -- 1 , Mike Stanley 's apparent fly out with two outs in the ninth was nullified by a fan running onto the field prior to the pitch being thrown . The umpire had called time and when play resumed , Stanley singled . The Yankees would rally to score three runs and win on a Mattingly single . The Yankees ' 1980s demise and downfall continued into the early 1990s and was at its frustrating peak in 1994 , when they finished with the best record in the American League in a season that was prematurely halted by the 1994 -- 95 Major League Baseball strike , which left New York sports fans disappointed that Mattingly had not played in a postseason despite being poised to do so that year . At that time , he led active players in both games played and at - bats without participating in a postseason game . Throughout October , the news media added to the embarrassment when they often made references to dates that games in the World Series would have been played . That year , the Yankees and Red Sox would have finished the season against each other at Fenway Park . Both managers , Buck Showalter of the Yankees and Butch Hobson of the Red Sox , who made their managerial debuts against each other , were fired as a result of or during the strike . The strike was the harbinger of the 1995 season for the Yankees . Although the Red Sox jumped out to a fast start and finished the season in first place , the Yankees were not serious contenders for the division title . With the Yankees clinching the inaugural American League Wild Card on the last day of the season , the Yankees and Red Sox reached the post-season in the same season for the first time . Before the postseason began , Mattingly contemplated about the first - ever playoff series in the rivalry , saying , `` That would be pretty cool . It would n't hurt the rivalry any . There 'd be a few deaths ... just kidding '' . Both teams lost in separate ALDS series , with the Red Sox being swept by the Cleveland Indians and the Yankees losing in five games to the Seattle Mariners . For the Yankees , the loss led to another post-strike fallout : both Showalter and general manager Gene Michael were fired as a result of the loss . Similarly , the firing of Showalter as Yankees manager and the loss in the 1981 World Series were fallouts from the strike that year . In fact , the 1981 strike was antecedence to the Yankees ' demise and downfall of the 1980s and 1990s and the strike in 1994 was part of that demise . 1996 -- 2003 : Yankees dominance and first postseason meetings ( edit ) Late 1990s : Yankees dynasty ( edit ) A year after captain Don Mattingly 's retirement in 1995 , the Yankees won the 1996 World Series . It was their first in 18 years and the first of former Red Sox player Wade Boggs ' career . Boggs celebrated the victory with a memorable moment of jumping on the horse of a NYPD officer during the celebration . The Yankees had one of the greatest seasons in baseball history in 1998 . The Yankees won a then - AL record 114 games and the season culminated in a win over the San Diego Padres in the 1998 World Series . The Red Sox , too , made the playoffs in 1998 , but as a Wild Card , they did not seriously contend for the division title . They lost their ALDS . About four months after victory , the Yankees traded fan favorite David Wells to the Toronto Blue Jays for Roger Clemens , a fan favorite with the Red Sox between 1984 and 1996 . Clemens was coming off two consecutive season with the Blue Jays where he had won both the pitching triple crown and the Cy Young Award in both 1997 and 1998 . Once the 1999 season started , a moment of peace occurred between the fans . Yankees manager Joe Torre returned to Fenway Park for his first game following a battle with prostate cancer . While the managers were exchanging lineup cards , the Boston crowd gave Torre a long standing ovation , to which he tipped his cap . Good relations were seen during the All - Star Game at Fenway Park . Yankees manager Joe Torre , manager for the American League team , replaced starting shortstop Nomar Garciaparra of the Red Sox with Derek Jeter . Garciaparra received a standing ovation from the fans after Jeter came in to replace him ( they also embraced each other at this time ) . Later in the game , when he came to bat , Jeter gave Garciaparra a tribute by mimicking his batting stance . Nine years later , in a similar fashion , Red Sox manager Terry Francona managed the American League team at the All - Star Game at Yankee Stadium , in the stadium 's final season . On September 10 , 1999 , Chili Davis ' second - inning home run was the only hit by the Yankees against Pedro Martínez , who struck out 17 Yankees -- the most strikeouts against a Yankees team ever in a nine inning game . Martínez retired the last 22 batters after giving up the home run , including striking out eight of the final nine batters . The teams finished first and second in their division and both made the playoffs in the same season . This led to the very first post-season meeting in the longtime rivalry . 1999 ALCS : first postseason meeting ( edit ) Pedro Martínez faced Roger Clemens in the 1999 ALCS . Earlier that season , Martínez had struck out the most Yankees ( 17 ) ever in a game . Main article : 1999 American League Championship Series In 1999 , the Yankees and Red Sox faced each other for the first time in the ALCS . The Yankees were the defending World Series champions , while Boston had not appeared in the ALCS since 1990 . The Yankees won Game 1 on a 10th - inning walk - off home run by Bernie Williams off Boston reliever Rod Beck . Intensity built up due to this historic , first - ever postseason meeting between the two longtime rivals . The Yankees would win the first two games at home with 7th - inning comebacks . The lone bright spot for the Red Sox came in Game 3 at Fenway Park , in what had been a much anticipated pitching match - up of former Red Sox star Roger Clemens , who was now with the Yankees , and Boston ace Pedro Martínez . Martínez struck out twelve and did not allow a run through seven innings of work ; Clemens was hit hard , giving up five earned runs and only lasting two innings of a 13 -- 1 Red Sox victory . The Yankees rebounded to win Games 4 and 5 , clinching the American League pennant and advancing to the World Series , where they swept the Atlanta Braves . The loss to Pedro Martínez was the Yankees ' only postseason loss , as the team went 11 -- 1 . The following year at Fenway Park , the Yankees beat the Red Sox , 22 -- 1 , handing Boston its most lopsided home loss ever . The Yankees scored 16 total runs in the 8th and 9th innings . The Yankees lost 15 of their final 18 games that season and finished with a record of 87 -- 74 , but the Red Sox failed to catch up and finished 2.5 games out of first to lose another division title to the Yankees . Despite having the lowest winning percentage of any postseason qualifier in 2000 , the Yankees won their third consecutive World Series and 26th overall , in the first Subway Series since 1956 , over their cross-town rivals , the New York Mets , in 5 games . A year later , David Cone , one of the key players in the then-most recent Yankees dynasty , started for the Red Sox against the Yankees at Yankee Stadium to the sound of a standing ovation despite playing for the arch - rivals . Cone would later take part in another notable game later that year when he went up against newly acquired Yankees pitcher Mike Mussina . Mussina had come within one strike of pitching a perfect game against the Red Sox at Fenway Park . Carl Everett 's 9th - inning single was the only baserunner allowed by Mussina in a 1 -- 0 Yankees win . Coincidentally , David Cone was the last Yankees pitcher to throw a perfect game , in 1999 . On September 10 , the two teams had a game against each other rained out . The next day , the country saw one of its biggest tragedies bring both sides together . Following the terrorist attacks on New York City 's Twin World Trade Center Towers , Boston fans displayed signs saying `` Boston Loves New York '' in a rare moment of peace between the two sides of the rivalry . On September 23 , the Yankees ' home field hosted a memorial service titled , `` Prayer for America '' . The warm feeling of solidarity would once again be short - lived as just prior to the 2003 season , Red Sox President Larry Lucchino labeled New York Yankees the `` Evil Empire '' after Cuban free agent José Contreras opted to sign with the Yankees instead of the Red Sox . The new ownership group had made it their personal mission to win a championship . 2001 -- 2003 : unbalanced Schedule ( edit ) Major League Baseball changed its scheduling format beginning in 2001 , further intensifying division matchups throughout the league . The new `` unbalanced schedule '' allowed for additional games in each season between divisional rivals , replacing additional series with teams outside the division . Due to the change , the Red Sox and Yankees now played each other 18 - 19 times each season . The scheduling drew criticism both when it was enacted and after the fact , with some analysts even positing the unbalanced schedule hurt intra-divisional play . In 2002 , the Red Sox asked the Yankees for permission to interview one of George Steinbrenner 's assistants , former Yankees general manager Gene Michael , for their vacant general manager position , but Steinbrenner denied their request . Boston Red Sox then hired Theo Epstein , a protégé of Red Sox President and CEO Larry Lucchino , as general manager , and at 28 years old , he was the youngest general manager in baseball history . 2003 ALCS ( edit ) Aaron Boone , here as a member of the Washington Nationals in 2008 , hit the walk - off home run to win the 2003 American League pennant for the Yankees . Boone is the current Yankees manager . Main article : 2003 American League Championship Series Both teams would face off in the ALCS once again in 2003 . Entering the series , the Red Sox were the favorites to reach the 2003 World Series and The New York Times had endorsed a showdown between the Red Sox and the Chicago Cubs , the latter of whom had not been to the World Series since 1945 and had not won a championship since 1908 . Due to the unbalanced schedule , when Boston forced the ALCS to a full seven games , the seventh game set a major league record for the rivalry between the two teams : it marked the first time two major league teams have played more than 25 games against each other over the course of a single season . In the top of the fourth inning of Game 3 of the ALCS at Fenway Park , Red Sox starting pitcher Pedro Martínez hit Yankees batter Karim García , prompting an argument between the two players , which ended with both teams clearing the benches but no punches being thrown . In the bottom half of the inning , a pitch from Roger Clemens to Manny Ramírez was high and inside , and a brawl ensued . Ramírez swore at Clemens for the pitch . Yankees bench coach Don Zimmer , then 72 years old , and who had been the manager of the `` doomed '' 1978 Boston Red Sox , charged at Martínez ; the pitcher grabbed Zimmer by the head and swung him to the ground . Later , midway through the ninth inning , García and Yankees pitcher Jeff Nelson fought with a Fenway Park groundskeeper , Paul Williams , in the bullpen . Two Boston Police officers issued a report saying Nelson and García engaged in `` an unprovoked attack '' on Williams and summonses would be sought for the two New York Yankees for assault and battery . After reviewing the incident , MLB Commissioner Bud Selig said he was `` very disappointed '' by the behavior of the participants and fined Martínez $50,000 , Ramírez $25,000 , García $10,000 , and Zimmer $5,000 . In Game 7 at Yankee Stadium , the Red Sox held a 5 -- 2 lead through seven innings due to an ineffective start by Roger Clemens , but the Yankees remained in the game because of three shutout innings of relief by Mike Mussina in his first career relief appearance . After Boston Red Sox starter Pedro Martínez gave up a run in the eighth , manager Grady Little visited the mound but elected to leave a tiring Martínez to complete the inning . Martínez then gave up a ground - rule double to Hideki Matsui , and Yankees catcher Jorge Posada blooped a double into center field that drove in two runners and tied the game . The game went into extra innings and in the bottom of the eleventh inning , leadoff hitter Aaron Boone , grandson of Ray Boone , a ( retired ) longtime scout with the Red Sox , hit a solo home run off of Tim Wakefield to left field , ending the game and the series , giving the Yankees their 39th American League pennant . The Long Island , New York , newspaper Newsday went to the press before the game was over , and thinking Boston would win the game , editorialized as to what was wrong with the Yankees , and why they had lost the ALCS to the Red Sox . In a postgame interview , Red Sox firstbaseman Kevin Millar described the emotions in the Red Sox locker room : `` It was like we were all back in high school , like we 'd all just gotten beat in the state playoffs , and everyone was going to graduate ... When you 're a teenager and you lose the big football game , that 's when you see guys cry uncontrollably . You do n't ( usually ) see that much at this level . '' Two days later , the Red Sox fired Grady Little . People blamed him for the Game 7 loss , claiming he left Martínez in for too long . 2004 -- 16 : the Curse is broken ( edit ) 2004 : Red Sox win World Series ( edit ) See also : 2004 New York Yankees season , 2004 Boston Red Sox season , and 2004 World Series Curt Schilling beat the Yankees in the 2001 World Series while with the Arizona Diamondbacks and in the 2004 ALCS with the Boston Red Sox . He won two World Series with the Red Sox , 2004 and 2007 . In an effort to build up their lineup , the Red Sox set up a potential deal that would send Texas Rangers SS and reigning AL MVP Alex Rodriguez to Boston and Manny Ramírez and other players to Texas . The deal eventually fell through after Rodríguez indicated he would not go against the MLBPA , which opposed a proposed renegotiation that would have potentially reduced Rodríguez 's earnings in the later years of his contract . A freak off - season basketball injury to Aaron Boone , just months removed from his historic home run , had Yankees management looking at possible options to replace him . Despite being courted by Boston for nearly three months , Rodríguez was traded to New York . New Red Sox pitcher Curt Schilling , whose Arizona Diamondbacks defeated New York in the 2001 World Series , appeared at a Boston Bruins home ice hockey game wearing a `` Yankee hater '' hat . That year , the Red Sox won an eventful season series against the Yankees , 10 -- 9 . A 13 - inning comeback win for the Yankees on July 1 was punctuated by a catch from Jeter , who ran and dove into the stands at full speed and came out with facial lacerations when Trot Nixon hit a pop up in an area deep behind third base . On July 24 , Jason Varitek shoved his glove into the face of the Yankees ' Álex Rodríguez after Rodríguez was hit by a pitch from Bronson Arroyo , causing a bench - clearing brawl . Though he was ejected ( along with Rodríguez ) from the game following the incident , the moment sparked Boston to an 11 -- 10 come - from - behind victory . Rodríguez and Varitek were each suspended four games and fined $2,000 for the brawl . The Red Sox finished second to the Yankees in the AL East for the seventh straight season . Both teams would advance to the ALCS for the second straight year . 2004 ALCS : the Curse is broken ( edit ) See also : 2004 American League Championship Series After the melodrama of the 2003 ALCS , a rematch in 2004 was hotly anticipated . Yankees GM Brian Cashman said `` I think Boston ... really are ... a mirror image of us in terms of ... aggressiveness and desire to win '' . Yankees pitcher Mike Mussina summarized the buildup : `` This is what everyone was hoping for ... it 's a rematch of last year , with the best two teams in the American League '' . The Yankees won the first three games of the series , including a 19 -- 8 rout in Game 3 . No team in the history of baseball had ever won a best - of - seven series after being down 3 -- 0 . Entering the bottom of the ninth inning of Game 4 at Fenway Park , Yankees reliever Mariano Rivera was attempting to close out a 4 -- 3 lead . But after a leadoff walk to Kevin Millar , pinch - runner Dave Roberts stole second and came around to score on an RBI single by Bill Mueller . Boston won the game in the bottom of the 12th inning on a home run by David Ortiz . Game 5 featured another extra-inning Boston comeback , as the Red Sox tied the game in the 8th inning and won it in the 14th on a single hit by Ortiz that drove in Damon from second . In Game 6 , Curt Schilling , who tore a tendon sheath in his right ankle during the ALDS against Anaheim , pitched seven innings of one - run ball . Schilling 's tendon had been sutured to his ankle to relieve the discomfort and was given local anesthetic and painkillers for the game . During the game , his sock started to absorb the blood from his freshly sutured ankle , and `` the bloody sock '' instantly became an indelible image of the dramatic series . A controversial call was made when Alex Rodriguez was called out after he intentionally slapped the ball out of Arroyo 's hand while running to first base . Boston held on to win the contest , 4 -- 2 . They then completed their historic comeback with a blowout win in Game 7 by a score of 10 -- 3 . The New York Yankees blowing the 3 -- 0 lead has been considered the biggest collapse in the history of baseball . Ramírez at the Red Sox victory parade in 2004 , with a sign that one of the spectators handed him . The Red Sox won their first World Series championship in 86 years , completing a sweep of St. Louis in the 2004 World Series . 2005 -- 2009 : Yankees , Red Sox win titles ( edit ) When the two teams played for the first time at Yankee Stadium , on April 3 , Yankees fans started new taunts , saying `` The Curse of 1918 is finally over ( 86 years ) . Let the new curse 2090 begin . '' They also projected the next Red Sox championship with signs saying `` 1918 - 2004 - 2090 . '' Just a week later , the Red Sox received their World Series rings at Fenway Park before they played the Yankees . All of the Yankees went to the top step of the dugout to applaud the Red Sox accomplishment at the urging of Yankees manager Joe Torre . During the announcement of the lineups , Red Sox fans reciprocated by giving Yankees closer Mariano Rivera ( who had struggled against the Red Sox ) a loud , standing ovation , despite their booing of Alex Rodriguez . Rivera laughed and tipped his cap . In New York , the YES Network , the Yankees television network , declined to broadcast it . Instead , a fixed camera shot was focused tightly on correspondent Kimberly Jones as she described in general terms the events surrounding her ; afterwards , YES was roundly criticized for the move . The Red Sox won the game 8 -- 1 . Johnny Damon played for both the Red Sox and the Yankees . The Red Sox acquired starting pitcher Josh Beckett , who pitched a complete game shutout for the Marlins against the Yankees to end the 2003 World Series , the end of the 2005 season . The Yankees would follow with their own off - season acquisition of former Red Sox outfielder Johnny Damon , a fan - favorite during his four years in Boston . Damon returned to Fenway Park the following May to a mix of cheers and boos as he tipped his helmet to the fans . The Yankees completed a five - game sweep of the Red Sox at Fenway Park , evoking memories of 1978 's `` Boston Massacre '' . The Yankees pushed their division lead from 1 ⁄ games up to 6 ⁄ games over the second place Sox . Boston Globe columnist Dan Shaughnessy dubbed it the `` Son of Massacre . '' The second game of the series , which the Yankees won 14 -- 11 , took four hours and 45 minutes to complete , making it the longest nine - inning game in MLB history . Months after the Yankees loss in the 2006 ALDS and Torre 's decision to drop a struggling Alex Rodriguez to 8th in the lineup , Rodriguez in an interview with Sports Illustrated , claimed that he had preferred to go to the Red Sox before being traded to the Yankees . The incident would be one of contention between Torre and Rodriguez as noted in Torre 's book , The Yankee Years . Josh Beckett of Boston pitched a complete game shutout against New York to win the 2003 World Series for Florida . During the third inning of a 2007 game at Fenway Park , Ramírez , J.D. Drew , Mike Lowell , and Jason Varitek hit four consecutive home runs off Yankees pitcher Chase Wright , powering a comeback from a three - run deficit and completing a three - game sweep of the Yankees at Fenway Park for the first time since 1990 . By May , after long speculation about what team he would play for after retirement , Roger Clemens chose to return to the Yankees as opposed to the Red Sox ( where he started his career ) or the Houston Astros ( his hometown and last team he played for ) . Clemens helped the Yankees overcome a 14 - game deficit in the standings to roar back to reach the playoffs again , however , this was not enough to win the division . On September 28 , Boston won the AL East after a win against the Minnesota Twins and a loss by the Yankees against the Baltimore Orioles . This was the first AL East Championship for the Red Sox since 1995 , ending the Yankees ' nine - year reign in the division . The Red Sox went on to sweep the Colorado Rockies in the World Series . Series MVP Mike Lowell remarks , upon receiving his trophy , that `` the Red Sox are expected to win . '' Controversy erupted during the eighth inning of the final game when Alex Rodriguez 's agent Scott Boras announced that Rodriguez had decided to opt out of his contract , in what was seen by many as an attempt by Boras to overshadow the series . The off - season after the 2007 Series showed a war of words between management of both teams . Boston GM Theo Epstein called Yankees pitcher Mike Mussina a `` bad apple '' for complaining about the Yankees ' 2004 trip to Japan as the Red Sox were gearing up for their own trip there . Epstein claimed that Mussina had used it as a crutch during the season . Mussina retorted back saying `` Yea , we used it as a crutch to win the division ! '' Later that month , Hank Steinbrenner , who had taken a bigger role with the Yankees operation from his father George , responded in a feisty manner to the popularity of Red Sox Nation in The New York Times supplemental Play Magazine : `` ' Red Sox Nation ? ' What a bunch of ( expletive ) that is . That was a creation of the Red Sox and ESPN , which is filled with Red Sox fans . Go anywhere in America and you wo n't see Red Sox hats and jackets , you 'll see Yankee hats and jackets . This is a Yankee country . We 're going to put the Yankees back on top and restore the universe to order . '' In response , Red Sox principal owner John W. Henry inducted Hank Steinbrenner into Red Sox Nation . Steinbrenner went on to praise Henry 's handling of the Red Sox and said they would always be competitive under him . In 2008 , the Red Sox clinched a playoff berth and the Yankees ' streak of 13 consecutive postseason appearances dating back to 1995 ended . In the 2008 - 09 off - season , first baseman Mark Teixeira signed an eight year , $180 million contract with the Yankees . Tony Massarotti of The Boston Globe summed up his feelings by calling it a `` kick in the pants '' . In August 2009 , the defeated the Red Sox , 20 -- 11 , in which the total runs scored ( 31 ) was the most combined runs scored in a game in the history of the rivalry . Both teams made the playoffs in 2009 . During the ALDS , the Yankees defeated the Minnesota Twins to face the Los Angeles Angels who had knocked out the Red Sox . The Yankees beat the Angels and went on defeat the Philadelphia Phillies in the 2009 World Series , 4 -- 2 , to win their 27th World Series title in their first year in the new Yankee Stadium . Former Red Sox pitcher Pedro Martínez was the losing pitcher for the Phillies in Game 6 . 2010 -- 2012 : Yankees fall short , Red Sox collapse ( edit ) 2010 saw the Yankees and the Red Sox start and finish the season against each other at Fenway Park , the first time since 1950 this happened . The Red Sox beat the Yankees in the first meeting of the two teams , the 30th time that the two teams played on Opening Day , improving to 11 -- 18 -- 1 against the Yankees whenever the two teams play each other on Opening Day . The Red Sox , struggling to get out of third place , failed to make the playoffs , but played spoiler during the final series of the season , knocking the Yankees out of first place in the American League East , relegating them to the wild - card for 2010 . In 2011 , the Red Sox went 12 -- 6 against the Yankees , including beating Yankees ace CC Sabathia four times during the season and sweeping two three - game series at Yankee Stadium , the first series of three games of more where the Yankees have been swept at home since it opened in 2009 . Critics and writers forecasted overwhelmingly that the Red Sox would win the 2011 World Series . The Red Sox spent a great deal to build the team in the off - season , and were about to sell at least two Red Sox as Most Valuable Player candidates by mid season . Following a disastrous first month , the Red Sox climbed in the standings . The Yankees claimed the AL East crown after the Red Sox 's September struggles left them battling for the wild - card with the Rays , with whom they went into the season 's final game tied . On September 28 , the Tampa Bay Rays staged a dramatic comeback from 7 -- 0 to win 8 -- 7 over the Yankees in the 12th inning . Only three minutes earlier , Red Sox closer Jonathan Papelbon blew a 3 -- 2 lead over the Orioles in the bottom of the 9th inning , handing a 4 -- 3 walk - off victory to the Orioles . The Rays claimed the AL Wild Card and eliminated the Red Sox from the post-season . It marked the first time in baseball history that a 9 - game lead had been blown in September , becoming the worst collapse in baseball history . Dan Shaughnessy of The Boston Globe said that `` the greatest choke in baseball history ... feels like revenge for 2004 and 2007 . '' The Red Sox hired outspoken manager Bobby Valentine to take Francona 's place . After his signing , Valentine immediately inserted himself into the rivalry when he said he hated the Yankees . On the series of April 20 -- 22 , 2012 , the Red Sox celebrated the 100th anniversary of Fenway Park against the Yankees , who they played to open up the park . Both teams wore their 1912 uniforms on April 20 , which the Yankees won 6 - 2 . The Yankees came back from down , 9 -- 0 , to win , 15 -- 9 , the next day , the largest deficit they have ever overcome . They won the season series 13 -- 5 , their best record against the Red Sox since 2001 , when they also went 13 -- 5 against them , and swept the final three - game series of the season at Yankee Stadium to clinch the AL East while the Red Sox finished last in the division for the first time since 1992 with their worst record since 1965 . Valentine was fired soon after . Later in 2012 , the Yankees acquired 2004 ALCS Game 7 winner Derek Lowe . He was the latest member of the 2004 team to later play for the Yankees . After the 2012 season , Kevin Youkilis , who the Red Sox traded to the Chicago White Sox earlier in the season , signed with the Yankees as a free agent . He had previously clashed with Joba Chamberlain when he was with Boston . 2013 -- 2016 : Red Sox champions again ( edit ) In 2013 , the Red Sox took the regular season series over the Yankees 13 - 6 . The Red Sox finished the season with the best record in the American League and went on to defeat the St. Louis Cardinals in the 2013 World Series to win their eighth World Series title , while the Yankees failed to make the playoffs . In 2014 the Yankees acquired Stephen Drew in exchange for Kelly Johnson in the first trade between the two teams since 1997 . Both teams missed the playoffs in 2014 , which is the first time in the wildcard era . To start the 2015 edition of the rivalry , the first game at Yankee Stadium on April 10 went into extra innings ended up being one of the longest games ever played -- at 6 hours and 49 minutes -- going 19 innings , with the Yankees tying the game three times in the bottom of the 9th , 14th , and 16th . The Red Sox won the game , 6 - 5 . Towards the end of the 2016 season in September , the Yankees headed to Fenway Park trailing the first place Red Sox by only four games . The Yankees ended up getting swept and blew late - inning leads in three of the four games , including giving up five runs in the ninth inning of the first game . The sweep has been dubbed `` Boston Massacre II '' in reference to the 1978 four game sweep of the Red Sox by the Yankees at Fenway . 2017 -- present : rebirth of the rivalry ( edit ) In 2017 , the Red Sox won the division by two games , forcing the Yankees into the Wild Card . This marked the first time both the Red Sox and Yankees made the playoffs since 2009 . However , both teams lost in the postseason to the eventual World Series champion Houston Astros . For only third time in the history of the rivalry ( the previous two occasions were 1930 and 1992 ) , both teams had new managers to start the 2018 season . The Yankees hired Aaron Boone and the Red Sox hired Alex Cora , both former players of the team who hired them . During an early - season game , a brawl erupted between both benches after Yankees first baseman Tyler Austin charged Red Sox pitcher Joe Kelly for throwing at him twice in response to Austin 's slide at second base earlier in the game . It became a trending topic on Twitter and the MLB 's Youtube channel video of the incident became one of the most viewed ( currently at an estimated 1 million views ) , and social media commentators saw the brawl as a spark of a reignited rivalry between the two teams , which in turn released more long - standing hatred among their respective fan bases not just in their respective cities and states but also nationwide . By the end of the 2018 regular season , both teams qualified for the postseason and both reached the 100 - win mark . It would be the first time in history that both teams had won at least 100 games in the same season and , along with the Houston Astros , the first time the American League had three 100 game winners . Following the Yankees ' victory over the Oakland A 's in the AL Wild Card Game , the two faced each other in the 2018 ALDS . This was the fourth postseason meeting for the two teams , and their first meeting in the ALDS . The Red Sox won the series 3 games to 1 , taking games 3 & 4 in Yankee Stadium by a combined score of 20 - 4 , with all games broadcast on cable channel TBS in the United States , ending up as one of the highest rating MLB postseason series broadcasts yet in its long history . Just like in the earlier April 2018 brawl , it fueled once more the fan hatred between the two teams , becoming a Twitter trending topic . On October 24 , 2018 in Boston , during game 2 of the World Series against the Los Angeles Dodgers , in the top of the ninth inning ( as the Red Sox was about to win the game 4 - 2 ) , the fans in attendance started chanting `` Yankees Suck ! '' at Fenway Park , they did the chant the night before as the Red Sox were leading in the scorebooks . As the Red Sox won the 2018 World Series in Dodger Stadium , the `` Yankees Suck '' chants resounded again from the Red Sox fans attending the series winning game in Los Angeles on October 28 the same year , and the victorious Red Sox players sang Frank Sinatra 's cover of `` New York , New York '' in celebration in the Dodger Stadium locker rooms ( that song , the one played at Yankees home victories , was the one played in Yankee Stadium when the Red Sox won in the aformentioned 2004 ALCS and in the 2018 ALDS ) . In May 2018 , MLB announced that the Yankees and Red Sox would play a two - game series during the 2019 season at London Stadium , in the first of year of a two - year deal to play regular season games at the venue . The MLB London Series will be the first time that the two sides have played each other in regular season play outside of either New York or Boston , and will also be the first MLB regular season games to be played in Europe . Season - by - season results ( edit ) hide Yankees vs. Red Sox Season - by - Season Results 1900s ( Red Sox , 101 -- 86 -- 4 ) ( show ) Season Season series at Baltimore Orioles / NY Highlanders at Boston Americans / Red Sox Notes 1901 Tie 9 -- 9 Tie , 4 -- 4 Tie , 5 -- 5 First year of American League Baseball 1902 Americans 16 -- 4 Americans , 7 -- 1 Americans , 9 -- 3 1903 Americans 13 -- 7 Americans , 7 -- 3 Americans , 6 -- 4 Orioles move to New York and become the `` New York Highlanders '' First year of organized Major League Baseball Americans win 1903 World Series 1904 Americans 12 -- 10 -- 2 Americans , 6 -- 4 Tie , 6 -- 6 -- 2 Americans win three of four over Highlanders to close out season Americans win the AL Pennant by 1 ⁄ games over Highlanders No World Series held as NL Champion New York Giants refuse to participate 1905 Americans 13 -- 8 Tie , 5 -- 5 Americans , 8 -- 3 1906 Highlanders 17 -- 5 -- 1 Highlanders , 8 -- 3 Highlanders , 9 -- 2 -- 1 Highlanders win 11 straight meetings between May and September 1907 Highlanders 12 -- 8 -- 1 Highlanders , 6 -- 3 -- 1 Highlanders , 6 -- 5 Americans change their name to `` Red Sox '' 1908 Red Sox 12 -- 10 Red Sox , 7 -- 4 Highlanders , 6 -- 5 1909 Red Sox 13 -- 9 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 Red Sox , 7 -- 4 1910s ( Red Sox , 115 -- 94 -- 3 ) ( show ) Season Season series at New York Highlanders / Yankees at Boston Red Sox Notes 1910 Highlanders 13 -- 9 -- 1 Highlanders , 6 -- 3 -- 1 Highlanders , 7 -- 6 1911 Red Sox 12 -- 10 Red Sox , 8 -- 3 Highlanders , 7 -- 4 1912 Red Sox 19 -- 2 Red Sox , 10 -- 0 Red Sox , 9 -- 2 Red Sox open Fenway Park Red Sox win 17 straight meetings from October 1911 to July 1912 Red Sox win 1912 World Series 1913 Red Sox 14 -- 6 -- 1 Red Sox , 7 -- 2 -- 1 Red Sox , 7 -- 4 Highlanders change their name to `` Yankees '' 1914 Tie 11 -- 11 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 Yankees , 6 -- 5 1915 Yankees 12 -- 10 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 Yankees , 7 -- 4 Red Sox win 1915 World Series 1916 Tie 11 -- 11 Yankees , 6 -- 5 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 Red Sox win 1916 World Series 1917 Red Sox 13 -- 9 -- 1 Red Sox , 7 -- 4 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 -- 1 1918 Yankees 11 -- 6 Yankees , 7 -- 2 Tie , 4 -- 4 Red Sox win 1918 World Series , their last until 2004 1919 Red Sox 10 -- 9 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 Tie , 4 -- 4 1920s ( Yankees , 149 -- 71 -- 1 ) ( show ) Season Season series at New York Yankees at Boston Red Sox Notes 1920 Yankees 13 -- 9 Yankees , 7 -- 4 Yankees , 6 -- 5 Babe Ruth 's first season with the Yankees Alleged start to the Curse of the Bambino 1921 Yankees 15 -- 7 Yankees , 10 -- 1 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 Yankees win first AL pennant , lose 1921 World Series 1922 Red Sox 13 -- 9 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 Red Sox , 7 -- 4 Yankees lose 1922 World Series 1923 Yankees 14 -- 8 Yankees , 8 -- 3 Yankees , 6 -- 5 Yankees open the original Yankee Stadium Yankees win 1923 World Series for first title 1924 Yankees 17 -- 5 -- 1 Yankees , 9 -- 2 -- 1 Yankees , 8 -- 3 Yankees sweep a 4 - game series in Boston September 8 - 11 to even the overall series at 253 -- 253 -- 7 at the season 's end 1925 Yankees 13 -- 9 Yankees , 7 -- 4 Yankees , 6 -- 5 On June 27 , Yankees take a 259 -- 258 -- 7 lead in the series , a lead the Yankees would never relinquish 1926 Yankees 17 -- 5 Yankees , 9 -- 2 Yankees , 8 -- 3 Yankees lose 1926 World Series 1927 Yankees 18 -- 4 Yankees , 9 -- 1 Yankees , 9 -- 3 Yankees win 11 straight meetings from May to August Yankees win 1927 World Series 1928 Yankees 16 -- 6 Yankees , 7 -- 4 Yankees , 9 -- 2 Yankees win 1928 World Series 1929 Yankees 17 -- 5 Yankees , 9 -- 2 Yankees , 8 -- 3 1930s ( Yankees , 136 -- 80 -- 3 ) ( show ) Season Season series at New York Yankees at Boston Red Sox Notes 1930 Yankees 16 -- 6 Yankees , 8 -- 3 Yankees , 8 -- 3 1931 Yankees 16 -- 6 Yankees , 9 -- 2 Yankees , 7 -- 4 1932 Yankees 17 -- 5 Yankees , 10 -- 1 Yankees , 7 -- 4 Yankees win 13 straight home meetings from July 1931 to June 1932 Yankees win 1932 World Series 1933 Yankees 14 -- 8 Yankees , 9 -- 2 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 1934 Yankees 12 -- 10 Yankees , 7 -- 4 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 1935 Yankees 12 -- 9 Tie , 5 -- 5 Yankees , 7 -- 4 1936 Yankees 15 -- 7 -- 1 Yankees , 9 -- 2 Yankees , 6 -- 5 -- 1 Yankees win 1936 World Series 1937 Yankees 15 -- 7 Yankees , 7 -- 4 Yankees , 8 -- 3 Yankees win 1937 World Series 1938 Tie 11 -- 11 -- 1 Yankees , 7 -- 4 -- 1 Red Sox , 7 -- 4 1939 Red Sox 11 -- 8 -- 1 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 Red Sox , 5 -- 3 -- 1 Red Sox win season series for first time since 1922 Yankees win 1939 World Series 1940s ( Yankees , 122 -- 98 -- 2 ) ( show ) Season Season series at New York Yankees at Boston Red Sox Notes 1940 Yankees 13 -- 9 Yankees , 7 -- 4 Yankees , 6 -- 5 1941 Yankees 13 -- 9 -- 1 Yankees , 8 -- 3 -- 1 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 Joe DiMaggio had 56 - game hitting streak Ted Williams batted . 406 Yankees win 1941 World Series 1942 Red Sox 12 -- 10 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 Yankees lose 1942 World Series 1943 Yankees 17 -- 5 -- 1 Yankees , 9 -- 2 Yankees , 8 -- 3 -- 1 Yankees win 1943 World Series 1944 Tie 11 -- 11 Yankees , 8 -- 3 Red Sox , 8 -- 3 1945 Yankees 16 -- 6 Yankees , 9 -- 2 Yankees , 7 -- 4 1946 Red Sox 14 -- 8 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 Red Sox , 8 -- 3 Red Sox finish ahead of Yankees in the standings for first time since selling Babe Ruth Red Sox lose 1946 World Series 1947 Yankees 13 -- 9 Yankees , 8 -- 3 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 Yankees win 1947 World Series 1948 Red Sox 14 -- 8 Yankees , 6 -- 5 Red Sox , 9 -- 2 Both teams in hotly - contested pennant race with Cleveland Indians . Red Sox lose to Indians in tie - breaker 1949 Yankees 13 -- 9 Yankees , 8 -- 3 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 Yankees win 1949 World Series 1950s ( Yankees , 126 -- 93 -- 1 ) ( show ) Season Season series at New York Yankees at Boston Red Sox Notes 1950 Yankees 13 -- 9 Yankees , 8 -- 3 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 Yankees win 1950 World Series 1951 Tie 11 -- 11 Yankees , 9 -- 2 Red Sox , 9 -- 2 Yankees win 1951 World Series 1952 Yankees 14 -- 8 Yankees , 8 -- 3 Yankees , 6 -- 5 Yankees win 1952 World Series 1953 Yankees 11 -- 10 Yankees , 6 -- 5 Tie , 5 -- 5 Yankees win 1953 World Series , their fifth straight title 1954 Yankees 13 -- 9 Yankees , 8 -- 3 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 1955 Yankees 14 -- 8 Yankees , 7 -- 4 Yankees , 7 -- 4 Yankees lose 1955 World Series 1956 Yankees 14 -- 8 Yankees , 7 -- 4 Yankees , 7 -- 4 Yankees win 1956 World Series 1957 Yankees 14 -- 8 Yankees , 6 -- 5 Yankees , 8 -- 3 Yankees lose 1957 World Series 1958 Yankees 13 -- 9 -- 1 Yankees , 7 -- 4 -- 1 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 Yankees win 1958 World Series 1959 Red Sox 13 -- 9 Yankees , 6 -- 5 Red Sox , 8 -- 3 1960s ( Yankees , 101 -- 83 ) ( show ) Season Season series at New York Yankees at Boston Red Sox Notes 1960 Yankees 15 -- 7 Yankees , 8 -- 3 Yankees , 7 -- 4 Yankees lose 1960 World Series 1961 Yankees 13 -- 5 Yankees , 8 -- 1 Yankees , 5 -- 4 MLB expansion reduces schedule to 18 meetings per year Yankees win 1961 World Series 1962 Yankees 12 -- 6 Yankees , 6 -- 3 Yankees , 6 -- 3 Yankees win 1962 World Series 1963 Yankees 12 -- 6 Yankees , 7 -- 2 Yankees , 5 -- 4 Yankees lose 1963 World Series 1964 Tie 9 -- 9 Yankees , 5 -- 4 Red Sox , 5 -- 4 Yankees lose 1964 World Series 1965 Tie 9 -- 9 Red Sox , 5 -- 4 Yankees , 5 -- 4 1966 Yankees 10 -- 8 Red Sox , 5 -- 4 Yankees , 6 -- 3 1967 Red Sox 12 -- 6 Red Sox , 6 -- 3 Red Sox , 6 -- 3 Red Sox lose 1967 World Series 1968 Red Sox 10 -- 8 Red Sox , 6 -- 3 Yankees , 5 -- 4 Red Sox win consecutive season series for the first time since 1911 - 13 1969 Red Sox 11 -- 7 Red Sox , 5 -- 4 Red Sox , 6 -- 3 1970s ( Red Sox , 89 -- 79 ) ( show ) Season Season series at New York Yankees at Boston Red Sox Notes 1970 Red Sox 10 -- 8 Red Sox , 5 -- 4 Red Sox , 5 -- 4 1971 Yankees 11 -- 7 Yankees , 7 -- 2 Red Sox , 5 -- 4 1972 Tie 9 -- 9 Yankees , 7 -- 2 Red Sox , 7 -- 2 1973 Red Sox 14 -- 4 Red Sox , 6 -- 3 Red Sox , 8 -- 1 Munson , Fisk brawl Red Sox 11 -- 7 Yankees , 5 -- 4 Red Sox , 9 -- 2 Red Sox win 11 straight home meetings from August 1973 to July 1974 Red Sox 11 -- 5 Red Sox , 6 -- 1 Red Sox , 5 -- 4 Red Sox lose 1975 World Series 1976 Yankees 11 -- 7 Yankees , 7 -- 2 Red Sox , 5 -- 4 Pinella , Fisk brawl Yankees lose 1976 World Series 1977 Red Sox 8 -- 7 Yankees , 6 -- 2 Red Sox , 5 -- 2 MLB expansion reduces season series to 15 meetings per year Yankees win 1977 World Series 1978 Yankees 9 -- 7 Red Sox , 4 -- 3 Yankees , 6 -- 3 Yankees overcome a 14 - game deficit to Red Sox including a 4 - game sweep in Fenway in September ( `` Boston Massacre '' ) Teams tie for first in the AL East , Yankees defeat Red Sox in tiebreaker game Yankees win 1978 World Series 1979 Yankees 8 -- 5 Yankees , 4 -- 3 Yankees , 4 -- 2 Schedule reduced to 13 meetings per year as MLB implements `` balanced schedule . '' 1980s ( Yankees , 65 -- 58 ) ( show ) Season Season series at New York Yankees at Boston Red Sox Notes 1980 Yankees 10 -- 3 Tie , 3 -- 3 Yankees , 7 -- 0 Yankees sweep all games in Boston for first time 1981 Tie 3 -- 3 Yankees , 2 -- 1 Red Sox , 2 -- 1 Strike - shortened season Yankees lose 1981 World Series 1982 Red Sox 7 -- 6 Tie , 3 -- 3 Red Sox , 4 -- 3 Red Sox 7 -- 6 Yankees , 4 -- 3 Red Sox , 4 -- 2 1984 Red Sox 7 -- 6 Red Sox , 4 -- 2 Yankees , 4 -- 3 1985 Yankees 8 -- 5 Yankees , 5 -- 2 Tie , 3 -- 3 Red Sox win the first five meetings , Yankees win the next eight . 1986 Yankees 10 -- 3 Red Sox , 4 -- 2 Yankees , 6 -- 1 Red Sox lose 1986 World Series Red Sox 7 -- 6 Yankees , 4 -- 3 Red Sox , 4 -- 2 1988 Red Sox 9 -- 4 Red Sox , 4 -- 2 Red Sox , 5 -- 2 1989 Red Sox 7 -- 6 Yankees , 4 -- 3 Red Sox , 4 -- 2 1990s ( Yankees , 72 -- 57 ) ( show ) Season Season series at New York Yankees at Boston Red Sox Notes 1990 Red Sox 9 -- 4 Yankees , 4 -- 2 Red Sox , 7 -- 0 1991 Yankees 7 -- 6 Red Sox , 4 -- 3 Yankees , 4 -- 2 1992 Red Sox 7 -- 6 Yankees , 4 - 2 Red Sox , 5 -- 2 1993 Yankees 7 -- 6 Yankees , 4 -- 3 Tie , 3 -- 3 1994 Yankees 7 -- 3 Yankees , 4 -- 2 Yankees , 3 -- 1 Strike - shortened season . Strike cancels postseason . Yankees had best regular season record in American League MLB adds Wild Card , allowing for both teams to make the postseason in the same year . 1995 Yankees 8 -- 5 Yankees , 6 -- 1 Red Sox , 4 -- 2 Both teams qualify for postseason for the first time . Yankees 10 -- 3 Red Sox , 4 -- 2 Yankees , 6 -- 1 Yankees win 1996 World Series 1997 Yankees 8 -- 4 Yankees , 4 -- 2 Yankees , 4 -- 2 1998 Yankees 7 -- 5 Tie , 3 -- 3 Yankees , 4 -- 2 Yankees win 114 games to set AL record ( later broken ) Yankees win 1998 World Series 1999 Red Sox 8 -- 4 Red Sox , 4 -- 2 Red Sox , 4 -- 2 Yankees win 1999 World Series 1999 ALCS Yankees 4 -- 1 Yankees , 2 - 0 Yankees , 2 - 1 First postseason meeting 2000s ( Yankees , 104 -- 90 ) ( show ) Season Season series at New York Yankees at Boston Red Sox Notes 2000 Yankees 7 -- 6 Red Sox , 4 -- 2 Yankees , 5 -- 2 Yankees win 2000 World Series 2001 Yankees 13 -- 5 Yankees , 8 -- 1 Yankees , 5 -- 4 MLB changed to an unbalanced schedule in 2001 , resulting in 18 - 19 meetings per year Yankees lose 2001 World Series 2002 Yankees 10 -- 9 Yankees , 5 -- 4 Tie , 5 -- 5 2003 Yankees 10 -- 9 Tie , 5 -- 5 Yankees , 5 -- 4 Yankees lose 2003 World Series 2003 ALCS Yankees 4 -- 3 Tie , 2 -- 2 Yankees , 2 -- 1 Game 7 ends on Aaron Boone 's 11th inning home run Red Sox 11 -- 8 Yankees , 5 -- 4 Red Sox , 7 -- 3 Red Sox win 2004 World Series , their first since 1918 2004 ALCS Red Sox 4 -- 3 Tie , 2 -- 2 Red Sox , 2 -- 1 Red Sox overcome 3 - 0 deficit 2005 Yankees 10 -- 9 Yankees , 5 -- 4 Tie , 5 -- 5 2006 Yankees 11 -- 8 Red Sox , 6 -- 4 Yankees , 7 -- 2 Yankees sweep a 5 - game series at Fenway ( `` Son of Massacre '' ) 2007 Yankees 10 -- 8 Yankees , 6 -- 3 Red Sox , 5 -- 4 Red Sox win 2007 World Series 2008 Tie 9 -- 9 Red Sox , 5 -- 4 Yankees , 5 -- 4 2009 Tie 9 -- 9 Yankees , 7 -- 2 Red Sox , 7 -- 2 Yankees open the new Yankee Stadium Red Sox win first eight meetings , Yankees win nine of next ten Yankees win 2009 World Series 2010s ( Tie , 85 -- 85 ) ( show ) Season Season series at New York Yankees at Boston Red Sox Notes Tie 9 -- 9 Red Sox , 5 -- 4 Yankees , 5 -- 4 2011 Red Sox 12 -- 6 Red Sox , 7 -- 2 Red Sox , 5 -- 4 Red Sox miss playoffs despite having 9 - game lead in September 2012 Yankees 13 -- 5 Yankees , 6 -- 3 Yankees , 7 -- 2 2013 Red Sox 13 -- 6 Red Sox , 7 -- 3 Red Sox , 6 -- 2 Red Sox win 2013 World Series 2014 Yankees 12 -- 7 Yankees , 6 -- 4 Yankees , 6 -- 3 2015 Yankees 11 -- 8 Red Sox , 6 -- 4 Yankees , 7 -- 2 Red Sox win 19 - inning game over Yankees on April 10 2016 Red Sox 11 -- 8 Yankees , 6 -- 3 Red Sox , 8 -- 2 Red Sox sweep 4 - game series in September ( `` Boston Massacre II '' ) 2017 Yankees 11 -- 8 Yankees , 6 -- 4 Yankees , 5 -- 2 2018 Red Sox 10 -- 9 Yankees , 6 -- 3 Red Sox , 7 -- 3 Red Sox sweep four - game series in August to extend AL East lead from 5 ⁄ games to 9 ⁄ , effectively taking control of the division . Both teams win 100 games ( Red Sox 108 , Yankees 100 ) for first time ever 2018 ALDS Red Sox 3 -- 1 Red Sox , 2 -- 0 Tie , 1 -- 1 Red Sox win Game 3 , 16 -- 1 , the largest postseason loss in Yankees history . Red Sox 2B Brock Holt hits for the cycle in this game . Summary of Results ( show ) Season Season series at New York Yankees at Boston Red Sox Notes Regular Season Yankees 1202 -- 1018 -- 14 Yankees , 647 -- 455 -- 7 Red Sox , 563 -- 555 -- 7 Postseason games Yankees 12 -- 11 Tie , 6 -- 6 Yankees , 6 -- 5 Postseason Series Tie 2 -- 2 Regular and postseason Yankees 1214 -- 1029 -- 14 Yankees , 653 -- 461 -- 7 Red Sox , 568 -- 561 -- 7 Geography ( edit ) Using Facebook Like button data , Ben Blatt of the Harvard College Sports Analysis Collective found in 2012 that Red Sox fans are east of the New York State -- Vermont / Massachusetts border , and Yankees fans are west . Blatt wrote , `` I had thought that it was possible that Red Sox Nation might extend into northern New York or Yankees territory might extend into Vermont . This turned out not to be the case '' . Connecticut divides support between the two teams ; he found that 56.6 % of Facebook users in Hartford , often cited as being on the border between the two teams ' fans , supported the Yankees . While Blatt found that identifying an exact border within the state was impossible , Guilford and Middletown are almost exactly divided , with 50.7 % in each supporting the Yankees . Violence over rivalry ( edit ) There have been occasions of arrests due to violence over the rivalry . In May 2008 , a Yankees fan in Nashua , New Hampshire was arrested and charged with reckless second - degree murder outside a bar , which resulted from an argument over the rivalry . Later in 2008 , a man driving a car with New York license plates in Massachusetts was pulled from his car and savagely beaten because locals suspected the man of being a Yankees fan . During the final series of the 2010 season , Boston Police arrested a Yankees fan for stabbing a Red Sox fan over an argument about the rivalry . Rivalry outside of Baseball ( edit ) Don Mattingly had appeared in public service announcements airing on the Spike TV network advocating fathers to spend time with their children as part of the `` True Dads '' campaign to encourage men to take an active role in their children 's lives . Mattingly jokes at the end of the commercial about the impatience of one of the characters in the commercial by calling him a Red Sox fan . On April 13 , 2008 , rumors of a construction worker burying a Red Sox jersey in the concrete of the new Yankee Stadium were verified after anonymous tips led to the location of the jersey . The worker , identified as Gino Castignoli , had buried a David Ortiz jersey in what would become a service corridor in the hopes of cursing the new stadium . After extracting the jersey from underneath two feet of concrete , Yankees ' President Randy Levine indicated that the shirt would be donated to the Jimmy Fund to be auctioned for the charity long associated with the Red Sox . Whatever curse was intended failed to bear fruit with the Yankees winning the World Series in their first year at the new stadium . Politics ( edit ) On October 23 , 2007 , former New York City mayor Rudolph Giuliani , who is a Yankees fan , said at a New Hampshire event for his presidential campaign that he was going to cheer for the Red Sox during their World Series appearance against the Colorado Rockies . Giuliani justified his support of the Red Sox by proclaiming he was a fan of American League baseball . The following day , the New York Post and New York Daily News printed doctored photos of Giuliani as a Red Sox fan on their covers with the headlines `` RED COAT '' and `` TRAITOR ! '' respectively . Topps parodied this in a 2008 baseball card altered to depict Giuliani on the field with the Red Sox as the team celebrated their 2007 World Series championship . A month later , he was asked about his support for the Red Sox by one of the questioners in a YouTube Republican Presidential Debate run by CNN . In response to the mayor 's answer , former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney , who was in office during the Red Sox 2004 win , claimed that all Americans are united in hatred of the Yankees . Giuliani 's successor , Michael Bloomberg , grew up in Boston as a Red Sox fan , but later switched his allegiance to the Yankees after assuming office . However , Bloomberg 's successor , former New York City Public Advocate turned New York City Mayor of New York City Bill de Blasio openly supported the Red Sox World Series run during his 2013 campaign , winning the general election by a huge margin . During the 2010 special Senate election in Massachusetts , Martha Coakley , the Democratic candidate and state Attorney General , faced a mild backlash for deriding Curt Schilling as `` another Yankee fan '' on a local radio show , after Schilling endorsed Coakley 's Republican opponent , state senator Scott Brown . Many critics alleged that Coakley 's apparent unfamiliarity with Schilling demonstrated a lack of awareness to her Massachusetts constituents . Schilling would responded , `` I 've been called a lot of things ... but never , I mean never , could anyone make the mistake of calling me a Yankee fan . Well , check that ; if you did n't know what the hell is going on in your own state maybe you could . '' Brown , who had polled as much as 30 points behind Coakley a month before the election , had seen a late surge in support prior to Coakley 's comments and would eventually win a come from behind victory against her in the election . Other Sports ( edit ) In 2002 , when the NFL 's New England Patriots held their victory celebration after winning their first Super Bowl and the first championship for the city of Boston since the Celtics won the 1986 NBA Finals , linebacker Larry Izzo fired up the crowd , chanting `` Yankees suck ! '' The chant would become a fixture of Patriots Super Bowl victory rallies following their victories in Super Bowls XXXVIII in 2004 and XXXIX in 2005 , which were sandwiched around the Red Sox 2004 World Series win . Dan Shaughnessy wrote about the chant : `` Can you imagine a Giants or a Jets celebration in New York City in which a New York player would take the time to chant , ' Red Sox suck ? ' '' Shaughnessy opined that should such a thing occur , it would be more likely at a Jets celebration , as a Giants celebration , like those of the Mets and the Rangers , would be more likely to feature such chants made in reference to the Philadelphia teams , as one of the Giants ' primary rivalries is with the Philadelphia Eagles . The rivalry was played out during Super Bowl XLII in February 2008 , as it was a showdown between football teams from each metropolitan area , the New York Giants and the New England Patriots . The Giants defeated the Patriots in what was considered one of the greatest upsets in Super Bowl history . After the game Giants fans chanted `` 18 and 1 ! 18 and 1 ! '' , reminiscent of the infamous `` 1918 '' chant , towards Patriots fans as they left the stadium . ( Had they won the game , the Patriots would have become the first NFL team to ever finish with a 19 -- 0 record . ) Giants fans called this revenge for the Red Sox comeback in 2004 . The Giants and Patriots faced off again in Super Bowl XLVI ; with the Giants once again defeating the Patriots . Dan Shaughnessy 's piece in The Boston Globe on the Giants victory over the Patriots was headlined , `` History Repeats . '' During the 2008 NBA Finals between the Boston Celtics and the Los Angeles Lakers , movie director Spike Lee , a season ticket holder of the New York Knicks , wore a Yankees jersey and cap at Game 3 of the Finals in Los Angeles . Lee sat behind the Boston bench while loudly cheering for the Lakers , though he has a friendship with Ray Allen of the Celtics . For the 2010 NHL Winter Classic outdoor ice hockey game held at Fenway Park , Boston Bruins then - backup goaltender Tuukka Rask had artwork on his `` special event '' goalie mask 's upper front area depicting a roaring bear with a ripped New York Yankees home `` pinstripe '' jersey falling from its lower jaw . In 2011 , NBA star LeBron James worked a deal with Red Sox owner John Henry to take partial ownership of Henry 's soccer subsidiary Liverpool Football Club of the Premier League . James was criticized in the New York media for spurning New York due to his being a purported Yankees fan . On June 27 2011 , the Yankees / Red Sox feud spilled into the world of professional wrestling when CM Punk was cutting a promo against Boston native John Cena . CM Punk went on to call John Cena a hypocrite for reasons that were unfolding in their respective storyline and said that John Cena had become the very thing he had despised in the wrestling business . He concluded this promo by calling Cena the `` New York Yankees '' . Cena then punched Punk for comparing him to his home team 's famed rivals . ( Punk : ) `` What you 've lost sight of is what you are , and what you are is what you hate . You 're the 10 - time WWE Champion ! You 're the man ! You , like the Red Sox , like Boston , are no longer the underdog ! You 're a dynasty . You are what you hate . You have become the New York Yankees ! '' ( John Cena immediately punches Punk , who scoots out of the ring , grabs the contract , and goes up the ramp . Points respectively to Vince McMahon and John Cena ) `` You 're Steinbrenner , and you might as well be Jeter ! Mr. 3000 , I 'm the underdog ! '' Rivalries between other New York sports teams and other Boston sports teams have been attributed to the Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry . For example , some have pointed out the connections between this rivalry and those of the New York Jets and the New England Patriots in the NFL and the New York Knicks and the Boston Celtics in the NBA . Since the owners of the Yankees are involved with Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan , owner of Manchester City F.C. and the Red Sox being involved with Liverpool F.C. , the 2014 International Champions Cup match between Manchester City and Liverpool at Yankee Stadium carried the classic angle of the Yankees and Red Sox rivalry . Liverpool defeated Manchester City in a penalty shoot - out . Broadcasts on television ( edit ) Joe Buck ( right ) and Tim McCarver ( left ) ( seen with former President Barack Obama , center ) call Yankees -- Red Sox games on Fox and have called many significant moments in the rivalry . The nature of the rivalry has led to games between the two teams being broadcast on national television . Whenever the two teams play a weekend series , the Friday game is broadcast on MLB Network , the Saturday game is broadcast on either Fox or Fox Sports 1 , while the Sunday game is broadcast on either TBS in the afternoon or ESPN as part of Sunday Night Baseball ; the New England Sports Network in the Boston market and the YES Network in the New York City market always carry games not assigned on either Fox , FS1 ( unless specified ) , or on ESPN 's Sunday Night Baseball . Whenever they play games during the week , there are games broadcast on MLB Network , FS1 , and ESPN . When the games are broadcast on Fox , Fox 's lead broadcast team of Joe Buck and Tim McCarver call the game . Thus , the duo has called many significant moments in the rivalry . In 2004 , the first game of the season between the two teams , on Friday , April 16 , was nationally broadcast on Fox , because it marked the first time the two teams were facing each other since the memorable 2003 American League Championship Series . Fox Sports President Ed Goren said of decision to have the game broadcast on Fox : `` If were up to me , we 'd take the whole series and come back a week later and carry all their games at Yankee Stadium ... We started thinking about this at some point after the Yankees closed the deal with A-Rod ... This is sort of a relaunch of the season in the middle of April . This is going to be an event . '' MLB Commissioner Bud Selig called the broadcast `` an extension of the postseason brought into April . '' This was the first over-the - air broadcast of a regular season game in prime - time since Mark McGwire hit his 62nd home run to break Roger Maris ' record in 1998 . In October , when the two teams met in the ALCS , Selig moved Game 5 of the series to primetime due to the rematch . Ratings ( edit ) The broadcasts of the games between the rivals have led to an increase in television ratings . These games have had at least 50 % higher ratings than all of the other games broadcast , sometimes almost twice as high than locally broadcast games . In most cases , the most - watched MLB game on any network during a season is a game between the Yankees and the Red Sox . Since 2003 , ratings for Yankees -- Red Sox games on Fox have averaged 2.6 percent of homes -- 44 percent better than other weeks , while ESPN has averaged 3.96 million viewers for Yankees -- Red Sox games on Sunday nights , compared to the average of 2.18 million for all other games . Game 7 of the 2003 ALCS drew a 17.1 rating , the highest for a League Championship Series game since Game 6 of the 1993 National League Championship Series . In 2004 , the first game between the two teams drew a 3.6 national rating , and with an average audience of 5.3 million , it was the most - watched regular - season telecast since Mark McGwire 's record - breaking home run game . In 2003 , Saturday games on Fox averaged a 2.5 rating ; prime - time entertainment got a 3.3 , but Goren said that he expected the game `` will perform much higher than those ( prime - time ) figures '' as a reason to have the game broadcast nationally . In 2011 , the three - game series between the two teams on the weekend of August 5 -- 7 drew large television viewers . The August 5 game on MLB Network drew 563,000 viewers , making it the second-most watched game on the network , behind Stephen Strasburg 's debut . In New York and Boston , it was blacked out because the YES Network had local rights in New York City and NESN in Boston . The August 6 game on Fox was most - watched non-primetime regular season MLB telecast on the network in more than three years with 4.10 million viewers . The last Fox non-primetime telecast to record higher numbers also was Boston vs. New York on July 5 , 2008 . The Sunday game on ESPN drew 4.72 million viewers , making it the most - watched baseball game on ESPN since June 3 , 2007 , when both teams faced each other , and the most - watched MLB broadcast of the 2011 regular season on any network . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Major League Baseball rivalries References ( edit ) Inline citations ^ Jump up to : `` Head - to - Head results for Baltimore Orioles , New York Highlanders and New York Yankees vs. Boston Americans and Boston Red Sox from 1901 to 2013 '' . baseball-reference.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 21 ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 78 ^ Jump up to : Bodley , Hal ( October 21 , 2004 ) . `` Sport 's ultimate rivalry ; Yanks - Red Sox epic battles go way back '' . USA Today . p. 3C . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Dodd , Mike ( October 12 , 2004 ) . `` Here they go again ... ; Red Sox vs. Yankees : Bitter enemies clash with Series on line '' . USA Today . p. 1C . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Boswell , Thomas ( September 21 , 1990 ) . `` When Red Sox Fold , It 's Always ' My Fault ' '' . The Washington Post . p . C1 . The Red Sox are being punished because they sold Babe Ruth to the Yankees in 1920 so owner Harry Frazee could finance a lightweight Broadway musical called ' No , No , Nanette . ' Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 19 Jump up ^ `` 2014 Major League Baseball Standings '' . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy , Dan ( October 21 , 2004 ) . `` A World Series ticket ; Sox complete comeback , oust Yankees for AL title '' . The Boston Globe . p . A1 . ^ Jump up to : DiGiovanna , Mike ( October 12 , 2004 ) . `` They Love to Hate Each Other ; Red Sox and Yankees carry bitter rivalry into championship series that starts tonight '' . Los Angeles Times . p . D1 . ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , pp. 177 -- 179 Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 175 Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( October 21 , 2004 ) . `` Back From Dead , Red Sox Bury Yanks and Go to Series '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Rieber , Anthony ( May 16 , 2010 ) . `` Bruins ' fall brings back memories of 2004 '' . Newsday . p. 68 . The 2004 Yankees ... are the only baseball team in history to lead a postseason series 3 -- 0 and not win it . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Ahsan , Hamza ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` Top 10 Greatest Rivalries In Sports '' . The Sports Dish . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Tim ( July 10 , 2011 ) . `` Two nations , over the air : Portrait of a rivalry in radio waves '' . The Boston Globe . p . K12 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2011 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ortiz , Jorge L. ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` Yankees vs. Red Sox : Long - running drama '' . USA Today . p. 1C . ^ Jump up to : Best , Neil ( August 5 , 2011 ) . `` Sports Watch : Rivalry has not lost its edge '' . Newsday . p. 68 . ^ Jump up to : Kruth , Cash ( August 9 , 2011 ) . `` Red Sox - Yankees series pulls high TV ratings '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Richinick , Michele ( October 4 , 2010 ) . `` Sox - Yankees rivalry led to attack , police say '' . The Boston Globe . p . B2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yankees - Red Sox Rivalry Leads to Murder in New Hampshire , Prosecutors Say '' . FOXNews.com . Associated Press . May 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Part II : CNN / YouTube Republican presidential debate transcript '' . CNN.com . CNN . November 29 , 2007 . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Steinberg , Dan ( February 2 , 2008 ) . `` Baseball 's Fault Lines Show Stress In Arizona '' . The Washington Post . p . E11 . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 1990 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 1990 , pp. 23 -- 28 ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 2 ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 155 ^ Jump up to : Browne , Ian ( September 15 , 2009 ) . `` Right off the bat , Sox face Yanks in 2010 '' . MLB.com . redsox.com . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2009 . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hoch , Bryan ( September 15 , 2009 ) . `` Yanks open , close 2010 vs. Red Sox '' . MLB.com . yankees.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , pp. 2 , 155 -- 156 Jump up ^ `` Jack Chesbro , Pioneer of Spitball Hurlers and Ace on Old New York Highlanders , Dies of Heart Attack '' . The Evening Independent . November 7 , 1931 . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dufresne , Chris ( September 15 , 1994 ) . `` Going , Going ... Gone In a Way , It 's 1904 All Over '' . The Los Angeles Times . p . C1 . Jump up ^ Antonen , Mel ( September 15 , 1994 ) . `` Feud killed 1904 World Series '' . USA Today . p. 4C . The ' 04 World Series never happened because John T. Brush , owner of the New York Giants , and his manager , John McGraw , despised AL President Ben Johnson . Jump up ^ Vaccaro 2005 , pp. 71 , 340 -- 345 Jump up ^ Dittmeier , Bobbie ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` 100 years ago , Yankees pinstripes are born '' . MLB.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 156 Jump up ^ Goldsmith , Charles ( April 17 , 1986 ) . `` Fenway Park celebrates 75th season '' . Ottawa Citizen . United Press International . p . C7 . The ballpark 's grand opening on April 20 , 1912 , did not even make Boston 's front pages . The ocean liner Titanic 's tragic sinking on its maiden voyage a few days earlier still ruled the news . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 1990 , p. 28 Jump up ^ `` 1917 New York Yankees Schedule , Box Scores and Splits '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vaccaro 2005 , p. 53 ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Levitt , Dan . `` Harry Frazee and the Red Sox '' . Society for American Baseball Research . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Creamer , Robert W. ( 1974 ) . Babe : The Legend Comes to Life . Simon and Schuster . p. 209 . ^ Jump up to : The New York Times et al. 2004 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 1990 , pp. 36 , 43 Jump up ^ Birch , Ray . `` Everett Scott '' . Society for American Baseball Research . ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , pp. 238 , 242 -- 243 ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 80 ^ Jump up to : Vaccaro 2005 , p. 25 Jump up ^ The New York Times et al. 2004 , p. 1 ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 1990 , p. 36 ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , pp. 59 , 65 Jump up ^ `` Yanks Win , 3 to 0 ; Mays Curbs Giants ; Ruth Bats in a Run '' . The New York Times . October 6 , 1921 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Hunt for Home is Spared to Yanks '' . The New York Times . May 22 , 1920 . p. 19 . Jump up ^ `` Ruth Crashes Out Homers 50 and 51 '' . The New York Times . September 25 , 1920 . p. 19 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 1990 , p. 44 Jump up ^ `` Red Ruffing Trades and Transactions '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ruffing , Red '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Jump up ^ `` Milestones '' . Major League Baseball . Boston Red Sox . Jump up ^ Drebinger , John ( May 31 , 1938 ) . `` Fists Fly as Yanks Triumph , 10 - 0 , 5 - 4 '' . The New York Times . p. 23 . Jump up ^ Effrat , Louis ( June 1 , 1938 ) . `` Yanks Down Red Sox as Gehrig Extends String to 2,000 '' . The New York Times . p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 World Series ( 4 -- 0 ) : New York Yankees ( 99 -- 53 ) over Chicago Cubs ( 89 -- 63 ) '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1939 World Series ( 4 -- 0 ) : New York Yankees ( 106 -- 45 ) over Cincinnati Reds ( 97 -- 57 ) '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 142 Jump up ^ `` Joe DiMaggio Quotes '' . Baseball-Almanac.com . Jump up ^ Merron , Jeff . `` The List : Baseball 's biggest rumors '' . Page2 . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Dom DiMaggio Dies at 92 ; Played in His Brother 's Shadow '' . The New York Times . p . D8 . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1946 Boston Red Sox '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 1990 , pp. 63 -- 64 Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 242 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 1990 , pp. 66 -- 68 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 1990 , pp. 76 -- 78 Jump up ^ Drebinger , John ( October 3 , 1948 ) . `` Bombers Bow , 5 -- 1 ; Red Sox End Yanks ' Flag Chances When Kramer Pitches a 5 - Hitter '' . The New York Times . p . S1 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 1990 , p. 79 ^ Jump up to : Drebinger , John ( October 5 , 1948 ) . `` Indians Win American League Flag , Beating Red Sox in Play - Off , 8 -- 3 '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Drebinger , John ( October 12 , 1948 ) . `` Indians Win Series by Beating Braves in Sixth Game '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Vaccaro 2005 , p. 319 Jump up ^ Vaccaro 2005 , pp. 322 -- 325 Jump up ^ `` 1949 World Series ( 4 -- 1 ) : New York Yankees ( 97 -- 57 ) over Brooklyn Dodgers ( 97 -- 57 ) '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( July 5 , 1983 ) . `` Righetti Pitches First Yankee No - Hitter Since 1956 '' . The New York Times . p . B9 . Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , pp. 166 , 168 Jump up ^ `` All - Star Brawler : Martin ( NYY ) v. Piersall ( BOS ) '' . redsoxvyankees.com . Sports Rivalry Central . ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 170 Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , pp. 168 -- 173 Jump up ^ Drebinger , John ( October 2 , 1961 ) . `` Maris Hits 61st in Final Game '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , pp. 172 -- 173 Jump up ^ `` 1961 World Series ( 4 -- 1 ) : New York Yankees ( 109 -- 53 ) over Cincinnati Reds ( 93 -- 61 ) '' . Baseball References . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caple , Jim ( September 27 , 2012 ) . `` 1962 : Return with us now '' . ESPN.com . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` What the Hell Happened to ... Gene Conley ? '' . CelticsLife.com . October 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Vaccaro 2005 , pp. 238 -- 239 Jump up ^ `` Blood Feud '' . New York Daily News . July 25 , 2004 . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 12 Jump up ^ Durso , Joseph ( August 4 , 1967 ) . `` Red Sox Get Yanks ' Howard for $20,000 and 2 Players to Be Named '' . The New York Times . p . S20 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( August 29 , 1967 ) . `` Red Sox Beat Yanks , 3 -- 0 ; Mantle ' Jams Knee ' in Attempt to Steal '' . The New York Times . p. 30 . Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 70 ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 214 Jump up ^ `` On Deck in AL -- dh '' . The New York Times . April 1 , 1973 . p. 248 . Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , pp. 173 -- 174 ^ Jump up to : Chass , Murray ( April 7 , 1973 ) . `` Fisk 's 2 Homers Set Boston Pace '' . The New York Times . p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Vaccaro 2005 , pp. 115 -- 116 Jump up ^ The Rivals : The New York Yankees vs. the Boston Red Sox -- An Inside History . London : Macmillan . 2004 . p. 130 . Jump up ^ Vaccaro 2005 , p. 117 Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( October 22 , 1976 ) . `` Reds Triumph , 7 -- 2 , and Complete 4 - Game Series Sweep of Yankees '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 1990 , pp. 125 -- 131 Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( November 30 , 1976 ) . `` Jackson Signs Yankee Contract For Five Years and $2.9 Million '' . The New York Times . p. 47 . Jump up ^ The New York Times et al. 2004 , p. 133 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 1990 , p. 133 ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 36 Jump up ^ `` Billy Martin vs. Everybody '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . 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The Globe and Mail . Associated Press . August 31 , 1989 . p . A18 . This is the first Yankee team since 1910 -- 1919 to go an entire decade without winning a World Series title . ^ Jump up to : Curry , Jack ( August 7 , 1994 ) . `` Flashback to ' 81 : Another Lead , Another Strike '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson & Stout 2002 , p. 369 ^ Jump up to : Amore , Dom ( May 15 , 2005 ) . `` Imagine : Buck 's Yankees , But Not Jeter 's '' . Hartford Courant . p . E8 . ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , pp. 179 -- 180 ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 15 Jump up ^ `` Righetti Breaks Record ; Mattingly , at . 351 , Needs to Go 6 for 6 Righetti Breaks Mark '' . The New York Times . October 5 , 1986 . p. 210 . Jump up ^ `` Thigpen Sets Record With 47th '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . September 4 , 1990 . p . D16 . Jump up ^ Hevesi , Dennis ( October 19 , 1986 ) . `` It 's More than Baseball ; For Yankees Fans , A Painful Series '' . The New York Times . p . A51 . ^ Jump up to : Firstman , Richard C. ( October 18 , 1986 ) . `` And What If You 're a Yankees Fan ? '' . Newsday . p. 83 . Jump up ^ Lupica , Mike ( October 18 , 1986 ) . `` Yankees ' Fans Get Worst of Both Worlds '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ Alters , Diane ( October 20 , 1986 ) . `` Lopsided Score Means Early Exit for NY Fans '' . The Boston Globe . p. 42 . At McGonnell 's bar , the sporting center of New York City ... on display for sale behind the bar were Mets / Sox T - shirts with `` Steinbrenner 's nightmare '' stenciled on the backs , the creation of one of the bar 's regulars . Jump up ^ Powers , John ( October 20 , 1986 ) . `` Connecticut State of Confusion '' . The Boston Globe . p. 38 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 1990 , p. 175 ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Vecsey , George ( October 26 , 1986 ) . `` SPORTS OF THE TIMES : THE WORLD SERIES ' 86 ; Red Sox : 68 Years and Counting '' . The New York Times . p . A3 . Jump up ^ Vecsey , George ( October 28 , 1986 ) . `` SPORTS OF THE TIMES ; Babe Ruth Curse Strikes Again '' . The New York Times . p . D33 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( September 30 , 1987 ) . `` Mattingly Breaks Slam Mark : Clouts Sixth Of Season Mark for Mattingly '' . The New York Times . p . B7 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1988 New York Yankees Schedule , Box Scores and Splits '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Martinez , Michael ( October 3 , 1988 ) . `` Yankees End Up in Fifth Place '' . The New York Times . p . C7 . Jump up ^ Martinez , Michael ( July 29 , 1988 ) . `` Yankees Fall to Second Place '' . The New York Times . p . B15 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Bob ( October 1 , 1988 ) . `` Sox Gain Title Despite 4 -- 2 Loss '' . The Boston Globe . p. 29 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 American League Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 American League Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 American League Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( June 3 , 1990 ) . `` The Curse of the Bambino '' . The Boston Globe . p. 23 . Jump up ^ Maske , Mark ( September 25 , 1990 ) . `` Pennant Chases in East Still Flying High , West All but Flagged '' . The Washington Post . p . E3 . Yankees fans had taunted the Red Sox all weekend with chants of ' 1918 , 1918 ! ' -- the last time Boston won the World Series -- and the Red Sox are not allowed by long - suffering New Englanders to forget the pain they have wrought with years of excruciating near misses . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 26 ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 18 ^ Jump up to : Cafardo , Nick ( June 7 , 1990 ) . `` Dent Dumped by Yankees '' . The Boston Globe . p. 37 . Jump up ^ Wright , Chapin ; Arce , Rose Marie ( June 7 , 1990 ) . `` As Bucky Goes , Fans Find Plenty to Blame '' . Newsday . Red Sox fan Dave Searls , who lives in Boston , MA and watched Dent manage his last game Tuesday night at Fenway Park , said , ' Hooray ! All the pain and suffering he gets does n't bother me . I find the Yankees to be mainly sad . ' Jump up ^ Pedulla , Tom ; Shuster , Rachel ( June 7 , 1990 ) . `` Players blame themselves ; fans point to Steinbrenner '' . USA Today . p. 7C . Jump up ^ Newhan , Ross ( June 7 , 1990 ) . `` Dent Out as Yankee Manager '' . The Los Angeles Times . p . C1 . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy , Dan ( June 7 , 1990 ) . `` His Back Was Against the Wall '' . The Boston Globe . p. 37 . Jump up ^ Curry , Jack ( September 19 , 1993 ) . `` Saved By the Fan : Yanks Win It in 9th '' . The New York Times . p . SP. 1 . Jump up ^ Curry , Jack ( August 26 , 2002 ) . `` Lost Games , Lost Dreams '' . The New York Times . p . D1 . ^ Jump up to : McCarron , Anthony ( August 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' 94 The Season That Was n't '' . New York Daily News . p. 71 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Curry , Jack ( September 15 , 1994 ) . `` All the Magic Is Gone From the Yankees ' Numbers '' . The New York Times . p . B11 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 American League Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Eckstein , Bob ( September 16 , 1997 ) . `` New York 's top ten worst moments in sports '' . The Village Voice. 42 ( 37 ) : 142 . Jump up ^ McShane , Larry ( September 16 , 1994 ) . `` Yankees Fans Left with Broken Hearts '' . Associated Press . ^ Jump up to : Johnson & Stout 2002 , p. 386 Jump up ^ O'Connell , Jack ( April 25 , 1995 ) . `` Finishing What They Started '' . Hartford Courant . p . G2 . In the lengthy and uncertain off - season , an unfair annointing was bestowed on the Yankees . To emphasize the sense of loss with no World Series , many columnists kept referring to the dates in October when the Yankees might have played in one of these games . This kind of reference occurred so often , fans may have gotten the idea the Yankees were a lock for the World Series . An unforeseen stumble on the way to the playoffs or in one of the newly expanded rounds of postseason play was out of the question . ^ Jump up to : Curry , Jack ( October 2 , 1994 ) . `` BASEBALL ; Showalter Tries to Fill an October Void '' . The New York Times . p. 8.1 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( October 2 , 1994 ) . `` Dreams on a last day lost '' . The Boston Globe . p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Whiteside , Larry ( April 7 , 1992 ) . `` Now Showalter runs the show '' . Boston Globe . p. 65 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson & Stout 2002 , p. 389 Jump up ^ `` 1995 American League Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Antonen , Mel ( October 2 , 1995 ) . `` Last - minute thrills give baseball a jolt '' . USA Today . p. 1C . ^ Jump up to : The New York Times et al. 2004 , p. 154 Jump up ^ O'Connell , Jack ( September 9 , 1994 ) . `` Behind Two Strikes ? Yankees ' Shot at First Series Since ' 81 in Jeopardy '' . Hartford Courant . p . C1 . ' The strike cost me my job , ' said Gene Michael , the Yankees ' current general manager who was fired as their manager September 6 , 1981 and replaced by Bob Lemon . ' There 's no doubt in my mind we would have won the division outright if it had not been for the strike . Once they split the season and designated us winners of the first half , we did not play the same . ' ^ Jump up to : Curry , Jack ( October 27 , 1996 ) . `` Boggs Takes a Ride '' . The New York Times . p. 8.5 . ^ Jump up to : The New York Times et al. 2004 , p. 152 Jump up ^ Edes , Gordon ( May 19 , 1999 ) . `` Martinez , Sox get the drop on Yankees Win in opener puts Boston in first '' . The Boston Globe . p . C1 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( May 19 , 1999 ) . `` Torre return the best of New York stories '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Olney , Buster ( May 19 , 1999 ) . `` Torre Returns to Witness a Dismal Performance by Yankees '' . The New York Times . p . D1 . ^ Jump up to : Edes , Gordon ( July 14 , 1999 ) . `` It 's Martinez 's showcase : Sox ace strikes out five '' . The Boston Globe . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Olney , Buster ( September 11 , 1999 ) . `` 1 Hit , 17 Strikeouts , No Way for the Yankees '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Vaccaro 2005 , p. 97 Jump up ^ Madden , Michael ( October 14 , 1999 ) . `` Beck was Brief in his Relief '' . The Boston Globe . p . E3 . ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , pp. 180 -- 182 Jump up ^ Olney , Buster ( October 28 , 1999 ) . `` Yankees Sweep for 25th Title as Clemens Gets Dream '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . ^ Jump up to : Edes , Gordon ( June 20 , 2000 ) . `` Tee - Off Time Yankees Club Sox in Worst Home Defeat '' . The Boston Globe . p . F1 . ^ Jump up to : `` MLB Season History -- 2000 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The subway series : the Yankees , the Mets and a season to remember . St. Louis , Mo. : The Sporting News . 2000 . ISBN 0 - 89204 - 659 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , pp. 16 -- 17 ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , pp. 182 -- 183 Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Yanks carried weight , hopes of many post-9 / 11 '' . MLB.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pare , Darren ( April 7 , 2011 ) . `` Fan 's take : Personal history of the Red Sox - Yankees rivalry '' . Yahoo !. Yahoo ! Canada Sports . Retrieved May 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vaccaro 2005 , pp. 18 -- 19 Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( December 6 , 2000 ) . `` Division Race Just Got Harder For Mets '' . The New York Times . p . D1 . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Donovan , John ( March 21 , 2001 ) . `` New schedule will make for some hot division races '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Boston Red Sox Schedule , Box Scores and Splits '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Click , James ( September 19 , 2003 ) . `` Checks and Balances : Looking at the Unbalanced Schedule '' . Baseball Prospectus . Jump up ^ Edes , Gordon ( October 18 , 2002 ) . `` Red Sox Strike Out on Michael '' . The Boston Globe . p . E3 . Jump up ^ McCarron , Anthony ( October 18 , 2002 ) . `` Stick is Stuck with Yankees ; Boss wo n't allow him to talk to Sox '' . New York Daily News . p. 86 . Jump up ^ The New York Times et al. 2004 , p. 163 Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( November 26 , 2002 ) . `` New GM Of Red Sox Is Youngest In History '' . The New York Times . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Hohler , Bob ( November 26 , 2002 ) . `` Boy Wonder -- At 28 , Epstein Becomes Red Sox GM '' . The Boston Globe . p . D8 . Jump up ^ Antonen , Mel ( October 8 , 2003 ) . `` Red Sox ready despite tiring travel '' . USA Today . p. 5C . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( October 8 , 2003 ) . `` Unfinished Business For Yankees And Red Sox '' . The New York Times . p . D1 . Jump up ^ `` Dream Teams '' . The New York Times . October 8 , 2003 . p . A30 . Jump up ^ Antonen , Mel ( October 16 , 2003 ) . `` Red Sox still kicking ; Boston bats break loose 9 -- 6 , force Game 7 with Yankees '' . USA Today . p. 1C . Today 's game will be the 26th meeting of the season between the Red Sox and Yankees ( New York leads 13 -- 12 ) , the most ever between two teams in one year . Jump up ^ The New York Times et al. 2004 , p. 9 ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 24 ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 27 Jump up ^ Curry , Jack ( October 17 , 2003 ) . `` Trying Day for Clemens Has a Happy Conclusion '' . The New York Times . p . D3 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( October 17 , 2003 ) . `` Old Hero , and Newest , Carry New York to the Series '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy , Dan ( October 17 , 2003 ) . `` Heartbreak again Yankees beat Red Sox , 6 -- 5 , on 11th - inning homer to capture AL pennant '' . The Boston Globe . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Davidoff , Ken ( October 17 , 2003 ) . `` Changes in Wind / Expect turnover among Yankees ' coaches , pitchers '' . Newsday . p . A88 . Jump up ^ Vaccaro 2005 , pp. 6 ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 37 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , pp. 41 -- 44 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 44 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , pp. 45 -- 46 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 89 Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren ( March 22 , 2006 ) . `` Hating the Yankees can be good for business '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Pedulla , Tom ( July 2 , 2004 ) . `` Yankees win 5 -- 4 in 13 , get revenge with sweep '' . USA Today . p. 4C . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , pp. 144 -- 146 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 145 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , pp. 146 -- 148 Jump up ^ `` 2004 American League Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 185 Jump up ^ Blum , Ronald ( October 10 , 2004 ) . `` Red Sox and Yankees , the matchup they wanted '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , pp. 183 -- 185 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 188 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( October 12 , 2004 ) . `` The classic rivalry resumes : Sox , Yankees begin battle tonight for trip to World Series '' . The Boston Globe . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( October 17 , 2004 ) . `` Red Sox on brink of elimination as Yanks pound them , 19 -- 8 '' . The Boston Globe . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 193 ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 2005 , pp. 197 -- 199 Jump up ^ Sheinin , Dave ( March 30 , 2005 ) . `` Red Sox - Yankees Is Difficult to Top '' . The Washington Post . p . H4 . Retrieved October 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy , Dan ( October 28 , 2004 ) . `` YES ! ! ! : Red Sox complete sweep , win first Series since 1918 '' . The Boston Globe . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Herszenhorn , David M. ( April 4 , 2005 ) . `` Taunts Are New , but Fans ' Feelings Are Not '' . The New York Times . p . D7 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( April 4 , 2005 ) . `` Sox Lack Champ Style in Opener '' . The Boston Globe . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Antonen , Mel ( April 4 , 2005 ) . `` Yankees get early revenge 9 -- 2 ; Johnson stops rival Red Sox in N.Y. debut '' . USA Today . p. 4C . ^ Jump up to : Snow , Chris ( April 12 , 2005 ) . `` Flying high : Sox raise banner , beat Yankees '' . The Boston Globe . p . F1 . Jump up ^ Feinsand , Mark ( April 11 , 2005 ) . `` Yankees take in Red Sox celebration '' . MLB.com . Yankees.MLB.com . Jump up ^ Francona & Shaughnessy 2013 , p. 137 ^ Jump up to : Feinsand , Mark ( April 11 , 2005 ) . `` Rivera has some fun with Sox fans '' . MLB.com . Yankees.MLB.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sandomir , Richard ( April 12 , 2005 ) . `` Boston Holds Its Party , but YES Just Says No '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Snow , Chris ; Edes , Gordon ( November 25 , 2005 ) . `` Red Sox finalize an extended deal '' . The Boston Globe . p . C2 . Jump up ^ Edes , Gordon ; Snow , Chris ( December 21 , 2005 ) . `` Damon jumps to Yankees ; Deal with New York worth $52 m '' . The Boston Globe . p . C1 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( December 21 , 2005 ) . `` Yankees Add Their Centerpiece '' . The New York Times . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( May 2 , 2006 ) . `` All Around , Fenway Is Unfriendly Host '' . The New York Times . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Curry , Jack ( May 2 , 2006 ) . `` Fans Boo , but Their Target Does n't Hear Them '' . The New York Times . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( August 20 , 2006 ) . `` Getting that sinking feeling '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved November 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Game Length Records '' . Baseball Almanac . Jump up ^ Verducci , Tom ( September 19 , 2006 ) . `` A-Rod Agonistes '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ Harper , John ( January 27 , 2009 ) . `` Joe Torre 's poison pen in ' The Yankee Years ' could be blot on career '' . NY Daily News . New York . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Petraglia , Mike ( April 23 , 2007 ) . `` Sox tie mark with four straight homers '' . MLB . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2012 . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Clemens to make about $4.5 million per month '' . ESPN . May 7 , 2007 . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 MLB Postseason Schedule '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( October 8 , 2007 ) . `` Red Sox sweep in to ALCS '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MLB : Boras , A-Rod upstaged World Series '' . USA Today . Associated Press . October 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Olney , Buster ( October 29 , 2007 ) . `` A-Rod putting himself above the game '' . ESPN The Magazine . Jump up ^ Price , Ed ( February 27 , 2008 ) . `` Mussina responds to Theo Epstein '' . Star - Ledger . NJ.com . Jump up ^ `` Boston owner grants Yanks ' Steinbrenner membership in Red Sox Nation '' . ESPN . March 2 , 2008 . Retrieved September 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hank Steinbrenner , in another outspoken moment , denounces Red Sox Nation '' . ESPN . February 29 , 2008 . Retrieved September 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kilgore , Adam ( September 24 , 2008 ) . `` Happy berth day '' . The Boston Globe . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( December 23 , 2008 ) . `` Yanks land Teixeira with eight - year deal '' . MLB.com . Jump up ^ Spector , Jesse ( December 26 , 2008 ) . `` Boston reaction to Yankees signing Mark Teixeira is swift and fierce '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ Massarotti , Tony ( December 23 , 2008 ) . `` Did Yanks win ... or did Sox just lose ? '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Ulman , Howard ( August 22 , 2009 ) . `` Matsui , A-Rod lead Yanks to 20 -- 11 win over Red Sox '' . Yahoo ! News . Associated Press . Retrieved September 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Amy ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Pedro exits in quite the hurry '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( September 15 , 2009 ) . `` MLB announces master 2010 schedule '' . MLB.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( April 5 , 2010 ) . `` Opening might : Red Sox outlast Yanks '' . MLB.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Golen , Jimmy ( October 3 , 2010 ) . `` Red Sox win , but it 's Yankees going to playoffs '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Associated Press . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Boston Red Sox Schedule , Box Scores and Splits '' . baseball-reference.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bauman , Mike ( August 6 , 2011 ) . `` Red Sox developing into CC 's nemesis '' . MLB.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Golen , Jimmy ( August 31 , 2011 ) . `` Sabathia finally solves Red Sox and Yankees win '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Associated Press . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 World Series Prediction : Boston Red Sox vs. Philadelphia Phillies '' . Bleacher Report . February 11 , 2012 . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Silver , Nate ( September 29 , 2011 ) . `` Bill Buckner Strikes Again '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Amalie ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` Rays fall back after sweep by Yankees '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( September 29 , 2011 ) . `` Still Tied , One Game Left '' . The Boston Globe . p . A1 . Retrieved October 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Francona & Shaughnessy 2013 , pp. 309 - 210 ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy , Dan ( September 29 , 2011 ) . `` Dream Year Ends in Tatters '' . The Boston Globe . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Araton , Harvey ( September 29 , 2011 ) . `` One Out Away , Red Sox Lose to Seal September Meltdown '' . The New York Times . p . B11 . Retrieved October 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry M. ( September 29 , 2011 ) . `` Red Sox , Braves suffer concurrent collapses '' . MLB.com . Retrieved September 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacMullan , Jackie ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` Unlikable Red Sox flunked chemistry '' . ESPNBoston.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Marchand , Andrew ( December 8 , 2011 ) . `` Bobby Valentine hates the Yankees '' . ESPNNewYork.com . Jump up ^ `` Red Sox to celebrate Fenway 's 100th '' . ESPNBoston.com . Associated Press . December 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Joe ( December 8 , 2011 ) . `` At last , Sox have reason to celebrate '' . ESPNBoston.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Star , Jon ( April 18 , 2012 ) . `` Rivals set to clash on Fenway 's 100th anniversary '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( September 16 , 2013 ) . `` Sweep success : Magic number falls to four '' . MLB.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` Boston common : Sox win third World Series since ' 04 '' . MLB.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Waldstein , David ( September 26 , 2013 ) . `` Yanks ' Dim Hopes Flicker Out '' . The New York Times . p . B12 . Jump up ^ Feinsand , Mark ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Yankees acquire Stephen Drew from the Red Sox for Kelly Johnson ; also deal for Martín Prado '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Red Sox , Yankees Both Miss Playoffs For First Time Since 1993 ( Video ) '' . NESN.com . September 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McAdam , Sean ( April 11 , 2015 ) . `` Red Sox top Yanks , 6 - 5 , in 19 - inning marathon '' . csnne.com . Comcast Sports New England . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Feinsand , Mark ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` Yankees blow another lead as Red Sox complete four - game sweep at Fenway Park '' . www.nydailynews.com . New York Daily News . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hanley HRs help Red Sox complete Boston Massacre II '' . www.thesunchronicle.com . The Sun Chronicle . September 19 , 2016 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Steve ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` Silverman : Yankees - Red Sox Is Exactly What MLB Postseason Needs '' . CBSNewYork.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Mark ( September 23 , 2017 ) . `` Red Sox and Yankees back in postseason together for first time since 2009 '' . Big League Stew for Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Red Sox dismiss Farrell after five seasons '' . MLB.com . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Girardi out as Yankees manager after 10 years '' . MLB.com . MLB . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.cbssports.com/mlb/news/the-rivalry-is-back-benches-clear-punches-thrown-between-yankees-and-red-sox-at-fenway/ Jump up ^ `` Yankees join Red Sox , Astros in 100 - win club '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Major League Baseball : London Stadium to host two fixtures in 2019 '' . BBC Sport. 8 May 2018 . Retrieved 8 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Gray , Niall ( 8 May 2018 ) . `` Yanks , Red Sox will take rivalry to London in ' 19 '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Blatt , Ben ( August 17 , 2012 ) . `` Finding the True Border Between Yankee and Red Sox Nation Using Facebook Data '' . The Harvard Sports Analysis Collective . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GEOPOLITICS : The actual border between Red Sox - Yankees Nations '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Canal , Emily . `` Man attacked for being presumed Yankees fan '' . Cape Cod Online . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coman , Nick ( October 4 , 2010 ) . `` Yankees Fan John Mayor Stabs Red Sox Fan in Connecticut Restaurant Altercation '' . NESN . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spike TV Celebrates Fatherhood with ' True Dads ' National Outreach Campaign '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees will donate once - buried Red Sox jersey to Boston - area charity '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . April 14 , 2008 . Retrieved September 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Michael ( October 23 , 2007 ) . `` Giuliani Roots for Red Sox '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Feuer , Alan ( October 25 , 2007 ) . `` Bronx Jeers for Giuliani , Now Rooting for the Red Sox '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Saltonstall , David ( November 7 , 2007 ) . `` Rudy Giuliani slammed in Congress for backing Red Sox '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seelye , Katharine Q. ( October 24 , 2007 ) . `` Rudy Red Sox Reaction '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Topps issue fake card of Giuliani celebrating World Series win with Red Sox '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Katz , Celeste ; Saltonstall , David ( November 29 , 2007 ) . `` Rudy Giuliani & Mitt Romney trade accusations in Republican debate '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/08/nyregion/mayor-trades-his-sox-for-the-local-pinstripes.html Jump up ^ `` Red Sox vs Yankees '' . Fenway Ticket King . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coakley dismisses Schilling : ' Another Yankee fan ' '' . Politico . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy , Dan ( February 8 , 2002 ) . `` Patriotic Thoughts Parade By '' . The Boston Globe . p . E1 . Jump up ^ The New York Times et al. 2004 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Goldberg , Jeff ( January 31 , 2008 ) . `` Five Things I Hate About You '' . Hartford Courant . p . C6 . Jump up ^ Araton , Harvey ( January 27 , 2008 ) . `` Red Sox -- Yankees Rivalry Wears Suits '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` New Jerseyans , New Yorkers revel in Giant win '' . MSNBC.com . Associated Press . February 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Schlegel , John ( February 3 , 2012 ) . `` Sox - Yanks history adds to Super Bowl hype '' . MLB.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( February 6 , 2012 ) . `` History repeats Giants edge Patriots in echo of gnawing 2008 upset '' . The Boston Globe . p . A1 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Spears , Marc J. ( June 13 , 2008 ) . `` Lee directs cheers at LA '' . The Boston Globe . p . E11 . Jump up ^ LukeD ( December 29 , 2009 ) . `` Custom Paint Helmet Thread ! '' . ridemonkey.com . RideMonkey . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Tim ( April 6 , 2011 ) . `` LeBron signs deal with Fenway Sports Management '' . FoxNews.com . Associated Press . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yellon , Al . `` Yankees vs. Red Sox : Boston 's Last Gasp ? '' . Baseball Nation . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Schedule -- Jul 24 , 2012 -- Jul 30 , 2012 '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Terranova , Justin ( May 13 , 2011 ) . `` Up - And - Down Sox Come to Bronx to Renew Rivalry '' . New York Post . p. 51 . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 2005 , pp. 68 Jump up ^ `` Yanks - Red Sox opener televised nationally '' . ESPN.com . March 3 , 2004 . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ALCS Game 5 moved to prime time on Sunday , Oct. 17 '' . MLB.com . October 11 , 2004 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( September 27 , 2005 ) . `` Red Sox -- Yanks Cures a Variety of Ills '' . The New York Times . p . D2 . ^ Jump up to : Sandomir , Richard ( September 25 , 2004 ) . `` Yankees -- Red Sox Games A Consistent Ratings Hit '' . The New York Times . p . D4 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Highest Since ' 99 '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . October 18 , 2003 . p . D4 . Jump up ^ Martzke , Rudy ( April 20 , 2004 ) . `` Red Sox -- Yanks earns strong rating for Fox '' . USA Today . p. 2C . Jump up ^ Reid , Cherner ( April 16 , 2004 ) . `` Rivalry puts Fox TV in green '' . USA Today . p . C2 . Jump up ^ Finn , Chad ( August 12 , 2011 ) . `` Just airing out a few things ... : sports media '' . The Boston Globe . p . C6 . Jump up ^ `` YES National FAQ '' . YES Network . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . NESN . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( August 10 , 2011 ) . `` Hardball Played As a Slow - Pitch Game '' . The New York Times . p . B18 . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees / Red Sox Rivalry Regains Drawing Power '' . Sports Media Watch . sportsmediawatch.com . August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Bibliography Francona , Terry ; Shaughnessy , Dan ( 2013 ) . Francona : The Red Sox Years . New York : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 978 - 0 - 547 - 92817 - 3 . Frommer , Harvey ; Frommer , Frederic J. ( 2004 ) . Red Sox vs. Yankees : The Great Rivalry . Sports Publishing , LLC . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 767 - 8 . Johnson , Richard A. ; Stout , Glenn ; Johnson , Dick ( 2002 ) . Yankees Century : 100 Years of New York Yankees Baseball . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 08527 - 0 . The New York Times ; The Boston Globe ; Araton , Harvey ; Kepner , Tyler ; Anderson , Dave ; Vecsey , George ; Ryan , Bob ; MacMullan , Jackie ( 2004 ) . The Rivals : The New York Yankees vs. the Boston Red Sox -- -- -- An Inside History ( 1st ed . ) . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 33616 - 0 . Kirsh , George B. ( 2003 ) . Baseball in Blue and Gray : the National Pastime During the Civil War . Princeton University Press . Shaughnessy , Dan ( 1990 ) . The Curse of the Bambino . New York : Dutton . ISBN 0 - 525 - 24887 - 0 . Shaughnessy , Dan ( 2005 ) . Reversing the Curse . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 51748 - 0 . Vaccaro , Mike ( 2005 ) . Emperors and Idiots : The Hundred Year Rivalry Between the Yankees and Red Sox , From the Very Beginning to the End of the Curse . New York : Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 51354 - 2 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last time yankees and red sox played in the playoffs	[ "For only third time in the history of the rivalry (the previous two occasions were 1930 and 1992), both teams had new managers to start the 2018 season. The Yankees hired Aaron Boone and the Red Sox hired Alex Cora, both former players of the team who hired them.[305][306][173] During an early-season game, a brawl erupted between both benches after Yankees first baseman Tyler Austin charged Red Sox pitcher Joe Kelly for throwing at him twice in response to Austin's slide at second base earlier in the game.[307] It became a trending topic on Twitter and the MLB's Youtube channel video of the incident became one of the most viewed (currently at an estimated 1 million views), and social media commentators saw the brawl as a spark of a reignited rivalry between the two teams, which in turn released more long-standing hatred among their respective fan bases not just in their respective cities and states but also nationwide. By the end of the 2018 regular season, both teams qualified for the postseason and both reached the 100-win mark. It would be the first time in history that both teams had won at least 100 games in the same season and, along with the Houston Astros, the first time the American League had three 100 game winners.[308] Following the Yankees' victory over the Oakland A's in the AL Wild Card Game, the two faced each other in the 2018 ALDS. This was the fourth postseason meeting for the two teams, and their first meeting in the ALDS. The Red Sox won the series 3 games to 1, taking games 3 & 4 in Yankee Stadium by a combined score of 20-4, with all games broadcast on cable channel TBS in the United States, ending up as one of the highest rating MLB postseason series broadcasts yet in its long history. Just like in the earlier April 2018 brawl, it fueled once more the fan hatred between the two teams, becoming a Twitter trending topic. On October 24, 2018 in Boston, during game 2 of the World Series against the Los Angeles Dodgers, in the top of the ninth inning (as the Red Sox was about to win the game 4-2), the fans in attendance started chanting \"Yankees Suck!\" at Fenway Park, they did the chant the night before as the Red Sox were leading in the scorebooks. As the Red Sox won the 2018 World Series in Dodger Stadium, the \"Yankees Suck\" chants resounded again from the Red Sox fans attending the series winning game in Los Angeles on October 28 the same year, and the victorious Red Sox players sang Frank Sinatra's cover of \"New York, New York\" in celebration in the Dodger Stadium locker rooms (that song, the one played at Yankees home victories, was the one played in Yankee Stadium when the Red Sox won in the aformentioned 2004 ALCS and in the 2018 ALDS).\n" ]	[ "2018 ALDS" ]
-3531989360916916406	Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath	Leah Remini : Scientology and the Aftermath - Wikipedia Leah Remini : Scientology and the Aftermath Jump to : navigation , search Leah Remini : Scientology and the Aftermath Genre Documentary series Presented by Leah Remini Mike Rinder Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 19 Production Executive producer ( s ) Eli Holzman Leah Remini Aaron Saidman Alex Weresow Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) The Intellectual Property Corporation Release Original network A&E Original release November 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) -- present External links Website www.aetv.com/shows/leah-remini-scientology-and-the-aftermath Leah Remini : Scientology and the Aftermath is an Emmy Award - winning documentary series that investigates the Church of Scientology through the experiences of the American actress Leah Remini and other former members . She was a follower of Scientology between 1979 , when she joined at the age of nine alongside her parents , and 2013 , when she left under acrimonious circumstances . She subsequently became an outspoken critic of Scientology and published a bestselling memoir , Troublemaker : Surviving Hollywood and Scientology , in 2015 . The show 's first season was aired by A&E in seven regular and three special episodes commencing November 29 , 2016 . It received positive reviews from critics , recorded A&E 's best premiere ratings since 2014 and maintained a consistently high viewership for subsequent episodes . The first season garnered two Emmy nominations , scoring one win . The series was renewed for a second season of ten regular and four special episodes commencing August 15 , 2017 . The Church of Scientology was extremely critical of Remini and the show and established a website attacking the show , its presenters and many of the interviewees . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Production 3 Episodes and broadcast history 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 4 Reception 4.1 Reviews 4.2 Awards 4.3 Scientology reaction 4.4 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Overview ( edit ) In each 43 - minute episode , Remini investigates what A&E calls `` shocking stories of abuse , heartbreak and harassment experienced by those who have left the church and spoken publicly about their experiences '' . She interviews former members of the church who describe their experiences with Scientology and how they have continued to be affected by it even after leaving . She also speaks with a number of former high - ranking church officials who explain the background to the church 's policies and organization , and how this relates to the experiences of ex-members . In a statement issued by A&E , Remini explained the purpose of her series . She said that she hoped to `` shed light on information that makes the world aware of what is really going on and encourages others to speak up so the abuses can be ended forever . I hope that people who have left now feel they have a safe place to go . I hope others who have also experienced abuses will come forward and help us to do something about it . '' As part of the pre-broadcast publicity , Remini hosted an `` Ask Me Anything '' on Reddit in which she explained her views on Scientology and discussed the show . It received nearly 20,000 comments and prompted two similarly - themed special episodes to be added to the show 's schedule in December 2016 and January 2017 . Production ( edit ) The series was developed by Remini following the 2015 publication of her memoir Troublemaker : Surviving Hollywood and Scientology . After several former Scientologists contacted her in the wake of the book 's release , she decided to shoot a teaser based on the story of one family and approached a number of producers to obtain backing for production . When she spoke with Eli Holzman and Aaron Saidman of The Intellectual Property Corporation , she says that she told them : `` Do n't be pussies . If you 're going to be pussies , you 're not the right producers for this . '' According to Holzman , `` Aaron and I huddled and said , ' Are we pussies ? ' '' . They decided that they were not , took on the project and facilitated talks with A&E . Explaining why he decided to produce the series , Holzman said : `` We 're not pro-Scientology or anti-Scientology . We 're just documentarians who take the facts as they come to us and investigate every lead as best we can . '' Scientology and the Aftermath was mostly filmed over the summer of 2016 . Remini served as executive producer for her company , No Seriously Productions , with Holzman and Saidman co-producing . Alex Weresow was the series ' showrunner and another executive producer . An extra episode , titled `` Ask Me Anything '' , was added to the series schedule after its broadcast run started and premiered on December 19 . It was filmed over the course of the preceding week in reaction to the ratings success of the opening episode . A second `` Ask Me Anything '' special was broadcast on January 17 , 2017 . Another special episode was aired after the end of the first season , titled `` Merchants of Fear '' . Following the ratings success of the first season , a second , ten - episode season was announced by A&E in March 2017 , which premiered August 15 , 2017 . Executive production is again handled by Remini and her company No Seriously Productions , with Eli Holzman and Aaron Saidman of The Intellectual Property Corp also executive producing . Remini said in a statement : `` The show is really about standing up for what is right and not letting bullies have their way . I feel it is important for people to know that you can take action to bring about change , both for yourself and for others . '' Remini said that after the first season aired , numerous people contacted her and Mike Rinder to tell their own stories of abuse in Scientology . She had not originally intended to make a second season , but went ahead following what Holzman called a `` deluge of people emboldened to come forward '' . He said that the team was `` sitting on some really damning and actionable material and ca n't wait to premiere . '' Episodes and broadcast history ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) The first season comprises seven episodes broadcast on Tuesday nights , plus two episodes added to the schedules for the night of Monday , December 19 , 2016 and Tuesday , January 17 , 2017 , as well as a two hour special aired on May 29 , 2017 . The show 's seven original episodes ( minus the three specials ) have also been broadcast in Europe on the satellite TV Crime & Investigation Network ( Europe ) , commencing March 11 , 2017 , and in South East Asia on the Crime & Investigation Network ( South East Asia ) commencing April 2017 . No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Disconnection '' November 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) 2.11 Remini visits former Scientology executive Amy Scobee in Seattle and hears about how she was `` disconnected '' from her mother . `` Fair Game '' December 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 06 ) 1.57 Remini visits the spiritual headquarters of Scientology -- Clearwater , Florida -- to hear Mike Rinder 's personal story . `` The Bridge '' December 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 13 ) 1.46 Remini describes the heavy financial and emotional price she and other current / former Scientologists have paid to move along `` The Bridge to Total Freedom . '' `` Ask Me Anything '' December 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 19 ) 1.37 Remini interviews Paulette Cooper , the target of Operation Freakout , and others while answering viewers ' questions . `` A Leader Emerges '' December 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 20 ) 1.49 Remini tells the story of how David Miscavige took over the Church of Scientology following the death of its founder , L. Ron Hubbard , and interviews his father Ron . 5 5 `` Golden Era '' December 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) 1.65 Remini interviews Marc Headley about his time at Golden Era Productions , the Church 's promotional organization , and his escape from its Gold Base compound . 6 6 `` Auditing '' January 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) 1.51 Remini interviews Aaron Smith - Levin , who was a prodigy at the Church 's practice of auditing along with his twin brother Collin , and learns of the tragedy that befell Collin after he was dismissed from the program . 7 7 `` Enemies of the Church '' January 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 10 ) 1.75 Remini meets with a young man whom the church claims she provoked into committing a hate crime , interviews journalists who have been relentlessly hounded by the Church for reporting on it , and considers the possibility of legal action . 8 `` Ask Me Anything , Part 2 '' January 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 17 ) 1.41 Remini answers more questions from viewers and interviews cult expert Steven Hassan ; Lawrence Wright , the author of Going Clear : Scientology , Hollywood , and the Prison of Belief ; and attorney Ray Jeffrey . 9 `` Merchants of Fear '' May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) N / A In this double episode Remini and Rinder explore the conflict between the Church of Scientology and its critics with guests Mark Ebner , Ford Greene , Stephen A. Kent , Janet Reitman , Bryan Seymour and Len Zinberg , who describe their own experiences of being targeted by the church or working for it to target others . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) The second season will contain ten regular and four special episodes , broadcasting on Tuesday nights commencing August 15 , 2017 . No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 10 `` Thetans in Young Bodies '' August 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 15 ) 1.40 Remini and Rinder meet two women who , as children , were raised in Scientology 's Cadet Org and suffered abandonment and sexual abuse . 11 `` The Ultimate Failure of Scientology '' August 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) 1.40 The show tells the stories of two Scientologists who suffered from depression and suicidal ideation before they killed themselves , having gone untreated because Scientology does not believe in mental illness . 12 `` The ' Perfect ' Scientology Family '' August 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 29 ) 1.30 After being raised as a third - generation Scientologist , Philip Gale , a brilliant computer science student , jumped to his death at the age of 19 . Remini and Rinder meet his sister Liz , who relates his experiences with the Church . 13 `` The Bridge to Total Freedom '' September 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) 1.27 In the first of four special episodes , Remini , Rinder and guests discuss Scientology 's ' Bridge to Total Freedom ' and Scientology doctrine , including the Operating Thetan ( OT ) levels . 14 `` The Rise of David Miscavige '' September 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) 1.38 Remini and Rinder discuss the rise and power of the church leader David Miscavige . 15 5 `` Scientology and Celebrity : The Betrayal of Paul Haggis '' September 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) 1.42 Remini and Rinder interview Academy Award - winning filmmaker and former Scientologist Paul Haggis and a former Scientology recruiter about the church 's strategy of recruiting celebrities . 16 6 `` The Ranches '' October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 1.22 Remini and Rinder meet Tara Reile and Nathan Rich , who attended Scientology 's Mace - Kingsley Ranch School and discuss the abuses they experienced . 17 7 `` The Greatest Good '' October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 1.04 Exploring the theme of parental abandonment , Remini and Rinder speak to two former Church members : Mimi Faust , whose Scientologist mother abandoned her at age 13 when Faust refused to sign a contract with organization , and Christi Gordon , was sent to with her sister when they were 10 and 11 to live with the Cadet Org , where they suffered sexual molestation . 18 `` The Business of Religion '' October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 1.04 In the second of four special episodes , Leah and Mike lead a roundtable discussion with former Sea Org Member Matt Pesch , blogger Jeffrey Augustine , and ex-Scientologist Luis Garcia and his attorney Ted Babbitt to examine the contracts that all Scientologists must follow and the financial requests they 're required to fulfill . 19 8 `` Lifetime of Healing '' October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 0.93 20 9 `` Aftermath of the Aftermath '' November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 0.87 Leah and Mike reunite with participants from the first season and discuss their lives following their respective broadcasts . Reception ( edit ) Reviews ( edit ) The show attracted moderately positive reviews for its first episode , though some reviewers questioned its likely impact . The Hollywood Reporter described it as `` interesting , but unlikely to generate a following '' , commenting that while it would `` stir up some viewer emotions '' its format was not very dynamic , with `` a lot of sitting around talking , interspersed with footage from fairly innocuous Scientology promotional videos and event interviews . '' Newsday felt that in the light of previous Scientology exposés such as the book and film Going Clear and Remini 's own earlier book , `` almost nothing here feels fresh or unexpected . '' The Los Angeles Times called it `` a compelling , if unsophisticated , investigation '' of Scientology and described its focus on harmed families `` an effective strategy that will likely resonate with many viewers . '' Writing in The Atlantic , Sophie Gilbert highlighted Remini 's ability to reach broader audiences and called the show `` a valuable continuation of efforts to shed light on some of ( Scientology 's ) most egregious practices '' . CNN saw the show as `` a step up in class for A&E '' that delivers `` a sobering warning to those who might be susceptible to the ( Scientology ) sales pitch '' . While acknowledging the repetitive nature of Remini `` hearing the same story over and over again '' , The Huffington Post commented that `` under normal circumstances , the same story over eight episodes would make for a tedious and boring show , but `` Aftermath '' is telling a horror story , and the repetition is powerful . '' Salon suggested that the show 's best asset was `` Remini 's honest anger and frustration , both of which blaze across the screen in reaction to particularly damning revelations '' , but wondered who the show 's audience was meant to be and questioned the extent of its appeal : `` It is hard to fathom anyone other than the most hard - core obsessives sticking around to watch all eight installments of this limited series . '' By the end of the first season 's run , it had attracted critical praise as well as strong viewer numbers . Describing it as a `` Peak TV Treasure '' , Kimberly Roots of TVLine commented that `` If you heard about the docu - series and quickly dismissed it as a pathetic cash - grab on Remini 's part ( like I did at first ) , it 's worth a second look . '' The Straits Times called it `` riveting television '' for telling the `` remarkable '' stories of its interviewees . The first season received a 78 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes . Awards ( edit ) Scientology and the Aftermath won Outstanding Informational Series or Special at the 69th Emmy Awards , and was also nominated for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Nonfiction Program ( Single or Multi-Camera ) . The show also was also awarded Outstanding Achievement in Reality Programming at the 33rd TCA Awards . Scientology reaction ( edit ) The Church of Scientology was critical of the series . Prior to broadcast , it issued a 530 - word statement attacking Remini . The church 's statement alleged that she was spreading lies about the Church of Scientology along with claims that former Scientologists who participate in the show were kicked out . It established a website dedicated to attempting to discredit the series , and its lawyers also sought to force A&E to abandon the planned broadcast of the show . In response , Remini demanded that the church pay her $1.5 million in damages for past and present reputational , emotional , and economic injuries . When Remini appeared on Conan on January 25 , 2017 to promote Scientology and the Aftermath , the Church sent O'Brien a personal letter seeking to discredit her -- something that O'Brien says had never before happened in his 24 years of hosting late - night talk shows . At the start of each segment , statements appear on - screen describing the church 's dispute of the material presented and its refusal to participate in the series . Excerpts from letters written by the church , attacking the credibility of Remini and her interview subjects , are also displayed and read in a move that Salon described as an attempt to `` appease the notoriously litigious church '' . The premiere of the second season prompted an Indian Scientologist to start a petition on Change.org calling on A&E to cancel the show , claiming that it was `` a type of hate - show made to create violence , with false claims , showing a totally negative side of Scientology . This is total criminal ! Ban it ! '' . Scientologists Taking Action Against Discrimination ( STAND ) , a front group for the church , circulated form letters to its parishioners for them to send to A&E 's advertisers asking them to disown the show for its `` religious hate and bigotry which leads to violence '' . A Scientology spokesperson claimed that the show had led to `` violent acts and death threats against the church . '' An ex-Scientologist also circulated a petition calling on the US government to review the tax status of Scientology in the United States and revoke its tax exemption . Ratings ( edit ) The first episode of the show was a major ratings success for A&E , attracting 2.1 million viewers . This represented the network 's most successful premiere since Big Smo in 2014 , and substantially exceeded the 1.65 million who watched the premiere of HBO 's Scientology documentary film Going Clear in March 2015 . The ratings for the subsequent episodes were lower but held steady at between 1.4 and 1.6 million viewers . The second season 's first two episodes produced ratings of 1.4 million viewers , down on the first season , but reflecting August 's typically lower number of viewers . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` A&E NETWORK TO PREMIERE NEW ORIGINAL DOCUSERIES ' LEAH REMINI : SCIENTOLOGY AND THE AFTERMATH ' '' . A&E Network . October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Link , Taylor ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Leah Remini breaks down her experiences with Scientology in a Reddit AMA '' . Salon . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I am Leah Remini , Ask Me Anything about Scientology '' . Reddit . November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ortega , Tony ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` Special episode added : Leah Remini series adds Monday hour featuring Paulette Cooper '' . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ortega , Tony ( January 15 , 2017 ) . `` On the ' Leah Remini ' Reddit special this week : A powerful Texas duo '' . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ritchie , Kevin ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Holzman , Saidman tread carefully into Scientology with Leah Remini '' . realscreen . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Abramovitch , Seth ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Leah Remini on Pitching Her A&E Scientology Series : `` I Said , ' Do n't Be Pussies ' '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Leah Remini , A&E Team for Scientology Series ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` A&E 's Leah Remini Show to Tackle Scientology `` Abuse '' and `` Harassment '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Leah Remini : Scientology and the Aftermath ' Gets Two - Hour Special '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Michael ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Leah Remini 's Scientology Exposé Gets Season 2 at A&E ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Leah Remini 's Scientology Series Renewed for Second Season '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Leah Remini : Scientology and the Aftermath '' . Crime & Investigation Network . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Leah Remini : Scientology & The Aftermath '' . CITVAsia.com . February 14 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' holds steady , ' Fixer Upper ' premieres on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Fixer Upper , ' ' Leah Remini ' down from premieres '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Leah Remini ' holds steady , ' WWE Smackdown ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' falls , ' WWE Raw ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( December 29 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' College football ' soars high , ' WWE Smackdown ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Curse of Oak Island ' wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Taboo ' premieres well , ' Curse of Oak Island ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' rises , ' Taboo ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Leah Remini : Scientology and the Aftermath ' returns down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Animal Kingdom ' and ' Leah Remini ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Animal Kingdom ' and ' Leah Remini ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scientology The Aftermath S2 Special 1 : the Aftermath '' . Something Can Be Done About It : The Mike Rinder Blog . September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' American Horror Story : Cult ' premieres lower than ' Roanoke ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' American Horror Story ' takes a hit in week 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' American Horror Story ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' ticks up , ' Below Deck ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Jean ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Leah Remini : Scientology and the Aftermath ' Examines Parental Abandonment , Severing Family Ties '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' American Horror Story ' holds steady , MLB Playoffs and NBA lead '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' ticks up , ' American Horror Story ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' and ' American Horror Story ' dip '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Original & Network Finals : 11.7. 2017 '' . Show Buzz Daily . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , David ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Leah Remini : Scientology and the Aftermath ' : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gay , Verne ( November 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Leah Remini : Scientology and the Aftermath ' review : Nothing feels fresh or unexpected '' . Newsday . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blake , Meredith ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Leah Remini : Scientology and the Aftermath ' is a compelling , if unsophisticated , investigation of church '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` In Scientology and the Aftermath , Leah Remini Strikes Back '' . The Atlantic . November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Leah Remini takes on Scientology in A&E series '' . CNN . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marcus , Stephanie ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Leah Remini Sheds A Light On Scientology Horror Stories In ' Aftermath ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McFarland , Melanie ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` A&E 's `` Leah Remini : Scientology and the Aftermath '' : Your antidote to seasonal belief disorder `` . Salon.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Leah Remini : Scientology and the Aftermath ' Renewed at A&E '' . Variety . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peak TV Treasure : Leah Remini : Scientology and the Aftermath '' . TVLine. April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Souza , Alison ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Staring danger in the face '' . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Leah Remini : Scientology and the Aftermath '' . rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strause , Jackie ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Emmys : Leah Remini 's Scientology Series Nabs Reality Nomination '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Leah Remini : Scientology and the Aftermath '' . A&E Networks . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2017/09/leah-remini-wins-first-emmy-scientology-creative-arts-1202165700/ Jump up ^ De Moraes , Lisa ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Handmaid 's Tale , ' Leah Remini 's Scientology Series , ' Atlanta ' Feted As TCA Awards Gets Political '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` Church of Scientology wages war on US actress and ex-Scientologist Leah Remini '' . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Delbyck , Cole ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` The Church Of Scientology Made A Whole Website About Hating Leah Remini 's New Show '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scientologists demand A&E Network pull former disciple Leah Remini 's exposé from air '' . Vancouver Sun . November 25 , 2016 . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Matt ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Church of Scientology Actually Sent This Letter to Conan to Discredit Leah Remini '' . Esquire . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McManus , Tracy ( August 26 , 2017 ) . `` Scientology draws dueling petitions involving Leah Remini , the IRS and change.org '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Leah Remini Scientology Doc Premiere Draws 2.1 Million Viewers for A&E '' . Variety . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Leah Remini Scientology Docuseries Debut A&E 's Best In Two Years '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Leah Remini : Scientology and the Aftermath ' returns down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Animal Kingdom ' and ' Leah Remini ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does leah remini scientology and the aftermath season 2 start	[ "The show's first season was aired by A&E in seven regular and three special episodes commencing November 29, 2016. It received positive reviews from critics, recorded A&E's best premiere ratings since 2014 and maintained a consistently high viewership for subsequent episodes. The first season garnered two Emmy nominations, scoring one win. The series was renewed for a second season of ten regular and four special episodes commencing August 15, 2017. The Church of Scientology was extremely critical of Remini and the show and established a website attacking the show, its presenters and many of the interviewees." ]	[ "August 15, 2017" ]
2462686778816546642	Rus' (name)	Rus ' ( name ) - wikipedia Rus ' ( name ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Rus ' as a name . For information about the Rus ' people , see Rus ' people . For other uses , see Rus . `` Name of Russia '' redirects here . For the television programme , see Name of Russia ( Russia TV ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Look up Русь in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Originally , the name Rus ' ( Русь ) referred to the people , regions , and medieval states ( ninth to twelfth centuries ) of the Kievan Rus ' . In the Western culture , it is better known as Ruthenia from the eleventh century onwards . Its territories are today distributed among Belarus , Ukraine , and a part of the European section of Russia . One of the earliest written sources mentioning the people called Rus ' ( as Rhos ) dates to 839 in the Annales Bertiniani . This chronicle identifies them as a Germanic tribe called the Swedes . According to the Kievan Rus ' Primary Chronicle , compiled in about 1113 , the Rus ' were a group of Varangians , Norsemen who had relocated somewhere from the Baltic region ( literally `` from beyond the sea '' ) , first to Northeastern Europe , then to the south where they created the medieval Kievan state . In the 11th century , the dominant term in the Latin tradition was Ruscia . It was used , among others , by Thietmar of Merseburg , Adam of Bremen , Cosmas of Prague and Pope Gregory VII in his letter to Izyaslav I. Rucia , Ruzzia , Ruzsia were alternative spellings . During the 12th century , Ruscia gradually made way for two other Latin terms , `` Russia '' and `` Ruthenia '' . `` Russia '' ( also spelled Rossia and Russie ) was the dominant Romance - language form , first used by Liutprand of Cremona in the 960s and then by Peter Damian in the 1030s . It became ubiquitous in English and French documents in the 12th century . Ruthenia , first documented in the early 12th century Augsburg annals , was a Latin form preferred by the Apostolic Chancery of the Latin Church . The modern name of Russia ( Rossija ) , which came into use in the 15th century , is derived from the Greek Ρωσία , which in turn derives from Ῥῶς , an early Greek name for the people of Rus ' . Rus ' as a state had no proper name ; by its inhabitants it was called rusĭskaja zemlja ( русьская земля ) -- with rusĭskaja becoming russkaja in Modern Russian -- , which translates as `` Land of the Rus ' '' . The word rusĭskaja is an adjective : the morpheme - ĭsk - corresponds etymologically to English - ish ; - aja marks feminine adjectives ( namely , zemlja , `` land '' , is grammatically feminine in Slavic ) . In similar fashion , Poland is called Polska by its inhabitants , that is , Pol - sk - a , originally being the adjective Polish ( land ) . To distinguish the medieval `` Rus ' '' state from other states that derived from it , modern historiography calls it Kievan Rus ' . Its predecessor , the ninth - century Rus ' Khaganate , is a somewhat hypothetical state whose existence is inferred from a handful of early medieval Byzantine and Persian and Arabic sources that mention that the Rus ' were governed by a khagan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 1.1 Early evidence 1.2 Alternate anti-Normanist theories 2 From Rus ' to Russia 3 From Rus ' to Ruthenia 4 Little Russia , New Russia 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 References Etymology ( edit ) Further information : Rus ' people Scandinavia with what later became Sweden , here in the 9th century . Roslagen is located in Uppland the eastern part of the yellow area of Svealand . Swedes Geats Gotlanders According to the most prominent theory , the name Rus ' , like the Finnish name for Sweden ( Ruotsi ) , is derived from an Old Norse term for `` the men who row '' ( rods - ) as rowing was the main method of navigating the rivers of Eastern Europe , and that it could be linked to the Swedish coastal area of Roslagen ( the rowing crews ) or Roden , as it was known in earlier times . The name Rus ' would then have the same origin as the Finnish , Estonian , Võro and Northern Sami names for Sweden : Ruotsi , Rootsi , Roodsi and Ruoŧŧa . It is remarkable enough that the local Finnic and Permic peoples in northern Russia proper use the same ( Rus ' - related ) name both for Sweden and Russia ( depending on the language ) : thus the Veps name for Sweden and Swedish is Ročinma / Ročin , while in the neighboring Komi language the etymologically corresponding term Ročmu / Roč means already Russia and Russian instead . The Danish scholar Tor Karsten has pointed out that the territory of present - day Uppland , Södermanland and East Gothland in ancient times was known as Roðer or roðin . Thomsen accordingly has suggested that Roðer probably derived from roðsmenn or roðskarlar , meaning seafarers or rowers . Ivar Aasen , the Norwegian philologist and lexicographer , noted Norwegian dialect variants Rossfolk , Rosskar , Rossmann . George Vernadsky theoretized about the association of Rus and Alans . He claimed that that Ruxs in Alanic means `` radiant light '' , thus the ethnonym Roxolani could be understood as `` bright Alans '' . He theorized that the name Roxolani a combination of two separate tribal names : the Rus and the Alans . Rus were closely associated with the Alans in the Sarmatian period . Early evidence ( edit ) In Old East Slavic literature , the East Slavs refer to themselves as `` ( muzhi ) ruskie '' ( `` Rus ' men '' ) or , rarely , `` rusichi . '' The East Slavs are thought to have adopted this name from the Varangian elite , which was first mentioned in the 830s in the Annales Bertiniani . The Annales recount that Louis the Pious 's court at Ingelheim am Rhein in 839 ( the same year as the first appearance of Varangians in Constantinople ) , was visited by a delegation from the Byzantine emperor . The delegates included two men who called themselves `` Rhos '' ( `` Rhos vocari dicebant '' ) . Louis inquired about their origins and learned that they were Swedes . Fearing that they were spies for their brothers the Danes , he jailed them . They were also mentioned in the 860s by Byzantine Patriarch Photius under the name , `` Rhos . '' Rusiyyah was used by Ahmad ibn Fadlan for Varangians near Astrakhan , and by the Persian traveler Ahmad ibn Rustah who visited Veliky Novgorod and described how the Rus ' exploited the Slavs . As for the Rus , they live on an island ... that takes three days to walk round and is covered with thick undergrowth and forests ; it is most unhealthy ... They harry the Slavs , using ships to reach them ; they carry them off as slaves and ... sell them . They have no fields but simply live on what they get from the Slav 's lands ... When a son is born , the father will go up to the newborn baby , sword in hand ; throwing it down , he says , `` I shall not leave you with any property : You have only what you can provide with this weapon . '' This section may stray from the topic of the article . Please help improve this section or discuss this issue on the talk page . When the Varangians arrived in Constantinople , the Byzantines considered and described the Rhos ( Greek Ῥῶς ) as a different people from the Slavs . In his treatise De Administrando Imperio , Constantine VII describes the Rhos as the neighbours of Pechenegs who buy from the latter cows , horses , and sheep `` because none of these animals may be found in Rhosia '' . His description represents the Rus ' as a warlike northern tribe . Constantine also enumerates the names of the Dnieper cataracts in both Rhos and in Slavic languages . The Rhos names have distinct Germanic etymology : Essoupi ( Old Norse vesuppi , `` do not sleep '' ) Oulvorsi ( Old Norse holmfors , `` island rapid '' ) Gelandri ( Old Norse gjallandi , `` yelling , loudly ringing '' ) Aeifor ( Old Norse eiforr , `` ever fierce '' ) Varouforos ( Old Norse varufors , `` cliff rapid '' or barufors , `` wave rapid '' ) Leanti ( Old Norse leandi , `` seething '' , or hlæjandi , `` laughing '' ) Stroukoun ( Old Norse strukum , `` rapid current '' ) . According to the Primary Chronicle , a historical compilation attributed to the 12th century , Rus ' was a group of Varangians who lived on the other side of the Baltic Sea in Scandinavia . The Varangians were first expelled , then invited to rule the warring Slavs and Baltic Finns of Veliky Novgorod : The four tribes who had been forced to pay tribute to the Varangians - Chuds , Slavs , Merians and Krivichs drove the Varangians back beyond the sea , refused to pay them further tribute , and set out to govern themselves . But there was no law among them , and tribe rose against tribe . Discord thus ensued among them , and they began to war one against the other . They said to themselves , `` Let us seek a prince who may rule over us , and judge us according to custom . Thus they went overseas to the Varangians , to the Rus . These particular Varangians were known as Rus , just as some are called Swedes , and others Normans and Angles , and still others Gotlanders , for they were thus named . The Chuds , the Slavs , the Krivichs and the Ves ' then said to the Rus , `` Our land is great and rich , but there is no order in it . Come reign as princes , rule over us '' . Three brothers , with their kinfolk , were selected . They brought with them all the Rus and migrated . The earliest written mention of the word Rus ' or Rus'ian / Russian appears in the Primary Chronicle under the year 912 . When describing a peace treaty signed by the Varangian Oleg of Novgorod during his campaign on Constantinople , it contains the following passage , `` Oleg sent his men to make peace and sign a treaty between the Greeks and the Rus ' , saying thus : ( ... ) `` We are the Rus ' : Karl , Inegeld , Farlaf , Veremud , Rulav , Gudi , Ruald , Karn , Frelav , Ruar , Aktevu , Truan , Lidul , Vost , Stemid , sent by Oleg , the great prince of Rus ' , and all those under him ( . ) '' It can be noted that none of the Rus ' names listed are Slavic and few are likely to be Finnic ; most or all are Germanic . Later , the Primary Chronicle tells us , they conquered Kiev and created Kievan Rus ' . The territory they conquered was named after them as were , eventually , the local people ( cf . Normans ) . However , the Synod Scroll of the Novgorod First Chronicle , which is partly based on the original list of the late 11th Century and partly on the Primary Chronicle , does not name the Varangians asked by the Chuds , Slavs and Krivichs to reign their obstreperous lands as the `` Rus ' '' . One can assume that there was no original mention of the Varangians as the Rus ' due to the old list predating the Primary Chronicle and the Synod Scroll only referred to the Primary Chronicle if the pages of the old list were blemished . Other spellings used in Europe during the 9th and 10th centuries were as follows : Ruzi , Ruzzi , Ruzia and Ruzari . But perhaps the most popular term to refer to the Rus ' was Rugii , a name of the ancient East Germanic tribe related to the Goths . Olga of Kiev , for instance , was called in the Frankish annals regina Rugorum , that is , `` the Queen of the Rugi . '' Alternate anti-Normanist theories ( edit ) A number of alternative etymologies have been suggested . These are derived from the `` anti-Normanist '' school of thought in Russian historiography during the 19th century and in the Soviet era . These hypotheses are considered unlikely in Western mainstream academia . Slavic and Iranian etymologies suggested by `` anti-Normanist '' scholars include : The Roxolani , a Sarmatian ( i.e. , Iranian ) people who inhabited southern Ukraine , Moldova and Romania ; One of two rivers in Ukraine , the Ros and Rusna , near Kiev and Pereyaslav , respectively , whose names are derived from a postulated Slavic term for `` water '' , akin to rosa ( dew ) , rusalka ( water nymph ) , ruslo ( stream bed ) . ( A relation of rosa to the Sanskrit rasā́ - `` liquid , juice ; mythical river '' suggests itself ; compare Avestan Raŋhā `` mythical stream '' and the ancient name of the Volga River , Ῥᾶ Rā , from a cognate Scythian name . ) Rusiy ( Русый ) , light - brown , said of hair color ( the translation `` reddish - haired '' , cognate with the Slavic `` ryzhiy '' , `` red - haired '' , is not quite exact ) ; A postulated proto - Slavic word for `` bear '' , cognate with arctos and ursus . The name Rus ' may have originated from the Iranian name of the Volga River ( by F. Knauer , Moscow 1901 ) , as well as from the Rosh of Ezekiel . Prof. George Vernadsky has suggested a derivation from the Roxolani or from the Aryan term ronsa ( moisture , water ) . River names such as Ros are common in Eastern Europe . The Russian linguist I.N. Danilevskiy , in his Ancient Rus as Seen by Contemporaries and Descendants , argued against these theories , stating that the anti-Normanists neglected the realities of the Ancient Slavic languages and that the nation name Rus ' could not have arisen from any of the proposed origins . The populace of the Ros River would have been known as Roshane ; Red - haired or bear - origined people would have ended their self - name with the plural - ane or - ichi , and not with the singular - s ' ( red hair is one of the natural hair colors of Scandinavians and other Germanic peoples ) ; Most theories are based on a Ros - root , and in Ancient Slavic an o would never have become the u in Rus ' . Danilevskiy further argued that the term followed the general pattern of Slavic names for neighboring Uralic peoples -- the Chud ' , Ves ' , Perm ' , Sum ' , etc. -- but that the only possible word that it could be based on , Ruotsi , presented a historical dead - end , since no such tribal or national name was known from non-Slavic sources . `` Ruotsi '' is , however , the Finnish name for Sweden . Danilevskiy shows that the oldest historical source , the Primary Chronicle , is inconsistent in what it refers to as the `` Rus ' '' : in adjacent passages , the Rus ' are grouped with Varangians , with the Slavs , and also set apart from the Slavs and Varangians . Danilevskiy suggests that the Rus ' were originally not a nation but a social class , which can explain the irregularities in the Primary Chronicle and the lack of early non-Slavic sources . From Rus ' to Russia ( edit ) In modern English historiography , Kievan Rus ' is the most common name for the ancient East Slavic state ( usually retaining the apostrophe in Rus ' , a transliteration of the soft sign , ь ) followed by `` Kievan Rus ' '' , `` Kievan Russia '' , `` ancient Russian state '' , and , extremely rarely , `` Kievan Ruthenia '' . It is also called the Princedom or Principality of Kiev , or just Kiev . The vast political state was subsequently divided into several parts . The most influential were , in the south , Kingdom of Galicia -- Volhynia and in the north , Vladimir - Suzdal and the Novgorod Republic . The southern part fell under Polish and Lithuanian influence ; the northern part , under much weaker Mongol influence , went on to become a loose federation of principalities . Patriarch Callistus I of Constantinople in 1361 created two metropolitan sees with their own names ( in Greek ) for the northern and southern parts : respectively , Μεγάλη Ῥωσσία ( Megálē Rhōssía , Great Russia ) in Vladimir and Kiev and Μικρὰ Ῥωσσία ( Mikrà Rhōssía , Russia Minor or Little Russia ) with the centers in Galich ( Halych ) and Novgorodok ( Navahrudak ) . In the 14th - 16th centuries most Russian principalities were united under the power of the Grand Duchy of Moscow , once a part of Vladimir - Suzdal , and formed a large state . While the oldest endonyms of the Grand Duchy of Moscow used in its documents were Rus ' ( Russian : Русь ) and the Russian land ( Russian : Русская земля ) , a new form of its name , Rusia or Russia , appeared and became common in the 15th century . In the 1480s Russian state scribes Ivan Cherny and Mikhail Medovartsev mention Russia under the name Росиа , Medovartsev also mentions `` the sceptre of Russian lordship ( Росийскаго господства ) '' . In the following century Russia co-existed with the old name Rus ' and appeared in an inscription on the western portal of the Transfiguration Cathedral of the Spaso - Preobrazhensky Monastery in Yaroslavl ( 1515 ) , on the icon case of the Theotokos of Vladimir ( 1514 ) , in the work by Maximus the Greek , the Russian Chronograph written by Dosifei Toporkov ( ? -- 1543 / 44 ) in 1516 -- 22 and in other sources . By the 15th century , the rulers of the Grand Duchy of Moscow had reunited the northern parts of the former Kievan Rus ' . Ivan III of Russia was the first local ruler to be proclaimed `` Grand Prince of all Rus ' '' ( similarly , see Ivan I of Moscow and the Mongol invasion of Rus ' ) . This title was used by the Grand Dukes of Vladimir since the early 14th century , and the first prince to use it was Mikhail of Tver . Ivan III was styled by Maximilian I , Holy Roman Emperor as rex albus and rex Russiae . Later , Rus ' -- in the Russian language specifically -- evolved into the Byzantine - influenced form , Rossiya ( Russia is Ῥωσσία ( Rhōssía ) in Greek ) . In 1547 , Ivan IV assumed the title of `` Tsar and Grand Duke of all Rus ' '' ( Царь и Великий князь всея Руси ) and was crowned on 16 January , thereby turning the Grand Duchy of Moscow into Tsardom of Russia , or `` the Great Russian Tsardom '' , as it was called in the coronation document , by Constantinople Patriarch Jeremiah II and in numerous official texts , but the state partly remained referred to as Moscovia ( English : Muscovy ) throughout Europe , predominantly in its Catholic part , though this Latin term was never used in Russia . The two names `` Russia '' and `` Moscovia '' appear to have co-existed as interchangeable during the later 16th and throughout the 17th century with different Western maps and sources using different names , so that the country was called `` Russia , or Moscovia '' ( Latin : Russia seu Moscovia ) or `` Russia , popularly known as Moscovia '' ( Latin : Russia vulgo Moscovia ) . In England of the 16th century , it was known both as Russia and Muscovy . Such notable Englishmen as Giles Fletcher , author of the book Of the Russe Common Wealth ( 1591 ) , and Samuel Collins , author of The Present State of Russia ( 1668 ) , both of whom visited Russia , were familiar with the term Russia and used it in their works . So did numerous other authors , including John Milton , who wrote A brief history of Moscovia and of other less - known countries lying eastward of Russia , published posthumously , starting it with the words : `` The Empire of Moscovia , or as others call it , Russia ... '' In the Russian Tsardom , the word Russia replaced the old name Rus ' in official documents , though the names Rus ' and Russian land were still common and synonymous to it , and often appeared in the form Great Russia ( Russian : Великая Россия ) , which is more typical of the 17th century , whereas the state was also known as Great - Russian Tsardom ( Russian : Великороссийское царствие ) . According to prominent historians like Alexander Zimin and Anna Khoroshkevich , the continuous use of the term Moscovia was a result of traditional habit and the need to distinguish between the Muscovite and the Lithuanian part of the Rus ' , as well as of the political interests of the Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth , which competed with Moscow for the western regions of the Rus ' . Due to the propaganda of the Commonwealth , as well as of the Jesuits , the term Moscovia was used instead of Russia in many parts of Europe where prior to the reign of Peter the Great there was a lack of direct knowledge of the country . In Northern Europe and at the court of the Holy Roman Empire , however , the country was known under its own name , Russia or Rossia . Sigismund von Herberstein , ambassador of the Holy Roman Emperor in Russia , used both Russia and Moscovia in his work on the Russian tsardom and noted : `` The majority believes that Russia is a changed name of Roxolania . Muscovites ( '' Russians '' in the German version ) refute this , saying that their country was originally called Russia ( Rosseia ) `` . Pointing to the difference between Latin and Russian names , French captain Jacques Margeret , who served in Russia and left a detailed description of L'Empire de Russie of the early 17th century that was presented to King Henry IV , stated that foreigners make `` a mistake when they call them Muscovites and not Russians . When they are asked what nation they are , they respond ' Russac ' , which means ' Russians ' , and when they are asked what place they are from , the answer is Moscow , Vologda , Ryasan and other cities '' . The closest analogue of the Latin term Moscovia in Russia was `` Tsardom of Moscow '' , or `` Moscow Tsardom '' ( Московское царство ) , which was used along with the name `` Russia '' , sometimes in one sentence , as in the name of the 17th century Russian work On the Great and Glorious Russian Moscow State ( Russian : О великом и славном Российском Московском государстве ) . Different from other Slavic languages , in the specific case of the Russian language , russkij ( русский ) refers to both the Rus ' people and modern day Russians , rossijskij ( российский ) , with no distinction ( deliberately implying both to be the same people with the same language -- see Russification ) . In modern Polish the words being ruski ( adj. of Rus ' , Ruthenian , the East Slavs from the historic Kievan Rus ' ) which may equally refer to modern Belarusians , Ukrainians or both , or in a historical context to the people of Kievan Rus ' ; contrasted to rosyjski ( Russian , native to what became of the Grand Duchy of Moscow , developed after the disintegration of the Kievan Rus ' ) . Similarly in other Slavic languages , including modern Ukrainian : rus'kyj ( руський ) refers to Rus ' ( Ruthenian ) , whereas rosijs'kyj ( російський ) refers to Russia . From Rus ' to Ruthenia ( edit ) The southern territories of the Rus ' fell under the rule of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 13th century . While Russian descendants of the Rus ' called themselves Russkiye , the residents of these lands called themselves Rusyny or Ruskiye . The name Ruthenia arises as a latinized form of the name Rus ' in Western European documents at about this time . The territories under Lithuanian rule retained the name Rus ' , specifically `` White Rus '' ( Ruthenia Alba , Belarus , Ruś Biała ) `` Black Rus '' ( Ruthenia Nigra , Chorna Rus , Ruś Czarna ) `` Red Rus '' ( Ruthenia Rubra , Chervona Rus , Ruś Czerwona ) The word `` Ukraine '' ( ukraina ) is first recorded in the 15th century Hypatian Codex of the 12th and 13th century Primary Chronicle , whose 1187 entry on the death of Prince Volodymyr of Pereyaslav ( aka Volodymyr / Vladimir Monomakh ) says `` The Ukraina groaned for him '' , ѡ нем же Оукраина много постона ( o nem že Ukraina mnogo postona ) . During a period of cultural revival after 1840 , the members of a secret ideological society in Kiev , the Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius , revived the use of the name Ukrayina for the homeland of the `` Little Russian '' people . They drew upon a name which had been used by 17th century Ukrainian Cossacks . It had earlier appeared on 16th century maps of Kiev and its local area ( Kievan Rus ' ) . Ukrayina was originally an Old East Slavic word for a `` bordered land '' or `` a separated land parcel , a separate part of a tribe 's territory '' , attested as far back as the 12th century . See krajina for cognates . Application of the name `` Ruthenia '' became narrowed to Carpathian Ruthenia ( Karpats'ka Rus ' ) , south of the Carpathian Mountains in the Kingdom of Hungary , where many local Slavs consider themselves Rusyns . Carpathian Ruthenia incorporated the cities of Mukacheve ( Rusyn : Mukachevo ; Hungarian : Munkács ) , Uzhhorod ( Hungarian : Ungvár ) and Prešov ( Pryashiv ; Hungarian : Eperjes ) . Carpathian Rus ' had been part of the Kingdom of Hungary since 907 , and had been known as `` Magna Rus ' '' but was also called `` Karpato - Rus ' '' or `` Zakarpattya '' . Little Russia , new Russia ( edit ) In 1654 , under the Pereyaslav Agreement , the Cossack lands of the Zaporozhian Host were signed into the protectorate of the Grand Duchy of Moscow , including the Cossack Hetmanate of Left - bank Ukraine , and Zaporozhia . In Russia , these lands were referred to as Little Russia ( Malorossiya ) . Colonies established in lands ceded from the Ottoman Empire along the Black Sea were called Novorossiya `` New Russia '' . See also ( edit ) Name of Ukraine Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica : `` Rus People '' Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Ukraine Jump up ^ Duczko , Wladyslaw ( 2004 ) . Viking Rus . Brill Publishers . pp. 10 -- 11 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 13874 - 9 . Retrieved December 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Б . М . Клосс . О происхождении названия `` Россия '' . М. : Рукописные памятники Древней Руси , 2012 . С. 13 ^ Jump up to : E. Hellberg - Hirn . Soil and Soul : The Symbolic World of Russianness . Ashgate , 1998 . P. 54 ^ Jump up to : Lawrence N. Langer . Historical Dictionary of Medieval Russia . Scarecrow Press , 2001 . P. 186 Jump up ^ Milner - Gulland , R.R. ( 1997 ) . The Russians : The People of Europe . Blackwell Publishing . pp. 1 -- 4 . ISBN 9780631218494 . Jump up ^ Benedikz , Benedikt S ( 2007 - 04 - 16 ) . `` The Varangians of Byzantium '' . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 03552 - 1 . Jump up ^ The Russian Primary Chronicle : Laurentian Text Translated by O.P. Sherbowitz - Wetzor ISBN 0 - 910956 - 34 - 0 ^ Jump up to : `` Russia , '' Online Etymology Dictionary Jump up ^ `` Зайцева М . И. , Муллонен М . И . Словарь вепсского языка ( Dictionary of Veps language ) . Л. , `` Наука '' , 1972 . Jump up ^ Zyri͡ansko - russkīĭ i russko - zyri͡anskīĭ slovarʹ ( Komi - Russian dictionary ) / sostavlennyĭ Pavlom Savvaitovym . Savvaitov , P.I. 1815 -- 1895 . Sankt Peterburg : V Tip . Imp . Akademīi Nauk , 1850 . Jump up ^ Русско -- коми словарь 12000 слов ( Russian -- Komi dictionary , Л . М . Безносикова , Н . К . Забоева , Р . И . Коснырева , 2005 год , 752 стр. , Коми книжное издательство . ^ Jump up to : Samuel Hazzard Cross ; Olgerd P. Sherbowitz - Wetzor , eds. ( 1953 ) . The Russian Primary Chronicle : Laurentian Text ( PDF ) . Translated by Samuel Hazzard Cross ; Olgerd P. Sherbowitz - Wetzor . Mediaeval Academy of America , Cambridge , Massachusetts . ISBN 0 - 910956 - 34 - 0 . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Ivar Aasen , Norsk Ordbog , med dansk Forklaring , Kristiania 1918 ( 1873 ) , p. 612 ^ Jump up to : George Vernadsky ( 1959 ) . The Origins of Russia . Clarendon Press . In the Sarmatian period the Rus ' were closely associated with the Alans . Hence the double name Rus - Alan ( Roxolani ) . As has been mentioned , 1 ruxs in Alanic means ' radiant light ' . The name ' Ruxs - Alan ' may be understood in two ways : ... of two clans or two tribes. 1 That the Roxolani were actually a combination of these two clans may be seen from the fact that the name Rus ( or Ros ) was on many occasions used separately from that of the Alans . Besides , the armour of the ... Jump up ^ Ahmad ibn Rustah , according to National Geographic , March 1985 Jump up ^ H.R. Ellis Davidson , The Viking Road to Byzantium ( Allen & Unwin , 1976 ) , p. 83 Jump up ^ For the most thorough summary of this option see , Jon Ruthven , The Prophecy That Is Shaping History : New Research on Ezekiel 's Vision of the End . Fairfax , VA : Xulon Press , 2003 , 55 - 96 . ISBN 1 - 59160 - 214 - 9 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Ruotsi - Wikipedia ( FI ) Jump up ^ Echoes of glasnost in Soviet Ukraine , by Romana M. Bahry , p. viii Jump up ^ Vasmer , Max ( 1986 ) . Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language . Moscow : Progress . p. 289 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Robert O. Crummey . The Formation of Muscovy 1300 - 1613 . Routledge. 2013 . P. 29 - 84 Jump up ^ Б . М . Клосс . О происхождении названия `` Россия '' . М. : Рукописные памятники Древней Руси , 2012 . С. 3 Jump up ^ Б . М . Клосс . О происхождении названия `` Россия '' . М. : Рукописные памятники Древней Руси , 2012 . С. 30 - 38 Jump up ^ Б . М . Клосс . О происхождении названия `` Россия '' . М. : Рукописные памятники Древней Руси , 2012 . С. 55 - 56 Jump up ^ Б . М . Клосс . О происхождении названия `` Россия '' . М. : Рукописные памятники Древней Руси , 2012 . С. 61 Jump up ^ Б . М . Клосс . О происхождении названия `` Россия '' . М. : Рукописные памятники Древней Руси , 2012 . С. 57 Jump up ^ Robert Auty , Dimitri Obolensky . Companion to Russian Studies : Volume 1 : An Introduction to Russian History . Cambridge University Press , 1976 . P. 99 Jump up ^ Чин венчания на царство Ивана IV Васильевича . Российский государственный архив древних актов . Ф. 135 . Древлехранилище . Отд. IV . Рубр . I. No 1 . Л. 1 - 46 Jump up ^ Lee Trepanier . Political Symbols in Russian History : Church , State , and the Quest for Order and Justice . Lexington Books , 2010 . P. 61 : `` so your great Russian Tsardom , more pious than all previous kingdoms , is the Third Rome '' Jump up ^ Barbara Jelavich . Russia 's Balkan Entanglements , 1806 - 1914 . Cambridge University Press , 2004 . P. 37 . Note 34 : `` Since the first Rome fell through the Appollinarian heresy and the second Rome , which is Constantinople , is held by the infidel Turks , so then thy great Russian Tsardom , pious Tsar , which is more pious than previous kingdoms , is the third Rome '' ^ Jump up to : Richard S. Wortman . Scenarios of Power : Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy from Peter the Great to the Abdication of Nicholas II . Princeton University Press , 2013 . P. 17 Jump up ^ Maija Jansson . England and the North : The Russian Embassy of 1613 - 1614 . American Philosophical Society , 1994 . P. 82 : `` ... the towns of our great Russian Tsardom '' , `` all the people of all the towns of all the great Russian Tsardom '' . Jump up ^ Walter G. Moss . A History of Russia Volume 1 : To 1917 . Anthem Press , 2003 . P. 207 Jump up ^ Readings for Introduction to Russian civilization , Volume 1 . Syllabus Division , University of Chicago Press , 1963 . P. 253 Jump up ^ Hans Georg Peyerle , George Edward Orchard . Journey to Moscow . LIT Verlag Münster , 1997 . P. 47 Jump up ^ William K. Medlin . Moscow and East Rome : A Political Study of the Relations of Church and State in Muscovite Russia . Delachaux et Niestl , 1952 . P. 117 : Addressing Patriarch Jeremiah , Tsar Feodor Ivanovich declares , `` We have received the sceptre of the Great Tsardom of Russia to support and to watch over our pious and present Great Russian Tsardom and , with God 's grace '' . Jump up ^ Шмидт С . О . Памятники письменности в культуре познания истории России . М. , 2007 . Т. 1 . Стр. 545 Jump up ^ Felicity Stout . Exploring Russia in the Elizabethan commonwealth : The Muscovy Company and Giles Fletcher , the elder ( 1546 - 1611 ) . Oxford University Press . 2015 Jump up ^ Jennifer Speake ( editor ) . Literature of Travel and Exploration : An Encyclopedia . Routledge. 2014 . P. 650 Jump up ^ Marshall Poe ( editor ) . Early exploration of Russia . Volume 1 . Routledge. 2003 Jump up ^ John T. Shawcross . John Milton : The Self and the World . University Press of Kentucky , 2015 . P. 120 Jump up ^ Milton , John . A brief history of Moscovia and of other less - known countries lying eastward of Russia as far as Cathay , gather 'd from the writings of several eye - witnesses Jump up ^ Б . М . Клосс . О происхождении названия `` Россия '' . М. : Рукописные памятники Древней Руси , 2012 . С. 4 Jump up ^ Ruslan G. Skrynnikov . Reign of Terror : Ivan IV . BRILL. 2015 . P. 189 Jump up ^ Кудрявцев , Олег Фёдорович . Россия в первой половине XVI в : взгляд из Европы . Русский мир , 1997 . ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Тихвинский , С . Л. , Мясников , В . С . Восток -- Россия -- Запад : исторические и культурологические исследования . Памятники исторической мысли , 2001 -- С. 69 Jump up ^ Хорошкевич А . Л . Русское государство в системе международных отношений конца XV -- начала XVI в . -- М. : Наука , 1980 . -- С. 84 Jump up ^ Sigismund von Herberstein . Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii . Synoptische Edition der lateinischen und der deutschen Fassung letzter Hand . Basel 1556 und Wien 1557 . München , 2007 . P. 29 Jump up ^ Advertissement au Lecteur / / Jacques Margeret . Estat de l'empire de Russie et grande duché de Moscovie , avec ce qui s'y est passé de plus mémorable et tragique ... depuis l'an 1590 jusques en l'an 1606 en septembre , par le capitaine Margeret . M. Guillemot , 1607 . Modern French - Russian edition : Маржерет Ж . Состояние Российской империи ( Тексты , комментарии , статьи ) . Ж . Маржерет в документах и исследованиях . Серия : Studia historica М . Языки славянской культуры. 2007 . С. 46 , 117 Jump up ^ Vernadsky V. Moscow Tsardom. in 2 v. Moscow : Agraph , 2001 ( Russian ) Jump up ^ `` В некотором царстве , в некотором государстве ... '' Sigurd Schmidt , Doctor of history sciences , academician of RAN , Journal `` Rodina '' , Nr. 12 / 2004 Jump up ^ О великом и славном Российском Московском государстве . Гл. 50 / / Арсеньев Ю . В . Описание Москвы и Московского государства : По неизданному списку Космографии конца XVII века . М , 1911 . С. 6 - 17 ( Зап . Моск . археол . ин - та . Т. 11 ) Jump up ^ PSRL , published online at Izbornyk , 1187 . Jump up ^ http://litopys.org.ua/pivtorak/pivt12.htm References ( edit ) This article lacks ISBNs for the books listed in it . Please make it easier to conduct research by listing ISBNs . If the ( ( Cite book ) ) or ( ( citation ) ) templates are in use , you may add ISBNs automatically , or discuss this issue on the talk page . ( June 2009 ) `` How Rusyns Became Ukrainians '' , Zerkalo Nedeli ( Mirror Weekly ) , July 2005 . Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian . `` We Are More ' Russian ' than Them : a History of Myths and Sensations '' , Zerkalo Nedeli ( Mirror Weekly ) , January 27 -- February 2 , 2001 . Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian . `` Such a Deceptive Triunity '' , Zerkalo Nedeli ( Mirror Weekly ) , May 2 -- 8 , 1998 . Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian . Hakon Stang , The Naming of Russia ( Oslo : Meddelelser , 1996 ) . Y.M. Suzumov . Etymology of Rus ( in Appendix to S. Fomin 's `` Russia before the Second Coming '' , available on - line in Russian . ) P. Pekarskiy . Science and Literature in Russia in the Age of Peter the Great . ( St Petersburg , 1862 ) S. M Solovyov . History of Russia since the Ancient Times . ( Moscow , 1993 ) E. Nakonechniy . The Stolen Name : How the Ruthenians became Ukrainians . ( Lviv , 1998 ) Name of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Name of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rus%27_(name)&oldid=800260768 '' Categories : Country name etymology History of the Rus ' people Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2016 Wikipedia articles that may have off - topic sections All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2014 Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Latin - language text All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from December 2016 Articles containing Polish - language text Articles containing Ukrainian - language text Articles containing Hungarian - language text Articles lacking ISBNs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 12 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the origin of the name russia	[ "Originally, the name Rus' (Русь) referred to the people,[1] regions, and medieval states (ninth to twelfth centuries) of the Kievan Rus'. In the Western culture, it is better known as Ruthenia from the eleventh century onwards.[2] Its territories are today distributed among Belarus, Ukraine, and a part of the European section of Russia.", "Originally, the name Rus' (Русь) referred to the people,[1] regions, and medieval states (ninth to twelfth centuries) of the Kievan Rus'. In the Western culture, it is better known as Ruthenia from the eleventh century onwards.[2] Its territories are today distributed among Belarus, Ukraine, and a part of the European section of Russia.", "Originally, the name Rus' (Русь) referred to the people,[1] regions, and medieval states (ninth to twelfth centuries) of the Kievan Rus'. In the Western culture, it is better known as Ruthenia from the eleventh century onwards.[2] Its territories are today distributed among Belarus, Ukraine, and a part of the European section of Russia." ]	[ "people", "regions", "medieval states" ]
3701586603036725107	Up the Ladder to the Roof	Up the Ladder to the Roof - wikipedia Up the Ladder to the Roof Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Up the Ladder to the Roof '' Single by The Supremes from the album Right On B - side `` Bill , When Are You Coming Back '' Released February 16 , 1970 ( U.S. ) Format Vinyl record ( 7 '' 45 RPM ) Recorded Hitsville U.S.A. ( Studio A ) ; January 30 , 1970 - February 1970 Genre Soul , R&B Length 3 : 18 Label Motown M 1162 Songwriter ( s ) Frank Wilson Vincent DiMirco Producer ( s ) Frank Wilson The Supremes singles chronology `` Someday We 'll Be Together '' ( 1969 ) `` Up the Ladder to the Roof '' ( 1970 ) `` Why ( Must We Fall in Love ) ( with The Temptations ) '' ( 1970 ) `` Someday We 'll Be Together '' ( 1969 ) `` Up the Ladder to the Roof '' ( 1970 ) `` Why ( Must We Fall in Love ) ( with The Temptations ) '' ( 1970 ) Right On track listing 12 tracks ( show ) Side one `` Up the Ladder to the Roof '' `` Then We Can Try Again '' `` Everybody 's Got the Right to Love '' `` Wait a Minute Before You Leave Me '' `` You Move Me '' `` But I Love You More '' Side two `` I Got Hurt ( Trying to Be the Only Girl in Your Life ) '' `` Baby Baby '' `` Take a Closer Look at Me '' `` Then I Met You '' `` Bill , When are You Coming Back '' `` The Loving Country '' `` Up the Ladder to the Roof '' is a 1970 hit single recorded by The Supremes for the Motown label . It was the first Supremes single to feature new lead singer Jean Terrell in place of Diana Ross , who officially left the group for a solo career two weeks before the recording of this song in January 1970 . This song also marks a number of other firsts : it is the first Supremes single since `` The Happening '' in 1967 to be released under the name `` The Supremes '' instead of `` Diana Ross & the Supremes '' , the first Supremes single solely produced by Norman Whitfield associate Frank Wilson , and the first Supremes single to make the United Kingdom Top 10 since `` Reflections '' in 1967 . Frank Wilson wrote the music for the song , with lyrics written by an Italian - American songwriter from New York City named Vincent DiMirco . `` Up the Ladder to the Roof '' rose to number ten on the Billboard Hot 100 and number five on the soul chart , in the spring of 1970 . Outside the US , The Supremes scored a # 6 smash with the song in the UK and number eight in Canada . Personnel ( edit ) Lead vocals by Jean Terrell Background vocals by Mary Wilson , Cindy Birdsong and Jean Terrell Additional vocals by The Andantes Instrumentation by The Funk Brothers Arranged by David Van De Pitte Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Peak position Canadian RPM Top Singles 8 UK Singles Chart 6 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 10 U.S. Billboard R&B Singles U.S. Billboard Easy Listening 28 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 558 . Jump up ^ Supreme Faith by Mary Wilson The Supremes Diana Ross Florence Ballard Mary Wilson Barbara Martin Cindy Birdsong Jean Terrell Lynda Laurence Scherrie Payne Susaye Greene Betty McGlown Studio albums Meet The Supremes ( 1962 ) Where Did Our Love Go ( 1964 ) More Hits by The Supremes ( 1965 ) I Hear a Symphony ( 1966 ) The Supremes A ' Go - Go ( 1966 ) The Supremes Sing Holland -- Dozier -- Holland ( 1967 ) Reflections ( 1968 ) Love Child ( 1968 ) Let the Sunshine In ( 1969 ) Cream of the Crop ( 1969 ) Right On ( 1970 ) New Ways but Love Stays ( 1970 ) Touch ( 1971 ) Floy Joy ( 1972 ) The Supremes Produced and Arranged by Jimmy Webb ( 1972 ) The Supremes ( 1975 ) High Energy ( 1976 ) Mary , Scherrie & Susaye ( 1976 ) Collaborative albums Diana Ross & the Supremes Join The Temptations ( 1968 ) Together ( 1969 ) The Magnificent 7 ( 1970 ) The Return of the Magnificent Seven ( 1971 ) Dynamite ( 1971 ) Live albums The Supremes at the Copa ( 1965 ) Live at London 's Talk of the Town ( 1968 ) TCB ( 1968 ) On Broadway ( 1969 ) Farewell ( 1970 ) The Supremes Live ! In Japan ( 1973 ) Other albums A Bit of Liverpool ( 1964 ) The Supremes Sing Country , Western and Pop ( 1965 ) We Remember Sam Cooke ( 1965 ) Merry Christmas ( 1965 ) The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart ( 1967 ) Diana Ross & the Supremes Sing and Perform `` Funny Girl '' ( 1968 ) Singles `` Tears of Sorrow '' ( as The Primettes ) `` I Want a Guy '' `` Buttered Popcorn '' `` Your Heart Belongs to Me '' `` Let Me Go the Right Way '' `` My Heart Ca n't Take It No More '' `` A Breathtaking Guy '' `` When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes '' `` Run , Run , Run '' `` Where Did Our Love Go '' `` Baby Love '' `` Come See About Me '' `` Stop ! In the Name of Love '' `` Back in My Arms Again '' `` The Only Time I 'm Happy '' `` Nothing but Heartaches '' `` Things Are Changing '' `` I Hear a Symphony '' `` Children 's Christmas Song '' `` My World Is Empty Without You '' `` Love Is Like an Itching in My Heart '' `` You Ca n't Hurry Love '' `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone '' `` The Happening '' `` Reflections '' `` In and Out of Love '' `` Forever Came Today '' `` Some Things You Never Get Used To '' `` Love Child '' `` I 'm Gonna Make You Love Me '' `` I 'm Livin ' in Shame '' `` I 'll Try Something New '' `` The Composer '' `` No Matter What Sign You Are '' `` The Weight '' `` I Second That Emotion '' `` Someday We 'll Be Together '' `` Why ( Must We Fall in Love ) '' `` Up the Ladder to the Roof '' `` Everybody 's Got the Right to Love '' `` Stoned Love '' `` River Deep -- Mountain High '' `` Nathan Jones '' `` You Gotta Have Love in Your Heart '' `` Touch '' `` Floy Joy '' `` Automatically Sunshine '' `` Without the One You Love '' `` Your Wonderful , Sweet Sweet Love '' `` I Guess I 'll Miss the Man '' `` Reach Out and Touch ( Somebody 's Hand ) '' `` Bad Weather '' `` Tossin ' and Turnin ' '' `` He 's My Man '' `` Where Do I Go from Here '' `` Early Morning Love '' `` I 'm Gonna Let My Heart Do the Walking '' `` High Energy '' `` You 're My Driving Wheel '' `` Let Yourself Go '' `` Love , I Never Knew You Could Feel So Good '' Videography T.A.M.I. Show Greatest Hits : Live in Amsterdam Reflections : The Definitive Performances ( 1964 -- 1969 ) Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever Inspired works Sparkle ( 1976 film ) Dreamgirls ( musical ) Dreamgirls ( film ) Sparkle ( 2012 film ) Related topics Discography Chronology Members FLOS Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Up_the_Ladder_to_the_Roof&oldid=789944347 '' Categories : The Supremes songs 1970 singles Songs written by Frank Wilson ( musician ) Motown singles Song recordings produced by Frank Wilson ( musician ) Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2017 , at 16 : 37 . About Wikipedia	who sings up the ladder to the roof	[ "\"Up the Ladder to the Roof\" is a 1970 hit single recorded by The Supremes for the Motown label. It was the first Supremes single to feature new lead singer Jean Terrell in place of Diana Ross, who officially left the group for a solo career two weeks before the recording of this song in January 1970. This song also marks a number of other firsts: it is the first Supremes single since \"The Happening\" in 1967 to be released under the name \"The Supremes\" instead of \"Diana Ross & the Supremes\", the first Supremes single solely produced by Norman Whitfield associate Frank Wilson, and the first Supremes single to make the United Kingdom Top 10 since \"Reflections\" in 1967." ]	[ "Jean Terrell" ]
9181719415678565486	History of communism	History of communism - wikipedia History of communism Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on Communism Concepts ( show ) Class struggle Class consciousness Classless society Collective leadership Common ownership Commune Communist society Free association From each according to his ability , to each according to his needs Gift economy Proletarian internationalism Stateless society Workers ' self - management World revolution Aspects ( hide ) Communist state Communist party Communist revolution Communist symbolism History of communism Variants ( show ) Anarchist Council European Chinese Juche Left Leninist Marxist Marxist - Leninist Maoist Trotskyist Pre-Marxist Primitive Religious Christian Islamic National World List of communist ideologies Internationals ( show ) Communist League First Second Third Fourth People ( show ) Thomas More Henri Saint - Simon Charles Fourier Robert Owen Karl Marx Friedrich Engels Peter Kropotkin Vladimir Lenin Rosa Luxemburg Antonie Pannekoek Joseph Stalin Leon Trotsky György Lukács Nikolai Bukharin Amadeo Bordiga Ho Chi Minh Antonio Gramsci Josip Broz Tito Farabundo Martí Mao Zedong José Carlos Mariátegui Deng Xiaoping Enver Hoxha Kim Il - sung Fidel Castro Che Guevara Enrico Berlinguer By region ( show ) Colombia Kerala Korea Peru Philippines Poland Russia Sumatra Vietnam List of communist parties Related topics ( show ) Anarchism Anti-capitalism Anti-communism Anti-communist mass killings Third - Worldism Mass killings under Communist regimes Cold War Communitarianism Criticisms of communist party rule Left - wing politics List of communist parties New Class New Left First Red Scare Red Scare Socialism Socialist mode of production Socialist economics Syndicalism Communism portal The history of communism encompasses a wide variety of ideologies and political movements , sharing the core theoretical values of collective ownership of wealth , economic enterprise and property . Most modern forms of communism are grounded at least nominally in Marxism , an ideology conceived by noted sociologist Karl Marx during the mid nineteenth century . Marxism subsequently gained a widespread following across much of Europe , and throughout the late 1800s its militant supporters were instrumental in a number of failed revolutions on that continent . During the same era , there was also a proliferation of communist parties which rejected armed revolution , but embraced the Marxist ideal of collective property and a classless society . Although Marxist theory suggested that the places ripest for social revolution -- either through peaceful transition or by force of arms -- were industrial societies , communism was mostly successful in underdeveloped countries with endemic poverty such as the Russian Empire and the Republic of China . In 1917 , the Bolshevik Party seized power during the Russian Revolution and created the Soviet Union , the world 's first Marxist state . The Bolsheviks thoroughly embraced the concept of proletarian internationalism and world revolution , seeing their struggle as an international rather than a purely regional cause . This was to have a phenomenal impact on the spread of communism during the twentieth century , as the Soviet Union installed new communist governments in Eastern Europe following World War II and indirectly backed the ascension of others in the Americas , Asia and Africa . Pivotal to this policy was the Communist International ( also simply known as the Commintern ) , which was formed with the perspective of aiding and assisting communist parties around the world and fostering revolution . This was one major cause of tensions during the Cold War , as the United States and its military allies equated the global spread of communism with Soviet expansionism by proxy . By 1985 , one - third of the world 's population lived under a communist system of government in one form or another . However , there was significant debate among communist ideologues as to whether most of these countries could be meaningfully considered Marxist at all . Many of the basic components of the Marxist system were altered and revised by various self - styled communist regimes . The failure of communist governments to live up to the ideal of a classless society , as well as their general trend towards increasing authoritarianism , has been linked to the decline of communism in the late twentieth century . With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 , several communist states repudiated or abolished the ideology altogether . From the start of actual communistic government in 1918 until 2017 , demographers have computed that communism has claimed the lives of more than 68 million people directly , through starvation , imprisonment , mass deportation , forced labor camps , and social engineering . Specific leaders bear personal responsibility for these deaths , including Vladimir Lenin , Joseph Stalin , Mao Zedong , Pol Pot , the Kim dynasty , and others . By the twenty - first century , only a small number of communist governments remained , namely Cuba , Vietnam and Laos . Despite retaining a nominal commitment to communism , the People 's Republic of China has essentially ceased to be governed by the principles of Marxism or Maoism , reverting to an authoritarian regime with a mixed economy . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the word `` communism '' 2 Early development ( 1840 -- 1916 ) 2.1 Pre-Marxist communism 2.2 Karl Marx 2.3 Early development of Marxism 3 International communism : periodization 4 The early Communist states ( 1917 -- 1944 ) 4.1 The Russian Revolution and the formation of the Soviet Union 4.2 Comintern , Mongolia and the communist uprisings in Europe 4.3 Front organisations 4.4 Stalinism in the Soviet Union 4.4. 1 The Great Terror 4.5 Pre-war dissident communisms 5 Spreading communism ( 1945 -- 1957 ) 5.1 Soviet Union 5.2 Eastern Europe 5.2. 1 Hungarian Revolution of 1956 5.2. 2 Prague Spring 1968 5.3 West Germany 5.4 China 's Great Leap Forward 5.5 Early post-war dissident communisms 6 The Cold War and revisionism ( 1958 -- 1979 ) 6.1 Maoism and the Cultural Revolution in China 6.2 The Cuban Revolution 6.3 African Communism 6.4 Eurocommunism 7 The Collapse of the Communist Powers ( 1980 -- 1992 ) 8 Contemporary communism ( 1993 -- present ) 9 Sources 10 Further reading 10.1 Primary sources 11 External links History of the word `` communism '' ( edit ) Portrait of Victor d'Hupay ( c. 1790 ) first theorician and founder of modern communism `` Communism '' derives from the French communisme which developed out of the Latin roots communis and the suffix isme -- and was in use as a word designating various social situations before it came to be associated with more modern conceptions of an economic and political organization . Semantically , communis can be translated to `` of or for the community '' while isme is a suffix that indicates the abstraction into a state , condition , action or doctrine , so `` communism '' may be interpreted as `` the state of being of or for the community '' . This semantic constitution has led to various usages of the word in its evolution , but ultimately came to be most closely associated with Marxism , most specifically embodied in The Communist Manifesto , which proposed a particular type of communism . The term was first coined in its modern definition by the French philosopher Victor d'Hupay . In his 1777 book Projet de communauté philosophe , d'Hupay pushes the legacy of the Enlightenments to principles which he lived up to during most of his life in his bastide of Fuveau ( Provence ) . His book can be seen as a backbone of communist philosophy as d'Hupay attempts a definition of this lifestyle which he calls a `` commune '' and advises to `` share all economic and material products between inhabitants of the commune , so that all may benefit from each other 's work '' . His friend and contemporary author Restif de la Bretonne also describes him as a `` communist '' in one of his books . `` Socialism '' is also a word which is essentially the same as `` communism '' and became popular among leftists especially in France ( where the word originated ) before communism did . However , the semantic evolution of these two words has led them to contain different associations . Some of these developments can be traced to various organizations which operated in Europe as well as the Americas , since the particular programs of various parties , leagues , confederations , associations , etc . infused the terms with their own political orientation . For instance , the communist party has been perceived as an embodiment of communism despite the fact that a variety of other self - identified communists belong to contrary political , as well as economic , positions . Early development ( 1840 -- 1916 ) ( edit ) Pre-marxist communism ( edit ) Further information : Primitive communism , Pre-Marxist Communism , and Religious communism Many historical groups have been considered as following forms of communism . Karl Marx and other early communist theorists believed that hunter - gatherer societies , as were found in the Paleolithic , were essentially egalitarian and he therefore termed their ideology to be `` primitive communism '' . Early Christianity supported a form of common ownership based on the teachings in the New Testament which emphasised sharing amongst everyone . Other ancient Jewish sects , like the Essenes , also supported egalitarianism and communal living . In Europe during the Early Modern period , various groups supporting communist ideas appeared . Tommaso Campanella 's 1601 work The City of the Sun propagated the concept of a society where the products of society should be shared equally . Within a few centuries , during the English Civil War various groups on the side of the Roundheads propagated the redistribution of wealth on an egalitarian basis , namely the Levellers and the Diggers . In the eighteenth century , the French philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau in his hugely influential The Social Contract ( 1762 ) outlined the basis for a political order based on popular sovereignty rather than the rule of monarchs . His views proved influential during the French Revolution of 1789 , in which various anti-monarchists , particularly the Jacobins , supported the idea of redistributing wealth equally among the people , including Jean - Paul Marat and Gracchus Babeuf . The latter was involved in the Conspiracy of the Equals of 1796 intending to establish a revolutionary regime based on communal ownership , egalitarianism and the redistribution of property . The plot was however detected and he and several others involved were arrested and executed . Despite this setback the example of the French Revolutionary regime and Babeuf 's doomed insurrection was an inspiration for radical French thinkers such as Compte Henri de Saint Simon , Louis Blanc , Charles Fourier and Pierre - Joseph Proudhon who declared that `` Property is theft ! '' . Karl Marx ( edit ) Main article : Karl Marx Karl Marx , founder of Marxism Communism is the riddle of history solved , and it knows itself to be this solution . -- Karl Marx , 1844 In the 1840s , a German philosopher and sociologist named Karl Marx ( 1818 -- 1883 ) , who was living in England after fleeing the authorities in the German states , where he was considered a political threat , began publishing books in which he outlined his theories for a variety of communism now known as Marxism . Marx was financially aided and supported by another German émigré , Friedrich Engels ( 1820 -- 1895 ) , who like Marx had fled from the German authorities in 1849 . Marx and Engels took on many influences from earlier philosophers and politically they were influenced by Maximilien Robespierre and several other radical figures of the French Revolution , whilst economically they were influenced by David Ricardo and philosophically they were influenced by Hegel . Engels regularly met Marx at Chetham 's Library in Manchester , England from 1845 and the alcove where they met remains identical to this day . It was here Engels relayed his experiences of industrial Manchester , chronicled in the Condition of the Working Class in England , highlighting the struggles of the working class . Marx stated that `` the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles '' , something that he believed was happening between the bourgeoisie ( the select few upper class and upper middle class ) who then controlled society and the proletariat ( the working class masses ) who toiled to produce everything but who had no political control . He purported the idea that human society moved through a series of progressive stages from primitive communism through to slavery , feudalism and then capitalism -- and that this in turn would be replaced by communism . Therefore , for Marx communism was seen as inevitable , as well as desirable . Marx founded the Communist Correspondence Committee in 1846 through which the various communists , socialists and other leftists across Europe could keep in contact with one another in the face of political repression . He then published The Communist Manifesto in 1848 , which would prove to be one of the most influential communist texts ever written . He subsequently began work on a multi-volume epic that would examine and criticise the capitalist economy and the effect that it had upon politics , society and philosophy ; the first volume of the work , which was known as Capital : Critique of Political Economy , was published in 1869 . However , Marx and Engels were not only interested in writing about communism , as they were also active in supporting revolutionary activity that would lead to the creation of communist governments across Europe . They helped to found the International Workingmen 's Association , which would later become known as the First International , to unite various communists and socialists -- and Marx was elected to the Association 's General Council . Early development of Marxism ( edit ) During the latter half of the 19th century , various left - wing organisations across Europe continued to campaign against the many autocratic right - wing regimes that were then in power . In France in 1871 , socialists set up a government known as the Paris Commune after the fall of Napoleon III , but they were soon overthrown and many of their members executed by counter-revolutionaries . Meanwhile , Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels joined the German Social - Democratic Party , which had been created in 1875 , but which was outlawed in 1879 by the German government , then led by Chancellor Otto von Bismarck , who deemed it to be a political threat due to its revolutionary nature and increasing number of supporters . In 1890 , the party was re-legalised and by this time it had fully adopted Marxist principles . It subsequently achieved a fifth of the vote in the German elections and some of its leaders , such as August Bebel and Wilhelm Liebknecht , became well - known public figures . At the time , Marxism took off not only in Germany , but it also gained popularity in Hungary , the Habsburg Monarchy and the Netherlands , although it did not achieve such success in other European nations like the United Kingdom , where Marx and Engels had been based . Nonetheless , the new political ideology had gained sufficient support that an organisation was founded known as the Second International to unite the various Marxist groups around the world . The communists disdain to conceal their views and aims . They openly declare that their ends can be attained only by the forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions . Let the ruling classes tremble at a communist revolution . The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains . They have a world to win . -- Karl Marx However , as Marxism took off , it also began to come under criticism from other European intellectuals , including fellow socialists and leftists . For instance , the Russian collectivist anarchist Mikhail Bakunin criticised what he believed were the flaws in the Marxian theory that the state would eventually dissolve under a Marxist government , instead he believed that the state would gain in power and become authoritarian . Criticism also came from other sociologists , such as the German Max Weber , who whilst admiring Marx disagreed with many of his assumptions on the nature of society . Some Marxists tried to adapt to these criticisms and the changing nature of capitalism and Eduard Bernstein emphasised the idea of Marxists bringing legal challenges against the current administrations over the treatment of the working classes rather than simply emphasising violent revolution as more orthodox Marxists did . Other Marxists opposed Bernstein and other revisionists , with many including Karl Kautsky , Otto Bauer , Rudolf Hilferding , Rosa Luxemburg , Vladimir Lenin and Georgi Plekhanov sticking steadfast to the concept of violently overthrowing what they saw as the bourgeoisie - controlled government and instead establishing a `` dictatorship of the proletariat '' . International communism : periodization ( edit ) The Comintern 's historical existence is divided among periods , regarding changes in the general policy it followed . The War Communism period ( 1919 -- 1923 ) which saw the forming of the International , the Russian Civil War , a general revolutionary upheaval after the October Revolution resulting in the formation of the first communist parties across the world and the defeat of workers ' revolutionary movements in Germany , Hungary , Finland and Poland . The New Economic Policy period ( 1923 -- 1929 ) which marked the end of the civil war in Russia and new economic measures taken by the Bolshevik government , the toning down of the revolutionary wave in Europe and internal struggles within the Bolshevik Party and the Comintern after Lenin 's death and before Stalin 's absolute consolidation of power . The Third Period ( 1929 -- 1934 ) , an ultra-left turn which saw rapid industrialization and collectivization in the Soviet Union under Stalin 's rule , the refusal by communists to cooperate with social democrats in other countries ( labeling them `` social fascists '' ) and the ultimate rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany , which led to the abandonment of the hard - line policy of this period . These years also saw the complete subordination of all communist parties across the world to the directives of the Soviet Party , making the Comintern more or less an organ of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . The Popular Front period ( 1934 -- 1939 ) which marked the call by Comintern to all popular and democratic forces ( not just communist ) to unite in popular fronts against fascism . Products of this period were the popular front governments in France and Spain . However , this period was also marked by widespread purges of anyone suspected as an enemy of the Stalinist regime , both in the Soviet Union and abroad . These mass purges resulted in the breaking up of the popular front in Spain amidst the Spanish Civil War and the fall of Spain to Francisco Franco . The period of `` advocating peace '' ( 1939 -- 1941 ) , a result of the signing of the Molotov - Ribbentrop pact . In this period , communists were advocating non-participation in World War II , labeling the war as `` imperialist '' . A new term , `` revolutionary defeatism '' , was coined by Comintern in this period , referring to anti-war propaganda by communists in the Western Europe against their national governments . The Great Patriotic War period , sometimes called the Second Popular Front ( 1941 -- 1943 ) , was the last period of the Comintern , starting immediately after the German invasion of the Soviet Union , with Stalin 's 3 July 1941 call to the entire free world to unite and fight Nazism by all means . This was a period of militant anti-fascism , the emergence of national liberation movements all across occupied Europe and ultimately the dissolution of the Comintern in 1943 . The Early Cold War ( 1947 -- 1960 ) in which the Soviet Union and the Red Army installed the communist regime 's in most of Eastern Europe ( except for Yugoslavia and Albania , which had independent communist regimes ) . A major effort to support communist party activity in Western democracies , especially Italy and France , fell short of gaining positions in the government . The Late Cold War ( 1960 -- 1970s ) in which China turned against the Soviet Union and organized alternative communist parties in many countries . Intense attention was given to revolutionary movements in the Third World , which were successful in some places such as Cuba and Vietnam . Communism was decisively defeated in other states , including Malaya and Indonesia . In 1972 -- 1979 , there was détente between the Soviet Union and the United States . The end of communism in Europe ( 1980 -- 1992 ) in which Soviet client states were heavily on the defensive , as in Afghanistan and Nicaragua . The United States escalated the conflict with very heavy military spending . After a series of short - lived leaders , Michael Gorbachev came to power in the Kremlin and began a policy of glasnost and perestroika , designed to revive the stagnating Soviet economy . European satellites led by Poland grew increasingly independent and in 1989 they all expelled the communist leadership . East Germany merged into West Germany with Moscow 's approval . At the end of 1991 , the Soviet Union itself was dissolved into non-communist independent states . Many communist parties around the world either collapsed , or became independent non-communist entities . However , China , North Korea , Laos , Vietnam and Cuba maintained communist regimes . After 1980 , China adopted a market oriented economy that welcomed large - scale trade and friendly relations with United States . The early communist States ( 1917 -- 1944 ) ( edit ) The Russian Revolution and the formation of the Soviet Union ( edit ) Main article : Russian Revolution At the start of the 20th century , the Russian Empire was an autocracy controlled by the Tsar , with millions of the country 's largely agrarian population living in abject poverty , and the anti-communist historian Robert Service noted , `` poverty and oppression constituted the best soil for Marxism to grow in '' . The man responsible for largely introducing the ideology into the country was Georgi Plekhanov , although the movement itself was largely organised by a man known as Vladimir Lenin , who had for a time been exiled to a prison camp in Siberia by the Tsarist government for his beliefs . A Marxist group known as the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party was formed in the country , although it soon divided into two main factions : the Bolsheviks led by Lenin and the Mensheviks led by Julius Martov . In 1905 , there was a revolution against the Tsar 's rule , in which workers ' councils known as `` soviets '' were formed in many parts of the country and the Tsar was forced to implement democratic reform , introducing an elected government , the Duma . In 1917 , with further social unrest against the Duma and its part in involving Russia in the First World War , the Bolsheviks took power in the October Revolution . They subsequently began remodelling the country based upon communist principles , nationalising various industries and confiscating land from wealthy aristocrats and redistributing it amongst the peasants . They subsequently pulled out of the war against Germany by signing the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , which was unpopular amongst many in Russia for it gave away large areas of land to Germany . From the outset , the new government faced resistance from a myriad of forces with differing perspectives , including anarchists , social democrats , who took power in the Democratic Republic of Georgia , Socialist - Revolutionaries , who formed the Komuch in Samara , Russia , scattered tsarist resistance forces known as the White Guard , as well as Western powers . This led to the events of the Russian civil war , which the Bolsheviks won and subsequently consolidated their power over the entire country , centralising power from the Kremlin in the capital city of Moscow . In 1922 , the Russian SFS Republic was officially redesignated to be the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , whilst in 1924 Lenin resigned as leader of the Soviet Union due to poor health and soon died , with Joseph Stalin subsequently taking over control . Comintern , Mongolia and the communist uprisings in Europe ( edit ) Comintern published a theoretical magazine in a variety of European languages from 1919 to 1943 In 1919 , the Bolshevik government in Russia organised the creation of an international communist organisation that would act as the Third International after the collapse of the Second International in 1916 -- this was known as the Communist International , although was commonly abbreviated as Comintern . Throughout its existence , Comintern would be dominated by the Kremlin despite its internationalist stance . Meanwhile , in 1921 the Soviet Union invaded its neighboring Mongolia to aid a popular uprising against the Chinese who then controlled the country , instituting a Marxist government , which declared the nation to be the Mongolian People 's Republic in 1924 . Comintern and other such Soviet - backed communist groups soon spread across much of the world , though particularly in Europe , where the influence of the recent Russian Revolution was still strong . In Germany , the Spartacist uprising took place in 1919 , when armed communists supported rioting workers , but the government put the rebellion down violently with the use of a right - wing paramilitary group , the Freikorps , with many noted German communists , such as Rosa Luxemburg , being killed . Within a few months , a group of communists seized power amongst public unrest in the German region of Bavaria , forming the Bavarian Soviet Republic , although once more this was put down violently by the Freikorps , who historians believe killed around 1200 communists and their sympathisers . That same year , political turmoil in Hungary following their defeat in the First World War led to a coalition government of the Social Democratic Party and the Communist Party taking control . The communists , led by Bela Kun , soon became dominant and instituted various communist reforms in the country , but the country was subsequently invaded by its neighbouring Romania within a matter of months who overthrew the government , with the communist leaders either escaping abroad or being executed . In 1921 , a communist revolt against the government occurred whilst supportive factory workers were on strike in Turin and Milan in northern Italy , but the government acted swiftly and put down the rebellion . That same year , a further communist rebellion took place in Germany only to be crushed , but another occurred in 1923 which once again was also defeated by the government . The communists of Bulgaria had also attempted an uprising in 1923 , but like most of their counterparts across Europe they were defeated . Front organisations ( edit ) Communist parties were tight knit organizations that exerted tight control over the members . To reach sympathisers unwilling to join the party , front organizations were created that advocated party - approved positions . The Comintern , under the leadership of Grigory Zinoviev in the Kremlin , established fronts in many countries in the 1920s and after . To coordinate their activities , the Comintern set up various international umbrella organizations ( linking groups across national borders ) , such as the Young Communist International ( youth ) , Profintern ( trade unions ) , Krestintern ( peasants ) , International Red Aid ( humanitarian aid ) , Sportintern ( organized sports ) , etc . In Europe , front organizations were especially influential in Italy and France , which in 1933 became the base for Communist front organizer Willi Münzenberg . These organizations were dissolved the late 1930s or early 1940s . The Pan-Pacific Trade Union Secretariat ( PPTUS ) was set up in 1927 by the Profintern ( the Comintern 's trade union arm ) with the mission of promoting communist trade unions in China , Japan , Korea , the Philippines , Australia , New Zealand and other nations in the western Pacific . Trapeznik ( 2009 ) says the PPTUS was a `` Communist - front organization '' and `` engaged in overt and covert political agitation in addition to a number of clandestine activities '' . There were numerous Communist front organizations in Asia , many oriented to students and youth . In Japan in the labor union movement of the 1920s , according to one historian , `` The Hyogikai never called itself a communist front but in effect , this was what it was . '' He points out it was repressed by the government `` along with other communist front groups '' . In the 1950s , Scalapino argues , `` The primary Communist - front organization was the Japan Peace Committee '' . It was founded in 1949 . Stalinism in the Soviet Union ( edit ) In 1924 , Joseph Stalin , a key Bolshevik follower of Lenin , took power in the Soviet Union . He was supported in his leadership by Nikolai Bukharin , but had various important opponents in the government , most notably Leon Trotsky , Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev . Stalin initiated his own process of building a communist society , creating a variant of communism known as Stalinism and as a part of this he abandoned some of the capitalist , free market policies that had been allowed to continue under Lenin , such as the New Economic Policy . He radically altered much of the Soviet Union 's agricultural production , modernising it by introducing tractors and other machinery , by forced collectivisation of the farms , by forced collection of grains from the peasants in accordance with predecided targets . There was food available for industrial workers , but those peasants who refused to move starved especially in the Ukraine . The Communist Party targeted `` Kulaks '' , who owned a little land . Stalin took control of the Comintern , and introduced a policy in the international organisation of opposing all leftists who were not Marxists , labelling them to be `` social - fascists '' , although many communists , such as Jules Humbert - Droz , disagreed with him on this policy , believing that the left should unite against the rise of right wing movements like fascism across Europe . In the early 1930s , Stalin reversed course and promoted `` popular front '' movements whereby communist parties would collaborate with Socialists and other political forces . A high priority was mobilizing wide support for the Republican cause in the Spanish Civil War . The Great Terror ( edit ) The `` Great Terror '' mainly operated from December 1936 to November 1938 , although the features of arrest and summary trial followed by execution were well entrenched in the Soviet system since the days of Lenin , as Stalin systematically destroyed the older generation of pre-1918 leaders , usually on the grounds they were enemy spies or simply because they were `` enemies of the people '' . In the Red Army , a majority of generals were executed and hundreds of thousands of other `` enemies '' were sent to the gulag , where terrible conditions in Siberia led quickly to death . Prewar dissident communisms ( edit ) The International Right Opposition and Trotskyism are examples of dissidents who still claim communism today , but they are not the only ones . In Germany , the split in the SPD had initially led to a variety of Communist unions and parties forming , which included the councilist tendencies of the AAU - D , AAU - E and KAPD . Councilism had a limited impact outside of Germany , but a number of international organisations formed . In Spain , a fusion of Left and Right dissidents led to the formation of the POUM . Additionally , in Spain the CNT was associated with the development of the FAI political party , a non-Marxist party which stood for revolutionary communism . Spreading communism ( 1945 -- 1957 ) ( edit ) As the Cold War took effect around 1947 , the Kremlin set up new international coordination bodies including the World Federation of Democratic Youth , the International Union of Students , the World Federation of Trade Unions , the Women 's International Democratic Federation and the World Peace Council . Kennedy says the , `` Communist ' front ' system included such international organizations as the WFTU , WFDY , IUS , WIDF and WPC , besides a host of lesser bodies bringing journalists , lawyers , scientists , doctors and others into the widespread net '' . The World Federation of Trade Unions ( WFTU ) was established in 1945 to unite trade union confederations across the world ; it was based in Prague . While it had non-communist unions it was largely dominated by the Soviets . In 1949 the British , American and other non-Communist unions broke away to form the rival International Confederation of Free Trade Unions . The labor movement in Europe became so polarized between the communists unions and social democratic and Christian labor unions , whereas front operations could no longer hide the sponsorship and they became less important . Soviet Union ( edit ) The devastation of the war resulted in a massive recovery program involving the rebuilding of industrial plants , housing and transportation , as well as the demobilization and migration of millions of soldiers and civilians . In the midst of this turmoil during the winter of 1946 -- 1947 , the Soviet Union experienced the worst natural famine in the 20th century . There was no serious opposition to Stalin , as the secret police continued to send possible suspects to the gulag . Relations with the United States and Britain went from friendly to hostile , as they denounced Stalin 's political controls over eastern Europe and his blockade of Berlin . By 1947 , the Cold War had begun . Stalin himself believed that capitalism was a hollow shell and would crumble under increased non-military pressure exerted through proxies in countries like Italy . He greatly underestimated the economic strength of the West and instead of triumph saw the West build up alliances that were designed to permanently stop or `` contain '' Soviet expansion . In early 1950 , Stalin gave the go - ahead for North Korea 's invasion of South Korea , expecting a short war . He was stunned when the Americans entered and defeated the North Koreans , putting them almost on the Soviet border . Stalin supported China 's entry into the Korean war , which drove the Americans back to the prewar boundaries , but which escalated tensions . The United States decided to mobilize its economy for a long contest with the Soviets , built the hydrogen bomb and strengthened the NATO alliance that covered Western Europe . According to Gorlizki and Khlevniuk ( 2004 ) , Stalin 's consistent and overriding goal after 1945 was to consolidate the nation 's superpower status and in the face of his growing physical decrepitude to maintain his own hold on total power . Stalin created a leadership system that reflected historic czarist styles of paternalism and repression , yet was also quite modern . At the top , personal loyalty to Stalin counted for everything . However , Stalin also created powerful committees , elevated younger specialists and began major institutional innovations . In the teeth of persecution , Stalin 's deputies cultivated informal norms and mutual understandings which provided the foundations for collective rule after his death . Eastern Europe ( edit ) The military success of the Red Army in Central and Eastern Europe led to a consolidation of power in communist hands . In some cases , such as Czechoslovakia , this led to an enthusiastic support for socialism inspired by the Communist Party and a Social Democratic Party willing to fuse . In other cases , such as Poland or Hungary , the fusion of the Communist Party with the Social Democratic party was forcible and accomplished through undemocratic means . In many cases , the communist parties of Central Europe were faced with a population initially quite willing to reign in market forces , institute limited nationalisation of industry and supporting the development of intensive social welfare states , whereas broadly the population largely supported socialism . However , the purges of non-communist parties which supported socialism , combined with forced collectivisation of agriculture and a Soviet - bloc wide recession in 1953 led to deep unrest . This unrest first surfaced in Berlin in 1953 , where Brecht ironically suggested that the Party ought to elect a new People . However , Khrushchev 's Secret Speech of 1956 opened up internal debate , even if members were unaware , in both the Polish and Hungarian Communist Parties . This led to the Polish Crisis of 1956 which was resolved through change in Polish leadership and a negotiation between the Soviet and Polish parties over the direction of the Polish economy . Hungarian Revolution of 1956 ( edit ) Main article : Hungarian Revolution of 1956 The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was a major challenge to Moscow 's control of Eastern Europe . This revolution saw general strikes , the formation of independent workers councils , the restoration of the Social Democratic Party as a party for revolutionary communism of a non-Soviet variety and the formation of two underground independent communist parties . The mainstream Communist Party was controlled for a period of about a week by non-Soviet aligned leaders . Two non-communist parties which supported the maintenance of socialism also regained their independence . This flowering of dissenting communism was crushed by a combination of a military invasion supported by heavy artillery and airstrikes ; mass arrests , at least a thousand juridical executions and an uncounted number of summary executions ; the crushing of the Central Workers Council of Greater Budapest ; mass refugee flight ; and a worldwide propaganda campaign . The effect of the Hungarian Revolution on other communist parties varied significantly , resulting in large membership losses in Anglophone communist parties . Prague spring 1968 ( edit ) Main article : Prague Spring The Czechoslovak Communist Party began an ambitious reform agenda under Alexander Dubček . The plan to limit central control and make the economy more independent of the party threatened bedrock beliefs . On 20 August 1968 , Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev ordered a massive military invasion by Warsaw Pact forces that destroyed the threat of internal liberalization . At the same time , the Soviets threatened retaliation against the British - French - Israeli invasion of Egypt . The upshot was a collapse of any tendency toward détente , and the resignations of more intellectuals from Parties in the West . West Germany ( edit ) West Germany ( and West Berlin ) were centers of East - West conflict during the Cold War and numerous communist fronts were established . For example , the Society for German -- Soviet Friendship ( GfDSF ) had 13,000 members in West Germany , but it was banned in 1953 by some Länder as a communist front . The Democratic Cultural League of Germany started off as a series of genuinely pluralistic bodies , but in 1950 -- 1951 came under the control of communists . By 1952 , the U.S. Embassy counted 54 `` infiltrated organizations '' , which started independently , as well as 155 `` front organizations '' , which had been Communist inspired from their start . The Association of the Victims of the Nazi Regime was set up to rally West Germans under the antifascist banner , but had to be dissolved when Moscow discovered it had been infiltrated by `` Zionist agents '' . China 's Great Leap Forward ( edit ) Chairman Mao Zedong proclaiming the establishment of the People 's Republic of China in 1949 Mao Zedong and the Communist Party came to power in China in 1949 , as the Nationalists fled to the island of Taiwan . In 1950 -- 1953 , China engaged in a large - scale but undeclared war with the United States , South Korea and United Nations forces in the Korean War . It ended in a military stalemate , but it gave Mao the opportunity to identify and purge elements in China that seemed supportive of capitalism . At first there was close cooperation with Stalin , who sent in technical experts to aid the industrialization process along the line of the Soviet model of the 1930s . After Stalin 's death in 1953 , relations with Moscow soured -- Mao thought Stalin 's successors had betrayed the Communist ideal . Mao charged that Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev was the leader of a `` revisionist clique '' which had turned against Marxism and Leninism was now setting the stage for the restoration of capitalism . The two nations were at sword 's point by 1960 . Both began forging alliances with communist supporters around the globe , thereby splitting the worldwide movement into two hostile camps . Rejecting the Soviet model of rapid urbanization , Mao Zedong and his top aide Deng Xiaoping launched the `` Great Leap Forward '' in 1957 -- 1961 with the goal of industrializing China overnight , using the peasant villages as the base rather than large cities . Private ownership of land ended and the peasants worked in large collective farms that were now ordered to start up heavy industry operations , such as steel mills . Plants were built in remote locations , despite the lack of technical experts , managers , transportation or needed facilities . Industrialization failed , but the main result was a sharp unexpected decline in agricultural output , which led to mass famine and millions of deaths . The years of the Great Leap Forward in fact saw economic regression , with 1958 through 1961 being the only years between 1953 and 1983 in which China 's economy saw negative growth . Political economist Dwight Perkins argues , `` Enormous amounts of investment produced only modest increases in production or none at all . ( ... ) In short , the Great Leap was a very expensive disaster '' . Deng put in charge of rescuing the economy , adopted pragmatic policies that the idealistic Mao disliked . Mao for a while was in the shadows , but he returned to center stage and purged Deng and his allies in the `` cultural revolution '' ( 1966 -- 1969 ) . Early post-war dissident communisms ( edit ) Following the Second World War , Trotskyism was wracked by increasing internal divisions over analysis and strategy . This was combined with an industrial impotence that was widely recognised . Additionally , the success of Soviet - aligned parties in Europe and Asia led to the persecution of Trotskyite intellectuals , such as the infamous purge of Vietnamese Trotskyists . The war had also strained social democratic parties in the West . In some cases , such as Italy , significant bodies of membership of the Social Democratic Party were inspired by the possibility of achieving advanced socialism . In Italy this group , combined with dissenting communists , began to discuss theory centred on the experience of work in modern factories , leading to Autonomist Marxism . In the United States , this theoretical development was paralleled by the Johnston - Forrest tendency , whereas in France a similar impulse occurred . The Cold War and revisionism ( 1958 -- 1979 ) ( edit ) Maoism and the Cultural Revolution in China ( edit ) Main articles : Maoism and Cultural Revolution The Cultural Revolution was an upheaval that targeted intellectuals and party leaders from 1966 through 1976 . Mao 's goal was to purify communism by removing pro-capitalists and traditionalists by imposing Maoist orthodoxy within the Communist Party . The movement paralyzed China politically and weakened the country economically , culturally and intellectually for years . Millions of people were accused , humiliated , stripped of power and either imprisoned , killed or most often sent to work as farm laborers . Mao insisted that these `` revisionists '' be removed through violent class struggle . The two most prominent militants were Marshall Lin Biao of the army and Mao 's wife Jiang Qing . China 's youth responded to Mao 's appeal by forming Red Guard groups around the country . The movement spread into the military , urban workers and the Communist Party leadership itself . It resulted in widespread factional struggles in all walks of life . In the top leadership , it led to a mass purge of senior officials who were accused of taking a `` capitalist road '' , most notably Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping . During the same period , Mao 's personality cult grew to immense proportions . After Mao 's death in 1976 , the survivors were rehabilitated and many returned to power . The Cuban Revolution ( edit ) Main article : Cuban Revolution The Cuban Revolution was a successful armed revolt led by Fidel Castro 's 26th of July Movement against the regime of Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista . It ousted Batista on 1 January 1959 , replacing his regime with Castro 's revolutionary government . Castro 's government later reformed along communist lines , becoming the present Communist Party of Cuba in October 1965 . The United States response was highly negative , leading to a failed invasion attempt in 1961 . The Soviets decided to protect its ally by stationing nuclear weapons in Cuba in 1962 . In the Cuban Missile Crisis , the United States vehemently opposed the Soviet Union move . There was serious fear of nuclear war for a few days , but a compromise was reached by which Moscow publicly removed its weapons and the United States secretly removed its from bases in Turkey and promised never to invade . African communism ( edit ) See also : African socialism Monument to Marxism built by the Derg in Addis Abba During the Decolonization of Africa , the Soviet Union took a keen interest in that continent 's independence movements and initially hoped that the cultivation of communist client states there would deny their economic and strategic resources to the West . Soviet foreign policy with regards to Africa assumed that newly independent African governments would be receptive to Marxist ideology and that the Soviets would have the resources to make them attractive as development partners . During the 1970s , the ruling parties of several sub-Saharan African states formally embraced communism , including Burkina Faso , the People 's Republic of Benin , the People 's Republic of Mozambique , the People 's Republic of the Congo , the People 's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and the People 's Republic of Angola . Most of these regimes ensured the selective adoption and flexible application of Marxist theory set against a broad ideological commitment to Marxism or Leninism . The adoption of communism was often seen as a means to an end and used to justify the extreme centralization of power . Angola was perhaps the only African state which made a longstanding commitment to orthodox Marxism , but this was severely hampered by its own war - burdened economy , rampant corruption and practical realities which allowed a few foreign companies to wield considerable influence despite the elimination of the domestic Angolan private sector and a substantial degree of central economic planning . Both Angola and Ethiopia built new social and political communist institutions modeled closely after those in the Soviet Union and Cuba . However , after the collapse of the Soviet Union their regimes either dissolved due to civil conflict or voluntarily repudiated communism in favour of social democracy . Eurocommunism ( edit ) Main article : Eurocommunism An important trend in several countries in Western Europe from the late 1960s into the 1980s was `` Eurocommunism '' . It was strongest in Spain 's PCE , Finland 's party and especially in Italy 's PCI , where it drew on the ideas of Antonio Gramsci . It was developed by members of the Communist Party who were disillusioned with both the Soviet Union and China and sought an independent program . They accepted liberal parliamentary democracy and free speech , as well as with some conditions accepted a capitalist market economy . They did not speak of the destruction of capitalism , but sought to win the support of the masses and by a gradual transformation of the bureaucracies . In 1978 , Spain 's PCE replaced the historic `` Marxist -- Leninist '' catchphrase with the new slogan , `` Marxist , democratic and revolutionary '' . The movement faded in the 1980s and collapsed with the fall of communism in Eastern Europe in 1989 . The Collapse of the Communist Powers ( 1980 -- 1992 ) ( edit ) Main article : Revolutions of 1989 Contemporary communism ( 1993 -- present ) ( edit ) Further information : List of communist parties with national parliamentary representation With the fall of the communist governments in the Soviet Union and the eastern bloc , the power that the state - based Marxist ideologies held on the world was weakened , but there are still many communist movements of various types and sizes around the world . Three other communist nations , particularly those in eastern Asia , the People 's Republic of China , Vietnam and Laos , all moved toward market economies , but without major privatization of the state sector during the 1980s and 1990s ( see Socialism with Chinese characteristics and doi moi for more details ) . Spain , France , Portugal and Greece have very publicly strong communist movements that play an open and active leading role in the vast majority of their labor marches and strikes , as well as also anti-austerity protests , all of which are large , pronounced events with much visibility . Also , worldwide marches on International Workers Day sometimes give a clearer picture of the size and influence of current communist movements , particularly within Europe . Cuba has recently emerged from the crisis sparked by the fall of the Soviet Union given the growth in its volume of trade with its new allies Venezuela and China ( the former of whom has recently adopted a `` socialism of the 21st century '' according to Hugo Chavez ) . Various other countries throughout South and Latin America have also taken similar shifts to more clearly socialistic policies and rhetoric in a phenomenon academics are calling the `` pink tide '' . North Korea has had less success in coping with the collapse of the Soviet bloc than its counterparts , which led that government to `` supersede '' its original Marxism -- Leninism with an ideology called Juche . However , Cuba does apparently have an ambassador to North Korea and China still protects North Korean territorial integrity even as it simultaneously refuses to supply the state with material goods or other significant assistance . In Nepal , the Communist Party of Nepal ( Unified Marxist -- Leninist ) leader Man Mohan Adhikari briefly became Prime Minister and national leader from 1994 to 1995 and the Maoist guerrilla leader Prachanda was elected Prime Minister by the Constituent Assembly of Nepal in 2008 . Prachanda has since been deposed as Prime Minister , leading the Maoists to abandon their legalistic approach and return to their typical street actions and militancy and to lead sporadic general strikes using their quite substantial influence on the Nepalese labor movement . These actions have oscillated between mild and intense , only the latter of which tends to make world news . They consider Prachanda 's removal to be unjust . The previous national government of India depended on the parliamentary support of the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) and CPI ( M ) leads the state governments in West Bengal , Kerala and Tripura . The armed wing of the Communist Party of India ( Maoist ) is fighting a war against the government of India and is active in half the country , but the Indian government has recently declared the Maoists its chief objective to eliminate . In Cyprus , the veteran communist Dimitris Christofias of AKEL won the 2008 presidential election . In Moldova , the communist party won the 2001 , 2005 and 2009 parliamentary elections . However , the April 2009 Moldovan elections results , in which the communists supposedly won a third time , were massively protested ( including an attack on the Parliament and Presidency buildings by angry crowds ) and another round was held on July 29 in which three opposition parties ( the Liberals , Liberal - Democrats and Democrats ) won and formed the Alliance for European Integration . However , failing to elect the president , new parliamentary elections were held in November 2010 which resulted in roughly the same representation in the Parliament . According to Ion Marandici , a Moldovan political scientist , the Moldovan communists differ from those in other countries because they managed to appeal to the ethnic minorities and the anti-Romanian Moldovans . After tracing the adaptation strategy of the Party of Communists from Moldova , he finds confirming evidence for five of the factors contributing to the electoral success , already mentioned in the theoretical literature on former communist parties : the economic situation , the weakness of the opponents , the electoral laws , the fragmentation of the political spectrum and the legacy of the old regime . However , Marandici identified seven additional explanatory factors at work in the Moldovan case : the foreign support for certain political parties , separatism , the appeal to the ethnic minorities , the alliance - building capacity , the reliance on the Soviet notion of the Moldovan identity , the state - building process and the control over a significant portion of the media . It is due to these seven additional factors that the successor party in Moldova managed to consolidate and expand its constituency . According to Marandici , in the post-Soviet area the Moldovan communists are the only ones who have been in power for so long and did not change the name of the party . In Ukraine and Russia , the communists came second in the 2002 and 2003 elections , respectively . The party remains strong in Russia , but in Ukraine following the 2014 Russian invasion of Ukraine and Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation the Ukrainian parliamentary election , 2014 resulted in the loss of its 32 members and no parliamentary representation by the Communist Party of Ukraine . In the Czech Republic , the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia came third in the 2002 elections , as did the Communist Party of Portugal in 2005 . In South Africa , the South African Communist Party ( SACP ) is a member of the Tripartite alliance alongside the African National Congress and the Congress of South African Trade Unions . Sri Lanka has communist ministers in their national governments . In Zimbabwe , President Robert Mugabe of the Zimbabwe African National Union -- Patriotic Front , the country 's longstanding leader , is a professed Marxist . Colombia is in the midst of a civil war which has been waged since 1966 between the Colombian government and aligned rightwing paramilitaries against two communist guerrilla groups : the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia -- People 's Army ( FARC -- EP ) and the National Liberation Army ( ELN ) . The Philippines is still experiencing a low scale guerrilla insurgency by the New People 's Army . Sources ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lansford , Thomas ( 2007 ) . Communism . New York : Cavendish Square Publishing . pp. 9 -- 24 , 36 -- 44 . ISBN 978 - 0761426288 . ^ Jump up to : Leopold , David ( 2015 ) . Freeden , Michael ; Stears , Marc ; Sargent , Lyman Tower , eds . The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 20 -- 38 . ISBN 978 - 0198744337 . ^ Jump up to : Schwarzmantle , John ( 2017 ) . 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Manning , eds. , Stalinist Terror : New Perspectives ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ Malcolm Kennedy , History of Communism in East Asia ( Praeger Publishers , 1957 ) p 126 Jump up ^ Anthony Carew , `` The Schism within the World Federation of Trade Unions : Government and Trade - Union Diplomacy , '' International Review of Social History , Dec 1984 , Vol. 29 Issue 3 , pp 297 - 335 Jump up ^ Yoram Gorlizki and Oleg Khlevniuk , Stalin and the Soviet Ruling Circle , 1945 - 1953 ( 2004 ) pp 3ff Jump up ^ John Gaddis , A New History of the Cold War ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Yoram Gorlizki , and Oleg Khlevniuk . Stalin and the Soviet Ruling Circle , 1945 - 1953 ( 2004 ) online edition Jump up ^ Erwin Schmidl , et al . The Hungarian Revolution 1956 ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Brown , The Rise and Fall of Communism pp 278 - 92 Jump up ^ Günter Bischof et al. , eds. ( 2010 ) . The Prague Spring and the Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 . Rowman & Littlefield . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Maude Bracke , Which Socialism , Whose Détente ? West European Communism and the Czechoslovak Crisis of 1968 ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Patrick Major , The Death of the KPD : Communism and Anti-Communism in West Germany , 1945 - 1956 ( Oxford University Press , 1997 ) p. 215 Jump up ^ Major , The Death of the KPD : Communism and Anti-Communism in West Germany , 1945 - 1956 pp 217 -- 18 Jump up ^ Vojtech Mastny , The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity : The Stalin Years ( Oxford U.P. , 1998 ) p. 162 Jump up ^ Brown . The Rise and Fall of Communism . pp. 179 -- 93 . Jump up ^ John Gittings ( 2006 ) . The Changing Face of China : From Mao to Market . Oxford U.P. p. 40 . Jump up ^ Lorenz M. Luthi ( 2010 ) . The Sino - Soviet Split : Cold War in the Communist World . Princeton U.P. Jump up ^ Brown . The Rise and Fall of Communism . pp. 316 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Dwight Heald Perkins ( 1984 ) . China 's economic policy and performance during the Cultural Revolution and its aftermath . Harvard Institute for International Development , . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Ezra F. Vogel ( 2011 ) . Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China . Harvard University Press . pp. 40 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Brown , The Rise & Fall of Communism , pp 324 - 32 Jump up ^ Marifeli Perez - Stable , The Cuban Revolution : Origins , Course , and Legacy ( 3rd ed. 2011 ) Jump up ^ Brown , The Rise and fall of Communism , pp 293 - 312 ^ Jump up to : Magyar , Karl ; Danopoulos , Constantine ( 2002 ) ( 1994 ) . Prolonged Wars : A Post Nuclear Challenge . Honolulu : University Press of the Pacific . pp. 260 -- 271 . ISBN 978 - 0898758344 . ^ Jump up to : Markakis , John ; Waller , Michael ( 1986 ) . Military Marxist Regimes in Africa . New York : Routledge Books . pp. 131 -- 134 . ISBN 978 - 0714632957 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Elliott ; Walker , David ; Gray , Daniel ( 2014 ) . Historical Dictionary of Marxism . Historical Dictionaries of Religions , Philosophies , and Movements ( 2nd ed . ) . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . p. 294 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 3798 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ferreira , Manuel ( 2002 ) . Brauer , Jurgen ; Dunne , J. Paul , eds . Arming the South : The Economics of Military Expenditure , Arms Production and Arms Trade in Developing Countries . Basingstoke : Palgrave - Macmillan . pp. 251 -- 255 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 50125 - 6 . Jump up ^ Akongdit , Addis Ababa Othow ( 2013 ) . Impact of Political Stability on Economic Development : Case of South Sudan . Bloomington : AuthorHouse Ltd , Publishers . pp. 74 -- 75 . ISBN 978 - 1491876442 . Jump up ^ David Priestland ( 2009 ) . The Red Flag : A History of Communism . Grove Press . pp. 497 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Marandici , Ion , The Factors Leading to the Electoral Success , Consolidation and Decline of the Moldovan Communists ' Party During the Transition Period ( 23 April 2010 ) . Presented at the Midwestern Political Science Association Convention from April 2010 . Available at SSRN : http://ssrn.com/abstract=1809029 Jump up ^ People 's Front 0.33 % ahead of Poroshenko Bloc with all ballots counted in Ukraine elections - CEC Archived 12 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , Interfax - Ukraine ( 8 November 2014 ) Jump up ^ Lunch with the Mugabes Jump up ^ From Liberator to Tyrant : Recollections of Mugabe Further reading ( edit ) Brown , Archie . The Rise & Fall of Communism . Vintage , London , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84595 - 067 - 5 Davin , Delia ( 2013 ) . Mao : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford UP . Pathak , Rakesh , and Yvonne Berliner . Communism in Crisis 1976 - 89 ( 2012 ) , textbook Pipes , Richard . Communism : A History ( 2003 ) Pons , Silvio and Robert Service , eds . A Dictionary of 20th - Century Communism ( Princeton University Press , 2010 ) . 944 pp. ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 13585 - 4 online review Priestland , David . The Red Flag : A History of Communism ( 2010 ) Service , Robert . Comrades : Communism : A World History ( Pan MacMillan , 2008 ) 571 pages ; ISBN 0 - 330 - 43968 - 5 Sandle , Mark . Communism ( 2nd ed. 2011 ) , short introduction Service , Robert . Lenin : A Biography ( 2000 ) excerpt and text search Taubman , William . Khrushchev : The Man and His Era ( 2004 ) excerpt and text search Tucker , Robert C. Stalin as Revolutionary , 1879 - 1929 ( 1973 ) ; Stalin in Power : The Revolution from Above , 1929 - 1941 . ( 1990 ) online edition a standard biography ; online at ACLS e-books These Primary sources ( edit ) Daniels , Robert V. , ed . A Documentary History of Communism in Russia : From Lenin to Gorbachev ( 1993 ) External links ( edit ) BBC animation showing fall of Communism in Europe The Red Flag : Communism and the Making of the Modern World - Book review by Quentin Peel for The Financial Times Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_communism&oldid=817880192 '' Categories : Communism History of socialism History of political thought Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from May 2015 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Català Español فارسی Français Italiano Norsk Polski Português Русский 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 03 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which country was the first to adopt communism as the way to develop it economy	[ "At the start of the 20th century, the Russian Empire was an autocracy controlled by the Tsar, with millions of the country's largely agrarian population living in abject poverty, and the anti-communist historian Robert Service noted, \"poverty and oppression constituted the best soil for Marxism to grow in\".[30] The man responsible for largely introducing the ideology into the country was Georgi Plekhanov, although the movement itself was largely organised by a man known as Vladimir Lenin, who had for a time been exiled to a prison camp in Siberia by the Tsarist government for his beliefs.[31] A Marxist group known as the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party was formed in the country, although it soon divided into two main factions: the Bolsheviks led by Lenin and the Mensheviks led by Julius Martov. In 1905, there was a revolution against the Tsar's rule, in which workers' councils known as \"soviets\" were formed in many parts of the country and the Tsar was forced to implement democratic reform, introducing an elected government, the Duma.[32]" ]	[ "the Russian Empire" ]
4646151475148004270	Forbes' list of world's highest-paid athletes	Forbes ' list of World 's Highest - Paid Athletes - wikipedia Forbes ' list of World 's Highest - Paid Athletes Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of the highest - paid athletes in the world as ranked by Forbes magazine . Contents ( hide ) 1 2017 list 2 2016 list 3 2015 list 4 2014 list 5 2013 list 6 2012 list 7 See also 8 References 9 External links 2017 list ( edit ) The 2017 list : Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $93 million $58 million $35 million LeBron James Basketball United States $86.2 million $31.2 million $55 million Lionel Messi Football Argentina $80 million $53 million $27 million Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $64 million $6 million $58 million 5 Kevin Durant Basketball United States $60.6 million $26.6 million $34 million 6 Andrew Luck American football United States $50 million $47 million $3 million 6 Rory McIlroy Golf Northern Ireland $50 million $16 million $34 million 8 Stephen Curry Basketball United States $47.3 million $12.3 million $35 million 9 James Harden Basketball United States $46.6 million $26.6 million $20 million 10 Lewis Hamilton Auto racing England $46 million $38 million $8 million 2016 list ( edit ) The 2016 list : Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $88 million $56 million $32 million Lionel Messi Football Argentina $81.4 million $53.4 million $28 million LeBron James Basketball United States $77.2 million $23.2 million $54 million Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $67.8 million $7.8 million $60 million 5 Kevin Durant Basketball United States $56.2 million $20.2 million $36 million 6 Novak Djokovic Tennis Serbia $55.8 million $21.8 million $34 million 7 Cam Newton American football United States $53.1 million $41.1 million $12 million 8 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $52.9 million $2.9 million $50 million 9 Jordan Spieth Golf United States $52.8 million $20.8 million $32 million 10 Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $50 million $25 million $25 million 2015 list ( edit ) The 2015 list was released on 10 June 2015 . Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Floyd Mayweather Jr . Boxing United States $300 million $285 million $15 million Manny Pacquiao Boxing Philippines $160 million $148 million $12 million Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $79.6 million $52.6 million $27 million Lionel Messi Football Argentina $73.8 million $51.8 million $22 million 5 Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $67 million $9 million $58 million 6 LeBron James Basketball United States $64.8 million $20.8 million $44 million 7 Kevin Durant Basketball United States $54.1 million $19.1 million $35 million 8 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $50.8 million $2.8 million $48 million 9 Tiger Woods Golf United States $50.6 million $0.6 million $50 million 10 Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $49.5 million $23.5 million $26 million 2014 list ( edit ) The 2014 list was released on 11 June 2014 . Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Floyd Mayweather Jr . Boxing United States $105 million $105 million $0 Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $80 million $52 million $28 million LeBron James Basketball United States $72.3 million $19.3 million $53 million Lionel Messi Football Argentina $64.7 million $41.7 million $23 million 5 Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $61.5 million $30.5 million $31 million 6 Tiger Woods Golf United States $61.2 million $6.2 million $55 million 7 Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $56.2 million $4.2 million $52 million 8 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $53.2 million $5.2 million $48 million 9 Rafael Nadal Tennis Spain $44.5 million $14.5 million $30 million 10 Matt Ryan American football United States $43.8 million $42 million $1.8 million 2013 list ( edit ) The 2013 list was released on 5 June 2013 . Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Tiger Woods Golf United States $78.1 million $13.1 million $65 million Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $71.5 million $6.5 million $65 million Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $61.9 million $27.9 million $34 million LeBron James Basketball United States $59.8 million $17.8 million $42 million 5 Drew Brees American football United States $51 million $40 million $11 million 6 Aaron Rodgers American football United States $49 million $43 million $6 million 7 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $48.7 million $4.7 million $44 million 8 David Beckham Football England $47.2 million $5.2 million $42 million 9 Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $44 million $23 million $21 million 10 Lionel Messi Football Argentina $41.3 million $20.3 million $21 million 2012 list ( edit ) The 2012 list was released on 18 June 2012 . Rank Name Sport Nationality Total earnings Salary / winnings Endorsements Floyd Mayweather Jr . Boxing United States $85 million $85 million $0 Manny Pacquiao Boxing Philippines $62 million $56 million $6 million Tiger Woods Golf United States $59.4 million $4.4 million $55 million LeBron James Basketball United States $53 million $13 million $40 million 5 Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $52.7 million $7.7 million $45 million 6 Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $52.3 million $20.3 million $32 million 7 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $47.8 million $4.8 million $43 million 8 David Beckham Football England $46 million $9 million $37 million 9 Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $42.5 million $20.5 million $22 million 10 Peyton Manning American football United States $42.4 million $32.4 million $10 million See also ( edit ) List of professional sports leagues by revenue References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest Paid Athletes 2017 '' . Jump up ^ `` World 's Highest Paid Athletes 2016 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Forbes Announces 2015 List Of The World 's 100 Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Floyd Mayweather Heads 2014 List Of The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes 2013 : Behind The Numbers '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mayweather Tops List Of The World 's 100 Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . External links ( edit ) The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes List - Forbes ( hide ) Forbes magazine lists Companies Global 2000 People General Celebrity 100 30 Under 30 China Celebrity 100 Fictional 15 Korea Power Celebrity World 's 100 Most Powerful Women World 's Most Powerful People Richest The World 's Billionaires Forbes 400 Forbes Asia Australia 's 50 Richest Places America 's Best Colleges Sports Highest - paid athletes Most valuable sports teams Most valuable football clubs Technology Midas List ( Tech 's Top Deal Makers ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forbes%27_list_of_world%27s_highest-paid_athletes&oldid=808030388 '' Categories : Forbes lists Lists of people by magazine appearance Lists of sports superlatives Income of sportspeople Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 13 : 18 . About Wikipedia	who is the highest paid athlete in the world currently	[ "\n\nRank\nName\nSport\nNation\nTotal\nSalary/Winnings\nEndorsements\n\n\n1\nCristiano Ronaldo\nFootball\n Portugal\n$93 million\n$58 million\n$35 million\n\n\n2\nLeBron James\nBasketball\n United States\n$86.2 million\n$31.2 million\n$55 million\n\n\n3\nLionel Messi\nFootball\n Argentina\n$80 million\n$53 million\n$27 million\n\n\n4\nRoger Federer\nTennis\n Switzerland\n$64 million\n$6 million\n$58 million\n\n\n5\nKevin Durant\nBasketball\n United States\n$60.6 million\n$26.6 million\n$34 million\n\n\n6\nAndrew Luck\nAmerican football\n United States\n$50 million\n$47 million\n$3 million\n\n\n6\nRory McIlroy\nGolf\n Northern Ireland\n$50 million\n$16 million\n$34 million\n\n\n8\nStephen Curry\nBasketball\n United States\n$47.3 million\n$12.3 million\n$35 million\n\n\n9\nJames Harden\nBasketball\n United States\n$46.6 million\n$26.6 million\n$20 million\n\n\n10\nLewis Hamilton\nAuto racing\n England\n$46 million\n$38 million\n$8 million\n\n" ]	[ "Cristiano Ronaldo" ]
-3268890312086566906	The Faerie Queene	The Faerie Queene - wikipedia The Faerie Queene Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Fairy Queen ( disambiguation ) . The title page of The Faerie Queene , printed in 1596 for William Ponsonby The Faerie Queene is an incomplete English epic poem by Edmund Spenser . Books I to III were first published in 1590 , and then republished in 1596 together with books IV to VI . The Faerie Queene is notable for its form : it is one of the longest poems in the English language and the origin of a verse form that came to be known as Spenserian stanza . On a literal level , the poem follows several knights in an examination of several virtues , though it is primarily an allegorical work , and can be read on several levels of allegory , including as praise ( or , later , criticism ) of Queen Elizabeth I. In Spenser 's `` Letter of the Authors '' he states that the entire epic poem is `` cloudily enwrapped in Allegorical devises , '' and that the aim of publishing The Faerie Queene was to `` fashion a gentleman or noble person in vertuous and gentle discipline '' . The Faerie Queene found such favor with Elizabeth I that Spenser was granted a pension for life amounting to £ 50 a year , though there is no evidence that Elizabeth read any of the poem . This royal patronage helped the poem to such a level of success that it became Spenser 's defining work . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Major characters 3 Themes 3.1 Allegory of virtue 3.2 Religion 3.3 Politics 3.4 Archetypes 3.5 Symbolism and allusion 4 Composition 4.1 Spenser 's intentions 4.2 Dedication 4.3 Social commentary 4.4 Poetic structure 4.5 Theological structure 4.6 Sources 4.6. 1 Myth and history 4.6. 2 Medieval subject matter 5 Reception 5.1 Diction 5.2 Language 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Summary ( edit ) Holiness defeats Error : an illustration from Book I , Part l of an 1895 - 1897 edition Book I is centered on the virtue of Holiness as embodied in the Redcross Knight . He and his lady Una travel together as he fights the dragon Errour , then separate as the wizard Archimago tricks the Redcross Knight in a dream to think that Una is unchaste . After he leaves , the Redcross Knight meets Duessa , who feigns distress in order to entrap him . Duessa leads the Redcross Knight to captivity by the giant Orgoglio . Meanwhile , Una overcomes peril , meets Arthur , and finally finds the Redcross Knight and rescues him from his capture , from Duessa , and from Despair . Una and Arthur help the Redcross Knight recover in the House of Holiness , with the House 's ruler Caelia and her three daughters joining them ; there the Redcross Knight sees a vision of his future . He then returns Una to her parents ' castle and rescues them from a dragon , and the two are betrothed after resisting Archimago one last time . Book II is centred on the virtue of Temperance as embodied in Sir Guyon , who is tempted by the fleeing Archimago into nearly attacking the Redcross Knight . Guyon discovers a woman killing herself out of grief for having her lover tempted and bewitched by the witch Acrasia and killed . Guyon swears a vow to avenge them and protect their child . Guyon on his quest starts and stops fighting several evil , rash , or tricked knights and meets Arthur . Finally , they come to Acrasia 's Island and the Bower of Bliss , where Guyon resists temptations to violence , idleness , and lust . Guyon captures Acrasia in a net , destroys the Bower , and rescues those imprisoned there . Book III is centred on the virtue of Chastity as embodied in Britomart , a lady knight . Resting after the events of Book II , Guyon and Arthur meet Britomart , who wins a joust with Guyon . They separate as Arthur and Guyon leave to rescue Florimell , while Britomart rescues the Redcross Knight . Britomart reveals to the Redcrosse Knight that she is pursuing Sir Artegal because she is destined to marry him . The Redcross Knight defends Artegal and they meet Merlin , who explains more carefully Britomart 's destiny to found the English monarchy . Britomart leaves and fights Sir Marinell . Arthur looks for Florimell , joined later by Sir Satyrane and Britomart , and they witness and resist sexual temptation . Britomart separates from them and meets Sir Scudamore , looking for his captured lady Amoret . Britomart alone is able to rescue Amoret from the wizard Busirane . Unfortunately , when they emerge from the castle Scudamore is gone . ( The 1590 version with Books I - III depicts the lovers ' happy reunion , but this was changed in the 1596 version which contained all six books ) Book IV , despite its title `` The Legend of Cambell and Telamond or Of Friendship '' , Cambell 's companion in Book IV is actually named Triamond , and the plot does not center on their friendship ; the two men appear only briefly in the story . The book is largely a continuation of events begun in Book III . First , Scudamore is convinced by the hag Ate ( discord ) that Britomart has run off with Amoret and becomes jealous . A three - day tournament is then held by Satyrane , where Britomart beats Arthegal ( both in disguise ) . Scudamore and Arthegal unite against Britomart , but when her helmet comes off in battle Arthegal falls in love with her . He surrenders , removes his helmet , and Britomart recognizes him as the man in the enchanted mirror . Arthegal pledges his love to her but must first leave and complete his quest . Scudamore , upon discovering Britomart 's gender , realizes his mistake and asks after his lady , but by this time Britomart has lost Amoret , and she and Scudamore embark together on a search for her . The reader discovers that Amoret was abducted by a savage man and is imprisoned in his cave . One day Amoret darts out past the savage and is rescued from him by the squire Timias and Belphoebe . Arthur then appears , offering to his service as a knight to the lost woman . She accepts , and after a couple of trials on the way , Arthur and Amoret finally happen across Scudamore and Britomart . The two lovers are reunited . Wrapping up a different plotline from Book III , the recently recovered Marinel discovers Florimell suffering in Proteus ' dungeon . He returns home and becomes sick with love and pity . Eventually he confesses his feelings to his mother , and she pleads with Neptune to have the girl released , which the god grants . Book V is centred on the virtue of Justice as embodied in Sir Artegal . Book VI is centred on the virtue of Courtesy as embodied in Sir Calidore . Major characters ( edit ) Britomart Redeems Faire Amoret , William Etty , 1833 Acrasia , seductress of knights . Guyon destroys her Bower of Bliss at the end of Book 2 . Similar characters in other epics : Circe ( Homer 's Odyssey ) , Alcina ( Ariosto ) , Armida ( Tasso ) , or the fairy woman from Keats 's poem `` La Belle Dame sans Merci '' . Amoret ( ta ) , the betrothed of Scudamour , kidnapped by Busirane on her wedding night , saved by Britomart . She represents the virtue of married love , and her marriage to Scudamour serves as the example that Britomart and Artegal seek to copy . Amoret and Scudamor are separated for a time by circumstances , but remain loyal to each other until they ( presumably ) are reunited . Archimago , an evil sorcerer who is sent to stop the knights in the service of the Faerie Queene . Of the knights , Archimago hates Redcross most of all , hence he is symbolically the nemesis of England . Artegal ( or Arthegall ) , a knight who is the embodiment and champion of Justice . He meets Britomart after defeating her in a sword fight ( she had been dressed as a knight ) and removing her helmet , revealing her beauty . Artegal quickly falls in love with Britomart . Artegal has a companion in Talus , a metal man who wields a flail and never sleeps or tires but will mercilessly pursue and kill any number of villains . Talus obeys Artegal 's command , and serves to represent justice without mercy ( hence , Artegal is the more human face of justice ) . Later , Talus does not rescue Artegal from enslavement by the wicked slave - mistress Radigund , because Artegal is bound by a legal contract to serve her . Only her death , at Britomart 's hands , liberates him . Chrysaor was the golden sword of Sir Artegal . This sword was also the favorite weapon of Demeter , the Greek goddess of the harvest . Because it was `` Tempred with Adamant '' , it could cleave through anything . Arthur of the Round Table , but playing a different role here . He is madly in love with the Faerie Queene and spends his time in pursuit of her when not helping the other knights out of their sundry predicaments . Prince Arthur is the Knight of Magnificence , the perfection of all virtues . Ate , a fiend from Hell disguised as a beautiful maiden . Ate opposes Book IV 's virtue of friendship through spreading discord . She is aided in her task by Duessa , the female deceiver of Book I , whom Ate summoned from Hell . Ate and Duessa have fooled the false knights Blandamour and Paridell into taking them as lovers . Her name is possibly inspired by the Greek goddess of misfortune Atë , said to have been thrown from Heaven by Zeus , similar to the fallen angels . Belphoebe , the beautiful sister of Amoret who spends her time in the woods hunting and avoiding the numerous amorous men who chase her . Timias , the squire of Arthur , eventually wins her love after she tends to the injuries he sustained in battle ; however , Timias must endure much suffering to prove his love when Belphoebe sees him tending to a wounded woman and , misinterpreting his actions , flies off hastily . She is only drawn back to him after seeing how he has wasted away without her . Britomart viewing Artegal : an illustration from Book III , Part VII of an 1895 - 1897 edition Britomart , a female knight , the embodiment and champion of Chastity . She is young and beautiful , and falls in love with Artegal upon first seeing his face in her father 's magic mirror . Though there is no interaction between them , she travels to find him again , dressed as a knight and accompanied by her nurse , Glauce . Britomart carries an enchanted spear that allows her to defeat every knight she encounters , until she loses to a knight who turns out to be her beloved Artegal . ( Parallel figure in Ariosto : Bradamante . ) Britomart is one of the most important knights in the story . She searches the world , including a pilgrimage to the shrine of Isis , and a visit with Merlin the magician . She rescues Artegal and several other knights , from the evil slave - mistress Radigund . Furthermore , Britomart accepts Amoret at a tournament , refusing the false Florimell . Busirane , the evil sorcerer who captures Amoret on her wedding night . When Britomart enters his castle to defeat him , she finds him holding Amoret captive . She is bound to a pillar and Busirane is torturing her . The clever Britomart handily defeats him and returns Amoret to her husband . Caelia , the ruler of the House of Holiness . Calidore , the Knight of Courtesy , hero of Book VI . He is on a quest from the Faerie Queene to slay the Blatant Beast . Cambell , one of the Knights of Friendship , hero of Book IV . Brother of Canacee and friend of Triamond . Cambina , daughter of Agape and sister to Priamond , Diamond , and Triamond . Cambina is depicted holding a caduceus and a cup of nepenthe , signifying her role as a figure of concord . She marries Cambell after bringing an end to his fight with Triamond . Colin Clout , a shepherd noted for his songs and bagpipe playing , briefly appearing in Book VI . He is the same Colin Clout as in Spenser 's pastoral poetry , which is fitting because Calidore is taking a sojourn into a world of pastoral delight , ignoring his duty to hunt the Blatant Beast , which is why he set out to Ireland to begin with . Colin Clout may also be said to be Spenser himself . Cymochles , a knight in Book II who is defined by indecision and fluctuations of the will . He and his fiery brother Pyrochles represent emotional maladies that threaten temperance . The two brothers are both slain by Prince Arthur in Canto VIII . Chrysogonee , mother of Belphoebe and her twin Amoretta . She hides in the forest and , becoming tired , falls asleep on a bank , where she is impregnated by sunbeams and gives birth to twins . The goddesses Venus and Diana find the newborn twins and take them : Venus takes Amoretta and raises her in the Garden of Adonis , and Diana takes Belphoebe . Duessa , a lady who personifies Falsehood in Book I , known to Redcross as `` Fidessa '' . As the opposite of Una , she represents the `` false '' religion of the Roman Catholic Church . She is also initially an assistant , or at least a servant , to Archimago . Florimell 's Flight by Washington Allston Florimell , a lady in love with the knight Marinell , who initially rejects her . Hearing that he has been wounded , she sets out to find him and faces various perils , culminating in her capture by the sea god Proteus . She is reunited with Marinell at the end of Book IV , and is married to him in Book V . Guyon , the Knight of Temperance , the hero of Book II . He is the leader of the Knights of Maidenhead and carries the image of Gloriana on his shield . According to the Golden Legend , St. George 's name shares etymology with Guyon , which specifically means `` the holy wrestler '' . Prince Arthur , the Redcross Knight , and Una , illustrated by William Kent , 1751 Marinell , `` the knight of the sea '' ; son of a water nymph , he avoided all love because his mother had learnt that a maiden was destined to do him harm ; this prophecy was fulfilled when he was stricken down in battle by Britomart , though he was not mortally wounded . Orgoglio , an evil giant . His name means `` pride '' in Italian . The Redcross Knight , hero of Book I. Introduced in the first canto of the poem , he bears the emblem of Saint George , patron saint of England ; a red cross on a white background is still the flag of England . The Redcross Knight is declared the real Saint George in Canto X . He also learns that he is of English ancestry , having been stolen by a Fay and raised in Faerieland . In the climactic battle of Book I , Redcross slays the dragon that has laid waste to Eden . He marries Una at the end of Book I , but brief appearances in Books II and III show him still questing through the world . Satyrane , a wild half - satyr man raised in the wild and the epitome of natural human potential . Tamed by Una , he protects her , but ends up locked in a battle against the chaotic Sansloy , which remains unconcluded . Satyrane finds Florimell 's girdle , which she drops while flying from a beast . He holds a three - day tournament for the right to possess the girdle . His Knights of Maidenhead win the day with Britomart 's help . Scudamour , the lover of Amoret . His name means `` shield of love '' . This character is based on Sir James Scudamore , a jousting champion and courtier to Queen Elizabeth I. Scudamour loses his love Amoret to the sorcerer Busirane . Though the 1590 edition of The Faerie Queene has Scudamour united with Amoret through Britomart 's assistance , the continuation in Book IV has them separated , never to be reunited . Talus , an `` iron man '' who helps Arthegall to dispense justice in Book V . The name is likely from Latin `` talus '' ( ankle ) with reference to that which justice `` stands on , '' and perhaps also to the ankle of Achilles , who was otherwise invincible , or the mythological bronze man Talos . Triamond , one of the Knights of Friendship , a hero of Book IV . Friend of Cambell . One of three brothers ; when Priamond and Diamond died , their souls joined with his body . After battling Cambell , Triamond marries Cambell 's sister , Canacee . Una , the personification of the `` True Church '' . She travels with the Redcross Knight ( who represents England ) , whom she has recruited to save her parents ' castle from a dragon . She also defeats Duessa , who represents the `` false '' ( Catholic ) church and the person of Mary , Queen of Scots , in a trial reminiscent of that which ended in Mary 's beheading . Una is also representative of Truth . Themes ( edit ) Allegory of virtue ( edit ) Prince Arthur and the Faerie Queen by Henry Fuseli , circa 1788 . A letter written by Spenser to Sir Walter Raleigh in 1590 contains a preface for The Faerie Queene , in which Spenser describes the allegorical presentation of virtues through Arthurian knights in the mythical `` Faerieland '' . Presented as a preface to the epic in most published editions , this letter outlines plans for twenty - four books : twelve based each on a different knight who exemplified one of twelve `` private virtues '' , and a possible twelve more centred on King Arthur displaying twelve `` public virtues '' . Spenser names Aristotle as his source for these virtues , though the influences of Thomas Aquinas and the traditions of medieval allegory can be observed as well . It is impossible to predict how the work would have looked had Spenser lived to complete it , since the reliability of the predictions made in his letter to Raleigh is not absolute , as numerous divergences from that scheme emerged as early as 1590 in the first Faerie Queene publication . In addition to the six virtues Holiness , Temperance , Chastity , Friendship , Justice , and Courtesy , the Letter to Raleigh suggests that Arthur represents the virtue of Magnificence , which ( `` according to Aristotle and the rest '' ) is `` the perfection of all the rest , and containeth in it them all '' ; and that the Faerie Queene herself represents Glory ( hence her name , Gloriana ) . The unfinished seventh book ( the Cantos of Mutability ) appears to have represented the virtue of `` constancy . '' Religion ( edit ) Una and the Lion by Briton Rivière ( 1840 -- 1920 ) . The Faerie Queene was written during the Reformation , a time of religious and political controversy . After taking the throne following the death of her half - sister Mary , Elizabeth changed the official religion of the nation to Protestantism . The plot of book one is similar to Foxe 's Book of Martyrs , which was about the persecution of the Protestants and how Catholic rule was unjust . Spenser includes the controversy of Elizabethan church reform within the epic . Gloriana has godly English knights destroy Catholic continental power in Books I and V. Spenser also endows many of his villains with `` the worst of what Protestants considered a superstitious Catholic reliance on deceptive images '' . Politics ( edit ) The poem celebrates , memorializes , and critiques the House of Tudor ( of which Elizabeth was a part ) , much as Virgil 's Aeneid celebrates Augustus ' Rome . The Aeneid states that Augustus descended from the noble sons of Troy ; similarly , The Faerie Queene suggests that the Tudor lineage can be connected to King Arthur . The poem is deeply allegorical and allusive ; many prominent Elizabethans could have found themselves partially represented by one or more of Spenser 's figures . Elizabeth herself is the most prominent example . She appears in the guise of Gloriana , the Faerie Queen , but also in Books III and IV as the virgin Belphoebe , daughter of Chrysogonee and twin to Amoret , the embodiment of womanly married love . Perhaps also , more critically , Elizabeth is seen in Book I as Lucifera , the `` maiden queen '' whose brightly lit Court of Pride masks a dungeon full of prisoners . The poem also displays Spenser 's thorough familiarity with literary history . The world of The Faerie Queene is based on English Arthurian legend , but much of the language , spirit , and style of the piece draw more on Italian epic , particularly Ludovico Ariosto 's Orlando Furioso and Torquato Tasso 's Jerusalem Delivered . Book V of The Faerie Queene , the Book of Justice , is Spenser 's most direct discussion of political theory . In it , Spenser attempts to tackle the problem of policy toward Ireland and recreates the trial of Mary , Queen of Scots . Archetypes ( edit ) Some literary works sacrifice historical context to archetypal myth , reducing poetry to Biblical quests , whereas Spenser reinforces the actuality of his story by adhering to archetypal patterns . Throughout The Faerie Queene , Spenser does not concentrate on a pattern `` which transcends time '' but `` uses such a pattern to focus the meaning of the past on the present '' . By reflecting on the past , Spenser achieves ways of stressing the importance of Elizabeth 's reign . In turn , he does not `` convert event into myth '' but `` myth into event '' . Within The Faerie Queene , Spenser blurs the distinction between archetypal and historical elements deliberately . For example , Spenser probably does not believe in the complete truth of the British Chronicle , which Arthur reads in the House of Alma . In this instance , the Chronicle serves as a poetical equivalent for factual history . Even so , poetical history of this kind is not myth ; rather , it `` consists of unique , if partially imaginary , events recorded in chronological order '' . The same distinction resurfaces in the political allegory of Books I and V. However , the reality to interpreted events becomes more apparent when the events occurred nearer to the time when the poem was written . Symbolism and allusion ( edit ) Throughout The Faerie Queene , Spenser creates `` a network of allusions to events , issues , and particular persons in England and Ireland '' including Mary , Queen of Scots , the Spanish Armada , the English Reformation , and even the Queen herself . It is also known that James VI of Scotland read the poem , and was very insulted by Duessa -- a very negative depiction of his mother , Mary , Queen of Scots . The Faerie Queene was then banned in Scotland . This led to a significant decrease in Elizabeth 's support for the poem . Within the text , both the Faerie Queene and Belphoebe serve as two of the many personifications of Queen Elizabeth , some of which are `` far from complimentary '' . Though it praises her in some ways , The Faerie Queene questions Elizabeth 's ability to rule so effectively because of her gender , and also inscribes the `` shortcomings '' of her rule . There is a character named Britomart who represents married chastity . This character is told that her destiny is to be an `` immortal womb '' -- to have children . Here , Spenser is referring to Elizabeth 's unmarried state and is touching on anxieties of the 1590s about what would happen after her death since the kingdom had no heir . The Faerie Queene 's original audience would have been able to identify many of the poem 's characters by analyzing the symbols and attributes that spot Spenser 's text . For example , readers would immediately know that `` a woman who wears scarlet clothes and resides along the Tiber River represents the Roman Catholic Church '' . However , marginal notes jotted in early copies of The Faerie Queene suggest that Spenser 's contemporaries were unable to come to a consensus about the precise historical referents of the poem 's `` myriad figures '' . In fact , Sir Walter Raleigh 's wife identified many of the poem 's female characters as `` allegorical representations of herself '' . Other symbols prevalent in The Faerie Queene are the numerous animal characters present in the novel . They take the role of `` visual figures in the allegory and in illustrative similes and metaphors '' . Specific examples include the swine present in Lucifera 's castle who embodied gluttony , and Duessa , the deceitful crocodile who may represent Mary , Queen of Scots , in a negative light . The House of Busirane episode in Book III in The Faerie Queene is partially based on an early modern English folktale called `` Mr. Fox 's Mottos . '' In the tale , a young woman named Lady Mary has been enticed by Mr. Fox , who resembles Bluebeard in his manner of killing his wives . She defeats Mr. Fox and tells about his deeds . Notably , Spenser quotes the story as Britomart makes her way through the House , with warning mottos above each doorway `` Be bold , be bold , but not too bold . '' Composition ( edit ) Spenser 's intentions ( edit ) While writing his poem , Spenser strove to avoid ' gealous opinions and misconstructions '' because he thought it would place his story in a `` better light '' for his readers . Spencer stated in his letter to Raleigh , published with the first three books , that `` the general end of the book is to fashion a gentleman or noble person in virtuous and gentle discipline '' . Spenser considered his work `` a historical fiction '' which men should read for `` delight '' rather than `` the profit of the ensample '' . The Faerie Queene was written for Elizabeth to read and was dedicated to her . However , there are dedicatory sonnets in the first edition to many powerful Elizabethan figures . Spenser addresses `` lodwick '' in Amoretti 33 , when talking about The Faerie Queene still being incomplete . This could be either his friend Lodowick Bryskett or his long deceased Italian model Ludovico Ariosto , whom he praises in `` Letter to Raleigh '' . Dedication ( edit ) The dedicatory page of the 1590 edition of Spenser 's Faerie Queene , reading : `` To the most mightie and magnificent Empresse Elizabeth , by the grace of god , Queene of England , France and Ireland Defender of the Faith &c . '' The poem is dedicated to Elizabeth I who is represented in the poem as the Faerie Queene Gloriana , as well as the character Belphoebe . Spenser prefaces the poem with sonnets additionally dedicated to Sir Christopher Hatton , Lord Burleigh , the Earl of Oxford , the Earl of Northumberland , the Earl of Cumberland , the Earl of Essex , the Earl of Ormond and Ossory , High Admiral Charles Howard , Lord Hunsdon , Lord Grey of Wilton , Lord Buckhurst , Sir Francis Walsingham , Sir John Norris , Sir Walter Raleigh , the Countess of Pembroke ( on the subject of her brother Sir Philip Sidney ) , and Lady Carew . Social commentary ( edit ) In October 1589 , Spenser voyaged to England and saw the Queen . It is possible that he read to her from his manuscript at this time . On 25 February 1591 , the Queen gave him a pension of fifty pounds per year . He was paid in four instalments on 25 March , 24 June , 29 September , and 25 December . After the first three books of The Faerie Queene were published in 1590 , Spenser found himself disappointed in the monarchy ; among other things , `` his annual pension from the Queen was smaller than he would have liked '' and his humanist perception of Elizabeth 's court `` was shattered by what he saw there '' . Despite these frustrations , however , Spenser `` kept his aristocratic prejudices and predispositions '' . Book VI stresses that there is `` almost no correlation between noble deeds and low birth '' and reveals that to be a `` noble person , '' one must be a `` gentleman of choice stock '' . Throughout The Faerie Queene , virtue is seen as `` a feature for the nobly born '' and within Book VI , readers encounter worthy deeds that indicate aristocratic lineage . An example of this is the hermit to whom Arthur brings Timias and Serena . Initially , the man is considered a `` goodly knight of a gentle race '' who `` withdrew from public service to religious life when he grew too old to fight '' . Here , we note the hermit 's noble blood seems to have influenced his gentle , selfless behaviour . Likewise , audiences acknowledge that young Tristram `` speaks so well and acts so heroically '' that Calidore `` frequently contributes him with noble birth '' even before learning his background ; in fact , it is no surprise that Tristram turns out to be the son of a king , explaining his profound intellect . However , Spenser 's most peculiar example of noble birth is demonstrated through the characterization of the Salvage Man . Using the Salvage Man as an example , Spenser demonstrated that `` ungainly appearances do not disqualify one from noble birth '' . By giving the Salvage Man a `` frightening exterior , '' Spenser stresses that `` virtuous deeds are a more accurate indication of gentle blood than physical appearance . On the opposite side of the spectrum , The Faerie Queene indicates qualities such as cowardice and discourtesy that signify low birth . During his initial encounter with Arthur , Turpine `` hides behind his retainers , chooses ambush from behind instead of direct combat , and cowers to his wife , who covers him with her voluminous skirt '' . These actions demonstrate that Turpine is `` morally emasculated by fear '' and furthermore , `` the usual social roles are reversed as the lady protects the knight from danger . Scholars believe that this characterization serves as `` a negative example of knighthood '' and strives to teach Elizabethan aristocrats how to `` identify a commoner with political ambitions inappropriate to his rank '' . Poetic structure ( edit ) The Faerie Queene was written in Spenserian stanza , which was created specifically for The Faerie Queene . In this style , there are nine iambic lines -- the first eight of them five footed and the ninth a hexameter -- which form `` interlocking quatrains and a final couplet '' . The rhyme pattern is ABABBCBCC . Over two thousand stanzas were written for the 1590 Faerie Queene . Many see Spenser 's purposeful use of archaic language as an intentional means of aligning himself with Chaucer and placing himself within a trajectory of building English national literary history . Theological structure ( edit ) Florimell and Proteus : an illustration from Book III , Part VII of an 1895 - 1897 edition . In Elizabethan England , no subject was more familiar to writers than theology . Elizabethans learned to embrace religious studies in petty school , where they `` read from selections from the Book of Common Prayer and memorized Catechisms from the Scriptures '' . This influence is evident in Spenser 's text , as demonstrated in the moral allegory of Book I. Here , allegory is organized in the traditional arrangement of Renaissance theological treatises and confessionals . While reading Book I , audiences first encounter original sin , justification and the nature of sin before analysing the church and the sacraments . Despite this pattern , Book I is not a theological treatise ; within the text , `` moral and historical allegories intermingle '' and the reader encounters elements of romance . However , Spenser 's method is not `` a rigorous and unyielding allegory , '' but `` a compromise among conflicting elements '' . In Book I of The Faerie Queene the discussion of the path to salvation begins with original sin and justification , skipping past initial matters of God , the Creeds , and Adam 's fall from grace . This literary decision is pivotal because these doctrines `` center the fundamental theological controversies of the Reformation '' . Sources ( edit ) Myth and history ( edit ) During The Faerie Queene 's inception , Spenser worked as a civil servant , in `` relative seclusion from the political and literary events of his day '' . As Spenser laboured in solitude , The Faerie Queene manifested within his mind , blending his experiences into the content of his craft . Within his poem , Spenser explores human consciousness and conflict , relating to a variety of genres including sixteenth century Arthurian literature . The Faerie Queene was influenced strongly by Italian works , as were many other works in England at that time . The Faerie Queene draws heavily on Ariosto and Tasso . The first three books of The Faerie Queene operate as a unit , representing the entire cycle from the fall of Troy to the reign of Elizabeth . Using in medias res , Spenser introduces his historical narrative at three different intervals , using chronicle , civil conversation , and prophecy as its occasions . Despite the historical elements of his text , Spenser is careful to label himself a historical poet as opposed to a historiographer . Spenser notes this differentiation in his letter to Raleigh , noting `` a Historiographer discourseth of affairs orderly as they were done ... but a Poet thrusteth into the midst ... and maketh a pleasing Analysis of all '' . Spenser 's characters embody Elizabethan values , highlighting political and aesthetic associations of Tudor Arthurian tradition in order to bring his work to life . While Spenser respected British history and `` contemporary culture confirmed his attitude '' , his literary freedom demonstrates that he was `` working in the realm of mythopoeic imagination rather than that of historical fact '' . In fact , Spenser 's Arthurian material serves as a subject of debate , intermediate between `` legendary history and historical myth '' offering him a range of `` evocative tradition and freedom that historian 's responsibilities preclude '' . Concurrently , Spenser adopts the role of a sceptic , reflected in the way in which he handles the British history , which `` extends to the verge of self - satire '' . Medieval subject matter ( edit ) The Faerie Queene owes , in part , its central figure , Arthur , to a medieval writer , Geoffrey of Monmouth . In his Prophetiae Merlini ( `` Prophecies of Merlin '' ) , Geoffrey 's Merlin proclaims that the Saxons will rule over the Britons until the `` Boar of Cornwall '' ( Arthur ) again restores them to their rightful place as rulers . The prophecy was adopted by the Welsh and eventually used by the Tudors . Through their ancestor , Owen Tudor , the Tudors had Welsh blood , through which they claimed to be descendants of Arthur and rightful rulers of Britain . The tradition begun by Geoffrey of Monmouth set the perfect atmosphere for Spenser 's choice of Arthur as the central figure and natural bridegroom of Gloriana . Reception ( edit ) Diction ( edit ) Since its inception four centuries ago , Spenser 's diction has been scrutinized by scholars . Despite the enthusiasm the poet and his work received , Spenser 's experimental diction was `` largely condemned '' before it received the acclaim it has today . Seventeenth century philologists such as Davenant considered Spenser 's use of `` obsolete language '' `` the most vulgar accusation that is laid to his charge '' . Scholars have recently observed that the classical tradition tucked within The Faerie Queene is related to the problem of his diction because it `` involves the principles of imitation and decorum '' . Despite these initial criticisms , Spenser is `` now recognized as a conscious literary artist '' and his language is deemed `` the only fitting vehicle for his tone of thought and feelings '' . Spenser 's use of language was widely contrasted to that of `` free and unregulated '' sixteenth century Shakespearian grammar . Spenser 's style is standardized , lyrically sophisticated , and full of archaisms that give the poem an original taste . Sugden argues in The grammar of Spenser 's Faerie Queene that the archaisms reside `` chiefly in vocabulary , to a high degree in spelling , to some extent in the inflexions , and only slightly in the syntax '' . Samuel Johnson also commented critically on Spenser 's diction , with which he became intimately acquainted during his work on A Dictionary of the English Language , and `` found it a useful source for obsolete and archaic words '' ; Johnson , however , mainly considered Spenser 's ( early ) pastoral poems , a genre of which he was not particularly fond . The diction and atmosphere of The Faerie Queene relied on much more than just Middle English ; for instance , classical allusions and classical proper names abound -- especially in the later books -- and he coined some names based on Greek , such as `` Poris '' and `` Phao lilly white . '' Classical material is also alluded to or reworked by Spenser , such as the rape of Lucretia , which was reworked into the story of the character Amavia in Book Two . Language ( edit ) Spenser 's language in The Faerie Queene , as in The Shepheardes Calender , is deliberately archaic , though the extent of this has been exaggerated by critics who follow Ben Jonson 's dictum , that `` in affecting the ancients Spenser writ no language . '' Allowing that Jonson 's remark may only apply to the Calendar , Bruce Robert McElderry , Jr. , states , after a detailed investigation of the FQ 's diction , that Jonson 's statement `` is a skillful epigram ; but it seriously misrepresents the truth if taken at anything like its face value . '' The number of archaisms used in the poem is not overwhelming -- one source reports thirty - four in Canto I of Book I , that is , thirty - four words out of a total forty - two hundred words , less than one percent . According to McElderry , language does not account for the poem 's archaic tone : `` The subject - matter of The Faerie Queene is itself the most powerful factor in creating the impression of archaism . '' Examples of medieval archaisms ( in morphology and diction ) include : Infinitive in -- en : `` Vewen , '' 1 . 201 , ' to view . ' Prefix y - retained in participle : `` Yclad '' , 1 . 58 , 254 , `` clad '' , `` clothed '' . Adjective : `` Combrous '' , 1 . 203 , `` harassing '' , `` troublesome '' . Verb : `` Keepe '' , 1 . 360 , `` heed '' , `` give attention to '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Loewenstein & Mueller 2003 , p. 369 . Jump up ^ Spenser 1984 , p. 15 - 16 . Jump up ^ Roche 1984 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Roche 1984 , p. 1070 : `` The date of the letter -- 23 January 1589 -- is actually 1590 , since England did not adopt the Gregorian calendar until 1752 and the dating of the new year began on 25 March , Lady Day '' Jump up ^ Tuve 1966 . Jump up ^ Greenblatt 2006 , p. 687 . Jump up ^ McCabe 2010 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Heale 1999 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ McCabe 2010 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Abrams 2000 , p. 623 . ^ Jump up to : Gottfried 1968 , p. 1363 . ^ Jump up to : Greenblatt 2012 , p. 775 . ^ Jump up to : McCabe 2010 , p. 48 . ^ Jump up to : Heale 1999 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Marotti 1965 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Micros 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Spenser 1984 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ McCabe 2010 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ McCabe 2010 , p. 273 . Jump up ^ Spenser 1984 , p. 16 : `` In that Faery Queene I meane glory in my generall person of our soueraine the Queene , and her kingdome in Faery land ... For considering she beareth two persons , the one of a most royall Queene or Empresse , the other of a most vertuous and beautifull Lady , this latter part in some places I doe expresse in Belphoebe '' Jump up ^ McCabe 2010 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ McCabe 2010 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Green 1974 , p. 389 . ^ Jump up to : Green 1974 , p. 390 . ^ Jump up to : Green 1974 , p. 392 . ^ Jump up to : McCabe 2010 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Whitaker 1952 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Whitaker 1952 , p. 153 . ^ Jump up to : Whitaker 1952 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Craig 1972 , p. 520 . ^ Jump up to : Craig 1972 , p. 522 . Jump up ^ Healy 1999 , p. 95 . ^ Jump up to : Craig 1972 , p. 523 . Jump up ^ Craig 1972 , p. 524 . Jump up ^ Craig 1972 , p. 555 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey of Monmouth . Jump up ^ Millican 1932 . Jump up ^ Pope 1926 , p. 575 . Jump up ^ Pope 1926 , p. 576 . ^ Jump up to : Pope 1926 , p. 580 . ^ Jump up to : Cumming 1937 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Turnage 1970 , p. 567 . Jump up ^ Draper 1932 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Cañadas 2007 , p. 386 . Jump up ^ McElderry 1932 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ McElderry 1932 , p. 170 . ^ Jump up to : Parker 1925 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ McElderry 1932 , p. 159 . Bibliography ( edit ) Abrams , M.H. , ed. ( 2000 ) , Norton Anthology of English Literature ( 7th ed . ) , New York : Norton Black , Joseph , ed. ( 2007 ) , The Broadview Anthology of British Literature , A ( concise ed . ) , Broadview Press , ISBN 1 - 55111 - 868 - 8 Cañadas , Ivan ( 2007 ) , `` The Faerie Queene , II. i - ii : Amavia , Medina , and the Myth of Lucretia '' ( PDF ) , Medieval and Early Modern English Studies , 15 ( 2 ) : 383 -- 94 , retrieved 2016 - 03 - 15 Craig , Joanne ( 1972 ) , `` The Image of Mortality : Myth and History in the Faerie Queene '' , ELH , 39 ( 4 ) : 520 -- 544 , JSTOR 2872698 Cumming , William Paterson ( 1937 ) , `` The Grammar of Spenser 's Faerie Queene by Herbert W. Sugden '' , South Atlantic Bulletin , 3 ( 1 ) : 6 , JSTOR 3197672 Davis , Walter ( 2002 ) , `` Spenser and the History of Allegory '' , English Literary Renaissance , 32 ( 1 ) : 152 -- 167 , doi : 10.1111 / 1475 - 6757.00006 Draper , John W. ( 1932 ) , `` Classical Coinage in the Faerie Queene '' , PMLA , 47 ( 1 ) : 97 -- 108 , JSTOR 458021 , doi : 10.2307 / 458021 Glazier , Lyle ( 1950 ) , `` The Struggle between Good and Evil in the First Book of The Faerie Queene '' , College English , 11 ( 7 ) : 382 -- 387 , JSTOR 586023 Gottfried , Rudolf B. ( 1968 ) , `` Our New Poet : Archetypal Criticism and The Faerie Queene '' , PMLA , 83 ( 5 ) : 1362 -- 1377 , JSTOR 1261309 Green , Paul D. ( 1974 ) , `` Spenser and the Masses : Social Commentary in The Faerie Queene '' , Journal of the History of Ideas , 35 ( 3 ) : 389 -- 406 , JSTOR 2708790 Greenblatt , Stephen , ed. ( 2012 ) , `` The Faerie Queene , Introduction '' , The Norton Anthology of English Literature ( 9th ed . ) , London : Norton , p. 775 Greenblatt , Stephen , ed. ( 2006 ) , `` Mary I ( Mary Tudor ) '' , The Norton Anthology of English Literature ( 8th ed . ) , New York : Norton , pp. 663 -- 687 Geoffrey of Monmouth , `` Book VII Chapter III : The Prophecy of Merlin '' , Historia Regum Brittaniae , Caerleon Net Heale , Elizabeth ( 1999 ) , The Faerie Queene : A Reader 's Guide , Cambridge : Cambridge UP , pp. 8 -- 11 Healy , Thomas ( 2009 ) , `` Elizabeth I at Tilbury and Popular Culture '' , Literature and Popular Culture in Early Modern England , London : Ashgate , pp. 166 -- 177 Levin , Richard A. ( 1991 ) , `` The Legende of the Redcrosse Knight and Una , or of the Love of a Good Woman '' , Studies in English Literature , 1500 - 1900 , 31 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 24 , JSTOR 450441 Loewenstein , David ; Mueller , Janel M ( 2003 ) , The Cambridge history of early modern English Literature , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 63156 - 4 Marotti , Arthur F. ( 1965 ) , `` Animal Symbolism in the Faerie Queene : Tradition and the Poetic Context '' , Studies in English Literature , 1500 - 1900 , 5 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 86 , JSTOR 449571 McCabe , Richard A. ( 2010 ) , The Oxford Handbook of Edmund Spenser , Oxford : Oxford UP , pp. 48 -- 273 McElderry , Jr , Bruce Robert ( March 1932 ) , `` Archaism and Innovation in Spenser 's Poetic Diction '' , PMLA , 47 ( 1 ) : 144 -- 70 , doi : 10.2307 / 458025 Micros , Marianne ( 2008 ) , `` Robber Bridegrooms and Devoured Brides '' , in Lamb , Mary Ellen ; Bamford , Karen , Oral Traditions and Gender in Early Modern Literary Texts , London : Ashgate Millican , Charles Bowie ( 1932 ) , Spenser and the Table Round , New York : Octagon Parker , Roscoe ( 1925 ) , `` Spenser 's Language and the Pastoral Tradition '' , Language , Linguistic Society of America , 1 ( 3 ) : 80 -- 87 , JSTOR 409365 Pope , Emma Field ( 1926 ) , `` Renaissance Criticism and the Diction of the Faerie Queene '' , PMLA , 41 ( 3 ) : 575 -- 580 , JSTOR 457619 Roche , Thomas P. , Jr ( 1984 ) , `` Editorial Apparatus '' , The Faerie Queene , by Spenser , Edmund , Penguin Books , ISBN 0 - 14 - 042207 - 2 Spenser , Edmund ( 1984 ) , `` A Letter of the Authors Expounding His Whole Intention in the Course of the Worke : Which for That It Giueth Great Light to the Reader , for the Better Vnderstanding Is Hereunto Annexed '' , in Roche , Thomas P. , Jr , The Fairy Queene , New York : Penguin , pp. 15 -- 18 Turnage , Maxine ( 1970 ) . `` Samuel Johnson 's Criticism of the Works of Edmund Spenser '' . SEL : Studies in English Literature 1500 - 1900 . 10 ( 3 ) : 557 -- 567 . ISSN 0039 - 3657 . JSTOR 449795 . doi : 10.2307 / 449795 . Tuve , Rosemond ( 1966 ) , Allegorical Imagery : Some Medieval Books and Their Posterity , Princeton : Princeton UP Whitaker , Virgil K. ( 1952 ) , `` The Theological Structure of the Faerie Queene , Book I '' , ELH , 19 ( 3 ) : 151 -- 155 , JSTOR 2871935 Yamashita , Hiroshi ; Suzuki , Toshiyuki ( 1993 ) , A Textual Companion to The Faerie Qveene 1590 , Kenyusha , Tokyo , ISBN 4 - 905888 - 05 - 0 Yamashita , Hiroshi ; Suzuki , Toshiyuki ( 1990 ) , A Comprehensive Concordance to The Faerie Qveene 1590 , Kenyusha , Tokyo , ISBN 4 - 905888 - 03 - 4 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Faerie Queene Wikibooks has more on the topic of : The Faerie Queene Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Faerie Queene . The Faerie Queene public domain audiobook at LibriVox The Faerie Queene ( online ed . ) , Luminarium . Macleod , Mary ( 1916 ) , Stories from The Faerie Queene ( retelling in prose ) Book I , Project Gutenberg incorporating modern rendition and glossary Wikisource glossary for words used in The Faerie Queene Summary of ' The Faerie Queene ' , Montclair . Summary of Books I -- VI , Wordpress Faerie Queene Outline ( interactive outline of Book I ) The Faerie Queene Longman Annotated English Poets Published September 2001 Poetry by Edmund Spenser The Shepheardes Calender ( 1579 ) The Faerie Queene ( 1590 , 1596 ) Complaints ( 1591 ) Mother Hubberd 's Tale ( 1591 ) Epithalamion ( 1595 ) Amoretti ( 1595 ) Colin Clouts Come Home Againe ( 1595 ) Prothalamion ( 1596 ) Edmund Spenser 's The Faerie Queene ( 1590 ) Characters Archimago Belphoebe Caelia Fairy Queen Orgoglio Influence The Mathematics of Magic The Palace of Pleasure Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Faerie_Queene&oldid=796573484 '' Categories : 1590 poems Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom Anti-Catholic publications Arthurian literature in English British poems Christian fiction and allegory Epic poems in English Fictional fairies and sprites Fairy royalty Poetry by Edmund Spenser Cultural depictions of Elizabeth I of England Fairies and sprites in popular culture Unfinished poems Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Català Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Ido Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2017 , at 19 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which character of spenser represents queen mary of scots	[ "Throughout The Faerie Queene, Spenser creates \"a network of allusions to events, issues, and particular persons in England and Ireland\" including Mary, Queen of Scots, the Spanish Armada, the English Reformation, and even the Queen herself.[12] It is also known that James VI of Scotland read the poem, and was very insulted by Duessa – a very negative depiction of his mother, Mary, Queen of Scots.[13] The Faerie Queene was then banned in Scotland. This led to a significant decrease in Elizabeth's support for the poem.[13] Within the text, both the Faerie Queene and Belphoebe serve as two of the many personifications of Queen Elizabeth, some of which are \"far from complimentary\".[12]" ]	[ "Duessa" ]
-6167773982954098772	United Farm Workers	United Farm Workers - wikipedia United Farm Workers Jump to : navigation , search `` UFW '' redirects here . For the GNU / Linux firewall software , see Uncomplicated Firewall . Full name United Farm Workers of America Founded 1962 ( 1962 ) Members 10,278 ( 2013 ) Affiliation Change to Win Federation Key people Arturo Rodriguez , president Office location Keene , California Country United States Website www.ufw.org The United Farm Workers of America , or more commonly just United Farm Workers ( UFW ) , is a labor union for farmworkers in the United States . It originated from the merger of two workers ' rights organizations , the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee ( AWOC ) led by organizer Larry Itliong , and the National Farm Workers Association ( NFWA ) led by César Chávez and Dolores Huerta . They became allied and transformed from workers ' rights organizations into a union as a result of a series of strikes in 1965 , when the mostly Filipino farmworkers of the AWOC in Delano , California initiated a grape strike , and the NFWA went on strike in support . As a result of the commonality in goals and methods , the NFWA and the AWOC formed the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee on August 22 , 1966 . This organization was accepted into the AFL - CIO in 1972 and changed its name to the United Farmworkers Union . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Founding of the UFW 1.2 Historic Complications in Organizing Farm Workers Prior to UFW Formation 1.3 Community Organizing and Divisions of Labor in the UFW 1.4 Texas Strike 1.5 Texas Campaign 1.6 1970s 1.7 1980s 1.8 Recent developments 2 Geography 2.1 Immigration 3 Roles 4 Historic sites 5 Archival collections 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links 8.1 General 8.2 Archives and documentation History ( edit ) Founding of the UFW ( edit ) Hispanic and Latino Americans National origin groups ( show ) Argentine Americans Bolivian Americans Brazilian Americans Chilean Americans Colombian Americans Costa Rican Americans Cuban Americans Dominican Americans Ecuadorian Americans Guatemalan Americans Honduran Americans Mexican Americans Nicaraguan Americans Panamanian Americans Paraguayan Americans Peruvian Americans Puerto Ricans ( stateside ) Salvadoran Americans Spanish Americanss Uruguayan Americans Venezuelan Americans History ( show ) History of Hispanic and Latino Americans History of Mexican Americans Colonial casta system ( show ) castizo cholo criollo mestizo mulato pardo / moreno zambo Political movements ( show ) Chicano Movement Hispanic and Latino American politics Organizations ( show ) Association of Hispanic Arts Congressional Hispanic Caucus Congressional Hispanic Conference LULAC MALDEF MEChA NALEO NALFO National Council of La Raza National Hispanic Institute RNHA SHPE UFW USHCC Culture ( show ) Literature Music Religion Studies Related national groups ( show ) Belizean Americans Brazilian Americans Filipino Americans Guyanese Americans Haitian Americans Portuguese Americans Spanish Americans Surinamese Americans Languages ( show ) English Spanglish Spanish Cuban Spanish United States New Mexican Puerto Rican Ethnic groups ( show ) Californio Chicano Hispano Isleño Nuevomexicano Nuyorican Tejano Lists ( show ) Communities with Hispanic majority Hispanic and Latino Americans Puerto Rico Related topics Dolores Huerta grew up in Stockton , California , which is in the San Joaquin Valley , an area filled with farms . In the early 1950s , she completed a degree at Delta Community College , part of the University of the Pacific . She briefly worked as an elementary school teacher . Huerta saw that her students , many of them children of farm workers , were living in poverty without enough food to eat or other basic necessities . To help , she became one of the founders of the Stockton chapter of the Community Service Organization ( CSO ) . The CSO worked to improve social and economic conditions for farm workers and to fight discrimination . By 1959 , César Chávez had already established professional relationships with local community organizations that aimed to empower the working class population by encouraging them to become more politically active . In 1952 , Chávez met Fred Ross who was a community organizer working on behalf of the Community Service Organization . This was a group which was affiliated with the Industrial Areas Foundation which was headed by Saul Alinsky . To further her cause , Huerta created the Agricultural Workers Association ( AWA ) in 1960 . Through the AWA , she lobbied politicians on many issues , including allowing migrant workers without U.S. citizenship to receive public assistance and pensions and creating Spanish - language voting ballots and driver 's tests . In 1962 , she co-founded a workers ' union with César Chávez , which was later known as the United Farm Workers ( UFW ) . The two made a great team . Chávez was the dynamic leader and speaker and Huerta was a skilled organizer and tough negotiator . Huerta was instrumental in the union 's many successes , including the strikes against California grape growers in the 1960s and 1970s . During Chávez 's participation in the Community Service Organization , Fred Ross trained César Chávez in the grassroots , door - to - door , house meeting tactic of organization , a tactic which was crucial to the UFW 's recruiting methods . The house meeting tactic successfully established a broad base of local Community Service Organization chapters during Ross 's era , and Chávez used this technique to extend the UFW 's reach as well as to find up and coming organizers . During the 1950s , César Chávez and Fred Ross developed twenty - two new Community Service Organization chapters in the Mexican American neighborhoods of San Jose . In 1959 , Chávez would claim the rank of executive director in the Community Service Organization . During this time , Chávez observed and adopted the notion of having the community become more politically involved in order to bring about the social changes that the community sought . This would be a vital tactic in Chávez 's future struggles in fighting for immigrant rights . César Chávez 's ultimate goal in his participation with the Community Service Organization and the Industrial Areas Foundation was to eventually organize a union for the farm workers . Saul Alinsky did not share Chávez 's sympathy for the farm workers struggle , claiming that organizing farm workers , `` was like fighting on a constantly disintegrating bed of sand . '' ( Alinsky , 1967 ) In March 1962 at the Community Service Organization convention , Chávez proposed a pilot project for organizing farm workers which was rejected by the organization 's members . Chávez 's reaction to this led him to resign from the organization in order to pursue his goal of creating a farm workers union which would later come to be known as the National Farm Workers Association . UFW Flag By 1965 the National Farm Workers Association had acquired twelve hundred members through Chávez 's person - to - person recruitment efforts which he learned from Fred Ross just a decade earlier . Out of those twelve hundred , only about two hundred paid dues . Also in 1962 , Richard Chavez , the brother of César Chávez , designed the black Aztec eagle insignia that would become the symbol of the NFW and the UFW . César Chávez chose the red and black colors used by the organization . Although still in its infant stages , the organization lent its support to a strike by workers in the rose industry in 1965 . This initial protest by the young organization resulted in a failed attempt to strike against the rose industry . That same year the farm workers who worked in the Delano fields of California wanted to strike against the growers in response to the grower 's refusal to raise wages from $1.20 to $1.40 an hour , and they sought out Chávez and the National Farm Workers Association for support . The Delano agricultural workers were mostly Filipino workers affiliated with the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee , a charter of the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations . The unification of these two organizations , in an attempt to boycott table grapes which were grown in the Delano fields , resulted in the creation of the United Farm Workers of America . The AFL - CIO chartered the United Farm Workers , officially combining the AWOC and the NFWA , in August 1966 . See also : Delano grape strike Historic complications in organizing Farm Workers prior to UFW formation ( edit ) In the early history of American agriculture , farm workers experienced many failed attempts to organize agricultural laborers . In 1903 , Japanese and Mexican farm workers attempted to come together to fight for better wages and better working conditions . This attempt to organize agricultural laborers was ignored and disbanded when organizations , such as the American Federation of Labor , neglected to support their efforts , often withholding assistance on the basis of race . In 1913 , the Industrial Workers of the World organized a rally at a large ranch in the rural area of Northern California which involved two thousand farm workers . This resulted in an attack against the participants of the rally by national guardsmen . As a result of the violence the two lead organizers for the Industrial Workers of the World were arrested , convicted of murder , and were sentenced to life imprisonment . It is believed that the two people arrested were wrongly convicted of the murder charges . In the later teens and 1920s in the United States , further attempts to organize farm laborers were undertaken by spontaneous local efforts , and some which were led by communist unions . These attempts also resulted in failure because during that time employers were not required by law to involve themselves with negotiations with their workers . During this time period , Employers could also legally fire their employees if they chose to join a union . In 1936 , the National Labor Relations Act was put into effect . This legislation provided most American workers the right to join unions and bargain collectively . Agricultural workers were exempt from the protection of this law . Some believe that this labor category was excluded as a result of a political tactic to gain the support of Southern politicians in the passing of this law . In 1941 , the United States Government and the Mexican Government enacted the Bracero Program . Initially , this joint project between the United States and Mexico was established during the Second World War in order to address labor shortages by allowing `` guest workers '' from Mexico to work in the American agricultural industry until the end of the crop harvest . Thousands of Mexican Nationals were brought north to work in the fields in the United States and growers used this opportunity to undercut domestic wages , and the Braceros were also utilized in breaking strikes from resident farm workers . This program was extended until 1964 . Community organizing and divisions of labor in the UFW ( edit ) Many Mexican women in California who joined the UFW in the 1960s were already previously involved in community - based activism in the 1950s through the Community Service Organization for Latino civil rights . The racial discrimination and economic disadvantages they faced from a young age made it necessary to form networks of support like the CSO to empower Latinos in America with voter registration drives , citizenship classes , lawsuits and legislative campaigns , and political protests against police brutality and immigration policies . While male activists held leadership roles and more authority , the women activists participated in volunteering and teaching valuable skills to individuals of the Latino community . By the 1960s , Huerta and others began to shift their attention to the labor exploitation of Latino farm workers in California and began to strike , demonstrate , and organize to fight for a myriad of issues that Mexican laborers faced . While many of the male leaders of the movement had the role of being dynamic , powerful speakers that would inspire others to join the movement , the women devoted their efforts to negotiating better working contracts with companies , organizing boycotts , rallying for changes in immigration policies , registering Latinos to vote with Spanish language ballots , and increasing pressure on legislation to improve labor relations . Among the women who engaged in activism for labor rights , traditional and non traditional patterns of activism existed . Mexican - American women like Dolores Huerta used their education and resources arrange programs at the grassroots level , sustaining and leading members it into the labor movement . As the sister - in - law of César Chávez , Huerta co-founded the National Farmworkers Association which would become the United Farm Workers and she had immense influence over the direction that it took , breaking stereotypes of the Mexican woman in the 1960s . However , it was most common for Chicana activists and female labor union members to be involved in administrative tasks for the early stages of UFW ; women like Helen Chávez were essential in these responsibilities , such as credit union bookkeeping , behind the scenes and advising her husband . Still , both women along with other Chicana activists participated in picketing with their families in the face of police intimidation and racial abuse . Keeping track of union services and membership were traditionally responsibilities given to female organizers and it was integral to the institutional survival of the UFW , but it has gone much less recognized throughout history due to the male led strikes receiving majority public attention . Texas strike ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In May 1966 , California farm worker activist Eugene Nelson traveled to Texas to rally support for the Schenley Farms boycott . While in Houston , AFL - CIO state representatives suggested that he visit Rio Grande City on the Texas - Mexico border in the lower Rio Grande Valley . Seeing the possibilities for organizing workers in the impoverished region , he quickly set about recruiting volunteers for the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee ( UFWOC ) as both strikers and assistants . Other UFWOC activists joined Nelson in Rio Grande City , including Gilbert Padilla , Antonio Orendain , and Bill Chandler . On June 1 , Nelson led workers to strike demanding $1.25 as a minimum hourly wage , protesting La Casita Farms and others packing sheds . The activists also protested the hiring of `` scab '' labor , mostly those with green card visas from Mexico , who were allowed to cross the border as day workers . In the dispute , reports and allegations of vandalism to equipment , produce , and public property caused Starr County officials , along with the support of the growers , to call for additional law enforcement , which arrived in the form of the Texas Rangers . Both county officials and rangers arrested protestors for secondary picketing , standing within 50 feet of one another , a practice illegal at the time . Allegations of brutality and questions of jurisdictional limits created national headlines in what came to be known as `` La Huelga . '' On July 4 , members of UFWOC , strikers , and members of the clergy set out on a march to Austin to demand the $1.25 minimum wage and other improvements for farm workers . Press coverage intensified as the marchers made their way north in the summer heat . Politicians , members of the AFL - CIO , and the Texas Council of Churches accompanied the protestors . Gov. John Connally , who had refused to meet them in Austin , traveled to New Braunfels with then House Speaker Ben Barnes , and Attorney General Waggoner Carr to intercept the march and inform strikers that their efforts would have no effect . Protestors arrived in Austin in time for a Labor Day rally , but no changes in law resulted . Strikes and arrests continued in Rio Grande City through 1966 into 1967 . Violence increased as the spring melon crop ripened and time neared for the May harvest . In June , when beatings of two UFWOC supporters by Texas rangers surfaced , tempers flared . At the end of June as the harvest was ending , members of the Senate Subcommittee on Migratory Labor , including Senators Harrison Williams and Edward Kennedy , arrived in the lower Rio Grande Valley to hold hearings in Rio Grande City and Edinburg , Texas . The senators took their findings back to Washington as a report on pending legislation . Subsequently , the rangers left the area and the picketing ended . On September 20 , Hurricane Beulah 's devastations ruined the farming industry in the Valley for the following year . One major outcome of the strikes came in the form of a 1974 Supreme Court victory in Medrano v. Allee , limiting jurisdiction of Texas Rangers in labor disputes . Farm workers continued to organize through the 1970s on a smaller scale , under new leadership in San Juan , Texas , independent of César Chávez . Texas campaign ( edit ) By mid-1971 the Texas campaign was well underway . In Sept. 1971 , Thomas John Wakely , recent discharge from the United States Air Force joined the San Antonio office of the Texas campaign . His pay was room and board , $5.00 a week plus all of the menudo he could eat . The menudo was provided to the UFOC staff by the families of migrant workers working the Texas fields . TJ worked for UFOC for about 2 years and his responsibilities included organizing the Grape Boycott in San Antonio . His primary target was the H.E.B grocery store chain . In addition , he attempted to organize Hispanic farm workers working the farmers market in San Antonio -- an institution at that time controlled by the corporate farms . Among his many organizing activities included an early 1972 episode where he and several other UFOC staff members who were attempting to organize warehouse workers in San Antonio were fired upon by security agents of the corporate farm owners . In mid-1973 the San Antonio office of the UFOC was taken over by the Brown Berets . This radicalization of the San Antonio UFOC office led to the eventual collapse of the San Antonio UFOC organizing campaign . 1970s ( edit ) Membership ( US records ) Finances ( US records ; × $1000 ) Assets Liabilities Receipts Disbursements In 1970 , Chavez decided to move the union 's headquarters from Delano to La Paz , California into a former sanatorium in the Tehachapi Mountains . Whereas Chavez thought this change would aid the creation of `` a national union of the poor ... serving the needs of all who suffer , '' other union members objected to this distancing of the leadership away from the farmworkers . The union was poised to launch its next major campaign in the lettuce fields in 1970 when a deal between the International Brotherhood of Teamsters and the growers nearly destroyed it . Initially the Teamsters signed contracts with lettuce growers in the Salinas Valley , who wanted to avoid recognizing the UFW . Then in 1973 , when the three - year UFW grape contracts expired , the grape growers signed contracts giving the Teamsters the right to represent the workers who had been members of the UFW . The UFW responded with strikes , lawsuits and boycotts , including secondary boycotts in the retail grocery industry . The union struggled to regain the members it had lost in the lettuce fields ; it never fully recovered its strength in grapes , due in some part to incompetent management of the hiring halls it had established that seemed to favor some workers over others . The battles in the fields became violent , with a number of UFW members killed on the picket line . The violence led the state in 1975 to enact the California Agricultural Labor Relations Act , creating an administrative agency , the ALRB , that oversaw secret ballot elections and resolved charges of unfair labor practices , like failing to bargain in good faith , or discrimination against activists . The UFW won the majority of secret ballot elections in which it participated. ( 1 ) In the late 1970s , the leadership of the UFW was wracked by a series of conflicts , as differences emerged between Chavez and some of his former colleagues . In 1977 , the Teamsters signed an agreement with the UFW promising to end their efforts to represent farm workers . ( 2 ) 1980s ( edit ) In the 1980s , the membership of the UFW shrank , as did its national prominence . After taking office in the 1980s , California Governor George Deukmejian stopped enforcement of the state 's farm labor laws , resulting in farm workers losing their UFW contracts , being fired , and blacklisted . Due to internal squabbles , most of the union 's original leadership left or were forced out , except for Chavez and Huerta . By 1986 , the union had been reduced to 75 contracts and had stopped organizing . In the 1980s , the UFW joined with the AFL - CIO and other organizations for the national Wrath of Grapes campaign , re-instituting the grape boycott . Recent developments ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Labor Department Honors Farmworkers and Cesar Chavez . Wikinews has related news : Labor Department Honors Farmworkers and César Chávez In July 2008 the farm worker Ramiro Carrillo Rodriguez , 48 , died of a heat stroke . According to United Farm Workers , he was the `` 13th farm worker heat death since CA Governor Schwarzenegger took office '' in 2003 . In 2006 California 's first permanent heat regulations were enacted but these regulations were not strictly enforced , the union contended . César Chávez is a film released in March , 2014 , directed by Diego Luna about the life of the Mexican - American labor leader who co-founded the United Farm Workers . The film stars Michael Peña as Chávez . Co-producer John Malkovich also co-stars in the role of an owner of a large industrial grape farm who leads the sometimes violent opposition to Chávez 's organizing efforts . Geography ( edit ) The grape strike officially began in Delano in September 1965 . In December , union representatives traveled from California to New York , Washington , D.C. , Pittsburg , Detroit , and other large cities to encourage a boycott of grapes grown at ranches without UFW contracts . In the summer of 1966 , unions and religious groups from Seattle and Portland endorsed the boycott . Supporters formed a boycott committee in Vancouver , prompting an outpouring of support from Canadians that would continue throughout the following years . In 1967 , UFW supporters in Oregon began picketing stores in Eugene , Salem , and Portland . After melon workers went on strike in Texas , growers held the first union representation elections in the region , and the UFW became the first union to ever sign a contract with a grower in Texas . National support for the UFW continued to grow in 1968 , and hundreds of UFW members and supporters were arrested . Picketing continued throughout the country , including in Massachusetts , New Jersey , Ohio , Oklahoma , and Florida . The mayors of New York , Baltimore , Philadelphia , Buffalo , Detroit , and other cities pledged their support , and many of them altered their cities ' grape purchases to support the boycott . In 1969 , support for farm workers increased throughout North America . The grape boycott spread into the South as civil rights groups pressured grocery stores in Atlanta , Miami , New Orleans , Nashville , and Louisville to remove non-union grapes . Student groups in New York protested the Department of Defense and accused them of deliberately purchasing boycotted grapes . On May 10 , UFW supporters picketed Safeway stores throughout the U.S. and Canada in celebration of International Grape Boycott Day . Cesar Chavez also went on a speaking tour along the East Coast to ask for support from labor groups , religious groups , and universities . Mapping UFW Strikes , Boycotts , and Farm Worker Actions 1965 - 1975 shows over 1,000 farm worker strikes , boycotts , and other actions . Immigration ( edit ) The UFW during Chavez 's tenure was committed to restricting immigration . Chavez and Dolores Huerta , cofounder and president of the UFW , fought the Bracero Program that existed from 1942 to 1964 . Their opposition stemmed from their belief that the program undermined U.S. workers and exploited the migrant workers . Since the Bracero Program ensured a constant supply of cheap immigrant labor for growers , immigrants could not protest any infringement of their rights , lest they be fired and replaced . Their efforts contributed to Congress ending the Bracero Program in 1964 . In 1973 , the UFW was one of the first labor unions to oppose proposed employer sanctions that would have prohibited hiring illegal immigrants . On a few occasions , concerns that illegal immigrant labor would undermine UFW strike campaigns led to a number of controversial events , which the UFW describes as anti-strikebreaking events , but which have also been interpreted as being anti-immigrant . In 1969 , Chavez and members of the UFW marched through the Imperial and Coachella Valleys to the border of Mexico to protest growers ' use of illegal immigrants as strikebreakers . In its early years , the UFW and Chavez went so far as to report illegal immigrants who served as strikebreaking replacement workers ( as well as those who refused to unionize ) to the Immigration and Naturalization Service . In 1973 , the United Farm Workers set up a `` wet line '' along the United States - Mexico border to prevent Mexican immigrants from entering the United States illegally and potentially undermining the UFW 's unionization efforts . During one such event , in which Chavez was not involved , some UFW members , under the guidance of Chavez 's cousin Manuel , physically attacked the strikebreakers after peaceful attempts to persuade them not to cross the border failed . Roles ( edit ) The United Farm Workers , a working class movement , had received substantial support from the middle class , causing problems of power and control within the union . The UFW gave no structural power to farm workers , as there were no locals elected as staff . The survival of the staff was n't linked directly to membership , since they made more money from outside sources than union dues . Today , the UFW only consists of five thousand members who work in very similar low conditions as they did 40 years ago . UFW includes undocumented farmworkers as well . The role of Cesar Chavez , the founder of UFW , was to frame his campaigns in terms of consumer safety and involving social justice , bringing benefits to the farmworker unions . One of UFW 's , along with Cesar Chavez 's , important aspects that has been overlooked is building coalitions . The United Farm Workers allows farmworkers to help improve their working conditions and wages . The UFW embraces nonviolence in its attempt to cultivate members on political and social issues . The union publicly adopted the principles of non-violence championed by Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr . On July 22 , 2005 , the UFW announced that it was joining the Change to Win Federation , a coalition of labor unions functioning as an alternative to the AFL - CIO . On January 13 , 2006 , the union officially disaffiliated from the AFL - CIO . In contrast to other Change to Win - affiliated unions , the AFL - CIO neglected to offer the right of affiliation to regional bodies to the UFW . Historic sites ( edit ) National Farm Workers Association Headquarters , Delano , California , listed on the National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) The Forty Acres , Delano , California , NRHP - listed Archival Collections ( edit ) The Walter P. Reuther Library , Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs at Wayne State University is the official repository of the United Farm Workers Union . Collections include the papers of Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta as well as numerous administrative records and personal papers . Visit the United Farm Workers Collections at the Reuther Library . Jerry Cohen Papers in the Archives & Special Collections at Amherst College . Cohen was General Counsel of the United Farm Workers of America and personal attorney of César Chávez from 1967 - 1979 . United Farm Workers Records . 1968 - 1976 . circa 0.1 Cubic Ft . At the University of Washington Libraries Special Collections . King County Labor Council of Washington Records . 1889 - 2008 . 41.26 cubic ft. ( 61 boxes ) . At the University of Washington Libraries Special Collections . Guide to the United Farm Workers Information Fair Collection . Special Collections and Archives , The UC Irvine Libraries , Irvine , California . Rosalinda Guillen and Joseph Moore Papers . - Court Case Documents , Chateau Ste . Michelle Winery Picket , Joseph Moore Speeding Ticket References ( edit ) Jump up ^ US Department of Labor , Office of Labor - Management Standards . File number 000 - 323 . Report submitted April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UFW : The Official Web Page of the United Farm Workers of America '' . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tejada - Flores , Rick . `` The Fight in the Fields : Cesar Chavez and the Farmworkers ' Struggle '' . pbs.org . Independent Television Service ( ITVS ) . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Shaw , Randy . Beyond the Fields : Cesar Chavez , the UFW , and the Struggle for Justice in the 21st Century . Berkeley : University of California Press , 2008 . Print . Jump up ^ Levy , Jacques E. Cesar Chavez : Autobiography of La Causa . New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 1975 . Print . Jump up ^ Quinones , Sam ( 2011 - 07 - 28 ) . `` Richard Chavez dies at 81 ; brother of Cesar Chavez ( He helped Cesar Chavez build the United Farm Workers into a political and agricultural force . He organized the California grape boycott in the late 1960s . ) '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Nevarez , Griselda ( 2011 - 07 - 28 ) . `` United Farm Workers co-founder Richard Chavez dies '' . Tucson Sentinel . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` United Farm Workers geography '' . depts.washington.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ cl_admin ( 2014 - 03 - 31 ) . `` The Neglected Heroines of ' César Chávez ' '' . Colorlines . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ PONCE , MARY HELEN ( 1999 - 03 - 28 ) . `` The Invisible Women Behind Chávez 's Throne '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Rose , Margaret ( 1990 ) . `` Traditional and Nontraditional Patterns of Female Activism in the United Farm Workers of America , 1962 to 1980 '' . Frontiers : A Journal of Women Studies . 11 ( 1 ) : 26 -- 32 . doi : 10.2307 / 3346700 . Jump up ^ Flores. , Niemann , Yolanda ; 1937 - , Armitage , Susan , ; Patricia. , Hart , ( 2003 ) . Chicana leadership : the Frontiers reader . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0803283822 . OCLC 51031211 . ^ Jump up to : US Department of Labor , Office of Labor - Management Standards . File number 000 - 323 . ( Search ) ^ Jump up to : Brazil , Eric ( 12 April 2014 ) . `` ( Review of ) ' The Crusades of Cesar Chavez , ' by Miriam Pawel '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Pawel , Miriam ( January 10 , 2006 ) . `` Decisions of Long Ago Shape the Union Today '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UFW at 50 : A history of Cesar Chavez and the UFW '' . The Bakersfield Californian. 14 May 2012 . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ufwaction.org '' . www.ufwaction.org . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ New Regulations Help Protect Workers From Heat http://dist16.casen.govoffice.com/index.asp?Type=B_PR&SEC=%7B3CFA4E52-4FD6-4246-B1B5-97E68C9A9FB9%7D&DE=%7B2B3322D8-239C-4F5D-979C-B7195DCEB740%7D , Jump up ^ Gutiérrez , David Gregory ( 1995 ) . Walls and Mirrors : Mexican Americans , Mexican Immigrants and the Politics of Ethnicity . San Diego : University of California Press . pp. 97 -- 98 . ISBN 9780520916869 . Jump up ^ Irvine , Reed ; Kincaid , Cliff . `` Why Journalists Support Illegal Immigration '' . Accuracy in the Media . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wells , Miriam J. ( 1996 ) . Strawberry Fields : Politics , Class , and Work in California Agriculture . New York : Cornell University Press . pp. 89 -- 90 . ISBN 9780801482793 . Jump up ^ Baird , Peter ; McCaughan , Ed . Beyond the Border : Mexico & the U.S. Today . North American Congress on Latin America . p. 169 . ISBN 9780916024376 . Jump up ^ Farmworker Collective Bargaining , 1979 : Hearings Before the Committee on Labor Human Resources Hearings held in Salinas , Calif. , April 26 , 27 , and Washington , D.C. , May 24 , 1979 Jump up ^ `` PBS Airs Chávez Documentary '' , University of California at Davis -- Rural Migration News . Jump up ^ Etulain , Richard W. ( 2002 ) . Cesar Chavez : A Brief Biography with Documents . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 18 . ISBN 9780312294274 . Jump up ^ Arellano , Gustavo . `` The year in Mexican - bashing '' . OC Weekly . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Navarrette , Jr. , Ruben ( March 30 , 2005 ) . `` The Arizona Minutemen and César Chávez '' . San Diego Union Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Library Log in '' . 0-web.b.ebscohost.com.sally.sandiego.edu . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ García , Juan R ( 2012 ) . `` Beyond The Fields : Cesar Chavez , The UFW , And The Struggle For Justice In The 21St Century '' . Journal of American Ethnic History . 31 ( 4 ) : 100 -- 102 . Jump up ^ `` United Farm Workers of America ( UFW ) - American labour union '' . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Blog : AFL Discriminates Against UFW '' . workinglife.typepad.com . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Araiza , Lauren . To March for Others : The Black Freedom Struggle and the United Farm Workers . Philadelphia , PA : University of Pennsylvania Press , 2014 . Bardacke , Frank . `` Cesar 's Ghost : Rise and Fall of the UFW . '' The Nation . July 26 , 1993 . ( 3 ) Bardacke , Frank . Trampling Out the Vintage : Cesar Chavez and the Two Souls of the United Farm Workers . London and New York : Verso , 2011 . Ferriss , Susan ; Sandoval , Ricardo ; and Hembree , Diana . The Fight in the Fields : Cesar Chavez and the Farmworkers Movement . New York : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 15 - 600598 - 0 Flores , Lori A. Grounds for Dreaming : Mexican Americans , Mexican Immigrants , and the California Farmworker Movement ( Yale University Press , 2016 ) . xvi , 288 pp . Ganz , Marshall . Why David Sometimes Wins : Leadership , Organization , and Strategy in the California Farm Worker Movement . Oxford University Press , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516201 - 1 Gutierrez , David G. Walls and Mirrors : Mexican Americans , Mexican Immigrants , and the Politics of Ethnicity . Berkeley : University of California Press , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 20219 - 8 Nelson , Eugene . Huelga ! The First One Hundred Days of the Delano Grape Strike . Delano , Calif. : Farm Worker Press , 1966 . Pawel , Miriam . `` Farmworkers Reap Little as Union Strays From Its Roots . '' Los Angeles Times . January 8 , 2006 . ( 4 ) Pawel , Miriam . The Union of Their Dreams . Bloomsbury Press , 2009 . Pawel , Miriam . The Crusades of Cesar Chavez : A Biography . Bloomsbury Press , 2014 . Shaw , Randy . Beyond the Fields : Cesar Chavez , the UFW , and the Struggle for Justice in the 21st Century . Berkeley : University of California Press , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 25107 - 6 External links ( edit ) Organized labour portal Hispanic and Latino Americans portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to United Farm Workers . Official website General ( edit ) Mapping UFW Strikes , Boycotts , and Farm Worker Actions 1965 - 1975 : A map with over 1,000 farm worker strikes , boycotts , and other actions , as well as an event timeline and essay . United Farm Workers Union : 1965 Grape Boycott Case Study - University of California , Berkeley United Farm Workers Union entry , Encyclopedia of Texas Online Edition Farm Workers in Washington State History Project , a multimedia section of the Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project on UFW and pre-UFW farm worker organizing , including interviews with organizers , historical photographs , digitized newspaper articles and a ten - part essay on farm worker struggles in the State . The Rise and Fall of the United Farm Workers by Michael D. Yates , Monthly Review Cesar Chavez , The biographical movie , released in 2014 and featuring archival footage and chronicle of the first decade of the UFW . Archives and documentation ( edit ) Collected papers of the UFW and related organizations are held at the Walter Reuther Library , Wayne State University . The website also has an image gallery with 400 photographs . Farmworker Movement Documentation Project California UFW collective bargaining agreements - A searchable and browseable collection from the UC Davis Library . United Farm Workers Collection , 1963 - 1974 , 0.50 linear feet . University of Maryland Libraries , State of Maryland and Historical Collections University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections - Vietnam War Era Ephemera This collection contains leaflets and newspapers that were distributed on the University of Washington campus during the decades of the 1960s and 1970s . Includes ephemera from the United Farm Workers . Cal Poly Pomona University Library UFW Collection Change to Win Federation Leaders Chairs Anna Burger ( 2005 - 2010 ) Joseph T. Hansen ( 2010 - ) Treasurers Edgar Romney ( 2005 - ) Member unions Teamsters ( IBT ) SEIU UFW Chicano and Mexican American topics Terms Chicano Hispanic La Raza Hispanic and Latino Americans Mexican American Tejano Pre-Chicano Movement History of Mexican Americans Mexican -- American War Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexican Repatriation Sleepy Lagoon trial Zoot Suit Riots Chicano Movement Aztlán Católicos por La Raza Chicanismo Chicana feminism Chicano Blowouts Chicano Moratorium PCUN Plan Espiritual de Aztlán Plan de Santa Bárbara Farm workers rights campaign Land grant struggle Colegio César Chávez Supreme Court cases Botiller v. Dominguez Hernandez v. Texas San Antonio I.S.D. v. Rodriguez Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co . U.S. v. Brignoni - Ponce Plyler v. Doe Medellín v. Texas Flores - Figueroa v. U.S. Leal Garcia v. Texas Mendez v. Westminster Bernal v. Fainter Culture Chicano films Chicano literature Chicano poetry Chicano rock Chicano rap Mexican muralism Skull art Teatro Campesino Tortilla art Chicano Park Estrada Courts murals Cholo Pachuco Paño Tejano music Tex - Mex cuisine Zoot suit Lowrider By city Arizona ( Tucson ) California ( Los Angeles ) Illinois ( Chicago ) Michigan ( Detroit ) Nebraska ( Omaha ) Texas Dallas - Fort Worth Houston Lists Caló Chicano poets U.S. communities with Hispanic majority Mexican Americans Writers List of Hispanic and Latino Americans Bibliography Category : American people of Mexican descent Category : Mexican - American organizations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Farm_Workers&oldid=816302423 '' Categories : United Farm Workers Change to Win Federation Trade unions in the United States Agriculture and forestry trade unions Agricultural labor History of labor relations in the United States Labor relations in California Organizations based in California Agriculture in California San Joaquin Valley History of the United States ( 1964 -- 80 ) Mexican - American organizations Boycott organizers Asian - American organizations United States agriculture and forestry trade unions Trade unions established in 1962 Cesar Chavez Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles needing additional references Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Languages Català Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 14 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the chicano leader who worked to unionize agricultural workers	[ "The United Farm Workers of America, or more commonly just United Farm Workers (UFW), is a labor union for farmworkers in the United States. It originated from the merger of two workers' rights organizations, the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AWOC) led by organizer Larry Itliong, and the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) led by César Chávez and Dolores Huerta. They became allied and transformed from workers' rights organizations into a union as a result of a series of strikes in 1965, when the mostly Filipino farmworkers of the AWOC in Delano, California initiated a grape strike, and the NFWA went on strike in support. As a result of the commonality in goals and methods, the NFWA and the AWOC formed the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee on August 22, 1966.[2] This organization was accepted into the AFL-CIO in 1972 and changed its name to the United Farmworkers Union.[3]", "The United Farm Workers of America, or more commonly just United Farm Workers (UFW), is a labor union for farmworkers in the United States. It originated from the merger of two workers' rights organizations, the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AWOC) led by organizer Larry Itliong, and the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) led by César Chávez and Dolores Huerta. They became allied and transformed from workers' rights organizations into a union as a result of a series of strikes in 1965, when the mostly Filipino farmworkers of the AWOC in Delano, California initiated a grape strike, and the NFWA went on strike in support. As a result of the commonality in goals and methods, the NFWA and the AWOC formed the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee on August 22, 1966.[2] This organization was accepted into the AFL-CIO in 1972 and changed its name to the United Farmworkers Union.[3]" ]	[ "César Chávez", "Dolores Huerta" ]
3795936540285421727	The Story of My Life (biography)	The Story of My Life ( biography ) - Wikipedia The Story of My Life ( biography ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the autobiography of Helen Keller . For other books with similar titles , see The Story of My Life ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Story of My Life Front Cover Author Helen Keller Language English Genre Classic , Memoir Published 1903 The Story of My Life , first published in 1903 , is Helen Keller 's autobiography detailing her early life , especially her experiences with Anne Sullivan . Portions of it were adapted by William Gibson for a 1957 Playhouse 90 production , a 1959 Broadway play , a 1962 Hollywood feature film , and Sanjay Leela Bhansali 's Black featuring Amitabh Bachchan in the role of Anne Sullivan . The book is dedicated to inventor Alexander Graham Bell . The dedication reads , `` TO ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL ; Who has taught the deaf to speak and enabled the listening ear to hear speech from the Atlantic to the Rockies , I DEDICATE This Story of My Life . '' The novel is prescribed as long reading text for CBSE Class 10 subject English Communicative code 101 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Helen Keller -- In Her Own Words '' . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Helen Keller '' . famouspeople.com . External links ( edit ) The Story of My Life at Internet Archive ( scanned books original editions color illustrated ) The Story of My Life public domain audiobook at LibriVox Helen Keller Life history Ivy Green Tuscumbia , Alabama Laura Bridgman Alexander Graham Bell Charles W. Adams Schools attended Perkins School for the Blind Anne Sullivan Wright - Humason School for the Deaf Horace Mann School for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing The Cambridge School of Weston Radcliffe College Related foundations Helen Keller International American Civil Liberties Union Helen Keller Services for the Blind Related works `` The Frost King '' The Story of My Life Light in My Darkness Deliverance Helen Keller in Her Story The Miracle Worker The Miracle Continues Black Related topics Helen Keller Day Helen Keller ( Hlavka ) Helen Keller 's The Story of My Life ( 1903 ) Characters Anne Sullivan Helen Keller Film The Miracle Worker ( 1962 ) The Miracle Worker ( 1979 ) The Miracle Worker ( 2000 ) Black ( 2005 ) Stage The Miracle Worker ( 1959 play ) Related The Miracle Continues The Miracle Worker This article about a biographical or autobiographical book whose subject was born in the United States is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Story_of_My_Life_(biography)&oldid=843338526 '' Categories : Alabama culture American autobiographies 1903 books Helen Keller Books adapted into films United States biography book stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with LibriVox links All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia فارسی हिन्दी മലയാളം Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 13 : 52 . About Wikipedia	who wrote the book the story of my life	[ "The Story of My Life, first published in 1903, is Helen Keller's autobiography detailing her early life, especially her experiences with Anne Sullivan.[1] Portions of it were adapted by William Gibson for a 1957 Playhouse 90 production, a 1959 Broadway play, a 1962 Hollywood feature film, and Sanjay Leela Bhansali's Black featuring Amitabh Bachchan in the role of Anne Sullivan.[2] The book is dedicated to inventor Alexander Graham Bell. The dedication reads, \"TO ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL; Who has taught the deaf to speak and enabled the listening ear to hear speech from the Atlantic to the Rockies, I DEDICATE This Story of My Life.\"" ]	[ "Helen Keller" ]
-1310840963063767783	Christianity in Europe	Christianity in Europe - wikipedia Christianity in Europe Jump to : navigation , search < 1 % Turkey 2 -- 4 % Azerbaijan 5 -- 10 % Kosovo 10 -- 20 % Albania Kazakhstan 20 -- 30 % Czech Republic 30 -- 40 % Estonia 50 -- 60 % Netherlands Bosnia and Herzegovina Latvia Macedonia 60 -- 70 % France Belgium United Kingdom Sweden Germany 70 -- 80 % Luxembourg Belarus Switzerland Cyprus Russia Montenegro Slovenia Spain 80 -- 90 % Finland Austria Hungary Bulgaria Italy Denmark Ukraine Norway Slovakia Monaco Greece Georgia Andorra Lithuania 90 -- 95 % San Marino Portugal Liechtenstein Ireland Serbia Croatia Poland Iceland 95 -- 100 % Malta Moldova Armenia Romania Vatican City Christianity is the largest religion in Europe . Christianity has been practiced in Europe since the 1st century , and a number of the Pauline Epistles were addressed to Christians living in Greece , as well as the Roman Empire . According to a 2010 study by the Pew Research Center , 76.2 % of the European population identified themselves as Christians . As 2010 Catholics were the largest Christian group in Europe , accounting for more than 48 % of European Christians . The second - largest Christian group in Europe were the Orthodox , who made up 32 % of European Christians . Although the Protestant Reformation began in Europe , only about 19 % of European Christians were part of the Protestant tradition . Russia is the largest Christian country in Europe by population , followed by Germany and Italy . For at least a millennium , Europe has been nearly equivalent to Christian culture , even though the religion was inherited from the Middle East . Christian culture was the predominant force in Western civilization , guiding the course of philosophy , art , and science . Europe has a rich Christian culture , especially as numerous saints , martyrs and popes were European themselves . All of the popes from 741 to 2013 were from Europe . Europe brought together many of the Christian holy sites and heritage and religious centers . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 East -- West Schism and Protestant Reformation 2 Cultural influences 3 Denominations 4 References 5 See also History ( edit ) Main article : Christendom Early history ( edit ) See also : Early centers of Christianity Patron saints of Europe . Historians believe that St. Paul probably wrote his first epistle to the Christians of Thessaloniki ( Thessalonians ) around AD 52 . His Epistle to the Galatians was perhaps written even earlier , between AD 48 and 50 . Other epistles written by Paul were directed to Christians living in Greece ( 1 Corinthians , 2 Corinthians , Philemon , Philippians , 2 Thessalonians ) and Rome ( Romans ) between the 50s and 70s of the first century . The Record of Saint Dorotheus Bishop of Tyre is that the Church at Tyre sent Saint Aristobulus ( of the seventy ) to Britain as bishop in AD 37 . The Church seems to have been begun by him around the Bristol Channel area and 150 years later we have names of bishops recorded . By AD 550 there are recorded 120 bishops spread throughout the British Isles . St. Peter 's Basilica Armenia was the first country in the world to adopt Christianity as its state religion in AD 301 . The oldest state - built church in the world , Etchmiadzin Cathedral , was built between AD 301 - 303 . It is the seat of the Armenian Apostolic Church . The Roman Empire officially adopted Christianity in AD 380 . During the Early Middle Ages , most of Europe underwent Christianisation , a process essentially complete with the Baltic Christianization # Baltic in the 15th century . The emergence of the notion of `` Europe '' or the `` Western World '' is intimately connected with the idea of `` Christendom '' , especially since Christianity in the Middle East was marginalized by the rise of Islam from the 7th century , a constellation that led to the Crusades , which although unsuccessful militarily were an important step in the emergence of a religious identity of Europe . At all times , traditions of folk religion existed largely independent from official denominations or dogmatic theology . From the Middle Ages onwards , as the centralized Roman power waned in southern and central Europe , the dominance of the Catholic Church was the only consistent force in Western Europe . Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow Movements in art and philosophy , such as the Humanist movement of the Renaissance and the Scholastic movement of the High Middle Ages , were motivated by a drive to connect Catholicism with Greek thought imported by Christian pilgrims . East -- West Schism and Protestant Reformation ( edit ) The East -- West Schism of the 11th century and the Protestant Reformation of the 16th tore `` Christendom '' into hostile factions . Following the Age of Enlightenment of the 18th century , atheism and agnosticism became widespread in Western Europe . 19th century Orientalism contributed to a certain popularity of Buddhism , and the 20th century brought increasing syncretism , New Age and various new religious movements divorcing spirituality from inherited traditions for many Europeans . The latest history brought increased secularisation , and religious pluralism . Cultural influences ( edit ) Further information : Christian culture , Role of the Christian Church in civilization , and Protestant culture Notes Towards the Definition of Culture I am talking about the common tradition of Christianity which has made Europe what it is , and about the common cultural elements which this common Christianity has brought with it . If Asia were converted to Christianity tomorrow , it would not thereby become a part of Europe . It is in Christianity that our arts have developed ; it is in Christianity that the laws of Europe have -- until recently -- been rooted . It is against a background of Christianity that all our thought has significance . An individual European may not believe that the Christian Faith is true , and yet what he says , and makes , and does , will all spring out of his heritage of Christian culture and depend upon that culture for its meaning . Only a Christian culture could have produced a Voltaire or a Nietzsche . I do not believe that the culture of Europe could survive the complete disappearance of the Christian Faith. ( ... ) The Western World has its unity in this heritage , in Christianity and in the ancient civilisations of Greece , Rome , and Israel , from which , owing to two thousand years of Christianity , we trace our descent . Thomas Stearns Eliot Western culture , throughout most of its history , has been nearly equivalent to Christian culture , and many of the population of the Western hemisphere could broadly be described as cultural Christians . The notion of `` Europe '' and the `` Western World '' has been intimately connected with the concept of `` Christianity and Christendom '' many even attribute Christianity for being the link that created a unified European identity . Though Western culture contained several polytheistic religions during its early years under the Greek and Roman empires , as the centralized Roman power waned , the dominance of the Catholic Church was the only consistent force in Europe . Until the Age of Enlightenment , Christian culture guided the course of philosophy , literature , art , music and science . Christian disciplines of the respective arts have subsequently developed into Christian philosophy , Christian art , Christian music , Christian literature etc . Christianity had a significant impact on education and science and medicine as the church created the bases of the Western system of education , and was the sponsor of founding universities in the Western world as the university is generally regarded as an institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting . Many clerics throughout history have made significant contributions to science and Jesuits in particular have made numerous significant contributions to the development of science . The Civilizing influence of Christianity includes social welfare , founding hospitals , economics ( as the Protestant work ethic ) , politics , architecture , literature and family life . Although the Protestant reformation was a religious movement , it also had a strong impact on all other aspects of European life : marriage and family , education , the humanities and sciences , the political and social order , the economy , and the arts . Denominations ( edit ) Christianity by country Africa ( show ) Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Asia ( show ) Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Burma Cambodia China Hong Kong India Indonesia Japan Kazakhstan Korea Laos Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Nepal North Korea Pakistan Philippines Russia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Vietnam Middle East ( show ) Bahrain Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe ( show ) Albania Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia & Herzegovina Bulgaria Cyprus Denmark Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Jersey Kosovo Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Netherlands Norway Malta Moldova Montenegro Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Ukraine United Kingdom North America ( show ) Antigua & Barbuda Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States South America ( show ) Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Oceania ( show ) Australia East Timor Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Full list Catholic Church : European countries or areas with significant Catholic populations are Andorra , Austria , western Belarus , Belgium , Croatia , France , western and southern Germany , Hungary , Ireland , Italy , Latgale region in Latvia , Liechtenstein , Lithuania , Luxembourg , Malta , Monaco , Poland , Portugal , San Marino , Slovakia , Slovenia , Spain , central and southern Switzerland , western Ukraine and Vatican City . There are also large Catholic minorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 13 - 17 % ) , Albania ( 10 - 15 % ) , the United Kingdom and the Netherlands ( 25 % ) . In the Czech Republic , Catholics are 10 % of the population . In Serbia and Romania , Catholics constitute over 5 % of the overall population . Eastern - Rite Catholicism is found mostly in western Ukraine , southern Italy , western Slovakia and Hungary . It also exists in very small numbers in Russia , Serbia , Slovenia , France ( especially Corsica ) . Eastern Orthodox Christianity : European countries or areas with significant Eastern Orthodox populations are Belarus , Bulgaria , Cyprus , Georgia , Greece , Macedonia , Moldova , Montenegro , Romania , Russia , Serbia , Ukraine , and the European parts of Kazakhstan . Eastern Orthodox Christians are a large minority in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Albania . Small minorities of Eastern Orthodox Christians live in Finland ( especially Karelia ) , Latvia , Lithuania , Armenia , Poland , easternmost Hungary and southern Italy . Oriental Orthodox Christianity : Armenia has a large Oriental Orthodox majority . Protestantism : European countries or areas with significant Protestant populations are Denmark , Estonia , Finland , the central , eastern and northern parts of Germany , Iceland , Latvia , Norway , Sweden , the United Kingdom , and the eastern , northern and western parts of Switzerland . There are significant Protestant minorities in France , the northeastern Piedmont region of Italy , Slovakia , the western and southern parts of Germany , the eastern part of Hungary , Austria , the Czech Republic , Poland , the Netherlands , Ireland , Serbia and Romania . Anglicanism is the largest denomination in the United Kingdom ( England and Wales ) , with a large minority in Northern Ireland , and smaller numbers in the Republic of Ireland , Malta , Scotland , Spain and Portugal . Communities also exist throughout Europe , particularly in large cities and other regions where British ex-pat communities live ( see Diocese of Gibraltar in Europe ) . Calvinism is predominant in North and West Switzerland , and there are minorities in Germany and Hungary . It is the main religion in Scotland and a large minority in Northern Ireland , and smaller numbers in England and Wales , Ireland and Malta . Lutheranism is prevalent in Norway , Sweden , Denmark , Iceland , Finland , Estonia , Latvia , Northern and Western Germany . There are also minorities throughout Europe , particularly in Southern Germany , Hungary and Alsace and Lorraine ( France ) , with smaller numbers in Austria , Poland , and the Netherlands , Romania ( among the German and Hungarian ethnic groups ) , Switzerland , Italy and the United Kingdom . Methodism is an important minority denomination in both Great Britain and Ireland . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pew Forum , Religious Composition by Country , 2010 - 2050 ^ Jump up to : Christianity in Europe , including the Asian part of Russia , excluding the European part of Turkey ^ Jump up to : Koch , Carl ( 1994 ) . The Catholic Church : Journey , Wisdom , and Mission . Early Middle Ages : St. Mary 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88489 - 298 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Christopher ; Glenn Olsen ( 1961 ) . Crisis in Western Education ( reprint ed . ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8132 - 1683 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` After Benedict : who will be the next Pope ? '' . Speroforum.com. 12 February 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Robin Lane Fox , The Unauthorized Version , 1992 : 235 . Jump up ^ Johannes Schade ( 2006 ) , The Encyclopedia of World Religions , Foreign Media Books , ISBN 978 - 1 - 60136 - 000 - 7 access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Howard Clark Kee , Franklin W. Young ( 1957 ) , Understanding the New Testament , Prentice Hall , ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 948266 - 3 access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Koch , Carl ( 1994 ) . The Catholic Church : Journey , Wisdom , and Mission . High Middle Ages : St. Mary 's Press . ISBN 9780884892984 . Jump up ^ Koch , Carl ( 1994 ) . The Catholic Church : Journey , Wisdom , and Mission . Renaissance : St. Mary 's Press . ISBN 9780884892984 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Christopher ; Glenn Olsen ( 1961 ) . Crisis in Western Education ( reprint ed . ) . p. 25 . ISBN 9780813216836 . Jump up ^ Henkel , Reinhard and Hans Knippenberg `` The Changing Religious Landscape of Europe '' edited by Knippenberg published by Het Spinhuis , Amsterdam 2005 ISBN 90 - 5589 - 248 - 3 , pages 7 - 9 Jump up ^ Selected T.S. Eliot on Tradition , Poetry , Faith , and Culture Jump up ^ Dawson , Christopher ; Glenn Olsen ( 1961 ) . Crisis in Western Education ( reprint ed . ) . p. 108 . ISBN 9780813216836 . ^ Jump up to : Koch , Carl ( 1994 ) . The Catholic Church : Journey , Wisdom , and Mission . Early Middle Ages : St. Mary 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88489 - 298 - 4 . Jump up ^ Koch , Carl ( 1994 ) . The Catholic Church : Journey , Wisdom , and Mission . The Age of Enlightenment : St. Mary 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88489 - 298 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Christopher ; Olsen , Glenn ( 1961 ) . Crisis in Western Education ( reprint ed . ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8132 - 1683 - 6 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Forms of Christian education Jump up ^ Rüegg , Walter : `` Foreword . The University as a European Institution '' , in : A History of the University in Europe . Vol. 1 : Universities in the Middle Ages , Cambridge University Press , 1992 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 36105 - 2 , pp. XIX -- XX Jump up ^ Verger , Jacques ( 1999 ) . Culture , enseignement et société en Occident aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles ( in French ) ( 1st ed . ) . Presses universitaires de Rennes in Rennes . ISBN 286847344X . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Susan Elizabeth Hough , Richter 's Scale : Measure of an Earthquake , Measure of a Man , Princeton University Press , 2007 , ISBN 0691128073 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Woods 2005 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Jesuit Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Church and social welfare Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Care for the sick Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Property , poverty , and the poor , Jump up ^ Weber , Max ( 1905 ) . The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Church and state Jump up ^ Sir Banister Fletcher , History of Architecture on the Comparative Method . Jump up ^ Buringh , Eltjo ; van Zanden , Jan Luiten : `` Charting the ' Rise of the West ' : Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe , A Long - Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries '' , The Journal of Economic History , Vol. 69 , No. 2 ( 2009 ) , pp. 409 -- 445 ( 416 , table 1 ) Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica The tendency to spiritualize and individualize marriage Jump up ^ Karl Heussi , Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte , 11 . Auflage ( 1956 ) , Tübingen ( Germany ) , pp. 317 - 319 , 325 - 326 ^ Jump up to : Predominant Religions Jump up ^ Summary of Religious Bodies in Albania Archived 2013 - 05 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . ( Source : World Christian Encyclopedia , 2001 , Oxford University Press . Vol 1 : p. 51 ) Jump up ^ ( in Dutch ) roman catholic church 4 million members out of a total Dutch population of 16 , 5 million See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christianity in Europe . Antemurale Christianitatis Catholic Church in Europe Conference of European Churches Islam in Europe Religion in Europe Religion in the European Union Christianity by country Catholic Church by country Protestantism by country Religion in North America Religion in South America Irreligion in Europe List of religious populations Major world religions ( hide ) Christianity in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Europe&oldid=799079060 '' Categories : Christianity in Europe Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Dutch - language external links Pages using Template : Longitem with unnamed style parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština فارسی Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Română Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 14 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did christianity begin to spread in europe	[ "Historians believe that St. Paul probably wrote his first epistle to the Christians of Thessaloniki (Thessalonians) around AD 52.[7] His Epistle to the Galatians was perhaps written even earlier, between AD 48 and 50.[8] Other epistles written by Paul were directed to Christians living in Greece (1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, Philemon, Philippians, 2 Thessalonians) and Rome (Romans) between the 50s and 70s of the first century." ]	[ "around AD 52" ]
2726358923083424414	List of first overall National Football League draft picks	List of first overall National Football League Draft Picks - wikipedia List of first overall National Football League Draft Picks Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of first overall National Football League draft picks . The National Football League draft is an annual sports draft in which NFL teams select newly eligible players for their rosters . To be eligible , a player must be out of high school at least three years . Each NFL franchise seeks to add new players through the annual NFL draft . The draft rules were last updated in 2009 . The team with the worst record the previous year picks first , the next - worst team second , and so on . Teams also have the option to trade with another team to move up to a better draft position . Teams that did not make the playoffs are ordered by their regular - season record , with any remaining ties broken by strength of schedule . Playoff participants are sequenced after non-playoff teams , based on their round of elimination ( wild card , division , conference , and Super Bowl ) . From 1947 through 1958 the first selection was awarded by a random draw . The team which received this `` bonus '' pick forfeited its selection in the final round of the draft . The winner of the `` bonus pick '' was eliminated from the draw in future years . By 1958 all twelve clubs in the league at the time had received a bonus choice and the system was abolished . Before the merger agreements in 1966 , the American Football League ( AFL ) operated in direct competition with the NFL and held a separate draft . This led to a massive bidding war over top prospects between the two leagues , along with the subsequent drafting of the same player in each draft . As part of the merger agreement on June 8 , 1966 , the two leagues held a multiple round `` Common Draft '' . Once the AFL officially merged with the NFL in 1970 , the `` Common Draft '' simply became the NFL Draft . Through the 2018 NFL draft , 83 players have been selected first overall , with the most recent being Baker Mayfield . The Indianapolis Colts -- formerly the Baltimore Colts -- have made the most first overall selections in history with seven . Of the first overall draft picks , 43 have been selected to a Pro Bowl and of those 43 , twelve have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame . While the Heisman Trophy is awarded annually to the most outstanding player in U.S. college football , only 21 of those Heisman winners have been selected first overall in the NFL draft . Only five first overall draft pick players have been selected the NFL Rookie of the Year : Earl Campbell ( 1978 ) ; Billy Sims ( 1980 ) ; George Rogers ( 1981 ) ; Sam Bradford ( 2010 ) ; and Cam Newton ( 2011 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 List of first overall picks 3 Statistics 4 First overall draft picks per team 5 First overall draft picks by school 6 First overall draft picks by position 7 Notes 8 References 9 See also Key ( edit ) Back Kicker NT Nose tackle Center LB Linebacker FB Fullback DB Defensive back Punter HB Halfback DE Defensive end QB Quarterback WR Wide receiver DT Defensive tackle RB Running back Guard End Offensive tackle TE Tight end * Selected to a Pro Bowl ‡ Inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame ( all were also selected to a Pro Bowl ) List of first overall Picks ( edit ) Tom Harmon was selected with the first overall pick in 1941 by the Chicago Bears . Billy Cannon was the first pick in the 1960 NFL draft . O.J. Simpson was drafted first overall by Buffalo Bills in 1969 . John Elway was the first pick in the 1983 NFL draft . Orlando Pace was drafted first overall by the St. Louis Rams in 1997 . Cam Newton was the first overall pick in the 2011 NFL draft . The Indianapolis Colts chose Andrew Luck with the first overall pick in 2012 . First overall draft picks Year Name Position College Team Notes 1936 Berwanger , Jay Jay Berwanger HB Chicago Philadelphia Eagles 7000100000000000000 ♠ Heisman Trophy ( 1935 ) 1937 Francis , Sam Sam Francis FB Nebraska Philadelphia Eagles 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- 1938 Davis , Corbett Corbett Davis FB Indiana Cleveland Rams 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- 1939 Aldrich , Ki Ki Aldrich * TCU Chicago Cardinals 7000100000000000000 ♠ NFL All - Star Game ( 1939 , 1942 ) 1940 Cafego , George George Cafego HB Tennessee Chicago Cardinals 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- 1941 Harmon , Tom Tom Harmon HB Michigan Chicago Bears 7000100000000000000 ♠ Heisman Trophy ( 1940 ) 1942 Dudley , Bill Bill Dudley HB Virginia Pittsburgh Steelers 7000300000000000000 ♠ NFL All - Star Game ( 1950 , 1951 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 1966 ) NFL MVP ( 1946 ) 1943 Sinkwich , Frank Frank Sinkwich HB Georgia Detroit Lions 7000100000000000000 ♠ Heisman Trophy ( 1942 ) 1944 Bertelli , Angelo Angelo Bertelli QB Notre Dame Boston Yanks 7000100000000000000 ♠ Heisman Trophy ( 1943 ) 1945 Trippi , Charley Charley Trippi HB Georgia Chicago Cardinals 7000300000000000000 ♠ Pro Bowl ( 1952 , 1953 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 1968 ) NFL Champion ( 1947 ) 1946 Dancewicz , Frank Frank Dancewicz QB Notre Dame Boston Yanks 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- 1947 Fenimore , Bob Bob Fenimore HB Oklahoma A&M Chicago Bears 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- 1948 Gilmer , Harry Harry Gilmer * QB Alabama Washington Redskins 7000100000000000000 ♠ Pro Bowl ( 1950 , 1952 ) 1949 Bednarik , Chuck Chuck Bednarik C , LB Penn Philadelphia Eagles 7000300000000000000 ♠ Pro Bowl ( 1950 , 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1960 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 1967 ) NFL Champion ( 1949 , 1960 ) 1950 Hart , Leon Leon Hart * Notre Dame Detroit Lions 7000200000000000000 ♠ Heisman Trophy ( 1949 ) Pro Bowl ( 1951 ) 1951 Rote , Kyle Kyle Rote * HB SMU New York Giants 7000100000000000000 ♠ Pro Bowl ( 1953 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 ) 1952 Wade , Bill Bill Wade * QB Vanderbilt Los Angeles Rams 7000100000000000000 ♠ Pro Bowl ( 1958 , 1963 ) 1953 Babcock , Harry Harry Babcock Georgia San Francisco 49ers 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- 1954 Garrett , Bobby Bobby Garrett QB Stanford Cleveland Browns 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- 1955 Shaw , George George Shaw QB Oregon Baltimore Colts 7000100000000000000 ♠ NFL Champion ( 1958 ) 1956 Glick , Gary Gary Glick DB Colorado A&M Pittsburgh Steelers 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- 1957 Hornung , Paul Paul Hornung HB Notre Dame Green Bay Packers 7000600000000000000 ♠ Heisman Trophy ( 1956 ) Pro Bowl ( 1959 , 1960 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 1986 ) NFL Champion ( 1961 , 1962 , 1965 ) Super Bowl champion ( I ) NFL MVP ( 1961 ) 1958 Hill , King King Hill QB Rice Chicago Cardinals 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- 1959 Duncan , Randy Randy Duncan QB Iowa Green Bay Packers 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- 1960 Cannon , Billy Billy Cannon RB LSU Los Angeles Rams 7000100000000000000 ♠ Heisman Trophy ( 1959 ) 1961 Mason , Tommy Tommy Mason * RB Tulane Minnesota Vikings 7000100000000000000 ♠ Pro Bowl ( 1962 , 1963 , 1964 ) 1962 Davis , Ernie Ernie Davis RB Syracuse Washington Redskins 7000100000000000000 ♠ Heisman Trophy ( 1961 ) 1963 Baker , Terry Terry Baker QB Oregon State Los Angeles Rams 7000100000000000000 ♠ Heisman Trophy ( 1962 ) 1964 Parks , Dave Dave Parks * WR Texas Tech San Francisco 49ers 7000100000000000000 ♠ Pro Bowl ( 1964 , 1965 , 1966 ) 1965 Frederickson , Tucker Tucker Frederickson * RB Auburn New York Giants 7000100000000000000 ♠ Pro Bowl ( 1965 ) 1966 Nobis , Tommy Tommy Nobis * LB Texas Atlanta Falcons 7000100000000000000 ♠ Pro Bowl ( 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1970 , 1972 ) 1967 Smith , Bubba Bubba Smith * DE Michigan State Baltimore Colts 7000200000000000000 ♠ Pro Bowl ( 1970 , 1971 ) Super Bowl champion ( V ) 1968 Yary , Ron Ron Yary USC Minnesota Vikings 7000200000000000000 ♠ Pro Bowl ( 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 2001 ) 1969 Simpson , O.J. O.J. Simpson RB USC Buffalo Bills 7000400000000000000 ♠ Heisman Trophy ( 1968 ) Pro Bowl ( 1969 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 1985 ) NFL MVP ( 1973 ) 1970 Bradshaw , Terry Terry Bradshaw QB Louisiana Tech Pittsburgh Steelers 7000500000000000000 ♠ Pro Bowl ( 1975 , 1978 , 1979 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 1989 ) Super Bowl champion ( IX , X , XIII , XIV ) Super Bowl MVP ( XIII , XIV ) NFL MVP ( 1978 ) 1971 Plunkett , Jim Jim Plunkett QB Stanford New England Patriots 7000300000000000000 ♠ Heisman Trophy ( 1970 ) Super Bowl champion ( XV , XVIII ) Super Bowl MVP ( XV ) 1972 Patulski , Walt Walt Patulski DE Notre Dame Buffalo Bills 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- 1973 Matuszak , John John Matuszak DE Tampa Houston Oilers 7000100000000000000 ♠ Super Bowl champion ( XI , XV ) Jones , Ed Ed Jones * DE Tennessee State Dallas Cowboys 7000200000000000000 ♠ Pro Bowl ( 1981 , 1982 , 1983 ) Super Bowl champion ( XII ) Bartkowski , Steve Steve Bartkowski * QB California Atlanta Falcons 7000100000000000000 ♠ Pro Bowl ( 1980 , 1981 ) 1976 Selmon , Lee Roy Lee Roy Selmon DE Oklahoma Tampa Bay Buccaneers 7000200000000000000 ♠ Pro Bowl ( 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 1995 ) 1977 Bell , Ricky Ricky Bell RB USC Tampa Bay Buccaneers 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- 1978 Campbell , Earl Earl Campbell RB Texas Houston Oilers 7000400000000000000 ♠ Heisman Trophy ( 1977 ) Pro Bowl ( 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1983 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 1991 ) NFL MVP ( 1979 ) Rookie of the Year ( 1978 ) 1979 Cousineau , Tom Tom Cousineau LB Ohio State Buffalo Bills 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- 1980 Sims , Billy Billy Sims * RB Oklahoma Detroit Lions 7000200000000000000 ♠ Heisman Trophy ( 1978 ) Pro Bowl ( 1980 , 1981 , 1982 ) Rookie of the Year ( 1980 ) 1981 Rogers , George George Rogers * RB South Carolina New Orleans Saints 7000300000000000000 ♠ Heisman Trophy ( 1980 ) Pro Bowl ( 1981 , 1982 ) Super Bowl champion ( XXII ) Rookie of the Year ( 1981 ) 1982 Sims , Kenneth Kenneth Sims DE Texas New England Patriots 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- Elway , John John Elway QB Stanford Baltimore Colts 7000500000000000000 ♠ Pro Bowl ( 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 2004 ) Super Bowl champion ( XXXII , XXXIII ) Super Bowl MVP ( XXXIII ) NFL MVP ( 1987 ) 1984 Fryar , Irving Irving Fryar * WR Nebraska New England Patriots 7000200000000000000 ♠ Pro Bowl ( 1985 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 ) 1985 Smith , Bruce Bruce Smith DE Virginia Tech Buffalo Bills 7000200000000000000 ♠ Pro Bowl ( 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 2009 ) 1986 Jackson , Bo Bo Jackson * RB Auburn Tampa Bay Buccaneers 7000200000000000000 ♠ Heisman Trophy ( 1985 ) Pro Bowl ( 1990 ) Testaverde , Vinny Vinny Testaverde * QB Miami ( FL ) Tampa Bay Buccaneers 7000200000000000000 ♠ Heisman Trophy ( 1986 ) Pro Bowl ( 1996 , 1998 ) 1988 Bruce , Aundray Aundray Bruce LB Auburn Atlanta Falcons 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- 1989 Aikman , Troy Troy Aikman QB UCLA Dallas Cowboys 7000400000000000000 ♠ Pro Bowl ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 2006 ) Super Bowl champion ( XXVII , XXVIII , XXX ) Super Bowl MVP ( XXVII ) 1990 George , Jeff Jeff George QB Illinois Indianapolis Colts 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- 1991 Maryland , Russell Russell Maryland * DT Miami ( FL ) Dallas Cowboys 7000200000000000000 ♠ Pro Bowl ( 1993 ) Super Bowl champion ( XXVII , XXVIII , XXX ) 1992 Emtman , Steve Steve Emtman DE Washington Indianapolis Colts 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- 1993 Bledsoe , Drew Drew Bledsoe * QB Washington State New England Patriots 7000200000000000000 ♠ Pro Bowl ( 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 2002 ) Super Bowl champion ( XXXVI ) 1994 Wilkinson , Dan Dan Wilkinson DT Ohio State Cincinnati Bengals 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- 1995 Carter , Ki - Jana Ki - Jana Carter RB Penn State Cincinnati Bengals 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- Johnson , Keyshawn Keyshawn Johnson * WR USC New York Jets 7000200000000000000 ♠ Pro Bowl ( 1998 , 1999 , 2001 ) Super Bowl champion ( XXXVII ) 1997 Pace , Orlando Orlando Pace Ohio State St. Louis Rams 7000200000000000000 ♠ Pro Bowl ( 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 2016 ) Super Bowl champion ( XXXIV ) 1998 Manning , Peyton Peyton Manning * QB Tennessee Indianapolis Colts 7000400000000000000 ♠ Pro Bowl ( 1999 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 ) Super Bowl champion ( XLI , 50 ) Super Bowl MVP ( XLI ) NFL MVP ( 2003 , 2004 , 2008 , 2009 , 2013 ) 1999 Couch , Tim Tim Couch QB Kentucky Cleveland Browns 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- 2000 Brown , Courtney Courtney Brown DE Penn State Cleveland Browns 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- 2001 Vick , Michael Michael Vick * QB Virginia Tech Atlanta Falcons 7000100000000000000 ♠ Pro Bowl ( 2002 , 2004 , 2005 , 2010 ) 2002 Carr , David David Carr QB Fresno State Houston Texans 7000100000000000000 ♠ Super Bowl champion ( XLVI ) 2003 Palmer , Carson Carson Palmer * QB USC Cincinnati Bengals 7000200000000000000 ♠ Heisman Trophy ( 2002 ) Pro Bowl ( 2005 , 2006 , 2015 ) Manning , Eli Eli Manning * QB Ole Miss San Diego Chargers 7000200000000000000 ♠ Pro Bowl ( 2008 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 ) Super Bowl champion ( XLII , XLVI ) Super Bowl MVP ( XLII , XLVI ) 2005 Smith , Alex Alex Smith * QB Utah San Francisco 49ers 7000100000000000000 ♠ Pro Bowl ( 2013 , 2016 , 2017 ) 2006 Williams , Mario Mario Williams * DE North Carolina State Houston Texans 7000100000000000000 ♠ Pro Bowl ( 2008 , 2009 , 2013 , 2014 ) 2007 Russell , JaMarcus JaMarcus Russell QB LSU Oakland Raiders 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- 2008 Long , Jake Jake Long * Michigan Miami Dolphins 7000100000000000000 ♠ Pro Bowl ( 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 ) 2009 Stafford , Matthew Matthew Stafford * QB Georgia Detroit Lions 7000100000000000000 ♠ Pro Bowl ( 2014 ) Bradford , Sam Sam Bradford QB Oklahoma St. Louis Rams 7000100000000000000 ♠ Heisman Trophy ( 2008 ) Rookie of the Year ( 2010 ) 2011 Newton , Cam Cam Newton * QB Auburn Carolina Panthers 7000200000000000000 ♠ Heisman Trophy ( 2010 ) Pro Bowl ( 2011 , 2013 , 2015 ) Rookie of the Year ( 2011 ) NFL MVP ( 2015 ) 2012 Luck , Andrew Andrew Luck * QB Stanford Indianapolis Colts 7000100000000000000 ♠ Pro Bowl ( 2012 , 2013 , 2014 ) 2013 Fisher , Eric Eric Fisher Central Michigan Kansas City Chiefs 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- 2014 Clowney , Jadeveon Jadeveon Clowney * DE South Carolina Houston Texans 7000100000000000000 ♠ Pro Bowl ( 2016 , 2017 ) 2015 Winston , Jameis Jameis Winston * QB Florida State Tampa Bay Buccaneers 7000100000000000000 ♠ Heisman Trophy ( 2013 ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ Pro Bowl ( 2015 ) 2016 Goff , Jared Jared Goff * QB California Los Angeles Rams 7000100000000000000 ♠ Pro Bowl ( 2017 ) 2017 Garrett , Myles Myles Garrett DE Texas A&M Cleveland Browns 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- 2018 Mayfield , Baker Baker Mayfield QB Oklahoma Cleveland Browns 7000100000000000000 ♠ Heisman Trophy ( 2017 ) Statistics ( edit ) The following teams have never had the first overall pick Denver Broncos Jacksonville Jaguars Baltimore Ravens Seattle Seahawks Eight teams have made the playoffs in the same season in which they made the first overall selection in the draft . They were the 1968 Minnesota Vikings , 1978 Houston Oilers , 1982 New England Patriots , 1991 Dallas Cowboys , 2004 San Diego Chargers , 2008 Miami Dolphins , 2012 Indianapolis Colts , and 2013 Kansas City Chiefs . No team has ever gone from the first overall pick to a Super Bowl win in the same season . The Minnesota Vikings lost Super Bowl IV the year after they had the first overall pick . First overall Draft Picks per team ( edit ) The Indianapolis Colts and the Los Angeles Rams have each held the first overall pick a total of seven times , the most of any NFL team . This includes the Colts ' time in Baltimore and the Rams ' time in Cleveland and St. Louis . Only four teams in the league have never held the first overall pick in the NFL draft : the Denver Broncos , the Jacksonville Jaguars , the Seattle Seahawks and the Baltimore Ravens . The Boston Yanks are the only defunct franchise to have held a first overall pick . Team Total number Year ( s ) Notes Ref Indianapolis Colts 7 1955 , 1967 , 1983 , 1990 1992 , 1998 , 2012 3 as the Baltimore Colts 4 as the Indianapolis Colts Los Angeles Rams 7 1938 , 1952 , 1960 1963 , 1997 , 2010 , 2016 1 as the Cleveland Rams 2 as the St. Louis Rams 4 as the Los Angeles Rams Tampa Bay Buccaneers 5 1976 , 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 2015 Also had first selection in the 1984 NFL supplemental draft of USFL and CFL players . Cleveland Browns 5 1954 , 1999 , 2000 , 2017 , 2018 Arizona Cardinals 1939 , 1940 , 1945 , 1958 4 as the Chicago Cardinals Detroit Lions 1943 , 1950 , 1980 , 2009 Atlanta Falcons 1966 , 1975 , 1988 , 2001 Buffalo Bills 1969 , 1972 , 1979 , 1985 Also had first selection in the 1961 AFL Draft New England Patriots 1971 , 1982 , 1984 , 1993 Also had first selection in the 1964 AFL Draft ( as the Boston Patriots ) Philadelphia Eagles 1936 , 1937 , 1949 Pittsburgh Steelers 1942 , 1956 , 1970 San Francisco 49ers 1953 , 1964 , 2005 Dallas Cowboys 1974 , 1989 , 1991 Cincinnati Bengals 1994 , 1995 , 2003 Houston Texans 2002 , 2006 , 2014 Chicago Bears 1941 , 1947 Boston Yanks 1944 , 1946 Washington Redskins 1948 , 1962 New York Giants 1951 , 1965 Green Bay Packers 1957 , 1959 Minnesota Vikings 1961 , 1968 Tennessee Titans 1973 , 1978 2 as the Houston Oilers New Orleans Saints 1981 New York Jets Also had first selection in the 1965 AFL Draft San Diego Chargers Oakland Raiders 2007 Also had first selection in the 1962 AFL Draft Miami Dolphins 2008 Also had first selection in the 1966 AFL Draft Carolina Panthers 2011 Kansas City Chiefs 2013 Also had first selection in the 1963 AFL Draft First overall draft picks by school ( edit ) School Total number Year ( s ) Notre Dame 5 1944 , 1946 , 1950 , 1957 , 1972 USC 5 1968 , 1969 , 1977 , 1996 , 2003 Oklahoma 1976 , 1980 , 2010 , 2018 Georgia 1943 , 1945 , 1953 , 2009 Auburn 1965 , 1986 , 1988 , 2011 Stanford 1954 , 1971 , 1983 , 2012 Texas 1966 , 1978 , 1982 Ohio State 1979 , 1994 , 1997 Nebraska 1937 , 1984 Miami ( FL ) 1987 , 1991 Tennessee 1940 , 1998 Penn State 1995 , 2000 Virginia Tech 1985 , 2001 LSU 1960 , 2007 Michigan 1941 , 2008 South Carolina 1981 , 2014 California 1975 , 2016 Chicago 1936 Indiana 1938 TCU 1939 Virginia 1942 Oklahoma State 1947 Alabama 1948 Penn 1949 SMU 1951 Vanderbilt 1952 Oregon 1955 Colorado State 1956 Rice 1958 Iowa 1959 Tulane 1961 Syracuse 1962 Oregon State 1963 Texas Tech 1964 Michigan State 1967 Louisiana Tech 1970 Tampa 1973 Tennessee State UCLA 1989 Illinois 1990 Washington 1992 Washington State 1993 Kentucky 1999 Fresno State 2002 Ole Miss Utah 2005 North Carolina State 2006 Central Michigan 2013 Florida State 2015 Texas A&M 2017 First overall draft picks by position ( edit ) First overall selections by position played Position Number of selections Last year selected Quarterbacks 31 2018 Running backs 23 1995 Defensive linemen 15 2017 Offensive linemen 7 2013 Wide receivers Linebackers 1988 Defensive backs 1956 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In American and Canadian football , a back is a player who is lined up behind the linemen , the players who line up closest to the line of scrimmage . Jump up ^ Jay Berwanger did not sign with the Philadelphia Eagles . The Eagles traded his rights to the Chicago Bears ; he did not sign with them either . Jump up ^ Billy Cannon signed with the AFL team Houston Oilers rather than the Los Angeles Rams . Jump up ^ Ernie Davis was subsequently traded to the Cleveland Browns after being drafted by the Washington Redskins . ^ Jump up to : Because of the NFL -- AFL merger agreement , the history of the AFL is officially recognized by the NFL and therefore this list includes the Common Draft for the years 1967 , 1968 , and 1969 . Jump up ^ The Buffalo Bills were a part of the AFL when they selected Simpson with the first overall pick in the 1969 draft . The Bills joined the NFL the next year , in 1970 . Jump up ^ Tom Cousineau chose to sign with the CFL team Montreal Alouettes over the Buffalo Bills . Jump up ^ John Elway was subsequently traded to the Denver Broncos after being drafted by the Baltimore Colts . Jump up ^ College seniors who had already signed with the USFL or CFL were not eligible for the regular draft . Instead the NFL held a three round special draft on June 5 , 1984 . The Tampa Bay Buccaneers selected Steve Young first overall in that draft . Jump up ^ Bo Jackson did not sign with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and chose to enter the 1987 NFL draft the following year . Jump up ^ The Cleveland Browns -- via the Buffalo Bills originally -- possessed the number one overall pick but because they selected Bernie Kosar in the 1985 Supplemental Draft , the pick was subsequently given to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers . Jump up ^ The Dallas Cowboys originally possessed the number one overall pick but because they selected Steve Walsh in the 1989 Supplemental Draft , the pick was given to the Indianapolis Colts who originally held the second overall pick . Jump up ^ Eli Manning was subsequently traded to the New York Giants after being drafted by the San Diego Chargers . References ( edit ) General `` Heisman Winners '' . Heisman Trophy . All Things Media LLC . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2014 . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . `` All Time Number 1 Draft Picks '' . NFL.com . NFL Enterprises LLC . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . `` Players drafted between 1936 and 2013 , in the 1st round , with the 1st pick '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . `` Heisman Memorial Trophy Winners '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . `` NFL Hall of Fame Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . `` Super Bowl History '' . National Football League . NFL Enterprises LLC . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . `` Associated Press Offensive Rookie of the Year '' . CBSSports.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Specific Jump up ^ Clayton , John ( 2009 - 03 - 26 ) . `` Draft order to change for playoff teams '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Zimmer , John ; Marini , Matt , eds. ( 2013 ) . Official 2013 National Football League Record & Fact Book ( PDF ) . New York : National Football League . p. 525 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 603 - 20980 - 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Draft History : 1940 's '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cross , B. Duane ( 2001 - 01 - 22 ) . `` The AFL : A Football Legacy '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` NFL History by Decade : 1961 -- 1970 '' . NFL . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Time Changes for 2008 NFL Draft '' . NFL . 2008 - 04 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Ki Aldrich NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bill Dudley NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charlie Trippi NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1947 Chicago Cardinals '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Gilmer NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chuck Bednarik NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1949 Philadelphia Eagles '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1960 Philadelphia Eagles '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Leon Hart NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle Rote NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Wade NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 Baltimore Colts '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paul Hornung NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1961 Green Bay Packers '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 Green Bay Packers '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 Green Bay Packers '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 Green Bay Packers '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Tommy Mason NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Parks NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Tucker Frederickson NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Tommy Nobis NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Bubba Smith NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 Baltimore Colts '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ron Yary NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` O.J. Simpson NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Terry Bradshaw NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 Pittsburgh Steelers '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 Pittsburgh Steelers '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 Pittsburgh Steelers '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1979 Pittsburgh Steelers '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1980 Oakland Raiders '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 Los Angeles Raiders '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Plunkett NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 Oakland Raiders '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Too Tall Jones NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 Dallas Cowboys '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Bartkowski NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lee Roy Selmon NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Earl Campbell NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Sims NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` George Rogers NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 Washington Redskins '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Elway NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 Denver Broncos '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 Denver Broncos '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Irving Fryar NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bruce Smith NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Bo Jackson NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Vinny Testaverde NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Troy Aikman NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1992 Dallas Cowboys '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1993 Dallas Cowboys '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1995 Dallas Cowboys '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Russell Maryland NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Bledsoe NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 New England Patriots '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Keyshawn Johnson NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orlando Pace NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 St. Louis Rams '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Peyton Manning NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Indianapolis Colts '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Vick NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Bo Jackson NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eli Manning NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 New York Giants '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 New York Giants '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Mario Williams NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Jake Long NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Cam Newton NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Luck NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boston Yanks Draft History '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indianapolis Colts Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Rams Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Browns Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Cardinals Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Steelers Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco 49ers Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Cowboys Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati Bengals Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Texans Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Redskins Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Green Bay Packers Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tennessee Titans Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Saints Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New York Jets Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Chargers Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Dolphins Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Carolina Panthers Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Chiefs Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . See also ( edit ) Mr. Irrelevant -- the list of last overall National Football League draft picks National Football League Draft ( hide ) NFL Drafts Early era ( 1936 -- 1959 ) 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 AFL and NFL era ( 1960 -- 1966 ) AFL 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 NFL 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 Common draft ( 1967 -- 1969 ) 1967 1968 1969 Modern era ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Expansion drafts 1960 1961 1966 1967 1976 1995 1999 2002 Others 1950 AAFC dispersal draft 1984 NFL Supplemental Draft of USFL and CFL players See also List of first overall National Football League draft picks Mr. Irrelevant List of NFL supplemental draft picks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_overall_National_Football_League_draft_picks&oldid=841610568 '' Categories : National Football League first overall draft picks Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar 日本語 Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 21 : 58 . About Wikipedia	who was the last running back drafted number 1	[ "\nFirst overall draft picks\n\nYear\nName\nPosition\nCollege\nTeam\nNotes\n\n\n1936\nBerwanger, JayJay Berwanger[A 2]\nHB\nChicago\nPhiladelphia Eagles\n7000100000000000000♠Heisman Trophy (1935)\n\n\n1937\nFrancis, SamSam Francis\nFB\nNebraska\nPhiladelphia Eagles\n5000000000000000000♠—\n\n\n1938\nDavis, CorbettCorbett Davis\nFB\nIndiana\nCleveland Rams\n5000000000000000000♠—\n\n\n1939\nAldrich, KiKi Aldrich\nC\nTCU\nChicago Cardinals\n7000100000000000000♠NFL All-Star Game (1939, 1942)[7]\n\n\n1940\nCafego, GeorgeGeorge Cafego\nHB\nTennessee\nChicago Cardinals\n5000000000000000000♠—\n\n\n1941\nHarmon, TomTom Harmon\nHB\nMichigan\nChicago Bears\n7000100000000000000♠Heisman Trophy (1940)\n\n\n1942\nDudley, BillBill Dudley‡\nHB\nVirginia\nPittsburgh Steelers\n7000300000000000000♠NFL All-Star Game (1950, 1951)[8]\nPro Football Hall of Fame (1966)[8]\nNFL MVP (1946)[8]\n\n\n1943\nSinkwich, FrankFrank Sinkwich\nHB\nGeorgia\nDetroit Lions\n7000100000000000000♠Heisman Trophy (1942)\n\n\n1944\nBertelli, AngeloAngelo Bertelli\nQB\nNotre Dame\nBoston Yanks\n7000100000000000000♠Heisman Trophy (1943)\n\n\n1945\nTrippi, CharleyCharley Trippi‡\nHB\nGeorgia\nChicago Cardinals\n7000300000000000000♠Pro Bowl (1952, 1953)[9]\nPro Football Hall of Fame (1968)[9]\nNFL Champion (1947)[10]\n\n\n1946\nDancewicz, FrankFrank Dancewicz\nQB\nNotre Dame\nBoston Yanks\n5000000000000000000♠—\n\n\n1947\nFenimore, BobBob Fenimore\nHB\nOklahoma A&M\nChicago Bears\n5000000000000000000♠—\n\n\n1948\nGilmer, HarryHarry Gilmer\nQB\nAlabama\nWashington Redskins\n7000100000000000000♠Pro Bowl (1950, 1952)[11]\n\n\n1949\nBednarik, ChuckChuck Bednarik‡\nC, LB\nPenn\nPhiladelphia Eagles\n7000300000000000000♠Pro Bowl (1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1960)[12]\nPro Football Hall of Fame (1967)[12]\nNFL Champion (1949, 1960)[13][14]\n\n\n1950\nHart, LeonLeon Hart\nE\nNotre Dame\nDetroit Lions\n7000200000000000000♠Heisman Trophy (1949)\nPro Bowl (1951)[15]\n\n\n1951\nRote, KyleKyle Rote\nHB\nSMU\nNew York Giants\n7000100000000000000♠Pro Bowl (1953, 1954, 1955, 1956)[16]\n\n\n1952\nWade, BillBill Wade\nQB\nVanderbilt\nLos Angeles Rams\n7000100000000000000♠Pro Bowl (1958, 1963)[17]\n\n\n1953\nBabcock, HarryHarry Babcock\nE\nGeorgia\nSan Francisco 49ers\n5000000000000000000♠—\n\n\n1954\nGarrett, BobbyBobby Garrett\nQB\nStanford\nCleveland Browns\n5000000000000000000♠—\n\n\n1955\nShaw, GeorgeGeorge Shaw\nQB\nOregon\nBaltimore Colts\n7000100000000000000♠NFL Champion (1958)[18]\n\n\n1956\nGlick, GaryGary Glick\nDB\nColorado A&M\nPittsburgh Steelers\n5000000000000000000♠—\n\n\n1957\nHornung, PaulPaul Hornung‡\nHB\nNotre Dame\nGreen Bay Packers\n7000600000000000000♠Heisman Trophy (1956)\nPro Bowl (1959, 1960)[19]\nPro Football Hall of Fame (1986)[19]\nNFL Champion (1961, 1962, 1965)[20][21][22]\nSuper Bowl champion (I)[23]\nNFL MVP (1961)[19]\n\n\n1958\nHill, KingKing Hill\nQB\nRice\nChicago Cardinals\n5000000000000000000♠—\n\n\n1959\nDuncan, RandyRandy Duncan\nQB\nIowa\nGreen Bay Packers\n5000000000000000000♠—\n\n\n1960\nCannon, BillyBilly Cannon[A 3]\nRB\nLSU\nLos Angeles Rams\n7000100000000000000♠Heisman Trophy (1959)\n\n\n1961\nMason, TommyTommy Mason\nRB\nTulane\nMinnesota Vikings\n7000100000000000000♠Pro Bowl (1962, 1963, 1964)[24]\n\n\n1962\nDavis, ErnieErnie Davis[A 4]\nRB\nSyracuse\nWashington Redskins\n7000100000000000000♠Heisman Trophy (1961)\n\n\n1963\nBaker, TerryTerry Baker\nQB\nOregon State\nLos Angeles Rams\n7000100000000000000♠Heisman Trophy (1962)\n\n\n1964\nParks, DaveDave Parks\nWR\nTexas Tech\nSan Francisco 49ers\n7000100000000000000♠Pro Bowl (1964, 1965, 1966)[25]\n\n\n1965\nFrederickson, TuckerTucker Frederickson\nRB\nAuburn\nNew York Giants\n7000100000000000000♠Pro Bowl (1965)[26]\n\n\n1966\nNobis, TommyTommy Nobis\nLB\nTexas\nAtlanta Falcons\n7000100000000000000♠Pro Bowl (1966, 1967, 1968, 1970, 1972)[27]\n\n\n1967[A 5]\nSmith, BubbaBubba Smith\nDE\nMichigan State\nBaltimore Colts\n7000200000000000000♠Pro Bowl (1970, 1971)[28]\nSuper Bowl champion (V)[29]\n\n\n1968[A 5]\nYary, RonRon Yary‡\nT\nUSC\nMinnesota Vikings\n7000200000000000000♠Pro Bowl (1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977)[30]\nPro Football Hall of Fame (2001)[30]\n\n\n1969[A 5]\nSimpson, O. J.O. J. Simpson‡\nRB\nUSC\nBuffalo Bills[A 6]\n7000400000000000000♠Heisman Trophy (1968)\nPro Bowl (1969, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976)[31]\nPro Football Hall of Fame (1985)[31]\nNFL MVP (1973)[31]\n\n\n1970\nBradshaw, TerryTerry Bradshaw‡\nQB\nLouisiana Tech\nPittsburgh Steelers\n7000500000000000000♠Pro Bowl (1975, 1978, 1979)[32]\nPro Football Hall of Fame (1989)[32]\nSuper Bowl champion (IX, X, XIII, XIV)[33][34][35][36]\nSuper Bowl MVP (XIII, XIV)[32]\nNFL MVP (1978)[32]\n\n\n1971\nPlunkett, JimJim Plunkett\nQB\nStanford\nNew England Patriots\n7000300000000000000♠Heisman Trophy (1970)\nSuper Bowl champion (XV, XVIII)[37][38]\nSuper Bowl MVP (XV)[39]\n\n\n1972\nPatulski, WaltWalt Patulski\nDE\nNotre Dame\nBuffalo Bills\n5000000000000000000♠—\n\n\n1973\nMatuszak, JohnJohn Matuszak\nDE\nTampa\nHouston Oilers\n7000100000000000000♠Super Bowl champion (XI, XV)[37][40]\n\n\n1974\nJones, EdEd Jones\nDE\nTennessee State\nDallas Cowboys\n7000200000000000000♠Pro Bowl (1981, 1982, 1983)[41]\nSuper Bowl champion (XII)[42]\n\n\n1975\nBartkowski, SteveSteve Bartkowski\nQB\nCalifornia\nAtlanta Falcons\n7000100000000000000♠Pro Bowl (1980, 1981)[43]\n\n\n1976\nSelmon, Lee RoyLee Roy Selmon‡\nDE\nOklahoma\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\n7000200000000000000♠Pro Bowl (1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984)[44]\nPro Football Hall of Fame (1995)[44]\n\n\n1977\nBell, RickyRicky Bell\nRB\nUSC\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\n5000000000000000000♠—\n\n\n1978\nCampbell, EarlEarl Campbell‡\nRB\nTexas\nHouston Oilers\n7000400000000000000♠Heisman Trophy (1977)\nPro Bowl (1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1983)[45]\nPro Football Hall of Fame (1991)[45]\nNFL MVP (1979)[45]\nRookie of the Year (1978)\n\n\n1979\nCousineau, TomTom Cousineau[A 7]\nLB\nOhio State\nBuffalo Bills\n5000000000000000000♠—\n\n\n1980\nSims, BillyBilly Sims\nRB\nOklahoma\nDetroit Lions\n7000200000000000000♠Heisman Trophy (1978)\nPro Bowl (1980, 1981, 1982)[46]\nRookie of the Year (1980)\n\n\n1981\nRogers, GeorgeGeorge Rogers\nRB\nSouth Carolina\nNew Orleans Saints\n7000300000000000000♠Heisman Trophy (1980)\nPro Bowl (1981, 1982)[47]\nSuper Bowl champion (XXII)[48]\nRookie of the Year (1981)\n\n\n1982\nSims, KennethKenneth Sims\nDE\nTexas\nNew England Patriots\n5000000000000000000♠—\n\n\n1983\nElway, JohnJohn Elway‡[A 8]\nQB\nStanford\nBaltimore Colts\n7000500000000000000♠Pro Bowl (1986, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998)[49]\nPro Football Hall of Fame (2004)[49]\nSuper Bowl champion (XXXII, XXXIII)[50][51]\nSuper Bowl MVP (XXXIII)[49]\nNFL MVP (1987)[49]\n\n\n1984[A 9]\nFryar, IrvingIrving Fryar\nWR\nNebraska\nNew England Patriots\n7000200000000000000♠Pro Bowl (1985, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997)[52]\n\n\n1985\nSmith, BruceBruce Smith‡\nDE\nVirginia Tech\nBuffalo Bills\n7000200000000000000♠Pro Bowl (1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998)[53]\nPro Football Hall of Fame (2009)[53]\n\n\n1986\nJackson, BoBo Jackson[A 10]\nRB\nAuburn\nTampa Bay Buccaneers[A 11]\n7000200000000000000♠Heisman Trophy (1985)\nPro Bowl (1990)[54]\n\n\n1987\nTestaverde, VinnyVinny Testaverde\nQB\nMiami (FL)\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\n7000200000000000000♠Heisman Trophy (1986)\nPro Bowl (1996, 1998)[55]\n\n\n1988\nBruce, AundrayAundray Bruce\nLB\nAuburn\nAtlanta Falcons\n5000000000000000000♠—\n\n\n1989\nAikman, TroyTroy Aikman‡\nQB\nUCLA\nDallas Cowboys\n7000400000000000000♠Pro Bowl (1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996)[56]\nPro Football Hall of Fame (2006)[56]\nSuper Bowl champion (XXVII, XXVIII, XXX)[57][58][59]\nSuper Bowl MVP (XXVII)[56]\n\n\n1990\nGeorge, JeffJeff George\nQB\nIllinois\nIndianapolis Colts[A 12]\n5000000000000000000♠—\n\n\n1991\nMaryland, RussellRussell Maryland\nDT\nMiami (FL)\nDallas Cowboys\n7000200000000000000♠Pro Bowl (1993)[60]\nSuper Bowl champion (XXVII, XXVIII, XXX)[57][58][59]\n\n\n1992\nEmtman, SteveSteve Emtman\nDE\nWashington\nIndianapolis Colts\n5000000000000000000♠—\n\n\n1993\nBledsoe, DrewDrew Bledsoe\nQB\nWashington State\nNew England Patriots\n7000200000000000000♠Pro Bowl (1994, 1996, 1997, 2002)[61]\nSuper Bowl champion (XXXVI)[62]\n\n\n1994\nWilkinson, DanDan Wilkinson\nDT\nOhio State\nCincinnati Bengals\n5000000000000000000♠—\n\n\n1995\nCarter, Ki-JanaKi-Jana Carter\nRB\nPenn State\nCincinnati Bengals\n5000000000000000000♠—\n\n\n1996\nJohnson, KeyshawnKeyshawn Johnson\nWR\nUSC\nNew York Jets\n7000200000000000000♠Pro Bowl (1998, 1999, 2001)[63]\nSuper Bowl champion (XXXVII)[64]\n\n\n1997\nPace, OrlandoOrlando Pace‡\nT\nOhio State\nSt. Louis Rams\n7000200000000000000♠Pro Bowl (1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005)[65]\nPro Football Hall of Fame (2016)[65]\nSuper Bowl champion (XXXIV)[66]\n\n\n1998\nManning, PeytonPeyton Manning\nQB\nTennessee\nIndianapolis Colts\n7000400000000000000♠Pro Bowl (1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014)[67]\nSuper Bowl champion (XLI, 50)[68]\nSuper Bowl MVP (XLI)[67]\nNFL MVP (2003, 2004, 2008, 2009, 2013)[67]\n\n\n1999\nCouch, TimTim Couch\nQB\nKentucky\nCleveland Browns\n5000000000000000000♠—\n\n\n2000\nBrown, CourtneyCourtney Brown\nDE\nPenn State\nCleveland Browns\n5000000000000000000♠—\n\n\n2001\nVick, MichaelMichael Vick\nQB\nVirginia Tech\nAtlanta Falcons\n7000100000000000000♠Pro Bowl (2002, 2004, 2005, 2010)[69]\n\n\n2002\nCarr, DavidDavid Carr\nQB\nFresno State\nHouston Texans\n7000100000000000000♠Super Bowl champion (XLVI)\n\n\n2003\nPalmer, CarsonCarson Palmer\nQB\nUSC\nCincinnati Bengals\n7000200000000000000♠Heisman Trophy (2002)\nPro Bowl (2005, 2006, 2015)[70]\n\n\n2004\nManning, EliEli Manning[A 13]\nQB\nOle Miss\nSan Diego Chargers\n7000200000000000000♠Pro Bowl (2008, 2011, 2012, 2015)[71]\nSuper Bowl champion (XLII, XLVI)[72][73]\nSuper Bowl MVP (XLII, XLVI)[71]\n\n\n2005\nSmith, AlexAlex Smith\nQB\nUtah\nSan Francisco 49ers\n7000100000000000000♠ Pro Bowl (2013, 2016, 2017)\n\n\n2006\nWilliams, MarioMario Williams\nDE\nNorth Carolina State\nHouston Texans\n7000100000000000000♠Pro Bowl (2008, 2009, 2013,2014)[74]\n\n\n2007\nRussell, JaMarcusJaMarcus Russell\nQB\nLSU\nOakland Raiders\n5000000000000000000♠—\n\n\n2008\nLong, JakeJake Long\nT\nMichigan\nMiami Dolphins\n7000100000000000000♠Pro Bowl (2008, 2009, 2010, 2011)[75]\n\n\n2009\nStafford, MatthewMatthew Stafford\nQB\nGeorgia\nDetroit Lions\n7000100000000000000♠Pro Bowl (2014)\n\n\n2010\nBradford, SamSam Bradford\nQB\nOklahoma\nSt. Louis Rams\n7000100000000000000♠Heisman Trophy (2008)\nRookie of the Year (2010)\n\n\n2011\nNewton, CamCam Newton\nQB\nAuburn\nCarolina Panthers\n7000200000000000000♠Heisman Trophy (2010)\nPro Bowl (2011, 2013, 2015)[76]\nRookie of the Year (2011)\nNFL MVP (2015)\n\n\n2012\nLuck, AndrewAndrew Luck\nQB\nStanford\nIndianapolis Colts\n7000100000000000000♠Pro Bowl (2012, 2013, 2014)[77]\n\n\n2013\nFisher, EricEric Fisher\nT\nCentral Michigan\nKansas City Chiefs\n5000000000000000000♠—\n\n\n2014\nClowney, JadeveonJadeveon Clowney\nDE\nSouth Carolina\nHouston Texans\n7000100000000000000♠Pro Bowl (2016, 2017)\n\n\n2015\nWinston, JameisJameis Winston\nQB\nFlorida State\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\n7000100000000000000♠Heisman Trophy (2013)\n7000100000000000000♠Pro Bowl (2015)\n\n\n2016\nGoff, JaredJared Goff*\nQB\nCalifornia\nLos Angeles Rams\n7000100000000000000♠Pro Bowl (2017)\n\n\n2017\nGarrett, MylesMyles Garrett\nDE\nTexas A&M\nCleveland Browns\n5000000000000000000♠—\n\n\n2018\nMayfield, BakerBaker Mayfield\nQB\nOklahoma\nCleveland Browns\n7000100000000000000♠Heisman Trophy (2017)\n\n" ]	[ "Ki-Jana Carter" ]
5648935929836856325	Pullman, Chicago	Pullman , Chicago - wikipedia Pullman , Chicago Jump to : navigation , search For the National Monument , see Pullman District . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pullman Community area Community Area 50 - Pullman The former Pullman Clock Tower and Administration Building now the Pullman National Monument Visitor Center . Location within the city of Chicago Coordinates : 41 ° 42.6 ′ N 87 ° 37.2 ′ W / 41.7100 ° N 87.6200 ° W / 41.7100 ; - 87.6200 Coordinates : 41 ° 42.6 ′ N 87 ° 37.2 ′ W / 41.7100 ° N 87.6200 ° W / 41.7100 ; - 87.6200 Country United States State Illinois County Cook City Chicago Neighborhoods list ( hide ) Cottage Grove Heights Pullman Area Total 4.86 sq mi ( 12.58 km ) Population ( 2014 ) Total 6,970 Density 1,400 / sq mi ( 550 / km ) Demographics 2010 White 7.13 % Black 83.58 % Hispanic 7.8 % Asian 0.07 % Other 1.43 % Time zone CST ( UTC - 6 ) Summer ( DST ) CDT ( UTC - 5 ) ZIP Codes parts of 60628 Median household income $40,059 Source : U.S. Census , Record Information Services Pullman , one of Chicago 's 77 defined community areas , is a neighborhood located on the city 's South Side . Twelve miles from the Chicago Loop , Pullman is situated adjacent to Lake Calumet . The area known as Pullman encompasses a much wider area than its two historic areas ( the older historic area is often referred to as `` Pullman '' and is a Chicago Landmark district and a National Monument . The northern annex historic area is usually referred to as `` North Pullman '' ) . This article deals with all areas . The development built by the Pullman Company is bounded by 103rd Street on the North , 115th Street on the South , the railroad tracks on the East and Cottage Grove on the West . Since the late 20th century , the Pullman neighborhood has been gentrifying . Many residents are involved in the restoration of their own homes , and projects throughout the district as a whole . Walking tours of Pullman are available . Pullman has many historic and architecturally significant buildings ; among these are the Hotel Florence ; the Arcade Building , which was destroyed in the 1920s ; the Clock Tower and Factory , the complex surrounding Market Square , and Greenstone Church . In the adjacent Kensington neighborhood of the nearby Roseland district is the home of one of the many beautiful churches in Chicago built in Polish Cathedral style , the former church of St. Salomea . It is now used by Salem Baptist Church of Chicago . In a contest sponsored by the Illinois Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity , Pullman was one of seven sites nominated for the Illinois Seven Wonders . Pullman is served by two Metra Electric Line stations : Kensington ( 115th Street ) and Pullman ( 111th Street ) . Most Metra suburban express trains passing through the area stop at the 115th Street station , and only local trains stop at the 111th Street station . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Beginnings 1.2 Pullman Strike 1.3 Incorporation into Chicago 1.4 Deindustrialization 1.5 Revival 2 Census data 3 References in media 4 Education 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) Beginnings ( edit ) Historic Pullman was built in the 1880s by George Pullman as workers ' housing for employees of his eponymous railroad car company , the Pullman Palace Car Company . He established behavioral standards that workers had to meet to live in the area and charged them rent . Pullman 's architect , Solon Spencer Beman , was said to be extremely proud that he had met all the workers ' needs within the neighborhood he designed . The distinctive rowhouses were comfortable by standards of the day , and contained such amenities as indoor plumbing , gas , and sewers . Pullman Strike ( edit ) Pullman in the late 19th century During the depression that followed the Panic of 1893 , demand for Pullman cars slackened . The Pullman company laid off hundreds of workers and switched many more to pay - per - piece work . This work , while paying more per hour , reduced total worker income . Despite these cutbacks , the Company did not reduce rents for workers who lived in the town of Pullman . Pullman , despite the depression , paid his share holders their dividends which upset workers whose wages Pullman had just cut . Workers initiated the Pullman Strike in 1894 , and it lasted for 2 months , eventually leading to intervention by the US government and military . The Strike Commission set up in 1894 ruled that the aesthetic features admired by visitors had little monetary value for employees . Incorporation into Chicago ( edit ) After George Pullman died in 1897 , the Illinois Supreme Court required the company to sell the town because operating it was outside the company 's charter . In 1889 , the town and other major portions of the South Side were annexed by the city of Chicago . Within ten years , the city sold the houses to their occupants . After the strike , Pullman gradually was absorbed as a regular Chicago neighborhood , defined by distinguishing Victorian architecture . But the fortunes of the neighborhood continued to rise and fall with the Pullman Company for many years . Deindustrialization ( edit ) With industrial and railroad restructuring beginning in the 1950s , many jobs were lost in the city . The neighborhood gradually declined along with work opportunities and income . People began to move to newer housing in the suburbs . In 1960 the original Town of Pullman , approximately between 103rd and 115th Streets , was threatened with total demolition for an industrial park . Forming the Pullman Civic Organization , the residents lobbied the city and saved their community . It reached its peak of population in 1970 . Revival ( edit ) By 1972 the Pullman Historic District had obtained National , State , and City landmark status to protect the original 900 rowhouses and public buildings built by George Pullman . ( It was designated a National Landmark Historic District in 1969 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places . In 1970 it was designated as a State landmark by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency ; and in 1972 , South Pullman was declared a City of Chicago Landmark ) . To protect the character of the historic districts , the city has established guidelines for new building and renovation , administered by the City of Chicago . These are explained in the Beman Committee 's Homeowner 's Guide ( the Committee is named after Pullman 's original architect , Solon Spencer Beman ) The district was designated the Pullman National Monument under President Obama in February , 2015 . Census Data ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1930 6,705 -- 1940 6,523 − 2.7 % 1950 8,899 36.4 % 1960 8,412 − 5.5 % 1970 10,965 30.3 % 1980 10,341 − 5.7 % 9,344 − 9.6 % 2000 8,921 − 4.5 % 7,325 − 17.9 % Est. 2014 6,970 − 4.8 % 1995 Census data of homebuyers : 61 % Caucasian , 27 % African - American , 12 % Other ( Hispanic , Asian , etc . ) 1999 Census data of homebuyers : 65 % Caucasian , 29 % African - American , 6 % Other ( Hispanic , Asian , etc . ) 2001 Census date of homebuyers : 75 % Caucasian , 19 % African - American , 6 % Other ( Hispanic , Asian , etc . ) The demographic data in the table to the upper right reflect the entire `` community area '' that is now known as Pullman . The historic areas are generally more diverse than the full community area . For example , in 2000 , Census Tract 5003.00 was 53.5 % White and 26.7 % African - American , and 36.1 % of Hispanic Origin of any race . References in media ( edit ) Pullman has been featured in several major motion pictures . Road to Perdition ( starring Tom Hanks and Paul Newman ) was filmed in historic Pullman , with scenes featuring the factory and how it `` once was '' with workers , as well as many other scenes of the neighborhood . The 1993 film The Fugitive had several key scenes in Pullman . Harrison Ford was featured in a local bar , next running down an alley , and over the tops of several Pullman rowhouses . In April 2007 , Universal Studios filmed The Express , which also featured several scenes in Pullman . The Polar Express animated scenes at the North Pole were based on Pullman architecture . Santa Claus emerges from a building based on the Pullman Company Administration Building ; other buildings are based on the architectural style in Pullman . Robert Zemeckis , who designed the movie , grew up in the Roseland neighborhood near Pullman . On November 12 , 2006 , Historic Pullman was the topic of the HGTV television show National Open House , which featured a Pullman house at 112th Street and Langley . Education ( edit ) Corliss High School Chicago Public Schools operates the public schools in the area . Zoned elementary schools : Schmid K - 8 , Smith K - 8 , Poe Elementary ( K - 6 ) , and Pullman K - 8 ( in Pullman Historic District ) Most of the area is zoned to Corliss High School in Pullman while some is zoned to Harlan High School in Chatham Olive - Harvey College is a community college of the City Colleges of Chicago . See also ( edit ) Chicago portal Illinois portal Granite City , Illinois ( another company town ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Community Data Snapshot - Pullman '' ( PDF ) . MetroPulse . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paral , Rob . `` Chicago Demographics Data '' . Archived from the original on 2 June 2013 . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Paral , Rob . `` Chicago Census Data '' . Archived from the original on 5 October 2013 . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Newcomen , T. ( 1998 ) `` Pullman , Illinois : Changes in community planning from the 1880s to the 1990s '' , International Journal of Heritage Studies , Vol. 4 , No. 1 , pp. 10 - 29 Jump up ^ Lindsey , A. ( 1964 ) The Pullman Strike Jump up ^ United States Strike Commission , The Background to the Dispute : United States Strike Commission Report , Senate Executive Document No. 7 , 53rd Congress 3d Session ( 1894 ) , pp. xxi - xxiii , reprinted in Warne , C.E. ( ed . ) ( 1955 ) The Pullman Boycott of 1894 : The Problem of Federal Intervention , D.C. Heath & Co. , Boston Jump up ^ Lindsey A. ( 1964 ) The Pullman Strike Jump up ^ Reiff , J.L. and Hirsch , S.E. ( 1989 ) `` Pullman and its public : Image and aim in making and interpreting history '' , The Public Historian , Vol. 11 , No. 4 ( Autumn ) , pp. 99 - 112 Jump up ^ Newcomen T. ( 1998 ) Pullman , Illinois Jump up ^ The Beman Committee of the Pullman Civic Organisation ( n.d. ) , Homeowner 's Guide : Pullman Historic District , Available at http://www.pullmancivic.org/beman/homeownersGuide.pdf Jump up ^ Sheppard , Kate ( 19 February 2015 ) . `` Obama Will Designate 3 New National Monuments '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Paral , Rob . `` Chicago Community Areas Historical Data '' . Archived from the original on 18 March 2013 . Retrieved 17 September 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Gordon , Alex , Ridin ' the reels , Chicago Tribune , October 7 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Pullman '' ( Map ) . City of Chicago . Retrieved on December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Near North / West / Central Elementary Schools '' ( ) . Chicago Public Schools . Retrieved on December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HS Far South . '' Chicago Public Schools . August 16 , 2009 . Retrieved on December 19 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Buder , Stanley . Pullman : An Experiment in Industrial Order and Community Planning , 1880 - 1930 . New York : Oxford University Press , 1967 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pullman , Chicago . Official City of Chicago Pullman Community Map Pullman State Historic Site Community areas in Chicago Far North Rogers Park West Ridge Uptown Lincoln Square Edison Park Norwood Park Jefferson Park Forest Glen North Park Albany Park O'Hare Edgewater Northwest Portage Park Irving Park Dunning Montclare Belmont Cragin Hermosa North North Center Lake View Lincoln Park Avondale Logan Square Central Near North Side The Loop Near South Side West Humboldt Park West Town Austin West Garfield Park East Garfield Park Near West Side North Lawndale South Lawndale Lower West Side South Armour Square Douglas Oakland Fuller Park Grand Boulevard Kenwood Washington Park Hyde Park Woodlawn South Shore Bridgeport Greater Grand Crossing Southwest Garfield Ridge Archer Heights Brighton Park McKinley Park New City West Elsdon Gage Park Clearing West Lawn Chicago Lawn West Englewood Englewood Far Southwest Ashburn Auburn Gresham Beverly Washington Heights Mount Greenwood Morgan Park Far Southeast Chatham Avalon Park South Chicago Burnside Calumet Heights Roseland Pullman South Deering East Side West Pullman Riverdale Hegewisch Neighborhoods in Chicago Recognized by the City of Chicago Albany Park Andersonville Archer Heights Ashburn Auburn Gresham Avalon Park Avondale Back of the Yards Belmont Cragin Beverly Bridgeport Brighton Park Bronzeville Bucktown Burnside Calumet Heights Chatham Chinatown Clearing Dunning East Side Edgewater Edison Park Englewood Forest Glen Gage Park Galewood Garfield Ridge Gold Coast Greater Grand Crossing Greektown Hegewisch Hermosa Homan Square Humboldt Park Hyde Park Irving Park Jefferson Park Kenwood Lake View Lincoln Park Lincoln Square Little Italy Little Village Logan Square The Loop Magnificent Mile McKinley Park Montclare Morgan Park Mount Greenwood Near North Side Near West Side New City North Park Oakland O'Hare Old Town Pilsen Printer 's Row Pullman River North Riverdale Robert Taylor Homes Rogers Park Sauganash South Chicago South Deering South Shore Streeterville Ukrainian Village Uptown Washington Heights Washington Park West Elsdon West Ridge West Town Wicker Park Woodlawn Wrigleyville Other districts and areas recognized by the community Altgeld Gardens Armour Square Big Oaks Bowmanville Boystown Budlong Woods Buena Park Canaryville Central Station Chicago Lawn Chrysler Village East Garfield Park Edgebrook Fernwood Fuller Park Fulton River District Gladstone Park Goose Island Grand Boulevard Groveland Park Heart of Chicago Hollywood Park Illinois Medical District Indian Village The Island Jeffery Manor Jackowo Kilbourn Park K - Town Kosciuszko Park Lilydale Lower West Side Margate Park Marquette Park Marshall Square Mayfair Museum Campus New Chinatown Noble Square North Austin North Center North Halsted North Lawndale North Mayfair Old Edgebrook Old Irving Park Old Norwood Park Old Town Triangle Oriole Park Palmer Square Peterson Park Pill Hill Portage Park Prairie District Polish Village Prairie Shores Princeton Park Pulaski Park Ravenswood Ravenswood Manor River West Roseland Rosemoor Roscoe Village Saint Ben 's Scottsdale Sheridan Park Smith Park South Lawndale South Edgebrook Tri-Taylor Union Ridge The Villa Waclawowo West Beverly West Englewood West Garfield Park West Lakeview West Lawn West Loop Gate West Pullman West Rogers Park Wildwood City of Chicago Architecture Beaches Climate Colleges and universities Community areas Crime Culture Demographics Economy companies Expressways Flag Geography Government Harbor History Politics Timeline Landmarks Literature Media Museums Neighborhoods Parks People Performing arts music theater Public schools list Skyscrapers Sports Tourism Transportation Visual arts Portal Cook County Metropolitan area Illinois United States Burnside , Chicago Roseland , Chicago Pullman , Chicago Lake Calumet South Deering , Chicago West Pullman , Chicago Riverdale , Chicago Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pullman,_Chicago&oldid=786770788 '' Categories : Community areas of Chicago South Side , Chicago Company towns in Illinois Populated places established in 1880 1880 establishments in Illinois Solon Spencer Beman buildings Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2008 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 21 June 2017 , at 14 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who owned and controlled the town of pullman	[ "Historic Pullman was built in the 1880s by George Pullman as workers' housing for employees of his eponymous railroad car company, the Pullman Palace Car Company. He established behavioral standards that workers had to meet to live in the area and charged them rent. Pullman's architect, Solon Spencer Beman, was said to be extremely proud that he had met all the workers' needs within the neighborhood he designed. The distinctive rowhouses were comfortable by standards of the day, and contained such amenities as indoor plumbing, gas, and sewers.[4]" ]	[ "the Pullman Palace Car Company" ]

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